Content Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana National Engineers’ Day 2025 Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana Why is in News + Basics News: As of August 2025, PMGSY has sanctioned 1,91,282 rural roads (8.38 lakh km) and 12,146 bridges, out of which 1,83,215 roads (7.83 lakh km) and 9,891 bridges have been completed. Basics: Launched in 2000, PMGSY aims to provide all-weather rural connectivity to unconnected habitations. Context: Improved access to healthcare, education, markets, and jobs—contributing to rural poverty reduction. Fact: Over 1.66 lakh km roads using green technologies have been sanctioned, making PMGSY a leader in sustainable rural infrastructure. Relevance : GS-II (Governance, Welfare Schemes): Centrally Sponsored Scheme, rural development, equity in backward/tribal/LWE areas, monitoring mechanisms. GS-III (Infrastructure, Economy, Environment): Rural connectivity, farm-to-market linkages, job creation, green technology in road construction, climate resilience. Dimensions Polity/Legal Centrally Sponsored Scheme under Ministry of Rural Development. Fulfils Directive Principles (Art. 38, 39) by promoting social and economic justice. Links with Fifth Schedule areas, Tribal Sub-Plan, Aspirational Districts, ensuring equity. Governance/Administrative Monitored through OMMAS, e-MARG, GPS tracking, Quality Monitors (3-tier system). Convergence with PM-AJAY, PM-JANMAN, DA-JGUA for SC/ST and PVTG-focused development. Performance-based maintenance contracts ensure accountability. Economy Reduces rural isolation → boosts farm-to-market connectivity. Encourages non-farm employment (construction jobs, rural transport services). Estimated to contribute ~1–2% to rural GDP growth (World Bank evaluation, 2019). Society Enhances women’s mobility, school attendance, health access. Case example: Barbaspur, MP—bridge under PMGSY-I transformed access for SC/ST communities. Strengthens social inclusion in backward and conflict-affected districts. Environment/Science & Tech Use of waste plastic, fly ash, bio-bitumen, cold mix in road building. Promotes climate-resilient construction and reduces carbon footprint. Over 1.24 lakh km of eco-friendly roads built till July 2025. International Comparable to China’s rural roads programme under “Building a New Socialist Countryside”. Supports India’s progress on SDGs 1 (No Poverty), 9 (Infrastructure), 10 (Reduced Inequalities). Challenges Maintenance deficit: Many roads deteriorate due to weak local capacity and funds. Regional imbalance: Difficult terrain in NE, tribal belts, LWE areas delays execution. Contractor quality issues despite monitoring mechanisms. Environmental concerns in ecologically sensitive zones. Over-reliance on Census 2011 data → possible exclusion of new habitations. Way Forward Strengthen maintenance funding: NITI Aayog & World Bank suggest ring-fenced funds. Decentralised monitoring: Empower Panchayati Raj Institutions with digital tools. Capacity building: Train local workers (like Mandla example) for sustainable maintenance. Green technologies: Expand Full Depth Reclamation, bio-engineering in fragile regions. Data update: Integrate SECC 2024 and GIS mapping for identifying uncovered habitations. Convergence: Link PMGSY roads with PM Gati Shakti & BharatNet for holistic connectivity. Conclusion PMGSY is more than a road-building scheme—it is a rural transformation engine linking people to opportunities. With stronger focus on maintenance, inclusivity, and climate resilience, it can serve as a cornerstone of India’s journey towards equitable and sustainable rural development. National Engineers’ Day 2025 Why is in News + Basics News: India celebrated National Engineers’ Day 2025 on 15 September, marking the birth anniversary of Sir M. Visvesvaraya, Bharat Ratna awardee and legendary engineer. Basics: Observed annually to honor engineers’ contributions to nation-building. Context: India is in its Techade—a decade of transformative technological growth aligned with Viksit Bharat 2047. Fact: India accounts for 20% of the world’s chip design engineers and ranks 1st globally in AI skill penetration (Stanford AI Index 2024). Relevance : GS-I (Modern Indian Personalities): Sir M. Visvesvaraya’s legacy, nation-building through engineering. GS-II (Polity & Governance): Role in Digital India, Gati Shakti, Green Hydrogen; reforms in technical education (NEP 2020, ANRF Act 2023). GS-III (Economy): Semiconductor, AI, defence, space, renewable energy sectors; startups, R&D financing. Dimensions Polity/Legal Engineers are central to implementing national missions like Digital India, Green Hydrogen Mission, and PM Gati Shakti. NEP 2020 & ANRF Act 2023 reorient technical education and R&D towards multidisciplinary innovation. Governance/Administrative Flagship initiatives: Atal Innovation Mission, Startup India, Skill India Digital Hub, MERITE scheme, INSPIRE. Regulatory bodies like AICTE and institutions like IITs/NITs anchor research, innovation, and skilling. Economy Engineers drive semiconductor, AI, renewable energy, defence, and space sectors. Startup India: DPIIT-recognized startups grew from ~500 (2016) to 1.59 lakh (2025). ANRF’s ₹1 lakh crore RDI Scheme boosts industry–academia collaboration and private R&D financing. Society Contributions in education, health tech, fintech, and agri-tech expand access to services. Enhanced mobility and digital platforms (Aadhaar, UPI, DigiLocker) enable financial inclusion. Engineers inspire youth through Visvesvaraya’s legacy of problem-solving and social impact. Environment/Science & Tech Engineers lead renewable energy adoption (India: 3rd in solar, 4th in wind globally). Green hydrogen, floating solar, agrivoltaics → climate-resilient solutions. R&D in quantum computing (target: 1000 physical qubits by 2031) and AI-driven space exploration. International India rising in Global Innovation Index rankings. Provides engineering workforce and digital solutions to global markets. Collaborations in semiconductors, AI, and clean energy enhance India’s global tech leadership. Challenges Quality-skills gap: Mismatch between graduates and industry needs. R&D underfunding: India spends ~0.7% of GDP on R&D vs. 2–3% in advanced economies. Brain drain: High-skilled engineers migrate abroad. Infrastructure gaps in Tier-2/3 technical institutions. Ethical concerns: AI, data privacy, and dual-use defence technologies. Way Forward Skill Development: Expand MERITE, Skill India Digital Hub, and industry-aligned curricula (NITI Aayog’s 2023 tech workforce roadmap). Research Ecosystem: Strengthen ANRF, promote PPPs, and increase R&D to 2% of GDP (as suggested in Science, Tech & Innovation Policy draft 2021). Inclusive Engineering: Encourage women and marginalized groups’ participation in STEM (align with SDG 5 & 10). Green & Deep Tech: Expand focus on renewables, AI, quantum, biotech for sustainable growth. Global Collaboration: Leverage partnerships like India-US Initiative on Critical & Emerging Technologies (iCET) for tech leadership. Conclusion National Engineers’ Day 2025 highlights that engineers are not only builders of infrastructure but also architects of India’s digital and green future. With stronger focus on skills, R&D, and inclusive innovation, India can harness engineering excellence to achieve Viksit Bharat 2047.

Content Positioning India in an unruly world Cutting off online gaming with the scissors of prohibition Sliver of hope Positioning India in an unruly world Basics Context: A Foreign Affairs article (July/Aug 2025) titled “India’s Great Power Delusions” argues that India’s grand strategy is hollow and that it lags behind the U.S. and China. Issue: The editorial (by M.K. Narayanan, ex-NSA & Governor) rebuts this portrayal, highlighting India’s growth story, strategic autonomy, and technological promise. Why it matters: The debate reflects larger questions about India’s global role, perception gaps with the West, and its journey toward Great Power status. Relevance: GS-II (International Relations): India’s strategic autonomy, role in multipolar world, contradictions in foreign policy. GS-III (Economy, S&T): Tech leadership, data dominance, and economic rise as pillars of power. Practice Question: “India’s global stature will depend less on moral authority and more on economic and technological strength.” Critically examine in the context of debates around India’s great power ambitions. (250 words) Author’s Core Argument India’s transformation — from famine-prone to food exporter, and from poverty to a resilient economy — is unmatched. India exercises moral authority through Non-Alignment, conflict mediation, and civilisational balancing, unlike power politics of U.S. or China. Western analysts underestimate India’s ability to manage contradictions (e.g., Russia ties + Quad partnership). True power today lies in technology and data dominance, where India has strong potential; Western scepticism is misplaced. Counter Arguments India’s GDP per capita, military capacity, and innovation ecosystem still lag far behind U.S./China. Overemphasis on “moral authority” may not translate into hard power influence in global geopolitics. Strategic autonomy has limits — dependence on Russian defence supplies and Western markets creates vulnerabilities. Technological optimism ignores persistent gaps in R&D investment, digital divide, and education quality. Multi-Dimensional Analysis Polity/Legal: India’s democratic model and constitutional values enhance its global legitimacy, but also slow decision-making compared to China’s state-centric model. Governance/Administrative: Balancing great power competition while ensuring internal governance reforms (bureaucratic efficiency, defence procurement, digital regulation) is key. Economy: India is world’s 4th largest economy (nominal GDP, 2025), but per-capita income, inequality, and middle-income trap concerns remain. Society: Demographic dividend and diaspora contribute to tech strength (e.g., Silicon Valley leadership), but issues like unemployment and skill mismatch persist. Environment/Science & Tech: India invests in digital public goods (UPI, Aadhaar, AI, space tech), but climate change and green transition demand resources. International: India positions itself via Quad, SCO, BRICS, and G20. However, contradictions (Russia ties vs. U.S. partnership) create strategic dilemmas. Challenges Bridging economic disparity with advanced nations. Managing contradictions between U.S. alignment and Russia/China engagement. Closing the tech and innovation gap with China and the West. Dealing with border tensions with China while pursuing global ambitions. Correcting perception gaps in Western strategic thinking. Way Forward Strengthen economy: Focus on manufacturing, R&D, and human capital (NITI Aayog, NEP 2020). Strategic clarity: Evolve a coherent National Security Strategy (as suggested by various parliamentary committees). Technology leadership: Invest in AI, semiconductors, cyber, and green tech (aligned with Digital India & Atmanirbhar Bharat). Balanced diplomacy: Pursue “multi-alignment” while deepening partnerships in Global South (SDG framework, South-South cooperation). Institutional reforms: Implement ARC recommendations on governance and defence modernisation. Conclusion India’s rise as a great power is not without challenges, but dismissing it as “delusional” overlooks its economic resilience, civilisational depth, and technological promise. Its global stature will depend on how effectively it balances contradictions, builds hard power, and leverages its soft power for a sustainable future. Value Addition: Economic Rank: India is the 4th largest economy (nominal GDP, 2025); 3rd largest in PPP terms. Strategic Autonomy Legacy: From Nehru’s Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) to today’s “multi-alignment” (Quad, BRICS, SCO, IPEF). National Security Strategy (NSS): Multiple parliamentary committees have recommended a codified NSS (not yet formally adopted). Tech Leadership Examples: Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): Aadhaar, UPI, ONDC. Space: Chandrayaan-3 success, Gaganyaan (upcoming). Semiconductors: India Semiconductor Mission (2021). Civilisational Soft Power: Yoga (UN International Day, 21 June), Ayurveda, Diaspora (largest in world: 32 million). Cutting off online gaming with the scissors of prohibition Basics Context: The Government of India passed the Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Bill, 2025, banning online real money games while promoting e-sports/social games. Issue: The Bill was pushed without debate or state consultation, raising concerns on federalism, constitutional rights, and economic fallout. Relevance: Balances societal harm (addiction, financial ruin) vs. innovation, jobs, and digital economy growth. Relevance: GS-II (Polity & Governance): Federalism (Centre vs. States), constitutional rights under Article 19(1)(g). GS-III (Economy): Impact on jobs, GST, investor confidence. GS-I (Society): Addiction, youth vulnerability, public health. Practice Question: “Blanket prohibition of online gaming risks undermining federalism, economic growth, and digital innovation.” Discuss with reference to the Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Bill, 2025. (250 words) Author’s Core Argument The ban is short-sighted: regulation, not prohibition, is the right path. Responsible gaming tools (age-gating, self-exclusion, AML/KYC) already exist globally and could be strengthened in India. The ban will push players to illegal offshore platforms, eroding tax revenue (~₹17,000 crore GST) and accountability. It violates federalism and constitutional rights (Article 19(1)(g)), while damaging India’s digital economy, jobs, and FDI confidence. Counter Arguments Addiction, suicides, and financial exploitation are real and rising social harms; prohibition sends a strong public health signal. State regulations (e.g., Tamil Nadu) vary, creating legal uncertainty; a central framework may offer uniformity. Regulating an industry with fast-changing tech and offshore players poses major enforcement challenges. Protecting vulnerable populations may outweigh short-term economic benefits. Multi-Dimensional Analysis Polity/Legal: Betting & gambling fall under State List; Centre’s unilateral move raises federalism disputes. Ban risks violating Article 19(1)(g), unless justified under “reasonable restrictions” (morality, public health). Governance/Administrative: Lack of consultation with States/industry weakens cooperative federalism. Regulatory capacity deficit highlighted — instead of oversight, blunt prohibition chosen. Economy: Sector projected 1.5 lakh jobs by 2025; FDI losses likely. GST revenue of ₹17,000 crore at risk. Investor confidence shaken due to sudden policy flip-flop. Society: Addiction, financial ruin, and youth vulnerability are genuine issues. Banning formal operators may worsen risks by driving users to unregulated markets. Technology: Online gaming overlaps with digital payments, AI, and content creation. India risks missing a global growth industry central to Digital India and Startup India. International: India’s unpredictability in digital regulation may deter global investors and damage credibility. Challenges Balancing public health concerns with digital innovation. Jurisdictional overlap between Centre and States. Preventing growth of illegal offshore networks. Ensuring investor confidence and policy stability. Building effective regulatory and enforcement capacity. Way Forward Balanced regulation: Licensing, compliance standards, taxation — rather than blanket ban. Cooperative federalism: Involve States; align with 7th Schedule. Strengthen safeguards: Responsible gaming tools, age-gating, AI-based addiction monitoring. Independent regulator: As recommended by committees (e.g., NITI Aayog’s 2021 draft guidelines). Global best practices: UK Gambling Commission, Singapore’s model of skill/chance distinction. Conclusion The Bill highlights India’s regulatory dilemma — prohibition may protect citizens in the short run but risks harming federalism, economic potential, and digital innovation. A calibrated regulatory framework balancing social concerns with industry growth is the sustainable path forward. Value Addition: Sector Size: India had 500+ million online gamers (2024), expected to touch 650 million by 2028. Economic Contribution: ₹17,000+ crore annual GST revenue; sector valued at $2.6 bn (2023) → projected $8.6 bn by 2027. Constitutional Angle: Entry 34 & 62, State List → “Betting & Gambling” under state jurisdiction. Article 19(1)(g): Right to profession/occupation → subject to reasonable restrictions. Judicial Precedents: K.R. Lakshmanan v. State of Tamil Nadu (1996): Declared horse racing a game of skill, not chance. SC & High Courts: Skill-based gaming cannot be banned like gambling. Comparative Practices: UK: Gambling Commission with strict licensing. Singapore: Distinction between skill and chance; supervised online platforms. Sliver of Hope: An Inclusive Vision of Conservation Basics Context: A recent survey in the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve shows a rise in saltwater crocodile numbers and demographic diversity. Issue: Conservation policies in India historically focused on charismatic megafauna (tiger, elephant). This case shows the importance of protecting less charismatic species. Why it Matters: Expanding conservation beyond iconic animals can strengthen ecosystems, biodiversity, and climate resilience. Relevance: GS-III (Environment): Biodiversity conservation, Wildlife Protection Act, climate change impacts. GS-II (Governance): Role of local/state institutions, conservation programmes. Practice Question: “Conservation success stories like the Sundarban crocodile recovery highlight the need to move beyond charismatic megafauna towards inclusive and climate-resilient biodiversity policies.” Discuss. (250 words)  Author’s Core Argument Saltwater crocodile recovery is proof that targeted interventions + legal protection work, even for non-charismatic species. India’s model (Wildlife Protection Act, captive breeding, release programmes like Bhagabatpur) has been effective. Gaps remain: climate change, rising salinity, habitat loss — not fully integrated into law/policy. The success highlights the need for inclusive conservation that supports neglected species with proactive recovery plans. Counter Arguments Focus on iconic species (tiger, elephant) has generated funding, political will, and public support — difficult to replicate for reptiles. Crocodile recovery may be an exception, not easily generalisable to other neglected species with different ecological needs. Balancing human settlement pressures with wildlife needs in Sundarbans may still constrain long-term success. Multi-Dimensional Analysis Polity/Legal: Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 provides statutory backing but is reactive. Needs climate-linked amendments and species-specific recovery plans. Governance/Administrative: Bhagabatpur Crocodile Project shows localised interventions can succeed. Need better funding and coordination with state forest departments. Economy: Healthy mangroves (aided by crocodile presence) protect coastal livelihoods and reduce disaster losses. Ecotourism potential if balanced with ecological sensitivity. Society: Public perception still favours “charismatic” species; requires communication strategy for wider conservation awareness. Conflict risks (crocodile attacks) need mitigation to sustain community support. Environment/Science & Tech: Crocodiles regulate prey and carcasses → ecosystem health indicator. Climate change threats (salinity, cyclones, sea-level rise) demand anticipatory adaptation, e.g., climate refugia, assisted breeding. International: Many countries neglect reptiles; India’s model offers a replicable template. Supports India’s biodiversity commitments under CBD and SDG 15 (Life on Land). Challenges Integrating climate change adaptation into wildlife law. Overcoming bias toward megafauna in funding and policy. Managing human-wildlife conflict in populated regions. Habitat fragmentation and rising salinity in Sundarbans. Building long-term political and financial support for neglected species. Way Forward Update Wildlife Act with anticipatory, climate-resilient measures. Launch species recovery programmes for non-charismatic fauna with earmarked funding. Promote inclusive public awareness campaigns, beyond tigers and elephants. Identify climate refugia and create corridors for adaptation. Use global best practices (e.g., IUCN Species Survival Commission) for breeding and recovery. Conclusion The Sundarban crocodile success shows that inclusive, science-driven conservation is possible. To build resilient ecosystems, India must move beyond charismatic species and adopt a proactive, climate-conscious strategy for biodiversity protection. Value Addition: Species Info: Crocodylus porosus → largest living reptile (can exceed 6 m, 1,000+ kg). Found in India, Southeast Asia, Northern Australia. Distribution in India: Odisha (Bhitarkanika), West Bengal (Sundarbans), Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Conservation Status: IUCN Red List: Least Concern (globally stable, but locally vulnerable). CITES: Appendix I (trade prohibited). Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I species (highest protection). Historical Decline: Nearly wiped out in 1970s due to hunting for skins and habitat loss. Success Stories: Bhitarkanika (Odisha): From 96 individuals (1975) → over 1,800 today. Bhagabatpur Crocodile Project (WB): Breeding + release programme in Sundarbans. Ecological Role: Apex predator; regulates fish and crab populations; prevents carcass accumulation in mangroves. Threats: Rising salinity and cyclones (Aila, Amphan, Yaas). Human-crocodile conflict in coastal villages.

Content Pendency continues to plague SC as case backlog hits all-time high Cotton import duty cuts: The farms versus firms debate How serious is the global plastic pollution crisis? PM inaugurates India’s first bamboo-based ethanol plant India must invest more in accelerating diversification of food production: FAO Chief Economist Maximo Cullen Stop paying more for being a woman: avoid Pink Tax Kolhan tribe’s Manki-Munda system Operation Polo and Hyderabad’s accession to India China–Philippines tensions over Scarborough Shoal (South China Sea) Pendency continues to plague SC as case backlog hits all-time high Basics Event/Issue: Supreme Court pendency of cases has reached record levels, prompting judicial and administrative focus on workload management, bench strength, and case disposal efficiency. Background/Context: India’s apex court has historically faced rising backlog, exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic and continuing thereafter. Increased filings, complex litigation, and limited judge strength contribute to delays. Fact/Data: As of 2025, the Supreme Court’s pending cases reached 88,417, including 69,553 civil and 18,864 criminal matters. Disposal rate in August 2025 was 5,667 cases, below fresh filings of 7,080. Relevance : GS-II (Judiciary, Access to Justice, Legal Reforms), GS-II/III (Social Issues: child marriage, gender rights). Why in News Recent data highlights sustained rise in pendency despite full judge strength (34 sanctioned judges). Collegium and government are actively working to fill Supreme Court vacancies quickly to maintain functioning at full strength. Overview Polity/Legal: Chief Justice and collegium have emphasized full bench strength to avoid even one vacancy. Successive Chief Justices have initiated reforms for increased benches and summer working schedules. Judicial recommendations stress timely appointments and efficient adjudication. Governance/Administrative: 21 benches worked during partial summer recess to manage backlog. Disposal rates still lag behind fresh filings, highlighting systemic inefficiencies. Economy: Minimal direct economic impact, but delayed dispute resolution affects investment, corporate litigation, and enforcement of contracts. Society: Backlog hinders redress in civil and criminal matters, affecting women and marginalized groups disproportionately. International: Judicial efficiency indices globally consider backlog; India’s Supreme Court pendency contrasts with courts in comparable democracies, impacting global rule-of-law perception. Challenges Persistent increase in filings surpassing disposal rate. Regional disparities in social and legal cases complicate prioritisation. Limited judge strength relative to workload. Administrative inefficiencies in case allocation and tracking. Ensuring timely appointments without political or procedural delays. Way Forward Maintain full sanctioned bench strength at all times; quick government action on collegium recommendations. Expand working benches and continue partial recess sittings when needed. Implement digital case management, AI-assisted prioritisation, and e-filing systems to streamline processes. Encourage alternative dispute resolution (ADR) to reduce civil case load. Monitor social issue cases (child marriage, gender rights) for fast-track adjudication. Consider National Judicial Data Grid and real-time reporting for transparency and policymaking. Conclusion Supreme Court pendency reflects structural and administrative challenges that require coordinated action by the judiciary, executive, and technology interventions. Maintaining full bench strength, leveraging digital solutions, and prioritising social justice cases are key to improving access to justice. Cotton import duty cuts: The farms versus firms debate Basics Event/Issue: Removal of 11% import duty on cotton by the Indian government has triggered protests from farmers while being welcomed by the textile industry. Background/Context: India is a major global cotton producer and exporter, but rising global cotton supply, falling prices, and structural inefficiencies in the domestic cotton supply chain are creating price-parity challenges. Fact/Data: Cotton imports in 2024-25 jumped 77% to 5.25 lakh tonnes despite the import duty. Relevance : GS-III (Agriculture, Textile Industry, Trade Policy, Rural Livelihoods). Why in News Government lifted import duty on cotton, ostensibly to ease costs for the textile industry amid global trade pressures and high tariffs (e.g., 50% US tariffs on Indian apparel). Farmers oppose the move, arguing it lowers domestic prices and threatens livelihoods. The issue highlights structural weaknesses in Indian cotton R&D, productivity, and farm-to-firm linkages. Significance Cotton is a critical raw material for India’s textile sector, one of the largest employers, especially of women. Price declines affect farmers’ incomes; job losses in textile manufacturing impact rural and urban livelihoods.  Policy decision reflects tension between farmer welfare and industrial competitiveness. Overview Polity/Legal: Balancing MSP, domestic procurement policies (Cotton Corporation of India), and trade liberalisation; political backlash from farmer unions. Governance/Administrative: Supply chain inefficiencies in farm-to-firm linkages; CCI procured 34% of production, signalling market distortions. Economy: Rising global supply lowers cotton prices; domestic costs are higher due to declining productivity, weak cotton-to-lint ratio, and high input costs; textile exporters face global tariff pressures. Society: Declining prices reduce farmer income, prompting crop shifts from cotton to paddy, soyabean, or groundnut. Job losses in women-dominated garment sector due to global supply chain adjustments. Environment/Science & Tech: Stagnant productivity; Bt cotton covers 95% of acreage but faces pest resistance; India lags in adoption of advanced technologies like Bollgard-III and CRISPR-based varieties. International: India’s cotton trade integrated with global markets; US tariffs, global price trends, and competition from Brazil, China, and Australia influence policy decisions. Challenges Domestic cotton prices remain higher than global prices, causing import dependence. Declining acreage and productivity, with crop shifts reducing supply. Technological stagnation: Bt cotton over two decades old, leading to pest resistance. Weak public investment in R&D, lagging behind global competitors. Balancing farmer welfare and industrial competitiveness amid global trade dynamics. Way Forward Increase public investment in cotton R&D focusing on high-yield, pest-resistant, climate-resilient varieties. Strengthen farm-to-firm linkages to improve supply chain efficiency and reduce costs. Encourage adoption of advanced biotechnology (Bollgard-III, CRISPR) in collaboration with private and international partners. Rationalise MSP and procurement policies to protect farmers while ensuring competitive domestic cotton for industry. Promote sustainable cotton cultivation practices to improve productivity and reduce input costs. Conclusion India’s cotton sector faces the dual challenge of global market pressures and domestic structural inefficiencies. Policy interventions must balance farmer welfare, industrial competitiveness, and technological upgrading to ensure long-term sustainability and resilience. How serious is the global plastic pollution crisis? Basics Event/Issue: Rapidly increasing plastic pollution is a major global environmental concern, affecting ecosystems, human health, socio-economic development, and climate. Background/Context: Plastics are widely used in packaging, consumer goods, textiles, and single-use items. Mismanagement of plastic waste leads to environmental contamination and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. Fact/Data: Global plastic production reached 460 million tonnes in 2019, with only 9% recycled and 22% escaping waste management systems, often polluting terrestrial and aquatic environments. Relevance :  GS-III (Environment, Pollution, Waste Management, Climate Change), GS-II (International Cooperation, Treaties). Why in News 2025 World Environment Day (June 5) focused on “Ending Plastic Pollution”. UNEP and UN member states are negotiating a legally binding international treaty to curb plastic pollution. Reports (OECD, Ocean Conservancy) highlight alarming trends: 11 million tonnes of plastic enter oceans annually; global plastic waste may reach 1.2 billion tonnes by 2060. Significance Plastics cause microplastic contamination from the poles to oceans, threatening biodiversity and marine ecosystems. Plastics contribute 3.4% of global GHG emissions; projected 19% of carbon budget by 2040. Microplastics enter food chains, impacting human and animal health. Plastic mismanagement burdens waste management systems, damages fisheries, tourism, and livelihoods. Overview Polity/Legal: Need for international treaty on plastic pollution; Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and regulations on single-use plastics. Governance/Administrative: Strengthening waste management infrastructure; incentivising recycling through landfill/incineration taxes; adopting pay-as-you-throw systems. Economy: Promotion of circular economy; boosting markets for recycled plastics; reducing import dependence on petrochemical feedstocks. Society: Awareness campaigns, behavioural change, adoption of biodegradable/green alternatives; media engagement. Environment/Science & Tech: Development of eco-friendly alternatives, improved recycling technology, reduction of microplastic contamination, mitigation of carbon footprint. International: UN Environment Assembly goals, global cooperation on treaty and innovation, alignment with SDG targets (7, 12, 13, 14, 15). Challenges Limited recycling capacity (only 6% of plastics recycled globally). Widespread use of single-use and virgin plastics. Poor waste management in low-income regions, leading to ocean and terrestrial pollution. Industrial resistance and cost barriers to green alternatives. Enforcement of international agreements and national policies. Way Forward Legally binding global treaty to end plastic pollution, with clear timelines. Incentivise recycling and circular economy: EPR, landfill/incineration taxes, deposit-refund systems. Promote R&D in biodegradable plastics and innovative product design. Limit virgin plastic production; phase out unnecessary single-use plastics. Public awareness campaigns and media engagement to change consumption patterns. National policies aligned with UNEP goals and SDGs; international collaboration for technology transfer and best practices. Conclusion Plastic pollution is a multi-dimensional global crisis requiring coordinated international, national, and societal action. Without decisive measures, environmental, health, and economic costs will escalate by mid-century. PM inaugurates India’s first bamboo-based ethanol plant Basics Event/Issue: Inauguration of India’s first bamboo-based bioethanol plant in Golaghat, Assam, and foundation of a ₹7,230-crore polypropylene plant at Numaligarh Refinery. Background/Context: India’s energy imports are high; government aims for energy self-sufficiency, promotion of green energy, and rural economic development. Bamboo has recently been declassified as a tree, facilitating its commercial use. Fact/Data: The bioethanol plant will process 5 lakh tonnes of green bamboo annually to produce ~48,900 tonnes of ethanol, along with acetic acid, furfural, and liquid CO₂. Relevance : GS-III (Energy Security, Renewable Energy, Rural Development, Bioeconomy). Why in News PM Modi inaugurated the bamboo-based ethanol plant and laid the foundation for the polypropylene plant. Emphasis on energy self-sufficiency, clean energy, and leveraging Assam’s resources. Highlighted benefits for local farmers and tribal communities via procurement of bamboo. Noted alignment with deep-water hydrocarbon exploration and green energy initiatives. Significance Energy Security: Reduces India’s dependence on fossil fuel imports. Sustainable Development: Promotes renewable energy and circular economy (“zero-waste” model). Rural Economy: Generates employment and income for northeastern farmers/tribals. Industrial Growth: Strengthens northeast’s industrial capacity, linking agriculture and energy sectors. Exam Relevance: Connects GS-III topics: Energy Security, Renewable Energy, Rural Development, Bioeconomy. Overview Polity/Legal: Bamboo reclassification enables commercial harvesting; reflects central-state coordination in resource utilization. Governance/Administrative: NITI Aayog and Ministry of Petroleum alignment in promoting green energy; implementation of procurement policies benefiting local communities. Economy: Boost of ₹200 crore to Assam’s rural economy; diversification from hydrocarbons to bio-based chemicals; potential import substitution. Society: Empowers tribal and rural populations; provides livelihoods while reducing illegal bamboo harvesting conflicts. Environment/Science & Tech: First-of-its-kind “green bamboo” ethanol plant; supports circular bioeconomy and carbon-neutral fuel initiatives; aligns with clean energy targets. International: Joint venture with Finland’s Fortum and Chempolis OY demonstrates technology transfer and foreign investment in renewable energy. Challenges Sustainable sourcing of 5 lakh tonnes of bamboo annually without ecological degradation. Integration with local communities and ensuring fair procurement prices. Technological adaptation and scaling up of bamboo-to-ethanol conversion. Market competitiveness vis-à-vis fossil fuels and other biofuels. Monitoring environmental impact (water use, effluents, carbon footprint). Way Forward Strengthen supply chains via cooperative models with farmers/tribals. NITI Aayog/ARC recommendation: replicate bamboo ethanol model in other northeastern states. Encourage R&D in advanced bio-refineries and circular bioeconomy. Align with SDG-7 (Affordable & Clean Energy) and SDG-12 (Responsible Consumption & Production). Explore export potential and international collaborations in biofuels and biochemicals. Conclusion The bamboo-based bioethanol plant represents a strategic step toward India’s energy self-reliance, sustainable industrial growth, and rural empowerment. Continued focus on environmental safeguards and community engagement will determine its long-term success. India must invest more in accelerating diversification of food production: FAO Chief Economist Maximo Cullen Basics Definition: Food security implies physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food. A “healthy diet” includes diverse food groups—fruits, vegetables, proteins, cereals. Context: FAO’s State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) Report tracks affordability of healthy diets globally. Fact: In 2024, 40.4% of Indians (~60 crore people) could not afford a healthy meal, down from 74.1% in 2021 (FAO estimate, revised methodology). Relevance : GS-II (Food Security, Right to Food, Governance), GS-III (Agriculture, Nutrition, Climate-Smart Farming). Why in News FAO Chief Economist Maximo Torero Cullen, in an interview, highlighted India’s improved but still high food insecurity numbers, urging diversification of production beyond cereals. Emphasis on India’s critical role in global Zero Hunger (SDG-2) by 2030. Overview Polity/Legal Right to food part of Article 21 (Right to Life); enforced via National Food Security Act (2013). Judicial recognition in PUCL vs Union of India (2001) expanded food rights. Governance/Administrative NFSA covers ~81 crore people with subsidised cereals, but lacks focus on protein-rich and nutrient-dense foods. Need for convergence with Poshan Abhiyaan, ICDS, Mid-Day Meal Scheme (PM Poshan). Economy High cost of diverse diets due to supply-chain bottlenecks, storage losses, and tariffs. Cereal-centric MSP procurement distorts cropping patterns. Diversification (pulses, horticulture) can boost farmers’ incomes and reduce dietary costs. Society Malnutrition persists: NFHS-5 shows 35.5% of children under 5 stunted, 19.3% wasted. Gender dimension: Women and children disproportionately affected. Environment/Science & Tech Diversification aligns with climate-smart agriculture, water conservation, and soil health. Pulses fix nitrogen, reduce chemical fertiliser use. International India central to SDG-2 (Zero Hunger) due to scale. Tariff wars risk fragmenting food trade, creating inefficiencies and uncertainties. India’s export bans (e.g., rice) affect global markets, raising food insecurity elsewhere. Challenges Persistent malnutrition despite NFSA coverage. High prices of fruits, vegetables, pulses. Policy bias towards cereals (wheat, rice). Post-harvest losses, weak cold storage. Trade uncertainties due to global tariff wars. Way Forward Diversification: Shift from cereal-heavy procurement to pulses, oilseeds, horticulture (as recommended by Shanta Kumar Committee). Nutrition-sensitive policies: Integrate dietary diversity into NFSA and welfare schemes. Infrastructure: Invest in cold chains, logistics, and farmer-producer organisations. Market reforms: Rationalise tariffs, stabilise food trade policies. Best Practices: Brazil’s “Zero Hunger” programme linked agriculture with nutrition. SDG-aligned policies: Focus on affordability and sustainability together. Conclusion India has made notable progress in reducing food insecurity, but with 40% of people still unable to afford a healthy diet, urgent steps are needed in diversification, affordability, and nutrition-sensitive governance to meet SDG-2 and secure its role as a global leader in the fight against hunge Stop paying more for being a woman: avoid Pink Tax Basics Definition: Pink Tax is not an actual government tax but a pricing phenomenon where products and services targeted at women cost more than those for men. Origin: Term believed to have originated in California, 1994. Global Example: US studies show women’s personal care products are ~13% costlier than men’s. Relevance : GS-II (Women’s Rights, Gender Justice, Consumer Protection), GS-III (Economic Empowerment of Women). Why in News Growing awareness in India after the 2018 GST exemption on sanitary napkins/tampons. Recent discussions highlight how gender-based pricing affects household savings and women’s economic participation. Overview Polity/Legal No dedicated Indian law against Pink Tax. NCDRC ruling: Companies must follow fair pricing, avoid gender-based discrimination. Relates to CEDAW (Convention on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women) commitments. Governance/Administrative Lack of regulatory guidelines on gender-neutral pricing. Need for Consumer Protection Authorities to take proactive role. Economy Increases cost of living for women despite gender wage gap (India’s women earn ~20–30% less on average). Reduces disposable income, impacting savings and consumption patterns. Society Reinforces stereotypes via “pink packaging” and gendered marketing. Burdens households where women are non-earning members. International US & UK: Studies confirm systemic higher costs for women’s products (deodorants, clothing, dry cleaning). UN (2017): Called on states to end gender-based price discrimination. Challenges Low awareness: ~67% of Indians have never heard of Pink Tax (IFSA study). Cultural acceptance of gendered marketing. Weak regulatory monitoring. Lack of affordable gender-neutral alternatives. Way Forward Legal/Policy: Draft gender-neutral pricing guidelines under Consumer Protection Act. Consider anti-discrimination provisions under Competition law. Awareness: Consumer education on comparing unit costs, demanding fair pricing. Market Solutions: Promote gender-neutral brands and unisex services (salons, clothing). Global Best Practices: Some US states banned gender-based pricing in services. EU consumer advocacy campaigns for transparency. Conclusion The Pink Tax highlights a subtle but systemic form of gender inequality in markets. India needs a mix of legal safeguards, consumer awareness, and industry responsibility to ensure fair pricing and protect women’s economic rights. Kolhan tribe’s Manki-Munda system Basics Issue: Recent protests in Jharkhand’s West Singhbhum district by Ho Adivasis over interference in their traditional Manki-Munda self-governance system. Background: The system is a hereditary, village-based governance structure with Munda (village head) and Manki (overseeing 15 villages). It predates colonial rule and was codified by the Wilkinson’s Rules (1837). Fact: The system covers ~3,000 villages across Kolhan region (Ho-majority). Relevance : GS-I (Indian Society, Tribal Culture), GS-II (Panchayati Raj, PESA Act, Customary Governance). Why in News Ho tribal groups accused the Deputy Commissioner of interfering in their customary system by removing Mundas. DC later clarified the protest was based on misinformation but issued a directive to bring transparency in functioning. Overview Polity/Legal Wilkinson’s Rules gave formal recognition to Manki-Munda authority. Courts (2000, Patna HC) noted they are customs, not laws, but still practiced. Tension with PESA Act (1996) and Panchayati Raj institutions. Governance/Administrative Dual system: state administration vs traditional heads. Creates friction over accountability, transparency, and adaptation to democratic norms. Mundas often lack education, making record-keeping and modern administration difficult. Economy Originally ensured land protection; now complicated by zamindari legacy, revenue demands, and land alienation. Protests highlight fear of losing land rights under state intervention. Society System fosters community cohesion and respect for customary authority. But hereditary leadership may exclude capable individuals and limit representation of women and youth. International (comparative) Similar indigenous governance debates exist worldwide (e.g., Maori in New Zealand, First Nations in Canada). Global best practice: blending customary systems with constitutional democracy. Challenges Clash between hereditary traditional authority and democratic state structures. Lack of transparency, exclusion of women/youth, hereditary rigidity. Land alienation, revenue pressures, and poor documentation of rights. Administrative conflict between PESA institutions and Wilkinson’s Rules. Rising distrust between state officials and tribal communities. Way Forward Codify reforms: Harmonize Wilkinson’s Rules with PESA Act provisions. Capacity-building: Train Manki-Mundas in record-keeping, legal literacy, and governance. Participatory approach: Ensure women/youth representation within customary councils. Legal clarity: State government should revisit the system via consultation, possibly through a commission of inquiry. Global learnings: Adopt hybrid governance models (e.g., Maori councils with legal powers in NZ). Conclusion The Manki-Munda system reflects the deep cultural autonomy of the Ho community, but to remain relevant in the 21st century, it must be reformed and integrated with democratic governance while safeguarding tribal identity and rights. Operation Polo and Hyderabad’s accession to India: Basics Event: Operation Polo (Sept 13–17, 1948) was India’s military action that led to the integration of the princely state of Hyderabad into the Indian Union. Background: Hyderabad, ruled by the Nizam, was the largest princely state (2 lakh sq. km., 16 million population, majority Hindus under a Muslim ruler). Fact: The Nizam refused to accede to India post-1947, leading to military intervention. Relevance : GS-I (Modern Indian History), GS-II (Polity: Federalism, Integration) Why in News The editorial marks the 77th anniversary (Sept 2025) of Operation Polo, reflecting on the political, social, and military aspects of Hyderabad’s merger with India. Overview Polity/Legal The Instrument of Accession was the legal basis for merging princely states. Hyderabad’s refusal posed a constitutional crisis—could a large independent enclave exist within Indian territory? Operation Polo reinforced India’s unity and territorial integrity. Governance/Administrative Post-accession, Hyderabad was placed under military administration until Dec 1949. Later, civilian governance was restored, and elections were held in 1952. Demonstrated the importance of central authority in unifying governance structures. Economy Hyderabad was rich in agriculture, textiles, and culture but feudal landholding and oppressive taxation led to agrarian distress. Land reforms and integration opened Hyderabad to wider economic modernization. Society Hindu majority faced repression under the Nizam’s Razakars (paramilitary group). Social tensions, religious polarization, and peasant movements (e.g., Telangana armed struggle) shaped public opinion in favor of integration. International The Nizam sought UN and Commonwealth intervention. India’s swift action prevented internationalization of the Hyderabad issue, unlike Kashmir. Challenges Religious violence during Razakar brutality and after integration. Managing international criticism of India’s “police action.” Ensuring smooth governance transition from monarchy to democracy. Reintegrating diverse linguistic regions (Telugu, Kannada, Marathi) under one state. Way Forward Lessons for present-day federal integration: dialogue first, but decisive action if national unity is threatened. Promote inclusive governance to address regional grievances (learning from Telangana struggle). Strengthen historical awareness: integrate Operation Polo in public discourse as part of India’s nation-building journey. Use constitutional safeguards (Art. 355, 356, special provisions) carefully for balancing unity with diversity. Conclusion Operation Polo symbolized India’s resolve to integrate princely states into a united democratic nation. While marked by violence, it laid the foundation for political stability, democratic governance, and India’s federal structure. China–Philippines tensions over Scarborough Shoal (South China Sea) Basics Event: China has announced the creation of a national nature reserve at Scarborough Shoal in the South China Sea. Background: Scarborough Shoal (Huangyan Dao by China / Panatag Shoal by Philippines) is a strategic atoll, ~200 km off the Philippines coast and within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Fact: The South China Sea carries annual trade worth $3 trillion; it is also rich in fisheries and hydrocarbon resources. Relevance : GS-II (International Relations, Maritime Law, UNCLOS), GS-III (Security, Trade, Indo-Pacific Strategy) Why in News China approved a 3,524-hectare marine nature reserve at Scarborough Shoal. The Philippines reacted strongly, accusing China of damaging coral reefs and violating international law. Tensions revived over sovereignty, fishing rights, and maritime security. Overview Polity/Legal UNCLOS (1982) grants EEZ rights to the Philippines within 200 nautical miles. Permanent Court of Arbitration (2016) rejected China’s “nine-dash line” claim, but China does not recognize the verdict. Raises questions about international law enforcement and arbitral authority. Governance/Administrative Philippines struggles with limited coast guard/naval capacity compared to China’s maritime militia and coast guard. Managing fisheries and marine environment requires cooperative mechanisms, not unilateral actions. Economy Scarborough Shoal is a fishing hotspot, vital for Philippines’ coastal communities. Disruption threatens food security and livelihoods. Trade security through South China Sea is critical for global supply chains. Society Filipino fishermen face harassment, reducing income and deepening social tensions. Rising nationalism in both countries complicates diplomatic resolution. Environment/Science & Tech China claims “nature reserve” status, but dredging, coral destruction, and militarization contradict ecological aims. Marine biodiversity loss impacts regional ecology. International US–Philippines Mutual Defense Treaty (1951) covers South China Sea after recent updates. China–US rivalry sharpens, making the shoal a potential flashpoint. ASEAN divided between pro-China and pro-US positions, weakening collective response. Challenges China’s rejection of international arbitration rulings. Asymmetry of military and coast guard capabilities between China and Philippines. Risk of accidental escalation from maritime confrontations. Weak enforcement of environmental safeguards. ASEAN’s lack of unity on South China Sea Code of Conduct. Way Forward Strengthen UNCLOS-based dispute resolution; push for binding ASEAN–China Code of Conduct. Philippines to enhance maritime domain awareness (satellites, AI-based surveillance) with Quad/US support. Promote joint development of resources (as done in some ASEAN disputes) while shelving sovereignty claims. Environmental safeguards under SDG-14 (Life Below Water) to balance ecology with security. India and like-minded nations to support freedom of navigation under Indo-Pacific strategies. Conclusion The Scarborough Shoal dispute reflects the larger contest between international law and power politics in the South China Sea. A rules-based, cooperative approach is the only sustainable way forward to ensure peace, ecology, and regional stability.