Content Deepavali Inscribed on UNESCO’s Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage Crimes Against Women & Children Deepavali Inscribed on UNESCO’s Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage What is Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH)? UNESCO defines ICH as living traditions, expressions, knowledge, and skills passed across generations. Includes: oral traditions, performing arts, festive events, rituals, craftsmanship, and traditional knowledge systems. Objective: Safeguarding, not freezing traditions; ensuring community participation and intergenerational transmission. Representative List Showcases cultural practices demonstrating cultural diversity and human creativity. Offers global visibility but no legal protection. Relevance GS 1: Indian Culture Demonstrates India’s cultural continuity, diversity, and living traditions. Illustrates the role of festivals, rituals, crafts, and oral traditions in India’s cultural ecosystem. Highlights diaspora cultural practices and the global transmission of Indian culture. Why is Deepavali in News? At the 20th Session of UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Committee (10 Dec 2025, Red Fort, New Delhi), Deepavali was officially inscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Inscription attended by delegates from 194 Member States, Union Minister of Culture, and UNESCO officials. What is Deepavali and Why is it Significant as ICH? A multi-regional, multi-faith, multi-layered living tradition, celebrated widely in India and by the global Indian diaspora. Embodies the philosophical message “Tamso Ma Jyotirgamaya” (from darkness to light). Practised through: Lighting of diyas Rangoli making Traditional crafts and decorations Rituals, prayers, community gatherings Exchange of sweets and intergenerational storytelling Recognised as a people’s festival sustained by potters, artisans, farmers, sweet-makers, florists, priests, and households. Why Did UNESCO Recognise Deepavali? Core Criteria Fulfilled ? Community participation Nomination involved practitioners, artisans, agrarian groups, diaspora communities, persons with disabilities, and transgender groups. Showed Deepavali’s inclusive and community-driven continuity. Social cohesion Strengthens unity, harmony, generosity, and wellbeing across castes, regions, religions, and continents. Cultural diversity & adaptability Deepavali takes diverse forms across India and global diaspora: North India: Victory of Rama (Ramayana tradition) South India: Worship of Lakshmi, Kali; return of Bali (Onam-linked narratives) Jain: Nirvana of Mahavira Sikh: Bandi Chhor Divas Reflects ability to adapt across time and geography. Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) SDG 5: Gender equality (women-led rituals, craft traditions) SDG 8: Livelihoods for artisans, potters, craftspeople SDG 11: Safeguarding cultural heritage SDG 4: Cultural education through intergenerational learning Why is the 2025 Inscription Important for India? Strengthens India’s soft power and civilizational diplomacy. Highlights India’s living traditions, not just monuments (earlier: Yoga, Kumbh Mela, Durga Puja, Kolam, Garba). Builds global awareness of India’s cultural ecosystems and traditional craftsmanship. Enhances India’s role as a leader in heritage conservation. Government’s Role in the Nomination Prepared by Sangeet Natak Akademi (nodal body for ICH). Included extensive documentation of: Ritual practices Craft ecosystems Cultural livelihoods Diaspora traditions Inclusion of marginalised groups Submission aligned with UNESCO’s 2003 Convention on Safeguarding ICH. Significance for the Indian Diaspora Deepavali now recognised as a global cultural festival. Celebrated in Southeast Asia, Africa, Gulf, Europe, Caribbean, reinforcing cultural bridges. Diaspora celebrations played a crucial role in the nomination’s strong case. Broader Implications for Cultural Policy Reinforces a shift toward people-centric heritage, not monument-centric. Places responsibility on: Communities to continue traditions State bodies to support artisans and cultural livelihoods Educational institutions to integrate ICH knowledge Encourages safeguarding plans: documentation, transmission, craft revivals, sustainable materials (eco-friendly diyas, natural colors for rangoli). Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (RL) Traditional Performing Arts Kutiyattam (Kerala) – 2008 Ramlila (North India) – 2008 Kalbelia Folk Songs & Dance (Rajasthan) – 2010 Mudiyettu (Kerala) – 2010 Chhau Dance (Odisha, West Bengal, Jharkhand) – 2010 Buddhist Chanting (Ladakh) – 2012 Sankirtana (Manipur) – 2013 Garba of Gujarat – 2023 Social Practices, Rituals & Festive Events Yoga – 2016 Nawrouz (multinational; India included) – 2016 Kumbh Mela – 2017 Durga Puja (Kolkata) – 2021 Kolam (Tamil Nadu) – 2024 Deepavali (India-wide) – 2025 Traditional Craftsmanship Vedic Chanting – 2008 Ramman Festival (Uttarakhand) – 2009 Thatheras of Jandiala Guru (Punjab) – Brass & Copper Craft – 2014 Crimes Against Women & Children Constitutional & Legal Framework ‘Police’ and ‘Public Order’ fall under State List (List II), Seventh Schedule. Primary responsibility for law & order, protection of women & children, investigation, prosecution = State Governments / UT Administrations. Union Government acts through: Policy support Legislative reforms Funding mechanisms Technology-enabled tools Capacity-building programmes Advisories and coordination Relevance GS 2: Governance, Constitution, Welfare Schemes Federal structure: Police & Public Order under State List; Centre supports via law, funding, advisories. Legislative reforms under BNS–BNSS–BSA 2023 modernising criminal law. Strengthens institutional mechanisms: Women Help Desks One Stop Centres Mission Shakti Victim Compensation Scheme Enhances transparency in investigation: AV recording, forensic guidelines, DNA labs. GS 2: Social Justice Addresses vulnerability of women and children. Schemes for protection, rehabilitation, legal aid (OSC, 181 helpline, 1098). Issues of underreporting, patriarchy, stigma, lack of awareness. Why is this in News? MoS Home Affairs gave a comprehensive written reply in Rajya Sabha outlining India’s multi-layered strategy to combat crimes against women & children. Response summarised central initiatives, legal reforms (especially BNS/BNSS/BSA 2023), institutional mechanisms, and progress under key schemes. Major Central Interventions  A. Police Station–Level Support Women Help Desks (WHDs) in every police station (centrally funded). Objective: accessibility, sensitivity, trust-building. B. Emergency Response 112 – ERSS: pan-India emergency number; GPS-enabled dispatch of field units. C. Safe City Projects Implemented in 8 cities under Nirbhaya Fund. Integrates surveillance, analytics, panic systems, smart policing. D. National Databases & Tracking Systems NDSO – National Database on Sexual Offenders: real-time investigative support. ITSSO – Investigation Tracking System for Sexual Offences: monitors time-bound investigations under Criminal Law (Amendment), 2018. E. Forensic Strengthening State-of-the-art DNA units in Central & State FSLs. Financial support via Nirbhaya Fund. Standardised Sexual Assault Evidence Collection (SAEC) kits and guidelines. Over 18,020 kits distributed for training. F. Capacity Building 35,377 police/prosecution/medical officers trained by BPR&D and NFSU (Delhi Campus). Focus on victim sensitivity, forensic protocols, POCSO procedures. Transformational Legal Reforms: BNS–BNSS–BSA (2024 Onwards) Structural Changes Chapter V of BNS: First substantive chapter devoted exclusively to offences against women & children. Gives precedence and special focus. Key New Offences & Revisions Sexual intercourse under false promise (marriage, employment, promotion, or concealment of identity) criminalised. Uniform punishment for gangrape of minor girls (below 18): Life imprisonment or death (removes earlier 12/16-year differentiation). Mandatory audio-video recording of victim statements. Victim statements to be recorded preferably by a woman Magistrate. Medical report of rape victim must be sent within 7 days. Hiring/engaging a child to commit an offence added as a new offence. Enhanced penalty for buying a child for prostitution → max 14 years. Anti-Trafficking Enhancements Section 143, BNS: Minimum 10 years RI, extendable to life, for child trafficking. Beggary included as an exploitive purpose for trafficking. Section 144(1): Sexual exploitation of trafficked child → 5–10 years RI + fine. Victim-Centric Provisions Free first-aid/medical treatment for all victims of crimes against women & children at all hospitals. Reinforces rights under BNSS for time-bound, transparent investigation. Fast-Track Justice System Fast Track Special Courts (FTSCs) Operational since 2019. Total functional as of Sept 2025: 773 FTSCs (includes 400 e-POCSO courts). Cases disposed since inception: 3,50,685. Aim: reduce pendency, ensure speedy trial for rape & POCSO offences. Victim Support Schemes A. Central Victim Compensation Fund (CVCF) ₹200 crore released in 2016–17 as one-time grant. Strengthens State Victim Compensation Schemes under Section 357A CrPC / Section 396 BNSS. Covers rape, acid attack, trafficking, child abuse. B. One Stop Centres (OSCs) Integrated, single-window support for women: Police facilitation Medical aid Legal support Shelter Counselling 864 OSCs operational. 12.67 lakh women assisted till Sept 2025. C. Women Helpline (181) 24/7 referral and emergency support. Operational in 35 States/UTs. D. Child Helpline (1098) 24/7 protection for missing, trafficked, or distressed children. Railway Childlines operational at major stations. E. Mission Shakti Samarthya component and Shakti Sadan: Rehabilitation for women in difficult circumstances. Mission Shakti Portal (2025 launch): Consolidates schemes Enhances accessibility Supports rescue–rehabilitation workflows Strengthens accountability of duty-holders Awareness, Monitoring & Coordination National Commission for Women (NCW): Awareness campaigns, seminars, media outreach. Tracks complaints and coordinates with police for resolution. Advisories from MHA & MWCD issued frequently on: Cyber-crimes Trafficking POCSO compliance Forensic protocols Women safety guidelines Strengths of India’s Approach Multi-dimensional: legal, technological, infrastructural, forensic, social. Focus on victim-centricity, speedy justice, digital tracking, capacity building. Legal reforms under BNS modernise the framework after 160+ years. Systemic Challenges Understaffed police forces; low women representation. FSL bottlenecks despite capacity expansion. High pendency despite FTSCs. Uneven implementation across states (federal–state capacity gap). Social stigma, underreporting, patriarchal norms. Way Forward Expand Safe City Project beyond the first 8 cities. Increase FSL manpower & decentralised DNA labs. Mandatory gender-sensitivity modules in police training schools. Integrate ERSS–112 with real-time predictive policing. Strengthen community-based prevention, school education modules on child safety.

Content Childcare, the growth lever that can’t be ignored India is model for digital infra. It can become one for AI, too Childcare, the growth lever that can’t be ignored Why is it in News? India aims for 8–10% sustained GDP growth, but labour force participation of women remains low. Policymakers and experts argue that childcare must be recognised as critical economic infrastructure, not a welfare add-on. Current debate: India’s demographic shift (falling fertility, ageing population) makes women’s workforce participation indispensable. The article stresses that childcare is the missing link—the “soft infrastructure” needed to unlock women’s labour, productivity, and human capital. Relevance GS-I (Society) • Gender roles, women’s agency, demographic transition • Social infrastructure and workforce participation GS-II (Governance / Welfare Schemes) • ICDS, Poshan Abhiyaan, Anganwadi reforms • Inter-ministerial coordination in social policy • Inclusive growth and state capacity Practice Question  Childcare is no longer a welfare expenditure but a critical economic infrastructure for sustaining India’s growth. Discuss with evidence.(250 Words) What is “Childcare as Infrastructure”? Traditionally seen as welfare support for women and poor households. Modern economic thinking classifies childcare as growth infrastructure because it: Frees up women’s time. Enables consistent labour supply. Enhances human capital formation in early childhood. Raises productivity of both mothers and future workers. Two components: Childcare services: crèches, Anganwadi centres, daycare facilities, preschool education. Early childhood development: nutrition, cognitive stimulation, parent guidance in first 1,000 days. Why Childcare is Crucial for India’s Growth ? A. Productivity drag due to lack of childcare Millions of women reduce work hours or drop out entirely because childcare is: Unaffordable Unavailable Of poor quality Leads to a hidden productivity loss—a structural constraint on India’s growth target. B. Evidence from Indian states Five southern states account for nearly 75% of India’s female workforce participation. These states have invested in: Childcare services Hostels Free public transport Demonstrates policy correlation between childcare ecosystems and women’s economic participation. C. Global evidence Vietnam: Crèches improved job quality, moving women to formal work and increasing retention. Rio de Janeiro (slums): Free childcare increased working hours exactly proportionate to daycare hours. Shows childcare has both labour supply and productivity effects. India’s Childcare Infrastructure — Current Gaps Anganwadi centres primarily focus on nutrition, not full-day care. Operational hours are short → women cannot take full-time jobs. Quality varies widely; staffing shortages undermine early learning. Industrial and service hubs lack workforce-linked childcare. Policy Solutions Proposed A. Hybrid Model: Physical centres + digital support Brick-and-mortar Anganwadis / crèches → provide safe, full-day care. Digital tools → guide parents on early stimulation at home. Examples: Tamil Nadu: Adding a half-time preschool worker doubled instructional time without harming nutrition outcomes. Meghalaya: Used SHG members as para-teachers through short-term fellowships. Chandigarh: Internships to support Anganwadi workforce. B. Extending Anganwadi Hours Objective: Convert to full-day facilities at low fiscal cost. Example: Telangana increased worker stipends to extend hours. C. First 1,000 days Intervention 80% of brain development occurs here. Focus on: Nutrition Cognitive stimulation Parent-child interaction Digital nudges (e.g., POSHAN Tracker) help parents turn daily routines into learning moments. Odisha case: Weekly mothers’ group meetings → improved cognitive and language skills almost equal to home visits. D. National Mission on Early Childhood Care Proposes integrated convergence across: Women & Child Development Labour Education Health Industry Purpose: Link child welfare, childcare, and women’s workforce participation into one coherent policy framework. Economic & Demographic Imperatives A. Demographic transition Several states below replacement fertility. By 2050, 20% of Indians will be over 60. Implication: Smaller future workforce must be highly productive. Women’s employment becomes critical for sustaining growth. B. Demographic dividend risk Without childcare and early learning → Lower-quality human capital. Reduced labour force. Growth slowdown. “Dividend” turns into demographic deficit. Multi-Stakeholder Approach Government: regulatory framework, funding, mission coordination. Business: workplace crèches, innovation in childcare models, CSR support. Civil society: last-mile delivery, community mobilisation, training. Together, they create market-shaping childcare infrastructure, not charity. Conclusion Childcare is not a welfare add-on—it is economic infrastructure necessary for India’s growth trajectory. Evidence from India and globally shows childcare increases women’s labour supply, enhances job quality, and improves early childhood development. A national mission with inter-ministerial coordination, expanded Anganwadi hours, digital support systems, and industrial-area crèches can yield high economic and social returns. If childcare remains underinvested, India risks losing both its women-led development potential and its demographic dividend. India is model for digital infra. It can become one for AI, too Why is it in News? India’s Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) (Aadhaar, UPI, DigiLocker, FASTag, CoWIN, Account Aggregator, ONDC, etc.) is globally recognised as a successful, scalable model for population-scale digital service delivery. The article argues that India can now extend this leadership to Artificial Intelligence infrastructure, especially AI public infrastructure (AI-DPI). Amid global rivalry between US and China for AI leadership, India is seen as the potential third pole due to its DPI experience, democratic governance, and digital inclusion. Relevance GS-II (Governance) • Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) • Data governance and consent architecture • AI regulation, accountability, and sovereign AI systems GS-III (Science & Tech / Economy) • AI ecosystem, semiconductors, HPC, data centres • Innovation, startup ecosystem, technology-led growth • Energy requirements for emerging technologies • India as a global tech leader Practice Question India’s success with Digital Public Infrastructure provides a unique foundation to build population-scale, trusted Artificial Intelligence systems. Examine the opportunities and challenges.(250 Words) What is Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)? Definition: Open, interoperable digital platforms collectively enabling identity, payments, data exchange, and public service delivery. Core pillars of India’s DPI: Aadhaar → identity layer UPI → payments layer DigiLocker / Account Aggregator → data layer FASTag, CoWIN, eKYC, eSign → service delivery ecosystem Key features: Interoperable, open-source, low-cost, high-volume, inclusive. Why admired globally? Scales to billions, reduces leakages, empowers private innovation, ensures digital inclusion. Main Argument — If India can build world-class DPI, it can build world-class AI infrastructure AI is entering a new phase: Requires high-performance computing (HPC) Huge energy demand Advanced cooling and semiconductor systems Robust data governance The article argues: India’s digital governance model + engineering capability + massive datasets = unique advantage to build AI infrastructure. How AI will transform Economy & Governance ? A. AI will change how people work and make decisions Automation of cognitive and back-office tasks Higher productivity in sectors like services, logistics, and governance B. AI is a double-edged sword Strength: makes systems efficient Vulnerability: High dependency on algorithms External control of AI systems Cyber risks Bias and accountability gaps Hence India must build sovereign AI capacity. India’s unique position for AI leadership (1) Large AI-use markets A billion consumers Digital financial inclusion High mobile penetration (2) Rich, high-quality datasets Payments, mobility, health, education, agriculture Generated through regulated DPI systems Valuable for training safe and efficient AI systems (3) Cost advantage & talent Large engineering pool World’s cheapest data rates Startup ecosystem (4) Early experience in global-scale digital engineering Aadhaar scale UPI real-time payment network CoWIN vaccination platform ONDC open commerce network All these are forms of population-scale system design, an important prerequisite for AI governance. Four Strategic Priorities 1. AI Systems should be subject to rule of law Must run on sovereign infrastructure Data must be stored, processed, and audited under Indian jurisdiction No outsourcing core algorithms to foreign-controlled systems Ensures national security + citizen rights + transparency 2. AI must operate on trusted data processed through public-interest frameworks India’s Account Aggregator network + DPI model already establish norms for: Consent-based data use Secure data access Verified data exchange 3. Systems should be interoperable like UPI & Aadhaar Open standards API-driven architecture Allows private innovation on public rails Ensures competition, prevents monopolies in AI space 4. AI must be energy-efficient & sustainable AI training needs massive power → data centres, cooling, renewables Opportunity to integrate: Solar Wind Green hydrogen India can build low-cost, green AI infrastructure Examples of Where AI can build on DPI A. Agriculture AI agent for every farmer → crop advice, weather forecasting, market pricing Reduces dependence on intermediaries B. Health AI agent for each ASHA/ANM → diagnosis support, record management Improved health outcomes C. Education AI tutors for students Personalised learning Support for underserved districts D. Public services AI to assist in governance, compliance, and beneficiary identification Reduces administrative burden Enhances accuracy and transparency India’s International Opportunity The world is worried about US–China dominance in AI. Democracies require open, accountable, safe alternatives. India can export: DPI model AI safety and governance frameworks Low-cost AI infrastructure This positions India as the global hub for trusted AI for the Global South. Risks & Challenges High capital cost of data centres Semiconductor import dependence Skilled manpower shortages in deep tech Cybersecurity vulnerabilities Risk of centralised AI power affecting privacy and rights But India’s DPI experience reduces these barriers. Conclusion India built the world’s most inclusive digital infrastructure for identity, finance, and public services. The same governance architecture—open, interoperable, secure, scalable—can now power AI Public Infrastructure (AI-DPI). India has the market size, data systems, engineering talent, and regulatory maturity to become a global leader in trusted and democratic AI ecosystems. The opportunity is not just technological but strategic: shaping how AI supports human development rather than corporate or geopolitical dominance.

Content Is India’s 8.2% Growth Sustainable? Satellites, Science, and the New Fight for Spectrum in Space Russia’s Su-57 Offer and India’s Tepid Response Appointment of the Chief Information Commissioner Deepavali Enters UNESCO’s Intangible Heritage List Western Tragopan Breeding Project Gives the Endangered Species Breathing Space Top 10% Earners in India Get 58% of National Income – World Inequality Report 2026 Is India’s 8.2% Growth Sustainable? Why is it in News? India reported 8.2% GDP growth, with quarterly output rising to ₹48.63 lakh crore — significantly higher than last year. The IMF simultaneously assigned India a ‘Grade C’ for the quality of national income statistics, flagging systemic data issues. This combination raises the core question: Is high growth masking deeper structural weaknesses? Relevance GS-III – Indian Economy GDP measurement accuracy; statistical system reforms Structure of growth: sectoral composition & productivity External vulnerabilities: CAD, exports, geopolitical risks Inflation management & monetary stability Fiscal consolidation; tax buoyancy; quality of expenditure Demand patterns: PFCE, rural–urban divergence Employment vs growth mismatch Institutional capacity in economic governance GS-II – Governance Data quality & transparency in public institutions Federal fiscal data gaps; state-level accountability Role of RBI and independent institutions in economic oversight Basics: What Does 8.2% GDP Growth Represent? Indicators of genuine momentum Manufacturing: +9.1% → factories closer to capacity, rising industrial demand. Services (60% of GDP): +9.2% → financial services +10.2% → strong credit flow, urban demand. Real GVA: ↑ from ₹82.88 lakh cr → ₹89.41 lakh cr → growth not driven by inflation alone. Nominal GDP: up 8.8% → implies inflation subdued. PFCE: +7.9% → households spending more. Agriculture: +3.5% → better reservoirs, horticulture; slight rural recovery. Inflation: slipped below RBI target by end-2024-25 → macro stability. Banking: strong credit growth, clean balance sheets, high capital buffers. Fiscal side: consolidation continues; GST + direct taxes strong. External sector: small CAD, robust services exports, diversified FX reserves. Conclusion: Short-term growth is broad-based, stable, and non-inflationary. India is outpacing most major economies. The IMF’s ‘Grade C’: Why It Matters The IMF was not grading the growth rate, but the statistical architecture behind the numbers. Key deficiencies Base year outdated (2011–12) → distortions in measuring structural shifts. Use of WPI, not Producer Price Index, for deflators → inaccurate measurement of real output. Excessive single deflation → cyclical biases in GDP estimates. Large discrepancy between production vs expenditure GDP → weak coverage, especially informal sector. No seasonally adjusted data → unreliable quarter-on-quarter interpretation. Missing consolidated data for States/local bodies post-2019. Implication: Even if the economy is performing well, the statistical foundations are not strong enough to inspire high global confidence. What the RBI Quietly Points Out The RBI Annual Report (2024–25) accepts that growth is strong but flags structural constraints: a) External vulnerabilities Global trade protectionism rising. Tariff uncertainty in key export markets. Geopolitical tensions reducing global demand. b) Weak goods export engine Services + remittances cushion the CAD, but India still lacks a scaled-up manufacturing exports base. c) Currency pressures Rupee stable only due to RBI intervention. Underlying pressure from strong USD + volatile foreign capital flows. d) Sectoral imbalances Mining: 0.04% Electricity: 4.4% Agriculture: 3.5% These employ millions, yet contribute modestly to output → weak productivity. Structural Vulnerabilities Behind the High Growth Number 1. Mismatch between employment and output structure Tertiary sector = 60% of GVA But majority of workforce still in agriculture + low-wage services → low productivity trap. 2. Uneven industrial recovery Electricity and mining sluggish due to weather anomalies, but they expose deeper issues: Low diversification Slower core sector momentum Inadequate infrastructure in resource sectors 3. Weak institutional capacity Data quality gaps reflect broader governance constraints. Inconsistent state-level fiscal data post-2019 implies weak transparency. 4. Export competitiveness Lacks strong integration into global value chains. Protectionist global climate hits Indian goods harder. 5. Domestic demand concentration Growth driven by urban, formal, credit-linked sectors. Rural consumption recovery is mild; income divergence persists. So, Is 8.2% Growth Sustainable? Short-term sustainability: YES Supported by: Low inflation Strong financial system Fiscal consolidation High services momentum Rising consumption Stable external account This momentum can continue 2–3 years if global conditions do not deteriorate sharply. Long-term sustainability: UNCERTAIN Because: Productivity growth is weak in agriculture + informal services. Manufacturing exports remain insufficient to support long-run high growth. Statistical system needs modernisation. Institutional and state-level fiscal capacities remain uneven. Employment-generation does not match GDP performance. External environment is becoming more hostile to trade. Core argument from the article: India’s pace of growth is high, but the architecture supporting growth is still catching up. Satellites, science, and the new fight for spectrum in space WHY IS IT IN NEWS? A new global race has emerged—not to reach the Moon, but to secure radio frequencies (spectrum) and orbital slots necessary for low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellite megaconstellations. With over 50,000 satellites expected by 2030, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is under pressure as existing governance mechanisms struggle with congestion, interference, and debris. ITU reforms (WRC-23, ITU-R 74) aim to address spectrum coordination and space sustainability, but compliance remains limited (70% deorbiting rate). Megaconstellations are transforming global Internet access but risk deepening inequality and intensifying geopolitical competition. Relevance GS-II – International Relations & Global Governance ITU as a global institution; Global Commons governance Spectrum allocation disputes & geopolitics Power asymmetry: developed vs emerging nations in space rule-making Space as a strategic domain: communication, navigation, surveillance GS-III – Science & Technology Satellite megaconstellations & LEO technology Space debris, orbital sustainability (ITU-R 74) Space economy growth & innovation Interference, spectrum congestion, orbital slot management WHAT IS “SPECTRUM” AND WHY DOES IT MATTER? a) Spectrum Electromagnetic frequencies used for wireless communication. Satellites need dedicated frequencies to transmit/receive signals without interference. b) Most valued frequency bands Ku-band (12–18 GHz) → high-speed Internet Ka-band (26–40 GHz) → high-capacity broadband L-band (1–2 GHz) → GPS, navigation Radio frequencies are so vital that spectrum = oxygen for space communication. c) Orbital slots Precise physical positions in Earth’s orbit from which satellites can broadcast efficiently. Scarce resource → intense competition → strategic race. d) Why both spectrum + orbit matter Spectrum prevents signal overlap Orbit ensures correct coverage footprint MEGACONSTELLATION BOOM: SCALE OF THE RACE Major players Starlink (SpaceX): 8,000+ satellites; plans for 42,000 OneWeb: 648 satellites Amazon Project Kuiper: ~3,200 China’s GuoWang: ~13,000 Market expansion $4.27 billion (2024) → $27.31 billion (2032) 25.5% CAGR driven by global broadband demand and lower launch costs. Strategic dimensions Nations view megaconstellations as key for: Technological sovereignty Secure communications Intelligence and navigation Digital infrastructure dominance WHY REGULATION STRUGGLES: ITU AND THE SPECTRUM–ORBIT CRUNCH ? a) ITU’s role UN agency coordinating spectrum and orbital slots. Works on principle: “Limited natural resources must be used rationally, efficiently, and economically.” b) First-come, first-served system Favors wealthy operators who can file early applications. Late entrants (developing nations) risk losing access to prime bands/orbits. c) WRC-23 (World Radiocommunication Conference) reforms Key decisions: Resolution 8: Operators must notify deviations between planned vs actual deployment. Prevents spectrum hoarding. Mandatory deployment milestones: 10% in 2 years 50% in 5 years 100% in 7 years Reduces speculative filings by companies seeking to lock future rights. d) ITU under stress Framework designed for hundreds of satellites → now facing tens of thousands annually. 80% of ITU agenda today is satellite-related, revealing overload. SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGE: SPACE DEBRIS AND ITU-R 74 2023 resolution for sustainable spectrum-orbit use: Mandatory deorbit within 25 years post-mission. Compliance is only ~70%, meaning debris accumulates faster than removal. Current orbital conditions 40,000 tracked objects in orbit 27,000+ pieces of debris (>10 cm) By 2030 → 50,000+ new satellites expected Growing risk: Collision cascade (Kessler syndrome) Loss of space access for all DIGITAL DIVIDE: PROMISE VS REALITY OF SATELLITE INTERNET Why megaconstellations matter LEO satellites (150–2,000 km) Latency: 20–40 ms Suitable for telemedicine, online education, remote work But affordability is the bottleneck Starlink terminal: ~$600 (₹53,000) Monthly subscription charges → unaffordable for rural communities. ITU estimates $2.6–2.8 trillion needed to close global digital divide by 2030. Connectivity inequality Global Connectivity Index: Switzerland: 34.41 India: 8.59 A four-fold disparity 2.6 billion people still offline (2025). Without subsidies or universal service mandates, LEO Internet may widen inequality rather than solve it. WHERE DOES INDIA STAND? a) India’s strategic strengths GSAT-N2: 48 Gbps throughput; covers remote regions (A&N Islands, Northeast). OneWeb: Bharti owns 39% → India embedded in global LEO ecosystem. b) Spectrum allocation debate TRAI recommends administrative allocation, not auctions, for satellite spectrum. Rationale: Satellite spectrum is inherently non-exclusive and shared. Auctions could raise costs → reduce affordability → defeat universal access goals. c) India’s dual challenge Secure spectrum & orbital resources internationally Ensure affordability domestically Without both, India risks losing out in the new space economy. MACRO TRENDS SHAPING THE NEXT DECADE A. Commercial imperatives Internet markets + remote-region connectivity Real-time applications (IoT, autonomous systems) B. Geopolitical imperatives Nations competing for: Strategic communication Surveillance Navigation independence C. Governance imperatives Need for global rules on: Spectrum equity Orbital sustainability Fair access for emerging nations D. Risk of future conflict Without reform → “Spectrum wars” → overcrowded space → unsafe, unequal, unusable orbital environment. Su-57  WHY IS IT IN NEWS? Ahead of Russian President Vladimir Putin’s recent India visit, Moscow aggressively pitched major defence platforms: Su-57 fifth-generation stealth fighter S-500 air defence system Geran (Shahed-136 variant) kamikaze drones Submarines and long-range UAVs India responded lukewarmly, signalling no major defence procurements despite 19 agreements signed during the visit. The muted response reflects India’s accelerating shift toward self-reliance (Aatmanirbharta) and declining appetite for large-ticket foreign hardware. Relevance GS-II – International Relations India–Russia defence relations: continuity & change Strategic autonomy; diversification of partners (US, France, Israel) Impact of Ukraine war on Russian export capacity CAATSA sanctions & geopolitical constraints GS-III – Defence & Security Indigenous defence manufacturing & Aatmanirbhar push Evaluation of 5th-gen aircraft, drones, missile systems Tech transfer issues; reliability of foreign suppliers Naval capability building: submarines, UAVs, air defence INDIA–RUSSIA DEFENCE RELATIONSHIP Russia has been India’s largest defence supplier for decades (50–60% of inventory legacy). Key platforms: Su-30MKI, MiG-29 T-90 and T-72 tanks S-400 air defence Kilo-class submarines BrahMos (joint development) Historically based on technology transfer and long-term maintenance frameworks. Over the past decade, however, India is diversifying suppliers and building domestic capability. WHAT EXACTLY DID RUSSIA OFFER? WHY? a) Su-57 (5th-gen stealth fighter) Russia’s flagship stealth platform; export version Su-57E. Earlier joint Indo-Russian FGFA project (based on Su-57) collapsed in 2018 due to Indian concerns over: Stealth quality Sensor fusion Engine performance Cost Technology transfer limitations b) S-500 “Prometey” Next-gen long-range missile defence system (higher-tier than S-400). c) Geran (Shahed-136 type) kamikaze drones Key to Russia’s low-cost attrition strategy in Ukraine. Capable of mass-swarm saturation attacks. d) Submarines & long-range UAVs Russia seeks revival of conventional submarine deals + naval cooperation. Why Russia is pushing these platforms Sanctions + Ukraine war → Russia seeks revenue, market stability, and geopolitical signalling. India is Russia’s largest defence partner outside CSTO, making it economically important. WHY INDIA’S RESPONSE WAS TEPID ? A) Strategic Shift: Aatmanirbhar Bharat in Defence Defence Minister Rajnath Singh highlighted: Production: ₹1.51 lakh crore (2024) → up from ₹46,000 crore (2014) Exports: ₹24,000 crore → up from < ₹1,000 crore (2014) India wants domestic development, not dependence on imports. B) Preference for Indigenous Alternatives Drones → Indian firms already developing: Loitering munitions MALE/HALE UAVs Joint ventures with Israel Fighters → focus on LCA Tejas Mk1A AMCA (5th-gen Indian stealth fighter) MRFA (where U.S., France, Sweden competitive) C) Concerns about Russian reliability War with Ukraine has: Reduced production capacity Created delivery delays Impacted supply chains & spares CAATSA sanctions risks add further complexity. D) Technology Transfer Limitations India wants: Full transfer of technology Local manufacturing Intellectual property access Russia cannot fully meet these expectations for Su-57/S-500. E) Cost & Capability Doubts Su-57 still under limited Russian induction; unclear combat performance. Geran drones considered low-tech, not aligned with India’s requirement for high-end, survivable UAV systems. INDIA–RUSSIA DEFENCE MECHANISM UPDATE 23rd India–Russia Working Group Meeting (Oct 29, 2024) Co-chaired by Secretary (Defence Production) Sanjeev Kumar. Covered tri-service cooperation + R&D. Ended with a new Protocol identifying fresh collaboration areas. However, no big-ticket deals were finalised. Putin’s visit outcomes 19 agreements signed — mostly trade, energy, connectivity, logistics. No announcements on Su-57, S-500, submarines, or drones. BROADER GEOPOLITICAL CONTEXT India’s diversification U.S., France, Israel, and domestic suppliers increasingly relevant. Quad-related tech cooperation rising. Russia wants to retain strategic foothold. Russia’s own constraints Ukraine conflict drains resources. Export commitments hard to meet. Sanctioned supply chains delay deliveries. Chief Information Commissioner  WHY IS IT IN NEWS? The Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition (LoP) in Lok Sabha, and the Union Home Minister met to finalise appointments to the Central Information Commission (CIC). The panel has to select a new Chief Information Commissioner and eight Information Commissioners. The meeting also discussed names for vacant Vigilance Commissioner posts in the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC). Rahul Gandhi reportedly submitted a dissent note on some proposed names. The meeting coincided with a Lok Sabha debate on electoral reforms, where concerns were raised regarding appointment processes for independent constitutional/statutory bodies. Relevance GS-II – Polity & Governance Statutory bodies under RTI Act (CIC) Appointment process; balance between executive & LoP Transparency, checks & balances, institutional independence Role of CVC; anti-corruption oversight Issues of vacancies & backlog in quasi-judicial bodies GS-II – Separation of Powers Judicial interventions on appointments (e.g., EC judgment 2023) Autonomy of oversight institutions WHAT IS THE CENTRAL INFORMATION COMMISSION (CIC)? a) Constitutional or statutory? Statutory body created under the Right to Information Act, 2005. b) Mandate Adjudicates appeals and complaints relating to the Right to Information (RTI). Ensures transparency and accountability of public authorities. c) Composition One Chief Information Commissioner Up to 10 Information Commissioners d) Appointment mechanism (RTI Act, Section 12(3)) Appointments are made by the President on recommendation of a committee comprising: Prime Minister (Chair) Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha Union Cabinet Minister nominated by PM In current practice, the Home Minister is often the nominated Cabinet Minister. e) Tenure 3 years or until age 65, whichever earlier (after 2019 amendment). WHY ARE THESE APPOINTMENTS SIGNIFICANT? a) Backlog and vacancies Several vacancies have remained unfilled, causing delays in RTI appeals. Appointment of eight Commissioners + CIC is expected to reduce backlog significantly. b) Independence of RTI regime CIC is central to enforcing transparency across government ministries. Selection must be credible, impartial, and timely to maintain public trust. c) Wider governance context Occurs amid national debates on institutional autonomy, including: Election Commission appointments Vigilance institutions Tribunals and regulatory authorities WHAT IS THE CENTRAL VIGILANCE COMMISSION (CVC)? a) Statutory body Created under the CVC Act, 2003. b) Mandate Supervises vigilance administration. Oversees CBI investigations in corruption cases. c) Composition Central Vigilance Commissioner Up to two Vigilance Commissioners d) Appointment Committee PM (Chair) Home Minister Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha Thus, the same selection arrangement as CIC. Vacancies here also impact functioning of anti-corruption mechanisms. Deepavali enters intangible heritage list  WHY IS IT IN NEWS? UNESCO has officially inscribed Deepavali on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) of Humanity. The decision was announced at the 20th session of UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Committee held in New Delhi at the Red Fort. Delegates from 194 member states, international experts, and Indian officials, including the Union Culture Minister, participated. The inscription highlights Deepavali’s global cultural significance and its contribution to social cohesion and traditional craftsmanship. Relevance GS-I – Indian Culture Intangible cultural heritage (ICH) under UNESCO 2003 Convention Festivals as living traditions; craft ecosystems (diyas, rangoli, artisanal work) Social cohesion, rituals, intergenerational transmission GS-II – International Relations Cultural diplomacy & soft power India’s increasing presence in UNESCO heritage lists UNESCO committees & global heritage governance WHAT IS INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE (ICH)? a) Definition Under UNESCO’s 2003 Convention, Intangible Cultural Heritage refers to: Living traditions, expressions, and knowledge passed across generations. Examples include: Festivals Oral traditions Performing arts Rituals Traditional crafts Social practices and community knowledge b) Purpose of inscription Safeguard cultural practices Promote awareness and respect for cultural diversity Support communities preserving traditions Strengthen international cultural cooperation c) Representative List of the ICH of Humanity A global list showcasing traditions with significant cultural value. Deepavali now joins the list, alongside other Indian entries such as: Yoga Kumbh Mela Durga Puja Ramlila Kalbelia dance Vedic chanting WHAT THE UNESCO INSCRIPTION RECOGNISES ABOUT DEEPAVALI ? a) A “living heritage” UNESCO acknowledges Deepavali as a cultural practice kept alive by millions through: Community celebrations Intergenerational transmission Craft-based traditions b) Key cultural dimensions Strengthens social bonds Family gatherings, community rituals, shared customs. Supports traditional craftsmanship Potters making traditional ‘diyas’ Artisans engaged in rangoli, décor, textiles, metalwork Encourages generosity and well-being Charity, gift-giving, community welfare activities Contributes to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) SDG 11: Sustainable cities & cultural heritage SDG 8: Livelihoods for artisans and craftspeople SDG 16: Stronger social cohesion and community trust WHY DEEPAVALI QUALIFIES AS INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE ? A) Wide geographic spread Celebrated across India and globally (South Asia, Southeast Asia, diaspora communities). B) Multiple cultural layers Religious significance Harvest symbolism Seasonal rituals Community bonding traditions C) Strong craft and livelihood ecosystem Millions of traditional workers participate in the festival economy, including: Potters Decorative artisans Sweet makers Farmers producing festival-linked crops Priests and local craft guilds D) Deep continuity Multimillennial tradition with consistent cultural transmission. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INSCRIPTION FOR INDIA 1. Global recognition Enhances India’s cultural presence and soft power. Highlights India’s diversity and heritage diplomacy. 2. Preservation and documentation UNESCO tag encourages: Cultural mapping Safeguarding measures Financial and institutional support 3. Benefits for traditional livelihoods Craftspeople and artisans gain visibility, market value, and protection of traditional crafts. Opportunities for sustainable tourism and cultural industries. 4. Strengthens the RTI of culture Reinforces India’s role in shaping global cultural narratives. Enhances people-to-people diplomacy. NATIONAL CONTEXT OF THE EVENT The Union Culture Minister described the inscription as a moment of immense pride. Special emphasis placed on the people-centric nature of Deepavali, acknowledging contributions of artisans and ordinary households. The Prime Minister described the recognition as reflecting Deepavali’s role in India’s cultural ethos and civilisational identity. BROADER CONTEXT: UNESCO AND INDIA’S HERITAGE DIPLOMACY India’s growing heritage presence Multiple Indian traditions have been added to UNESCO lists in recent years. India’s cultural diplomacy aims to highlight: Civilisational depth Community cultural practices Sustainable craft ecosystems Plurality of festivals and traditions UNESCO ICH helps India in: Cultural tourism Global image-building Protection of traditional knowledge systems Strengthening artisan-based rural economies Western Tragopan  WHY IS IT IN NEWS? The western tragopan, one of India’s rarest pheasants and the State bird of Himachal Pradesh, has shown successful captive breeding at the Sarahan Pheasantry, with 46 individuals currently maintained. However, experts warn that the species’ long-term survival remains uncertain because: Only 3,000–9,500 mature individuals survive in the wild. All belong to one subpopulation, increasing genetic vulnerability. Habitat fragmentation, climate change, and human disturbance continue to threaten wild populations. Reintroduction trials (2020–21) showed early signs of viability, but funding gaps and need for more research have stalled further releases since 2023. Relevance GS-III – Environment & Ecology Species conservation (IUCN Vulnerable) Ex-situ vs in-situ conservation Habitat loss, fragmentation, climate change effects Reintroduction protocols; genetic diversity management Human–wildlife interface in Himalayan ecosystems WHAT IS THE WESTERN TRAGOPAN? a) Taxonomy Scientific name: Tragopan melanocephalus Family: Phasianidae (pheasants & partridges) Distribution: Historically Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand; now restricted to fragmented Himalayan pockets. b) IUCN Status Vulnerable (but with rapidly declining numbers; conservationists consider it closer to “Endangered”). c) Habitat Prefers dense temperate broadleaf and conifer forests, usually between 2,000–3,600 m elevation. d) Ecological role Indicator species for high-altitude forest health, sensitive to disturbance & climate variability. POPULATION STATUS & FRAGMENTATION a) Wild population 3,000–9,500 mature individuals All part of a single subpopulation → high extinction risk Distributed across western Himalayas & parts of northern Pakistan b) Key threats Habitat fragmentation Encroachment & grazing pressure Climate variability disrupting breeding cycles Declining insect availability for chicks Human disturbance in breeding zones THE MISSING LINK: IN-SITU CONSERVATION Experts repeatedly emphasise that ex-situ breeding cannot substitute for habitat protection. Key issues: Habitat loss continues → forests crucial for wild survival remain threatened. Breeding failures linked to climate variability: Warming at lower altitudes Unsynchronised timing between chick hatch and insect peak Dependence on community support: Locals in Pakistan voluntarily protect breeding zones Similar models could be explored in India Conservation benefits remain stagnant despite crores spent because: Birds were produced But wild habitats were not strengthened simultaneously COMMUNITY-BASED CONSERVATION: A PROMISING MODEL Birdwatchers and local guides report stronger sightings in areas where villagers minimise disturbance. Community-based tourism provides alternative income → reduces pressure on forests. Examples: Rakhundi, Shilt regions Positive local stewardship reshapes conservation outcomes Top 10% earners in India get 58% of national income, bottom half 15% – World Inequality Report 2026 WHY IS IT IN NEWS? The World Inequality Report 2026, led by economists Lucas Chancel, Ricardo Gómez-Carrero, Ravaida Mushrif, and Thomas Piketty, reveals that India’s income inequality is among the highest in the world. The top 10% of earners capture 58% of national income, while the bottom 50% receive only 15%. Wealth inequality is even sharper: the top 1% owns 40% of total wealth, and the bottom 50% owns just 6%. The findings mark a continued rise in inequality despite earlier improvements post-liberalisation. Relevance GS-III – Economy Income & wealth inequality trends Structural drivers: informality, labour markets, capital concentration Impact on growth quality, consumption demand, productivity Policy responses: taxation, social security, universal services GS-II – Welfare & Governance Public service delivery gaps Social protection mechanisms for bottom 50% Fiscal policy design (wealth tax, inheritance tax debates) WHAT IS THE WORLD INEQUALITY REPORT? a) What is it? An annual global study by the World Inequality Lab, analysing distribution of income, wealth, gender inequality, and public vs private assets. b) Why it matters? Provides country-wise comparable data. Influences global debates on taxation, welfare, job creation, and inequality. Uses multiple data sources: national accounts, tax data, household surveys. KEY FINDINGS FOR INDIA (INCOME INEQUALITY) a) Income Shares in 2024 Top 10%: 58% of national income Middle 40%: 27% Bottom 50%: 15% b) Historical trend Inequality fell after Independence → lowest in 1980s Rose sharply after 1991 liberalisation Since 2000s, India among world’s most unequal economies c) Comparison with 2023 Top 10% share: rose from 57% → 58% Bottom 50% share: marginal improvement from 13% → 15% WHY INEQUALITY IS WORSENING A) Structural economic factors High informality in labour markets → low wages Unequal access to education & health Skill-biased growth favouring tech-intensive sectors Concentration of corporate power and private capital Regional disparities (South & West more developed than North-Central regions) B) Wealth concentration mechanisms Rising property prices High returns on capital vs wages Growth of billionaire wealth → tripled in 10 years Limited inheritance taxation or wealth taxes C) Labour market outcomes Women earn only 64% of what men earn for equal work Unpaid labour and care burden remain high Agricultural wages remain stagnant despite growth in service economy GLOBAL CONTEXT Inequality reduced in Asia, Europe, North America during 20th century, but: Since 1980, 40% of global wealth growth captured by the top 1% India mirrors global trend but with more extreme concentration Geography of inequality (report highlights) High inequality regions: Middle East & North Africa Latin America India Sub-Saharan Africa Low inequality regions: Europe East Asia (Japan, South Korea) SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES FOR INDIA A) Economic growth quality High inequality → reduces consumption demand Limits human capital formation Weakens long-term growth sustainability B) Social impacts Reduced social mobility Intergenerational inequality Increased risk of social tension Gender disparity persists C) Policy impacts Public investments (health, education, skilling) face pressure Widening gap between urban digital economy and rural informal economy POLICY DEBATES RAISED BY THE REPORT Possible interventions (as per global best practices): Progressive taxation Wealth tax or inheritance tax Stronger taxation on capital gains & high-income groups Universal basic services Health, education, childcare reforms Social security for informal workers Labour market reforms Higher minimum wages Strengthening collective bargaining Gender-focused interventions Reducing unpaid labour burden Ensuring equal pay structures Regional balancing Targeted investment in backward districts Rural infrastructure & skilling