PIB Analysis

10 June 2026  ·  Legacy IAS Academy

---

Contents01

Infrastructure as an Instrument for Nation Building

PIB · Ministry of Road Transport & Highways / Multiple Ministries

GS 3GS 2Essay

02

Historic Breakthrough at Zojila Tunnel Project

PIB · Ministry of Road Transport & Highways

GS 3GS 2

Article 01

Article 01

Infrastructure as an Instrument for Nation Building

PIB · Multiple Ministries · June 10, 2026

Syllabus Relevance: GS 3 — Infrastructure (Railways, Roads, Ports, Energy, Digital); GS 2 — Government Schemes and Policies; Essay — Development as a national priority. Highly relevant for Mains as well as Prelims data points.

GS 3 — Infrastructure & EconomyGS 2 — Governance & SchemesEssay

Key Statistics at a Glance

₹12.2L crPublic CapEx FY2026–27 (up from ₹2L cr in FY15)

99.6%Railway broad-gauge electrification (May 2026)

532.74 GWTotal installed power capacity (March 2026)

81.94%Rural tap water coverage under Jal Jeevan Mission

Rank 38World Bank Logistics Performance Index 2023 (up from 54 in 2014)

1,155 kmMetro network (2026); world's 3rd largest

Issue in Brief

• The Government of India published a comprehensive infrastructure review covering Railways, Roads, Ports, Civil Aviation, Energy, Housing, Water, and Digital Connectivity — positioning these as the structural foundations of Viksit Bharat 2047.
• Public Capital Expenditure (CapEx) — government spending on long-term physical assets — rose from ₹2 lakh crore (FY2014–15) to ₹12.2 lakh crore (FY2026–27), reflecting sustained prioritisation of infrastructure creation.
• The strategic shift from fragmented project execution to integrated multimodal planning (via PM GatiShakti) is a defining institutional feature of this period.

Static Background

• Infrastructure and Growth Theory: Infrastructure lowers transaction costs, improves market integration, and expands human capabilities — linking physical development to welfare outcomes (Amartya Sen's Development as Freedom framework).
• India's Pre-2014 Context: 12th Five Year Plan estimated India's infrastructure deficit at approximately $1 trillion; characterised by inter-ministerial silos, under-investment in rural connectivity, and low rail electrification (~20%).
• Constitutional Hooks: Article 39(b) directs equitable distribution of material resources; infrastructure investment is a key policy instrument for this goal. Roads, ports, and electricity are partly under the Concurrent List (Schedule VII) — demanding Centre–State coordination.
• Predecessor Schemes: PMGSY (2000), JnNURM (2005), and NHDP laid the early foundation, succeeded by Bharatmala, AMRUT, and PM GatiShakti.

Key Dimensions — Railways

• Budgetary support to Railways grew nearly 9x — from ₹32,000 crore (2014–15) to ₹2.78 lakh crore (2026–27), enabling large-scale capacity expansion.
• Electrification: Broad-gauge network reached 99.6% (70,002 of 70,271 route km) as of May 2026 — placing India ahead of China (82%) and the UK (39%) in rail electrification share.
• Vande Bharat Express: 162 services operational (April 2026); Vande Bharat Sleeper (launched January 2026) recorded 100% occupancy across 119 trips in its first three months.
• Kavach ATP System: India's indigenous Automatic Train Protection system. Kavach 4.0 commissioned on Delhi–Mumbai and Delhi–Howrah corridors; ~1,452 route km commissioned as of March 2026. Train accidents declined from 135 (2014–15) to ~16 (2025–26) — a ~90% reduction.
• Amrit Bharat Express: 60 services operational, improving affordable long-distance travel for low- and middle-income families.
• MAHSR Corridor: Mumbai–Ahmedabad High Speed Rail (508 km), designed for 320 kmph — under construction.
• Amrit Bharat Station Scheme (2023): Modernisation of 1,338 stations; 208 redeveloped. Train punctuality improved to over 77%; 24 divisions above 90%.
• Strategic Landmark Bridges: Chenab Bridge (world's highest railway arch bridge, 359m); Anji Khad Bridge (India's first cable-stayed railway bridge in J&K); Pamban Bridge (India's first vertical-lift sea railway bridge); Bairabi–Sairang line (51.38 km through 45 tunnels, connecting Mizoram).

Key Dimensions — Roads and Highways

• India has the world's second-largest road network at 63.73 lakh km. National Highway length grew 61% — from 91,287 km (FY14) to 1,46,566 km (March 2026).
• Four-lane and above National Highways: 18,371 km (2014) → 45,516 km (2026); 3,644 km of access-controlled expressways operationalised.
• Bharatmala Pariyojana (approved 2017): Focuses on economic corridors, border roads, and coastal roads; 22,590 km completed till March 2026.
• PMGSY (Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana): 99.6% of eligible habitations connected; budget grew from ₹386 crore to ₹19,000 crore (2026–27); 10,293 bridges completed (vs. 484 during 2000–2014).
• Notable Projects: Atal Tunnel (world's longest highway tunnel above 10,000 ft; 9.02 km); Dhola–Sadiya Bridge (9.15 km; first permanent road link between Assam and Arunachal Pradesh); Delhi–Dehradun Economic Corridor (travel time 6 hrs → 2.5 hrs; features Asia's longest elevated wildlife corridor).

Key Dimensions — Aviation, Ports, and Urban Transit

• Civil Aviation: Operational airports grew from 74 (2014) to 165 (2026); investments exceeded ₹1.4 lakh crore. UDAN scheme (2016): 665 routes, 95 airports, 1.64 crore passengers benefited. Digi Yatra (facial recognition contactless travel) at 38 airports, 9.3 crore passengers served.
• GAGAN (GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation): World's first equatorial Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) — enhances navigation accuracy and flight safety, including disaster response.
• Ports: Major port capacity nearly doubled — 873 MMTPA (2014) → 1,726 MMTPA (2026). Vessel turnaround time improved: 94 hours → 48.8 hours. Sagarmala Programme (2015): 78 projects (₹5,357 crore) completed; integrates ports with industrial clusters.
• Inland Waterways: National Waterways expanded from 5 → 111; inland cargo rose from 29 MMT to 218 MMT. India's first hydrogen fuel cell vessel launched at Varanasi (December 2025).
• Metro: Network grew from 248 km (2014) to 1,155 km (2026) — world's 3rd largest metro network; 26 cities connected. Daily ridership: 28 lakh → 1.15 crore. Kolkata launched India's first underwater metro tunnel (under Hooghly River, 2024).

Key Dimensions — Energy Security

• Total installed power capacity: 248 GW (2014) → 532.74 GW (March 2026). Power shortage fell from 4.2% to 0.03%; average rural electricity availability: 12.5 hrs → 22.6 hrs per day.
• India achieved 50% of cumulative installed capacity from non-fossil sources in June 2025 — five years ahead of its Paris Agreement NDC commitment. Renewable energy installed capacity: 274.68 GW (March 2026); India ranked 3rd globally per IRENA 2026 data.
• Saubhagya Scheme (2017): ~2.86 crore households electrified, achieving near-universal household electricity access.
• PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana (2024): Rooftop solar adoption for 1 crore households; GOBARdhan Scheme (2018): 1,014+ biogas plants operational — supports clean energy and circular economy.
• International Solar Alliance (ISA): Co-founded by India and France; 125 member countries. Global Biofuels Alliance (GBA): Launched during India's G20 Presidency; expanded to 33 countries and 14 international organisations.
• Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) (2016): LPG coverage rose from 55.9% (2014) to 107.2% (2026); LPG consumers: 14.51 crore → 33.39 crore.

Key Dimensions — Digital Infrastructure, Water & Housing

• Digital: Internet connections: 25.15 crore (2014) → 100.29 crore (2025); monthly data per user: 61.66 MB → 24.01 GB (~399x). 5G available in 99.9% of districts, ~85% population coverage; 5.08 lakh 5G BTSs installed.
• UPI (Unified Payments Interface): 2,264 crore transactions worth ₹29.53 lakh crore in March 2026 alone; operational across 8 countries including UAE, Singapore, France, and Mauritius.
• JAM Trinity (Jan Dhan–Aadhaar–Mobile): Aadhaar: 144 crore; Jan Dhan accounts: 57.71 crore (from 14.72 crore in 2015). DigiLocker: 68.91 crore users; 967 crore documents issued.
• Water Security: Jal Jeevan Mission (2019): Tap water coverage — 17% → 81.94% (15.86 crore households); extended to 2028 for universal coverage. Ken–Betwa Link Project (2021): India's first river interlinking project under implementation; benefits drought-prone Bundelkhand. Dam Safety Act, 2021: Statutory framework for reservoir safety management.
• Housing: PMAY-Urban: 98.10 lakh of 125.31 lakh sanctioned houses completed; 96% allotted to women. PMAY-Gramin: 3.06 crore houses completed; 75% beneficiaries women. SWAMIH Fund (₹15,531 crore corpus): 63,000+ stalled homes revived.

Key Dimensions — Logistics and Competitiveness

• PM GatiShakti National Master Plan (October 2021): GIS-based platform integrating 58 Ministries and Departments, with 3,202+ data layers (June 2026) — the key institutional innovation for integrated multimodal planning.
• National Logistics Policy (NLP) (September 2022): World Bank LPI rank: 54 (2014) → 38 (2023); target — top 25 by 2030. Supported by ULIP (100 crore API transactions by March 2025), Logistics Data Bank (75 million EXIM containers tracked), and NETC FASTag (11.86 crore issued; 98% electronic toll collection).
• PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation, 2015): 382 projects worth ₹85 lakh crore reviewed; 2,958 issues resolved — a ministerial platform for monitoring infrastructure delivery.

Critical Analysis

• Scale vs. Outcomes Gap: Infrastructure creation metrics — installed capacity, km laid, connections provided — are the primary indicators used. Outcome indicators such as capacity utilisation, road quality scores, broadband speeds in actual use, and house occupancy rates are the next frontier for evidence-based governance and require systematic tracking alongside input metrics.
• Energy Transition: Capacity and Grid Readiness: The non-fossil capacity milestone (50% ahead of NDC schedule) is a credible multilaterally verified achievement. However, grid integration infrastructure — inter-state transmission lines, battery storage, and smart grid systems — must scale proportionally. DISCOM financial health improved significantly (losses ₹67,962 crore in FY14 → profit ₹2,701 crore in FY25), though structural reforms in AT&C loss reduction (Aggregate Technical and Commercial losses) and tariff rationalisation remain a longer-term agenda.
• Rail Safety: Progress and Remaining Distance: The ~90% decline in train accidents is meaningful. Kavach is a credible technological solution, but commissioned deployment (~1,452 route km as of March 2026) relative to the 70,000 km broad-gauge network means universal ATP coverage is a medium-to-long-term goal requiring sustained investment and vendor ecosystem scaling.
• Logistics Costs vs. Rankings: India's LPI rank (54 → 38) reflects genuine gains. However, logistics costs at 8–9% of GDP remain above the global average (~6%), indicating that modal shift (road to rail and waterway freight), customs dwell-time reduction, and last-mile cold-chain infrastructure need continued policy attention to achieve the top-25 LPI target by 2030.
• Housing: Quantity and Liveability Dimensions: PMAY's scale — over 4 crore rural and 98 lakh urban houses completed — represents a substantial expansion of housing access. The next phase of policy attention would logically focus on convergence quality: ensuring water, sanitation, drainage, and livelihood access around completed units, particularly in aspirational district clusters.
• JJM: Coverage vs. Functionality: Tap water coverage reaching ~82% is a major welfare achievement. Sustaining this requires O&M funding at the Gram Panchayat level, water quality monitoring, and source sustainability — particularly in water-stressed districts. The extension to 2028 reflects both the ambition and the remaining distance to universal coverage.
• Digital Equity as an Unfinished Agenda: Internet connections crossing 100 crore indicate infrastructure-level progress. Gender, income, and geographic digital divides — particularly in tribal districts — require deeper intervention through the National Digital Literacy Mission, where device ownership and functional digital literacy are distinct from mere network availability.

Way Forward

• From CapEx to Outcomes: Infrastructure investment must be complemented by robust Operations and Maintenance (O&M) budgets and outcome-based monitoring frameworks across all sectors.
• Kavach Universalisation: Accelerate ATP deployment with dedicated funding and an expanded vendor ecosystem — rail safety universalisation is a national priority with a clear technology pathway.
• Multimodal Freight Shift: Shift freight from road to rail and inland waterways to reduce logistics costs and carbon intensity — modal diversification is central to achieving LPI top-25 target.
• Energy Storage and Grid Modernisation: Scale up battery storage and smart grid deployment to translate renewable installed capacity into reliable, dispatchable electricity supply.
• Urban Infrastructure Governance: Link metro and AMRUT investments to integrated metropolitan transport authorities and city-level fiscal reform for long-term operational sustainability.
• Digital Equity Push: BharatNet Phase III must prioritise last-mile broadband delivery with speed benchmarks and usage metrics — not just fibre-laying as the terminal output.

Prelims Pointers

GAGAN — World's first equatorial Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS); enhances flight navigation and safety.

Kavach — Indigenous Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system; Kavach 4.0 deployed on Delhi–Mumbai, Delhi–Howrah corridors.

Chenab Bridge — World's highest railway arch bridge (359m above river); Jammu & Kashmir.

Pamban Bridge — India's first vertical-lift sea railway bridge; connects Rameswaram to mainland.

PM GatiShakti — GIS-based national master plan for multimodal connectivity; integrates 58 Ministries.

NLP — National Logistics Policy, 2022; India's LPI rank improved from 54 (2014) to 38 (2023); target: top-25 by 2030.

Jal Jeevan Mission — Launched 2019; 81.94% rural tap water coverage (June 2026); extended to 2028.

Ken–Betwa Link Project — India's first river interlinking project under implementation (2021); benefits Bundelkhand.

ISA — International Solar Alliance; co-founded by India and France; 125 member countries.

Dam Safety Act, 2021 — Statutory framework for dam and reservoir safety management in India.

ULIP — Unified Logistics Interface Platform (2022); integrates logistics data across ministries; 100 crore API transactions by March 2025.

Sagarmala — Port-led development programme (2015); integrates ports with industrial clusters and logistics networks.

Practice Mains Question

"India's infrastructure push since 2014 represents both a genuine development leap and an incomplete transformation. Critically examine, with reference to key sectors."

GS Paper 3 — Infrastructure & Economy · 15 marks · Approach: Acknowledge scale of investment and sector-wise gains → Raise structural considerations on quality, equity, and utilisation → Suggest outcome-based governance reforms.

Practice MCQ

Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding India's infrastructure development?

1. India's Jal Jeevan Mission has achieved 100% rural household tap water coverage as of June 2026.
2. The Pamban Bridge is India's first vertical-lift sea railway bridge.
3. India achieved its COP21 non-fossil fuel installed capacity target five years ahead of schedule.

A) 1 and 2 onlyB) 2 and 3 onlyC) 1 and 3 onlyD) 1, 2 and 3

---

Article 02

Article 02

Historic Breakthrough at the Zojila Tunnel Project

PIB · Ministry of Road Transport & Highways · June 9, 2026

Syllabus Relevance: GS 3 — Infrastructure (Tunnels, Strategic Connectivity); GS 2 — Government Policies, Internal Security (Border Connectivity); Essay — National integration through infrastructure. High yield for Prelims (facts) and Mains (strategic + socio-economic dimensions).

GS 3 — InfrastructureGS 2 — Internal Security & Governance

Key Statistics at a Glance

~14 kmZojila Tunnel length (13.153 km tunnel + approach roads totalling 30.18 km)

₹6,809 crTotal project cost; ₹3,934 crore spent as of mid-2025

Feb 2028Revised operational completion deadline (original: September 2026)

2 hrs → 30 minTravel time reduction: Sonamarg to Minamarg upon completion

₹1.35L crTotal highway projects in J&K (completed + ongoing + upcoming)

77%Local workforce from J&K; 28% from Ganderbal district specifically

Issue in Brief

• On 9 June 2026, the Zojila Tunnel achieved its breakthrough — the point where excavation from both ends of the tunnel meets — marking the completion of over 13 km of mountain excavation.
• The ~14-km bi-directional tunnel on National Highway-1, between Baltal and Minamarg (J&K), is being built to provide all-weather connectivity between Srinagar and Ladakh — currently cut off for 5–6 months annually due to snowfall at Zojila Pass.
• Upon completion, the tunnel is described as Asia's longest bi-directional road tunnel, being executed by MEIL (Megha Engineering and Infrastructures Ltd.) under NHIDCL.

Static Background

• Zojila Pass: High-altitude mountain pass (~3,528m / 11,575 ft) on NH-1; connects Srinagar Valley with Ladakh. Remains closed for 5–6 months annually due to heavy snowfall — historically rendering Ladakh a seasonally isolated region.
• Strategic Context: The Srinagar–Leh highway (NH-1) is a Tier-1 strategic axis critical for Indian Army logistics, civilian mobility, and border resupply. Post-Galwan (2020), year-round connectivity to the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China is an operational priority.
• NHIDCL (National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited): Government of India entity under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, specifically mandated for highway development in Northeast India and Himalayan states — strategically sensitive and geographically challenging terrain.
• Project History: Originally contracted to IL&FS Transportation (2017); contract terminated after IL&FS group's financial collapse (2019). Rebid in 2020 and awarded to MEIL. Original completion deadline: September 2026; revised to February 2028 due to COVID-19, a terrorist attack near the Sonamarg Tunnel site, and extreme weather conditions.
• Complementary Tunnel: Z-Morh / Sonamarg Tunnel (12 km) — a separate, already-completed project providing all-weather access to Sonamarg; distinct from the Zojila Tunnel.

Key Dimensions — Engineering and Design

• Constructed at altitudes between 2,900m and 3,310m — extreme freeze-thaw cycles, avalanche risk, and complex geology make this one of India's most challenging tunnel projects.
• Structural design includes: 8 cut-and-cover sections (2.35 km combined), 4 bridges (910m total), 40 culverts, snow galleries, avalanche protection structures, and catch dams.
• Advanced safety systems: Automatic fire detection, modern ventilation, CCTV surveillance, and cross-passage pedestrian facilities — meeting international tunnel safety standards.
• Breakthrough vs. Completion: The breakthrough marks excavation completion — an important intermediate milestone. Lining, waterproofing, electrical systems, ventilation commissioning, and safety infrastructure installation remain before the February 2028 operational date.

Key Dimensions — Strategic and Security Significance

• Year-round connectivity enables faster Army logistics to Ladakh — critical post-Galwan for maintaining continuous operational readiness along the LAC. Supports movement of troops, equipment, and supplies to Kargil, Drass, and forward positions near the Line of Control (LoC) with Pakistan.
• Combined with the Atal Tunnel (Manali–Lahaul-Spiti axis), Zojila creates a dual all-weather strategic axis to Ladakh — significantly reducing single-route vulnerability.
• Road and tunnel projects worth ~₹18,000 crore are under implementation between Kargil and Leh–Ladakh; ₹1.35 lakh crore in total highway projects across J&K.
• Four major high-speed road corridors under development in J&K: Jammu–Udhampur–Srinagar; Jammu–Chenani–Anantnag; Srinagar–Baramulla–Uri; Jammu–Akhnoor–Poonch.

Key Dimensions — Economic and Social Impact

• Ladakh's economy is heavily dependent on a 5–6 month tourism window. Year-round connectivity expands the tourism season, enables regular horticulture market access (apricots, vegetables, apples), and reduces price volatility in consumer goods caused by annual supply disruption.
• Local employment: 1,141 workers employed; 77% from J&K, 28% from Ganderbal district — demonstrating community economic integration in infrastructure delivery.
• Broader Connectivity Ecosystem: Fatu-La Twin Tube Tunnel, Kela Pass Tunnel, Baralacha La, Lachulung La, Tanglang La tunnels are planned along the Manali–Leh axis — together creating a fully all-weather corridor. Kargil–Zanskar–Padum highway improves access to the geographically isolated Zanskar region.
• Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Greenfield Expressway: Will provide modern access-controlled connectivity from Delhi to J&K, strengthening regional economic linkages.

Critical Analysis

• Strategic Value: From Seasonal Dependence to Year-Round Access: Ladakh's seasonal isolation has been a persistent vulnerability — for military logistics, civilian supplies, and economic activity alike. Post-Galwan, the Zojila Tunnel addresses a structural strategic gap that is no longer a future aspiration but an operational necessity.
• Engineering Context: Breakthrough as an Intermediate Milestone: The breakthrough marks excavation completion — a critical stage. However, lining, MEP systems, ventilation commissioning, and safety infrastructure constitute substantial remaining work. The February 2028 timeline for operational commissioning is the relevant benchmark.
• Project Execution: Lessons for Himalayan Infrastructure: The project encountered IL&FS contractor insolvency, COVID-19 disruptions, a terrorist incident near the project site, and extreme weather — multiple non-technical risk events. This underscores the importance of contractual resilience, alternative sourcing arrangements, and force majeure planning as institutional necessities in strategic Himalayan infrastructure projects.
• Connectivity Ecosystem: Tunnel as One Node: Zojila's strategic value multiplies as part of a connected corridor — integrated with the Atal Tunnel (Manali axis) and the planned Baralacha La and Tanglang La tunnels. The two-axis strategy to Ladakh is the appropriate policy frame for assessing cumulative impact.
• Post-Construction O&M Imperative: High-altitude tunnels require specialised Operations and Maintenance — avalanche protection maintenance, ventilation system upkeep, and rapid emergency response capabilities — areas that must be planned and funded concurrently with the construction phase.

Way Forward

• Timeline Adherence: The revised February 2028 operational deadline must be monitored through PRAGATI-style ministerial review; any further slippage on a project of this strategic importance carries significant security and economic costs.
• Dual-Axis Strategy Completion: Integrate Zojila completion with the broader Manali–Leh all-weather corridor (Baralacha La, Lachulung La, Tanglang La tunnel projects) to create strategically redundant axes to Ladakh.
• Specialised O&M Framework: Develop a high-altitude tunnel maintenance protocol covering ventilation, avalanche protection, emergency response, and winter operations — drawing from international best practices (Swiss and Norwegian tunnel management models).
• Community Integration: Ensure local communities — Gujjars, Bakkarwals, Ladakhi farmers, and traders — benefit from improved connectivity through market linkage support, cold-chain facilities, and tourism infrastructure, converting passage infrastructure into livelihood infrastructure.
• Contractual Resilience for Strategic Projects: NHIDCL should institutionalise contractual contingencies and alternative contractor readiness protocols for Himalayan tunnel projects to prevent single-contractor-failure cascades as experienced with IL&FS.

Prelims Pointers

Zojila Pass — ~3,528m altitude; NH-1; connects Srinagar Valley to Ladakh; closed 5–6 months annually due to snowfall.

NHIDCL — National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited; mandated for highway development in Northeast India and Himalayan states.

Zojila Tunnel — ~14 km bi-directional; Baltal to Minamarg on NH-1; Asia's longest bi-directional road tunnel (under construction); completion: February 2028.

Breakthrough (Tunnelling) — The point where excavation from both ends of a tunnel meets; marks completion of the excavation phase, not the full project.

Atal Tunnel — World's longest highway tunnel above 10,000 ft (9.02 km); Manali–Lahaul-Spiti; complements Zojila on the second strategic axis to Ladakh.

Z-Morh / Sonamarg Tunnel — 12 km; all-weather access to Sonamarg; already completed; distinct from the Zojila Tunnel.

LAC — Line of Actual Control; India's de facto border with China; runs through Ladakh; key driver of strategic infrastructure investment.

MEIL — Megha Engineering and Infrastructures Ltd.; current contractor for Zojila Tunnel, awarded after IL&FS collapse (2019).

Practice Mains Question

"Tunnel infrastructure in the Himalayan region is no longer merely a connectivity project but a strategic imperative. Examine with reference to India's ongoing efforts in Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh."

GS Paper 3 — Infrastructure + GS Paper 2 — Internal Security · 15 marks · Approach: Establish the strategic necessity post-Galwan → Enumerate key tunnel projects and their specific strategic value → Address O&M, community integration, and contractual resilience as the Way Forward.

Practice MCQ

Consider the following statements about the Zojila Tunnel:

1. It is being constructed by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO).
2. The tunnel will provide connectivity between Baltal and Minamarg on National Highway-1.
3. The revised completion deadline for the project is February 2028.

Which of the above is/are correct?

A) 1 and 2 onlyB) 2 and 3 onlyC) 1 and 3 onlyD) 1, 2 and 3