Content Sailing Towards Self-Reliance: The Indian Navy’s Aatmanirbhar Bharat Journey India’s Transition from Women’s Development to Women-Led Development Sailing Towards Self-Reliance: The Indian Navy’s Aatmanirbhar Bharat Journey Why is this in News? Navy Day (4 December) highlights India’s maritime power, commemorating Operation Trident (1971). INS Mahe commissioned on 24 Nov 2025, adding to accelerated indigenous naval inductions. INS Udaygiri & INS Himgiri commissioned in Aug 2025 as India’s 100th & 101st indigenous warships. Indian Naval budget doubled from ₹49,623 crore (2020–21) to ₹1,03,548 crore (2025–26). 51 large indigenous ships under construction (₹90,000 crore) signalling peak indigenous shipbuilding. Indigenisation ratios achieved: 90% (Float), 60% (Move), 50% (Fight). INIP 2015–2030 implementation enters mature phase. Relevance:   GS II – Governance Defence procurement reforms: DAP 2020, IDDM, Positive Indigenisation Lists. Innovation governance through NIIO, iDEX, SPRINT, SRIJAN. GS III – Internal Security Maritime security, SLOC protection, anti-piracy, EEZ surveillance. Strengthening India’s naval deterrence and crisis-response capability. GS III – Science & Technology Indigenous AIP, sonars, radars, EW systems, torpedoes, missiles. R&D ecosystem: DRDO–IIT–private sector collaboration. Basics: Why Indigenisation Matters for a Navy Operational Autonomy Avoids foreign supply-chain disruptions during conflict, sanctions, or crises. Combat Readiness Reduces downtime, ensures assured spares, faster upgrades. Cost Efficiency & Lifecycle Control Domestic manufacturing lowers lifetime costs. Strategic Sovereignty Essential for a leading naval power in IOR. Industrial Growth Boosts MSMEs, shipyards, defence research, and high-tech manufacturing. Blue-Economy & SLOC Security India’s 90% trade volume, 80% critical freight moves by sea; naval indigenisation is economic security. India’s Maritime Context: Why India Needs a Strong Indigenous Navy 11,098 km coastline; 2.4 million sq. km EEZ. 50% global trade & 40% oil flow through the Indo-Pacific. India’s own economy depends on coal, crude, iron ore, fertiliser imports. 3765 merchant vessels escorted in anti-piracy missions since 2008; 27,260 seafarers protected. Increasing roles: EEZ surveillance Anti-piracy Maritime Domain Awareness HADR missions Protection of offshore assets Cooperative security in IOR INIP 2015–2030: Vision, Strategy, Outcomes Objectives Indigenise equipment across Float, Move, Fight categories. Create an R&D + industry + DRDO collaborative ecosystem. List capability gaps & future requirements. Move from Buyer’s Navy → Builder’s Navy. Key Recommendations Prioritise Buy Indian / Buy & Make Indian. Build domestic capabilities in propulsion, electronics, sensors, underwater systems. Absorb ToT, promote standardisation. Deep MSME integration. Execution 5,000+ items identified for domestic sourcing. Major indigenisation of sonars, EW systems, UAVs, CMS, propulsion auxiliaries, submarine subsystems. From Buyer’s Navy to Builder’s Navy: Structural Shift Over 100 indigenous warships built by Indian shipyards. Warship Design Bureau drives indigenous design. Navy–IIT partnerships accelerate materials, propulsion & hydrodynamics R&D. Swavlamban 3.0 (2023) lays roadmap for industry & academia collaboration. Private sector participation targeted to 50% or more. Indigenisation Status Float systems: 90% Move systems: 60% Fight systems: 50% (key shortfall area—missiles, radars, advanced sensors) Indigenous Surface Fleet: Major Achievements 51 Ships under Construction Worth ₹90,000 crore, showcasing robust shipyard capability. Flagship Projects INS Vikrant (IAC-1) 76% indigenous content 30,000 tonnes of indigenous steel (SAIL) Symbol of large-platform self-reliance Project-15B Visakhapatnam-class Destroyers INS Visakhapatnam (2021), INS Mormugao (2022), INS Imphal (2023), INS Surat (2025) Advanced air-defence & surface warfare capabilities Project-17A Nilgiri-class Frigates (Stealth) INS Nilgiri, Himgiri, Udaygiri (all 2025) Taragiri delivered Nov 2025; Dunagiri, Vindhyagiri, Mahendragiri under construction Survey Vessels (Large) Sandhayak (2024), Nirdeshak (2024), Ikshak (2025), Sanshodhak (under construction) ASW Shallow Water Craft Arnala (2025), Androth (2025), Mahe (2025) 80% indigenous components Submarine & Underwater Systems: Aatmanirbhar Progress Project-75 Kalvari-class Six conventional submarines: Kalvari (2017) → Vagsheer (2025) Indigenous AIP (DRDO-NMRL) To be retrofitted on Kalvari-class Extends underwater endurance significantly Indigenous Sonars & Underwater Sensors USHUS-2 HUMSA NG/UG ABHAY ALTAS towed array AIDSS (submarine distress system) Indicates deepening underwater warfare ecosystem. Weapons & Combat Systems: Indigenisation Push Missiles VL-SRSAM (2025) BrahMos (joint but high Indian content) Torpedoes & Anti-Torpedo Systems Varunastra Maareech ATDS ALWT lightweight torpedo (trials complete) MIGM mines EW & Combat Systems EW Suite Shakti ESM Varuna EW Sangraha These systems replace legacy imports and strengthen fight component. Aviation: Indigenous Shipborne Capabilities HAL ALH Dhruv Mk-III for shipborne roles (SAR, surveillance). 340+ Dhruvs produced; operated by Mauritius & Nepal → export footprint. Integration of indigenous radars & sensors on ALH Mk-III. Shipyard Ecosystem & Industrial Base Major Shipyards Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd (MDL) Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE) Cochin Shipyard Ltd (CSL) Industrial Integration BEL, BHEL, L&T, Kirloskar, Keltron Over 100 MSMEs supplying to INS Vikrant alone Naval-grade Steel Developed jointly by DRDO + SAIL + Navy → strategic independence Budgetary Trends: Sharp Rise in Naval Expenditure Navy Budget Growth ₹49,623 crore → ₹1,03,548 crore (2020–21 to 2025–26) Share in defence budget: 15% → 21% Capital Expenditure ₹26,688 crore → ₹62,546 crore Focus: submarines, surface combatants, naval aviation, undersea warfare Revenue Spending ₹22,935 crore → ₹38,195 crore Indicates sustained government push for maritime modernisation. Policy Framework Driving Indigenisation DAP 2020 & DPM 2025 Prioritise Indian vendors Emphasise Buy Indian – IDDM NIIO (2020) Connects Navy, startups, academia Accelerates technology adoption SPRINT Challenges (2022– ) Target: 75 new technologies Collaborations with 213 MSMEs & startups iDEX (2018– ) Up to ₹10 crore funding per innovation DISC challenges drive naval solutions SRIJAN Portal 38,000 items listed; 14,000+ indigenised by Feb 2025 Positive Indigenisation Lists 5,500+ items barred from import 3,000 indigenised by Feb 2025 Conclusion: India’s Maritime Self-Reliance Trajectory 40+ indigenous ships delivered since 2014. New vessel inducted every 40 days in 2024–25. Navy transforming into a Builder’s Navy, not a Buyer’s Navy. Deepening synergy of industry–academia–research ecosystem. Enhances India’s status as IOR’s first responder and credible blue-water naval power. Supports strategic autonomy, industrial growth, and long-term maritime security. “Jalmev Yasya, Balmev Tasya” — Control over the sea is control over power. India’s Transition from Women’s Development to Women-Led Development Why is this in News? Government briefing in Rajya Sabha (Dec 2025) highlighted: Shift from “women’s development” to “women-led development” as a national policy direction. Implementation of all four Labour Codes from 21 Nov 2025 with major gender reforms. Operationalisation of SHe-Box portal with expanded features in 22 languages. Strengthened legal protections under BNS–BNSS–BSA (effective July 2024) for crimes against women. Mission Shakti progress report including One Stop Centres, 181 helpline, BBBP, Sakhi Niwas, PMMVY, Palna, etc. Massive increase in women’s participation in SHGs (10 crore members) and livelihood programmes. New STEM-focused schemes and procurement mandates to boost women’s economic agency. Relevance: GS I – Society Gender empowerment, social change, SHG movement (10 crore women). BBBP, sanitary hygiene, behavioural transformation. GS II – Polity & Governance Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam (33% reservation). Labour Codes (gender-equal workplaces). Mission Shakti, SHe-Box, OSCs, 181 helpline. Basics: What is Women-Led Development? A governance and development paradigm where women: Lead economic decisions Participate in political power structures Direct community development Are creators of economic and social value, not passive beneficiaries Central to SDG 5, but India’s model emphasises mainstreaming women in all dimensions of development. Constitutional & Political Empowerment: Deep Structural Shift Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, 2023 (106th Constitutional Amendment) 33% reservation for women in: Lok Sabha State Legislative Assemblies Delhi Legislative Assembly Represents the largest political empowerment reform since independence. Significance Increases descriptive and substantive representation. More women in policy, budgeting, lawmaking → accelerates women-led growth. Labour Codes Implemented (21 Nov 2025): Gender-Transformative Provisions Gender Equality at Work Equal pay mandated across sectors. Gender discrimination prohibited in recruitment and employment. Women allowed to work: In all sectors, including those previously barred. Night shifts, with consent + safety provisions. Heavy machinery & underground mining, with safeguards. Impact Expands labour force participation. Formalisation boosts wage equality, social security coverage, and mobility. Workplace Safety Transformation: SHe-Box (National e-Platform) Key Features Single-window portal for complaints under SH Act (2013). Automatically forwards complaints to relevant IC/LC. Public database of all workplace committees. Nodal officer for every organisation. Available in 22 languages for remote accessibility. Significance Ensures compliance, accountability, and real-time monitoring. Reduces barriers for reporting harassment. Criminal Justice Reforms: Stronger Legal Protections (BNS–BNSS–BSA) Effective from 1 July 2024. Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) Chapter V consolidates offences against women & children. Key strengthened provisions: Section 69: sexual intercourse on false promises (marriage/job/promotion). Section 70: gang rape – enhanced punishment. Section 99: buying children for prostitution – stricter minimum punishment. Section 111: organised crime – includes trafficking networks. Sections 75 & 79: expanded definition of sexual harassment. Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) e-FIR & zero FIR for faster action. Witness Protection Schemes (Section 398). Victim-centric focus for prosecution & trial support. Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) Digital evidence expanded: emails, smartphone messages, voice recordings. Helps workplace sexual harassment cases under SHe-Box. Social Empowerment: Mission Shakti Framework Components Sambal (Safety & Security) One Stop Centres (OSCs) nationwide for counselling, shelter, legal and medical support. 181 Women Helpline (24×7). BBBP—curb sex-selective practices + promote education & value of girl child. Samarthya (Empowerment) PMMVY: Cash benefits via DBT for pregnant & lactating women. Sakhi Niwas: Safe accommodation for working women & students. Shakti Sadan: Shelter support for distressed women, trafficking survivors. Palna: Anganwadi-cum-crèche for increasing workforce participation. Hubs for Empowerment of Women: Address information gaps at national, state, district level. Impact Integrated, ecosystem-based intervention across safety, welfare, and skilling. Education, Health & Welfare: Life-Cycle Continuum Approach Girl Education Samagra Shiksha + separate girls’ toilets → improved enrolment. Scholarships and low-cost sanitary napkins (Janaushadhi). Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana: incentivised savings for girl child. Health (Ayushman Bharat) 141 women-specific medical packages. Screening for 7 major conditions: TB, hypertension, diabetes, oral cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, cataract. 1.5 lakh Health & Wellness Centres operational. Affordable Medicines 16,000+ Janaushadhi Kendras, including: 40 women-specific items Suvidha pads @ ₹1 per pad Social Protection NSAP, APY, PMSBY, PMJJBY Insurances + pensions create safety net for widows, elderly, vulnerable women. Economic Empowerment & Financial Inclusion Livelihood Revolutions DAY-NRLM: 90 lakh women SHGs 10 crore women members Transformed rural entrepreneurship, micro-enterprises, credit access. NULM: urban livelihood support. Credit & Enterprise Schemes PM MUDRA Yojana Stand-up India Start-up India PM SVANidhi Women constitute a majority of beneficiaries. Public Procurement Preference 3% mandatory procurement from women-owned MSMEs. Digital Skilling PMGDISHA, PMKVY, Skill India Faster integration into digital & formal economies. Women in STEM & Knowledge Economy Key Schemes Women Scientist Scheme Vigyan Jyoti Overseas Fellowship Scheme Significance Addresses underrepresentation in high-tech sectors. Facilitates research careers, scholarships, mentorship, lab access. Cultural Transformation: Gender-Inclusive Communication Guide (2023) Addresses linguistic bias. Promotes gender-neutral, inclusive communication norms. Enables behavioural change across media, institutions, workplaces. Big Picture: Why This Indicates Women-Led Development Institutional Level Constitutional reservation increases women’s leadership. Labour Codes formalise gender-equal workplaces. Safety & Justice Stronger criminal laws + digital evidence + witness protection. Economic Level SHGs → 10 crore members → world’s largest women’s cooperative movement. Livelihood + credit + procurement mandates enhance agency. Health & Education Better maternal benefits, cancer screening, school access. Governance Mission Shakti integrates safety, welfare, empowerment under one umbrella. Digital Governance SHe-Box, e-FIR, digital evidence elevate access and accountability. Conclusion: India at a Structural Turning Point India has moved beyond welfare-centric policies to agency-based development. Women are now decision-makers, entrepreneurs, legislators, and drivers of economic growth. This “women-led development” vision aligns with Sustainable Development Goals and transforms India’s socio-economic landscape.

Content To scale up our climate ambition, a seven-point plan A missing link in India’s mineral mission To scale up our climate ambition, a seven-point plan Why is this in News? India must submit new NDCs (Nationally Determined Contributions) under the Paris Agreement for the period up to 2035. The authors propose a seven-point plan to enhance India’s climate ambition while staying aligned with economic-growth priorities. The article argues that credible climate ambition is essential for: financing from MDBs and global markets lowering long-term energy & transport costs meeting India’s net-zero trajectory (2070) Relevance GS-II (Polity & Governance) Climate governance mechanisms India’s NDC formulation process Centre–state coordination in energy transition GS-III (Environment & Economy) Climate change mitigation strategies Renewable energy transition, storage, grids Carbon markets, emissions trading Practice Question   “India’s 2035 NDCs must integrate energy, industry, and finance to drive a credible low-carbon transition.” Analyse with reference to the seven-point plan discussed in recent debates.(250 Words) What are NDCs? National climate targets submitted under the Paris Agreement every five years. Include: Emissions reduction commitments Renewable energy targets Adaptation goals Finance & technology needs India’s current key NDC features (2030): Reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 45% from 2005 levels 50% installed electricity capacity from non-fossil sources Create 2.5–3 billion tonnes carbon sinks Why New NDCs for 2035 Matter ? They determine India’s long-term energy structure for the next decade. Overlap with: Net-zero planning Infrastructure investment cycles MDB financing requirements Global carbon markets The Seven-Point Plan 1. Higher Target for Reducing Emissions Intensity of GDP Current: 45% reduction vs 2005 by 2030 Suggested for 2035: further 20% reduction, implying 65% reduction from 2005 levels over 2005–2035. Rationale: Reflects economic maturation Strengthens India’s climate credibility Drives industrial decarbonisation 2. Higher Share of Non-Fossil Electricity Existing: 50% non-fossil installed capacity by 2030. Proposed (2035): Non-fossil share in overall electricity generation to rise to 55%. Requires: 1,600 GW total capacity by 2035 Renewables rising to ~1,200 GW Faster energy storage deployment (~50–70 GW) 3. Explicit Target for Phasing Down Coal-Based Generation Extremely contentious internationally. Authors propose: No new unabated coal after 2030 Coal-based capacity replaced gradually Total coal output peaks by 2030, begins decline thereafter Motivation: Avoid stranded assets Align with India’s net-zero (2070) Improve air quality & energy security 4. Transform the Transport Sector (EV Push + Rail Electrification) Railways: 100% electrified by 2033 Road transport: 50% EV for buses by 2030; 100% shortly after Stronger EV penetration for 2W & 3W Automobile industry to adjust sales targets This sector is India’s fastest-growing emitter → early action lowers long-term costs. 5. Operationalise the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) Effectively Starts April 2026. Must: Expand beyond current limited sectors Set strict emission limits Avoid weak, voluntary systems Significance: Creates large-scale market incentives Enables international trading in future Mobilises private finance 6. Strengthening Renewable Energy Integration Challenges: Variability Grid management Storage costs Recommendations: Support pumped storage + battery systems Modernise grid infrastructure Reform tariffs & contracts (time-of-day pricing, firming contracts) 7. Mobilising Finance at Scale Expansion of grid + storage + renewables needs USD 62 billion annually (2026–2047). Domestic banks alone cannot meet demand. Solutions: Increased MDB borrowing International climate finance Private investments via blended finance Policy consistency to reduce risk India’s Structural Challenges Highlighted in the Article Coal dependence for baseload power State-level financial stress in DISCOMs Land & transmission constraints for RE expansion Slow EV adoption outside major cities Weak carbon market coverage initially Strengths of the Proposed Approach Integrates energy, transport, finance, and climate policy into one coordinated pathway. Enables India to: Retain high economic growth Meet rising electricity demand Reduce long-term fossil fuel import dependence Prepares India for: Global carbon border taxes Competitiveness in green industries Critical Assessment Positive Realistic balancing of climate ambition and economic growth. Recognises future geopolitical and trade pressures. Provides quantifiable sector-wise targets. Concerns Coal phase-down politically and economically challenging. Transmission expansion may lag renewable targets. EV infrastructure requires massive urban reforms. Carbon market success depends heavily on strict enforcement, currently uncertain. Conclusion India must submit new NDCs for the 2035 period. The article proposes a seven-point plan to enhance climate ambition while sustaining growth. It recommends raising emissions-intensity reduction targets, increasing the non-fossil share of electricity to 55%, phasing down coal after 2030, accelerating EV and railway electrification, strengthening the new Carbon Credit Trading Scheme, enabling renewable integration through storage and grid upgrades, and mobilising large-scale finance including MDB support.  A missing link in India’s mineral mission  Why is this in News? The Union Cabinet has approved a ₹7,280 crore Rare-Earth Magnet Scheme aimed at building India’s domestic magnet manufacturing and processing ecosystem. Comes alongside: the new G-20 Critical Minerals Framework, emphasising value addition, refining, and manufacturing, China’s tightening export controls on rare earths, graphite, and battery technologies. India has reformed its mining laws but still lacks commercial-scale refining and midstream capacity. Article highlights: India must rapidly build processing & refining capability, not just mining. Relevance GS-III: Environment Recycling of fly ash, slag, red mud Sustainable mining & waste utilisation GS-II: International Relations Mineral diplomacy G-20 critical minerals framework Geopolitics of supply chains Practice Question “India’s critical minerals strategy will remain incomplete without mastering midstream processing and refining.” Examine.(250 Words) What Are Critical Minerals? Minerals essential for clean energy, electronics, semiconductors, defence, space, and EV batteries. Examples: Lithium, cobalt, nickel, rare-earth elements, graphite, silicon, titanium, copper. Value chain: Exploration → Mining → Processing/Refining (midstream) → Component manufacturing → Final products. Most value lies in the midstream. Countries without refining capacity remain raw material exporters and lose control of strategic supply chains. India’s Current Position — The Core Problem Mining sector reformed (MMDR Act amendments) → improved exploration & auctions. But processing capacity is extremely limited: India imports almost all lithium, nickel, cobalt in refined form. Even for minerals produced domestically (copper, graphite, silicon, tin, titanium, zirconium, rare earths), refining is small-scale or low-purity. China controls: >90% global rare earth refining 90% graphite refining Significant share of battery cathode/anode processing With U.S.–China technology and mineral trade tensions rising, India’s supply chain vulnerability increases. Why Processing (Midstream) Matters More than Mining ? For solar modules → need polysilicon & wafers For EVs → need battery-grade graphite, nickel sulphate, cobalt sulphate For wind turbines → need rare-earth magnets For chips → need high-purity silicon, gallium, germanium Without processing, mining reforms don’t translate into industrial strength. Government Measures So Far A. Rare-Earth Magnet Scheme (₹7,280 crore) Boost domestic production of NdFeB magnets, used in EV motors, wind turbines, robotics, defence. B. Critical Minerals Recycling Scheme (₹1,500 crore) Recover minerals from e-waste, spent batteries, fly ash, red mud. C. Amendments to MMDR Act Exploration licences for strategic minerals National mineral auctions Mining-associated minerals category National Mineral Exchange (future) But these measures strengthen mining, not refining. India’s Exposure to Global Disruptions China’s recent steps: Export controls on rare-earth tech, graphite, magnet technology. Additional restrictions in recent weeks. Geopolitical triggers: U.S.–China trade conflict → higher tariffs + export bans Without refining capability, India remains dependent and vulnerable. Five Steps India Must Take  Convert Centres of Excellence into Industrial Innovation Engines Use the nine Centres of Excellence under NCMM to develop: Commercial-scale processing & refining technologies High-purity compounds (battery-grade, magnet-grade) Life-cycle & cost analysis for quick adoption Strong collaboration between IITs–NITs–CSIR–industry. Unlock Secondary Resources for Domestic Recovery India generates: 250 million tonnes of coal fly ash → contains rare earths Red mud → gallium Zinc residues → cobalt Steel slag → vanadium CSIR & IIT pilots show technical viability. Need large-scale recovery in Critical Mineral Processing Parks. Build a Skilled Workforce in Process Metallurgy Critical minerals require: Hydrometallurgy Solvent extraction High-temperature refining Allocate NCMM’s ₹100 crore for: Train-the-trainer programmes Diploma-level curricula CSIR lab-linked practical training Could create thousands of high-skilled jobs. De-risk Industry Investment (Demand Assurance + Finance Tools) Use stockpiling not just for security but as a market-maker: Government buys during downturns Releases during demand spikes Model: US Department of Defense + MP Materials agreement. Mandate partial domestic sourcing for: Defence Pharmaceuticals Electronics Encourage processors to meet international quality standards. Align Mineral Diplomacy with Processing Capability India’s overseas acquisitions currently secure ore, not refined inputs. If India demonstrates high-purity refining, partnerships shift from: Buyer–seller → Joint processing & co-investment alliances Critical mineral parks can act as hubs for: Foreign JV refineries Technology transfer Shared processing units Strategic Implications A. Economic Capture more value domestically → boost manufacturing & exports. Integrate into clean-energy, semiconductor, defence supply chains. B. Geopolitical Reduce dependence on China Enhance bargaining power in G-20 and Indo-Pacific minerals platforms Become a partner in new global mineral alliances (QUAD, IPEF) C. Industrial Strengthen EV, battery, solar, wind, electronics, telecom sectors. Support semiconductor grade material development. Challenges Ahead High capital costs for refineries Environmental clearances for processing facilities Technology gaps (solvent extraction, pyro-metallurgy) Global competition from established Chinese, Korean, European processors Long gestation periods for refining plants Conclusion The Union Cabinet’s ₹7,280 crore rare-earth magnet scheme and new G-20 critical minerals framework highlight the urgency of building India’s refining capability, not just mining. India imports most battery-grade and semiconductor-grade materials despite mining some critical minerals. China dominates global processing, creating supply-chain vulnerabilities amid intensifying U.S.–China trade frictions. The article argues that India must focus on the midstream—processing and refining—through five steps: powering Centres of Excellence into innovation hubs; recovering minerals from secondary sources; skilling metallurgists; de-risking private investment via stockpiling and quality standards; and linking mineral diplomacy to processing capacity. Processing is the missing link that will determine whether India remains a raw-ore supplier or becomes a resilient clean-industrial power.

Content Govt. withdraws order to install Sanchar Saathi app Why is volcanic ash a safety concern for flights? SC flags issues in payouts, free care for acid attack survivors Haircuts, asset valuation Why a landmark US lawsuit is accusing big brands of engineering addictive, unhealthy foods Govt. withdraws order to install Sanchar Saathi app Why is this in News? The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has withdrawn its earlier order directing smartphone manufacturers to mandatorily pre-install the Sanchar Saathi app on all new devices from 2025. The withdrawal follows: Public and civil society backlash Concerns over privacy, surveillance, and regulatory overreach Opposition objections in Parliament Leaks showing the order was never publicly released Government now argues the app’s rising voluntary downloads mean a mandatory preload is unnecessary. Relevance GS-II: Governance Executive power, regulatory overreach Transparency in rule-making Digital governance frameworks Centre vs private sector regulation under TIUE GS-II: Polity Fundamental Right to Privacy (Puttaswamy judgment) Proportionality in restrictions State surveillance concerns GS-III: Internal Security Cyber fraud detection (CEIR, TAFCOP) Telecom-based security infrastructure Digital identity misuse prevention What is the Sanchar Saathi App? A DoT-developed platform aimed at consumer security in telecom. Includes: CEIR (Central Equipment Identity Register) — block stolen phones TAFCOP — identify SIMs issued in one’s name Fraud reporting tools SIM misuse detection Core purpose: prevent cyber fraud, identity misuse, and phone theft. What Triggered the Controversy? A. Mandatory Preinstallation Directive (Not Publicly Released) DoT issued a confidential direction to smartphone makers: “Preload Sanchar Saathi on all devices from 2025.” B. Why It Alarmed Citizens? Appeared to be: Forced installation of a government app Without user consent On all smartphones sold in India Raised fears under: Privacy rights (K.S. Puttaswamy judgment) Overbroad surveillance capabilities No explicit parliamentary oversight Legal Backdrop: TIUE Rules (Telecommunication Identifier User Entities) DoT recently granted itself new powers to regulate TIUEs, meaning ANY entity that uses mobile numbers— including: Banks E-commerce platforms Payment apps Smartphone manufacturers These rules allow DoT to directly issue binding directives to private businesses beyond telecom operators. The Sanchar Saathi preload order was one of the first major exercises of these expanded powers. The Opposition & Civil Society Concerns 1. Surveillance & Privacy Mandatory government app on all devices could enable: Data harvesting Behavioural tracking Expanded profiling through telecom identifiers Lacked a legal necessity test under Puttaswamy proportionality. 2. Regulatory Overreach TIUE rules allow DoT to intervene in non-telecom sectors using mobile numbers. Critics argue this creates a “backdoor” regulatory expansion. 3. Lack of Transparency The order was not public, but leaked. No consultation with: Industry Citizens Cybersecurity experts 4. Precedent for Mandatory Digital Tools Similar concerns were raised earlier with: Aarogya Setu mandatory requirements Mandatory KYC updates Aadhaar-related device integrations 6. Government’s Defence Communications Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia stated: 1.5 crore fraudulent mobile connections disconnected 26 lakh lost phones recovered “We only aimed to make the app accessible to every citizen.” However, admitted: “This app’s success is premised on public support; if feedback demands changes, we are ready.”   The eventual withdrawal demonstrates a conciliatory shift. Why the Withdrawal Happened? Massive surge in voluntary downloads in recent months. DoT claims mandatory preload became “unnecessary”. Attempt to defuse political and public backlash. Avoid conversations around: Overreach of TIUE rules Digital surveillance fears Discretionary executive power Broader Implications A. Digital Governance Shows tension between security-driven digital policy and privacy rights. B. Regulatory Process Highlights need for: Transparency Public consultation Clear legal authority C. Precedent for Future Digital Mandates Government may revisit similar mandates for: Security KYC Device-level integrations depending on political climate. D. Scope of TIUE Rules These rules may significantly expand DoT’s influence over non-telecom sectors—likely to be debated in courts or by data protection bodies. Why is volcanic ash a safety concern for flights?  Why is this in News? The Hayli Gubbi volcano in northern Ethiopia erupted on November 23, 2025, for the first time in nearly 12,000 years. It released massive ash plumes up to 14 km altitude, which travelled across the Red Sea, Middle East, and drifted into India’s western airspace on November 24–25. The DGCA (India’s aviation regulator) issued an advisory to airlines and airports due to the risk volcanic ash poses to aircraft engines and flight safety. Several Indian carriers (Air India, Akasa) cancelled flights to West Asian destinations. Relevance GS-I: Geography Volcanism Atmospheric circulation Transboundary ash transport GS-III: Science & Tech Jet engine functioning Impact of foreign particles on aviation systems Safety protocols What Is Volcanic Ash? Why Is It Dangerous? Volcanic ash is NOT like soft household ash. It is a mixture of: Silicate glass particles Pulverised rock and minerals Sulphur dioxide (SO₂) Abrasive, microscopic, sharp-edged materials These particles are hard, abrasive, and heat-resistant. Ash clouds spread due to: High-altitude winds (jet streams) Updrafts that carry particles tens of thousands of feet up Long-range atmospheric transport (sometimes global) Ash Movement from Ethiopia to India — What Happened? The eruption shot ash 14 km upwards. Winds carried the plume across the Red Sea → Yemen → Oman → Iran → India. Plume altitude: 15,000–25,000 feet Speed: 100–120 km/hour Entered Indian airspace: Nov 24, 5.50 pm (Rajasthan border) Passed over Gujarat, Delhi-NCR, Punjab, UP Exited India: Nov 25, 10.30 pm, towards China. This rapid transboundary movement triggered aviation safety concerns. How Volcanic Ash Damages Aircraft Engines (The Science) A jet engine: Sucks air in Compresses it Mixes with fuel Burns it at ~1,600°C Produces thrust Why ash is dangerous: Silicate ash melts at high temperature, forming glass-like deposits. These stick on hot engine parts, blocking: cooling air passages turbine blades fuel nozzles sensors Result: Engine overheating Compressor stall Power loss Complete engine shutdown Even small amounts of ash can cause millions of dollars in engine damage. Ash also: Sandblasts the cockpit windshield, making it opaque Damages sensors (like pitot tubes) Contaminates cabin air Scratches fuselage and fan blades Historical Incidents Proving the Risk 1. British Airways Flight 9 (1982) – Mount Galunggung, Indonesia Boeing 747 flew through ash at 37,000 ft. All 4 engines failed. Cabin lost pressure → oxygen masks deployed. Aircraft descended 25,000 ft before pilots restarted engines. Cockpit windscreens became opaque from ash. 2. KLM Flight 867 (1989) – Mount Redoubt, Alaska Boeing 747-400 hit ash at 24,000 ft. All 4 engines shut down. Restarted after multiple attempts. Aircraft saved, but US$ 80 million engines were scrapped. These events are central case studies in global aviation safety. What Did DGCA Order in India? The DGCA issued a safety advisory to: 1. Airlines Avoid ash-affected regions and altitudes. Modify flight routes/levels. Report: engine performance anomalies cabin smoke/odour suspected ash ingestion 2. Airports Inspect runways for ash deposits. Suspend or restrict operations if contamination detected. Be ready with emergency protocols. 3. Flight Operations Adjust air traffic flow to prevent aircraft from entering ash zones. Maintain updated volcano advisories (VAAC alerts). 4. Carriers’ Response Air India cancelled nine flights (Dubai, Doha, Dammam etc.). Akasa cancelled flights to/from Jeddah, Kuwait, Abu Dhabi. How Has the Eruption Affected Global Flights? Airlines across West Asia and East Africa altered flight paths. Some flights experienced delays due to routing changes. VAACs (Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres) issued continuous warnings. Indian carriers took precautionary cancellations to avoid risk. Broader Implications Aviation Safety Reinforces global standards: “Avoid all visible ash” (ICAO) Highlights vulnerability of long-haul and Middle East-bound flights. Climate & Atmospheric Concerns Ash clouds can cool regions temporarily. SO₂ emissions can cause acid rain. Regional Cooperation Need for coordinated: meteorological services VAAC advisories air navigation planning across nations SC flags issues in payouts, free care for acid attack survivors Why is this in News? The Supreme Court has decided to re-examine why acid attack survivors—mostly young women— are not receiving the minimum ₹3 lakh compensation, and are still being denied free emergency treatment by private hospitals, despite clear Supreme Court directions for more than a decade. The case was heard by a Bench led by Justice B.V. Nagarathna. The Court has sought detailed data from NALSA on compensation disbursed across States. Relevance GS-II: Polity & Governance Failure of State machinery to enforce SC orders Role of NALSA, SLSAs, DLSAs Victim compensation schemes Criminal justice system reforms Rights of vulnerable groups GS-II: Social Justice Gender-based violence Intersection of poverty, disability, and violence Rehabilitation of victims Access to healthcare Background: How Did SC Start Intervening? A. Landmark 2006 Beginning → Laxmi Case In 2006, SC took suo motu cognisance after hearing Laxmi, an acid attack survivor. Recognised: the lifelong physical, mental, and social trauma survivors face State’s obligation to rehabilitate victims B. Key SC Orders (2013 & 2015) The Supreme Court issued binding directions: Minimum ₹3 lakh compensation for every acid attack survivor ₹1 lakh within 15 days Remaining ₹2 lakh within 2 months Ban on over-the-counter sale of acid Acid to be sold only with ID proof and justification. Mandatory free treatment for survivors Private hospitals criminally liable for refusal Immediate stabilisation + referral to specialised facilities District Legal Services Authorities (DLSAs) To function as Criminal Injuries Compensation Boards To process claims and disburse compensation quickly C. March 20, 2024 Order Survivors can approach: State Legal Services Authorities (SLSA) District Legal Services Authorities (DLSA) when compensation is delayed or denied. What Is the Issue Now? What Did Petitioners Say? The NGO Acid Survivors Saahas Foundation submitted: States (especially Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh) are giving only the initial ₹1 lakh. The remaining ₹2 lakh is not being paid at all. Private hospitals are refusing treatment until full payment is made. Survivors face: catastrophic medical costs repeated surgeries disability & loss of livelihood long rehabilitation periods The NGO said this is a humanitarian failure and a violation of multiple SC orders. Why Compensation & Free Treatment Matter (Basics) Acid attacks cause: Severe burns, disfigurement, blindness Loss of facial function, mobility 20–30 corrective surgeries Long-term psychological trauma Inability to work for months or years Thus, immediate compensation and free emergency care are vital for survival. What Did the Supreme Court Observe Now? A. SC Will Examine Why Years of Orders Are Not Followed The Court noted: Compensation remains unpaid Private hospitals continue to deny treatment Monitoring by States is weak B. SC Issued Notice to NALSA NALSA to gather: State-wise data on compensation paid Cases where payment is pending C. NALSA Statement in Court Between March 2024 – April 2025, approx. ₹484 crore has been disbursed. SC seeks detailed breakup to assess compliance. D. Direction to Chief Secretaries Bring all judicial orders to their attention. Ensure funds are released promptly to: State Legal Services Authorities District Legal Services Authorities E. Next hearing scheduled for February 3, 2026 Why the Problem Persists (Structural Issues) 1. Delays in State funding Budgets for victim compensation often inadequate. 2. Weak District Legal Services Authorities Slow verification Lack of coordination with police and hospitals 3. Poor enforcement against private hospitals No criminal cases filed Survivors forced to pay out-of-pocket 4. Acid sale continues informally Black-market sales persist Poor implementation of SC ban 5. No nationwide rehabilitation framework Limited shelters, counselling services, skill training Survivors abandoned after initial treatment Broader Social Implications Acid attacks are gendered crimes—targeting women rejecting advances or asserting autonomy. Survivors face: lifelong stigma social isolation difficulty finding employment Delays in compensation deepen inequality and exploitation. Haircuts, asset valuation Why is this in News? A Parliamentary Standing Committee on Finance has expressed serious concern about: Excessive haircuts in many Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) cases Opaque valuation practices Low recovery rates Delays in resolution The observations were made while examining the IBC Amendment Bill 2025. Committee said these issues may be undermining creditor confidence and IBC’s long-term credibility as a resolution framework. Relevance GS-III: Indian Economy Bankruptcy reforms Bad loans & NPAs Role of IBC in improving credit flows Haircuts, recovery rates, asset valuation Banking sector stability Insolvency infrastructure & NCLT reforms GS-II: Governance Parliamentary oversight Accountability in regulatory institutions (IBBI, IPs) What is the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)? Enacted in 2016 to: Consolidate insolvency laws Prioritise creditor control (CoC) Enable time-bound resolution of distressed firms Improve credit discipline Key timelines: 180 days + 90-day extension = maximum 330 days But many cases exceed these timelines. What is a “Haircut”? Definition A haircut refers to the difference between: Total amount owed by the debtor, and Actual amount recovered by creditors through an IBC resolution. Formula Example: If a company owes ₹1,000 crore and creditors recover ₹200 crore → Haircut = 80% Why Do Haircuts Happen? Borrower distress leading to low enterprise value Deterioration of assets during long insolvency timelines Poor management or diversion of funds Low interest of bidders Inefficient information memorandum Litigation & delays reducing asset value Liquidation value being low for many stressed assets Why Haircuts Are Controversial? Creditors (especially banks) incur massive losses Taxpayer money indirectly suffers (public sector banks) Questions about: valuation integrity conflict of interest among valuers collusion between bidders and promoters misuse of Section 29A loopholes High haircuts reduce trust in the insolvency ecosystem. What the Parliamentary Committee Flagged? 1. Excessive Haircuts Several cases show 95–99% haircuts. Example trends noted: Average recovery rate under IBC is only 32.8% of admitted claims. This is far below original expectations. 2. Concerns about Asset Valuation Allegations of: Inconsistent valuation methodologies “Forced sale value” ambiguities Lack of transparency in the valuers’ work In some cases, resolution value < liquidation value, indicating inefficiency. 3. Delay in Resolution Delays erode enterprise value and increase haircuts. 4. Inefficiency among Insolvency Professionals (IPs) Questions about skill levels, oversight, and accountability. 5. Low bidder participation Due to: litigation risks lack of clarity in asset value uncertain timelines Why Are Haircuts Rising? Economic Factors Many companies reach IBC at terminal stage, assets eroded. Bad loans often unresolved for years before IBC. Institutional Weakness IPs overloaded CoC not always equipped to evaluate business viability Poor documentation by debtors Legal Issues Endless litigation in NCLT/NCLAT/Supreme Court Promoters resisting takeover Challenges to eligibility of bidders Valuation Problems Discrepancies between two mandatory valuers Assets often overvalued pre-IBC, undervalued during IBC Information asymmetry hurting bidder interest What the Committee Recommended ? 1. Reduce Haircuts through Better Monitoring Strengthen oversight on resolution professionals and valuation firms. 2. Improve Transparency in Valuation Standardised procedures Independent audits of valuation in major cases Use of tech-based tools + AI for forensic valuation 3. Ensure Time-Bound Resolution Strict enforcement of 330-day limit Fast-track disposal of litigation 4. Strengthen Information Flow Digitised data rooms Standardised info memorandum 5. Improve Cross-Border Insolvency Mechanisms Critical for foreign creditor confidence. Current IBC Performance Snapshot (As of March 2023 / 2024 Updates) 1,940 cases resolved under IBC. Average recovery: 32.8% of admitted claims, up to 68% of enterprise value. Banks have realised ₹3.89 lakh crore, but haircuts remain large. High-profile cases (Essar Steel, Bhushan Steel) performed better; others have not. Why This Matters for the Indian Economy? A. Bank Balance Sheets High haircuts → high losses → poor credit growth. B. Investor Confidence Lower foreign investment because of uncertain recoveries. C. Credit Culture Borrowers may exploit delays. D. Industrial Revival Faster resolution = revival of productive assets. Why a landmark US lawsuit is accusing big brands of engineering addictive, unhealthy foods  Why is this in News? San Francisco has filed a first-of-its-kind lawsuit against 10 major global food companies—including Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, Nestlé, Mondelez, Kellogg—accusing them of: Deliberately engineering ultra-processed foods (UPFs) to be addictive Hiding scientific evidence on health impacts Deceptive and predatory marketing, especially targeting children Creating a public health crisis similar to the tobacco and opioid epidemics The legal action is globally significant as UPF-related obesity and diabetes are rising in India too. Relevance GS-II: Governance Consumer protection Public health regulation Corporate accountability Comparative regulatory models (tobacco, opioids) Judicial interventions in health crises GS-III: Public Health & Economy NCD burden in India Ultra-processed foods and metabolic diseases Food safety standards (FSSAI) Behavioural addiction science Market failures in food systems What Are Ultra-Processed Foods (UPFs)? Defined under the NOVA classification system as industrially manufactured edible products made from food-derived substances, not whole foods. Characteristics High content of: Added sugars (fructose, HFCS, maltodextrin) Modified fats Refined starches Salt Artificial flavours, colours, emulsifiers Low in: Fibre Protein quality Essential micronutrients Purpose Maximise palatability, shelf life, sales volumes, and brand loyalty. Designed to replace real food in diets. Examples Chips, biscuits, namkeen Soft drinks, energy drinks Breakfast cereals Sweetened yoghurts, processed meats Ice creams, ready-to-eat snacks Why Are UPFs Considered “Engineered Addictive”? UPFs use precise combinations of salt + sugar + fat + additives to trigger brain reward pathways. Mechanisms Stimulate dopamine release similar to addictive substances. Increase cravings and reduce satiety, promoting overeating. Artificial flavours trick the brain into expecting nutrition that the food does not deliver → nutritional mismatch. Highly soft textures reduce chewing → faster calorie intake. Marketing reinforces habit-loop behaviours. Evidence Global meta-analyses: UPF addiction prevalence 14–20% (similar to alcohol-use disorder rates). Linked to: Obesity, diabetes Cardiovascular disease Dementia Depression Cancer What Does the Lawsuit Claim? Filed under California’s Unfair Competition Law and Public Nuisance Law. Core Allegations Deliberate Engineering of Addictive Food Products Companies knowingly created UPFs designed to trigger compulsive overeating. Deceptive Marketing Targeting children, minorities, low-income families with ads emphasising fun, sports, and happiness. Withholding Evidence Comparing companies to: Tobacco firms — hiding dangers of cigarettes Opioid manufacturers — downplaying addiction risks Public Health Damage UPFs linked to: soaring rates of obesity diabetes & metabolic syndrome mental health disorders Government Cost Burden The city seeks: restitution for public health expenses civil penalties injunctions restricting marketing tactics Why Is This Considered a Landmark Case? First lawsuit directly accusing the global food industry of creating addictive edible products. Could shape global regulations similar to: tobacco warning labels trans-fat bans sugar taxes May compel food companies to disclose: formulation data internal research papers addiction-related documentation Global Context & Public Health Crisis A. Obesity Epidemic US adult obesity: nearly 42% India: obesity and diabetes rising sharply (urban + rural) B. UPF Dominance UPFs now constitute: 58% of US calories 25–30% of India’s urban calorie intake (and rising) C. Low-income households disproportionately affected UPFs are cheaper, heavily marketed, require no cooking. Why the India Link Matters ? India faces: Rising NCDs (non-communicable diseases) High soft-drink, biscuit, chips consumption among youth Weak front-of-pack labelling norms No regulation on additives linked to overeating Aggressive marketing by multinational and domestic brands School food environments dominated by UPFs UPFs are now a public health challenge for India too. Possible Implications for India Regulatory Could push India to adopt: warning labels front-of-pack nutrition grading restrictions on advertising to children Judicial Indian courts may soon face PILs challenging: aggressive UPF marketing misleading health claims school availability Economic Reformulation costs may increase for FMCG companies. Health Systems Escalating NCD expenditure if consumption trends continue.