Content

1. List of Outcomes: State Visit of President of the Republic of Cyprus, H.E. Mr. Nikos Christodoulides to India
2. AYUSHEXCIL and Spices Board of India Sign MoU to Strengthen Global Promotion of Ayush Products and Medicinal Spices
3. DPIIT Releases Guidelines for Implementation of BHAVYA Scheme
4. Quad Announces Maritime Plans Amid Hormuz Crisis
5. NCDs Accounted for 60% of All Deaths in 2022–2024
6. The Judiciary’s Role in Complete Justice
7. 7.  Arunachal Has Potential to Become Leading Example of Managing Human-Elephant Coexistence: Report

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List of Outcomes: State Visit of President of the Republic of Cyprus, H.E. Mr. Nikos Christodoulides to India

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Why in News?

• During the State Visit of the President of Cyprus to India in May 2026, both countries elevated bilateral relations to a Strategic Partnership, expanding cooperation in:
  • Defence, Cybersecurity, IMEEC connectivity, Trade and investment, Space cooperation, Migration and mobility.

Relevance

GS Paper II

• International Relations – India-Europe Relations, Mediterranean Geopolitics, Strategic Partnerships
• Global Groupings – IMEEC, Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative
• Diaspora & Bilateral Agreements

GS Paper III

• Security – Counter-terrorism, Cybersecurity, Defence Exports
• Economy – FDI, Trade Corridors, Digital Payments

Practice Question

• “Cyprus is emerging as a strategically important partner for India in the Mediterranean region and Europe.” Examine the geopolitical, economic, and strategic significance of India-Cyprus relations. (250 words)

Issue in Brief

• India and Cyprus upgraded bilateral ties into a Strategic Partnership during the May 2026 State Visit, signalling India’s expanding geopolitical outreach into:
  • Eastern Mediterranean
  • Europe
  • West Asia connectivity corridors.
• The partnership deepens cooperation in:
  • Defence industrial collaboration
  • Maritime connectivity
  • Cybersecurity
  • Space cooperation
  • Digital finance

while strengthening India’s role in emerging Europe–Middle East trade and strategic architectures.

• Cyprus also assumes strategic significance for India because of:
  • Its European Union membership
  • Support for India in UNSC and NSG reforms
  • Strategic location near Turkey and West Asia
  • Role within IMEEC connectivity initiatives.

Key Highlights of the Visit

Strategic Partnership Upgrade

• India and Cyprus formally elevated relations to a Strategic Partnership, signalling movement beyond conventional diplomacy toward long-term institutional cooperation in:
  • Security
  • Technology
  • Connectivity
  • Economic integration
  • Maritime cooperation.
• Both countries agreed to implement the India-Cyprus Joint Action Plan 2025–2029, aimed at strengthening collaboration across:
  • Defence
  • Trade
  • Innovation
  • Research
  • Digital governance
  • People-to-people engagement.

Defence and Security Cooperation

Five-Year Defence Roadmap (2026–2031)

• India and Cyprus launched a comprehensive defence cooperation framework between:
  • Cyprus Defence & Space Industries Cluster (CyDSIC)
  • Society of Indian Defence Manufacturers (SIDM)
    to deepen defence-industrial collaboration and technology partnerships.
• Cyprus reportedly expressed interest in procuring Indian defence equipment including:
  • Drones
  • Missile systems
    tested during Operation Sindoor, potentially creating an important European gateway for Indian defence exports.

Counter-Terrorism & Cybersecurity

• Both countries signed a Memorandum of Understanding establishing:
  • A Joint Working Group on Counter-Terrorism
  • Dedicated Cybersecurity Dialogue
    reflecting growing concerns regarding digital threats, terrorism financing, and hybrid security challenges.
• Cyprus appreciated India’s contribution to the:
  • United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus
    strengthening India’s diplomatic credibility and peacekeeping profile in the Mediterranean region.

Economic and Connectivity Dimensions

IMEEC Significance

• Both sides underlined Cyprus’s strategic role within the:
  • India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor
    as a Mediterranean logistics and connectivity node linking India with Europe through integrated trade and transport networks.
• Cyprus’s location in the Eastern Mediterranean enhances India’s long-term ambitions regarding:
  • Maritime trade diversification
  • Supply-chain resilience
  • Europe connectivity
    amid geopolitical uncertainty in traditional trade routes.

Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI)

• Cyprus joined India’s:
  • Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative
    under the pillar:
  • “Trade, Connectivity and Maritime Transport”
    expanding India’s Indo-Pacific engagement into the Mediterranean strategic theatre.

Digital Payments Integration

• India welcomed interoperability between:
  • Unified Payments Interface
    and the European Central Bank’s:
  • Target Instant Payment Settlement (TIPS) system
    facilitating faster digital financial transactions between India and Europe.
• Cyprus also announced establishment of a:
  • Cyprus Trade Center in Mumbai
    aimed at boosting bilateral investment, trade facilitation, and business engagement.

Health, Space & Soft Power Cooperation

Health Diplomacy

• India announced gifting of a:
  • BHISM Cube (Bharat Health Initiative for Sahyog Hita & Maitri) which is an indigenous mobile healthcare infrastructure platform supporting emergency and public-health cooperation.

Space Cooperation

• India and Cyprus celebrated the first-ever:
  • India-Cyprus Space Day on 18 May 2026, aimed at strengthening collaboration in:
    • Space research
    • Technology exchange
    • Satellite applications
    • Scientific innovation.

Migration and Mobility

• Both countries agreed to establish:
  • Consular Dialogue mechanisms and expedite negotiations on:
  • Migration & Mobility Partnership
  • Social Security Agreement benefiting the approximately 15,500-member Indian diaspora in Cyprus.

About Cyprus

• Cyprus is a Eurasian island country located in the:
  • Northeastern Mediterranean Sea south of the Anatolian Peninsula and near:
    • Turkey, Syria, Lebanon.
• Cyprus is:
  • A member of the European Union
  • The third-largest Mediterranean island after Sicily and Sardinia with capital: Nicosia.
• Important geographical features include:
  • Kyrenia mountain range, Troodos mountains, Mount Olympus – while important natural resources include: Copper, Gypsum, Timber and Marble.

Strategic Importance of Cyprus for India

Geopolitical Counterbalance to Turkey-Pakistan Axis

• Cyprus provides India with a stable strategic foothold in the Eastern Mediterranean at a time when:
  • Turkey increasingly supports Pakistan on Kashmir
  • Turkey-Pakistan defence ties are expanding significantly.
• India supports a:
  • UN-backed bizonal, bicommunal federation solution to the Cyprus issue, thereby indirectly countering Turkey’s recognition of Northern Cyprus and strengthening diplomatic convergence with Cyprus.

Gateway to Europe

• As an EU member, Cyprus acts as a critical diplomatic and economic gateway connecting India with: European markets, Regulatory systems, Financial networks and Mediterranean trade routes.

Strategic Maritime Location

• Cyprus occupies an important location near:
  • Suez maritime routes
  • Eastern Mediterranean energy corridors
  • West Asian conflict zones making it strategically relevant for India’s energy and connectivity interests.

Trade & Investment Relations

Bilateral Trade

• Bilateral trade between India and Cyprus reached approximately:
  • USD 140 million during 2024–25, covering sectors such as: Pharmaceuticals, Organic chemicals, Machinery, Iron and steel, Seafood, Electrical equipment.

FDI Importance

• Cyprus ranks among the top foreign investors in India, with cumulative FDI inflows reportedly exceeding:
  • USD 15.76 billion between April 2000 and June 2025.
• Investments are concentrated in:
  • Services, Software, Pharmaceuticals, Real estate and Automobile sectors.

DTAA and Financial Integration

• India revised the:
  • Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) with Cyprus to address round-tripping concerns while maintaining financial and investment cooperation.
• In May 2026, SEBI granted Cyprus:
  • Category-I Foreign Portfolio Investor (FPI) status, making it one of only three non-FATF jurisdictions receiving such recognition from India.

Maritime & Defence Cooperation

• India’s:
  • INS Trikand, conducted port calls and PASSEX exercises with the Cyprus Navy, reflecting expanding naval interoperability in the Mediterranean region.
• Maritime cooperation aligns with India’s broader objective of strengthening:
  • Sea-lane security, Maritime domain awareness, Connectivity resilience across Indo-Pacific and Mediterranean corridors.

Challenges in India-Cyprus Relations

• Bilateral trade volumes remain relatively modest despite strong strategic convergence and untapped opportunities in: Defence, Technology, Renewable energy and Maritime logistics.
• Regional instability in:
  • West Asia and Eastern Mediterranean ,may affect connectivity ambitions and maritime-security cooperation involving Cyprus.
• Cyprus’s geopolitical tensions with Turkey could complicate regional strategic balancing for India as New Delhi simultaneously manages broader West Asian and European partnerships.

Way Forward

• India should deepen strategic engagement with Cyprus through : Defence exports, Maritime cooperation, Technology partnerships, EU market integration to strengthen Mediterranean outreach.
• Expanding cooperation under:
  • IMEEC, IPOI , Digital finance can improve India-Europe connectivity and reduce dependence on vulnerable trade routes.
• India should leverage Cyprus’s:
  • EU membership
  • Financial ecosystem
  • Maritime location
    to strengthen:
  • Supply-chain resilience
  • Investment partnerships
  • Strategic access into Europe.
• Stronger people-to-people exchanges, diaspora engagement, academic collaboration, and innovation partnerships can further institutionalise long-term India-Cyprus strategic cooperation.

Prelims Pointers

• Cyprus is located in the:
  • Eastern Mediterranean Sea.
• Cyprus is a member of the:
  • European Union.
• IMEEC stands for:
  • India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor.
• UPI interoperability discussions involve integration with:
  • European Central Bank’s TIPS system.
• INS Trikand is a:
  • Talwar-class guided missile frigate of the Indian Navy.

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AYUSHEXCIL and Spices Board of India Sign MoU to Strengthen Global Promotion of Ayush Products and Medicinal Spices

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Why in News?

• On 25 May 2026, an MoU was signed between AYUSHEXCIL and the Spices Board of India in the presence of Union Minister Dr. Prataprao Jadhav to strengthen India’s global leadership in Ayurveda, medicinal spices, nutraceuticals, and traditional wellness products through the proposed “Spice and Heal” initiative.

Relevance

GS Paper II

• Governance – Traditional Knowledge Systems, Export Promotion, Soft Power Diplomacy
• Social Justice – MSMEs, Rural Livelihoods, Women Entrepreneurship

GS Paper III

• Economy – Wellness Economy, Agricultural Exports, Value Addition, MSMEs
• Agriculture – Medicinal Plants, Spice Sector, Farmer Income Diversification
• Science & Technology – Nutraceuticals, Functional Foods, Scientific Validation

Practice Question

• “India’s traditional wellness systems and medicinal-spice ecosystem possess significant economic, strategic, and soft-power potential.” Examine in the context of the AYUSHEXCIL–Spices Board partnership and the proposed ‘Spice and Heal’ initiative. (250 words)

Issue in Brief

• The MoU between AYUSHEXCIL and the Spices Board of India seeks to promote global cooperation in:
  • Ayush products
  • Medicinal spices
  • Functional foods
  • Nutraceuticals
  • Herbal extracts
    through stronger export promotion, standardisation, scientific validation, branding, and international market development.
• The proposed “Spice and Heal” initiative aims to position India globally as a leader in:
  • Holistic healthcare
  • Preventive wellness
  • Natural healing systems
    leveraging India’s centuries-old civilisational strengths in Ayurveda, medicinal plants, and spice-based healthcare traditions.
• The initiative is expected to create significant opportunities for:
  • Farmers, MSMEs, Women entrepreneurs, Startups, Exporters- by strengthening value addition, global branding, and export competitiveness across the Ayush and spice sectors.

What is AYUSHEXCIL?

• AYUSHEXCIL (Ayush Export Promotion Council) was incorporated in 2022 as a Section 8 company supported by the:
  • Ministry of Commerce & Industry
  • Ministry of Ayush
    to promote exports and address trade-related issues concerning India’s traditional medicine and wellness sectors.
• The organisation oversees exports and international promotion of:
  • Ayurveda
  • Siddha
  • Unani
  • Homoeopathy
  • Sowa-Rigpa
    products while facilitating market access, regulatory coordination, and branding for India’s Ayush ecosystem globally.
• AYUSHEXCIL represents India’s attempt to institutionalise traditional wellness industries within modern international trade and regulatory frameworks amid rapidly expanding global demand for natural healthcare and preventive wellness products.

About the Spices Board of India

• The Spices Board of India was constituted in 1987 under the Spices Board Act, 1986 through the merger of:
  • Cardamom Board (1968)
  • Spices Export Promotion Council (1960)
    to strengthen India’s spice-development and export-promotion architecture.
• It functions as an autonomous commodity board under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry and is responsible for export promotion, quality regulation, and development of 52 scheduled spices cultivated and exported from India.
• India remains among the world’s largest producers and exporters of spices such as:
  • Turmeric
  • Pepper
  • Cardamom
  • Ginger
  • Cumin
    making the spice sector strategically important for agricultural exports and rural livelihoods.

Key Features of the Partnership

• The collaboration focuses on:
  • Quality enhancement
  • Traceability systems
  • Scientific validation
  • Branding initiatives
  • Codex engagement
  • Capacity building
    aimed at improving global credibility and competitiveness of Indian wellness and spice-based products.
• Both organisations will jointly participate in:
  • International trade fairs
  • Promotional campaigns
  • Export outreach programmes
    to strengthen India’s global visibility in the rapidly expanding wellness, nutraceutical, and functional-food sectors.
• The partnership particularly promotes:
  • Functional foods
  • Herbal extracts
  • Value-added Ayurvedic formulations
  • Spice-based nutraceuticals
    reflecting convergence between traditional medicine systems and modern preventive healthcare industries.

Economic Significance

• The global wellness economy is witnessing rapid expansion because of increasing consumer preference for:
  • Preventive healthcare
  • Plant-based remedies
  • Natural healing
  • Functional nutrition
    creating major export opportunities for India’s Ayush and medicinal-spice sectors.
• India possesses strong comparative advantages through:
  • Rich biodiversity
  • Traditional medicinal knowledge
  • Established spice-production systems
  • Ayurveda heritage
    enabling it to emerge as a major global supplier of holistic wellness products and services.
• Expansion of value-added Ayush and spice exports can diversify India’s export basket beyond traditional manufacturing sectors while generating employment and strengthening MSME-led export growth across rural and semi-urban regions.

Agricultural & Rural Dimensions

• Greater integration between medicinal plants, spices, and Ayush industries can improve income opportunities for farmers cultivating:
  • Turmeric
  • Ashwagandha
  • Ginger
  • Tulsi
  • Cardamom
    and other high-value medicinal and wellness crops.
• The initiative can strengthen:
  • Agro-processing industries
  • Rural entrepreneurship
  • Herbal-product manufacturing
  • Local value chains
    thereby generating employment and improving rural economic diversification.
• Women entrepreneurs and self-help groups involved in:
  • Herbal products
  • Traditional foods
  • Wellness goods
    may particularly benefit from branding, export facilitation, and integration into formal wellness supply chains.

Governance & Strategic Dimensions

• The initiative aligns closely with broader national programmes such as:
  • Atmanirbhar Bharat
  • Make in India
  • Vocal for Local
  • Heal in India
    which seek to strengthen domestic manufacturing, exports, and India’s global economic positioning.
• Ayurveda and Indian spices increasingly function as instruments of India’s:
  • Soft power diplomacy
  • Cultural influence
  • Civilisational outreach
    particularly in regions where demand for natural wellness and holistic healthcare is rising rapidly.
• The partnership reflects India’s broader strategy of combining:
  • Traditional knowledge systems
  • Modern scientific validation
  • Export-oriented industrial policy
    to create globally competitive wellness industries rooted in indigenous knowledge traditions.

Science & Technology Dimensions

• Emphasis on scientific validation and traceability seeks to improve international acceptance of Indian wellness products by addressing concerns regarding:
  • Product quality
  • Safety standards
  • Clinical efficacy
  • Regulatory compliance
    in global markets.
• Codex engagement under the partnership is strategically important because international food and nutraceutical standards increasingly shape market access for herbal, medicinal, and wellness products across advanced economies.
• Innovation in:
  • Nutraceuticals
  • Functional foods
  • Herbal formulations
    may encourage stronger collaboration between:
  • Research institutions
  • Startups
  • Pharmaceutical firms
  • Food-processing industries.

Challenges & Concerns

• Indian Ayush and herbal products often face international regulatory barriers because of inadequate:
  • Scientific evidence
  • Clinical validation
  • Standardisation
    limiting market penetration in highly regulated healthcare and nutraceutical sectors.
• Fragmented supply chains, inconsistent quality standards, and weak traceability systems continue affecting India’s competitiveness in global wellness markets despite its strong natural and cultural advantages.
• India also faces increasing competition from countries such as:
  • China
  • Vietnam
  • Indonesia
    in herbal products, medicinal plants, and wellness exports, making innovation and branding strategically important.

Way Forward

• India should strengthen:
  • Clinical research
  • Product standardisation
  • International certification systems
    to improve scientific credibility and regulatory acceptance of Ayush and spice-based wellness products globally.
• Robust digital traceability systems and quality-assurance frameworks should be developed to ensure:
  • Product authenticity
  • Consumer confidence
  • Export reliability
    across medicinal-spice and herbal-product value chains.
• Greater investment in:
  • Agro-processing
  • Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs)
  • Rural wellness clusters
    can strengthen domestic value addition and improve farmer participation within the expanding global wellness economy.
• India should strategically position Ayurveda and medicinal spices as part of a broader global narrative around:
  • Preventive healthcare
  • Sustainable wellness
  • Holistic living
    thereby enhancing both export growth and soft-power influence.

Prelims Pointers

• AYUSHEXCIL was incorporated in 2022 as a Section 8 company.
• The Spices Board of India was constituted in 1987 under the Spices Board Act, 1986.
• The Board promotes exports of 52 scheduled spices.
• The proposed “Spice and Heal” initiative aims to position India as a global wellness leader.
• Codex Alimentarius develops international food standards and guidelines relevant for nutraceutical and wellness exports.

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DPIIT Releases Guidelines for Implementation of BHAVYA Scheme

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Why in News?

• On 23 May 2026, the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) released operational guidelines for the BHAVYA (Bharat Audyogik Vikas Yojana) Scheme, a major Central Sector Scheme aimed at developing world-class industrial parks and strengthening India’s manufacturing competitiveness through integrated industrial infrastructure.

Relevance

GS Paper III

• Economy – Manufacturing, Industrial Infrastructure, Industrial Corridors, Employment Generation
• Infrastructure – Logistics, Industrial Clusters, PM Gati Shakti
• Science & Technology – Digital Governance, Smart Industrial Ecosystems

Practice Question

• “Integrated industrial infrastructure is critical for India’s ambition of becoming a globally competitive manufacturing hub.” Examine the significance of the BHAVYA Scheme in strengthening India’s manufacturing ecosystem. (250 words)

Issue in Brief

• The BHAVYA Scheme seeks to develop 100 investment-ready industrial parks between 2026-27 and 2031-32 with a total outlay of nearly ₹33,660 crore, focusing on integrated infrastructure, multimodal connectivity, sustainability, and globally benchmarked industrial ecosystems to attract large-scale investments.
• The first phase proposes development of up to 50 industrial parks through a challenge-based competitive selection process evaluating connectivity, infrastructure quality, industrial ecosystem strength, policy facilitation, sustainability readiness, and digital governance capacity of proposed industrial zones.
• The scheme aligns closely with flagship initiatives such as:
  • Make in India
  • PM Gati Shakti
  • National Logistics Policy
    aiming to improve manufacturing competitiveness, strengthen supply chains, and deepen India’s integration into global value chains.

Key Features of the BHAVYA Scheme

• The scheme focuses on creating “investment-ready” industrial ecosystems with:
  • Plug-and-play infrastructure
  • Reliable utility systems
  • Worker-support facilities
  • Digital governance platforms
  • Sustainable infrastructure
    thereby reducing transaction costs and improving ease of doing business for industries.
• Industrial parks under BHAVYA will emphasise multimodal logistics integration through connectivity with:
  • Roads
  • Railways
  • Ports
  • Freight corridors
    improving supply-chain efficiency and reducing logistics costs that currently affect India’s manufacturing competitiveness.
• The guidelines permit development of both:
  • Greenfield industrial parks
  • Eligible brownfield industrial zones
    providing flexibility for States to modernise existing industrial ecosystems while also creating entirely new manufacturing hubs.

Land & Selection Framework

• Minimum land requirements have been fixed at:
  • 100 acres for non-hilly States
  • 25 acres for hilly States, northeastern States, Union Territories, and smaller States
    while larger industrial parks up to 1000 acres may also be considered under the scheme.
• Selection of industrial parks will occur through a challenge-based framework evaluating:
  • Site suitability
  • Infrastructure quality
  • Sustainability features
  • Digital readiness
  • Industrial ecosystem potential
    ensuring objective and competitive allocation of Central support.
• The framework particularly incentivises integrated infrastructure such as:
  • Underground utility systems
  • Renewable energy infrastructure
  • Waste-management systems
  • Worker housing
  • Skill-development centres
    thereby encouraging globally benchmarked industrial planning standards.

Governance & Institutional Architecture

• Implementation of industrial parks will occur through Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013, responsible for project development, investor facilitation, infrastructure management, operations, and long-term maintenance of industrial assets created under the scheme.
• The National Industrial Corridor Development Corporation (NICDC) has been designated as the Project Management Agency (PMA) responsible for implementation support, monitoring, coordination, and ensuring timely execution of industrial infrastructure projects.
• Oversight mechanisms include:
  • GIS-based monitoring
  • Periodic reporting systems
  • Audit frameworks
  • National Level Steering Committee chaired by DPIIT Secretary
    aimed at improving transparency, accountability, and project execution efficiency.

Economic Significance

• BHAVYA seeks to strengthen India’s manufacturing ecosystem amid global supply-chain diversification and increasing geopolitical efforts by multinational corporations to reduce excessive dependence on concentrated manufacturing geographies such as China.
• Large-scale industrial infrastructure creation can significantly improve:
  • Domestic manufacturing capacity
  • Export competitiveness
  • Industrial productivity
  • Employment generation
    while supporting India’s long-term goal of becoming a major global manufacturing destination.
• Integrated industrial parks may particularly benefit sectors such as:
  • Electronics
  • Textiles
  • Automotive manufacturing
  • Renewable-energy equipment
  • Pharmaceuticals
    by improving logistics efficiency and reducing infrastructure bottlenecks.

Infrastructure & Logistics Dimensions

• The scheme complements PM Gati Shakti by integrating industrial development with multimodal infrastructure planning, enabling smoother movement of:
  • Raw materials
  • Intermediate goods
  • Export consignments
    across national logistics networks.
• Reliable utility infrastructure including:
  • Power supply
  • Water systems
  • Common effluent treatment plants
  • Digital governance systems
    can reduce operational uncertainties and improve investor confidence in Indian manufacturing ecosystems.
• Worker-support infrastructure such as:
  • Housing
  • Skill-development centres
  • Common facilities
    recognises the importance of labour welfare and human capital within sustainable industrialisation frameworks.

Sustainability Dimensions

• BHAVYA incorporates sustainable industrial infrastructure features such as:
  • Renewable-energy systems
  • Waste management
  • Water recycling
  • Green industrial planning
    aligning industrial expansion with India’s climate and sustainability commitments.
• Emphasis on integrated environmental infrastructure can reduce industrial pollution risks and encourage adoption of cleaner production practices within industrial clusters and manufacturing ecosystems.
• Sustainable industrial parks may improve India’s attractiveness among global firms increasingly prioritising:
  • ESG compliance
  • Green supply chains
  • Carbon-efficient manufacturing
    within international production networks.

Way Forward

• India should integrate BHAVYA industrial parks with:
  • Freight corridors
  • Export hubs
  • Ports
  • Dedicated logistics systems
    to maximise manufacturing competitiveness and reduce logistics costs.
• Strong environmental safeguards and sustainable industrial planning should remain central to industrial expansion to prevent ecological degradation, pollution, and unsustainable resource extraction within rapidly industrialising regions.
• States should strengthen:
  • Industrial governance capacity
  • Investor facilitation systems
  • Land-management mechanisms
  • Labour-skill ecosystems
    to ensure effective implementation and long-term success of industrial parks.
• Greater convergence between BHAVYA, skill-development initiatives, renewable-energy programmes, and MSME ecosystems can improve domestic value addition and strengthen India’s integration into global value chains.

Prelims Pointers

• BHAVYA (Bharat Audyogik Vikas Yojana) is a Central Sector Scheme launched by DPIIT.
• The scheme aims to develop 100 industrial parks between 2026-27 and 2031-32.
• Total scheme outlay is approximately ₹33,660 crore.
• NICDC is the designated Project Management Agency under the scheme.
• Projects will be implemented through Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) under the Companies Act, 2013.

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Quad announces maritime plans amid Hormuz crisis

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Why in News?

• During the 11th Quad Foreign Ministers’ Meeting (FMM) held in New Delhi on 26 May 2026, the Quad countries announced major maritime-security and energy-cooperation initiatives amid rising tensions in the Strait of Hormuz, the Persian Gulf, and the South China Sea.

Relevance

GS Paper II

• International Relations – Quad, Indo-Pacific, Maritime Security, Strategic Partnerships
• Global Groupings – Rules-Based Order, Freedom of Navigation, Energy Security Diplomacy

GS Paper III

• Internal Security – Maritime Surveillance, Strategic Sea Lanes, Energy Security
• Defence & Technology – Maritime Domain Awareness, Surveillance Systems, Indo-Pacific Security Architecture

Practice Question

“The evolving role of the Quad reflects the growing convergence between maritime security, energy security, and Indo-Pacific geopolitics.” Examine in the context of the recent Quad maritime initiatives amid the Strait of Hormuz crisis. (250 words)

Issue in Brief

Quad Announces New Maritime Cooperation Initiatives

• During the 11th Quad Foreign Ministers’ Meeting on 26 May 2026, India, the United States, Japan, and Australia announced new initiatives on maritime surveillance, maritime-domain awareness, and energy security amid escalating geopolitical tensions in West Asia and the Indo-Pacific region.

Strait of Hormuz and South China Sea Context

• The initiatives emerged against the backdrop of:
  • Shipping disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz
  • Conflict-driven instability in the Persian Gulf
  • Rising tensions and assertiveness in the South China Sea
    which threaten global trade and energy flows.

Maritime Security Becomes Central Quad Priority

• The Quad emphasised:
  • Freedom of navigation
  • Rules-based maritime order
  • Real-time maritime monitoring
    reflecting the increasing securitisation of critical sea lanes and maritime supply chains.

What is the Quad?

Informal Strategic Grouping

• The Quad is an informal strategic grouping comprising:
  • India
  • United States
  • Japan
  • Australia
    focused on promoting a free, open, inclusive, and rules-based Indo-Pacific region.

Origins and Evolution

• The Quad initially emerged after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami humanitarian response, evolved into a strategic dialogue in 2007, became inactive for several years, and was revived in 2017 amid growing Indo-Pacific geopolitical competition.

Expanding Functional Agenda

• Initially focused on strategic and maritime cooperation, the Quad now increasingly addresses:
  • Supply-chain resilience
  • Emerging technologies
  • Critical minerals
  • Climate change
  • Cybersecurity
  • Maritime domain awareness
  • Energy security.

Key Outcomes of the 11th Quad FMM (2026)

Enhanced Maritime Surveillance Cooperation

• The Quad launched the Indo-Pacific Maritime Surveillance Collaboration initiative, aimed at integrating and leveraging the maritime-surveillance capabilities of member countries to improve information sharing and maritime situational awareness across the Indo-Pacific region.

Focus on Real-Time Information Sharing

• The initiative seeks to strengthen:
  • Real-time maritime monitoring
  • Information fusion
  • Emergency coordination
  • Humanitarian assistance operations
    especially across critical sea lanes vulnerable to piracy, conflict, and illegal activities.

Strategic Significance

• The initiative strengthens the Quad’s role as a security-oriented maritime partnership capable of monitoring strategic waterways and responding collectively to emerging Indo-Pacific maritime-security challenges.

Expansion of Indo-Pacific Maritime Domain Awareness (IPMDA)

Near Real-Time Maritime Tracking

• Quad countries also announced expansion of the Indo-Pacific Maritime Domain Awareness (IPMDA) initiative to provide near real-time commercial maritime-domain awareness data to partner countries across the Indo-Pacific region.

Monitoring Commercial Shipping Activity

• IPMDA seeks to track:
  • Commercial shipping
  • Illegal fishing
  • Maritime coercion
  • Smuggling activities
    thereby improving transparency and maritime governance across regional waters.

Support for Smaller Indo-Pacific States

• The initiative particularly supports smaller Indo-Pacific countries lacking sophisticated maritime-monitoring infrastructure by enhancing their capacity for surveillance, disaster response, and maritime law enforcement.

Strait of Hormuz Crisis: Strategic Context

Critical Global Energy Chokepoint

• The Strait of Hormuz remains one of the world’s most critical maritime chokepoints through which nearly one-fifth of global oil trade and significant liquefied natural gas shipments pass annually.

Impact on India’s Energy Security

• India depends heavily on crude-oil imports from West Asia, making disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz a direct threat to:
  • Energy security
  • Inflation management
  • Current account stability
  • Economic growth.

Shipping and Insurance Disruptions

• Rising tensions in the Persian Gulf have sharply increased:
  • Freight charges
  • Marine insurance premiums
  • Shipping delays
    thereby affecting global supply chains and energy markets.

South China Sea Context

Strategic Waterway

• The South China Sea remains one of the world’s busiest maritime trade routes carrying a substantial share of global commerce and energy shipments connecting East Asia with global markets.

Freedom of Navigation Concerns

• Quad countries reiterated support for:
  • Freedom of navigation
  • International maritime law
  • UNCLOS principles
    amid growing concerns regarding unilateral territorial assertions and militarisation in the South China Sea.

Indo-Pacific Security Competition

• Maritime-security cooperation increasingly reflects broader geopolitical competition in the Indo-Pacific involving:
  • Strategic sea lanes
  • Naval presence
  • Supply-chain resilience
  • Regional influence.

Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA)

Comprehensive Maritime Monitoring

• Maritime Domain Awareness refers to the effective understanding and monitoring of activities occurring in maritime spaces that could affect:
  • Security
  • Safety
  • Economy
  • Environment
    of coastal and maritime nations.

Key Components

• MDA systems typically involve:
  • Satellite surveillance
  • Radar systems
  • Automatic Identification Systems (AIS)
  • Naval coordination
  • Information-sharing networks
    enabling real-time maritime situational awareness.

Importance for Indo-Pacific

• Strong MDA systems are increasingly essential for:
  • Counter-piracy operations
  • Humanitarian assistance
  • Disaster response
  • Illegal fishing control
  • Maritime-security coordination.

Energy Security Dimension

Sea Lanes and Oil Flows

• The Quad’s energy-security focus reflects growing recognition that secure maritime trade routes are essential for uninterrupted:
  • Crude-oil supplies
  • LNG shipments
  • Global energy markets
    particularly for energy-import dependent economies like India and Japan.

Vulnerability of Global Energy Markets

• Conflict in West Asia and disruptions around the Strait of Hormuz demonstrate how geopolitical instability can rapidly affect:
  • Fuel prices
  • Inflation
  • Shipping costs
  • Balance-of-payments stability.

Strategic Diversification

• Quad cooperation indirectly supports broader efforts toward:
  • Supply diversification
  • Energy resilience
  • Strategic reserves
  • Alternative shipping arrangements
    amid growing geopolitical uncertainty.

India’s Strategic Interests

India as Net Security Provider

• India increasingly positions itself as a “net security provider” in the Indian Ocean Region through:
  • Naval deployments
  • Maritime partnerships
  • Humanitarian operations
  • Maritime surveillance cooperation.

Protecting Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs)

• India’s economic and energy security depends heavily on secure Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs) connecting:
  • West Asia
  • Southeast Asia
  • Africa
  • Indo-Pacific trade routes.

SAGAR Vision

• India’s maritime strategy aligns with the SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) doctrine promoting:
  • Regional maritime cooperation
  • Inclusive security
  • Blue economy partnerships
  • Disaster response coordination.

Geopolitical Significance of Quad Initiatives

Support for International Law

• The Quad’s emphasis on freedom of navigation and maritime security reinforces support for:
  • UNCLOS
  • International maritime law
  • Open sea-lane access
    amid rising strategic contestation in maritime regions.

Strategic Signalling

• The initiatives also carry geopolitical signalling value by demonstrating increasing coordination among major Indo-Pacific democracies in response to evolving maritime-security challenges.

Non-Military Functional Cooperation

• Unlike formal military alliances, Quad initiatives primarily emphasise:
  • Capacity building
  • Technology cooperation
  • Information sharing
  • Maritime governance
    rather than collective defence commitments.

Prelims Pointers

• The Quad comprises:
  • India
  • United States
  • Japan
  • Australia.
• The Strait of Hormuz connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and Arabian Sea.
• Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) refers to effective understanding of activities occurring in maritime spaces affecting security and economic interests.
• The South China Sea is a strategically important global maritime trade route.
• India’s maritime doctrine includes the SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) vision.

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NCDs accounted for 60% of all deaths in 2022-2024

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Why in News?

• The Sample Registration System (SRS) Statistical Report 2024, released in May 2026, revealed that Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) accounted for nearly 60% of all deaths during 2022–2024, compared with 52.8% during 2015–2017, highlighting India’s rapid epidemiological transition toward chronic and lifestyle-related illnesses.

Relevance

GS Paper II

• Health – Public Health Policy, Mental Health, Healthcare Access
• Social Justice – Human Development, Health Inequality, Demographic Transition

GS Paper III

• Economy – Human Capital, Workforce Productivity, Demographic Dividend
• Science & Technology – Public Health Surveillance, Disease Monitoring Systems

Practice Question

“India is witnessing an epidemiological transition marked by rising Non-Communicable Diseases alongside persistent infectious diseases.” Examine the causes, implications, and policy challenges associated with India’s growing NCD burden. (250 words)

Issue in Brief

NCDs Emerging as India’s Dominant Mortality Driver

• According to the SRS Cause of Deaths in India Report 2022–2024, Non-Communicable Diseases now account for nearly 60% of all deaths, reflecting a major structural shift from communicable diseases toward chronic illnesses driven by urbanisation, changing lifestyles, ageing, pollution, and metabolic disorders.

Cardiovascular Diseases Leading Mortality Trends

• Among all Non-Communicable Diseases, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) alone contributed nearly 32.1% of total deaths during 2022–2024, increasing substantially from 27.1% during 2015–2017, indicating worsening public-health outcomes linked to sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy diets, stress, tobacco consumption, and environmental pollution.

Premature Deaths Among Working-Age Population

• The report highlighted rising premature mortality among economically productive adults, with individuals aged 30–44 years accounting for nearly 19.5% of total deaths, creating serious concerns regarding labour productivity, economic growth, social dependency ratios, and the sustainability of India’s demographic dividend.

What are Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)?

Meaning and Nature of NCDs

• Non-Communicable Diseases are chronic, long-duration diseases generally not transmitted directly between individuals and are commonly associated with behavioural, environmental, genetic, and metabolic risk factors including unhealthy diets, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, pollution, obesity, and physical inactivity.

Major Categories of NCDs

• Major NCD categories include:
  • Cardiovascular diseases
  • Cancer
  • Diabetes
  • Chronic respiratory illnesses
  • Neurological disorders
    which collectively contribute to the majority of global mortality and long-term healthcare expenditure.

Long-Term Health and Economic Burden

• Unlike infectious diseases that may be treated over shorter periods, NCDs often require lifelong treatment, regular medication, repeated hospitalisation, continuous diagnostics, and long-term lifestyle management, thereby increasing pressure on households, insurance systems, healthcare infrastructure, and national productivity.

Key Findings of the SRS Report 2024

Rapid Increase in NCD Mortality

• The share of deaths caused by NCDs reportedly increased from 52.8% during 2015–2017 to nearly 60% during 2022–2024, confirming India’s accelerating epidemiological transition similar to trends observed in many middle-income and developed economies.

Declining Share of Infectious Diseases

• The combined share of:
  • Communicable diseases
  • Maternal causes
  • Perinatal conditions
  • Nutritional disorders
    reportedly declined from 22% to 19.7%, indicating improvements in sanitation, vaccination, maternal healthcare, and infectious disease management over recent decades.

India Facing a “Double Burden” of Disease

• Despite the decline in infectious disease mortality, India continues facing simultaneous challenges from communicable diseases and rapidly increasing chronic illnesses, creating what public-health experts describe as a “double burden” that strains already resource-constrained healthcare systems.

Cardiovascular Diseases: India’s Biggest Health Threat

Largest Single Cause of Death

• Cardiovascular diseases emerged as the single largest mortality category, contributing nearly 32.1% of all deaths during 2022–2024, making heart-related illnesses India’s most serious and widespread public-health challenge across both urban and rural populations.

Severe Impact on Working-Age Adults

• In the economically productive 30–69 age group, cardiovascular diseases reportedly contributed around 37.3% of all deaths, indicating alarming growth of premature heart attacks, hypertension, strokes, and metabolic disorders among India’s labour-force population.

Lifestyle and Behavioural Drivers

• Health experts increasingly associate rising cardiovascular diseases with:
  • Sedentary urban lifestyles
  • High sugar and fat consumption
  • Processed foods
  • Tobacco and alcohol use
  • Chronic stress
  • Obesity
  • Sleep disorders
    particularly among younger populations.

Air Pollution as a Major Risk Factor

• Scientific evidence increasingly links India’s severe air-pollution crisis with:
  • Heart disease
  • Stroke
  • Hypertension
  • Respiratory illnesses
    thereby making environmental degradation an increasingly important contributor to NCD mortality.

Demographic and Economic Implications

Threat to India’s Demographic Dividend

• Rising NCD-related mortality among adults in their 30s and 40s threatens India’s demographic dividend because this age group forms the backbone of national productivity, entrepreneurship, industrial growth, innovation, and labour-force participation.

Declining Fertility Intensifies Concerns

• The findings become more significant because several Indian States have already fallen below the replacement fertility rate of 2.1 children per woman, reducing future workforce replacement capacity and increasing ageing-related dependency pressures.

Economic Productivity Losses

• Chronic illnesses and premature deaths reduce:
  • Labour productivity
  • Workforce participation
  • Household savings
    while increasing healthcare expenditure, insurance burdens, absenteeism, and long-term dependency, thereby negatively affecting national economic growth.

Household-Level Financial Stress

• NCD treatment frequently involves expensive long-term medication, diagnostics, specialist consultations, and repeated hospitalisation, pushing many lower-income households toward catastrophic healthcare expenditure and long-term indebtedness.

Rural–Urban Differences

Urban India More Severely Affected

• NCDs reportedly accounted for nearly 64.8% of all deaths in urban India, compared with approximately 58.8% in rural India, reflecting faster lifestyle transitions, higher pollution exposure, dietary changes, stress levels, and sedentary work patterns in cities.

Rural India Also Transitioning Rapidly

• Although urban areas remain more affected, the report clearly indicates that rural India is also steadily transitioning toward chronic disease-dominated mortality patterns because of changing food habits, mechanisation, tobacco use, and reduced physical activity.

Unequal Healthcare Access

• Rural populations continue facing:
  • Delayed diagnosis
  • Weak specialist access
  • Limited screening infrastructure
  • Shortage of doctors
    thereby increasing the severity and mortality burden associated with untreated chronic illnesses.

Gender-Based Trends

Higher NCD Mortality Among Men

• NCDs reportedly accounted for around 62.3% of all male deaths, compared to approximately 56.9% among women, reflecting higher prevalence of behavioural risk factors such as tobacco use, alcohol consumption, occupational stress, and unhealthy lifestyles among men.

Women Increasingly Vulnerable

• Rising NCD prevalence among women indicates changing:
  • Dietary patterns
  • Urban lifestyles
  • Physical inactivity
  • Metabolic health conditions
    while stress and hormonal disorders increasingly affect female health outcomes.

Gendered Healthcare Challenges

• Women in many regions continue facing delayed diagnosis and reduced preventive healthcare access because of:
  • Financial dependence
  • Social barriers
  • Household caregiving responsibilities
    thereby worsening long-term health outcomes.

Other Major Causes of Death

Cancer and Neoplasms

• After cardiovascular diseases, cancers and neoplasms emerged among the leading causes of mortality, reflecting increasing exposure to:
  • Tobacco consumption
  • Pollution
  • Chemical exposure
  • Processed diets
  • Sedentary lifestyles
    across India.

Respiratory Diseases and Pollution

• Chronic respiratory diseases contributed substantially to mortality because of:
  • Urban air pollution
  • Biomass fuel exposure
  • Industrial emissions
  • Tobacco smoking
    particularly in densely populated urban and industrial regions.

Digestive and Infectious Diseases Persist

• Digestive disorders and respiratory infections continue contributing significantly to mortality, indicating that India has not completely overcome sanitation, nutritional, and infectious disease-related public-health challenges.

Mental Health and Suicide Concerns

Suicide Leading Cause Among Youth

• Suicide reportedly remained the leading cause of death among individuals aged 15–29 years, accounting for nearly 19% of all deaths, increasing from 16.3% during 2015–2017, thereby highlighting India’s worsening mental-health crisis.

Drivers Behind Rising Suicides

• Experts increasingly associate rising suicides with:
  • Academic pressure
  • Unemployment
  • Financial stress
  • Social isolation
  • Mental-health stigma
  • Digital-era anxiety
    especially among younger populations.

Mental Health as Public-Health Priority

• Rising suicide rates demonstrate that mental health must now be treated as a major public-health challenge requiring integrated policy interventions involving education systems, counselling infrastructure, and accessible psychiatric care.

Regional Variations

EAG States Less Dominated by NCDs

• In the Empowered Action Group (EAG) States and Assam, NCDs reportedly accounted for around 53.9% of deaths, compared with approximately 63.5% in other States, indicating differing stages of epidemiological transition.

Continued Infectious Disease Burden

• Several poorer States continue facing substantial burdens from:
  • Malnutrition
  • Maternal mortality
  • Infectious diseases
    even while chronic illnesses simultaneously increase, thereby intensifying healthcare-system pressures.

Uneven Health Transition Across India

• India’s epidemiological transition remains regionally uneven because economically advanced States have transitioned faster toward chronic disease burdens, while poorer States continue facing both infectious and lifestyle-related diseases simultaneously.

Causes Behind Rising NCDs

Unhealthy Food Consumption Patterns

• Increased consumption of:
  • Ultra-processed foods
  • Sugary beverages
  • High-fat diets
  • Junk food
    has significantly contributed to obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases across urban and semi-urban populations.

Sedentary Lifestyle and Urbanisation

• Rapid urbanisation, motorised transportation, screen-based work culture, and declining physical activity have accelerated obesity and metabolic disorders among younger and middle-aged populations.

Tobacco and Alcohol Consumption

• Tobacco use and harmful alcohol consumption remain major contributors to:
  • Cancer
  • Respiratory diseases
  • Liver disorders
  • Cardiovascular illnesses
    across India.

Environmental and Climate Risks

• Air pollution, climate stress, heat waves, and poor urban environmental conditions increasingly aggravate chronic illnesses and contribute significantly to long-term public-health vulnerabilities.

Governance & Public Health Challenges

Weak Preventive Healthcare Model

• India’s healthcare system continues focusing disproportionately on curative treatment rather than:
  • Preventive healthcare
  • Lifestyle counselling
  • Early screening
  • Community-level disease prevention
    thereby increasing long-term disease burdens.

Low Public Healthcare Expenditure

• India’s relatively low public healthcare spending limits access to:
  • Affordable diagnostics
  • Specialist treatment
  • Long-term chronic disease management
    especially for vulnerable and low-income populations.

Shortage of Specialists

• India faces shortages of:
  • Cardiologists
  • Oncologists
  • Endocrinologists
  • Mental-health professionals
    particularly in rural and district-level healthcare systems.

Weak Public Health Data Systems

• Fragmented disease-surveillance and healthcare-data systems reduce India’s capacity for:
  • Real-time monitoring
  • Early intervention
  • Predictive public-health planning
    regarding chronic diseases.

Government Initiatives

National Programme for NCDs

• India implements the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NP-NCD) focusing on:
  • Cancer
  • Diabetes
  • Cardiovascular diseases
  • Stroke prevention and screening.

Ayushman Bharat

• Ayushman Bharat aims to strengthen:
  • Primary healthcare
  • Health and Wellness Centres
  • Preventive screening
  • Universal health coverage
    across the country.

Fit India and Eat Right Campaigns

• Government campaigns promoting:
  • Physical fitness
  • Healthy diets
  • Reduced tobacco use
    aim to encourage long-term behavioural and lifestyle transformation.

Prelims Pointers

• Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are generally chronic and non-infectious diseases.
• Cardiovascular diseases accounted for nearly 32.1% of all deaths during 2022–2024.
• Suicide remained the leading cause of death among the 15–29 age group.
• Replacement fertility level is generally considered around 2.1 children per woman.
• Ayushman Bharat includes Health and Wellness Centres focusing on preventive healthcare and early disease screening.

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The judiciary’s role in complete justice

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Why in News?

• In 2025, the Supreme Court of India, while hearing In Re: Phalodi Accident vs National Highways Authority of India, recognised safe travel on National Highways as part of the Right to Life under Article 21, invoking its extraordinary powers under Article 142 to ensure “complete justice”.

Relevance

GS Paper II

• Polity & Constitution – Article 142, Judicial Activism, Separation of Powers
• Governance – Road Safety, Fundamental Rights, Judicial Review
• Judiciary – Constitutional Interpretation, Due Process, Natural Justice

Practice Question

“Article 142 acts as a constitutional safety valve enabling the Supreme Court to deliver complete justice.” Critically examine the scope and limitations of Article 142 in the Indian constitutional framework. (250 words)

Issue in Brief

Right to Safe Travel Recognised

• In 2025, the Supreme Court elevated safe travel on National Highways into a constitutional entitlement under Article 21, holding that safe, well-maintained, and motorable roads are no longer merely policy objectives but enforceable obligations of the State.

Trigger for Judicial Intervention

• The Court took suo motu cognisance of two road accidents in November 2025 that reportedly caused 34 deaths, prompting broader scrutiny of road safety governance, highway maintenance, and the alarming fatality rates on National Highways.

Expanding Scope of Article 142

• The judgment reignited debates regarding the constitutional scope of Article 142, which empowers the Supreme Court to pass any decree or order necessary for doing “complete justice” where existing legal mechanisms appear inadequate.

What is Article 142?

Extraordinary Power of Supreme Court

• Article 142 empowers the Supreme Court to pass any order necessary for doing “complete justice” in matters before it, even where statutory provisions or procedural limitations may not fully address the situation.

Constitutional Safety Valve

• The provision functions as a constitutional “safety valve,” enabling the Court to bridge legal gaps, prevent injustice, and uphold substantive constitutional morality in exceptional circumstances where ordinary legal remedies may prove insufficient.

Nature of Supreme Court’s Inherent Powers

Beyond Ordinary Statutes

• The Supreme Court’s powers under Article 142 are not derived from ordinary legislation but arise inherently from its constitutional position as guardian and interpreter of the Constitution entrusted with ensuring justice.

Manifest Injustice Principle

• Article 142 is generally invoked where:
  • Law remains silent
  • Existing procedures are inadequate
  • Failure to intervene may lead to manifest injustice or miscarriage of justice.

Delhi Judicial Service Association Case (1991)

Constitutional Power Beyond Ordinary Law

• In Delhi Judicial Service Association v State of Gujarat, the Supreme Court held that powers under Article 142 are of a “different level and quality” and cannot be restricted by ordinary statutory limitations.

Canara Bank v Debasis Das (2003)

Primacy of Substantive Justice

• In Canara Bank v Debasis Das, the Court emphasised that the Constitution prioritises substantive justice and natural justice principles over rigid procedural technicalities whenever legal justice alone becomes inadequate.

Hitesh Bhatnagar Case (2011)

Need for Judicial Restraint

• In Hitesh Bhatnagar v Deepa Bhatnagar, the Supreme Court cautioned that Article 142 must be exercised with extraordinary care and restraint because of its exceptional constitutional nature.

Complete Justice: Constitutional Meaning

Why “Complete Justice”?

• The Constitution deliberately uses the expression “complete justice” to indicate that justice should not remain confined to narrow procedural legality but must ensure equitable, fair, and meaningful remedies addressing the substance of injustice.

Link with Natural Justice

• Article 142 reflects the broader constitutional commitment toward:
  • Fairness
  • Due process
  • Equity
  • Protection of constitutional rights
    particularly where rigid statutory interpretation may defeat justice objectives.

Relationship with Article 21

Judicial Creativity under Article 21

• The Supreme Court has progressively expanded Article 21 to include:
  • Right to clean environment
  • Right to privacy
  • Right to dignity
  • Right to legal aid
    and now, safe travel infrastructure on highways.

Road Safety as Constitutional Obligation

• The Court’s recognition of safe highways as part of Article 21 converts road safety from an administrative policy concern into a constitutional obligation enforceable against the State.

Road Safety Context in India

High Fatality Levels

• Although National Highways constitute only about 2% of India’s road network, they reportedly account for nearly 30% of road fatalities, highlighting severe structural and enforcement deficiencies in transport governance.

2025 Fatality Data

• According to the article, National Highways reportedly witnessed nearly 26,770 deaths during the first six months of 2025, underscoring the urgency of institutional and judicial intervention.

Judicial Activism vs Judicial Overreach

Separation of Powers Concerns

• Critics argue that expansive use of Article 142 risks judicial overreach because courts may effectively enter legislative or executive domains while creating remedies or policy directions not explicitly authorised by Parliament.

Democratic Accountability Debate

• Excessive judicial intervention may raise concerns regarding:
  • Institutional balance
  • Democratic legitimacy
  • Accountability of unelected judges
    within constitutional governance frameworks.

Defence of Judicial Activism

Constitutional Duty of Supreme Court

• Supporters argue that Article 142 enables the judiciary to uphold constitutional morality and protect citizens where executive inaction, legislative gaps, or changing social realities create governance failures.

Adapting to Evolving Society

• Emerging issues such as:
  • LGBTQ+ rights
  • Live-in relationships
  • Environmental protection
    often require proactive constitutional interpretation beyond outdated statutory frameworks.

High Courts and Complete Justice

Anil Kumar Jain Case (2009)

• In Anil Kumar Jain v Maya Jain, the Supreme Court clarified that High Courts under Article 226 do not possess powers equivalent to Article 142, though they may still pursue justice within narrower constitutional limits.

Supreme Court’s Unique Position

• Article 142 remains unique because it grants residuary constitutional authority exclusively to the Supreme Court for ensuring complete justice across extraordinary situations.

Challenges & Concerns

Risk of Subjectivity

• Absence of precise constitutional limits regarding Article 142 may create inconsistent judicial practices and uncertainty regarding the permissible extent of judicial intervention in governance matters.

Institutional Tensions

• Frequent reliance on extraordinary judicial powers may occasionally generate friction between:
  • Judiciary
  • Legislature
  • Executive
    affecting institutional balance within constitutional democracy.

Way Forward

Develop Constitutional Guidelines

• The Supreme Court may evolve clearer doctrinal principles governing Article 142 to balance:
  • Judicial innovation
  • Constitutional restraint
  • Institutional accountability.

Strengthen Governance Mechanisms

• Executive institutions should proactively address governance failures such as road safety and public welfare deficiencies to reduce dependence on extraordinary judicial interventions.

Preserve Constitutional Morality

• Courts should continue using Article 142 cautiously for protecting substantive constitutional values, particularly where procedural rigidity undermines justice, dignity, or fundamental rights.

Promote Cooperative Constitutionalism

• Better coordination between judiciary, legislature, and executive can ensure effective governance while preserving institutional balance and democratic legitimacy.

Prelims Pointers

• Article 142 empowers the Supreme Court to pass orders necessary for doing “complete justice.”
• Article 142 powers are available only to the Supreme Court of India.
• National Highways reportedly account for nearly 30% of India’s road fatalities despite forming only about 2% of total roads.
• Delhi Judicial Service Association v State of Gujarat recognised the extraordinary nature of Article 142 powers.
• The Supreme Court linked safe travel on National Highways with Article 21 – Right to Life in 2025.

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Arunachal has potential to become leading example of managing human-elephant coexistence: Report

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Why in News?

• On 26 May 2026, the Arunachal Pradesh government and World Wide Fund for Nature released the report “Managing Human–Elephant Conflict in Arunachal Pradesh: A Strategy and Action Plan”, proposing scientific and community-led strategies for addressing rising human-elephant conflict (HEC) across the State.

Relevance

GS Paper III

• Environment & Biodiversity – Human-Wildlife Conflict, Elephant Conservation, Habitat Fragmentation
• Ecology – Wildlife Corridors, Landscape Ecology, Conservation Governance
• Internal Security – Livelihood Vulnerability, Forest Governance, Border Ecology

Practice Question

“Human-elephant conflict reflects deeper ecological imbalances arising from habitat fragmentation and unsustainable land-use change.” Examine in the context of Arunachal Pradesh’s new human-elephant coexistence strategy. (250 words)

Issue in Brief

First Comprehensive Statewide Assessment

• Between December 2024 and March 2026, WWF-India and the Arunachal Pradesh Forest Department conducted the State’s first comprehensive assessment of elephant distribution, conflict hotspots, habitat pressures, and landscape connectivity to understand the scale and patterns of human-elephant conflict systematically.

Rising Human-Elephant Conflict

• The report documented increasing incidents involving crop damage, destruction of property, and human casualties across elephant-bearing forest divisions, indicating intensifying ecological stress and expanding overlap between elephant habitats and human settlements in Arunachal Pradesh.

Global Ecological Significance

• Arunachal Pradesh hosts elephant herds at elevations exceeding 3,000 metres above sea level, reportedly representing the highest documented elephant presence globally, highlighting the State’s exceptional ecological significance within global elephant conservation landscapes.

About Human-Elephant Conflict (HEC)

Human-Wildlife Interface Conflict

• Human-elephant conflict refers to negative interactions between humans and elephants causing injury, fatalities, crop destruction, livelihood insecurity, and property loss because of increasing competition over land, habitat resources, and ecological space between wildlife and expanding human activities.

Growing National Concern

• Human-elephant conflict has intensified across multiple Indian States including Assam, Odisha, Karnataka, West Bengal, and Arunachal Pradesh due to habitat fragmentation, infrastructure expansion, agricultural encroachment, and increasing disruption of traditional elephant migratory routes.

Key Findings of the Report

Evidence-Based Mapping

• Researchers compiled forest department records, local consultations, and field-level observations from elephant-bearing forest divisions to scientifically identify major conflict-prone landscapes and generate the first statewide evidence base for policy intervention and mitigation planning.

Baseline Data Creation

• The report establishes the first systematic baseline estimates for crop losses, human casualties, and property damage linked to elephants across Arunachal Pradesh, enabling better monitoring, planning, compensation mechanisms, and long-term conflict-management strategies.

Habitat and Connectivity Concerns

Fragmented Landscapes

• Expanding roads, settlements, hydropower infrastructure, and agricultural activities are fragmenting elephant habitats and disrupting natural migratory corridors, forcing elephants increasingly into human-dominated landscapes and intensifying conflict frequency across ecologically sensitive regions.

Importance of Connectivity

• The report emphasised that maintaining habitat connectivity remains essential because fragmented landscapes increase elephant movement unpredictability, ecological stress, and direct encounters with human populations, thereby worsening conflict situations and threatening long-term elephant conservation outcomes.

Ecological Importance of Arunachal Pradesh

Unique High-Altitude Presence

• Elephant populations documented above 3,000 metres altitude indicate unusual ecological adaptability and make Arunachal Pradesh globally significant for elephant conservation, biodiversity research, and understanding megafauna survival within fragile Himalayan ecosystems.

Biodiversity Hotspot Region

• Arunachal Pradesh forms part of the ecologically rich Eastern Himalaya and Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspots, supporting diverse wildlife species, dense forests, critical watersheds, and strategically important ecological corridors essential for long-term environmental stability.

Drivers of Human-Elephant Conflict

Infrastructure Expansion

• Construction of highways, hydropower projects, transmission lines, and expanding settlements within forested landscapes increasingly disrupt elephant movement patterns, reduce habitat continuity, and intensify human-elephant encounters across northeastern India.

Encroachment into Forest Areas

• Expansion of cultivation and settlements into forest margins has increased direct overlap between human habitation and elephant habitats, making crop-raiding incidents and accidental encounters increasingly common in rural and tribal areas.

Agricultural Factors

Attractive Crop Patterns

• Cultivation of paddy, maize, banana, and other nutrient-rich crops near elephant corridors attracts elephants into agricultural fields, particularly during harvesting seasons, thereby increasing economic losses and conflict-related tensions among farming communities.

Seasonal Migration Routes

• Traditional elephant migratory pathways frequently intersect agricultural landscapes and settlements, especially during seasonal movement cycles, increasing the probability of crop damage, property destruction, and human casualties in vulnerable rural areas.

Conservation and Governance Dimensions

Shared-Space Approach

• The report advocates coexistence-oriented conservation approaches focused on creating safer shared spaces between humans and elephants rather than relying exclusively on exclusionary or fortress-style conservation strategies that often prove socially unsustainable.

Local Participation

• Long-term success of conflict mitigation depends significantly on active involvement of local communities through participatory planning, awareness programmes, compensation mechanisms, and community stewardship of conservation initiatives within affected landscapes.

Scientific and Evidence-Based Planning

Need for Data-Driven Policy

• The report stresses strengthening scientific understanding of elephant movement patterns, habitat connectivity, and conflict trends to improve evidence-based policymaking, ecological planning, and long-term conservation effectiveness in Arunachal Pradesh.

Landscape-Level Conservation

• Conservation strategies increasingly require integrated landscape-level planning balancing ecological connectivity, developmental pressures, local livelihoods, and human safety rather than isolated forest-centric wildlife protection approaches.

India-Wide Human-Elephant Conflict Context

Human Casualties

• India records hundreds of human deaths annually due to elephant-related conflicts, especially across eastern, central, and northeastern States where rapid developmental expansion intersects with traditional elephant habitats and migratory corridors.

Elephant Mortality

• Elephants increasingly face mortality because of retaliatory killings, electrocution, train collisions, poisoning, and habitat degradation, threatening long-term conservation of one of India’s most ecologically important flagship species.

Legal and Institutional Framework

Schedule I Protection

• Asian Elephant receives the highest legal protection under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act 1972, reflecting its ecological importance and conservation priority within India’s wildlife governance framework.

Project Elephant

• India launched Project Elephant in 1992 to support elephant conservation, corridor protection, scientific management, habitat restoration, and mitigation of human-elephant conflict across major elephant landscapes in the country.

Challenges & Concerns

Infrastructure Pressures

• Expanding roads, hydropower projects, tourism infrastructure, and urbanisation within ecologically sensitive Himalayan landscapes complicate elephant conservation efforts and threaten habitat connectivity necessary for long-term species survival.

Climate Change Impacts

• Changing rainfall patterns, forest degradation, and climate-induced ecological stress may alter elephant movement behaviour and intensify conflict frequency in already fragile and biodiversity-rich northeastern ecosystems.

Weak Compensation and Institutional Capacity

Delayed Compensation

• Slow and inadequate compensation for crop and property losses often generates resentment among affected communities, weakening public support for conservation measures and increasing retaliatory hostility toward wildlife.

Limited Institutional Resources

• Forest departments frequently face shortages of trained personnel, monitoring technology, rapid-response teams, and financial resources necessary for effective conflict mitigation, corridor protection, and scientific wildlife management.

Way Forward

Protect Elephant Corridors

• Governments should prioritise corridor mapping, habitat restoration, ecological impact assessments, and landscape-sensitive infrastructure planning to preserve elephant movement pathways and reduce conflict frequency in vulnerable regions.

Strengthen Community Participation

• Local communities should be integrated through eco-development programmes, participatory monitoring systems, early-warning mechanisms, livelihood diversification initiatives, and conservation-linked incentive structures supporting coexistence objectives.

Expand Scientific Monitoring

• Greater use of GIS mapping, AI-enabled tracking systems, radio-collaring, ecological modelling, and real-time monitoring technologies can improve predictive management of elephant movement and conflict-prone landscapes.

Improve Compensation Systems

• Transparent, technology-driven, and time-bound compensation mechanisms are essential for reducing economic distress among affected communities and strengthening long-term support for wildlife conservation efforts.

Promote Coexistence-Based Conservation

• Conservation policy should increasingly prioritise coexistence models balancing biodiversity protection, local livelihoods, ecological sustainability, and developmental requirements within rapidly changing human-dominated landscapes.

Prelims Pointers

• Asian Elephant is protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
• Project Elephant was launched in 1992 for elephant conservation and conflict mitigation.
• Arunachal Pradesh reportedly hosts elephant populations above 3,000 metres altitude, among the highest recorded globally.
• Human-elephant conflict often intensifies because of habitat fragmentation, corridor disruption, and agricultural expansion near forest areas.
• World Wide Fund for Nature partnered with Arunachal Pradesh government for the statewide HEC assessment conducted between 2024 and 2026.