Content International Women’s Day 2026 Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP) International Women’s Day 2026 Concept & Historical Evolution International Women’s Day (IWD) is observed annually on 8 March, recognising women’s economic, political and social achievements and advocating gender equality; formally recognised by the United Nations in 1977. The observance traces origins to early 20th-century labour movements in North America and Europe, where women workers demanded better wages, voting rights and working conditions, shaping global feminist movements. The choice of 8 March commemorates the 1917 women workers’ strike in Russia demanding “Bread and Peace”, which triggered political mobilisation and became a global symbol of women’s resistance. Over decades, International Women’s Day evolved from labour activism to a global governance agenda, embedded within UN gender equality frameworks, human rights conventions and SDG commitments. Today, the day functions as a policy advocacy platform, evaluating progress on gender equality, women’s leadership and inclusive development across countries and institutions. Relevance GS I – Society Gender equality and women empowerment. Social issues: gender wage gap, unpaid care work, gender-based violence. Women’s participation in political and economic structures. GS II – Polity & Governance Constitutional provisions for women (Articles 14, 15(3), 16, 39, 42). Women’s Reservation (106th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2023). Governance initiatives: Mission Shakti, POSH Act, NCW. Practice Question Q.“Gender equality is central to inclusive development.” Examine the role of policy initiatives in advancing women-led development in India. (250 words) Theme of International Women’s Day 2026 The UN theme for IWD 2026 — “Rights. Justice. Action. For ALL Women and Girls.” emphasises strengthening legal protections, equitable justice systems and accelerated policy implementation for gender equality worldwide. The theme highlights persistent challenges including gender wage gaps, underrepresentation in leadership, digital gender divide and gender-based violence, affecting millions of women globally. It aligns closely with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5 – Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls, considered a cross-cutting enabler for all SDGs. International institutions such as WHO, UN Women and civil society networks are organising global dialogues to accelerate gender-responsive governance and policy reforms. Global Campaign – “Give to Gain” The global campaign for IWD 2026 – “Give to Gain” encourages individuals, organisations and governments to invest time, mentorship, resources and opportunities to advance women’s empowerment. The campaign promotes the idea that supporting women’s leadership and economic participation generates multiplier effects, strengthening community resilience, productivity and social equity. Studies by the World Bank and IMF show that closing gender employment gaps could increase global GDP by up to 20–26%, highlighting the economic value of gender equality. Constitutional & Legal Foundations of Women Empowerment in India India’s commitment to gender equality is rooted in the Constitution of India, which guarantees equality before law (Article 14) and prohibits discrimination on grounds including sex (Article 15). Article 15(3) empowers the state to adopt affirmative action measures for women, enabling gender-specific welfare schemes, reservations and protective labour legislation. Article 16 ensures equal opportunity in public employment, preventing discrimination in recruitment, promotion and service conditions. Directive Principles of State Policy (Articles 39 and 42) direct the state to ensure equal livelihood opportunities, maternity relief and humane working conditions for women. 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (1992) mandate one-third reservation for women in Panchayats and Urban Local Bodies, creating the world’s largest pool of elected women representatives. The 106th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2023 (Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam) provides 33% reservation for women in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies, strengthening gender-balanced representation. National Commission for Women (NCW), established in 1992, monitors legal safeguards, policy implementation and gender justice frameworks. Governance & Institutional Mechanisms India has shifted policy focus from “development for women” to “women-led development”, recognising women as agents of economic growth, social transformation and governance leadership. The umbrella programme Mission Shakti integrates schemes for women’s safety, empowerment and welfare, including One Stop Centres and Women Helplines. The POSH Act, 2013 (Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act) mandates Internal Complaints Committees in workplaces, ensuring safe and dignified working environments. The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019 criminalised instant Triple Talaq, strengthening legal protection and gender justice. Economic Dimension – Women as Drivers of Growth India recorded its highest-ever Gender Budget in FY 2025-26, allocating ₹5.01 lakh crore (9.37% of the Union Budget) toward gender-focused programmes across 53 ministries and departments. Self Help Groups under DAY-NRLM mobilise 10.05 crore rural households into 90.90 lakh SHGs, accessing ₹12.18 lakh crore institutional credit since 2013–14. The Lakhpati Didi initiative aims to enable rural women to earn ₹1 lakh annual income, with over 3.07 crore women progressing toward this goal. Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana has sanctioned 52 crore loans worth ₹32.61 lakh crore, with around 68% of beneficiaries being women entrepreneurs. Women constitute 56% of Jan Dhan account holders, demonstrating strong progress in financial inclusion and digital banking participation. Stand-Up India scheme has supported over 2.01 lakh women entrepreneurs, enabling establishment of greenfield enterprises. The Government e-Marketplace initiative “Womaniya” has enabled over 2 lakh women-led enterprises to secure ₹80,000 crore procurement orders. Education & Skill Development Female enrolment in higher education increased from 1.57 crore (2014–15) to 2.18 crore (2022–23), reflecting improved access and policy interventions. The Female Gross Enrolment Ratio in higher education increased from 22.9 to 30.2, signalling progress in tertiary education participation. Women constituted over 53% of UGC NET-JRF scholars in STEM fields in FY 2024–25, indicating rising participation in research and innovation. The Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) reports around 45% female participation, strengthening women’s employability and workforce readiness. Start-Up India ecosystem has supported over 75,000 women-led startups, expanding women’s presence in technology and innovation sectors. Health, Nutrition & Welfare India’s Maternal Mortality Ratio declined from 130 (2014–16) to 88 (2021–23) due to interventions such as PM Matru Vandana Yojana and Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan. Under Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana, over ₹20,060 crore has been transferred to 4.26 crore beneficiaries providing maternity income support. Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana has provided 10.56 crore LPG connections, reducing indoor air pollution and improving women’s health. Jal Jeevan Mission expanded rural tap water coverage from 16.72% (2019) to over 81.57% households, significantly reducing women’s drudgery. Swachh Bharat Mission facilitated construction of over 12 crore toilets, improving sanitation, dignity and safety for women. Social & Democratic Participation India granted universal adult franchise at Independence (1950), ensuring equal voting rights for women and men, unlike many Western democracies that adopted women’s suffrage later. Today India has over 47 crore registered women voters, making women one of the largest democratic constituencies globally. Women constitute nearly 46–50% of elected representatives in Panchayati Raj Institutions, strengthening grassroots governance. Increasing representation of women is also visible in armed forces, police services, STEM fields and corporate leadership. Technology & Emerging Opportunities NaMo Drone Didi Yojana supports 15,000 Self Help Groups with 80% subsidy for agricultural drones, integrating women into agri-technology ecosystems. Women’s increasing participation in digital platforms, e-commerce and gig economy is supported through digital literacy programmes and financial inclusion initiatives. Expansion of women-led startups in climate technology, renewable energy and digital services reflects growing participation in future-oriented sectors. Key Challenges & Structural Gaps India’s Female Labour Force Participation Rate remains around 37% (PLFS 2023–24), indicating persistent barriers in employment and workforce integration. The gender wage gap remains around 19% globally (ILO estimates), reflecting structural inequalities in labour markets. Women hold less than 15% representation in Parliament, highlighting the continued need for effective implementation of the Women’s Reservation Act. Persistent issues include gender-based violence, digital gender divide, unpaid care burden and unequal property ownership rights. Intersectional vulnerabilities affect women belonging to SC/ST communities, minorities, rural regions and informal sectors. Way Forward – Strengthening Women-led Development Accelerate implementation of the Women’s Reservation Act to ensure effective representation in Parliament and State Assemblies. Promote gender-responsive budgeting and outcome-based monitoring, ensuring effective utilisation of allocated resources. Expand women’s participation in STEM, digital economy and climate technology sectors through targeted skilling programmes. Strengthen care economy infrastructure, including childcare services and maternity benefits, enabling women’s workforce participation. Enhance legal enforcement against gender-based violence and workplace discrimination, improving institutional accountability. Promote financial inclusion, asset ownership and credit access for women entrepreneurs through digital platforms and cooperative models. Prelims Pointers International Women’s Day: Observed 8 March annually. UN recognition: 1977. IWD 2026 Theme: “Rights. Justice. Action. For ALL Women and Girls.” 106th Constitutional Amendment Act (2023): Provides 33% reservation for women in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies. National Commission for Women: Established 1992. Gender Budget FY26: ₹5.01 lakh crore (9.37% of Union Budget). Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP) Basics & Concept Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP) is a flagship initiative launched in 2008 and revamped in 2015, aimed at ensuring affordable access to quality generic medicines through a nationwide network of Jan Aushadhi Kendras (JAKs). The scheme addresses India’s high Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE) on healthcare, where medicines constitute nearly 40–50% of total household medical spending, creating financial barriers for economically vulnerable populations. Generic medicines under PMBJP have the same therapeutic efficacy, safety and dosage standards as branded drugs but are sold at significantly lower prices, enhancing affordability and treatment adherence. The scheme operates under the Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers, implemented through the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Bureau of India (PMBI). Relevance GS II – Governance / Social Justice Access to affordable healthcare. Public health policy and welfare schemes. GS III – Economy Reducing catastrophic health expenditure. Pharmaceutical sector reforms and generics. Practice Question Q.Discuss the role of Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana in improving access to affordable healthcare in India. (250 words) Governance & Institutional Framework PMBI (Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Bureau of India) acts as the central implementing agency responsible for procurement, quality assurance, supply chain management and expansion of Jan Aushadhi Kendras. Medicines supplied under PMBJP are sourced only from WHO-GMP compliant manufacturers, ensuring adherence to international quality standards in pharmaceutical production. Each batch of medicines undergoes quality testing in NABL-accredited laboratories, guaranteeing safety, efficacy and regulatory compliance before distribution to Kendras. The scheme uses a franchise-based model, enabling individual entrepreneurs, NGOs, trusts, pharmacists and private entities to operate Jan Aushadhi Kendras. Scale, Coverage & Product Basket As of 2026, more than 18,000 Jan Aushadhi Kendras are operational across India, delivering affordable medicines in urban, rural and remote regions. The government has set a target of 25,000 Kendras by March 2027, strengthening last-mile healthcare access across districts and underserved areas. PMBJP offers a product portfolio of 2,110 medicines and 315 surgical items, covering 29 therapeutic categories, including anti-diabetic, cardiovascular, anti-infective and anti-cancer drugs. On average, 10–12 lakh citizens visit Jan Aushadhi Kendras daily, indicating widespread utilisation of affordable generic medicines. Economic Impact & Cost Savings Medicines under PMBJP are sold at 50–80% lower prices than branded equivalents, significantly reducing treatment costs for households. By June 2025, Jan Aushadhi medicines worth ₹7,700 crore (MRP value) were sold, generating estimated savings of ₹38,000 crore for citizens. Lower medicine prices help reduce catastrophic health expenditure, which remains a key cause of poverty and financial distress in India. Affordable generics also support the objectives of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by ensuring access to essential medicines without financial hardship. Inclusive Entrepreneurship & Economic Empowerment The scheme promotes inclusive entrepreneurship by enabling pharmacists, NGOs and private entrepreneurs to establish Jan Aushadhi Kendras as retail medicine outlets. Operators receive a 20% trade margin on Maximum Retail Price (MRP) and are eligible for performance-linked incentives up to ₹5 lakh. Special incentives of ₹2 lakh are provided to women, SC/ST entrepreneurs, Divyangjan and those opening Kendras in aspirational districts and remote regions. The incentive package includes ₹1.5 lakh reimbursement for furniture and fixtures and ₹50,000 for IT infrastructure, promoting participation from marginalised communities. Women-Centric Initiative – Jan Aushadhi Suvidha Sanitary Napkins The Jan Aushadhi Suvidha sanitary napkin initiative, launched in 2019, provides biodegradable sanitary pads at ₹1 per pad, improving menstrual hygiene access for women. These pads contain an oxo-biodegradable additive, enabling environmentally responsible disposal and reducing plastic waste from conventional sanitary products. By January 2026, over 100 crore sanitary pads have been sold, including 22.5 crore pads during FY 2025–26, indicating large-scale adoption. The initiative addresses period poverty and menstrual health awareness, particularly among rural and low-income women. Digital Governance – Jan Aushadhi Sugam Mobile Application The Jan Aushadhi Sugam mobile application, launched in 2019, provides a digital platform for citizens to locate nearby Jan Aushadhi Kendras. The app integrates Google Maps-based geolocation, allowing users to identify the nearest Kendra and available medicines. It also enables price comparison between generic medicines and branded alternatives, highlighting potential cost savings for consumers. The platform strengthens digital health governance by improving transparency, accessibility and informed consumer choices. Supply Chain & Logistics Infrastructure PMBI operates an IT-enabled supply chain management system with five central warehouses and 41 distributors nationwide, ensuring efficient medicine distribution. A performance-linked stocking norm mandates Jan Aushadhi Kendras to maintain at least 200 fast-moving medicines, ensuring availability of essential drugs. The curated list includes the 100 top-selling medicines and 100 fastest-moving pharmaceutical products, improving operational viability and customer satisfaction. PMBI monitors 400 high-demand medicines and uses digital demand forecasting systems, improving procurement planning and supply stability. Integration with Public Health Infrastructure State governments are encouraged to establish Jan Aushadhi Kendras inside government hospitals, increasing accessibility and patient footfall. Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) are being encouraged to operate Kendras using their rural infrastructure network covering over 13 crore farmers. As of January 2026, 116 Jan Aushadhi Kendras operate at railway stations, providing affordable medicines to migrant workers and low-income travellers. Social Impact & Health Equity PMBJP enhances health equity by improving access to essential medicines among economically weaker sections and rural populations. Affordable medicines reduce treatment discontinuation caused by high drug prices, improving long-term disease management. The scheme contributes to financial risk protection under Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and complements programmes such as Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY. Increased availability of generic medicines strengthens public trust in cost-effective pharmaceutical alternatives. Challenges & Structural Limitations Limited public awareness about generic medicines continues to affect adoption despite price advantages. Some doctors continue prescribing branded medicines due to pharmaceutical marketing practices and trust concerns. Supply chain disruptions occasionally lead to stock shortages of high-demand medicines in certain Kendras. Variations in state-level implementation capacity and regulatory monitoring affect the scheme’s operational efficiency. Lack of widespread generic prescription practices in medical institutions reduces demand for affordable alternatives. Way Forward Strengthen mandatory generic prescription policies in government hospitals and medical institutions, encouraging wider adoption. Expand digital inventory management and real-time supply chain tracking to prevent medicine shortages. Increase public awareness campaigns on generic medicine efficacy and safety, addressing misconceptions among patients. Integrate PMBJP more closely with Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres, improving primary healthcare delivery. Encourage private hospitals and doctors to prescribe generic medicines, supported by regulatory incentives and guidelines. Prelims Pointers PMBJP launched: 2008 (revamped 2015). Implementing agency: Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Bureau of India (PMBI). Jan Aushadhi medicines: 50–80% cheaper than branded medicines. Operational Kendras (2026): 18,000+. Target by 2027: 25,000 Kendras. Sanitary napkin initiative: Jan Aushadhi Suvidha – ₹1 per pad.  

Content One Nation, One Election — remedy worse than disease The need to recognise ‘volunteer’ care work One Nation, One Election — remedy worse than disease Basics & Concept One Nation One Election (ONOE) proposes synchronising Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections, ensuring that both are held simultaneously every five years to reduce election frequency and streamline electoral administration. The proposal seeks to address issues such as frequent election cycles, governance disruptions due to the Model Code of Conduct (MCC), rising election expenditure, and prolonged political campaigning. The idea was first discussed during the 1950–1967 period, when elections to the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies were largely synchronised, before political instability disrupted the cycle. Subsequent premature dissolutions of Lok Sabha (1970, 1979, 1991, 1998) and various State Assemblies led to the current staggered electoral cycle, making simultaneous elections administratively difficult. Relevance GS I – Society Electoral behaviour and democratic participation. Impact of electoral cycles on political accountability. GS II – Polity & Governance Parliamentary system and executive accountability. Federalism and autonomy of States. Constitutional amendments and election reforms. Role of the Election Commission of India. Practice Question Q.“One Nation One Election may improve administrative efficiency but risks undermining federalism and parliamentary accountability.” Critically examine. (250 words) Constitutional and Legal Framework Articles 83(2) and 172(1) of the Constitution prescribe a maximum tenure of five years for Parliament and State Legislatures but allow earlier dissolution, reflecting the parliamentary principle of executive accountability. Articles 75 and 164 establish collective responsibility of the executive to the legislature, meaning governments remain in power only while enjoying legislative confidence. The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-Ninth Amendment) Bill, 2024 proposes a structural framework to implement ONOE through constitutional changes. The proposed Article 82A empowers the President to notify an “appointed date”, from which State Assembly tenures would be aligned with the Lok Sabha electoral cycle. The amendment also proposes changes to Articles 83, 172 and 327, enabling synchronised elections and regulating parliamentary powers regarding election scheduling. Key Provisions of the ONOE Constitutional Amendment Proposal The amendment introduces the concept of “unexpired-term elections”, whereby a legislature dissolved prematurely would elect a new government only for the remainder of the original five-year cycle. This provision ensures that electoral cycles remain synchronised, preventing new governments from resetting the five-year tenure through mid-term elections. The proposed Article 82A(5) authorises the Election Commission of India (ECI) to recommend deferring State elections if simultaneous conduct becomes impracticable. State Assembly tenures could be curtailed or extended temporarily to align with the national electoral schedule, ensuring uniform election cycles. Governance Rationale Behind ONOE Simultaneous elections could reduce frequent enforcement of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC), which currently disrupts developmental decision-making during election periods. The Election Commission estimates that phased elections in India can last over 80 days, requiring large-scale deployment of security forces and election officials. Synchronisation could minimise administrative burden, logistical complexity and repeated election mobilisation across states. Political parties may focus more on policy and governance rather than continuous electoral campaigning, potentially improving governance stability. Economic Arguments Elections involve significant public expenditure on security deployment, logistics, polling infrastructure and administrative mobilisation. The Parliamentary Standing Committee estimated combined election expenditure at around ₹4,500 crore in 2015–16, representing approximately 0.25% of the Union Budget and 0.03% of GDP. Supporters argue that simultaneous elections could reduce duplication of costs, including repeated mobilisation of personnel and electoral infrastructure. However, critics highlight that election expenditure remains macroeconomically negligible, making fiscal savings insufficient justification for major constitutional restructuring. Federalism and Constitutional Concerns The Supreme Court in S.R. Bommai vs Union of India (1994) declared federalism as part of the Constitution’s Basic Structure, recognising States as constitutionally autonomous entities. ONOE may truncate State legislative mandates, even when governments enjoy legislative confidence, thereby affecting the federal principle of independent democratic cycles. If implemented, a State elected mid-cycle could lose several years of its constitutionally expected tenure merely to align with national election timelines. Critics argue this undermines the constitutional autonomy of States, reducing them to administrative units aligned with national electoral politics. Parliamentary System vs Stability Debate India deliberately adopted a parliamentary system prioritising accountability over fixed tenure, where governments survive only as long as they retain legislative confidence. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar argued in the Constituent Assembly that democracy must balance stability and responsibility, with India choosing continuous accountability. ONOE may indirectly push India toward a quasi-presidential system, where tenure stability becomes prioritised over legislative oversight. The mechanism of early dissolution currently acts as a democratic safeguard, enabling voters to renew mandates when governments lose confidence. Issues with “Unexpired-Term Elections” The Constitution does not recognise the concept of residual legislative mandates, making the proposal a significant departure from existing constitutional design. Governments elected for shortened tenures may lack incentives for long-term governance reforms, potentially encouraging populist policies. Mid-cycle elections may reduce voter enthusiasm and legitimacy, as citizens vote for governments that may serve only a partial term. Truncated mandates could create a “governance dead zone”, where governments lack stability and administrative continuity. Risks of Executive Discretion and Democratic Accountability The proposed Article 82A(5) grants the Election Commission authority to recommend deferral of State elections without clearly defined criteria or parliamentary oversight. Such discretionary power could potentially allow prolonged President’s Rule under Article 356, weakening democratic governance in States. A caretaker government awaiting synchronised elections may face difficulties in passing full budgets under Articles 112–117, relying only on Vote on Account provisions under Article 116. Constitutional scholars warn that institutional design must prevent misuse of power, regardless of assurances of responsible governance. Comparative International Experience Canada conducts federal and provincial elections independently, allowing each province to determine its own electoral cycle. Australia cannot synchronise elections because State legislatures have fixed four-year terms, while the federal House of Representatives has a maximum three-year tenure. Germany’s stability arises from the Constructive Vote of No Confidence, requiring Parliament to elect a successor before removing the Chancellor, rather than synchronised elections. Indonesia’s simultaneous elections in 2019 resulted in nearly 900 poll worker deaths and over 5,000 illnesses, demonstrating logistical risks of large-scale simultaneous voting. Democratic Accountability and Electoral Feedback Staggered elections create a continuous feedback mechanism, allowing citizens to evaluate governments periodically through different electoral levels. Regular elections across Parliament, States and local bodies ensure constant democratic accountability, particularly in a system without a right to recall. Political theorist James Madison in Federalist No. 52 argued that frequent elections maintain “immediate dependence and sympathy between government and the people.” Synchronised elections could weaken this feedback loop, concentrating electoral accountability into a single national electoral event every five years. Way Forward Consider a two-phase election cycle, synchronising some State elections with Lok Sabha while allowing others to remain staggered. Strengthen institutional safeguards and constitutional checks if synchronisation reforms are pursued. Enhance logistical capacity of the Election Commission, including EVM availability and security force deployment. Promote electoral reforms such as simultaneous voting technology, improved electoral roll management and digital election administration. Undertake broad federal consultation with States before constitutional amendments, ensuring consensus in India’s cooperative federal structure. Prelims Pointers ONOE proposal: Synchronisation of Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections. Relevant Articles: 83, 172, 75, 164, 327. Proposed new Article: Article 82A. Key case: S.R. Bommai vs Union of India (1994) – federalism part of basic structure. Key committee: High-Level Committee on ONOE chaired by Ram Nath Kovind (2023–24). The need to recognise ‘volunteer’ care work Context & Budget Announcement Union Budget 2026–27 proposes building a “strong care ecosystem” by training 1.5 lakh multiskilled caregivers in geriatric, allied and core care skills under programmes aligned with the National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF). The initiative aims to address India’s rapidly expanding care needs due to demographic ageing, rising healthcare demand and increased need for institutional caregiving services. However, the proposal exposes a structural paradox: while the state plans to train new caregivers, it overlooks the existing workforce of over 50 lakh women care workers already delivering welfare services. These include Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs), Anganwadi workers, Anganwadi helpers and mid-day meal workers, who remain classified as “honorary volunteers” rather than formal employees. Relevance GS I – Society Gender division of labour. Women’s unpaid work and social norms. GS II – Governance / Social Justice Welfare delivery through ASHA, Anganwadi workers. Labour rights and public service institutions. Practice Question Q.“Unpaid and underpaid care work remains one of the largest invisible pillars of India’s welfare state.” Examine the challenges associated with recognising care work in India. (250 words) India’s Existing Care Workforce India’s welfare architecture relies heavily on a large feminised care workforce exceeding 5 million women, who provide essential health, nutrition and childcare services across rural and urban areas. ASHA workers, introduced under the National Rural Health Mission (2005), act as community health facilitators responsible for maternal health monitoring, vaccination outreach and disease surveillance. Anganwadi workers and helpers, operating under the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), deliver nutrition, preschool education and maternal health services. Mid-Day Meal workers support the PM POSHAN scheme, ensuring nutritional security for millions of schoolchildren across government schools. Despite their critical role in public service delivery, these workers continue to receive small honorariums instead of formal wages, reflecting structural informality. Governance and Administrative Dimensions India’s care workers form the frontline implementation workforce for major welfare schemes including ICDS, National Health Mission, Poshan Abhiyaan and PM POSHAN. They perform multidimensional roles including health outreach, nutrition monitoring, community mobilisation, record maintenance and service delivery coordination. However, their employment status remains non-contractual and informal, limiting access to labour protections, social security and career progression. Some states have introduced honorarium increases, gratuity benefits and insurance coverage, but these remain fragmented and inconsistent across states. Economic Dimensions of the Care Economy India’s care economy is largely unpaid or underpaid, reflecting the global phenomenon where caregiving labour remains undervalued within economic systems. According to ILO estimates, unpaid care work globally contributes the equivalent of 9% of global GDP, highlighting its economic significance. In India, the Economic Survey 2025–26 citing the Time Use Survey 2024 shows 41% of women aged 15–59 spend around 140 minutes daily on unpaid caregiving activities. In contrast, only 21.4% of men spend about 74 minutes daily on caregiving, illustrating a deep gender imbalance in household and care responsibilities. This disparity contributes significantly to India’s low Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR), which remains around 37% (PLFS 2023–24). Gendered Nature of Care Work Care work in India is deeply shaped by social norms that treat caregiving as a natural extension of women’s domestic roles rather than skilled labour. This perception leads to the “care penalty”, where work traditionally performed by women receives lower wages, limited recognition and minimal institutional protection. By classifying welfare workers as “volunteers”, the state effectively externalises care responsibilities while avoiding formal labour obligations. This model perpetuates a cycle of feminised informal labour, where essential services are delivered without commensurate economic recognition. Legal and Constitutional Dimensions The Supreme Court judgment in Dharam Singh & Anr. vs State of U.P. (2025) held that work which is recurrent and essential to an institution cannot be treated as temporary indefinitely. This ruling provides a legal foundation for converting long-term honorary roles into formal employment, particularly where workers perform core institutional functions. Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution reinforce principles of equality and dignity, which arguably extend to ensuring fair labour conditions for essential workers. Directive Principles under Article 39 and Article 42 emphasise just conditions of work and social security, relevant to the status of care workers. Policy Contradiction in India’s Care Economy India’s welfare state relies heavily on informal care workers for frontline service delivery, yet continues to classify them as volunteers to reduce fiscal commitments. The Union Budget’s plan to train new caregivers highlights the absence of career pathways for existing ASHA and Anganwadi workers performing similar tasks. Many of these workers already perform multi-skilled roles requiring community trust, administrative coordination and field expertise. Ignoring this existing workforce risks duplicating training investments while neglecting the welfare of experienced workers. Global and International Labour Standards The International Labour Organization (ILO) advocates recognition of care work as a formal sector within labour markets. The ILO 5R Framework for Decent Care Work calls for five key actions: Recognise, Reduce, Redistribute, Reward and Represent care work. India’s care policy has largely focused on recognition and redistribution through welfare schemes, but lacks adequate reward and representation mechanisms. Strengthening these elements is critical for creating a sustainable and equitable care economy. Social and Developmental Importance Care workers act as critical connectors between state institutions and local communities, improving the effectiveness of public welfare programmes. Their work directly influences maternal health outcomes, child nutrition, vaccination coverage and early childhood development indicators. Strengthening the care workforce is essential for achieving SDG 3 (Good Health), SDG 5 (Gender Equality) and SDG 8 (Decent Work). A robust care economy can also generate large-scale employment opportunities for women, particularly in rural and semi-urban regions. Key Challenges Continued classification of care workers as “volunteers” rather than employees results in limited job security and lack of labour rights. Honorariums vary widely across states, leading to unequal compensation and regional disparities in welfare delivery systems. Lack of formal contracts prevents access to paid leave, maternity benefits and pension coverage. The absence of institutional representation reduces workers’ participation in policy and programme design. Way Forward Convert long-term honorary roles into formal employment positions, ensuring fair wages, social security and labour protections. Integrate ASHA and Anganwadi workers into NSQF-aligned skill development programmes, enabling career progression and professional recognition. Establish a national framework for the care economy, recognising caregiving as a strategic sector for employment and social development. Implement the ILO 5R framework, especially focusing on reward and representation of care workers. Expand budgetary allocation for care infrastructure, including training, digital support systems and institutional support for frontline workers. Prelims Pointers ASHA workers introduced: National Rural Health Mission, 2005. Anganwadi system: Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), 1975. Time Use Survey 2024: Women spend 140 minutes daily on caregiving vs 74 minutes by men. ILO 5R Framework: Recognise, Reduce, Redistribute, Reward, Represent care work.

Content India Routs New Zealand, Defends T20 World Cup Why Are Finance Commission Grants to Cities Still So Limited? Why India’s ‘Leaky Pipeline’ in Research Is Unlike the Rest of the World Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission (EMTCT) of HIV and Syphilis – Denmark Case Study Inaugural Edition of Raisina Science Diplomacy Initiative Focuses on Strategic Autonomy and Disruptive Technologies Election of Rajya Sabha Members: Rules, Process and Political Dynamics India routs New Zealand, defends T20 World Cup Source : The Hindu Context India won the ICC Men’s T20 World Cup 2026, defeating New Zealand by 96 runs in the final at Narendra Modi Stadium, Ahmedabad under the captaincy of Suryakumar Yadav. The victory marked India’s second consecutive and third T20 World Cup title(2007,2024,2026), reinforcing India’s dominance in the shortest format of international cricket. Relevance GS I – Society Sports as a tool for national identity and social integration. Youth development and sports culture. GS II – Governance Institutional governance of sports bodies (ICC, BCCI). Sports policy and international cooperation. Practice Question Q1.“Sports achievements contribute not only to national pride but also to economic growth and diplomatic influence.” Discuss with reference to India’s cricket ecosystem.(250 Words) Institutional and Governance Framework of Cricket Global cricket is governed by the International Cricket Council (ICC), headquartered in Dubai, which regulates international tournaments including the Cricket World Cup, T20 World Cup and World Test Championship. The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) is India’s governing body for cricket and is responsible for team selection, domestic competitions and international participation. The ICC operates through member boards, including Full Members (12 Test-playing nations) and Associate Members, ensuring global expansion of the sport. Major ICC tournaments are organised periodically to promote competitive balance, commercial development and global audience engagement. Evolution of ICC T20 World Cup The ICC Men’s T20 World Cup was first held in 2007 in South Africa, where India defeated Pakistan to win the inaugural tournament. The format has since become the fastest-growing format of cricket, attracting new audiences due to shorter match durations. The tournament is usually organised every two years, featuring expanded participation from associate nations. T20 cricket has played a key role in globalising cricket beyond traditional strongholds such as England, Australia and India. Importance of Sports in Governance and Economy Major international sporting events generate economic activity through tourism, broadcasting rights, sponsorship and infrastructure development. Cricket contributes significantly to India’s sports economy, media industry and entertainment sector, making it one of the most commercially successful sports globally. Sports achievements enhance soft power diplomacy, improving a nation’s global image and cultural influence. India’s consistent performance in cricket strengthens its international sporting reputation and sports governance influence. India’s Cricket Ecosystem India has one of the largest cricket ecosystems in the world, with extensive domestic competitions such as the Ranji Trophy, Vijay Hazare Trophy and Indian Premier League (IPL). The Indian Premier League, launched in 2008, transformed global cricket economics through franchise-based T20 leagues and broadcasting revenue models. The IPL has also become a major platform for talent development and global cricket collaboration. India’s domestic infrastructure and grassroots development programmes have strengthened player pipelines and professional training systems. Sports Infrastructure and Venue Significance The final was played at Narendra Modi Stadium in Ahmedabad, the largest cricket stadium in the world, with a seating capacity exceeding 130,000 spectators. Large-scale stadium infrastructure reflects India’s investment in sports facilities and global event hosting capabilities. Modern stadiums integrate digital broadcasting, spectator amenities and advanced pitch technologies. Such infrastructure supports India’s ambition to become a global hub for international sporting events. Cricket and India’s Soft Power Cricket serves as a major instrument of cultural diplomacy and international engagement, particularly in South Asia and Commonwealth countries. India’s cricketing success enhances its global cultural presence and sporting influence. International cricket tournaments foster people-to-people contact and cross-cultural interaction. Cricket diplomacy has historically played a role in improving diplomatic relations in South Asia. Why are Finance Commission grants to cities still so limited? Source : The Hindu Context India’s cities generate nearly 67% of national GDP and are projected to contribute around 75% by 2031, yet their fiscal resources remain extremely constrained. Despite rapid urbanisation, urban local bodies (ULBs) continue to depend heavily on intergovernmental transfers, with limited ability to generate independent revenues. Finance Commission grants are designed to strengthen urban governance and improve service delivery, but their impact remains restricted due to structural and conditional constraints. The issue highlights the broader challenge of urban fiscal federalism in India, where cities lack adequate financial autonomy. Relevance GS II – Polity and Governance Urban governance. Fiscal federalism. 74th Constitutional Amendment. Practice Question Q1. Despite being engines of economic growth, Indian cities face severe fiscal constraints. Examine the reasons and suggest reforms.(250 Words) Constitutional and Institutional Framework The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (1992) granted constitutional status to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and aimed to strengthen urban decentralisation. The amendment introduced the Twelfth Schedule, listing 18 functional responsibilities including urban planning, water supply, sanitation, public health and infrastructure. Articles 243X and 243Y empower State legislatures to authorise municipalities to levy taxes and recommend revenue-sharing through State Finance Commissions (SFCs). The Finance Commission under Article 280 recommends fiscal transfers from the Union to States and local bodies, including grants for urban governance. Finance Commission Grants to Cities Under the 15th Finance Commission (2021–26), urban local bodies were allocated approximately ₹1.21 lakh crore over five years, averaging around ₹24,200 crore annually. This translates to roughly ₹75,000 per year for each city on average, a modest amount relative to the scale of urban infrastructure needs. India’s GDP has nearly tripled in the last decade, yet urban local body revenues have remained largely stagnant. Per capita transfers to cities remain insufficient for large-scale urban transformation and infrastructure expansion. Conditional Nature of Finance Commission Grants A significant portion of Finance Commission grants are tied grants, meaning they must be used only for specific sectors such as water supply, sanitation and waste management. Tied grants restrict fiscal autonomy of municipalities, limiting their ability to allocate funds based on local priorities. Urban local bodies must satisfy performance conditions, such as publishing audited accounts, conducting regular elections and improving property tax collection. As a result, many grants remain unspent or delayed due to compliance requirements and administrative constraints. Urban Revenue Constraints Urban local bodies rely heavily on property taxes and user charges as primary sources of own-source revenue (OSR). The Finance Commission has set a benchmark encouraging cities to raise approximately ₹1,200 per household annually through property taxes and user charges. However, many cities face challenges such as poor tax administration, outdated property valuation systems and political reluctance to increase taxes. Consequently, own-source revenue remains extremely limited, reducing cities’ financial independence. Fiscal Federalism and Urban Governance Despite urban centres generating significant economic output, urban fiscal transfers account for only around 0.13% of India’s GDP, reflecting limited fiscal support. Urban governance in India is constitutionally placed under the State List, meaning States retain significant control over municipal finances and functions. Central interventions in urban development schemes may sometimes create institutional tensions between Union and State governments. Effective urban governance requires strong fiscal decentralisation and empowerment of local institutions. Structural Issues in Urban Fiscal Transfers Finance Commission transfers represent only around 20% of total municipal revenues, indicating that cities rely primarily on state-level allocations and grants. A large portion of municipal revenue is derived from centrally sponsored schemes, which are not always recorded as municipal own-source revenue. Urban local bodies often lack financial management capacity, accounting systems and revenue administration mechanisms. Weak institutional capacity results in underutilisation of available funds and limited long-term planning. Federal Concerns in Urban Development Urban development is primarily a State subject, making excessive federal intervention politically sensitive. Some proposals, such as peri-urban administrative restructuring or municipal mergers, require strong coordination between Union and State governments. In several States, rural local governments operate effectively, raising concerns about administrative disruption from urban restructuring. Ensuring balanced federal relations is essential while designing urban fiscal reforms. Climate and Urban Sustainability Concerns Rapid urbanisation increases cities’ vulnerability to climate risks such as flooding, heatwaves and infrastructure stress. However, Finance Commission allocations for climate resilience and urban sustainability remain relatively limited. Strengthening urban climate financing is essential for sustainable infrastructure, disaster resilience and environmental protection. Urban local bodies require enhanced financial capacity to address climate adaptation and green infrastructure investments. Key Challenges Limited own-source revenue generation capacity of municipalities due to weak taxation systems. Excessive conditionality in Finance Commission grants, restricting local fiscal autonomy. Weak functioning of State Finance Commissions, leading to inadequate fiscal decentralisation. Insufficient financial resources relative to the rapid pace of urbanisation and infrastructure demand. Lack of integrated urban planning and financial management systems. Way Forward Strengthen municipal revenue systems, particularly property tax reforms and improved user charge mechanisms. Reduce excessive conditionality in Finance Commission grants and increase untied fiscal transfers to cities. Ensure regular and effective functioning of State Finance Commissions to enhance fiscal decentralisation. Develop urban climate finance frameworks to address sustainability and disaster resilience. Promote capacity building in municipal financial management and digital governance systems. Prelims Pointers 74th Constitutional Amendment Act: 1992. Twelfth Schedule: 18 functions of municipalities. Article 243X: Municipal taxation powers. Article 243Y: State Finance Commissions. Finance Commission Article: Article 280. Why India’s ‘leaky pipeline’ in research is unlike rest of the world Source : The Hindu Concept and Context Women constitute nearly 50% of the global population, yet their participation in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education and research remains significantly lower across most countries. Globally, women account for only 35% of STEM graduates and around 40% of STEM PhDs, indicating persistent gender disparities in advanced scientific education. According to data from 146 countries, women represent only 30% of the global STEM workforce, including positions in research institutions, academia and scientific industries. This gradual decline in women’s participation from education to professional careers is commonly referred to as the “Leaky Pipeline” phenomenon in STEM fields. Relevance GS I – Society Gender inequality. Women in education and workforce. GS II – Governance Policies for women scientists. Practice Question Q1. Explain the “leaky pipeline” phenomenon in STEM fields. Why is India’s experience unique?(250 Words) The ‘Leaky Pipeline’ Concept The “Leaky Pipeline” describes the progressive loss of women at different stages of STEM education and careers, beginning from school-level participation to senior scientific positions. While many girls initially pursue science education, structural barriers, social expectations and institutional constraints gradually reduce their representation in research and leadership roles. The phenomenon highlights the systematic underrepresentation of women in scientific research, academic faculty positions and innovation ecosystems. Addressing this pipeline leakage is critical for achieving gender equity, innovation diversity and inclusive scientific progress. Global Patterns of Gender Inequality in STEM In many countries, gender disparity begins at the secondary school stage, where girls are less likely to enrol in advanced subjects such as physics, mathematics and computer science. Cultural stereotypes often portray STEM careers as male-dominated professions, discouraging girls from pursuing long-term careers in these fields. Even when women pursue STEM education, they face limited access to research opportunities, leadership roles and research funding. As a result, the global STEM ecosystem continues to suffer from gender imbalance and underutilisation of female scientific talent. India’s Distinct STEM Landscape At first glance, India appears to challenge the global trend, with a relatively high participation of girls in science education at school and university levels. After Class 10, enrolment of girls in the science stream can reach nearly 60%, with girls accounting for around 46% of Class 12 science graduates. According to Ministry of Education data (2025), more girls cleared the Class 12 science stream than the arts stream, indicating growing female interest in scientific education. India produces 43% women STEM graduates at the bachelor’s level and nearly 50% at the master’s and doctoral levels, among the highest proportions globally. The Indian ‘Leaky Pipeline’ Pattern Despite strong participation in education, women constitute only about 18% of India’s research and development (R&D) workforce, reflecting a major drop in scientific careers. Data from the Department of Science and Technology (DST) shows that women represent less than 30% of scientists in national research institutions. Representation varies across institutions, with Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) reporting about 29% women scientists, while Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) reports around 14%. Elite institutions such as the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and Indian Institute of Science (IISc) report only 8–13% female faculty representation. Social and Cultural Factors In India, girls are often encouraged to pursue science education because academic excellence in science is socially associated with intelligence and prestige. However, the transition from education to career coincides with social expectations regarding marriage, family responsibilities and caregiving roles. Women frequently face pressure to prioritise domestic responsibilities over long-term research careers, particularly during the early stages of their professional life. Cultural norms often require women to relocate after marriage, limiting opportunities to pursue research positions in specialised institutions. Structural and Institutional Barriers Entry-level scientific positions in India often have strict age limits and competitive recruitment processes, which can disadvantage women who take career breaks. The limited number of research positions and irregular recruitment cycles further restrict career opportunities for women scientists. Academic and research jobs generally require physical presence in laboratories and institutions, limiting possibilities for remote or flexible work arrangements. Geographic mobility constraints combined with family responsibilities reduce access to long-term research careers. The ‘Position Gap’ in Research Careers Many women with advanced STEM degrees find themselves unable to secure permanent research positions, leading to a “position gap” in the scientific workforce. As a result, women scientists often work in temporary roles such as fellowships, contractual research projects or grant-funded initiatives. These positions often lack job security, institutional benefits, promotions or long-term career growth opportunities. The prevalence of short-term research contracts and unstable career pathways discourages sustained participation of women in scientific research. Policy Measures and Institutional Efforts The Government of India has introduced several initiatives to support women scientists, including special fellowships, re-entry schemes and targeted research grants. Programmes such as the Women Scientist Scheme (WOS) under the Department of Science and Technology aim to facilitate career continuity after career breaks. Some institutions conduct special recruitment drives to improve gender diversity in research institutions. However, many gender equity initiatives remain limited in scale, insufficiently incentivised or poorly monitored, reducing their long-term impact. Importance of Gender Diversity in STEM Gender diversity enhances innovation, creativity and problem-solving capacity in scientific research and technology development. Increasing women’s participation in STEM contributes to economic growth, knowledge creation and technological advancement. A more inclusive scientific workforce helps address global challenges such as climate change, healthcare innovation and sustainable development. Promoting women in STEM also aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 5 (Gender Equality) and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure). Way Forward Reform scientific recruitment policies, including flexible age limits and career re-entry pathways for women researchers. Expand institutional childcare support, flexible work arrangements and family-friendly workplace policies in research institutions. Increase long-term research funding and permanent faculty positions, reducing reliance on short-term contractual employment. Strengthen gender-sensitive policies in research institutions, ensuring accountability for diversity and inclusion goals. Encourage mentorship networks, leadership training and visibility of women scientists, inspiring future generations of girls in STEM. Prelims Pointers Global women STEM graduates: 35%. Women in global STEM workforce: 30%. Women STEM graduates in India: 43% at bachelor’s level. Women in India’s R&D workforce: 18% Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission (EMTCT) of HIV and Syphilis – Denmark Case Study Source : NDTV Context and Significance In February 2026, the World Health Organization (WHO) certified Denmark as the first European Union country to eliminate mother-to-child transmission (EMTCT) of HIV and syphilis, marking a major global public health milestone. The achievement reflects decades of sustained investment in universal healthcare, comprehensive antenatal care, robust disease surveillance systems and integrated maternal health programmes. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), also called vertical transmission, occurs when infections pass from pregnant women to infants during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. Eliminating MTCT is a critical step toward achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and global HIV/AIDS control targets. Relevance GS II – Health Public health systems. Maternal and child healthcare. GS III – Science & Technology Medical interventions (ART therapy). Practice Question Q1. Discuss the importance of eliminating mother-to-child transmission of infectious diseases in achieving global health goals.(250 Words) WHO Criteria for EMTCT Certification WHO validation requires countries to achieve new infant HIV infections below 50 cases per 100,000 live births, demonstrating extremely low transmission rates. At least 95% of pregnant women must receive antenatal testing and treatment for HIV and syphilis, ensuring early detection and intervention. Countries must maintain high antenatal care coverage, reliable health surveillance systems and laboratory diagnostic capacity. Denmark consistently met these benchmarks during 2021–2024, demonstrating sustained elimination rather than temporary reduction. Medical and Scientific Basis of Elimination Without medical intervention, HIV transmission from mother to child ranges between 15–45%, depending on breastfeeding practices and treatment access. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy, childbirth and the infant’s early life can reduce transmission risk to less than 2% in non-breastfeeding populations. Syphilis transmission during pregnancy can lead to stillbirths, neonatal deaths and congenital infections, but early diagnosis and treatment with penicillin effectively prevent complications. Early prenatal screening combined with prompt treatment forms the core scientific strategy for eliminating vertical transmission. WHO Strategy for Disease Elimination WHO promotes a “Triple Elimination Initiative” targeting the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B. The strategy is built around four pillars: universal antenatal care, integrated testing services, effective treatment protocols and strong health systems. Community engagement and human-rights-based healthcare policies are essential components for sustaining elimination outcomes. Countries must maintain elimination status through continuous surveillance, data reporting and healthcare system strengthening. Denmark’s Public Health Model Denmark’s success is rooted in its universal healthcare system, which guarantees free access to prenatal screening, treatment and maternal healthcare services. Every pregnant woman receives routine screening for HIV and syphilis during antenatal visits, enabling early diagnosis and treatment. The country has implemented integrated maternal health services, combining obstetric care, infectious disease screening and neonatal care. Denmark’s strong digital health information systems and national disease surveillance databases enable real-time monitoring of maternal and infant health outcomes. Role of Health Infrastructure and Governance Denmark’s achievement reflects the effectiveness of well-funded public health infrastructure and universal health coverage (UHC). The country maintains high antenatal care coverage with trained midwives, community healthcare teams and specialised maternal care centres. Strong public health governance and coordinated national health programmes ensure consistent implementation of disease prevention strategies. Public health professionals, midwives and medical practitioners play a central role in preventing, diagnosing and treating maternal infections. Global Context and Comparisons Denmark joins more than 20 countries and territories worldwide that have achieved WHO validation for eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV and/or syphilis. Many successful cases are from Caribbean, Latin American and Asian countries, reflecting strong maternal health programmes and targeted interventions. Some countries are progressing toward triple elimination (HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B) as part of global public health goals. However, many regions continue to face healthcare access gaps, resource shortages and socio-economic inequalities affecting maternal health outcomes. Importance of Universal Health Coverage Universal health coverage ensures equitable access to healthcare services without financial hardship, which is critical for maternal and child health. Countries with strong public healthcare systems and early prenatal screening programmes show significantly lower rates of mother-to-child transmission. In contrast, regions lacking healthcare access often experience higher maternal infection rates and preventable neonatal deaths. Denmark’s achievement highlights the importance of health equity, early diagnosis and integrated care systems. Public Health Implications Eliminating mother-to-child transmission significantly reduces child mortality, congenital infections and long-term health complications. Preventing infant HIV infection reduces the burden on healthcare systems and improves life expectancy outcomes. Achievements like Denmark’s strengthen global momentum toward ending HIV/AIDS and congenital infections as public health threats by 2030. Such success stories provide policy models for countries working toward universal maternal healthcare and infectious disease elimination. Lessons for Global Health Systems Effective EMTCT programmes require political commitment, strong healthcare infrastructure and continuous monitoring of maternal health indicators. Integrating infectious disease screening into routine antenatal care services significantly improves early detection and treatment outcomes. Strong data systems and surveillance networks are essential to track disease trends and maintain elimination status. Countries must invest in training healthcare workers, strengthening laboratory capacity and expanding maternal healthcare access. Prelims Pointers EMTCT: Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission. WHO benchmark: Infant infections below 50 per 100,000 live births. Testing coverage requirement: 95% of pregnant women tested and treated. Triple elimination initiative: HIV, Syphilis and Hepatitis B. Inaugural Edition of Raisina Science Diplomacy Initiative (SDI) focuses on Strategic Autonomy and Disruptive Technologies Source : PIB  Context and Background The Raisina Science Diplomacy Initiative (SDI) was launched on 5 March 2026 at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi, as part of the Raisina Dialogue, India’s flagship geopolitical conference. The initiative was jointly launched by the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) to the Government of India and the Observer Research Foundation (ORF). It aims to establish a global platform for dialogue on science diplomacy, focusing on how science and technology shape international cooperation, strategic autonomy and global governance. Around 80 global participants including scientists, diplomats, innovators and policy experts participated in the inaugural edition to discuss emerging technological and geopolitical challenges. Relevance GS II – International Relations Science diplomacy. Global governance of technology. GS III – Science & Technology Governance of emerging technologies. Practice Question Q1. Science diplomacy is emerging as a key pillar of international relations in the 21st century. Discuss.(250 Words) Concept of Science Diplomacy Science Diplomacy refers to the use of scientific cooperation and technological collaboration to advance international relations, global governance and foreign policy objectives. It involves three interrelated dimensions: science in diplomacy (scientific advice in foreign policy), diplomacy for science (international cooperation for research), and science for diplomacy (science as a tool for peace-building). The concept has gained prominence in the 21st century due to rapid technological advancements, climate challenges, health crises and digital governance issues. Science diplomacy helps countries navigate geopolitical competition while maintaining collaborative research networks and knowledge-sharing ecosystems. Science Diplomacy in the Era of Strategic Autonomy The first roundtable focused on “Science Diplomacy in the Era of Strategic Autonomy”, examining how countries balance national technological sovereignty with international scientific collaboration. Strategic autonomy has become a key foreign policy objective as nations seek to reduce technological dependence while maintaining access to global innovation networks. Participants highlighted that scientific collaboration can act as a diplomatic bridge even during geopolitical tensions, sustaining cooperation in areas such as climate research and health security. The discussions emphasised strengthening trusted research ecosystems, transparent knowledge-sharing frameworks and global scientific partnerships. Governance of Disruptive Technologies The second roundtable focused on “Science Diplomacy and Governance of Disruptive Technologies”, addressing policy challenges arising from frontier technologies. Disruptive technologies such as Artificial Intelligence, biotechnology, quantum computing and advanced robotics are reshaping global power structures and economic competitiveness. Participants stressed the importance of anticipatory governance frameworks, where policymakers proactively assess risks and opportunities before technologies become widespread. Discussions highlighted the need for inclusive international norm-setting and ethical governance frameworks to ensure technologies benefit society equitably. Strategic Importance for India Science diplomacy strengthens India’s ambition to emerge as a global technology leader while maintaining strategic autonomy in emerging technologies. It complements India’s initiatives such as the National Quantum Mission, Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), and India Semiconductor Mission. Through science diplomacy platforms, India can shape global regulatory norms on emerging technologies and digital governance. The initiative also aligns with India’s G20 presidency priorities on digital transformation, sustainable development and technological cooperation. Multilateral Cooperation and Global Governance Science diplomacy provides a framework for multilateral collaboration on global challenges such as climate change, pandemics, food security and energy transitions. International organisations such as the International Science Council, UNESCO and WHO increasingly rely on science diplomacy for policy coordination. The initiative emphasised strengthening multilateral institutions and scientific advisory mechanisms for evidence-based global policymaking. Collaborative research platforms can help reduce global technological inequality and improve access to innovation across developing countries. Role of Non-State Actors Modern science diplomacy increasingly involves non-state actors including universities, research institutions, private sector technology firms and civil society organisations. Platforms like the Raisina Science Diplomacy Initiative aim to integrate academic expertise, industry innovation and policy dialogue. Private sector participation is crucial in shaping standards for emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, cybersecurity and biotechnology. Multi-stakeholder governance frameworks can help ensure responsible innovation and ethical technology deployment globally. Technology Foresight and Strategic Planning Experts highlighted the importance of technology foresight exercises, which anticipate future technological developments and their geopolitical implications. Institutions such as NATO’s Science and Technology Organisation use foresight frameworks to identify emerging technologies affecting global security. Science diplomacy initiatives help countries build anticipatory policy systems capable of responding to disruptive technological change. Integrating scientific expertise into diplomatic decision-making improves strategic planning in international relations. Challenges in Science Diplomacy Increasing geopolitical rivalry among major powers can restrict scientific collaboration and knowledge exchange. Technological competition may lead to fragmentation of global innovation ecosystems and regulatory frameworks. Differences in ethical standards, intellectual property regimes and technology governance approaches complicate international cooperation. Developing countries often face capacity gaps in science diplomacy, limiting participation in global technological norm-setting processes. Way Forward Institutionalise science diplomacy mechanisms within foreign policy institutions, integrating scientists into diplomatic decision-making structures. Strengthen international research collaborations in areas such as climate science, public health and sustainable energy technologies. Promote inclusive global governance frameworks for emerging technologies, ensuring equitable participation of developing countries. Encourage public–private partnerships in science diplomacy, leveraging private sector innovation and academic research expertise. Expand platforms like the Raisina Science Diplomacy Initiative as annual forums for global technology governance dialogue. Prelims Pointers Raisina Science Diplomacy Initiative launched: 5 March 2026. Organised by: Office of Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) + Observer Research Foundation (ORF). Venue: Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. Focus areas: Strategic autonomy, governance of disruptive technologies, global science cooperation. Election of Rajya Sabha Members: Rules, Process and Political Dynamics Source : The Indian Express Constitutional Basis The Rajya Sabha (Council of States) is the Upper House of Parliament under Article 80 of the Constitution, representing States and Union Territories in the federal legislative structure. The maximum strength of Rajya Sabha is 250 members, of which 238 represent States and Union Territories, while 12 members are nominated by the President for contributions to arts, literature, science and social service. The Fourth Schedule of the Constitution allocates seats to States and Union Territories in proportion to their population, ensuring representation in the federal legislature. Unlike the Lok Sabha, the Rajya Sabha is a permanent chamber, as Article 83(1) provides that it is not subject to dissolution, ensuring institutional continuity. Relevance GS II – Polity Parliament structure. Federal representation. GS II – Governance Electoral systems. Role of Election Commission. Practice Question Q1. Discuss the electoral system used for the election of Rajya Sabha members. How does it reflect the federal structure of India?(250 Words) Composition and Representation Currently, the Rajya Sabha has a sanctioned strength of 245 members, including 233 elected members from States and Union Territories and 12 nominated members appointed by the President. States elect Rajya Sabha members through their Legislative Assemblies, while Union Territories with legislatures such as Delhi and Puducherry also participate in elections. Some Union Territories such as Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Chandigarh and Ladakh do not have Rajya Sabha representation. Jammu and Kashmir, due to its legislature, has provision for representation in the Rajya Sabha under constitutional arrangements. Qualification for Rajya Sabha Membership Under Article 84 of the Constitution, a person must be an Indian citizen and at least 30 years of age to qualify for membership in the Rajya Sabha. The Representation of the People Act, 1951 further prescribes eligibility conditions, including registration as an elector in a parliamentary constituency in India. The candidate must not hold any office of profit under the government, ensuring independence from executive influence. Additional qualifications may be prescribed by Parliament through statutory provisions, ensuring regulatory oversight of electoral eligibility. Tenure and Rotation of Members The term of a Rajya Sabha member is six years, ensuring stability and continuity in legislative functioning. One-third of the members retire every two years, creating a system of staggered elections that prevents complete turnover of the House. This rotational system ensures the Rajya Sabha functions as a continuing chamber, unlike the Lok Sabha which faces dissolution every five years. Electoral System Rajya Sabha elections are conducted using Proportional Representation by means of the Single Transferable Vote (STV). Voting is carried out by elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) rather than direct public voting. Each MLA casts a preferential ballot, ranking candidates in order of preference such as first, second and third choices. The system ensures proportional representation of political parties in State legislatures, reflecting the composition of the Assembly. Election Process When a Rajya Sabha seat becomes vacant due to retirement or resignation, the Election Commission of India (ECI) notifies the election schedule. The election is conducted before the expiry of the retiring member’s term, ensuring continuity in representation. MLAs vote through an open ballot system, allowing party leadership to verify voting behaviour and reduce cross-voting. The election is conducted through preferential voting and vote transfer mechanisms, reflecting proportional representation principles. Winning Formula (Vote Quota) The minimum number of votes required for election is calculated using a fixed quota formula based on the strength of the Legislative Assembly. The formula used is: Required Votes = (Total MLAs ÷ (Seats to be filled + 1)) + 1 For example, if 200 MLAs elect four Rajya Sabha members, the winning quota becomes 41 votes, meaning any candidate receiving 41 first-preference votes is elected. This formula prevents a single party from capturing all seats unless it holds a large majority in the Assembly. Role of Preference Votes If candidates fail to achieve the quota through first-preference votes, surplus votes are transferred according to the second or subsequent preferences indicated by MLAs. The candidate with the lowest number of votes is eliminated, and their votes are transferred to remaining candidates according to next preferences. This process continues until all available seats are filled, ensuring proportional representation. The transfer of surplus votes prevents vote wastage and reflects the true preference order of MLAs. Political Dynamics in Rajya Sabha Elections Rajya Sabha elections often involve strategic voting by political parties, as seat allocation reflects the numerical strength of parties in State Assemblies. Political parties calculate “safe vote quotas” to determine how many candidates they can realistically elect. Cross-voting by MLAs may influence election outcomes, especially when parties lack clear legislative majorities. Smaller parties and independents may gain representation through strategic alliances and preference vote transfers. Importance in Federal Governance The Rajya Sabha functions as the institutional platform for States to influence national legislation, reinforcing India’s federal structure. It acts as a revisory chamber, reviewing legislation passed by the Lok Sabha and ensuring detailed scrutiny. The House plays a crucial role in protecting State interests in national policymaking, particularly in matters affecting federal balance. Special powers such as Article 249 resolutions enabling Parliament to legislate on State List matters further strengthen its federal significance. Challenges and Issues Cross-voting and political defections sometimes undermine the proportional representation objective of Rajya Sabha elections. Critics argue that wealthy or politically influential individuals are sometimes nominated despite limited public representation. The open ballot system, introduced to prevent corruption, has raised debates regarding the balance between transparency and voter secrecy. Increasing politicisation of nominations and electoral strategies may weaken the intended federal character of the Rajya Sabha. Prelims Pointers Maximum strength of Rajya Sabha: 250 members. Current strength: 245 members. Minimum age: 30 years. Election method: Proportional Representation – Single Transferable Vote (STV). Tenure: 6 years; one-third members retire every two years.