CONTENTS ASEAN Future ForumIndia’s biggest Climate Clock ASEAN Future Forum Context: Recently, India’s External Affairs Minister participated in the First ‘ASEAN Future Forum’. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Overview of ASEAN Future ForumAbout Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Overview of ASEAN Future Forum Purpose Serves as a platform for ASEAN and its partners to exchange new ideas and policy recommendations.Aims to establish a shared platform for ASEAN member states, partner countries, and ASEAN citizens to contribute to shaping the bloc’s development trajectory. Initiation Proposed by Vietnam during the 43rd ASEAN Summit in 2023. First Forum Theme “Toward fast and sustainable growth of a people-centered ASEAN Community.” Location Held in Hanoi, Vietnam. About Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a regional intergovernmental organization comprising Ten Countries in Southeast Asia. Members of ASEAN IndonesiaMalaysiaPhilippinesSingaporeThailandBruneiVietnamLaosMyanmarCambodia ASEAN’s Objectives: To promote intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic, political, security, military, educational, and sociocultural integration among its members and other countries in Asia.To maintain close and beneficial cooperation with existing international and regional organisations.To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter.To accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development for a prosperous and peaceful community of Southeast Asian Nations. A major partner of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, ASEAN maintains a global network of alliances and dialogue partners and is considered by many as the central union for cooperation in Asia-Pacific. The motto of ASEAN is “One Vision, One Identity, One Community”.ASEAN is headquartered in Jakarta, Indonesia.8th August is observed as ASEAN Day.In 1967 ASEAN was established with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by its founding fathers: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.Chairmanship of ASEAN rotates annually, based on the alphabetical order of the English names of Member States. India’s biggest Climate Clock Context: Recently, the Council of Scientific &Industrial; Research (CSIR), installed and activated India’s biggest Climate Clock at the CSIR Headquarters in New Delhi as a part of the Earth Day Celebrations. Relevance: Facts for Prelims CSIR Installs India’s Largest Climate Clock Event Significance CSIR installed and activated India’s largest Climate Clock at its Headquarters in New Delhi during Earth Day Celebrations.Reflects CSIR’s commitment to raising awareness about climate change and promoting energy literacy among the public. Purpose and Background The Climate Clock was launched in 2015 to serve as a tool for tracking climate change mitigation progress.Provides a visual representation of how quickly the planet is approaching 1.5°C of global warming based on current emissions trends. Functionality Graphically demonstrates the amount of CO2 emitted and the global warming experienced to date.The date indicating when humanity will reach 1.5°C of global warming adjusts based on changes in emissions levels. Current Climate Temperature As of April 4, 2024, the current climate temperature stands at 1.295°C.

CONTENTS Resurfacing of Muslim Quota Issue in Andhra Pradesh Sparks Religion-Based Reservation DebateStudy Reveals Novel Adaptation Mechanism of Mpox Virus for Enhanced Human InfectionDiscovery of 3,730 Lead Coins at Phanigiri Buddhist Heritage Site in TelanganaSupreme Court of India Raises Concerns Over Misuse of Social Media for Spreading MisinformationPhi-3-miniInflammatory Bowel DiseaseAuto-Brewery Syndrome Resurfacing of Muslim Quota Issue in Andhra Pradesh Sparks Religion-Based Reservation Debate Context: Recently, the issue of the 5% quota allocated to Muslims in Andhra Pradesh in 2004 has resurfaced, reigniting the debate surrounding religion-based reservation policies. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Background of Reservation for Muslims in Andhra PradeshVarious Legal Provisions Related to ReservationArguments Related to Religion-based Reservation in India Background of Reservation for Muslims in Andhra Pradesh Muslim Population in Andhra Pradesh Muslims make up around 9.5% of Andhra Pradesh’s population.Some Muslim groups already benefit from quotas ranging from 7% to 10% in the state’s OBC lists. Advocacy for Inclusion in OBC Category There’s been advocacy for the inclusion of all Muslims in the OBC category, following the examples set by Karnataka and Kerala. Reservation in 2004 In June 2004, the government assessed the socio-economic and educational status of Muslims in the state to consider their inclusion in the OBC list, resulting in a 5% reservation under Articles 15(4) and 16(4).However, the Andhra Pradesh High Court invalidated this quota for being implemented without reference to the Backward Classes Commission and for not excluding the creamy layer, asserting that the Muslim community is not a homogeneous group. Reservation in 2005 The Backward Classes Commission recommended reservations for the entire Muslim Community, citing their social, educational, and economic backwardness.Subsequently, the state government introduced an Ordinance providing a 5% quota for Muslims, which was later replaced with legislation.Once again, the High Court struck down this quota, arguing that the Commission lacked objective criteria to conclude that Muslims, as a group, were backward in Andhra Pradesh. Legal Proceedings The Supreme Court, in 2010, instructed to maintain the status quo pending further hearings.While the final hearing in the Supreme Court was initially set for 2022, it was postponed until after the resolution of the Economically Weaker Section (EWS) quota issue. Issues with Andhra Model of Reservation Treating Muslims as a homogeneous group violates the principle of equality in the Constitution’s Basic Structure.It also contravenes the constitutional prohibition on granting reservations solely based on religion (Articles 15(1) and 16(2)).The High Court noted that Andhra Pradesh’s reservation quota, already at 46%, exceeded the 50% limit with the addition of a 5% quota for Muslims, questioning the rationale behind this breach. Various Legal Provisions Related to Reservation Constitutional Provision: Article 16(4) of the Constitution permits reservation for “backward class of citizens,” granting states the authority to identify eligible backward communities.Under Article 15 for educational institutions and Article 16(4) for public employment, eligibility for reservation necessitates demonstration of social and educational backwardness and inadequate representation in government roles. Key Supreme Court Judgements: The State of Madras v. Smt. Champakam Dorairajan Case, 1951: Invalidated caste-based reservations in educational institutions, prompting the 1st Constitutional Amendment. Indra Sawhney v. Union of India Case, 1992: Enunciated reservation limitations including creamy layer exclusion, 50% quota cap, and barring reservations in promotions (except for SC/ST). M. Nagaraj v. Union Of India Case, 2006: Upheld Article 16(4A) allowing reservations for SC/ST in promotions, establishing criteria including social and educational backwardness, inadequate representation, and maintaining efficiency. Jarnail Singh vs Lachhmi Narain Gupta Case, 2018: Applied creamy layer exclusion to SC/ST in promotions and waived the necessity for quantifiable backwardness data. Janhit Abhiyan vs. Union of India, 2022: Upheld the validity of the 103rd Constitutional Amendment, providing 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) among forward castes. Arguments Related to Religion-based Reservation in India Arguments in Favor: The Sachar Committee Report highlights the socio-economic disparities faced by Muslims, warranting reservations to address this gap.Constitutionally, affirmative action is permissible for socially and educationally backward classes regardless of religion.Religion-based reservations can ensure equitable representation of marginalized religious groups. Arguments Against: Critics contend that religion-based reservations contradict the secular principle of treating all religions equally.Such reservations may exacerbate communal tensions and fracture national unity.Reservations should be solely based on economic criteria to ensure assistance reaches genuinely disadvantaged individuals, irrespective of religion.Implementing religion-based reservations could present administrative hurdles and potential misuse challenges. -Source: Indian Express Study Reveals Novel Adaptation Mechanism of Mpox Virus for Enhanced Human Infection Context: A recent study uncovered a novel adaptation mechanism of the Mpox virus, enhancing its capacity to infect humans amidst recent outbreaks. In a move to alleviate stigma towards monkeys and reflect the virus’s direct human infectivity, the name was changed from “monkeypox” to “mpox.” Relevance: GS II-Health Dimensions of the Article: About Monkeypox virusZoonotic diseaseSymptoms and treatment About Monkeypox virus The monkeypox virus is an orthopoxvirus, which is a genus of viruses that also includes the variola virus, which causes smallpox, and vaccinia virus, which was used in the smallpox vaccine.Monkeypox causes symptoms similar to smallpox, although they are less severe.While vaccination eradicated smallpox worldwide in 1980, monkeypox continues to occur in a swathe of countries in Central and West Africa, and has on occasion showed up elsewhere.According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), two distinct clade are identified: the West African clade and the Congo Basin clade, also known as the Central African clade. Zoonotic disease Monkeypox is a zoonosis, that is, a disease that is transmitted from infected animals to humans.According to the WHO, cases occur close to tropical rainforests inhabited by animals that carry the virus.Monkeypox virus infection has been detected in squirrels, Gambian poached rats, dormice, and some species of monkeys.Human-to-human transmission is, however, limited — the longest documented chain of transmission is six generations, meaning the last person to be infected in this chain was six links away from the original sick person, the WHO says. Transmission: Transmission, when it occurs, can be through contact with bodily fluids, lesions on the skin or on internal mucosal surfaces, such as in the mouth or throat, respiratory droplets and contaminated objects. Symptoms and treatment According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), monkeypox begins with a fever, headache, muscle aches, back ache, and exhaustion.It also causes the lymph nodes to swell (lymphadenopathy), which smallpox does not.The WHO underlines that it is important to not confuse monkeypox with chickenpox, measles, bacterial skin infections, scabies, syphilis and medication-associated allergies.The incubation period (time from infection to symptoms) for monkeypox is usually 7-14 days but can range from 5-21 days.Usually within a day to 3 days of the onset of fever, the patient develops a rash that begins on the face and spreads to other parts of the body.The skin eruption stage can last between 2 and 4 weeks, during which the lesions harden and become painful, fill up first with a clear fluid and then pus, and then develop scabs or crusts.According to the WHO, the proportion of patients who die has varied between 0 and 11% in documented cases, and has been higher among young children. Treatment: There is no safe, proven treatment for monkeypox yet.The WHO recommends supportive treatment depending on the symptoms.Awareness is important for prevention and control of the infection. -Source: The Hindu Discovery of 3,730 Lead Coins at Phanigiri Buddhist Heritage Site in Telangana Context: Telangana’s Department of Heritage recently uncovered a hoard of 3,730 lead coins hidden in an earthen pot at Phanigiri, a well-known Buddhist heritage site situated 110 km away from Hyderabad. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Excavation FindingsSignificance of Phanigiri VillageKey Facts About the Ikshvaku Period Excavation Findings: An excavation at the Southernmost monastic cell revealed a globular pot, 16.7 cm in diameter and 15 cm in height, discovered at a depth of 40 cm from the ground level.The pot’s mouth was covered with a shallow pot externally and a broken bowl base internally, containing 3730 coins, averaging 2.3 grams each.Archaeologists concluded that the coins, featuring an elephant symbol on the obverse and Ujjain symbol on the reverse, made of lead and similar in appearance, belong to the Ikshvaku period (3rd-4th century CE) based on stratigraphical and typological studies.Additionally, various valuable cultural artifacts and structural remnants were unearthed, including stone and glass beads, shell bangle fragments, stucco motifs, broken limestone sculptures, toy cartwheels, iron nails, and pottery. Earlier Excavation: Previous excavations at Phanigiri spanned seven field seasons, revealing significant structures such as a Mahastupa, apsidal Chaitya Grihas, Votive stupas, pillared congregation halls, Viharas, platforms with staircases, and an octagonal stupa chaitya.Notable findings from earlier excavations include a 24-pillared mandapa, a circular chaitya, and various cultural artifacts like terracotta beads, semi-precious beads, iron objects, shell bangle pieces, coins, stucco figures, Brahmi label inscriptions, and a holy relic casket. Significance of Phanigiri Village: Located on the left bank of the Bikkeru Rivulet, a Musi River tributary, Phanigiri is strategically positioned on a hilltop along the ancient trade route (Dakshinapatha) connecting north to south.The village derives its name from the hillock’s snake hood-like shape, with “Phani” meaning snake and “Giri” meaning hillock in Sanskrit.Inhabited from 1000 BCE to the late 18th century CE, Phanigiri was a vibrant site occupied during pre/proto-historic, early historic, early medieval, and Asaf Jahi periods.The Buddhist monastery at Phanigiri is considered more significant than those at Amaravathi and Vijayapuri (Nagarjunakonda) in Andhra Pradesh.Discovered and protected during the Nizam period, the site was initially excavated from 1941 to 1944 by Sri Khaja Mahamad Ahmad.Other nearby Buddhist sites include Vardhamanukota, Gajula Banda, Tirumalagiri, Nagaram, Singaram, Aravapalli, Ayyavaripalli, Arlagaddagudem, and Yeleswaram. Key Facts About the Ikshvaku Period: The Ikshvakus emerged in the Krishna-Guntur region following the decline of Satavahana power in the eastern part of the peninsula.Named after the legendary King Ikshvaku, the Ikshvaku dynasty (300 CE- 400 CE) left its mark primarily through inscriptions, coinage, and archaeological excavations.Historical evidence indicates that the dynasty originated in the Vijayapuri region (modern Bellary district, Karnataka) around the 3rd century CE.Succeeded by the Pallavas, the Ikshvakus played a significant role in shaping the political landscape of their time. Expansion and Consolidation: King Kanha, a prominent ruler of the Ikshvaku dynasty, expanded their territorial influence significantly.Through his conquests, which extended into parts of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Maharashtra, King Kanha established the Ikshvakus as a formidable regional power. Cultural and Economic Contributions: The Ikshvaku dynasty was known for its active patronage of Buddhism, leading to the construction of splendid stupas and monasteries such as those found at Kanaganahalli and Sankaram.Coins minted during the Ikshvaku period featured Buddhist symbols and regional deities, contributing to the circulation of currency and showcasing the dynasty’s cultural and economic influence. -Source: Indian Express, The Hindu Supreme Court of India Raises Concerns Over Misuse of Social Media for Spreading Misinformation Context: The Supreme Court of India has expressed concerns about the increasing misuse of social media platforms to disseminate misinformation regarding ongoing court cases. The court has highlighted that such “fake news” interferes with judicial proceedings and requires immediate attention and action. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: How Social Media is Regulated in India?Impacts of Social Media on Different Sections of SocietyEnhancing the Utility and Credibility of Social Media How Social Media is Regulated in India? Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act): This foundational law establishes the legal framework for electronic governance and governs various aspects of electronic communication, including social media.Section 69A of the IT Act, 2000 grants the Government authority to block public access to information under specific conditions related to:Sovereignty and integrity of IndiaDefence of IndiaSecurity of the StateFriendly relations with foreign StatesPublic orderPrevention of incitement to cognizable offenses related to the above.Section 79(1) of the IT Act, 2000 provides intermediaries, such as social media platforms, exemption from liability for third-party information, subject to certain conditions:The intermediary’s role is limited to providing access to a communication system for transmitting, hosting, or storing third-party information.The intermediary does not initiate or control the transmission, recipient selection, or content modification.However, certain contentious sections like Section 66A (pertaining to online content) were invalidated by the Supreme Court due to concerns regarding freedom of speech, as seen in the Shreya Singhal v/s Union of India Case. Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021: These rules mandate social media platforms to exercise greater diligence in content moderation to ensure online safety by promptly removing inappropriate content.Users must be informed about privacy policies and are advised to avoid posting copyrighted material, defamatory content, or anything threatening national security or friendly relations.The 2023 Amendment to these rules requires online intermediaries, including social media platforms like Facebook and internet service providers like Airtel, to prevent the dissemination of inaccurate information about the Indian government.They are also mandated to remove content flagged as false by fact-checking units to maintain legal protection from third-party content.However, the implementation of amended provisions was recently halted by the Supreme Court. Impacts of Social Media on Different Sections of Society Youth and Adolescents: Positive Impacts: Access to diverse information and educational resources.Platforms for self-expression, creativity, and building communities.Opportunities for networking, collaboration, and skill development. Negative Impacts: Increased exposure to cyberbullying, harassment, and online predators.Risk of addiction and negative effects on mental health due to excessive use.Pressure to conform to unrealistic standards of beauty and lifestyle portrayed on social media. Adults: Positive Impacts: Enhanced connectivity with friends, family, and professional networks.Platforms for staying informed about current events, trends, and opportunities.Opportunities for entrepreneurship, marketing, and career advancement. Negative Impacts: Time-wasting and productivity loss due to excessive scrolling and distraction.Privacy concerns and risks of identity theft, fraud, and data breaches.Impact on interpersonal relationships and communication skills. Elderly: Positive Impacts: Access to social networks and communities for staying connected with family and friends.Opportunities for lifelong learning, hobbies, and sharing experiences.Platforms for advocacy, support, and raising awareness about issues affecting older adults. Negative Impacts: Digital divide and challenges in learning to use new technologies.Vulnerability to online scams, misinformation, and exploitation.Potential for social isolation if not actively engaged in online communities. Marginalized Communities: Positive Impacts: Platforms for amplifying voices, sharing experiences, and advocating for social justice.Access to support networks, resources, and opportunities for empowerment.Ability to challenge stereotypes, combat discrimination, and foster solidarity. Negative Impacts: Increased exposure to online hate speech, discrimination, and harassment.Amplification of inequalities due to disparities in access to technology and digital literacy.Potential for surveillance, censorship, and suppression of dissenting voices in authoritarian regimes. Enhancing the Utility and Credibility of Social Media Algorithm Transparency Mandating platforms to disclose and clarify their algorithms’ operations to mitigate biases and enhance content visibility. Transparency Reports Requiring platforms to release regular transparency reports on content moderation, data practices, and adherence to regulatory standards to foster accountability. Digital Literacy Education Implementing comprehensive digital literacy programs to empower users in recognizing and addressing misinformation and online harassment. Advanced AI Tools Developing sophisticated AI solutions for content moderation to promptly identify and eliminate harmful content while safeguarding freedom of expression. Technological Investments Investing in technologies like end-to-end encryption and data anonymization to reinforce user privacy and security. Ethical Design Practices Promoting ethical design principles that prioritize user well-being, mental health, and meaningful engagement rather than solely focusing on user engagement metrics. Incentivizing Informative Content Introducing mechanisms to reward users who create informative, educational, or community-oriented content.Highlighting initiatives such as India’s National Creators Award 2024 as significant strides in this endeavor. -Source: Times of India Phi-3-mini Context: Recently, Microsoft unveiled the latest version of its ‘lightweight’ AI model – the Phi-3-Mini. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: About Phi-3-miniHow Phi-3-mini Differs from Large Language Models About Phi-3-mini Introduction Believed to be the first of three small models slated for release by Microsoft. Performance Outperforms models of similar size and larger counterparts across various benchmarks, including language, reasoning, coding, and mathematics. Key Features First model in its class to support a context window of up to 128K tokens with minimal impact on quality.Available as a 3.8B language model on AI development platforms like Microsoft Azure AI Studio, Hugging Face, and Ollama.Offered in two variants: one with 4K content-length and another with 128K tokens. How Phi-3-mini Differs from Large Language Models Phi-3-mini as a Small Language Model (SLM) SLMs are streamlined versions of large language models (LLMs), offering cost-effective development and operation.Better suited for resource-constrained environments, including on-device and offline inference scenarios, and ideal for applications where fast response times are critical, such as chatbots or virtual assistants. Customization and Efficiency SLMs can be tailored for specific tasks, achieving accuracy and efficiency.Typically undergo targeted training, requiring less computing power and energy compared to LLMs. Inference Speed and Latency Compact size enables quicker processing, making them suitable for applications requiring rapid responses.Lower cost appeals to smaller organizations and research groups. -Source: Indian Express Inflammatory Bowel Disease Context: Recently, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) comprising primarily Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease has been on the rise globally. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Understanding Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)Challenges in India Understanding Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Overview IBD encompasses chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Types of IBD Crohn’s Disease: Can impact any part of the digestive tract, characterized by patchy inflammation often affecting deeper layers of the bowel wall.Ulcerative Colitis: Limited to the inner lining (mucosa) of the large intestine (colon) and rectum, with continuous inflammation potentially affecting the entire colon in severe cases. Causes The precise cause of IBD remains elusive, but it is believed to involve a complex interplay of genetic, immune system, and environmental factors. Symptoms Common symptoms include abdominal pain and cramping, bloody diarrhea, urgent need for bowel movement, weight loss, and fatigue. Treatment While no cure exists for IBD, treatment strategies focus on symptom management and inducing remission.Treatment modalities may include medications, dietary adjustments, and surgical interventions. Challenges in India Increasing Incidence The incidence of IBD in India has nearly doubled from 1990 to 2019, emphasizing the need for early detection to improve treatment outcomes. Diagnostic Challenges Diagnosing IBD in India presents unique hurdles, particularly in differentiating between Crohn’s Disease and intestinal tuberculosis due to overlapping clinical symptoms. Contributing Factors Lifestyle changes, including the adoption of a Westernized diet, are believed to contribute to the escalating prevalence of IBD in India. -Source: The Hindu Auto-Brewery Syndrome Context: A drunk driving case against a 40-year-old man was dismissed after his lawyer explained that he suffers from auto-brewery syndrome. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Understanding Auto-Brewery Syndrome (ABS) Also Known As Referred to as gut fermentation syndrome. Definition A condition wherein the body converts sugary and starchy foods into alcohol, leading to symptoms akin to intoxication. Mechanism Ethanol production occurs through endogenous fermentation by fungi or bacteria in the gastrointestinal (GI) system, oral cavity, or urinary system.Yeasts and fungi metabolize sugars and starches, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as byproducts. Symptoms Include experiencing drunkenness without consuming alcohol or becoming heavily intoxicated with minimal alcohol intake.Other symptoms may encompass dizziness, headache, and dehydration, among others. Risk Factors Individuals with diabetes, obesity, and Crohn’s disease are predisposed to ABS.However, it can also affect otherwise healthy individuals. Management Medical advice often recommends avoiding high-carbohydrate and sugary foods for individuals with ABS to mitigate symptoms and ethanol production. -Source: Hindustan Times

CONTENTS Young Voters Show Reluctance in Participation Ahead of 18th Lok Sabha ElectionsBhutan Hosts Conference to Mobilise Funds for Tiger Conservation on Earth Day 2024State of the Climate in Asia 2023Israel Uses GPS Spoofing to Counter Iranian Missile ThreatsPink HydrogenGolden Trevally Fish Young Voters Show Reluctance in Participation Ahead of 18th Lok Sabha Elections Context: As India prepares for the 18th Lok Sabha elections, a worrisome trend has emerged: the reluctance of the country’s youngest eligible voters to participate. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: What Causes the Reluctance of India’s Youngest Voters to Engage?The Implications of Voter Apathy for DemocracyVoter Rights and Responsibilities in Elections What Causes the Reluctance of India’s Youngest Voters to Engage? Low Registration Rates Less than 40% of voters aged 18 to 19 have registered for the 2024 elections, raising concerns about youth engagement.Lowest enrollment rates observed in Delhi, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh.Bihar has only 9.3 lakh registered out of a potential 54 lakh (17%), despite its youthful population.Similar low enrollment trends in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra. Social Media Exposure but Political Hesitancy Despite exposure to political voices on social media, many young people are hesitant to actively participate in voting, even though they are passionate about social action and protests. Educational System Gaps The education system is perceived as inadequate in preparing young people to understand the political process and its significance.Insufficient education on civic engagement and voting.Lack of critical thinking skills and political awareness in the school curriculum. Political Disconnect and Lack of Representation Political parties often fail to advocate agendas that resonate with the younger demographic.Youth are often underrepresented in political decision-making bodies.This lack of representation can lead to policies that don’t address the needs and concerns of young people. Limited Opportunities and Disillusionment Limited opportunities for meaningful participation in the political process.Disillusionment with top-down decision-making and governance structures.Social pressures, stereotypes, and negative perceptions discourage youth from engaging in politics.Political focus often shifts from meaningful agendas to money and muscle power, hindering youth participation. Perceived Irrelevance and Over-reliance on Social Media Young people feel disconnected from political issues that directly affect them.Over-reliance on social media for information leads to misinformation and superficial engagement with political issues. The Implications of Voter Apathy for Democracy Disenfranchisement Issues Disenfranchisement refers to the deprivation of voting rights due to legal barriers, impeding citizens’ ability to participate in democracy.Many migrants face disenfranchisement as they can’t travel to polling stations where they are registered, requiring proof of a fixed address, which many lack.Social disenfranchisement during elections persists despite constitutional guarantees (article 326) that should ensure equitable participation. Threat to Democratic Principles Voter disinterest challenges the core principle of democracy, which relies on active citizen participation.Disengaged voters allow a minority to dictate governance, leading to exclusion for marginalized communities.Low voter turnout perpetuates inequality and injustice, as the voices of underrepresented groups are unheard. Legitimacy and Trust Concerns Low voter turnout raises questions about the legitimacy of electoral outcomes, undermining public trust in the democratic process.When a significant portion of the population abstains from voting, the mandate of elected representatives may be questioned, casting doubt on the credibility of democratic institutions. Voter Rights and Responsibilities in Elections Electoral Roll and Registration The Electoral Roll updates quarterly, allowing registration for those turning 18 in the respective quarters.Eligible youth receive an Electors Photo Identity Card (EPIC) upon registration.This applies to those turning 18 by 1st January, 1st April, 1st July, or 1st October.Voters can only be enrolled at one place; multiple registrations are an offence. Voting Eligibility and Identification Having a voter ID or Election Commission of India prescribed document doesn’t guarantee voting.The name must be on the electoral rolls, and a valid ID is required to cast a vote. Valid identification includes: Electors Photo Identity Card (EPIC)Aadhaar cardMNREGA job cardDriving licencePAN cardSmart card from Registrar General and Census CommissionerPassportPension document with photoIdentity card from a government agencyMLA/MP identity cardA ration card is not a valid identification for voting. Disqualification Criteria Individuals convicted of offences under:Section 171E (bribery)Section 171F (personation or undue influence at an election) of the Indian Penal Code are disqualified.Section 125, Section 135, and Section 136 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 lead to disqualification.Voting in more than one constituency disqualifies the vote. Voting Process Guidelines Wrong Button If a wrong button is pressed on an Electronic Voting Machine (EVM), approach the polling officer for a reset to vote again. Refusal to Vote Electors can refuse to vote after registering their identities and reaching the polling booth.The NOTA (None Of The Above) option allows voters to express a lack of confidence in any candidate.The ‘refusal to vote’ option lets an elector shun the entire poll process. Unauthorised Voting Voters can still vote if someone else has already voted in their name by using a “Tendered Ballot Paper” according to Rule 49P of the Conduct of Elections Rules.The Presiding Officer will collect and keep the tendered ballot paper separate. Proxy Voting Service voters, such as members of the armed forces, Government employees posted outside the country, and members of the armed police force of a State, can use the proxy voting facility.They can appoint a proxy, who must be a resident of the same constituency, to vote on their behalf. Vote from Home The ECI introduced home voting for the elderly and Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) in the 2024 Lok Sabha elections.Those above 85 years of age and PwDs with 40% benchmark disability can avail of this facility. Reporting Malpractices Report violations anonymously using the cVIGIL citizen mobile app to capture images or videos of malpractices.The ECI guarantees a response within 100 minutes, specifying the action taken.The app allows users to report violations, track location via GPS, capture live incidents, monitor complaint status, and report violations anonymously. -Source: Indian Express Bhutan Hosts Conference to Mobilise Funds for Tiger Conservation on Earth Day 2024 Context: The Bhutanese government marked Earth Day 2024 by hosting the Sustainable Finance for Tiger Landscapes Conference, aiming to mobilise USD 1 billion over the next decade for conserving tigers and their habitats across Asia. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Sustainable Finance for Tiger Landscapes ConferenceAbout International Big Cat Alliance Sustainable Finance for Tiger Landscapes Conference Host and Duration The two-day conference is hosted by Bhutan under the patronage of the country’s queen, Jetsun Pema Wangchuck. Objective and Funding Target The conference aims to mobilize USD 1 billion over 10 years for the preservation of tiger landscapes.Conservation of tiger landscapes is crucial for:Maintaining biodiversitySequestering carbonSupplying resources to over 100 million peopleEnsuring the overall health of the planet Participants The conference convened:Tiger range countriesVisionary private and public sector donorsInternational development agenciesTiger Conservation CoalitionOther conservation organizations Key Highlights Country Representatives High-level representatives from ten tiger range countries delivered statements on the progress and ambitions for conserving their tiger landscapes. Paro Statement The conference concluded with the Paro Statement by the Royal Government of Bhutan, reaffirming its objective to conserve tiger landscapes. Other Sources of Funding Global Environment Facility (GEF)Since 2010, GEF has provided more than USD 197 million in financing and mobilized an additional USD 880 million in co-finance for tiger conservation. About International Big Cat Alliance: Aim: It aims to strengthen global cooperation and efforts for conservation of seven big cat species and their habitats. Objective: IBCA aims for mutual cooperation among countries for mutual benefit in furthering the conservation agenda.IBCA would have a multipronged approach in broad basing and establishing linkages manifold in several areas and help in knowledge sharing, capacity building, networking, advocacy, finance and resources support, research and technical support, education and awareness. Members: The International Big Cat Alliance has been conceived as a multi-country, multi-agency coalition of 96 big cat range countries,Non-range countries interested in big cat conservationConservation partners and scientific organizations working in the field of big cat conservationBusiness groups and corporates willing to contribute to the cause of big catsSeven big cats include Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Puma, Jaguar and the Cheetah out of these five big cats viz. Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard and Cheetah are found in India. -Source: The Hindu State of the Climate in Asia 2023 Context: According to the World Meteorological Organisation’s (WMO) report, ‘State of the Climate in Asia 2023’, Asia experienced the highest number of disasters in the world in 2023. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the ‘State of the Climate in Asia 2023’ ReportHighlights About IndiaWhat Needs to be Done? Key Highlights of the ‘State of the Climate in Asia 2023’ Report Extreme Weather Events 79 events associated with extreme weather, climate, and water-related hazards in 2023 affected over 9 million people, directly killing over 2,000.Compared to 2022, the reported disaster events were only two events fewer in 2023.The number of people impacted was lower due to the 2022 Pakistan floods, which alone affected over 30 million people. Temperature Trends The mean temperature over Asia in 2023 was 0.91°C above the 1991–2020 reference period, the second highest on record.Many parts of the region experienced extreme heat events, with Japan recording its hottest summer on record. Glacier Mass Loss Glaciers in High-Mountain Asia have lost significant mass over the past 40 years at an accelerating rate.Record-breaking high temperatures and drier conditions in the Eastern Himalayas and the Tien Shan exacerbated mass loss in 2023. Ocean Warming The ocean around Asia has shown an overall warming trend since 1982.Sea-surface temperature anomalies in the north-west Pacific Ocean were the highest on record in 2023. Drought in South-west China Below-normal precipitation levels nearly every month of 2023 led to a drought in south-west China.Hydrometeorological HazardsFloods and storms accounted for 80% of the hydrometeorological hazards, with Yemen suffering heavy rainfall resulting in widespread floods. Highlights About India Impact of Extreme Weather Events India experienced severe heatwaves, rainfall-induced floods, glacial lake outbursts, and tropical cyclones. Severe Heat Waves In April and June 2023, severe heatwaves resulted in about 110 deaths due to heatstroke.Ballia and Deoria districts in Uttar Pradesh saw the deaths of over 100 people, many of them senior citizens with co-morbidities.Temperatures ranged from 42-43 degrees Celsius during these heat-related deaths. Flood Events Floods occurred in August 2023, with Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand recording 25 deaths and extensive damage to infrastructure and agriculture.The Indian government declared a state of emergency in the worst-affected areas, initiating rescue and relief operations. Tropical Cyclones The Indian sub-continent experienced six tropical cyclones in 2023, slightly above the average of 5.4 cyclones.Four cyclones – Mocha, Hamoon, Midhili, and Michaung – formed over the Bay of Bengal, and two – Biparjoy and Tej – formed over the Arabian Sea. Glacial Lake Outburst Flood A significant glacial lake outburst flood in South Lhonak Lake in Sikkim on October 4 led to the breaching of the Chungthang dam downstream on the Teesta River, killing over 40 people. What Needs to be Done? Addressing the Gap in Climate Projections Disaster risk reduction in the Asia region is facing an alarming gap in climate projections and tailored products needed to inform long-term interventions for adaptation to and mitigation of climate change and its impacts. Inadequate Tailored Products Currently, less than 50% of WMO Members provide tailored products, indicating a significant inadequacy given the region’s high vulnerability to climate-related disasters. Projected Annual Losses By 2030, annual losses in Asia due to extreme weather events are expected to exceed USD 160 billion, close to 0.6% of the region’s GDP, up from 0.1% in the 1970s. Urgent Actions Needed There is an urgent need to advance efforts and provide more tailored support products to address long-term strategies as well as medium and short-term activities and interventions to effectively mitigate disaster risks. -Source: The Hindu Israel Uses GPS Spoofing to Counter Iranian Missile Threats Context: Recent reports indicate that Israel has employed Global Positioning System (GPS) spoofing techniques to defend against Iranian missile attacks, a strategy reminiscent of past instances such as the United States’ actions during the Kargil war in India. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: What is GPS Spoofing?Was GPS Spoofing by the US a Factor During the Kargil War? What is GPS Spoofing? GPS spoofing is a method used to alter GPS signals to mislead receivers, causing them to believe they are in a different location than they actually are.This technique can broadcast false GPS signals or modify authentic ones, leading to inaccurate information about positioning.Spoofing can serve various objectives, such as:Tricking enemy navigation systemsGuarding against unauthorized trackingGenerating false location data for malicious purposes Consequences of GPS Spoofing Military Interference: Misguiding enemy navigation systems, resulting in inaccurate targeting.Safety Risks in Navigation: Possible accidents or collisions in maritime and aviation sectors.Disruption of Critical Infrastructure: Interruption of vital services like power grids or transportation systems.Financial Deception: Alteration of location-based services for fraudulent activities.Threats to National Security: Misleading military or government agencies, risks of espionage, and infiltration. Was GPS Spoofing by the US a Factor During the Kargil War? Historical Background Around 25 years ago, Pakistani soldiers infiltrated India and occupied positions in Kargil in 1999. Despite the Indian military’s request for GPS data for the area, the US declined to provide it. Use of Selective Availability The US initially used a technology known as “selective availability” to deliberately introduce inaccuracies into civilian GPS receivers, preserving the highest accuracy for military purposes.This method was employed to “degrade” GPS accuracy for the Indian military during the Kargil conflict, impeding their operations. India’s Countermeasure to GPS Spoofing Introduction of NavIC India launched NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation), formerly named the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).NavIC offers precise and secure positioning, navigation, and timing services within India and up to 1500 kilometers beyond its territorial boundary. NavIC provides two services: Standard Position Service (SPS) for civilian usersRestricted Service (RS) for strategic users.NavIC SPS signals are compatible with signals from other global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) like GPS, Glonass (Russia), Galileo (European Union), and BeiDou (China). -Source: Indian Express Pink Hydrogen Context: Nuclear energy can be used to spur ‘pink’ hydrogen generation in India by amending the respected law. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Pink Hydrogen Definition and Generation Pink hydrogen is produced through electrolysis powered by nuclear energy.It can also be referred to as purple hydrogen or red hydrogen. Advantages of Nuclear Power The high temperatures from nuclear reactors can be utilized in other hydrogen production methods by generating steam for more efficient electrolysis or fossil gas-based steam methane reforming.Nuclear power provides significant benefits for pink hydrogen production, including reduced production costs and emissions, making it a sustainable and more cost-effective alternative to conventional methods. Applications of Pink Hydrogen Pink hydrogen is a promising substitute for fossil fuels in various industries such as the cement industry, steel industry, aviation, and heavy transportation.It can be used as a feedstock and energy source without emitting greenhouse gases. What is Electrolysis? Definition and ProcessElectrolysis is a promising method for carbon-free hydrogen production from renewable and nuclear resources.It is the process of using electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, which occurs in a unit called an electrolyzer. -Source: Business Standards Golden Trevally Fish Context: Researchers of the ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) have succeeded in captive breeding of golden trevally (Gnathanodon speciosus). Relevance: GS III: Species in News Dimensions of the Article: About Golden Trevally FishKey Facts about Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) About Golden Trevally Fish Definition and Characteristics The Golden Trevally is a high-value marine fish, also known as the golden kingfish.It is an ideal species for mariculture due to its rapid growth rates, high-quality meat, and significant market demand for consumption and ornamental purposes.This reef-associated fish lives in the company of larger fishes such as skates, sharks, and groupers.In India, fish landing observations indicate that golden trevally are predominantly landed at reef area fishing grounds in Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Kerala, Karnataka, and Gujarat. Key Facts about Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) Establishment and Affiliation Established by the Government of India in 1947 under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.Joined the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in 1967. Mandate of CMFRI To monitor the exploited and assess the under-exploited marine fisheries resources of the Exclusive Economic Zone.To understand the fluctuations in the abundance of marine fisheries resources in relation to environmental changes.To develop suitable mariculture technologies for finfish, shellfish, and other culturable organisms in open seas to supplement capture fishery production. Achievements One of the major achievements of CMFRI is the development and refinement of a unique method for estimating fishery catch and effort from the over 8000 km coastline, known as the “Stratified Multistage Random Sampling Method.” Headquarters Located in Kochi, Kerala. -Source: The Hindu