Content New National Cooperative Policy Electric Mobility in India: Policy Push and Sustainable Transport Transition New National Cooperative Policy Why in News? The National Cooperation Policy (NCP), 2025 was launched on 24 July 2025 to provide a long-term strategic roadmap for strengthening India’s cooperative ecosystem across agriculture, banking, marketing, exports, and rural enterprises. The policy contains 6 strategic pillars, 16 objectives, and 83 recommendations, aimed at transforming cooperatives into professionally managed, technologically enabled, and economically sustainable institutions over the next decade. The policy also encourages States to formulate or reformulate their State Cooperation Policies, ensuring cooperative federalism and coordinated institutional reforms between the Union and State governments. Relevance GS Paper II – Governance / Polity Policy reforms to strengthen the cooperative sector through National Cooperative Policy 2025. Constitutional status of cooperatives under 97th Constitutional Amendment Act. Legal framework governing cooperatives under Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act (amended 2023). Cooperative federalism: role of Centre and States in regulating cooperatives (State List). GS Paper III – Economy / Agriculture Role of cooperatives in agricultural marketing, rural credit, dairy, fisheries and rural enterprises. Strengthening Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) and cooperative banking networks. Expanding agricultural value chains through storage, processing and exports. Practice Question The cooperative movement has played a crucial role in India’s rural economy. Examine how the National Cooperative Policy 2025 aims to revitalise the cooperative sector while addressing structural challenges in governance and competitiveness. (250 words) What is the Cooperative Movement? Concept and Nature Cooperatives are voluntary, member-owned, and democratically governed economic institutions, formed to collectively meet economic, social, and cultural needs through shared ownership, mutual assistance, and equitable distribution of benefits. Core Principles of Cooperatives The cooperative movement globally follows principles such as voluntary membership, democratic governance, economic participation, autonomy, cooperation among cooperatives, and commitment to community development and social welfare. Global Recognition The United Nations declared 2025 as the International Year of Cooperatives, recognising their role in promoting sustainable development, poverty reduction, employment generation, and inclusive economic growth across developing economies. Cooperative Sector in India India hosts approximately 8.4 lakh cooperative societies across nearly 30 sectors, involving around 32 crore members, making it one of the world’s largest cooperative ecosystems. National Cooperation Policy (NCP) 2025 Vision The policy envisions a vibrant, transparent, professionally managed and technology-driven cooperative ecosystem capable of delivering inclusive growth, strengthening rural livelihoods, and promoting grassroots economic democracy. Mission To transform cooperatives into self-sustaining economic institutions, capable of competing in modern markets while retaining their social objectives of equitable development and collective prosperity. Strategic Pillars of the Policy 1. Strengthening the Foundation The policy aims to strengthen the institutional and governance foundations of the cooperative sector by promoting professional management, transparent audit systems, improved regulatory frameworks, and stronger grassroots cooperative institutions. 2. Promoting Vibrancy Focuses on creating financially sustainable cooperatives with diversified economic activities, encouraging innovation, improved market access, and enhanced value addition across agriculture, dairy, fisheries, and rural enterprises. 3. Making Cooperatives Future Ready Encourages digital transformation, enterprise modernization, and adoption of technology platforms, enabling cooperatives to compete in contemporary markets and improve efficiency, transparency, and service delivery. 4. Promoting Inclusivity and Expanding Reach Expands cooperative coverage across rural, tribal, and underserved regions, enabling marginalized communities, small farmers, women, and youth to participate in cooperative enterprises. 5. Entering New and Emerging Sectors Encourages cooperatives to expand into organic agriculture, exports, renewable energy, digital services, and emerging rural enterprises, thereby diversifying income sources and strengthening rural economic resilience. 6. Shaping the Young Generation Promotes cooperative education and training programmes to inspire youth participation, entrepreneurship, and leadership within the cooperative movement, ensuring long-term sustainability and institutional renewal. Key Initiatives Supporting the Policy Strengthening Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) The government introduced Model Bye-laws for PACS, allowing them to undertake more than 25 economic activities, thereby transforming them into multipurpose rural institutions providing financial, agricultural, and service-based functions. A nationwide PACS computerization project worth ₹2925 crore aims to digitize cooperative operations through ERP-based software integration with NABARD, State Cooperative Banks, and District Central Cooperative Banks. Over 79,630 PACS have been sanctioned under the computerization programme, with more than 61,000 PACS already onboarded, significantly improving transparency, governance, and service delivery at the grassroots level. Expansion of Cooperative Infrastructure Multipurpose Cooperatives in Every Panchayat A national plan aims to establish multipurpose PACS, dairy cooperatives, and fisheries cooperatives in all Panchayats, expanding grassroots cooperative coverage and enabling farmers to access credit, inputs, and market linkages locally. Progress So Far Around 32,802 new PACS, dairy and fishery cooperatives have been registered, while 15,793 existing cooperatives have been strengthened, expanding the cooperative footprint across rural India. World’s Largest Grain Storage Plan The government launched the World’s Largest Grain Storage Plan in the cooperative sector, aimed at building warehouses, processing units, and custom hiring centres at PACS level to reduce post-harvest losses. The plan integrates multiple schemes such as Agriculture Infrastructure Fund, Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure Scheme, PMFME, and Sub Mission on Agricultural Mechanization to strengthen local agricultural value chains. Under pilot implementation, warehouse construction has begun across multiple states, enabling farmers to store produce locally, reduce transportation costs, and secure better market prices. Strengthening Cooperative Banking Several regulatory reforms have been introduced to strengthen cooperative banks, including branch expansion, enhanced lending limits, reduced compliance burdens, and improved regulatory oversight by the Reserve Bank of India. Cooperative banks have been integrated into the RBI Integrated Ombudsman Scheme, ensuring improved transparency, customer grievance redressal, and greater accountability in cooperative financial institutions. Priority sector lending norms and exposure limits have been relaxed, enabling cooperative banks to expand housing loans, SME lending, and rural credit delivery. New National Cooperative Institutions National Cooperative Export Limited (NCEL) NCEL promotes exports of cooperative products globally, enabling Indian farmers and producers to access international markets through aggregation, branding, certification, logistics, and export facilitation. National Cooperative Organics Limited (NCOL) NCOL supports organic farming, certification, processing, and marketing, launching the “Bharat Organics” brand, thereby promoting sustainable agriculture and value-added organic products. Bharatiya Beej Sahakari Samiti Limited (BBSSL) BBSSL focuses on production, certification, storage, and distribution of quality seeds, strengthening agricultural productivity and improving farmers’ access to certified seeds under the “Bharat Beej” brand. Sectoral Cooperative Initiatives Dairy Sector – White Revolution 2.0 The programme aims to increase milk procurement by cooperative dairy institutions by 50% within five years, expanding dairy infrastructure, employment opportunities, and farmer incomes across rural India. Fisheries Cooperatives Fish Farmer Producer Organisations (FFPOs) are being developed to strengthen market linkages, processing facilities, and export opportunities for small-scale fisheries cooperatives. Sugar Cooperatives A ₹10,000 crore financial assistance programme supports cooperative sugar mills for ethanol production, cogeneration plants, and modernization, aligning the cooperative sugar sector with the ethanol blending programme. Education and Capacity Building Tribhuvan Sahkari University The government established Tribhuvan Sahkari University by converting the Institute of Rural Management Anand, providing specialized education and research in cooperative management, rural finance, and agribusiness development. Cooperative Education in Schools The NCERT curriculum now includes cooperative awareness modules for school students, aiming to build early awareness and encourage youth participation in the cooperative movement. Digital Transformation and Market Integration National Cooperative Database The government created a National Cooperative Database containing information on approximately 8.4 lakh cooperative societies, enabling better policy planning, monitoring, and evidence-based decision-making. Cooperative Ranking Framework A cooperative ranking framework evaluates societies based on governance standards, financial performance, operational efficiency, and infrastructure development, promoting competitiveness and transparency. Digital Market Access Partnerships with digital platforms such as Swiggy Instamart aim to enhance market access for cooperative products including dairy, organic foods, millets, and handicrafts. Constitutional and Legal Framework Constitutional Recognition The 97th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2011 recognized the importance of cooperatives by making the right to form cooperative societies a fundamental right under Article 19. It introduced Article 43B in the Directive Principles, encouraging the State to promote voluntary formation, democratic functioning, and professional management of cooperative societies. Legal Framework The Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act, 2002, amended in 2023, strengthens governance mechanisms by introducing provisions for cooperative ombudsman, transparent elections, and improved accountability frameworks. Challenges in the Cooperative Sector Governance Deficits Many cooperatives continue to face political interference, weak democratic functioning, and inadequate professional management, undermining institutional efficiency and eroding member confidence. Financial Weakness Several cooperative banks and societies suffer from low capitalisation, rising non-performing assets, and weak financial discipline, limiting their ability to compete with private sector financial institutions. Federal Coordination Issues Since cooperatives fall under the State List, regulatory frameworks vary across states, creating fragmentation and inconsistencies in policy implementation and governance standards. Technological Backwardness A large number of cooperatives lack modern digital infrastructure, fintech integration, and data management capabilities, restricting their operational efficiency and access to emerging digital markets. Market Competitiveness Cooperatives often struggle to compete with corporate agribusinesses, multinational retailers, and private financial institutions, particularly in sectors requiring scale, logistics networks, and advanced technology. Way Forward Professionalisation of Cooperative Management Strengthen governance through independent audits, professional managers, transparent elections, and capacity-building programmes to ensure accountability and operational efficiency. Digital Transformation Accelerate digitisation of cooperative societies, integration with fintech platforms, and adoption of data-driven management systems, enabling better service delivery and market access. Strengthening Value Chains Promote cooperative participation across the entire agricultural value chain including production, processing, storage, logistics, marketing, and exports. Financial Strengthening Expand institutional financing through NABARD, NCDC, cooperative banks, and credit guarantee mechanisms, ensuring greater credit availability for cooperative enterprises. Youth Engagement and Entrepreneurship Encourage youth participation through cooperative education, internships, entrepreneurship programmes, and university-level training in cooperative management and rural enterprises. Conclusion The National Cooperation Policy 2025 represents a comprehensive effort to revitalise India’s cooperative movement by strengthening governance, expanding digital infrastructure, and integrating cooperatives into modern agricultural and rural value chains. If effectively implemented with strong federal coordination and institutional reforms, the policy can transform cooperatives into powerful instruments of inclusive development, rural entrepreneurship, and grassroots economic democracy, contributing significantly to India’s vision of Viksit Bharat 2047. Electric Mobility in India: Policy Push and Sustainable Transport Transition Why in News? The government highlighted the year-on-year growth of electric vehicle adoption between FY 2019-20(1.74 Lakhs) and FY 2024-25(19.68 Lakhs), reflecting a rapid expansion of India’s electric mobility ecosystem. Several schemes have been introduced to strengthen domestic EV manufacturing, battery supply chains, and charging infrastructure, supporting India’s transition toward sustainable transport systems. Progress under the PM e-Bus Sewa–Payment Security Mechanism (PSM) Scheme shows increasing deployment of electric buses in urban public transport systems. Relevance GS Paper III – Environment / Climate Change Electric vehicles as a key tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and urban air pollution. Supports India’s commitments under the Paris Agreement and long-term decarbonisation goals. GS Paper II – Governance Government initiatives promoting EV adoption including PM E-DRIVE Scheme PM e-Bus Sewa – Payment Security Mechanism Scheme. GS Paper III – Infrastructure / Science & Technology Expansion of EV charging infrastructure and grid integration. Development of advanced battery technologies and rare earth magnet manufacturing. Practice Question Electric vehicles are central to India’s clean energy transition. Discuss the policy measures taken by the government to promote electric mobility and examine the challenges in building a sustainable EV ecosystem. (250 words) What are Electric Vehicles (EVs)? Definition Electric Vehicles are automobiles powered primarily by electric motors using energy stored in rechargeable batteries, replacing internal combustion engines that rely on petrol or diesel. Major Types of EVs Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) operate entirely on electric batteries without internal combustion engines, producing zero tailpipe emissions and requiring charging through grid-connected charging infrastructure. Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) combine internal combustion engines with electric motors, improving fuel efficiency but still relying partially on fossil fuels. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) combine electric propulsion with conventional engines but can be externally charged using electricity. Importance in Climate Strategy EVs reduce greenhouse gas emissions, urban air pollution, and fossil fuel dependency, thereby supporting India’s commitments under the Paris Agreement and long-term energy transition goals. Growth of Electric Vehicles in India Rising EV Adoption India has witnessed significant growth in EV adoption since FY 2019-20, driven by government incentives, rising fuel prices, and increasing consumer awareness about sustainable mobility options. Sectoral Distribution EV adoption is particularly strong in two-wheelers and three-wheelers, which dominate India’s transport ecosystem and offer faster electrification due to lower battery costs and shorter travel distances. Urban Transport Electrification Electric buses are increasingly being deployed in urban public transport systems to reduce pollution, improve energy efficiency, and support sustainable city mobility frameworks. Government Initiatives for Electric Mobility Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Automobile Sector (PLI-Auto) The PLI-Auto Scheme, approved in September 2021 with an outlay of ₹25,938 crore, aims to boost domestic manufacturing of advanced automotive technologies and strengthen India’s position in global EV supply chains. The scheme provides financial incentives for manufacturers achieving at least 50% Domestic Value Addition, encouraging investment in EV components, advanced vehicle technologies, and modern automotive manufacturing facilities. PLI Scheme for Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) Battery Storage Approved in May 2021 with a budgetary outlay of ₹18,100 crore, this scheme aims to establish a 50 GWh domestic battery manufacturing capacity to support India’s electric mobility transition. Domestic production of ACC batteries is crucial to reduce import dependence, strengthen supply chain resilience, and lower EV manufacturing costs in India. PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) The PM E-DRIVE Scheme, launched in September 2024 with an outlay of ₹10,900 crore, incentivizes the adoption of electric two-wheelers, three-wheelers, trucks, ambulances, and buses. The scheme also supports charging infrastructure development, vehicle testing facilities, and domestic manufacturing through the Phased Manufacturing Programme (PMP). Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Manufacturing Scheme (REPM) The REPM Scheme, launched in December 2025 with a financial outlay of ₹7,280 crore, aims to develop 6,000 metric tons annual capacity for rare earth permanent magnet manufacturing in India. Rare earth magnets are critical components in electric motors and EV drivetrains, and domestic production will reduce dependence on global supply chains. Scheme for Promotion of Manufacturing of Electric Passenger Cars (SPMEPCI) This scheme encourages global and domestic manufacturers to invest at least ₹4,150 crore in EV manufacturing, while ensuring progressive domestic value addition in production. Manufacturers must achieve 25% domestic value addition within three years and 50% within five years, promoting indigenous EV manufacturing capabilities. PM e-Bus Sewa – Payment Security Mechanism (PSM) Scheme Objective The scheme aims to deploy more than 38,000 electric buses across India’s public transport networks while providing payment security to operators against defaults by public transport authorities. Financial Outlay The scheme has an outlay of ₹3,435 crore, ensuring reliable financing mechanisms for large-scale electric bus deployment. Implementation Mechanism Convergence Energy Services Limited (CESL) acts as the central implementing agency responsible for aggregating e-bus demand, managing payment security funds, and verifying operator payment claims. Implementation Progress Tenders for 6,228 electric buses have been concluded, while letters of award have been issued for 4,720 buses by public transport authorities. A ₹500 crore Payment Security Fund has been established to ensure timely payments to bus operators under the scheme. State Participation 19 States and Union Territories have submitted Direct Debit Mandates to the Reserve Bank of India, ensuring financial commitments for e-bus operations under the scheme. Importance of Electric Vehicles Environmental Benefits EV adoption significantly reduces urban air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and dependence on fossil fuels, contributing to improved environmental sustainability and climate mitigation efforts. Energy Security EV adoption reduces India’s dependence on imported crude oil, thereby improving energy security and reducing vulnerability to global energy price fluctuations. Industrial Growth Expansion of EV manufacturing and battery supply chains creates new industrial ecosystems, employment opportunities, and technological innovation in advanced automotive manufacturing. Urban Sustainability Electrification of public transport through electric buses improves urban mobility efficiency, reduces noise pollution, and enhances public transport sustainability. Challenges in EV Adoption High Upfront Cost Electric vehicles remain more expensive than conventional vehicles, primarily due to the high cost of lithium-ion batteries and limited economies of scale in domestic production. Battery Supply Chain Dependency India remains dependent on imports for critical minerals such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, exposing the EV sector to global supply chain disruptions. Charging Infrastructure Gaps Insufficient charging stations across highways, urban centers, and rural areas limit consumer confidence and restrict large-scale EV adoption. Grid and Energy Challenges Large-scale EV adoption will significantly increase electricity demand, requiring grid modernization, renewable energy integration, and smart charging systems. Technological Dependence Limited domestic technological capabilities in battery chemistry, power electronics, and rare earth processing constrain India’s EV manufacturing competitiveness. Way Forward Strengthening Battery Ecosystem Accelerate domestic manufacturing of advanced battery technologies, recycling infrastructure, and critical mineral supply chains to reduce import dependence. Expanding Charging Infrastructure Develop a nationwide EV charging network along highways, urban centres, and rural regions, supported by public-private partnerships and smart grid technologies. Promoting Public Transport Electrification Prioritize electrification of buses, taxis, and last-mile mobility services, as these segments provide the highest emission reduction potential. Supporting Research and Innovation Invest in next-generation battery technologies, hydrogen mobility, and advanced power electronics, enabling India to become a global hub for clean mobility innovation. Strengthening Policy Coordination Ensure coordination between industrial policy, climate policy, and urban mobility planning to accelerate India’s transition toward a sustainable transport ecosystem. Conclusion Electric vehicles represent a transformative opportunity for India to simultaneously achieve energy security, climate mitigation, and industrial growth. Through strategic initiatives such as PLI schemes, PM E-DRIVE, and PM e-Bus Sewa, India is building a comprehensive EV ecosystem encompassing manufacturing, infrastructure, and sustainable mobility. Sustained investments in technology, infrastructure, and domestic supply chains will be critical for positioning India as a global leader in electric mobility while advancing its net-zero ambitions.

Content Reevaluating the office of the Speaker The Killing of children in war tests the moral order Reevaluating the office of the Speaker Source : The Hindu Why in News? A no-confidence motion against the Lok Sabha Speaker was recently moved by the Opposition, raising questions about institutional neutrality and the accountability mechanisms governing the presiding officer of Parliament. Although removal motions are extremely rare in India’s parliamentary history, the episode has triggered debate regarding procedural safeguards, constitutional accountability, and the politicisation of parliamentary offices. Relevance GS Paper II – Polity / Parliament Constitutional provisions governing the office of the Speaker under Article 93 of the Constitution of India and Article 94 of the Constitution of India. Certification of Money Bills under Article 110 of the Constitution of India. Adjudication of defections under the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution of India. GS Paper II – Governance Debate over institutional neutrality and independence of parliamentary offices. Issues relating to delayed anti-defection decisions, procedural discretion, and judicial review of Speaker’s rulings. Practice Question The Speaker of the Lok Sabha occupies a pivotal position in India’s parliamentary democracy. Examine the constitutional powers of the Speaker and discuss the challenges in maintaining institutional neutrality in a politically polarized environment. (250 words) Constitutional Position of the Speaker Constitutional Basis Article 93 of the Constitution mandates that the Lok Sabha shall elect a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker from among its members as presiding officers of the House. Removal Provision Under Article 94(c), the Speaker may be removed from office by a resolution passed by a majority of all the then members of the Lok Sabha. Since the Lok Sabha has 543 elected members, removal requires the support of at least 272 members, ensuring that the process is difficult and politically significant. Continuity Provision Even after dissolution of the Lok Sabha, the Speaker continues in office until immediately before the first sitting of the next Lok Sabha, ensuring continuity in parliamentary leadership. Powers and Functions of the Speaker Presiding Over Parliamentary Proceedings The Speaker presides over debates, ensures adherence to parliamentary rules, and maintains order in the House, exercising authority to suspend members for disorderly conduct when necessary. Interpretation of Rules The Speaker has the final authority to interpret the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha, making the office central to procedural governance of parliamentary proceedings. Certification of Money Bills Under Article 110(3), the Speaker certifies whether a bill qualifies as a Money Bill, a decision that determines whether the Rajya Sabha can only make recommendations. Anti-Defection Adjudication Under the Tenth Schedule, the Speaker decides petitions regarding disqualification of legislators for defection, which can affect government stability and legislative majorities. Committee System The Speaker appoints chairpersons and members of several parliamentary committees, including Public Accounts Committee, Estimates Committee, and Committee on Public Undertakings. Procedure for Removal of the Speaker Written Notice A motion seeking removal must begin with a written notice submitted to the Lok Sabha Secretary-General, indicating the intention to move a resolution against the Speaker. Minimum Member Support The notice must be supported by at least 50 members of the Lok Sabha, ensuring that removal motions cannot be initiated frivolously by a small minority. Mandatory Notice Period The Constitution and parliamentary rules require a minimum notice period of 14 days before the motion can be taken up for discussion in the House. Presiding Authority During Debate During discussion on the removal motion, the Speaker cannot preside over the proceedings, and the session is presided over by the Deputy Speaker or another designated member. Voting Requirement The motion must be approved by a majority of all the then members of the Lok Sabha, meaning that abstentions effectively count against the removal motion. Historical Context and Rarity Rare Parliamentary Event Motions seeking removal of the Speaker are extremely rare in India’s parliamentary history, reflecting strong procedural safeguards designed to protect the dignity and independence of the office. Early Instance One of the earliest attempts occurred in 1954 against Speaker G.V. Mavalankar, though the motion did not succeed due to lack of sufficient support. Convention of Neutrality Once elected, the Speaker is expected to sever active party ties and function impartially, following a convention similar to the British parliamentary system. Institutional Significance of the Speaker Guardian of Parliamentary Procedure The Speaker ensures that parliamentary debates follow established procedures, allowing all parties and members to participate in legislative deliberations fairly. Symbol of Parliamentary Neutrality The office represents institutional neutrality and impartiality, which is essential for maintaining trust between ruling and opposition parties in a parliamentary democracy. Stability of Legislative Process Procedural safeguards surrounding the Speaker ensure continuity in legislative functioning and protection from arbitrary political removal. Larger Democratic Implications Parliamentary Credibility Public trust in parliamentary institutions is closely linked to the perception that the Speaker’s rulings are fair, unbiased, and consistent with constitutional principles. Increasing Political Contestation In recent decades, political competition and polarization have led to frequent disputes regarding procedural decisions and anti-defection rulings by Speakers. Institutional Balance The removal mechanism reflects a balance between ensuring accountability of constitutional offices and protecting them from partisan political pressures. Emerging Challenges Politicisation of the Office Critics often argue that Speakers may favour ruling parties in procedural decisions, particularly in matters relating to anti-defection petitions, legislative scheduling, and recognition of opposition motions. Delayed Defection Decisions In several cases, delays in deciding disqualification petitions have affected legislative majorities, raising questions about timeliness and neutrality of the adjudication process. Judicial Review Courts increasingly review decisions of the Speaker under the anti-defection law, creating a complex relationship between parliamentary privilege and judicial oversight. Declining Parliamentary Conventions Traditional conventions emphasizing non-partisanship and mutual respect for the Speaker’s authority are gradually weakening in a highly competitive political environment. Way Forward Strengthening Procedural Transparency Clear procedural guidelines and written explanations for major decisions—such as Money Bill certification or rejection of disqualification petitions—can improve institutional transparency. Time-Bound Defection Adjudication Establishing statutory or procedural timelines for deciding anti-defection petitions could prevent misuse of delays and enhance credibility of the Speaker’s office. Reviving Parliamentary Conventions Political parties must reaffirm conventions that once elected, the Speaker should operate independently from party politics and act as a neutral presiding authority. Institutional Reforms Experts have suggested exploring mechanisms such as independent tribunals for defection cases or multi-party consultation before key procedural decisions. Conclusion The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is a pivotal constitutional authority responsible for safeguarding parliamentary democracy through impartial conduct and procedural discipline. While the Constitution provides strong safeguards against arbitrary removal, preserving the neutrality, credibility, and institutional dignity of the Speaker’s office remains essential for sustaining public confidence in India’s parliamentary system. The Killing of children in war tests the moral order Source : The Indian Express Why in News? The targeted bombing of an Iranian school during the Iran–Israel conflict triggered global outrage and revived debate over the protection of civilians and children during armed conflicts. The incident has raised concerns about violations of International Humanitarian Law, which clearly prohibits deliberate targeting of civilians and civilian infrastructure such as schools and hospitals. Relevance GS Paper II – International Relations Global debate on civilian protection during armed conflicts. Role and limitations of international institutions such as the International Criminal Court. GS Paper II – International Law Legal framework governing armed conflict under the Geneva Conventions and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Protection of children under the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Practice Question International Humanitarian Law seeks to protect civilians during armed conflicts, yet violations remain frequent. Examine the challenges in enforcing humanitarian norms in contemporary geopolitics. (250 words) What is International Humanitarian Law (IHL)? Definition International Humanitarian Law is a body of international legal rules that regulates conduct during armed conflicts and seeks to protect civilians, prisoners of war, and non-combatants. Core Objective The primary objective of IHL is to limit the humanitarian consequences of armed conflicts by restricting methods and means of warfare. Fundamental Principles Distinction: Parties to conflict must distinguish between combatants and civilians. Proportionality: Military actions should not cause excessive civilian harm relative to the anticipated military advantage. Military Necessity: Use of force must be limited to achieving legitimate military objectives. Legal Framework for Protection of Civilians Geneva Conventions (1949) The four Geneva Conventions of 1949, ratified by 196 countries, form the foundation of International Humanitarian Law governing treatment of civilians and combatants during armed conflicts. The conventions explicitly prohibit targeting civilians, attacking hospitals, schools, and humanitarian facilities, and mandate protection for prisoners of war and wounded soldiers. Additional Protocols (1977) The Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions strengthened protections for civilians by establishing clearer rules regarding indiscriminate attacks, civilian infrastructure protection, and humanitarian access. They expanded protections to victims of both international and non-international armed conflicts, addressing changing patterns of warfare. Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), 1989 The CRC recognises children’s right to life, survival, protection, and development, even during armed conflicts. The Optional Protocol on Children in Armed Conflict (2000) prohibits the recruitment of children under 18 years in hostilities. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998) The Rome Statute established the International Criminal Court (ICC) to prosecute individuals responsible for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. The statute defines war crimes as intentional attacks against civilians, schools, hospitals, and humanitarian personnel during armed conflict. Ethical and Moral Dimensions Moral Limits of Warfare The deliberate targeting of children challenges the moral foundations of warfare, raising fundamental ethical questions regarding the legitimacy of military strategies that accept civilian casualties. Humanitarian Norms International humanitarian law embodies a collective moral consensus that even during war there must be limits to violence and destruction. Moral Language of Global Politics The protection of civilians provides a moral vocabulary through which the international community condemns atrocities and demands accountability. Challenges in Enforcing International Humanitarian Law Power Politics in International Relations In international relations, state interests and geopolitical power often override legal norms, limiting the effectiveness of humanitarian law in restraining powerful actors. Selective Application of Norms Major powers sometimes apply humanitarian norms selectively across conflicts, undermining credibility of international institutions and weakening global trust in legal frameworks. Weak Enforcement Mechanisms International courts such as the ICC face limitations due to jurisdictional constraints, lack of enforcement powers, and political resistance from powerful states. Civilian Casualties as “Acceptable Costs” Modern warfare doctrines sometimes treat civilian casualties as predictable collateral damage, weakening the principle of distinction and proportionality in practice. Declining Global Consensus Growing geopolitical rivalry has weakened the rules-based international order, making enforcement of humanitarian norms increasingly difficult. Larger Global Implications Erosion of the Rules-Based International Order Frequent violations of humanitarian law weaken the legitimacy of international institutions and undermine the credibility of global governance frameworks. Humanitarian Crisis and Civilian Suffering Attacks on schools, hospitals, and civilian infrastructure deepen humanitarian crises and create long-term social trauma in conflict-affected societies. Global Ethical Responsibility Protecting children during conflicts represents a fundamental ethical obligation of the international community, transcending political or ideological differences. Way Forward Strengthening International Accountability The international community must strengthen accountability mechanisms by supporting international courts, independent investigations, and sanctions against perpetrators of war crimes. Consistent Application of Humanitarian Norms Global powers must ensure consistent application of international humanitarian law across all conflicts, avoiding selective enforcement based on geopolitical interests. Strengthening Monitoring Mechanisms International organisations and civil society must expand monitoring, documentation, and reporting of violations to increase global awareness and pressure for accountability. Diplomatic Pressure and Sanctions Multilateral institutions should employ coordinated diplomatic pressure, sanctions, and legal measures against states or actors responsible for targeting civilians. Reinforcing Humanitarian Principles States must reaffirm their commitment to humanitarian principles and international conventions, ensuring that military strategies respect the protection of civilians and children. Conclusion The protection of civilians, particularly children, lies at the heart of international humanitarian law and the moral foundation of the rules-based international order. While international law alone cannot prevent all conflicts, it provides a critical ethical and legal framework that restrains violence and demands accountability. Ensuring that these norms are applied consistently and universally remains essential for preserving global justice, humanitarian values, and the credibility of international institutions.

Content Removal of the Speaker of Lok Sabha 41%’ Illusion: A Quiet Re-engineering of India’s Fiscal Federal Landscape A Landmark Year for Indian Women’s Sports Asteroid 2024 YR4: No Longer a Threat LNG Supply Disruptions and India’s Energy Security Challenge Calibrated Easing of FDI Restrictions from Neighbouring Countries National Highways Green Cover Index (NH-GCI) for Sustainable Highway Infrastructure Global Commitment to Dismantle Legal Inequality for Women (CSW70 Agreement) Removal of the Speaker of Lok Sabha Why in News? The Lok Sabha took up a resolution seeking removal of the Speaker, following a motion moved by the Opposition. The debate triggered discussion on the neutrality of the Speaker and the constitutional process for removing the presiding officer of the House. Relevance GS Paper II – Polity / Parliament Constitutional provisions governing the office of the Speaker under Article 93 of the Constitution of India Article 94 of the Constitution of India. Speaker’s powers in certifying Money Bills under Article 110 of the Constitution of India. Adjudication of defection cases under Tenth Schedule of the Constitution of India. Practice Question The Speaker of the Lok Sabha occupies a central position in India’s parliamentary system. Examine the constitutional provisions governing the removal of the Speaker and discuss why neutrality of the office is critical for parliamentary democracy. (250 words) Constitutional Position of the Speaker Constitutional Basis The office of the Speaker is established under Article 93 of the Constitution, which mandates that the Lok Sabha elect a Speaker and Deputy Speaker. Role in Parliamentary Democracy The Speaker acts as the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha and ensures orderly conduct of proceedings. Key Functions Presides over House proceedings and maintains discipline. Interprets rules of procedure and parliamentary conventions. Certifies Money Bills under Article 110. Adjudicates disqualification under the Tenth Schedule (Anti-Defection Law). Procedure for Removal of the Speaker Constitutional Provision Governed by Article 94(c) of the Constitution. Key Conditions Notice Requirement A minimum 14-day notice must be given before moving the resolution. Majority Requirement The resolution must be passed by a majority of members present and voting in the Lok Sabha. Presiding Officer During Debate When a motion for removal of the Speaker is under consideration, the Speaker does not preside over the sitting. The Deputy Speaker or another member of the panel of chairpersons presides. Right to Participate The Speaker has the right to speak and participate in the debate, but cannot preside over the proceedings. Importance of Speaker’s Neutrality Institutional Authority The Speaker’s authority derives from the confidence of the House and acceptance across political parties. Parliamentary Stability Neutral conduct ensures smooth functioning of legislative debates and decision-making processes. Safeguarding Democracy A non-partisan Speaker strengthens parliamentary accountability and checks political misuse of procedural powers. Challenges to the Neutrality of the Speaker Political Allegations In recent years, decisions related to anti-defection rulings, scheduling of debates, and recognition of parties have often attracted political criticism. Perception of Partisanship Since the Speaker is usually elected from the ruling party, accusations of bias sometimes arise. Increasing Political Polarisation Rising political competition has intensified disputes regarding procedural decisions of the Chair. Significance of Removal Motions Rare Parliamentary Event Motions to remove the Speaker are extremely rare in India’s parliamentary history. Institutional Safeguard The procedure ensures accountability of the presiding officer while preserving institutional dignity. Democratic Oversight It allows the House to express lack of confidence in the Speaker’s impartiality if necessary. Way Forward Strengthening Institutional Neutrality The Speaker should function in a strictly non-partisan manner, maintaining equal distance from both Treasury and Opposition benches. Reforming Parliamentary Conventions Some experts suggest adopting the British convention, where the Speaker resigns from their party upon election. Enhancing Transparency Clear explanations for procedural decisions can improve public confidence in parliamentary functioning. Political Consensus Political parties must respect the dignity of the Chair and avoid politicising institutional positions. Conclusion The Speaker of the Lok Sabha occupies one of the most critical positions in India’s parliamentary democracy. While the Constitution provides a mechanism for removal, the credibility of the institution ultimately depends on the perception of impartiality, procedural fairness, and respect for parliamentary conventions. ‘41%’ illusion: a quiet re-engineering of India’s fiscal federal landscape Why in News? The Union Government’s Explanatory Memorandum (February 1, 2026) responding to the Sixteenth Finance Commission (FC16) recommendations has sparked debate on the evolving nature of fiscal federalism in India. While the Centre accepted several fiscal transfer recommendations—such as 41% tax devolution to States and grants for local bodies—it deferred structural reforms related to fiscal rules, subsidies, and off-budget borrowings. Relevance GS Paper II – Polity / Federalism Constitutional role of the Finance Commission of India in Centre–State fiscal relations. Constitutional provisions governing fiscal transfers under Article 280 of the Constitution of India Article 275 of the Constitution of India. Debate over cooperative vs fiscal centralisation in India’s federal structure. GS Paper III – Economy / Public Finance Vertical tax devolution: 41% share of divisible pool for States. Impact of cesses and surcharges shrinking the divisible pool of central taxes. Issues related to State debt levels, off-budget borrowings, and fiscal responsibility frameworks. Practice Question  The recommendations of the Sixteenth Finance Commission have renewed debate on the evolving nature of fiscal federalism in India. Examine the key issues affecting Centre–State fiscal relations and suggest reforms to strengthen cooperative fiscal federalism. (250 words) What is the Finance Commission? Constitutional Basis The Finance Commission is a constitutional body established under Article 280 of the Constitution, responsible for recommending the distribution of financial resources between the Union and the States. Core Functions Recommend the vertical devolution of taxes between the Centre and States. Determine horizontal distribution among States based on formula-based criteria. Recommend grants-in-aid to States under Article 275. Advise on local body funding and disaster management funds. Tenure A Finance Commission is appointed every five years by the President of India. Key Decisions Accepted by the Union Government Retention of 41% Tax Devolution The Union Government accepted the recommendation that States continue to receive 41% of the divisible pool of central taxes, maintaining the share introduced by the 15th Finance Commission. This share was originally 42% under the 14th Finance Commission, reduced to 41% after the creation of Union Territories of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh. Acceptance of Horizontal Devolution Formula The Centre accepted the formula for distributing tax revenues among States, which determines how the 41% share is divided across States. This formula considers factors such as population, income distance, forest cover, and economic contribution. Local Body Grants The Commission recommended ₹7,91,493 crore for rural and urban local bodies, aimed at strengthening decentralised governance and improving service delivery. These grants include basic grants and performance-based grants, linked to governance reforms and financial accountability. Disaster Management Funds The Union Government also accepted the Finance Commission’s recommendations regarding State Disaster Response Funds and National Disaster Response Fund allocations. Structural Issues Deferred by the Union Government Fiscal Responsibility Legislation Reform The Commission recommended reforms to Fiscal Responsibility Legislation (FRL) to strengthen fiscal discipline among States. The government acknowledged the recommendation but deferred decisions on amending fiscal rules and borrowing limits. Control of Off-Budget Borrowings Many States borrow through government-controlled public sector entities, which allows them to keep these liabilities outside official fiscal deficit calculations. FC16 recommended tighter monitoring of such borrowings, but the government postponed reforms. Power Sector Reforms State electricity distribution companies (DISCOMs) continue to generate large financial losses due to subsidised tariffs, operational inefficiencies, and high transmission losses. Although the Commission highlighted the need for structural reforms, the Explanatory Memorandum deferred action. The Issue of Shrinking Divisible Pool Rising Cesses and Surcharges Cesses and surcharges are taxes levied by the Union Government that are not shared with States, as they fall outside the divisible pool. Declining Share of Divisible Pool Data from Finance Commission reports shows: FC13 period: Divisible pool averaged 89.2% of gross tax revenue FC14 period: Declined to 82.1% FC15 period: Declined further to 78.3% Implication Although States receive 41% of the divisible pool, the actual share of total central tax revenue transferred to States is lower because the pool itself is shrinking. Discontinuation of Certain Grants FC16 discontinued several grants previously used to support States: Revenue deficit grants Sector-specific grants State-specific grants These instruments had provided targeted fiscal relief to financially weaker States. Fiscal Stress in States Rising Debt Levels Several States face high debt burdens: Punjab: Debt at 42.9% of GSDP in 2023–24 Rajasthan: Debt at 37.9% of GSDP West Bengal: Debt at 38.3% of GSDP Andhra Pradesh: Debt at 34.6% of GSDP Revenue Deficits Punjab recorded a revenue deficit of 3.7% of GSDP, indicating borrowing primarily to meet recurring expenditure rather than capital investment. GST Compensation Issue Background Under the GST compensation mechanism (2017–2022), States were guaranteed 14% annual growth in GST revenues. End of Compensation The compensation scheme ended in June 2022, leaving several States facing revenue shortfalls. Example Tamil Nadu estimated a revenue gap of nearly ₹20,000 crore in FY 2024–25 due to the loss of compensation. Change in Horizontal Devolution Criteria Previous Criterion (FC15) Tax and Fiscal Effort – 2.5% weight Rewarded States that mobilised higher tax revenues relative to their economic capacity. New Criterion (FC16) Contribution to GDP – 10% weight Allocates resources based on each State’s share in national GDP. Implication Economically stronger States such as Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Karnataka benefit from this change. Lower-income States such as Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh gain relatively less. Conditional Local Body Grants Grant Structure The ₹7.91 lakh crore local body grant includes: Basic Grants Performance Grants Conditions States must satisfy entry conditions such as: Constituted local bodies Audited accounts Timely State Finance Commission reports Implementation Issue During the 15th Finance Commission period, only 62.6% of recommended urban local body grants were actually released, showing difficulties in meeting conditions. Implications for Fiscal Federalism Increasing Centre Dominance Growing reliance on cesses and surcharges increases the fiscal power of the Union Government. Reduced Equalisation Shifting from fiscal effort criteria to GDP contribution criteria changes the equalisation philosophy of fiscal transfers. Structural Fiscal Stress States face rising debt burdens and shrinking fiscal space due to GST reforms and declining revenue flexibility. Asymmetry in Federal Finance The pattern suggests increasing fiscal centralisation, which may alter the balance of India’s cooperative federal structure. Way Forward Reforming the Divisible Pool Structure Limit excessive use of cesses and surcharges to ensure that a larger share of tax revenues is available for States. Strengthening Fiscal Responsibility Framework Update FRBM/FRL laws to ensure transparent fiscal reporting and regulate off-budget borrowings. GST Reform Consider revisiting GST compensation mechanisms or revenue stabilisation measures for States. Strengthening Equalisation Finance Commission formulas should prioritise fiscal need, income distance, and development gaps to support poorer States. Improving State Fiscal Governance States must improve tax mobilisation, public expenditure efficiency, and subsidy rationalisation. Conclusion The Sixteenth Finance Commission’s recommendations reflect continuity in tax devolution but also reveal deeper structural tensions within India’s fiscal federal system. While headline transfers remain stable, the shrinking divisible pool, rising State debt, and shifting devolution criteria highlight evolving challenges in balancing economic efficiency, fiscal discipline, and cooperative federalism. A landmark year for Indian women’s sports Why in News? Indian women athletes achieved significant global success in 2025, with national teams winning world titles in cricket and kabaddi and individual athletes achieving historic milestones. These achievements highlight the growing strength of women’s sports in India, supported by improved training infrastructure, policy support, and increasing societal acceptance. Relevance GS Paper I – Society / Women Empowerment Achievements of women athletes promoting gender equality and social transformation. Role models encouraging greater participation of girls in sports and challenging patriarchal stereotypes. GS Paper II – Governance / Social Policy Government initiatives supporting women athletes such as Khelo India Programme Target Olympic Podium Scheme. Role of institutional reforms and sports governance in strengthening women’s participation. Practice Question The recent success of Indian women athletes reflects deeper structural changes in India’s sporting ecosystem. Examine the factors responsible for the rise of women’s sports in India and discuss the challenges that still remain. (250 words) Major Achievements of Indian Women Athletes in 2025 Women’s Cricket World Cup Victory The Indian women’s cricket team won the World Cup, marking a historic achievement that strengthened India’s position as a dominant force in international women’s cricket. Women’s Kabaddi World Cup Title India’s women’s kabaddi team secured the Kabaddi World Cup title, reflecting the country’s traditional strength in the sport and the growing competitiveness of women athletes. Blind Women’s T20 World Cup The Indian blind women’s cricket team won the inaugural Blind Women’s T20 World Cup, highlighting the expansion of inclusive sports opportunities for athletes with disabilities. Divya Deshmukh – Chess 19-year-old Divya Deshmukh became the first Indian woman to win the FIDE Women’s Chess World Cup, marking a landmark moment for Indian chess on the global stage. Jaismine Lamboria – Boxing Indian boxer Jaismine Lamboria won the gold medal at the Women’s World Boxing Championships, strengthening India’s reputation in international boxing. Minakshi Hooda – Boxing Boxer Minakshi Hooda also secured a gold medal at the World Boxing Championships, showcasing India’s rising dominance in women’s boxing. Mirabai Chanu – Weightlifting Olympic medallist Mirabai Chanu won a silver medal at the World Weightlifting Championships, marking her third podium finish at the global event. Tanvi Sharma – Badminton Rising badminton star Tanvi Sharma became only the fifth Indian to reach the final of the BWF World Junior Championships, joining elite players such as Saina Nehwal and Aparna Popat. Role of Pioneering Women in Indian Sports Shantha Rangaswamy Former Indian women’s cricket captain Shantha Rangaswamy played a key role in developing women’s cricket and later contributed as a sports administrator. Diana Edulji Former captain Diana Edulji, who later became a member of the BCCI’s Committee of Administrators, significantly contributed to institutional reforms and promotion of women’s cricket. Legacy of Early Athletes Early pioneers created opportunities for future generations by challenging gender stereotypes and advocating equal recognition for women athletes. Structural Factors Behind the Rise of Women’s Sports Government Support Programmes such as Khelo India, Target Olympic Podium Scheme (TOPS), and National Sports Development initiatives have improved training facilities and financial support for athletes. Improved Infrastructure Expansion of sports academies, international-standard training centres, and sports science facilities has improved athlete performance and competitiveness. Corporate Sponsorship Growing participation of private sponsors and sports leagues has increased financial support and visibility for women’s sports. Media Visibility Greater media coverage and digital broadcasting have helped increase public interest and recognition of women athletes. Importance of Women’s Sports Development Gender Empowerment Women’s participation in sports promotes gender equality, confidence building, and leadership development. National Prestige International sporting success enhances India’s global image and national pride. Social Transformation Successful women athletes serve as role models for young girls, encouraging greater participation in sports and physical activities. Olympic Aspirations Strong performances by women athletes strengthen India’s prospects of winning medals in future Olympic Games and global sporting events. Challenges in Women’s Sports Gender Disparity Women athletes often face unequal pay, fewer sponsorship opportunities, and limited media coverage compared to male athletes. Infrastructure Gaps In many regions, especially rural areas, lack of sports infrastructure and training facilities limits participation by girls. Social Barriers Cultural norms and societal expectations sometimes discourage girls from pursuing professional sports careers. Safety and Support Systems Women athletes require better safety mechanisms, support systems, and career security after retirement. Way Forward Strengthening Grassroots Sports Expand school-level and community sports programmes to increase participation of girls in athletics and competitive sports. Equal Opportunities Ensure equal prize money, sponsorship opportunities, and media coverage for women athletes across sporting disciplines. Institutional Reforms Strengthen sports governance and ensure greater representation of women in sports administration and decision-making bodies. Talent Identification Develop nationwide talent scouting and training programmes to identify promising athletes from rural and underrepresented regions. Long-Term Athlete Development Provide sustained support through sports scholarships, training programmes, and post-career opportunities for women athletes. Conclusion The remarkable achievements of Indian women athletes in 2025 reflect the growing strength and global competitiveness of women’s sports in India. With continued policy support, infrastructure development, and societal encouragement, women athletes can play a transformative role in advancing gender equality, national pride, and India’s international sporting success. Asteroid YR4: no longer a threat Why in News? NASA scientists confirmed that asteroid 2024 YR4 will not collide with the Moon in 2032, ending earlier concerns regarding a potential lunar impact. Early orbital models had suggested a 3.8%–4.3% probability of lunar collision on 22 December 2032, based on limited observational data following the asteroid’s discovery in late 2024. New observations from the James Webb Space Telescope enabled scientists to refine the asteroid’s trajectory with higher precision. Relevance GS Paper III – Science & Technology / Space Monitoring of Near-Earth Objects through agencies such as NASA Center for Near-Earth Object Studies Planetary Defense Coordination Office. Role of advanced space observatories like the James Webb Space Telescope in refining asteroid trajectories and reducing orbital uncertainty. Practice Question Near-Earth Objects pose potential risks to Earth but also provide valuable scientific insights into the solar system. Discuss the importance of planetary defence systems and international cooperation in monitoring asteroid threats. (250 words) What are Near-Earth Objects (NEOs)? Definition Near-Earth Objects are asteroids or comets whose orbits bring them within 1.3 astronomical units (AU) of the Sun, meaning they come relatively close to Earth’s orbit. Classification NEOs are broadly divided into: Near-Earth Asteroids (NEAs) – rocky bodies orbiting close to Earth Near-Earth Comets (NECs) – icy bodies that release gas and dust when approaching the Sun Potentially Hazardous Objects Objects larger than 140 meters in diameter that come within 7.5 million kilometres of Earth’s orbit are classified as Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs). Asteroid 2024 YR4 Physical Characteristics Estimated size: approximately 65 metres in diameter, comparable to a medium-sized building. Discovery The asteroid was discovered in late 2024 during routine monitoring of near-Earth objects. Initial Risk Assessment Early orbital simulations suggested a 3.8%–4.3% probability of collision with the Moon on 22 December 2032. Updated Assessment New calculations confirm that the asteroid will pass the Moon at a distance of approximately 21,200 km, eliminating the risk of impact. Earth Impact Risk NASA’s latest modelling shows no probability of impact with Earth for at least the next 100 years. Role of the James Webb Space Telescope Observation Capability The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) possesses extremely sensitive infrared instruments capable of detecting very faint objects in deep space. Key Contribution In February 2026, JWST successfully captured two crucial observations of asteroid 2024 YR4 when the object was extremely faint. Impact of New Data These observations allowed scientists to refine orbital calculations, significantly reducing uncertainty about the asteroid’s future trajectory. Understanding Orbital Uncertainty Initial Detection Challenges When a new asteroid is discovered, scientists initially have very limited observational data, resulting in wide uncertainties in trajectory predictions. Probabilistic Modelling Early calculations generate multiple possible orbital paths, which may include potential impact scenarios. Refinement Process As more observations are collected over time, scientists can narrow the range of possible trajectories, improving prediction accuracy. Planetary Defence Systems Objective Planetary defence refers to global efforts to detect, track, and potentially deflect asteroids or comets that could threaten Earth. NASA Monitoring Programs NASA operates several asteroid detection programmes, including: Center for Near-Earth Object Studies (CNEOS) Planetary Defense Coordination Office (PDCO) NEOWISE asteroid survey mission Global Monitoring Networks Observatories and space agencies worldwide collaborate through international asteroid tracking networks. Importance of Asteroid Monitoring Early Warning System Continuous monitoring of near-Earth objects allows scientists to identify potential threats decades in advance, enabling mitigation planning. Scientific Research Studying asteroids provides insights into the early formation of the solar system, as these objects are remnants from planetary formation. Disaster Prevention Asteroid monitoring is critical to prevent large-scale natural disasters caused by potential impacts. Example: Planetary Defence Test Mission NASA’s DART Mission (2022) The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) successfully altered the orbit of asteroid moonlet Dimorphos, demonstrating the feasibility of asteroid deflection techniques. The mission marked the first successful planetary defence experiment, proving that humanity can potentially alter the trajectory of hazardous asteroids. Challenges in Planetary Defence Detection Limitations Smaller asteroids, especially those approaching from sunward directions, are difficult to detect using ground-based telescopes. Limited Observation Windows Some objects become visible only for short periods, making accurate trajectory calculations difficult. International Coordination Planetary defence requires global cooperation among space agencies, observatories, and governments. Way Forward Strengthening Global Monitoring Systems Expand global networks of ground-based telescopes and space-based observatories to improve asteroid detection capability. Advanced Space Missions Launch dedicated missions to study, track, and potentially deflect hazardous asteroids. International Cooperation Strengthen coordination through international frameworks such as UN-led planetary defence initiatives and space agencies collaboration. Public Awareness and Preparedness Improve public communication about asteroid monitoring to avoid unnecessary panic while ensuring preparedness. Conclusion The case of asteroid 2024 YR4 demonstrates how modern space technology and continuous observation allow scientists to accurately predict asteroid trajectories and rule out potential threats. Advances in planetary defence systems, satellite monitoring, and international cooperation are crucial for protecting Earth from future asteroid hazards while expanding humanity’s understanding of the solar system. LNG Supply Disruptions and India’s Energy Security Challenge Why in News? The conflict in West Asia disrupted LNG shipments passing through the Strait of Hormuz, affecting India’s gas imports and raising concerns about energy supply stability. The Government invoked provisions under the Essential Commodities Act to prioritise natural gas allocation for critical sectors such as household cooking gas and transport fuels. Gas allocation has been prioritised for Piped Natural Gas (PNG), Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) production to safeguard essential consumer needs. Relevance GS Paper III – Energy Security / Economy Impact of LNG supply disruptions on India’s energy system due to tensions in West Asia. Government intervention using the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 to regulate natural gas allocation. Implications for industrial production, inflation, and energy-dependent sectors. GS Paper III – Infrastructure / Energy Importance of LNG for City Gas Distribution (CNG and PNG) and LPG production. Dependence on imported LNG for nearly 45–50% of India’s natural gas consumption. Practice Question Geopolitical disruptions in energy transit routes can significantly affect India’s energy security. Examine the implications of LNG supply disruptions for India’s economy and discuss measures required to strengthen energy resilience. (250 words) What is Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)? Definition LNG is natural gas cooled to approximately –162°C, converting it into liquid form, which reduces its volume by nearly 600 times, enabling efficient long-distance transport. Major Uses Power generation Industrial fuel for sectors such as steel, fertilisers, and petrochemicals City Gas Distribution (PNG and CNG) Household cooking gas supply India’s LNG Dependence India imports around 45–50% of its natural gas consumption through LNG, making supply stability critical for the economy. Importance of the Strait of Hormuz Strategic Energy Chokepoint The Strait of Hormuz connects the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea, serving as one of the world’s most critical oil and gas transit routes. Global Energy Flows Nearly 20% of global oil trade and a significant portion of LNG shipments pass through the Strait of Hormuz, making it highly sensitive to geopolitical disruptions. Impact on India Many of India’s energy imports originate from West Asian countries such as Qatar, UAE, and Saudi Arabia, which rely on the Strait of Hormuz for export routes. Government Response to the LNG Supply Disruption Invocation of the Essential Commodities Act The government invoked the Essential Commodities Act, 1955, enabling authorities to regulate production, supply, and distribution of critical resources to prevent shortages during crises. This intervention ensures that essential consumer sectors receive priority access to limited gas supplies. Priority Allocation of Natural Gas The government has prioritised natural gas supply for: Household Cooking Gas Piped Natural Gas (PNG) supplied to residential households has been given priority to ensure uninterrupted cooking gas availability. Transport Sector Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) used in public transport and private vehicles has been prioritised to maintain urban mobility and prevent fuel shortages. LPG Production Natural gas used in LPG production units has also been prioritised to sustain cooking gas supply chains across the country. Curtailment for Non-Priority Sectors Gas supply to industrial sectors such as textiles, steel manufacturing, mining, and petrochemicals may face partial curtailment during the crisis. Industries dependent on natural gas feedstock may need to shift temporarily to alternative fuels or adjust production schedules. Economic Ripple Effects Impact on Manufacturing Industries such as steel, textiles, fertilisers, and petrochemicals, which rely heavily on natural gas as fuel or feedstock, may face increased production costs. Supply Chain Disruptions Gas shortages could disrupt chemical manufacturing and industrial supply chains, affecting downstream sectors. Inflationary Pressures Energy price increases may contribute to higher production costs and inflation in energy-intensive sectors. Broader Implications for India’s Energy Security Import Dependence India imports more than 85% of its crude oil and nearly half of its natural gas requirements, exposing the country to global energy supply shocks. Vulnerability to Geopolitical Conflicts Energy supply routes through strategic chokepoints such as the Strait of Hormuz make India vulnerable to geopolitical conflicts in West Asia. Need for Energy Diversification Diversifying import sources and expanding domestic energy production are essential to reduce supply risks. Challenges in India’s Energy Security High Import Dependency Heavy reliance on imported energy exposes India to price volatility and supply disruptions in global markets. Limited Strategic Gas Reserves India currently maintains limited strategic reserves for natural gas, reducing its ability to absorb supply shocks. Infrastructure Constraints Gas pipeline infrastructure and LNG regasification capacity remain unevenly distributed across regions. Industrial Dependence Several industries depend heavily on natural gas for feedstock and fuel, making them vulnerable during supply disruptions. Way Forward Diversifying Energy Imports India should diversify LNG import sources beyond West Asia by strengthening partnerships with Australia, the United States, Russia, and Africa. Expanding Strategic Energy Reserves Developing strategic gas reserves similar to crude oil reserves can improve resilience against supply disruptions. Increasing Domestic Gas Production Boosting domestic gas exploration under initiatives such as Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP) can reduce import dependence. Strengthening Renewable Energy Accelerating investment in renewable energy and green hydrogen can reduce reliance on fossil fuels over the long term. Energy Infrastructure Development Expanding national gas pipeline networks, LNG terminals, and storage facilities will improve supply flexibility and energy security. Conclusion The disruption of LNG imports due to geopolitical tensions in West Asia highlights the vulnerability of India’s energy supply chains to global conflicts. Government intervention through the Essential Commodities Act and prioritised gas allocation demonstrates the importance of crisis management mechanisms in ensuring energy access for essential sectors. However, long-term energy security will require diversification of energy sources, expansion of domestic production, and accelerated transition toward renewable energy systems. Calibrated Easing of FDI Restrictions from Neighbouring Countries  Why in News? The Union Cabinet has eased certain restrictions on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from countries sharing land borders with India, including China, while retaining safeguards for strategic sectors. The revised policy allows limited investments in key manufacturing sectors such as electronics components, capital goods, and solar supply chains, subject to government approval and ownership safeguards. The government has also introduced a 60-day timeline for processing investment proposals, improving regulatory clarity and investor confidence. Relevance GS Paper III – Economy / Investment Policy Revision of FDI norms related to investments from neighbouring countries under Press Note 3 (2020). Implications for manufacturing supply chains, technology transfer, and capital inflows in sectors like electronics and solar manufacturing. Strengthening domestic industry under Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat. GS Paper III – Infrastructure / Energy Investment in solar supply chains, polysilicon production, and electronics manufacturing supporting renewable energy expansion. Practice Question India’s revised FDI framework allows limited investments from neighbouring countries while retaining strategic safeguards. Examine the economic rationale behind this policy shift and analyse the national security concerns associated with foreign investments in critical sectors. (250 words) Background: Press Note 3 (2020) Context Press Note 3 was issued in April 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, when global markets were unstable and concerns arose regarding potential opportunistic takeovers of Indian companies. Key Provision It mandated that any investment from countries sharing land borders with India must receive prior government approval. Countries Covered India shares land borders with: China Pakistan Bangladesh Nepal Myanmar Bhutan Afghanistan Policy Objective The policy was designed to protect Indian companies from hostile acquisitions and safeguard strategic sectors from foreign influence. Key Features of the Revised FDI Policy Limited Opening for Manufacturing Investments The revised policy allows restricted FDI from neighbouring countries in selected manufacturing sectors, particularly those linked to high-technology supply chains such as electronics and renewable energy components. Sectors identified include capital goods manufacturing, electronic components, polysilicon production, and ingot-wafer manufacturing for solar cells. Threshold for Automatic Approval Investments up to 10% equity in certain sectors may receive automatic clearance, while larger investments continue to require government scrutiny. This threshold aims to encourage minority investments without compromising national control over strategic industries. Ownership and Control Safeguards The revised framework requires that majority ownership and management control remain with Indian citizens or Indian-controlled entities. This ensures that strategic sectors remain under domestic decision-making authority and regulatory oversight. Government Approval for Strategic Sectors Investments in sensitive sectors such as semiconductors, telecommunications infrastructure, and defence-related technologies will continue to require detailed government approval. Security agencies and relevant ministries will review proposals before approval is granted. Time-bound Clearance Mechanism The government has introduced a 60-day timeline for processing investment proposals, improving predictability and efficiency in investment approvals. This reform aims to reduce bureaucratic delays and enhance India’s attractiveness as a manufacturing investment destination. Economic Rationale Behind the Policy Change Strengthening Manufacturing Supply Chains India seeks to strengthen domestic supply chains in sectors such as electronics, semiconductors, and solar manufacturing, which require large capital investments and advanced technological capabilities. Supporting “Make in India” Foreign investment can provide technology transfer, capital inflows, and global market access, supporting India’s manufacturing ambitions under the Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat initiatives. Competing with Global Manufacturing Hubs India faces competition from Vietnam, Indonesia, and Thailand, which actively attract global manufacturing investment through liberal FDI policies. Boosting Renewable Energy Manufacturing Investments in solar manufacturing components such as polysilicon and wafers are critical for achieving India’s target of 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030. Strategic and Security Concerns National Security Risks Investments from geopolitical rivals may create strategic vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure sectors, including telecommunications, data infrastructure, and defence technologies. Technology and Data Security Advanced manufacturing sectors often involve sensitive technologies and digital infrastructure, which require careful regulatory scrutiny. Economic Dependence Excessive reliance on foreign capital from a single country may increase economic dependence and supply chain risks. Broader Implications for India–China Economic Relations Economic Interdependence Despite geopolitical tensions, China remains one of India’s largest trading partners, with bilateral trade exceeding USD 118 billion in FY 2023-24. Investment Opportunities Chinese firms have expertise in sectors such as electronics manufacturing, solar equipment, and battery supply chains, which are critical for India’s industrial transition. Strategic Balancing India’s policy reflects a balanced approach between economic pragmatism and national security considerations. Challenges and Criticisms Regulatory Complexity Multi-layered approval mechanisms can increase bureaucratic delays and uncertainty for investors. Political Sensitivity Allowing investment from geopolitical competitors may face political criticism and national security concerns. Monitoring and Enforcement Ensuring compliance with ownership and control restrictions requires strong regulatory monitoring mechanisms. Way Forward Transparent Investment Screening Establish a clear national security screening framework for foreign investments, similar to mechanisms such as CFIUS in the United States. Diversifying Investment Sources India should encourage investment from multiple partner countries, reducing dependence on any single foreign economy. Strengthening Domestic Capabilities Alongside foreign investment, India must strengthen domestic manufacturing capacity, R&D, and industrial ecosystems. Strategic Sector Protection Maintain stricter regulatory oversight for critical sectors such as semiconductors, defence manufacturing, and digital infrastructure. Conclusion India’s decision to cautiously ease certain FDI restrictions reflects a pragmatic attempt to balance economic growth, supply chain development, and national security concerns. By allowing limited investments in strategic manufacturing sectors while retaining ownership safeguards, India aims to attract global capital and technology while protecting its strategic economic interests. NHAI Releases First Annual Report on National Highways – Green Cover Index (NH-GCI) for 2025-26 Why in News? The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) released the first Annual Report on the National Highways Green Cover Index (NH-GCI) 2025–26, introducing a technology-based system to assess vegetation along national highways. The index uses satellite-based remote sensing data from the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) of ISRO to scientifically measure green cover along highways within the Right of Way (RoW) area. What is the National Highways Green Cover Index (NH-GCI)? Definition The National Highways Green Cover Index is a satellite-based indicator that measures the proportion of vegetation cover along National Highways within the designated Right of Way corridor. Objective The index aims to provide a scientific, data-driven evaluation of green cover along highways, enabling policymakers to monitor environmental sustainability in infrastructure development. Institutional Framework The initiative is implemented by NHAI in collaboration with the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) of ISRO, under a three-year Memorandum of Understanding signed in January 2024. Relevance GS Paper III – Environment / Infrastructure Environmental sustainability in highway infrastructure through the National Highways Green Cover Index. Monitoring plantation and ecological restoration under the Green Highways Policy. Role of roadside plantations in carbon sequestration, pollution reduction, and biodiversity support. GS Paper III – Science & Technology Use of satellite-based remote sensing by the National Remote Sensing Centre for environmental monitoring. Application of geospatial technology, chlorophyll detection, and high-resolution satellite imagery for ecological governance. Practice Question Sustainable infrastructure development requires integrating environmental monitoring with large transport networks. Examine the significance of the National Highways Green Cover Index (NH-GCI) in promoting environmentally sustainable highway development in India. (250 words) Methodology of NH-GCI Satellite-Based Remote Sensing The index uses high-resolution satellite sensors to detect chlorophyll content and vegetation density, enabling accurate identification of plant cover along both sides of national highways. Measurement Approach NH-GCI is calculated as a percentage representing green cover within the Right of Way (RoW) along highways, providing a standardised indicator for ecological monitoring. Spatial Resolution Green cover measurements are conducted at 1-kilometre intervals along the highway network, allowing granular assessment and targeted environmental interventions. Time Series Monitoring The index will be updated annually to track year-on-year changes in highway green cover, helping evaluate the effectiveness of plantation drives and ecological restoration initiatives. Coverage of the First NH-GCI Assessment Geographic Coverage The first assessment cycle covered approximately 30,000 kilometres of National Highways across 24 states, providing the first national-level baseline estimate of highway green cover. Time Period The assessment analysed satellite data for the period July–December 2024, establishing a reference benchmark for future comparisons. Future Expansion Subsequent annual cycles are expected to expand coverage to the entire National Highway network, which spans over 1.46 lakh kilometres in India. Role of Technology in the Initiative Remote Sensing Applications Satellite imagery allows large-scale environmental monitoring across extensive infrastructure networks, enabling efficient and cost-effective ecological assessments. Objective Measurement Unlike manual field surveys, satellite monitoring provides objective, standardised, and replicable measurement of vegetation cover, reducing data bias and improving policy accuracy. Data-Driven Governance Technology integration allows policymakers to compare states, identify gaps in plantation efforts, and design targeted environmental interventions. Importance of the NH-GCI Initiative Sustainable Infrastructure Development Monitoring green cover along highways helps integrate environmental sustainability into large infrastructure projects, balancing development with ecological protection. Climate Mitigation Roadside plantations contribute to carbon sequestration, air pollution reduction, and micro-climate regulation, improving environmental quality along transport corridors. Biodiversity Enhancement Vegetation along highways supports habitat connectivity for birds, insects, and small fauna, reducing ecological fragmentation caused by transport infrastructure. Evidence-Based Policy NH-GCI provides a scientific baseline for evaluating the effectiveness of government plantation programmes along highways. Link with India’s Green Highways Initiatives Green Highways Policy (2015) India launched the Green Highways Policy in 2015, mandating that 1% of highway project costs be allocated for roadside plantation and environmental management. Large-Scale Plantation Drives NHAI and other agencies have undertaken plantation programmes along thousands of kilometres of highways to improve ecological resilience and aesthetic value of transport corridors. Environmental Monitoring NH-GCI strengthens these efforts by providing quantitative environmental monitoring using satellite technology. Challenges in Highway Green Cover Management Land Constraints Limited space within the Right of Way corridor restricts large-scale plantation in some highway sections, particularly in densely populated urban areas. Maintenance Issues Many roadside plantations suffer from poor survival rates due to lack of irrigation, maintenance, and monitoring. Ecological Fragmentation Highways often fragment natural habitats, requiring careful ecological planning to prevent wildlife movement disruptions and biodiversity loss. Data Integration Challenges Integrating satellite data with ground-level plantation monitoring requires robust data management systems and inter-agency coordination. Way Forward Integrated Ecological Planning Future highway projects should incorporate ecological design principles such as green corridors, wildlife crossings, and climate-resilient plantations. Strengthening Monitoring Systems Combining satellite monitoring with ground-based verification systems can improve accuracy of green cover assessment. Community Participation Local communities, NGOs, and state forest departments should be involved in plantation maintenance and ecological restoration along highways. Climate-Resilient Plantations Plantation programmes should prioritize native species, drought-resistant trees, and biodiversity-supporting vegetation suited to regional ecological conditions. Conclusion The National Highways Green Cover Index represents a significant step toward integrating technology-driven environmental monitoring into infrastructure governance. By leveraging satellite remote sensing and data analytics, India can ensure that its expanding highway network aligns with sustainable development, climate resilience, and ecological conservation goals. Big win for justice! World leaders commit to dismantling legal inequality for all women  Why in News? Governments adopted a global framework to strengthen access to justice for women and girls during the 70th Session of the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW70) held in New York from 9–19 March 2026. The agreement, known as the “Agreed Conclusions,” calls on countries to repeal discriminatory laws, expand legal aid, strengthen protection against violence, and create gender-responsive justice systems. The framework responds to findings that no country in the world has yet achieved full legal equality between women and men, highlighting persistent structural gender inequalities globally. Relevance GS Paper II – International Relations / Global Governance Outcomes of the Commission on the Status of Women during its 70th session. Global norm-setting through UN “Agreed Conclusions” influencing national gender policies. Role of international conventions like Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and Beijing Platform for Action. GS Paper II – Governance / Social Justice Strengthening gender-responsive justice systems, legal aid, and institutional reforms for women’s rights. Reform of discriminatory laws related to inheritance, property rights, family law, and child marriage. Practice Question Despite global commitments to gender equality, women continue to face major barriers in accessing justice. Discuss the significance of international frameworks such as the Commission on the Status of Women in promoting gender-responsive justice systems. (250 words) What is the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW)? Establishment The Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) was established in 1946 by the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) to promote gender equality and women’s empowerment globally. Role CSW is the principal global intergovernmental body dedicated exclusively to promoting gender equality, women’s rights, and empowerment of women worldwide. Annual Meeting The commission meets annually at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, bringing together governments, civil society organisations, UN agencies, and global experts. Policy Output CSW meetings culminate in “Agreed Conclusions,” which provide policy guidance for governments and international institutions on advancing gender equality. Key Findings Highlighted in the CSW70 Agreement Persistent Legal Inequality According to a recent UN Secretary-General report, no country has yet achieved complete legal equality between women and men across all legal domains. Violence Against Women According to WHO and UN data, nearly 1 in 3 women globally (around 30%) have experienced intimate partner violence or sexual violence during their lifetime. Discriminatory Legal Systems Nearly 70% of countries still maintain discriminatory legal frameworks that restrict women’s rights in areas such as family law, inheritance, employment, and property ownership. Key Features of the CSW70 Global Framework Legal Reforms and Equality The framework urges governments to review, repeal, and amend discriminatory laws, particularly those affecting marriage, inheritance rights, custody laws, and property ownership. It emphasises aligning national laws with international human rights commitments, including CEDAW and the Beijing Platform for Action. Strengthening Access to Justice Governments are encouraged to expand free or subsidised legal aid services to ensure that women, particularly from vulnerable communities, can access justice without financial barriers. The framework also recommends waiving legal fees in certain cases involving survivors of gender-based violence, improving accessibility to courts. Survivor-Centred Justice Systems The agreement promotes survivor-centred legal processes that prioritise dignity, safety, confidentiality, and psychological support for victims of gender-based violence. It emphasises faster investigation and prosecution of crimes against women to reduce impunity and strengthen trust in justice systems. Whole-of-Government Approach The framework calls for integrated institutional responses involving police, judiciary, healthcare systems, social services, and legal aid institutions to provide coordinated support for survivors. Such approaches improve service delivery and reduce procedural barriers that often discourage women from seeking justice. Recognition of Community Justice Workers The agreement highlights the importance of paralegals, community justice workers, and grassroots legal networks, especially in rural and marginalized communities. These actors can help bridge the gap between formal justice systems and vulnerable populations. Digital Justice and Artificial Intelligence The framework introduces new provisions on digital justice systems and governance of artificial intelligence, ensuring that technological innovations do not reproduce gender biases. Governments are encouraged to adopt gender-sensitive digital justice mechanisms, improving access to courts through technology. Protection in Conflict and Crisis Situations The agreement emphasises gender-responsive justice systems in conflict and humanitarian crises, where women and girls face heightened risks of violence and exploitation. It calls for stronger accountability for conflict-related sexual violence and human rights violations. Role of Civil Society The framework recognises women’s rights organisations and feminist movements as critical partners in promoting gender equality and monitoring implementation of justice reforms. It encourages governments to ensure safe civic space and provide sustainable funding for civil society organisations working on women’s rights. Importance of the Agreement Advancing SDG Commitments The framework supports Sustainable Development Goal 5 (Gender Equality) and SDG 16 (Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions) by strengthening legal equality and institutional accountability. Strengthening Rule of Law Gender-responsive justice systems contribute to greater public trust in institutions and stronger rule of law frameworks. Reducing Gender-Based Violence Improved legal protection and accountability mechanisms can significantly reduce violence against women and systemic discrimination. Global Norm Setting Although not legally binding, such UN frameworks shape global policy norms, national legislation, and international development programmes. Challenges in Achieving Legal Equality Persistent Patriarchal Norms Deeply entrenched patriarchal social norms continue to influence laws, institutional practices, and access to justice in many countries. Weak Justice Institutions Many countries lack adequate legal aid systems, gender-sensitive police units, and specialised courts to effectively handle cases involving violence against women. Resource Constraints Limited financial resources often prevent governments from establishing gender-responsive justice systems and survivor support services. Digital Gender Divide Emerging digital justice systems may reproduce gender inequalities due to limited digital access and literacy among women in developing countries. Way Forward Strengthening Legal Reforms Governments must undertake systematic legal reviews to eliminate discriminatory provisions in family law, inheritance law, labour law, and criminal justice frameworks. Expanding Legal Aid Systems Establish accessible, affordable, and gender-sensitive legal aid systems that reach marginalized communities and rural populations. Institutional Capacity Building Invest in training judges, prosecutors, police officers, and social workers to respond effectively to gender-based violence cases. Digital Justice Inclusion Ensure that digital justice systems are inclusive, accessible, and gender-sensitive, preventing technological systems from reproducing social biases. Strengthening Civil Society Partnerships Governments should collaborate with women’s rights organisations and community networks, recognising their role in awareness building, monitoring, and survivor support. Conclusion The CSW70 agreement represents an important global commitment to strengthening legal equality and access to justice for women and girls. Although no country has yet achieved full legal equality, coordinated reforms in law, institutions, and social norms can significantly reduce gender-based discrimination. Transforming these commitments into concrete policy action will be essential to ensuring that women and girls live safely, access justice equally, and participate fully in social, economic, and political life.