Posts

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 26 April 2025

Content : DRDO achieves significant milestone in Scramjet Engine Development World Malaria Day – 2025 DRDO achieves significant milestone in Scramjet Engine Development Context : Technical Achievement Milestone: DRDL (Hyderabad-based lab under DRDO) successfully conducted Active Cooled Scramjet Subscale Combustor ground testing for >1,000 seconds. Location: Scramjet Connect Test Facility, Hyderabad. Date of test: 25 April 2025. Significance: This is a continuation of an earlier test (120 seconds) done in January 2025, showing substantial progress. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) About Scramjet & Hypersonic Technology Scramjet (Supersonic Combustion Ramjet): Operates efficiently at hypersonic speeds (Mach 5 and above). Air-breathing engine: Uses atmospheric oxygen, reducing the need to carry oxidizers onboard (unlike rockets). Requires supersonic combustion – extremely challenging due to high temperatures and pressures. Hypersonic Cruise Missiles: Can travel >6,100 kmph (Mach 5+). Maintain sustained cruise capability at extreme speeds. Ideal for penetration of enemy air defences due to low reaction time and high kinetic energy. What Was Tested Active Cooled Combustor: Uses cooling mechanisms to withstand high heat from supersonic combustion. Ensures thermal stability during extended duration tests. Subscale Combustor Test: Validates design before full-scale integration. Proves feasibility of sustained combustion and component durability. Technological Significance Validates both: Design of the long-duration scramjet combustor, and Capabilities of the new Scramjet Connect Test Facility. Essential step toward flight-worthy scramjet integration for missile systems. Collaborative Effort Developed through integrated contributions of: Multiple DRDO laboratories Indian industry partners Academic institutions Symbolic of India’s growing defence R&D ecosystem and technology self-reliance (Atmanirbharta). Strategic & Defence Relevance A cornerstone for India’s Hypersonic Cruise Missile Programme. Enhances next-gen missile capabilities with improved speed, reach, and survivability. Aligns with global race in hypersonic weapons by countries like USA, Russia, China. What’s Next Preparation for full-scale combustor testing in flight conditions. Roadmap towards operational deployment of indigenous hypersonic cruise missiles. Ramjet vs Scramjet – Comparative Value Addition Feature Ramjet Scramjet Full Form Ram-air jet engine Supersonic Combustion Ramjet Airflow Speed at Combustion Subsonic (air slowed down before combustion) Supersonic (air remains at supersonic speed during combustion) Operational Speed Range ~Mach 3 to Mach 6 Mach 5 to Mach 10+ Combustion Efficiency Efficient at lower hypersonic speeds Efficient at higher hypersonic speeds Complexity Relatively simpler design More complex (thermal management, materials, airflow dynamics) Fuel Usage Hydrocarbon or hydrogen-based fuels Same, but must sustain combustion in supersonic air Examples BrahMos missile (with a solid rocket booster) Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV), US X-51 Waverider Limitations Cannot function at zero velocity; limited speed range Only works at extremely high speeds; highly sensitive design World Malaria Day – 2025 Context and Background World Malaria Day is observed annually on 25th April, instituted by the WHO in 2007. It serves to raise awareness, encourage global investment, and foster partnerships to eliminate malaria. Malaria is an age-old disease that has plagued humanity for over 4,000 years, and was a major health burden in post-independence India. Relevance : GS 2(Health ) India’s Progress and Global Recognition Malaria cases declined by 80.5% and deaths by 78.38% between 2015 and 2023. India exited WHO’s High Burden to High Impact (HBHI) group in 2024, a significant global recognition. 122 districts reported zero malaria cases in 2023. Transition reflects a paradigm shift in India’s malaria trajectory and health governance. India’s Elimination Targets Zero indigenous cases by 2027. Full malaria elimination by 2030, aligning with the WHO Global Technical Strategy (2016–2030). India’s national roadmap includes: National Framework for Malaria Elimination (NFME) 2016–2030. National Strategic Plan 2023–2027. Malaria – Disease Overview Caused by Plasmodium parasites, transmitted via infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Not contagious person-to-person, but can spread via infected blood or needles. Symptoms: Fever, headache, chills (early); confusion, seizures, jaundice, difficulty breathing (severe). Treatment: ACTs for Plasmodium falciparum. Chloroquine + Primaquine for Plasmodium vivax and ovale. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical. Global Burden 597,000 global deaths in 2023, slightly down from 600,000 in 2022. 11 HBHI countries accounted for 66% of cases and 68% of deaths. Despite gains, malaria remains a leading cause of illness and death in tropical regions. India’s Key Strategies & Interventions Core Interventions: Test, Treat, Track strategy: Widespread surveillance, rapid diagnosis, and treatment. Vector control: LLIN (Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets), insecticide sprays, and larval source management. Data-driven governance: Real-time surveillance, digital tracking systems. Focus Projects: Intensified Malaria Elimination Project – 3 (IMEP-3): Targets 159 high-burden districts across 12 states. Uses customized strategies for vulnerable populations and regional challenges. Behaviour Change & Awareness: Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) using local influencers, media campaigns, and community engagement. Community participation recognised by the PM as key to success (Mann Ki Baat – Dec 2024). Inter-sectoral & Capacity Building: Collaboration across ministries (health, environment, housing, etc.) to address determinants of malaria. Training of 850+ health professionals in 2024. Emphasis on research in insecticide resistance and therapeutic efficacy. Integration with Ayushman Bharat: Malaria services integrated with Ayushman Arogya Mandirs and Community Health Officers. Ensures last-mile delivery and universal health access. District-Level Differentiation NFME categorizes districts into: Category 3 (Intensified Control Phase) for high-transmission areas. Encourages district-specific planning, especially for P. vivax prevalent zones. Lessons from India’s Approach Blend of top-down planning and bottom-up execution. Leveraging community ownership, tech-enabled governance, and public-private coordination. Theme 2025 – “Malaria Ends With Us” Emphasizes collective responsibility and ownership at all levels. Urges the world to reinvest in innovation, reimagine public health systems, and reignite momentum for eradication. Conclusion India is on track to set a global benchmark in disease elimination. The malaria elimination journey underscores the strength of science-led health policy, resilient institutions, and citizen engagement. A malaria-free India by 2030 is not just a health goal, but a symbol of inclusive development and public health leadership.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 26 April 2025

Content : Teaching children to eat well must begin in school A chance for India’s creative ecosystem to make waves Teaching children to eat well must begin in school Global Context and Urgency N4G Summit & UNGA (2024): Renewed global commitment to end malnutrition by extending the UN Decade of Action on Nutrition (2016–2025) to 2030. Beyond access to food: Emphasis on how and why children eat — moving focus from food quantity to food literacy and behavior change. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues ,Health, Government Policies ) Practice Question :“While the first 1,000 days are crucial for child nutrition, the next 4,000 days offer a critical second window.” In this context, critically examine the role of schools in building food literacy among children. Suggest policy measures to institutionalize nutrition education.(250 Words) Childhood Nutrition: Expanding the Window Critical windows: While focus on the first 1,000 days (conception to 2 years) is vital, the next 4,000 days (up to adolescence) are equally critical. Adolescence as second chance: Nutritional education can help adolescents overcome earlier growth deficits and prevent future disease risks. Why Start in Schools? Changing food environment: Easy access to processed, unhealthy food via apps and media makes healthy eating decisions complex for children. Lack of awareness: Children often eat due to habit, peer pressure, or marketing — not based on health or cultural tradition. Schools as change agents: Structured, curriculum-based intervention in schools can build lifelong habits. Alarming Trends in Child Nutrition Minimum Dietary Diversity (UN SDG 2 Indicator): A child should eat from at least 5 out of 10 food groups daily — rarely met in India. Poor diets → triple burden: Links to under-nutrition, obesity, and chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, mental health). 70% of adult diseases: Originate from unhealthy habits formed during childhood — early intervention is crucial. Curriculum Gaps and Implementation Barriers Lack of structured food education: Nutrition lessons, if present, are outdated or superficial. Inadequate teacher training: No formal tools, training, or curriculum guidance provided to educators. Missing links: Disconnect between classroom learning and real-life food choices. What Should a Food Literacy Curriculum Include? Comprehensive and age-appropriate: Starts from preschool, continues through adolescence. Beyond food groups: Human biology and food-body relationship. Environmental sustainability. Cultural identity and local food diversity. Bio-diverse diets: Encouraging local, seasonal, traditional foods. Supports nutrition, local farmers, and the planet. Integration into Daily School Life More than awareness drives: Requires weekly classes, kitchen gardens, cooking sessions, food label reading. Infrastructure support: Healthier canteens. Nutrition-themed campaigns led by students. Weekly nutrition hour as part of academic calendar. Policy Frameworks in India National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: Calls for holistic development, includes room for health education. School Health & Wellness Programme (by MoHFW & MoE): Framework exists, but needs proper curriculum and execution. Gap: Still no national-level mandate or uniform curriculum for food literacy. Children as Agents of Change Ripple effect: Informed children can influence families and communities — asking for healthier meals, reducing food waste, spreading awareness. Holistic outcome: Promotes personal health, cultural respect, environmental awareness, and civic responsibility. Conclusion : Food literacy is essential: It’s no longer a luxury — but a necessity in the face of rising NCDs, climate change, and cultural erosion. Call to action: Embed food and nutrition education into mainstream schooling — not tomorrow, but today. A chance for India’s creative ecosystem to make waves India as a Global Creative Powerhouse Resilient amidst global uncertainty: Despite trade tariffs and market volatility, India’s stable economy and youth-driven innovation offer a unique opportunity. Vision: “Create in India, Create for the World” — positioning India as a creative and storytelling hub across media and technology sectors. Relevance :GS 3(Economy) Practice Question : India’s creative economy holds transformative potential for both cultural influence and economic diversification. Discuss the significance of initiatives like WAVES 2025 in boosting India’s media and entertainment startup ecosystem.(250 Words) Rise of Indian Creators on the Global Stage Success Stories: Namit Malhotra’s DNEG: Delivered Oscar-winning VFX for Dune 2 — symbol of India’s global creative potential. Young talent across domains: From film to AI, Indian youth are redefining global content creation. WAVES 2025: A Game-Changer World Audio-Visual Entertainment Summit (WAVES): Scheduled May 2025, Mumbai. Focus on building the Media & Entertainment (M&E) startup ecosystem. WAVES Xcelerator (WAVEX): Startup accelerator within WAVES. Offers mentorship, funding, global exposure. Addresses key barriers: capital, access, and market visibility. Sectoral Growth and Innovation Potential M&E industry size: Expected to grow from ₹2,422 billion (2023) to ₹3,067 billion (2027). Emerging areas: AI, AR/VR, gaming, metaverse. Animation, ed-tech, immersive media. Examples: Erucanavis Technologies: AI-driven ads. Offline Human Studios, Amaze Studios: Animation & VR. InscapeXR, Vision Impact: Immersive learning in education. Inclusivity & Cultural Anchoring Women-led startups like Lapwing Studios and Vygr Media included — promoting diversity. Arts + Science synergy: Creativity as a shared space for both — storytelling in labs and studios alike. Cultural legacy: India’s classical traditions blend with digital innovation to tell global stories. Economic and Social Impact Beyond profits: Investing in self-expression, storytelling, and cultural identity. Boosting creative economy alongside tech and biotech sectors. Strategic national value: Creativity as a tool for soft power, economic diversification, and employment generation. Conclusion: India’s moment: A global creative revolution led by Indian creators is unfolding. WAVES 2025: Not just a summit, but a launchpad for a global storytelling future. Call to action: Embrace India’s demographic, cultural, and technological edge — to “Create in India, for the World”.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 26 April 2025

Content: India, France to finalise ₹63,000-cr. deal for 26 Rafale-M jets on April 28 DRDO makes headway in hypersonic technology Over a dozen annual reports of SC, ST and OBC panels yet to be made public Kasturirangan took space to people, and beyond Over 60% of world may have seen rapid temperature ‘flips’ between extreme heat and cold since 1961 India, France to finalise ₹63,000-cr. deal for 26 Rafale-M jets on April 28 Context :India and France are set to finalize a ₹63,000-crore deal for 26 Rafale-M fighter jets, scheduled for formal announcement on April 28, 2025. Relevance : GS 2(Governance), GS 3(Defence) Agreement Process: The deal, signed through a government-to-government (G-to-G) agreement, will be executed remotely. The French Defence Minister, Sebastien Lecornu, will sign on behalf of France, and Indian Defence Minister Rajnath Singh will sign for India. Contract Details: The deal includes 22 single-seat Rafale-M jets capable of operating off aircraft carriers. 4 twin-seat trainer jets that are not carrier-compatible. Delivery of the jets will begin in 3.5 years and conclude within 6.5 years. Previous Rafale Deal: This deal follows the earlier ₹60,000-crore agreement in 2016 for 36 Rafale jets for the Indian Air Force. Aircraft Compatibility: The Indian Navy currently operates two aircraft carriers: INS Vikramaditya (procured from Russia) and INS Vikrant (indigenously built). Indian carriers use a ski-jump for takeoff and arrester cables to recover aircraft with a tail hook. Modifications Required: Minor adjustments will be needed to accommodate Rafale-M jets on the lifts, designed for the MiG-29K jets. Value Addition :Rafale Jets to India’s Defence Capabilities Advanced Combat Capabilities: Rafale jets are equipped with multirole capabilities, allowing them to conduct air-to-air, air-to-ground, and anti-ship missions. The aircraft’s high maneuverability and state-of-the-art avionics make it ideal for combat situations across diverse environments. Cutting-Edge Technology: The Rafale is powered by the M88 engine, offering excellent thrust-to-weight ratio, enhancing its agility and speed. Equipped with RBE2-AA AESA radar, allowing for long-range detection and tracking of enemy aircraft and missiles. The SPECTRA Electronic Warfare (EW) suite provides enhanced protection by detecting and jamming enemy radar and missile systems. Carrier Compatibility: The Rafale-M variant is specifically designed for carrier-based operations, offering India’s Navy enhanced capabilities for air superiority and precision strikes from its aircraft carriers, particularly on INS Vikrant and INS Vikramaditya. This will significantly boost India’s naval strike power, allowing for enhanced flexibility and range of operations. Enhanced Operational Flexibility: The Rafale is capable of carrying a wide variety of smart weapons, such as the SCALP cruise missile and Meteor air-to-air missile, giving the Indian Air Force and Navy a significant edge in terms of offensive strike and defensive air superiority. Interoperability with Existing Fleet: The integration of the Rafale-M with the Indian Navy’s existing fleet of MiG-29K jets will enhance interoperability during joint operations, ensuring greater flexibility in mission planning and execution. Strategic Deterrence: Rafales equipped with nuclear strike capabilities add a strategic deterrent element to India’s defense architecture, ensuring that it can counter nuclear threats with precision strikes. Indigenous Manufacturing Boost: The Rafale deal contributes to India’s growing defense manufacturing capabilities. It strengthens the Make in India initiative by encouraging technology transfer, skill development, and setting the stage for future domestic production of advanced fighter aircraft. Operational Synergy: Rafale jets will complement the Su-30MKI fleet and Tejas fighters in the IAF, enhancing force multipliers and providing synergistic effectiveness in multi-layered combat strategies. Pilot Training & Expertise: The acquisition and operational deployment of Rafales will not only enhance the combat effectiveness of Indian forces but also upgrade training and technical expertise for Indian Air Force and Navy personnel, ensuring they remain at the cutting edge of air combat capabilities. DRDO makes headway in hypersonic technology Context : Significant Milestone in Hypersonic Weapon Development: DRDO achieved a key milestone by demonstrating the long-duration Active Cooled Scramjet Subscale Combustor ground testing for over 1,000 seconds. This advancement marks a significant leap in hypersonic technology, which involves speeds greater than Mach 5 (5 times the speed of sound), making it crucial for the development of next-generation weapon systems. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Progress from Previous Test: This test is a continuation of the earlier 120-second test conducted in January 2025, showcasing consistent improvements in the scramjet combustor’s performance and durability. The extended duration (1,000 seconds) further proves the system’s ability to maintain high performance under extreme conditions, a crucial aspect for the reliability of hypersonic weapons. Technology Validation: The successful ground test validates the design of the scramjet combustor, an essential component for hypersonic engines, ensuring the system can withstand high heat and aerodynamic pressures during sustained high-speed flight. The test also validates the active cooling system used to protect the combustor from extreme temperatures, making it suitable for long-duration hypersonic flight. Pathway to Full-Scale Flight Testing: With the successful ground test, DRDO has cleared a major hurdle in the development of flight-worthy scramjet systems. The next step involves the full-scale flight-worthy combustor testing, which will be a critical phase in advancing from laboratory demonstrations to actual operational systems. Strategic and Tactical Importance: Hypersonic technology is a game-changer in defense capabilities due to its speed, maneuverability, and ability to bypass traditional missile defense systems. DRDO’s progress in hypersonic weapons will enhance India’s strategic deterrence, allowing it to develop weapons capable of reaching targets quickly, with the potential to evade interception. Implications for National Security: A successful hypersonic weapon program will greatly enhance India’s ability to project power and secure its borders, particularly in the context of evolving geopolitical tensions and regional security challenges. The technology also aligns with India’s goals to advance self-reliance in defense, reducing dependence on foreign military systems and ensuring the development of cutting-edge indigenous defense technologies. Global Competition in Hypersonic Technology: India joins a select group of countries such as the US, Russia, and China, who are already working on advanced hypersonic systems. As a result, India’s progress in this field is critical for maintaining its competitive edge in the global defense landscape and ensuring its military readiness in the face of emerging technological threats. Future Prospects and Challenges: The successful testing lays the foundation for potential future defense applications, such as hypersonic missiles, boost-glide vehicles, and even space exploration technologies. However, challenges remain, including operationalizing the technology, ensuring scalability, and overcoming technical hurdles related to heat dissipation and materials engineering. Make in India and Technological Advancements: This achievement supports the Make in India initiative, showcasing domestic technological capabilities and positioning DRDO as a key player in the global defense sector. The development of hypersonic technology highlights India’s growing expertise in advanced defense technologies, aligning with the government’s focus on enhancing indigenous defense R&D. Over a dozen annual reports of SC, ST and OBC panels yet to be made public Context : Delay in Transparency of Crucial Reports: Over a dozen annual reports from the National Commissions for Scheduled Castes (NCSC), Scheduled Tribes (NCST), and Other Backward Classes (NCBC) have not been made public for up to seven years. The NCSC and NCST have failed to submit their reports to the President for the past two years, while the NCBC has been unable to submit reports for the past three years. The delay hampers transparency and accountability regarding the implementation of policies aimed at the welfare of these marginalized communities. Relevance : GS 2(Polity,Governance) Constitutional Mandate for Annual Reports: Under the Constitution of India, these commissions are mandated to submit annual reports to the President on the implementation of safeguards for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs). These reports play a crucial role in assessing and recommending actions for the protection, welfare, and socio-economic development of these communities, as they provide the foundation for policy recommendations at the national and state levels. Impact of Delays on Policy and Governance: The recommendations made in the reports often influence policy decisions on critical issues such as: Reservation policies (for jobs, education, etc.) Criteria for creamy-layer exclusion in OBC communities Categorization of communities Health and infrastructure interventions for marginalized communities. The delay in public disclosure and tabling of these reports in Parliament creates an accountability gap, limiting the ability of lawmakers and the public to assess the effectiveness of government policies aimed at the upliftment of SC, ST, and OBC communities. Constitutional Oversight Mechanism: Regular tabling of these reports in Parliament is essential for parliamentary scrutiny and ensures that appropriate action-taken reports are discussed. The absence of these reports affects the oversight mechanism, preventing transparency in how well the government has acted on the recommendations provided by the commissions. Reasons for Delays: Preparation of Action-Taken Reports: A major reason for delays is the time-consuming process of preparing action-taken reports that assess how the recommendations have been implemented by both Union and State governments. Wide Range of Issues: The reports cover a broad spectrum of issues, many of which require inputs from various State governments, further prolonging the process. Resource Constraints: Reports also face delays due to the limited resources available to the commissions for preparing the reports, as well as the priority given by nodal Ministries to the tabling of these reports. Current Status of Reports: As of now, the NCSC’s 2022-23 report was submitted to the President in February 2024, but has not yet been tabled in Parliament. The NCST has five annual reports pending, ranging from 2018-19 to 2022-23, which have been submitted to the President but are still waiting to be tabled. NCBC reports for 2022-23 and 2023-24 are in the process of being printed and will be submitted to the President soon. Challenges in Efficient Report Preparation: A former official from the NCST highlighted that resource constraints and prioritization issues within the nodal ministries contribute to delays in finalizing and tabling the reports. The lack of adequate resources in the commissions can affect their ability to draft, review, and submit the annual reports in a timely manner. Consequences of Non-Disclosure: The failure to make these reports public undermines the accountability of the government and the commissions themselves, as they play a critical role in shaping policies that directly impact marginalized communities. Non-disclosure creates a lack of public awareness about the government’s actions in these sectors and deprives marginalized communities of the visibility they need for their issues to be addressed. Way Forward: There is a need to streamline the report preparation process by allocating more resources to the commissions and ensuring that action-taken reports are prepared in a timely manner. The government should prioritize accelerating the tabling of pending reports in Parliament to enable proper scrutiny and policy adjustments based on their recommendations. Additionally, the regularity of report submissions and their timely presentation in Parliament should be considered critical to the proper functioning of the commissions and their constitutional mandate. Kasturirangan took space to people, and beyond Early Career and Growth: Dr. K. Kasturirangan began his career as an X-ray astronomer and quickly rose through the ranks, ultimately becoming the Chairman of ISRO from 1994 to 2003. His journey reflected both his scholarly services and his ability to shape the future of science, technology, and education in India. Relevance : GS 4(Ethics and Personalities) India’s National Space Program Under Kasturirangan: India’s space program began modestly in the late 1960s, amidst the dominance of U.S. and Russia in space exploration. Under Dr. Kasturirangan’s leadership, ISRO transitioned from an experimental phase to a fully operational phase, advancing significantly in earth observation satellites, communication satellites, and launch services. Commercializing Space: One of Dr. Kasturirangan’s key initiatives was to venture into commercial space, marking a significant milestone by leasing 10 transponders of the INSAT-2E satellite to INTELSAT in 1999 for $10 million. This deal not only helped generate revenue but also made cable TV programming accessible to Indian households in regional languages, and enabled Indian TV programs to reach 47 countries. Thematic Space Missions: Dr. Kasturirangan’s vision of “Space for Society” led to the introduction of thematic missions designed to serve real-world needs: EDUSAT: Tele-education INSATs/GSATs: Telemedicine and communication RESOURCESAT: Earth resources management METSAT: Meteorology OCEANSAT: Oceanography CARTOSAT: Cartography Meghatropique: Earth science ASTROSAT: Space science Chandrayaan-1: Lunar science National Natural Resource Management System (NNRMS): Dr. Kasturirangan championed the development of the National Natural Resource Management System (NNRMS), a system that enabled various government departments (agriculture, forestry, town planning, etc.) to leverage remote sensing data for effective resource management. This system helped the government agencies utilize space technology for on-the-ground applications, impacting sectors like health, education, and fisheries. Launch Vehicle Development and ISRO’s Evolution: During his tenure, the PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) and GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) were made operational, positioning ISRO as a complete national space agency capable of conducting complex space missions. These developments mirrored the progress made by more advanced space agencies, making ISRO more self-reliant in satellite launches. Chandrayaan-1: India’s First Lunar Mission: Dr. Kasturirangan’s National Technology Day lecture in 1999 set the foundation for the Chandrayaan-1 mission, where he highlighted the possibility of India placing a satellite around the moon using the PSLV. This visionary lecture evolved into the Chandrayaan-1 project, which was officially announced by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee on August 15, 2003. Dr. Kasturirangan’s leadership in forming the national task team, which eventually led to the successful Chandrayaan-1 mission, solidified his legacy in space exploration. National Education Policy 2020: Beyond his work in space, Dr. Kasturirangan made significant contributions to India’s National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, demonstrating his continued influence in shaping the nation’s future. Political and Advisory Roles: Dr. Kasturirangan’s tenure as a Rajya Sabha MP from 2003-2009 and his role as the Chairman of the Karnataka Knowledge Commission showcased his ongoing commitment to shaping the country’s educational and technological landscape. ISRO’s Transformation into a Global Player: Under Dr. Kasturirangan’s leadership, ISRO transformed into a global space agency, not only advancing in space science but also contributing to telecommunication, education, and disaster management through its innovations. His efforts in commercializing ISRO’s assets and expanding its mission set established a global reputation for India’s space program. Legacy and Vision: Dr. Kasturirangan’s visionary approach and contributions to ISRO’s operational success, space science, and national development have left an indelible impact. His foresight in connecting space technology to everyday societal needs and making India’s space program self-sufficient and internationally competitive will remain a hallmark of his career. Over 60% of world may have seen rapid temperature ‘flips’ between extreme heat and cold since 1961 Context : Temperature Flips Defined: Sudden shifts between extreme heat and cold over short periods. Widespread Occurrence: Over 60% of the world has likely experienced such events since 1961. Global Risk Zones: Most impacted: Mid-latitudes (East Asia, eastern North America, parts of South America, Africa, and Australia). Lower frequency: Tropics and polar regions. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Scientific Insights Understudied Phenomenon: While heatwaves and cold spells are well-documented, temperature flips are not. Drivers Identified: Rossby (planetary) waves are key atmospheric patterns influencing flip variability. Historical Trend: Intense flips possibly began in the early 20th century and have accelerated recently. Projections for 2071–2100 (vs. 1961–1990 baseline) Frequency: ↑ by 7–8%. Intensity: ↑ by ~7.2%. Transition Duration: ↓ by 2.5–3.2% (i.e., changes become quicker). Human and Ecological Impacts Health & Ecosystem Stress: Sudden changes strain adaptation capacity of humans, plants, and animals. Recent Example: April 2021 – Europe experienced frost damage following an abrupt temperature drop. Energy Demands: Warm winters followed by cold snaps create erratic energy needs, risking shortages, especially in low-income regions. Equity & Exposure Highest Exposure: Asia, particularly South and Southeast Asia. Inequity in Impact: Low-income countries: 4–6.5× higher exposure than global average. Lower-middle-income nations: ~1.3× higher than global average. Policy Implications Urgent Mitigation Needed: To address rising intensity and frequency of flips under climate change. Planning Required: Climate-resilient infrastructure. Strengthening energy systems in vulnerable regions. Health and disaster preparedness systems.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 25 April 2025

Content : Union Health Minister Shri J P Nadda launches National Zero Measles-Rubella Elimination Campaign on the occasion of World Immunization Week India’s Record Cargo Movement on Inland Waterways Union Health Minister Shri J P Nadda launches National Zero Measles-Rubella Elimination Campaign on the occasion of World Immunization Week Policy Initiative & Context Campaign Launch: National Zero Measles-Rubella Elimination Campaign launched virtually on April 24, 2025. Occasion: World Immunization Week (24–30 April). Goal: Elimination of Measles and Rubella by 2026 through 100% immunization coverage. Approach: Adopt “ACT NOW” policy — similar to previous polio and tetanus elimination efforts. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Rubella (German Measles) Cause: Caused by the Rubella virus; usually mild but dangerous in pregnancy. Impact on Pregnant Women: Can causeCongenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) — leading to heart defects, deafness, and intellectual disability in newborns. Transmission: Spreads through droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Symptoms: Mild fever, rash, swollen lymph nodes; often goes unnoticed in children. Prevention: Two-dose MR vaccine is highly effective; focus on vaccinating adolescent girls and women of reproductive age. Measles Cause: Caused by the Measles virus; one of the most contagious viral diseases. Transmission: Spreads through air via coughing/sneezing; remains infectious in the air for hours. Symptoms: High fever, cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis, followed by red rash. Complications: Can lead to pneumonia, encephalitis, blindness, and death — especially in malnourished children. Prevention: Two-dose MR vaccine provides lifelong protection; coverage needed >95% for herd immunity. Vaccination Status & Targets Current Coverage (2024–25 HMIS): 93.7% for first dose (MR1) 92.2% for second dose (MR2) Target: >95% coverage with two doses in every district. Progress & Achievements 332 districts reported zero measles cases (Jan–Mar 2025). 487 districts reported zero rubella cases in the same period. 2024 Award: India received the Measles and Rubella Champion Award by the MR Partnership in Washington D.C. Strategic Pillars of MR Elimination Framework Immunization: High coverage of 2-dose MR vaccine (9–12 & 16–24 months). Surveillance: Case-based surveillance through IDSP. Outbreak Preparedness: Timely response to outbreaks. Demand Generation: Mass awareness campaigns to address vaccine hesitancy. Integration: Coordination with line ministries and Jan Bhagidari (people’s participation). Campaign Implementation Tools IEC Material Released: Multilingual posters, jingles, awareness films. Digital Support: Use of U-WIN platform for tracking, certification, appointments. Government & Stakeholder Involvement Call to Action: State Health Ministers, MLAs, MPs, Panchayat heads to engage public. Target Groups: Focus on outreach to: Remote/hard-to-reach areas Slums Migrant populations Frequent outbreak zones Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) Overview Coverage: World’s largest vaccination drive. 2.9 crore pregnant women 2.6 crore children annually Includes Protection Against: 12 VPDs like Polio, Measles, Rubella, Hepatitis B, Rotavirus, etc. Impact: Under-5 mortality reduced from 45 (2014) to 32 (2020) per 1,000 live births. India’s Record Cargo Movement on Inland Waterways Context : Record Performance and Growth India recorded 145.5 million tonnes (MMT) cargo movement in FY 2024–25, a significant rise from 18.1 MMT in FY 2013–14 — CAGR of 20.86%. Reflects consistent year-on-year growth, including a 9.34% increase from FY 2023–24. Five bulk commodities (coal, iron ore, iron ore fines, sand, fly ash) made up 68% of total cargo, highlighting IWT’s growing role in heavy industry logistics. Passenger traffic also increased, reaching 1.61 crore in 2023–24, indicating multi-utility usage. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure) Infrastructure Expansion Number of National Waterways increased from 5 to 111; operational length expanded from 2,716 km (2014–15) to 4,894 km (2023–24). Infrastructure upgrades include: Multi-Modal Terminals at Varanasi, Sahibganj, Haldia; Inter-Modal Terminal at Kalughat. Community jetties, floating terminals, navigational locks. Introduction of Hybrid Electric and Hydrogen-powered vessels for greener operations. Policy Push and Incentives Jalvahak Scheme (2024) launched with ₹95.42 crore outlay: 35% operating cost incentive for shifting cargo to IWT. Scheduled services on NW-1 (Ganga), NW-2 (Brahmaputra), NW-16. Tonnage tax extended to inland vessels for fiscal predictability. National Waterways (Jetties/Terminals) Regulations, 2025: enabling framework for private investment. Multimodal Integration Terminals handed over to Shyama Prasad Mookerjee Port to ensure seamless port–inland waterway integration. Rail-road connectivity being established to cargo aggregation hubs at Varanasi and Sahibganj via NHLML & IPRCL. Digitisation and Ease of Doing Business Digital tools introduced: LADIS (Least Available Depth Info System) RIS (River Information System) PANI, Car-D, and MIRS for real-time navigation and logistics tracking. Centralised portal in development for vessel and crew registration, mirroring road sector’s Vahan-Sarathi system. Strategic Diplomacy and Regional Connectivity Indo-Bangladesh Protocol Route strengthened: Routes 5 & 6 (Maia–Sultanganj) trialled successfully; regular movement to begin post Bangladesh approval. Enhances regional trade and transit, especially for Northeast India. Industrial Coordination and Aggregation Over 140 PSUs engaged to shift cargo to IWT. Ministries like Coal, Petroleum, Fertiliser, Steel aligned with Maritime India Vision for modal shift. Freight Villages and Logistics Parks in pipeline to mitigate sparse industrial base near waterways. Strategic Goals and Vision Modal share target: Raise IWT share in freight from 2% to 5%. Cargo movement targets: 200+ MMT by 2030 under Maritime India Vision 2030. 500+ MMT by 2047 under Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision. Aligns with India’s climate goals, cost-effective transport ambitions, and “Gati Shakti” logistics masterplan.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 25 April 2025

Content : Sent messages Where tariffs trump economics Sent messages Context : In a targeted terror attack in Pahalgam, militants killed Hindu tourists and a Kashmiri local, aiming to disrupt Kashmir’s tourism-driven economy and communal harmony. The incident challenges the narrative of normalcy post-Article 370 and calls for a united Centre–State response. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) Practice Question : The recent Pahalgam terror attack reflects the persistent threat of cross-border terrorism and attempts to disrupt India’s internal social fabric. In this context, discuss the need for a multidimensional response combining security, diplomacy, and social integration. (250 words) Terror Attack: Message & Strategy Behind It Targeted communal harmony: Attackers specifically targeted tourists based on religion, undermining India’s secular ethos. Symbolic site: Pahalgam is a tourist hotspot—by hitting it, terrorists aimed to disrupt economic normalcy in Kashmir. Kashmiri victim: A local who tried to help was also killed — signaling retribution to Kashmiris cooperating with India or aiding victims. Timing: Occurred during the visit of U.S. Vice President, possibly to embarrass India diplomatically and question its narrative of peace post-Article 370 abrogation. Economic Fallout & Psychological Impact Tourism dependency: Thousands of locals rely on tourism; attacks generate fear among tourists and economic distress for Kashmiris. Spillover fear: Risk of repeat attacks may dissuade visitors long-term, undoing years of revival in the valley. Perception of instability: Such events puncture the narrative of “return to normalcy”, heavily promoted post-2019. Political Response & Diplomatic Dimensions Diplomatic response to Pakistan: India has activated strong diplomatic channels, blaming Pakistan-backed elements. Reiterates the long-standing accusation that Islamabad enables cross-border terrorism through proxies. Definition of normalcy questioned: Absence of large-scale violence ≠ peace; sporadic killings continue. “Normalcy” must be felt on the ground, not declared from the top. Democratic Process & Governance Gaps Post-Article 370 governance void: Political activities remain highly curtailed in J&K. No elected government; governance is seen as remote and bureaucratic. Recent elections: Lok Sabha and upcoming Assembly elections offer a limited platform for political expression. But this alone doesn’t substitute for full democratic engagement. Recommendations: Coherent & Coordinated Action New Delhi & Srinagar must act jointly: Not just military or administrative actions — needs political coherence. Restore Statehood: Essential for legitimacy and trust-building in local governance. Signals intent to empower Kashmiris politically. Unite against terror, not people: The message must be that India stand united against terrorism. Avoid alienating locals through blanket suspicion. Conclusion: Coercion Alone Is Insufficient Long-term peace demands: Political inclusion, Economic rebuilding, Social trust. Isolating terrorists requires strategic empathy, grassroots empowerment, and institutional collaboration. Where tariffs trump economics Global Context: Rising Protectionism The U.S. has imposed reciprocal tariffs, triggering a global trade war-like environment. Crude oil prices have dropped by 14%, and markets are volatile due to fears of global economic slowdown. While developed countries can retaliate, developing economies face a double burden: external shocks and domestic policy challenges. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question: Discuss the implications of the recent rise in global protectionism and tariff wars on India’s trade policy. What steps should India take to mitigate the economic impact and seize potential opportunities? Understanding Reciprocal Tariffs Defined as retaliatory taxes imposed in response to another country’s tariffs. Aims: protect local jobs, industries, and fix trade imbalances. Drawbacks: May escalate into tit-for-tat tariff wars. Disrupts global supply chains and raises prices for consumers. Slows economic growth globally. Tariffs have shifted from revenue tools to protectionist and negotiation instruments. Impact on Asia Southeast and South Asian countries are disproportionately affected: Vietnam: U.S. exports = 30% of GDP; hit by 46% tariff. Cambodia: 25% of GDP from U.S. exports; faces 49% tariff. Smaller nations lack capacity to retaliate like China; left only with negotiation tools. Cambodia’s garment sector employing 7.5 lakh workers is severely threatened. Flawed Tariff Calculation Method Formula: (U.S. trade deficit with country ÷ exports) ÷ 2 + 10% base tariff. Problems: Assumes low price elasticity (0.25), but actual elasticity is closer to 1. Doesn’t differentiate between countries with open vs. closed markets. Considers only goods, ignoring services exports (like IT, finance). Countries with low goods exports but high services (e.g., U.K., Singapore) get unfair advantage. India’s Concerns and Roadmap India exported $89 billion in goods to the U.S. in 2024. Tariffs may cause a 6.4% drop (~$7.76 billion) in exports to the U.S. Strategic imperatives for India:Secure a balanced trade deal with the U.S. through negotiations.Fast-track FTAs with EU, U.K., and Canada.Deepen ties with Russia, Japan, South Korea, ASEAN, and UAE.Manage China ties carefully, with both caution and cooperation. Opportunity or Illusion? Apple’s iPhone export success (up 54%) often cited as a case for optimism. However, total goods exports remained stagnant at $437 billion in 2024–25. Structural reforms needed to truly benefit from shifting global trade: Rationalised tariffs. Simplified GST structure. Streamlined trade processes. Transparent and fair quality control mechanisms. Conclusion The global tariff race is not purely economic but heavily political and strategic. India must avoid short-sighted protectionism and instead: Expand trade horizons. Strengthen domestic competitiveness. Engage multilaterally with agility and vision.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 25 April 2025

Content: Is the World Trade Organization still relevant? India to explore options it has ‘never considered’ under Indus Waters Treaty SC gives approval for UGC rules to fight caste-based bias Supreme Court to examine concerns on POCSO clause DCGI urged to lay down stringent guidelines on use of new antibiotics The mosquito effect: how malarial chaos influenced human history Is the World Trade Organization still relevant? Context : Decline in WTO’s Functions and Relevance WTO was created for negotiations, dispute settlement, and trade monitoring—none of which are functioning effectively now. Doha Round (2001) negotiations collapsed; only the fisheries agreement has been partially concluded. Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) is defunct due to U.S. blocking judge appointments to the Appellate Body. Trade monitoring is weak due to lack of transparency and cooperation from major members. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) United States and WTO: Systemic Undermining U.S. began unilateralism with Trump’s “reciprocal tariffs,” continuing under Biden (e.g., Sections 232 & 301). U.S. grievance: it liberalized tariffs more than others (like India), expecting reciprocity which didn’t follow. WTO accused of “legislating from the bench” via DSM, raising U.S. concerns about sovereignty. There’s a bipartisan consensus in the U.S. that MFN (Most-Favoured-Nation) hasn’t served its interests. MFN Principle & Rise of Bilateralism MFN, the foundation of WTO (Article I of GATT 1947), is being eroded. Rise in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) reflects global shift from multilateral to bilateral trade deals. WTO has failed to scrutinize FTAs rigorously, weakening multilateralism further. India’s Position and Resistance India has opposed deals on agriculture, public stockholding, fisheries subsidies, etc., citing domestic sensitivities. WTO’s cap on agri subsidies (10%) seen as unfair given U.S./EU historical subsidies. India prefers discussing labour/environment standards bilaterally rather than at WTO, for flexibility and control. China’s Entry and Global Trade Impact China’s WTO accession underestimated: WTO rules couldn’t prevent market flooding or ensure reciprocal access. WTO failed to foresee or regulate excess capacity, e.g., China’s steel and cement overproduction. China’s actions, though not violating WTO rules per se, undermine the spirit of fair trade. Structural and Procedural Flaws Consensus-based decision-making is a bottleneck; reforms are blocked by even two opposing members (e.g., India & U.S.). WTO lacks enforcement power to compel members to disclose trade measures or adopt reforms. EU’s proposal for alternative arbitration system has not gained traction globally. Conclusion: Is WTO Still Relevant? WTO is not dead but comatose — functioning in form, not substance. It can’t prevent trade wars or economic crises in its current state. Relevance depends on major reforms in rules, dispute resolution, and decision-making processes. India to explore options it has ‘never considered’ under Indus Waters Treaty Background of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) Signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan with World Bank mediation. Allocated: Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India. Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) largely to Pakistan, with India having limited rights (non-consumptive use, run-of-the-river projects). Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Current Trigger India’s response to the Pahalgam terror attack (2024). Decision to place the IWT “in abeyance”—an unprecedented step. Official letter sent to Pakistan citing “sustained cross-border terrorism” as justification. Possible Measures India May Explore Withdraw from talks on evolving a new dispute resolution mechanism. Redesign hydroelectric projects to enable greater water storage, increasing India’s control over flow. Use of “draw down flushing” in reservoirs to manage sedimentation, but may also impact downstream flow. Consider options never used before, possibly referring to legal, technical, and geopolitical tools. India’s Rationale India has so far acted as a “responsible upper riparian state”. Post-Uri (2016), similar options were not considered; this time could be different. The move is presented as a retaliatory, non-military countermeasure to terrorism. Strategic Implications Ceasing hydrological data sharing and project notifications to Pakistan. No meetings of the Permanent Indus Commission since 2022. “Weaponizing water” is currently not possible under the treaty, unless India unilaterally exits or violates it. Technical and geographical constraints could make such changes economically intensive and long-term. Challenges and Considerations Techno-economic feasibility: Mountainous terrain, cost of new infrastructure. International legal ramifications: Unilateral treaty abrogation could attract criticism and diplomatic pressure. Environmental and downstream impact: Changes in flow may affect both Pakistani agriculture and Indian ecology. Conclusion India’s move signals a major policy shift in its traditional stance on IWT. If implemented, it marks a new dimension in India-Pakistan relations, using water as leverage in geopolitical strategy. Long-term planning, legal clarity, and international engagement will be key if India pursues this route. SC gives approval for UGC rules to fight caste-based bias Context and Background The case was filed by the mothers of Rohith Vemula and Payal Tadvi, two students from marginalised communities who died by suicide allegedly due to caste-based discrimination. The plea sought to stall the notification of the UGC’s 2025 Regulations until the National Task Force (headed by former SC judge Ravindra Bhat) submits its recommendations. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice) Supreme Court’s Position Did not stall the notification of the 2025 UGC Regulations. Took a “middle path”: Allowed the 2025 Regulations to be notified. Directed that the Task Force’s work would continue independently. Any gaps (“lacunae”) in the 2025 rules could later be amended based on the Task Force’s findings. Petitioners granted liberty to approach the court again once the Task Force report is ready. Arguments Presented For petitioners (Indira Jaising): Pointed out “grey areas” in the draft 2025 Regulations, especially around caste discrimination. Requested that existing 2012 Regulations remain in force until the Task Force submits its report. For the government (Solicitor-General Tushar Mehta): Objected to any delay; said the process of finalising the Regulations was already under way. Stressed that the new Regulations would be more stringent and would empower UGC to penalise non-compliant institutions. Role of the National Task Force Set up in March 2025 by the SC to address: Mental health issues of students. Caste/religion-based discrimination. Suicides and systemic biases in higher educational institutions. Tasked with submitting comprehensive recommendations. Its findings will be used to revise or augment the 2025 Regulations if necessary. Key Provisions of Draft UGC Regulations (2025) Aimed at promoting equity in higher education institutions. Empower UGC with disciplinary authority, including: De-recognition of institutions failing to curb discrimination. Intended to strengthen anti-discrimination frameworks, particularly for SC/ST/OBC and minority students. Significance The case represents an important intersection of legal, educational, and social justice issues. Marks judicial backing for regulatory reforms while keeping room for future policy improvements. Acknowledges the persistence of caste-based bias in academia and the need for structural change. Supreme Court to examine concerns on POCSO clause Context and Background Section 19 of POCSO Act (2012) mandates reporting of any sexual activity involving minors (below 18), even if consensual. The age of consent was raised from 16 to 18 years with the enactment of the POCSO Act. The provision criminalises all sexual activity involving adolescents, regardless of mutual consent. Relevance : GS2 (Governance, Vulnerable Sections, Health). Issue Raised Senior Advocate Indira Jaising (amicuscuriae) argued that: Voluntary sexual activity between adolescents is being criminalised. This undermines reproductive and mental health rights, especially of girls. Parents, doctors, and guardians are punished for not reporting, even if acting in the best interests of the minor. Medical professionals are forced to report to police even when adolescents seek care voluntarily , leading to: Reluctance to seek help from formal health systems. A shift to unqualified quacks, endangering adolescent health. Key Legal Tension Intention of Section 19: Ensure timely state intervention and protection of children from sexual offences. Unintended Consequences: Criminalisation of consensual adolescent relationships. Violation of right to health and privacy. Deterrent to seeking medical and psychological care. Broader Implications Brings focus on the gap between law and adolescent realities. Raises questions about: Need for reform in the age of consent laws. Balancing child protection with bodily autonomy and health rights. May influence future legal reforms or judicial interpretation of POCSO provisions. DCGI urged to lay down stringent guidelines on use of new antibiotics Context India is set to introduce two new, powerful antibiotics: Cefiderocol Cefepime-zidebactam Concerns raised over misuse and irrational prescription of such last-line antibiotics without regulatory safeguards. Relevance : GS 2(Health ) ,GS 3(Research) Key Concern Ceftazidime-avibactam, already in the Indian market since 2018, is: A last-line antibiotic meant for carbapenem–resistant gram-negative infections. Now losing efficacy due to overuse and misuse, even in community settings. Aztreonam is often combined with it to overcome resistance — but now even this combination is facing resistance. Gaps in Regulation The DCGI has: Licensed the drug. Provided indications for its use. However: No strict regulatory pathway exists. No enforcement against mis-prescription. No antibiotic stewardship framework mandated. Expert Appeal Dr. Abdul Ghafur, AMR Declaration Trust, has: Written to the DCGI urging strict control mechanisms. Warned that education alone is insufficient — regulatory action is essential. Called for use only where no other alternatives exist. AMR Threat Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): Already a critical health threat in India. Past gains (e.g., ban on colistin in poultry) risk being nullified by uncontrolled antibiotic use. India risks losing last-line treatments if AMR continues unchecked. Proposed Action Points DCGI should: Establish clear prescription protocols. Monitor and restrict availability to specific hospital settings. Integrate these drugs into a national antimicrobial stewardship program. Mandate prescription audits and penalties for misuse. The mosquito effect: how malarial chaos influenced human history Historical Understanding of Malaria Miasma theory: Malaria was historically believed to be caused by “bad air” from marshes. Scientific breakthrough: 1880: Alphonse Laveran identified the parasite in human blood. 1885-86: Golgi & Celli showed cyclical nature of fever. 1892: Marchiafava distinguished Plasmodium falciparum. 1894: Manson hypothesized mosquito transmission. 1897: Ronald Ross found the parasite in Anopheles mosquito (avian malaria). 1898: Grassi linked human malaria to female Anopheles, completing the understanding. Relevance : GS 2(Heath) ,GS 3(Science) Malaria’s Impact on Colonial History High mortality barrier: European colonisers suffered 500 deaths per 1,000 soldiers annually; >60% in inland Africa. Until 1870, only 10% of Africa under colonial control; mostly coastal due to disease risk. Health deterring governance: First three choices for Governor of Gold Coast declined due to malaria; fourth died in a month. Shift post-1880s: Malaria knowledge empowered European empires. Post-Berlin Conference (1884), “Scramble for Africa” escalated. By 1914, 90% of Africa was colonised — aided by mosquito control knowledge. Disease-prevention strategies: Drainage of swamps, high-altitude hill stations, segregation of European settlements. Institutionalised racial hierarchies — Africans perceived as disease carriers. Socio-Economic and Racial Implications Quinine and colonisation: Quinine enabled European survival and governance. Harvested from Cinchona tree; guided use after 1880s discoveries. Slave trade and malaria resistance: Africans with partial genetic resistance to malaria (e.g. sickle cell trait) were favoured labour in the Americas. Priced higher than Europeans; reinforced racialised labour economy. Long-term effects: Shaped racial hierarchies, contributed to scientific racism. Influences modern-day racial inequalities in health and labour systems. Modern Advances & Persistent Challenges Treatment evolution: From quinine to chloroquine to artemisinin-based therapies. RTS,S malaria vaccine offers hope but has limited coverage. Preventive tools: Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying. Environmental integration: Malaria control now part of environmental assessments. Deforestation, water stagnation, and climate change exacerbate mosquito breeding. Current Global Malaria Burden WHO Report 2024 findings: ~263 million people affected annually. 600,000 deaths per year; Africa accounts for 95% of mortality.   Ongoing public health threat: Despite progress, malaria remains a major global health issue. Urgent need for sustained investment and global coordination. Dual Legacy of Scientific Discovery Positive: Enabled life-saving treatment and global disease control strategies. Negative: Facilitated colonial expansion and racial exploitation. Lesson: Science must be ethically guided to avoid misuse and unintended social harm.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 24 April 2025

Content Building a Self-Reliant India India: Fastest-Growing Major Economy Building a Self-Reliant India Context and Background Rural India lacked formal documentation of residential land, causing legal ambiguities, disputes, and restricted access to credit. SVAMITVA (Survey of Villages and Mapping with Improvised Technology in Village Areas) was launched on 24th April 2020 to address this gap using drone-based mapping. Relevance : GS 2(Local Governance) Vision and Objectives Empower rural citizens through legal ownership of land and homes. Facilitate access to institutional credit, government schemes, and infrastructure development. Promote dispute-free villages by reducing conflicts related to land ownership. Strengthen digital land governance and transparency. Institutional Mechanism Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Panchayati Raj. Implementing Agency: Survey of India. Technology Partners: National Informatics Centre Services Inc. (NICSI). Funding: ₹566.23 crores from FY 2020–21 to FY 2024–25, extended to FY 2025–26. Multi-level support: Programme Management Units at national and state levels. Key Achievements (as of April 2025) 2.42 crore property cards issued across 1.61 lakh villages. Drone surveys completed in 3.20 lakh villages, covering 68,122 sq. km. Full coverage in 4 states (AP, MP, UP, Chhattisgarh) and 3 UTs (Lakshadweep, Delhi, Ladakh). 65 lakh property cards distributed in one single event across 50,000+ villages. Technological Innovation Drone-based high-resolution mapping of abadi areas for precise demarcation. CORS Network established for ground control and geo-referencing accuracy. GIS-based tools like “Gram Manchitra” aid in Gram Panchayat Development Planning (GPDP). Real-time Online Monitoring System ensures transparency and tracking of progress. Empowerment and Impact Legal ownership enables economic independence: property used as collateral for loans. Women and marginalized communities gain secure tenure and dignity. Reduces rural-urban migration by creating local economic assets. Drives financial inclusion and supports the PM SVANidhi scheme, MGNREGA asset planning, etc. Global Recognition Recognized as a model for digital land governance at the International Workshop on Land Governance (March 2025) with 22 participating nations. Showcased at India International Trade Fair 2024 as a successful use-case of drones, GIS, and e-governance for rural empowerment. Components of SVAMITVA Drone Surveys: Core activity for accurate land records. IEC Campaigns: Ensure awareness and community participation. Digital Infrastructure: Mapping tools, dashboards, and GIS-based village planning. Capacity Building: Training for Panchayat officials and surveyors. Challenges and Way Forward Scalability and sustainability of digital land records. Need for capacity building at grassroots for data management. Integrating SVAMITVA with other schemes like Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP). Expanding land use planning and real-time mapping for agriculture, waste management, and infrastructure development. Conclusion SVAMITVA is not just a land mapping scheme, but a tool for transforming rural India. It symbolizes Atmanirbhar Bharat by enabling economic resilience, inclusive growth, and participatory governance at the grassroots. With continued innovation and policy synergy, it can pioneer land governance reform globally. India: Fastest-Growing Major Economy Introduction The IMF’s April 2025 World Economic Outlook (WEO) reaffirms India’s position as the fastest–growing major economy for both 2025 and 2026. Projected GDP growth rates: 6.2% in 2025 6.3% in 2026 Despite a slight downward revision from the January 2025 update, India’s growth remains robust amid global economic uncertainty. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Significance of IMF’s WEO Projections The WEO is a flagship biannual IMF report tracking global and country-specific economic trends. The April 2025 edition indicates: Global growth downgraded due to: Heightened trade tensions Rising tariff barriers Increased policy uncertainty Global GDP projected at: 2.8% in 2025 3.0% in 2026 In this subdued global climate, India stands out for its stable macroeconomic trajectory. India’s Economic Strengths Resilient private consumption, especially in rural sectors, underpins India’s growth. Effective fiscal and monetary policies have buffered external shocks. Structural reforms have improved ease of doing business, credit access, and infrastructure readiness. India in Global Comparison China’s growth forecast for 2025 reduced to 4.0% (from 4.6% earlier). US growth for 2025 revised down by 90 basis points to 1.8%. India’s projected growth is more than double that of advanced economies, reinforcing its status as a global economic engine. Underlying Drivers of India’s Growth Demographic dividend: A young, dynamic workforce fuels innovation and productivity. Digital transformation: Initiatives like Digital India, UPI, and ONDC have revolutionized financial inclusion and commerce. Infrastructure development: Massive capital expenditure on roads, railways, renewable energy, and urban development. Startup ecosystem & FDI: India ranks among the top startup hubs and continues attracting record foreign investments. Macroeconomic stability: Low inflation (relatively), manageable fiscal deficit, and strong forex reserves. Challenges & Risks Ahead Global headwinds: Trade fragmentation Geopolitical uncertainties (Middle East, Taiwan Strait, etc.) Sluggish global demand Domestic concerns: Persistent youth unemployment Rising income inequality Vulnerabilities in agriculture due to climate change Need for deeper reforms in labour and land markets Policy Implications & Road Ahead Sustaining momentum requires: Continued infrastructure push Enhancing skilling and education Promoting green growth and energy transition Deepening financial markets and credit access Strategic focus on innovation (AI, biotech, space economy) can create new growth frontiers. IMF’s reaffirmation enhances India’s global credibility, boosting investor confidence. Conclusion India’s projected high growth amid global turbulence reflects strong fundamentals, policy resilience, and a rising global role. It positions India as a key contributor to global GDP growth, while opening up avenues for bilateral and multilateral economic leadership. The outlook serves as a call for consolidating gains, accelerating inclusive development, and embracing long-term sustainability.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 24 April 2025

Content: Unity and resolve Talking mode Responding to the terror attack in Pahalgam Unity and resolve Context: Pahalgam Terror Attack 26 civilians, mainly tourists, were killed in a brutal terrorist attack in Pahalgam, Kashmir. Islamist terrorists identified and killed victims based on religious identity. The attack has shocked the nation’s conscience and drawn international attention to the persistent threat of cross-border terrorism. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) Practice Question :The recent Pahalgam terror attack reflects the persistent threat of cross-border terrorism and attempts to disrupt India’s internal social fabric. In this context, discuss the need for a multidimensional response combining security, diplomacy, and social integration. (250 words) Strategic Implications for Kashmir Since 2019, the Indian government has: Promoted infrastructure development Enhanced connectivity and governance Aimed for economic integration of Kashmir with mainland India However, such attacks undermine tourism—a key pillar of the region’s economic revival. Geopolitical Dimension The attack is a continuation of Pakistan-sponsored terrorism, rooted in: Two-nation theory Instrumentalisation of religious identity to produce unrest India must: Isolate Pakistan diplomatically Highlight its state-sponsored terror machinery at international fora Internal Priorities: Safeguarding Social Harmony Terrorism thrives on creating internal discord—communal disharmony serves enemy objectives. India must: Resist polarisation Strengthen interfaith unity Uphold constitutional values of secularism and fraternity Communication Strategy: Four-Level Outreach To Kashmiris – Assure them of justice, security, and continued development. To Indian citizens – Reinforce national unity . To Pakistan – Convey zero tolerance for cross-border terrorism. To global community – Reaffirm India’s status and highlight Pakistan’s role. Realism and National Interest India’s approach must be: Firm yet pragmatic Action–oriented. Aligned with long-term strategic interests. Need for swift justice delivery, intelligence-led counterterrorism, and community engagement. Conclusion: The Way Forward National response should blend firmness, unity, and strategic clarity. Acts of interfaith solidarity and citizen heroism offer a counter-narrative to terrorism. India’s internal cohesion is its strongest defense; the tragedy must not be allowed to divide but to unite in collective resolve. Talking mode Backdrop of the Visit U.S. Vice-President J.D. Vance’s visit to India marks the first visit by an American VP in over a decade (since Joe Biden in 2013). Notably, the visit coincided with the terror attack in Pahalgam, yet Vance chose to continue his engagements, signaling solidarity and resilience in Indo-U.S. relations. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question :The recent visit of U.S. Vice President J.D. Vance to India reflected both symbolic resilience and emerging frictions. Critically analyse the evolving contours of Indo-U.S. relations with reference to trade, defence, energy cooperation, and strategic autonomy. (250 words) Substance of the Bilateral Talks While the visit held significant symbolic value, substantive outcomes remained limited. The key formal outcome was the finalization of the Terms of Reference for a Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA). Discussions also touched upon: The upcoming Quad Summit The broader Indo-Pacific strategy Prospects of a potential visit by President Trump later in the year Trade: Underlying Tensions and Aspirations In his Jaipur address, VP Vance emphasized a “rebalancing” of global trade rather than initiating trade confrontation. However, the U.S. expectations raise concerns: Removal of non-tariff barriers, especially in agriculture and dairy, where India has deeply rooted socio-economic and cultural sensitivities. These sectors involve livelihoods, food security, and religious values, making any significant liberalization politically delicate. Defence and Strategic Technology Transfer Vance reaffirmed the U.S. view of India as a reliable defence partner. Offered co-production of F-35 fighter jets, which could be a strategic leap for India. However, India must carefully assess: Dependency on American supply chains Autonomy in foreign policy amid increasing geopolitical alignments Energy Diplomacy: Opportunities and Dilemmas The U.S. pitched a return to fossil fuel diplomacy, with emphasis on oil and LNG exports to India. While potentially beneficial for energy security, this approach raises concerns regarding: India’s net-zero targets Its commitments under the Paris Agreement The need for green transition pathways Nuclear Liability: A Recurring Sticking Point The U.S. reiterated its long-standing demand to amend India’s nuclear liability law. This request is rooted in the concerns of American firms over legal exposure in the event of a nuclear accident. However, amending the law would face: Domestic political resistance Public memory of the Bhopal disaster Concerns over corporate accountability and sovereign legal autonomy India’s Current Stance: Too Passive? Observers note that India adopted a “listening posture”, refraining from asserting its strategic or economic interests. On key global issues — from Ukraine to Middle East conflicts to supply chains — India has remained measured and non-committal. This strategic passivity may be counterproductive in negotiations where U.S. demands are growing more pointed. What India Must Do India should recalibrate its engagement with greater clarity and assertion by: Protecting core interests: Firm stance on agricultural and dairy sovereignty Maintaining public-interest safeguards in nuclear energy Aligning energy cooperation with climate goals Seeking reciprocal gains: Tech transfer and defence autonomy in strategic platforms Fair visa policies and Indian student protections, especially after recent mass revocations Market access for Indian services and products Strategic Messaging Going Forward Balance firmness with friendship: India’s value to the U.S. spans Indo-Pacific stability, QUAD cohesion, and counter-China strategy. Assert that strategic partnerships must be mutually beneficial — not transactional or asymmetrical. Use leverage judiciously, framing India’s asks as contributing to shared democratic and regional goals. Responding to the terror attack in Pahalgam Nature and Timing of the Attack Not random; but strategic: The Pahalgam attack is a calculated political act, not a desperate or random terrorist strike. Targeting peace optics: Timed with the onset of the tourist season and the visit of U.S. Vice-President J.D. Vance, it aims to disrupt normalcy and international diplomacy. Cross-border terror signature: Pattern suggests Pakistan’s military-intelligence nexus, using proxy outfits like The Resistance Front. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) Practice Question : “Terrorist attacks like the one in Pahalgam aim to fracture the peace narrative in Kashmir.” Analyze how such acts impact regional integration and internal stability in India.(250 Words) Symbolism of Location Baisaran (‘mini Switzerland’): A peaceful, family-oriented tourist site — the attack desecrates the image of Kashmir as a safe haven. Psychological impact: Strikes at both human lives and national morale, undermining growing public confidence in visiting Kashmir. Intelligence and Security Lapses Massive failure in surveillance: Despite being a known tourist and pilgrimage hub, Pahalgam was inadequately secured. Technological gaps: Absence or inefficiency of drones and electronic surveillance infrastructure is alarming. Parallel to Kargil: Though smaller in scale, the societal impact could be comparably significant. Proxy Warfare and ISI Link The Resistance Front = Lashkar-e-Taiba proxy: Denial-based warfare continues under Pakistan’s ISI patronage. Strategic environment: Lack of accountability for Pakistan emboldens repeated terrorism under a façade of plausible deniability. Instruments of Response Diplomatic isolation: Pressure Pakistan on platforms where it seeks legitimacy (e.g., OIC, UN). Reconsider trade & water-sharing: Economic pressure through treaties like Indus Waters Treaty can be explored. Covert capabilities: Develop and deploy intelligence-led, precise counter-terror operations across the LoC. Historical Pattern Consistent behavior: From Kargil (1999) to Pulwama (2019), Pakistan’s army has exploited internal unrest to trigger confrontations. Strategic denial doctrine: All attacks show asymmetric warfare under strategic ambiguity. Re-establishing Deterrence Beyond symbolic response: India must raise the cost of cross-border terror, both overtly and covertly. Protect the tourism-recovery narrative: Attacks like Pahalgam are direct assaults on economic integration and peacebuilding. Reintegrating Kashmiris: The local population is not complicit; youth want jobs, peace, not militancy. Internal and External Response Coordination Domestic strategy: Invest in education, infrastructure, and political dialogue to reinforce internal unity. International coordination: Leverage diplomatic moments like Vance’s visit to mobilize global action before, not after, terror acts.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 24 April 2025

Content: Indus treaty with Pak. put on hold Indian astronomers throw light on curious case of missing dark matter in a distant galaxy Is India witnessing judicial despotism? Ministry introduces new competency-based curricula for 10 healthcare professions Study reports lipids also guide evolution, not just DNA, proteins Experts seek ‘right to cool’ for informal sector workers Indus treaty with Pak. put on hold Context : Pahalgam Terror Attack Incident: 26 civilians (mainly tourists) were brutally killed in Pahalgam, Kashmir. Targeting: Victims reportedly identified and killed based on religious identity. Cross-border links: Intelligence inputs indicated links between the attackers and terror groups based in Pakistan. National Response: India perceives this as a continuation of Pakistan’s support for cross-border terrorism. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) ,GS 3(Internal Security) Five-Pronged Indian Response Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) Put On Hold What is IWT: A 1960 agreement between India and Pakistan about sharing water from the Indus River. India’s Decision: India suspended cooperation under the treaty until Pakistan stops supporting cross-border terrorism. Why It Matters: The suspension could affect Pakistan’s water supply, as it heavily depends on the Indus river. Closing the Attari Check Post Action: India closed the Attari check post, a key border crossing. Deadline: Pakistanis in India with valid visas must return by May 1. Impact: This stops people and goods from crossing the border through this route. Cancelling Pakistan’s SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme (SVES) Action: All visas given to Pakistani nationals under the SAARC scheme are cancelled. Deadline: Pakistani nationals in India must leave within 48 hours. Reason: Prevents any misuse of travel benefits by people with terrorist links. Diplomatic Actions Action: Pakistan’s defence officials in India are asked to leave (persona non grata). India’s Response: India will withdraw its own defence officials and reduce staff in Pakistan’s embassy. Effect: This cuts down diplomatic presence in both countries. Why This Matters Water Pressure: India can use the control over water sharing as leverage against Pakistan. Escalation Risk: This move might increase tensions, but it also sends a strong message to Pakistan. Pakistan’s Role: India wants Pakistan to stop supporting terrorism or face consequences. Previous Similar Actions Past Actions: After earlier attacks (like in Uri and Pulwama), India took similar steps, including military strikes. International Involvement: The World Bank, which monitors the IWT, may get involved if Pakistan challenges this decision. Indian astronomers throw light on curious case of missing dark matter in a distant galaxy Context: Indian astronomers from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) have found the reason behind the strange lack of dark matter in the galaxy NGC 1052-DF2. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Background: Dark Matter’s Role: Dark matter is believed to be a key component in galaxy formation. Galaxy’s Unusual Nature: NGC 1052-DF2 is an Ultra-diffuse galaxy (UDG), which has been found to be deficient in dark matter, contradicting standard galaxy formation models. Previous Studies: Earlier models suggested that the dynamical mass of the galaxy is around 340 million solar masses, while the stars alone account for about 200 million solar masses. This indicates that the galaxy has a significant lack of dark matter compared to spiral galaxies like the Milky Way. Surprising Findings: The mass within the galaxy’s observed extent is primarily composed of stars, with dark matter being less than expected. This finding challenges the established understanding of dark matter’s role in forming hierarchical structures in the universe. New Learnings: Galaxy Formation: The study raises questions about how galaxies can form with minimal dark matter and what astrophysical processes regulate this. Nature of Dark Matter: The findings may offer clues about the true nature of dark matter itself. Model Construction: K. Aditya, the lead astronomer, constructed new models to address the discrepancies in mass estimations of NGC 1052-DF2. The models examined different types of dark matter halos, particularly focusing on “cuspy” halos (which have higher densities in the central regions). The results showed that models with no dark matter closely resemble models with a “cuspy” dark matter halo, further questioning the traditional view of dark matter’s role. Implications: This study challenges our current understanding of galaxy formation and dark matter, offering new perspectives on both. The results could reshape future research on dark matter and its relationship with galaxy evolution. Is India witnessing judicial despotism? Judicial Review and Judicial Activism: Judicial review is a critical aspect of India’s constitutional structure, inferred from Article 13, even though not explicitly mentioned in the constitution. It ensures that laws violating the constitution are void and is part of the basic structure of the Constitution. Judicial activism and judicial review are two sides of the same coin, with activism stepping in during extreme cases for safeguarding rights. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary) Judicial Powers and Accountability: Critics argue that recent Supreme Court judgments show a rise in judicial powers without accountability. Critics question the motives behind certain decisions, particularly with powers under Article 142, which allows the court to ensure “complete justice.” However, such powers have been used judiciously in landmark cases like the Ram Janmabhoomi judgment and mob lynching guidelines, supporting democracy and public welfare. Opposition’s Criticism of Judicial Review: Judicial review has faced criticism from those in power, as unelected judges quashing laws of elected governments . However, most constitutional scholars argue that judicial review, especially on matters related to fundamental rights or federalism, is necessary for upholding constitutional supremacy. Supreme Court’s Relationship with Government: Despite occasional setbacks for the government, like the NJAC ruling and the electoral bond scheme, the Supreme Court has mostly upheld government decisions during the Modi era. The court’s actions on issues like demonetization, same-sex marriage, and the Citizenship Amendment Act reflect its alignment with the executive in many cases. The Role of Courts in Democracy: The judiciary’s role is not to replace the legislature but to ensure the constitution is upheld and people’s rights are protected. Fair criticism of judges is welcome, but attributing motives or blaming them for violations of the separation of powers is not justified. Judiciary’s Responsibility and Limits: Judiciary should not take over governance but should act when there is a violation of constitutional rights or when governance fails to deliver justice. Article 142 has not been used recklessly; the court has remained cautious in its interventions, ensuring democracy and constitutional integrity are preserved. Governors and Constitutional Oversight: Judicial oversight has prevented unelected Governors from assuming unconstitutional powers. The court’s intervention in the Tamil Nadu case, where it set timelines for Governor actions, reflects its responsibility in upholding democratic functioning, without amending the constitution. The judiciary’s role is to keep all government organs within constitutional limits. Conclusion: Judicial review is an essential mechanism to preserve democracy, constitutional supremacy, and citizens’ rights. While the judiciary must not overstep its bounds, its interventions are sometimes necessary to ensure that the constitutional structure is upheld, especially in exceptional cases of misuse of power by the executive or legislature. Ministry introduces new competency-based curricula for 10 healthcare professions Introduction of New Curricula: The Union Health Ministry launched new competency-based curricula for 10 allied healthcare professions in collaboration with the National Commission for Allied and Healthcare Professions (NCAHP). Relevance : GS 2(Education) Professions Covered: The curricula cover professions such as: Physiotherapy Applied psychology and behavioural health Optometry Nutrition and dietetics Dialysis therapy technology Radiotherapy technology Medical radiology and imaging technology Anaesthesia and operation theatre technology Health information management Physician associates Purpose: Uniformity: Aimed at standardizing training across the country for allied healthcare professionals. Global Competence: Designed to create globally competent professionals to address the increasing prevalence of diseases and rising demand for allied services. Health Secretary’s Statement: Benchmarking Quality: The revision is seen as a step towards ensuring the consistency and high quality of healthcare professional training. International Perspective: India is preparing its healthcare professionals for a global workforce, ensuring that the training aligns with international standards. Impact on Healthcare: Holistic Healthcare Role: The curricula will enhance roles in preventive, promotive, curative, and rehabilitative healthcare. Industry Alignment: Aimed at aligning educational outcomes with industry needs, improving skill-based training effectiveness. Career Mobility: Enhances career mobility and professional recognition for allied health professionals. Regulatory Mechanisms and Capacity Building: Emphasis on establishing strong regulatory mechanisms and building capacity to ensure successful implementation of the new curricula. Global and National Significance: The curricula not only focus on India’s healthcare needs but also aim to prepare professionals to contribute globally. Study reports lipids also guide evolution, not just DNA, proteins Context : The study from Swasti Raychaudhuri’s lab at CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, examines the interaction between lipids and membrane proteins, particularly respiratory complex 1 (RC1) Relevance : GS 3(Science ,Technology ,Research ) RC1 Complex and Lipid Interaction: RC1 is essential for cellular energy production during respiration and is made up of proteins that interact with the lipid-rich mitochondrial inner membrane. Mutations in RC1 that affect lipid interaction were identified, indicating that lipid-protein interactions are crucial for the complex’s stability and function. Lipid Variety and Evolution: Researchshoweddifferences in lipid structures between plants and animals, particularly in the kinkiness of lipid tails, which affects membrane flexibility. Plant lipids, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, have greater structural flexibility, likely a response to environmental stresses like heat and drought. Proteins co-evolve with lipids to maintain functionality, as shown in the study’s finding that human and plant RC1 complexes can only interact with their respective lipids. Lipid-Protein Co-evolution: This study supports the concept of lipid-protein co-evolution, particularly in mitochondrial membranes. Lipids may influence protein functionality and evolution, demanding a broader perspective in evolutionary biology. Implications for Human Health: Lipids’ role in cell function, including cholesterol regulation (via drugs like statins), needs further understanding to optimize medical treatments. Lipid-protein interactions also have implications for controlling pathogen entry into cells, offering potential new avenues for disease prevention and treatment. Challenges in Lipid Research: Lipids are complex molecules that vary in structure and composition, influenced by diet and environmental factors. Current research tools are not fully equipped to study lipids’ complexities, hindering deeper exploration into their role in biology and evolution. Conclusion: The study calls for a shift in how scientists view lipids, moving beyond traditional models to explore their evolutionary and medical significance. Further research into lipids can enhance both our understanding of evolution and improve health outcomes, especially in the context of diseases related to lipid metabolism. Experts seek ‘right to cool’ for informal sector workers Urgent Measures for Informal Workers: Climate experts have proposed several immediate actions to protect informal sector workers during extreme heat, including: Paid heat leave for workers affected by high temperatures. Free water ATMs at labor hubs to ensure access to hydration. Legal recognition of the ‘right to cool’ to guarantee cooling infrastructure and thermal comfort. Relevance :GS 2(Social Justice) Impact on Informal Sector Workers: Over 80% of Delhi’s informal workers, including street vendors, construction laborers, and ragpickers, are at risk due to extreme heat. Women in the informal workforce are disproportionately affected by heat-related health issues and income loss. Economic Impact of Heat: A GreenpeaceIndia report revealed that: 61% of street vendors lose more than 40% of their daily income during extreme heat. 75% of street vendors lack access to cooling infrastructure, highlighting significant disparities in working conditions. Health Risks: Extreme heat exacerbates cases of dehydration, heatstroke, and chronic illnesses such as kidney damage among informal workers. Urgent intervention is needed to address these health risks, especially during increasing heatwave days predicted for summer. Gender-Sensitive Urban Planning: With 82% of working women in India engaged in informal labor, there is a strong need for gender-responsive urban planning. Facilities such as shelters, drinking water stations, and public amenities must be designed to be accessible and welcoming to women, ensuring equitable protection against extreme heat. Policy Recommendations: Experts call for a ‘right to cool’ under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, which would ensure access to shaded bus stops, cooling shelters, and thermal comfort for all. City-level heat action plans should be created with enforceable measures, including: Non-negotiable paid time off during extreme heat. Water stations and cooling shelters on red-alert days. Proposed Solutions: Installation of shaded canopies in high-traffic areas made from heat-reflective materials. Deployment of mobile cooling stations equipped with fans and basic first-aid facilities to provide immediate relief. Setting up water ATMs near labor hubs to ensure informal workers stay hydrated. Call for Equitable Cooling Access: Experts emphasize that cooling disparities must be addressed as a basic human right, with particular attention to vulnerable populations like informal workers and women.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 23 April 2025

Content: Constitutional Offices Are Not Ornamental; Every Citizen Is Supreme In A Democracy, Stresses Vice-President India’s Aviation Revolution Constitutional Offices Are Not Ornamental; Every Citizen Is Supreme In A Democracy, Stresses Vice-President The Vice-President of India, addressing the ‘Kartavyam’ event organized by Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini, emphasized the vital role of citizens in strengthening democracy. He highlighted the supremacy of Parliament, importance of dialogue, and the ethical responsibilities of both leaders and the electorate. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Constitution) Rejection of the “Ornamental Office” Notion VP strongly opposed the idea that constitutional offices are ceremonial or ornamental. Emphasized that every citizen and every constitutional functionary plays a vital role in the democratic framework. Such perceptions undermine the dignity and responsibility of democratic institutions. Citizen as the Supreme Power Reiterated the idea that citizens are the soul and supreme force in a democracy. Democracy thrives when citizens are alert, engaged, and participative. Described each citizen as an “atom in democracy”—individually powerful, collectively transformative. Parliament: Supreme, But Not Above Citizens Asserted that there is no authority visualized above Parliament in the Constitution. However, Parliament derives its legitimacy from the people—‘We the People’ are the true sovereign. Elected representatives are accountable to the people, as demonstrated in historic events like the defeat of the Emergency-imposing government in 1977. Role of Elected Representatives The Constitution is a “repository of public will”, implemented through elected representatives. Representatives are not masters, but trustees of the Constitution and its values. Accountability is ensured through regular elections. Democracy is Participatory, Not Just Governmental Emphasized participatory democracy that goes beyond elections and governance. True democracy encompasses civic culture, national ethos, and heritage preservation. Citizens must actively defend sovereignty, practice fraternity, and foster unity. Government as a Facilitator, Not a Substitute Government provides infrastructure and policy (e.g., a football stadium), but goals must be scored by citizens. The onus of democratic success lies on individuals, not just institutions.  Warning Against the Decline in Discourse Quality The health of a democracy is reflected in the quality of its public discourse. Raised concerns over manipulated discourse driven by: Money power Muscle power Foreign interests Called for discernment and vigilance to preserve democratic integrity.  Freedom of Expression and Dialogue: Twin Pillars of Democracy Expression (Abhivyakti) and Dialogue (Samvaad) are the “core mantras” of Indian democracy. Throttling expression leads to democratic decay—as seen during the Emergency. However, arrogant or intolerant expression also harms democracy. Advocated for respectful disagreement and civilizational ethos of ‘Anantavad’ (multiple perspectives). Dangers of Silence and Timidity Urged individuals to speak the right thing at the right time. Hesitation or silence in crucial moments weakens democratic fabric and hurts progressive forces. Nations Are Built by Individuals, Not Elites Countered the notion that industrialists or political elites build nations. Reinforced that every individual carries atomic power to transform society. Recalled Justice H.R. Khanna’s legacy as a reminder of constitutional courage. Role of Youth in Democratic Renewal Urged youth to rise above partisanship and contribute to national interests. Youth must champion thoughtful, informed discourse, especially during India’s rise as a global power. Emphasized the need for intellectual maturity, not political polarization among the youth.  Preamble as the Essence of the Constitution Called the Preamble the “nectar” of the Constitution. Highlights that all power flows from ‘We the People’, not from institutions or offices.  Conclusion: Call to Action Democracy is not a status, but an ongoing responsibility. Citizens must be informed, expressive, participative, and vigilant. Nation-building is a collective exercise, grounded in constitutional morality, civic virtue, and participatory ethos. India’s Aviation Revolution India is undergoing a transformative aviation revolution, marked by legislative reforms, infrastructure expansion, and record-breaking passenger growth. This surge is propelling the country towards becoming a global aviation hub aligned with the Viksit Bharat @2047 vision. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure) Legislative Reforms: Foundation for Sustainable Growth Protection of Interest in Aircraft Objects Bill, 2025: Aligns with the Cape Town Convention for improved legal enforceability in aircraft leasing. Aims to cut leasing costs (previously 8–10% higher than global average) via lower risk premiums and interest rates. Boosts investor confidence and supports the emergence of domestic leasing hubs. Bharatiya Vayuyan Adhiniyam, 2024: Replaces colonial-era Aircraft Act, 1934; effective from 1 Jan 2025. Supports ‘Make in India’ and Atmanirbhar Bharat by encouraging indigenous aviation manufacturing. Aligns with global civil aviation norms (ICAO, Chicago Convention). Introduces simplified licensing, an appellate mechanism, and removes outdated regulations. Infrastructure Expansion: Creating World-Class Aviation Facilities Greenfield Airport Progress: 12 operationalised since 2014 out of 21 approved (e.g., Kushinagar, Mopa, Rajkot). Key projects like Noida (Jewar) and Navi Mumbai advancing, with operations set for FY 2025–26. Airport Development Targets: 50 more airports planned in 5 years. 120 new destinations targeted in 10 years. Capital Investment: ₹91,000+ crore allocated under National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP). ₹82,600 crore already spent (till Nov 2024).  UDAN Scheme: Inclusive Regional Connectivity Achievements: 619 routes, 88 airports operationalised under UDAN. Over 1.5 crore passengers benefited; aim to serve 4 crore more. 2024 Progress: 102 new RCS routes, 20 in the North East. Increased focus on remote, hilly, and aspirational districts. Affordable Travel Amenities: Launch of UDAN Yatri Cafés at Kolkata and Chennai airports with subsidized food. Nationwide rollout planned due to success. Passenger Growth: Surging Demand and Market Expansion Domestic Travel Boom: Record of 22.81 crore domestic passengers in 2024. Over 5 lakh passengers in a single day (17 Nov 2024). Growth of 5.9% (Jan–Nov 2024 YoY). International Traffic Growth: 64.5 million passengers (Jan–Nov 2024), up by 11.4%. India’s Global Ranking: Now the 3rd-largest aviation market with 350+ million passengers annually. Consistent 10–12% annual growth over a decade. Safety, Technology, Seamless Travel DFDR & CVR Lab Inauguration: State-of-the-art accident investigation facility at AAIB, Delhi. ₹9 crore investment; supported by HAL. Digi Yatra Expansion: Deployed in 24 airports; over 4 crore journeys made via app. Enhances contactless, secure travel. Seaplane Operations Guidelines (2024): Bid process launched for 50+ water bodies under UDAN Round 5.5. Boosts connectivity to remote and tourism-heavy regions. Sustainability and Human Capital Development Green Energy Adoption: ~80 airports on 100% green energy. Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad—leading in carbon-neutral and carbon-negative credentials. Pilot Training Pipeline: 30,000–34,000 new pilots needed by 2040. Expansion of Flight Training Organisations (FTOs) and licensing. Aviation Career Guidance for Students: Launched by the Civil Aviation Ministry to introduce school students to aviation careers. Aims to build a talent pipeline for long-term sectoral growth. Supporting Ecosystem and Gender Inclusion Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO): 5% IGST on aircraft parts to incentivize domestic MRO hubs. Gender Representation: India has 13–18% women pilots—among the highest globally. Goal: 25% representation across aviation roles by 2025 (DGCA target). Air Cargo Expansion: Cargo handling capacity reached 8 million MT in FY24, growing over 10% annually. Emphasis on cold chain warehousing and customs efficiency. Global Integration & Recognition International Diplomacy: Hosted 2nd Asia-Pacific Ministerial Conference on Civil Aviation. Outcome: Delhi Declaration—a significant diplomatic win. Global Branding: India’s aviation diplomacy and reforms enhance its standing as a hub for global aviation cooperation and connectivity. Conclusion: Viksit Bharat @2047 Vision The aviation sector exemplifies India’s development trajectory, linking physical infrastructure with aspirational growth. The sector is being positioned not just as a mode of transport but as a driver of economic integration, job creation, and global competitiveness. Through legislative agility, digital innovation, green energy, inclusive access, and global integration, India is confidently charting its course toward Viksit Bharat @2047.