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Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 09 December 2023

CONTENTS Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS)Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) Context: Recently, the Ministry of Cooperation has introduced Model Bye laws aimed at revitalizing Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS). Relevance: GS III- Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Purpose of Model Bye-Laws for PACSAbout Primary agricultural credit societiesObjectives of PACSFunctions of PACS Purpose of Model Bye-Laws for PACS Structural Guidelines: Enhanced Economic Viability: Designed to delineate the structure, activities, and functioning of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS).Aims to enhance the economic viability of PACS, making them more sustainable and impactful in rural areas. Business Diversification: Expanded Business Activities: The Model Bye-Laws empower PACS to diversify their business activities.Allows PACS to engage in over 25 business activities, including but not limited to dairy, fishery, floriculture, setting up godowns, procurement of foodgrains, fertilizers, seeds, short-term & long-term credit, custom hiring centers, Fair Price Shops (FPS), community irrigation, and Business Correspondent activities. Inclusivity and Representation: Broadened Membership: Introduces provisions to make the membership of PACS more inclusive and broad-based.Ensures adequate representation for women and Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes within the PACS structure. Overall Objectives: Economic Growth in Rural Areas:The Model Bye-Laws serve the overarching objective of fostering economic growth in rural areas by empowering PACS to engage in diverse economic activities.Social Inclusion:Prioritizes social inclusion by ensuring diverse representation within the membership, promoting gender equality, and providing opportunities for marginalized communities.Community Development:Aims to strengthen the role of PACS as catalysts for community development, enabling them to play a more significant and varied role in the economic landscape of rural regions. About Primary agricultural credit societies: PACS is the smallest cooperative credit institution in India and a basic unit.The initial Primary Agricultural Credit Society (PACS) was founded in 1904.It has a grassroots effect (gram panchayat and village level).PACS serves as the last point of contact between the primary borrowers, or rural residents, and the higher agencies, such as the Central Cooperative Bank, State Cooperative Bank, and Reserve Bank of India.PACS are governed by the RBI and registered under the Co-operative Societies Act.The “Banking Regulation Act-1949” and the “Banking Laws (Co-operative societies) Act 1965” are in charge of them. Objectives of PACS To raise capital for the purpose of making loans and supporting members’ essential activities.To collect deposits from members with the goal of improving their savings habit.To supply agricultural inputs and services to members at reasonable prices,To arrange for the supply and development of improved breeds of livestock for members.To make all necessary arrangements for improving irrigation on land owned by members.To encourage various income-generating activities through supply of necessary inputs and services. Functions of PACS PACS typically offer the following services to their members:Input facilities in the form of a monetary or in-kind componentAgriculture implements for hireStorage space Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) Context: India is hosting the Annual Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) Summit from December 12 – 14, 2023. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) A multi-stakeholder initiative established to bridge the gap between theory and practice in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI).Aims to support cutting-edge research and applied activities on AI-related priorities. Launch: Launched in June 2020. Membership: Open to all countries, including emerging and developing nations.As of now, it has 28 member countries, including the European Union.India is one of the founding members of GPAI. Secretariat: The secretariat is hosted at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in Paris. Structure: Council and Steering Committee:Governed by a Council and a Steering Committee.Centres of Expertise:Two Centres of Expertise, located in Montreal and Paris.Facilitate GPAI’s four working groups and their research and practical projects. Working Groups and Themes: Responsible AI:Focuses on promoting AI development and deployment in an ethical and responsible manner.Data Governance:Addresses issues related to the collection, management, and use of data in the context of AI.Future of Work:Explores the impact of AI on the nature of work and employment.Innovation and Commercialization:Concentrates on fostering innovation and commercialization of AI technologies. Objectives: Foster collaboration among nations on AI-related matters.Provide a platform for joint research and practical projects.Address key challenges and opportunities in the AI domain. Global Collaboration: Reflects a commitment to global collaboration, inviting participation from a diverse range of countries and stakeholders.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 09 December 2023

CONTENTS Constitutional Challenge: Section 6A of Citizenship Act, 1955World Soil Day91st Interpol General AssemblyNational Automated Fingerprint Identification System (NAFIS)Pradhan Mantri Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (PM-USHA)Essential Services Maintenance ActPashupatinath Temple Constitutional Challenge: Section 6A of Citizenship Act, 1955 Context: A Constitution Bench, under the leadership of the Chief Justice of India, is currently adjudicating multiple petitions that challenge the constitutionality of Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, 1955. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, 1955: An OverviewChallenges to Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, 1955Understanding Citizenship in India Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, 1955: An Overview Legislative Background Enacted as part of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 1985.Originated from the Assam Accord of 1985, a tripartite agreement among the Central Government, the Assam State Government, and leaders of the Assam Movement, aiming to address the issue of illegal migration from Bangladesh. Specifics of the Assam Accord Signed in 1985, the Assam Accord introduced Section 6A exclusively for Assam in the Citizenship Act of 1955.Primarily targeted the large-scale migration before the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War.Mandates the detection and deportation of foreigners who entered Assam after March 25, 1971, the date of Bangladesh’s creation. Historical Context Reflects the unique historical and demographic challenges faced by Assam during the critical period preceding and following the Bangladesh Liberation War. Provisions and Implications Citizenship Status for Pre-1966 Migrants:Persons of Indian origin arriving from Bangladesh before January 1, 1966, are deemed citizens of India as of that date.Registration Requirement for 1966-1971 Migrants:Individuals of Indian origin entering Assam between January 1, 1966, and March 25, 1971, detected as foreigners, needed to register.Citizenship granted after 10 years of residence, subject to specific conditions.Detection and Deportation for Post-1971 Entrants:Persons entering Assam after March 25, 1971, were to be identified and deported in accordance with the law. Challenges to Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, 1955 Constitutional Validity Concerns Article 6 Violation: Petitioners contend that Section 6A may infringe on Article 6 of the Constitution.Article 6 addresses the citizenship of individuals migrating from Pakistan during the partition, offering automatic citizenship to those who migrated before July 19, 1949.Raises questions about the legal and constitutional validity of Section 6A. Article 14 Implications: Critics argue that Section 6A could violate Article 14, which guarantees the right to equality.Perceived as discriminatory for singling out Assam with specific citizenship criteria.Selective application sparks concerns about fairness compared to other states facing similar migration issues. Demographic Impact Criticisms Influx of Illegal Migrants: Section 6A’s citizenship grant is criticized for allegedly contributing to an influx of illegal migrants from Bangladesh into Assam.Concerns about unintended consequences, encouraging illegal migration, and its impact on the state’s demographic composition.Petitioners claim that recognizing individuals as citizens under Section 6A has perpetuated the issue by legitimizing their status. Cultural Identity Concerns Demographic Change and Cultural Impact: Benefits provided to cross-border migrants between 1966 and 1971 are argued to have led to a radical demographic change.Critics assert that this change has adversely affected the cultural identity of Assam.Petitioners contend that the provisions of Section 6A have resulted in a significant cultural impact, contributing to a transformation that threatens the traditional identity of Assam. Understanding Citizenship in India Definition of Citizenship Legal Status and Relationship: Citizenship denotes the legal status and relationship between an individual and a state.It involves specific rights and duties that individuals hold within the context of their association with a particular nation. Constitutional Framework Articles 5 to 11: Constitutional provisions related to citizenship are outlined in Articles 5 to 11, found in Part II of the Constitution of India.These articles cover various aspects of citizenship, including acquisition by birth, descent, naturalization, registration, relinquishment, and termination. Union List Jurisdiction: Citizenship is included in the Union List under the Constitution, placing it within the exclusive jurisdiction of Parliament. Legal Regulation: Citizenship Act, 1955 Parliament’s Role:To regulate matters of citizenship, Parliament enacted the Citizenship Act, 1955.Amendments:The Citizenship Act, 1955, has undergone six amendments since its enactment, occurring in 1986, 1992, 2003, 2005, 2015, and 2019.Latest Amendment (2019):The 2019 amendment introduced significant changes, granting citizenship to specific illegal migrants.It extended citizenship to individuals from Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian communities in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan who entered India on or before December 31, 2014. -Source: The Hindu World Soil Day Context: Every year, the United Nations celebrates 5th December as World Soil Day. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: World Soil Day (WSD)Status of Nutrient Deficiency in Indian Soil World Soil Day (WSD) Commemoration and Origin: Celebrated to honor the late King of Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej, on his birthday.Recognizes his lifelong commitment to raising awareness about sustainable soil management and rehabilitation for purposes such as food security and poverty alleviation.Recommended by the International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS) in 2002. Formal Recognition and Theme: Formally established as a global awareness-raising platform by the UN General Assembly on December 5, 2014.Theme for 2023: “Soil and Water, a Source of Life.” Global Initiatives: Supported by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).Operates under the leadership of the Kingdom of Thailand within the framework of the Global Soil Partnership. Link Between Soil Micronutrients and Nutritional Status Soil Composition and Micronutrients: Soil composition directly influences levels of essential micronutrients like zinc and iron in crops.Plants absorb these nutrients from the soil, and their availability impacts the micronutrient content in food. Impact on Nutritional Status: Low soil zinc levels linked to higher rates of stunting and underweight conditions in children.Zinc is crucial for growth and immune system function.Soil iron availability correlates with the prevalence of anemia.Iron is essential for hemoglobin production, necessary for oxygen transport in the body. Micronutrient Deficiencies: Regions with soil lacking adequate zinc, iron, and other micronutrients are more likely to experience deficiencies in the population consuming crops grown in such soil. Solutions for Micronutrient Enhancement Zinc Application to Crops: Application of zinc to crops on zinc-deficient soils increases yields significantly.Yields of rice, wheat, maize, and oats improve by over 75% compared to applying only nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer. Zinc-Enriched Fertilizers: Zinc-enriched fertilizers can enhance soil zinc for three to four years after application.Offers an effective long-term intervention with less short-term maintenance compared to other solutions. Status of Nutrient Deficiency in Indian Soil Historical Trends: Long-standing deficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in India’s soil.Potassium deficiency became more prevalent in the 1990s.Sulphur deficiency emerged as a major problem in the 2000s. Scientific Analysis: Researchers and Samples: Scientists associated with the All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Micro- and Secondary Nutrients and Pollutant Elements in Soils and Plants (AICRP-MSPE) conducted an analysis.Analyzed 0.2 million soil samples from 28 states. Specific Deficiencies: Zinc Deficiency:Approximately 36.5% of India’s soil is deficient in zinc.Iron Deficiency:About 12.8% of the country’s soil faces iron deficiency.Other Micronutrients:Boron Deficiency:Found in 23.4% of soils.Copper Deficiency:Observed in 4.20% of soils.Manganese Deficiency:Affects 7.10% of soils. Implications: The findings indicate significant deficiencies in crucial micronutrients, which can impact agricultural productivity and, subsequently, food security in the affected regions.Addressing Challenges:Identifying and addressing these deficiencies is crucial for sustainable agriculture and ensuring optimal crop yields across the country. -Source: The Hindu 91st Interpol General Assembly Context: Recently, the Indian delegation, led by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and National Investigation Agency (NIA), urged member countries to deny safe havens to crime, criminals, and the proceeds of crime at the 91st Interpol General Assembly held in Vienna, Austria. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the 91st Interpol General AssemblyAbout Interpol Key Highlights of the 91st Interpol General Assembly Collaborative Initiatives Financial Crime and Corruption:Resolutions were passed during the assembly to enhance collaborative responses aimed at disrupting financial crime and corruption.Online Child Sexual Exploitation:Measures were adopted to intensify efforts in combating online child sexual exploitation, reflecting a commitment to safeguarding vulnerable individuals.Promoting Diversity:Resolutions aimed at promoting diversity within Interpol were passed, emphasizing the importance of inclusive representation. Strategic Discussions Coordinated Strategies:Engagements involved discussions with law enforcement agencies from diverse countries.Focus on formulating coordinated strategies to combat organized crime, terrorism, drug trafficking, money laundering, online radicalization, and cyber-enabled financial crimes.Real-Time Prevention:Advocacy for real-time prevention strategies to address and mitigate the impact of crimes discussed during the assembly. Vision 2030 and Future Council Adoption of Interpol’s Vision 2030:The assembly supported the adoption of Interpol’s Vision 2030, indicating a forward-looking approach toward addressing evolving challenges in global security.Establishment of Interpol Future Council:The assembly contributed to the establishment of the Interpol Future Council, a platform likely focused on strategic foresight and long-term planning for Interpol’s role in international law enforcement. About Interpol The International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO), commonly known as INTERPOL, is an international organization that facilitates worldwide police cooperation and crime control.Headquartered in Lyon, it has seven regional bureaus worldwide and a National Central Bureau in all 194 member states, making it the world’s largest police organization.INTERPOL provides investigative support, expertise, and training to law enforcement worldwide, focusing on three major areas of transnational crime: terrorism, cybercrime, and organized crime.Its broad mandate covers virtually every kind of crime, including crimes against humanity, child pornography, drug trafficking and production, political corruption, copyright infringement, and white-collar crime.The agency also facilitates co-operation among national law enforcement institutions through criminal databases and communications networks.Contrary to popular belief, INTERPOL is itself not a law enforcement agency.INTERPOL is mostly funded by annual contributions by member police forces in 181 countries.It is governed by a General Assembly, composed of all member countries, which elects the Executive Committee and the President.Pursuant to its charter, INTERPOL seeks to remain politically neutral in fulfilling its mandate, as it is barred from interventions or activities of a political, military, religious, or racial nature or involving itself in disputes over such matters.The agency operates in four languages: Arabic, English, French, and Spanish.The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is the nodal agency in the INTERPOL for India. -Source: The Hindu National Automated Fingerprint Identification System (NAFIS) Context: Recently, the Minister of State for Home Affairs informed the Rajya Sabha that the National Automated Fingerprint Identification System (NAFIS) has been established at 1022 locations across the country. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: What is NAFIS?How does it work?Is this the first time that such an automation project is being attempted? What is NAFIS? It is conceptualized and managed by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)  at the Central Fingerprint Bureau (CFPB) in New Delhi,The project is a country-wide searchable database of crime- and criminal-related fingerprints.The web-based application functions as a central information repository by consolidating fingerprint data from all states and Union Territories. Benefits of NAFIS It enables law enforcement agencies to upload, trace, and retrieve data from the database in real time on a 24×7 basis.It would help in the quick and easy disposal of cases with the help of a centralised fingerprint database. How does it work? NAFIS assigns a unique 10-digit National Fingerprint Number (NFN) to each person arrested for a crime.This unique ID will be used for the person’s lifetime, and different crimes registered under different FIRs will be linked to the same NFN.The 2020 report states that the ID’s first two digits will be that of the state code in which the person arrested for a crime is registered, followed by a sequence number.By automating the collection, storage, and matching of fingerprints, along with digitizing the records of fingerprint data, NAFIS will provide the much-needed unique identifier for every arrested person in the CCTNS (Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems) database as both are connected at the backend Is this the first time that such an automation project is being attempted? Upon the recommendations of the National Police Commission in 1986, the Central Fingerprint Bureau first began to automate the fingerprint database by digitizing the existing manual records through India’s first Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFI) in 1992, called Fingerprint Analysis & Criminal Tracing System (FACTS 1.0)The latest iteration, FACTS 5.0, which was upgraded in 2007, was considered to have “outlived its shelf life”, according to a 2018 report by the NCRB and thus needed to be replaced by NAFIS. -Source: Indian Express Pradhan Mantri Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (PM-USHA) Context: The Union Education Minister recently urged the Odisha Chief Minister to implement the PM-USHA scheme for higher education in the state. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: MoU Significance and State ConcernsPradhan Mantri Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (PM-USHA) SchemeObjectiveKey Features MoU Significance and State Concerns Importance of MoU: The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) encompasses planning, execution, and assessment aspects, aligning State initiatives with the National Education Policy (NEP) for enhanced coordination.The scheme fosters flexibility for States/Union Territories (UTs) to customize activities as per their requirements, optimizing resource allocation efficiency.Furthermore, the scheme empowers States to identify priority districts based on metrics such as enrollment rates, gender parity, and the representation of marginalized communities. State Concerns Raised: Despite the MoU’s provisions, certain State governments have expressed dissatisfaction with its framework, citing unaddressed concerns.The MoU lacks provisions for additional funding required to effectively implement NEP reforms.States bear 40% of the expenses for the PM-USHA, yet the MoU fails to offer clear guidance on funding mechanisms for implementing NEP-related changes. Pradhan Mantri Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (PM-USHA) Scheme The PM-USHA scheme emerged in June 2023 as an evolution of the RUSA (Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan) scheme in alignment with the National Education Policy.RUSA, which was originally introduced in October 2013, operates as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme with the purpose of providing strategic funding to higher education institutions across India. Focus Areas of PM-USHA: Equity, Access, and Inclusion: The scheme aims to promote equity, enhance access, and foster inclusivity within the higher education system.Quality Teaching and Learning: Enhancing the quality of teaching and learning processes is a central objective, ensuring students receive high-standard education.Accreditation Enhancement: The scheme focuses on accrediting institutions that lack accreditation and improving the existing accreditation status of institutions.ICT-based Digital Infrastructure: Modernizing educational infrastructure through Information and Communication Technology (ICT) plays a significant role.Multidisciplinary Employability: The scheme works towards boosting employability by fostering multidisciplinary approaches to education. Objective: The primary objectives of the Pradhan Mantri Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (PM-USHA) scheme are as follows:Enhance the quality of existing state higher educational institutions, ensuring compliance with prescribed norms, standards, and accreditation as a quality assurance mechanism.Implement governance, academic, and examination reforms in state higher educational institutions.Establish connections between school education, the job market, and higher education institutions to encourage self-reliance and contribute to building an Atma-Nirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India).Foster a conducive environment for research and innovation in higher educational institutions. Key Features: MERU Transformation: The scheme supports 35 accredited state universities by providing each with Rs 100 crore to facilitate multidisciplinary education and research.Model Degree Colleges: Provisions are made for establishing new model degree colleges under the scheme.University Enhancement: Grants are allocated to strengthen universities, enhancing their overall capabilities.Focus on Remote and Aspirational Areas: PM-USHA particularly targets regions with limited access to education, Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) affected areas, aspirational districts, and regions with low Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER).Gender Inclusion and Equity Support: The scheme assists state governments in promoting gender inclusion, equity, and skill upgrading for improved employability through the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). -Source: The Hindu Essential Services Maintenance Act Context: The Odisha Government recently invoked the Orissa Essential Services (Maintenance) Act (ESMA) prohibiting strikes by paramedical staff, including nurses, pharmacists, technicians, Class III and IV employees, to ensure that medical services are not disrupted. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Essential Services Maintenance Act (ESMA)Actions Against Employees Essential Services Maintenance Act (ESMA) Introduction: Enacted by the Indian Parliament in 1968.Aimed at ensuring the uninterrupted supply of critical services essential for people’s daily lives. Enforcement Objectives: Prohibition of Strikes: Prohibits employees in certain essential services from engaging in strikes that can disrupt essential services.Employees cannot use bandhs or curfews as excuses to avoid reporting to work. Covered Essential Services: Public Services:Services related to public conservation, sanitation, water supply, hospitals, and national defense.Production and Distribution:Establishments involved in the production, delivery, or distribution of petroleum, coal, electricity, steel, fertilizers, and banking-related services.Communication and Transportation:Covers communication and transportation services.Government Initiatives:Applicable to government initiatives related to the acquisition and distribution of food grains. Enforcement by States: State-Specific Implementation: State governments, either individually or in collaboration with other states, can enforce ESMA within specified territories.Each state has its own version of ESMA with provisions slightly differing from the federal statute.Allows states to choose essential services on which to enforce ESMA. Central Government Activation: Nationwide Interruptions: In cases of nationwide interruptions, especially involving railways, the central government can activate ESMA. Actions Against Employees: Disciplinary Action:Persons initiating or participating in a strike are liable to disciplinary action, including dismissal.Legal Consequences:Strikes become illegal after ESMA is invoked, allowing legal action against participating employees.Arrest Powers:Police officers are empowered to arrest striking individuals without a warrant.Penalties:Individuals participating or instigating the strike can face imprisonment up to one year, a fine, or both. National Significance: ESMA plays a crucial role in maintaining essential services, ensuring the smooth functioning of critical sectors, and addressing disruptions that could adversely impact public life. -Source: The Hindu Pashupatinath Temple Context: The sale and consumption of meat, alcohol, and other intoxicants have been restricted around the Pashupatinath Temple area due to the Hindu festival of Bala Chaturdashi. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Pashupatinath TemplePagoda Pashupatinath Temple A Hindu temple dedicated to Pashupati, a form of Shiva. Location: Situated on the bank of the Bagmati River on the eastern outskirts of Kathmandu, Nepal. UNESCO World Heritage Site: Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979. Features: Temple Complex:Encompasses 518 temples, buildings, and structures.Main Temple:Designed in the Nepalese pagoda style with a tiered roof and plinth.A two-tiered structure with a gold-plated roof.Houses the Pashupatinath idol in two interior rooms.Cubic structure with four main doors covered with silver sheets.Nandi Statue:Noteworthy golden statue of Nandi, Shiva’s bull, adds to the temple’s grandeur. Pagoda A tower-like, multistory structure made of stone, brick, or wood.Commonly associated with Buddhist temple complexes. Origins and Form: Derives from the stupa, an ancient Indian hemispherical, domed commemorative monument. Construction: Comprises three sections: a base, a body, and a top.Central staircase is a common feature.Can take various forms, often incorporating a miniature pagoda at the top. Geographical Prevalence: Commonly found in China, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Vietnam, and other parts of Asia. Symbolism: Represents spiritual and architectural significance in Buddhist traditions.Varied forms and styles contribute to the rich cultural heritage of the regions where pagodas are prevalent. -Source: The Hindu

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 08 December 2023

CONTENTS Migrant Quota cleared for J&K; AssemblyGlobal Positioning SystemLakadong TurmericUNESCO Recognizes Garba as Intangible Cultural HeritageCritical MineralsGemini AI model Migrant Quota Cleared for J&K; Assembly Context The Lok Sabha passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Amendment) Bill, 2023 and the Jammu and Kashmir Reservation (Amendment) Bill, 2023. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Delimitation in Jammu and KashmirJammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Amendment) Bill, 2023Jammu and Kashmir Reservation (Amendment) Bill, 2023 Delimitation in Jammu and Kashmir: Pre-Abrogation Scenario In the former state of Jammu and Kashmir, Lok Sabha seat delimitation followed the Indian Constitution.However, the delimitation of Assembly seats was governed separately by the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution. Abrogation of Article 370 The special status of Jammu and Kashmir was revoked on August 5, 2019.The region transitioned into a Union Territory, altering its constitutional framework. Setting up the Delimitation Commission In March 2020, the Union government established a Delimitation Commission.The commission was assigned the task of delimitation in Jammu and Kashmir and four northeastern states: Assam, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland.Originally intended to be completed within a year. Impact of Covid-19 Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the Delimitation Commission received a one-year extension to complete its mandate.Delimitation Process CompletionAfter concluding the delimitation process, the commission issued orders related to the assembly and parliamentary constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir. Legislative Assembly Expansion The delimitation orders led to an increase in the number of seats in the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly.The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Amendment) Bill, 2023, facilitated the expansion from 107 to 114 seats. Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Amendment) Bill, 2023 Legislative Introduction Introduced in the Lok Sabha in July 2023.Aims to amend the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019. Background of the 2019 Act The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, facilitated the reorganisation of Jammu and Kashmir into the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir (with legislature) and Ladakh (without legislature). Key Features of the Amendment Bill Expansion of Legislative Assembly Seats The 2019 Act initially set the total number of seats in the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly at 83.The Amendment Bill increases the total number of seats to 90 based on the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission.Reserves 7 seats for Scheduled Castes and 9 seats for Scheduled Tribes. Nomination of Kashmiri Migrants The Lieutenant Governor is empowered to nominate up to 2 members from the Kashmiri migrant community to the Legislative Assembly.One of the nominated members must be a woman.Defines migrants as those who moved from the Kashmir Valley or any part of Jammu and Kashmir after November 1, 1989, and are registered with the Relief Commissioner.Includes individuals unable to register due to specific circumstances like government service, work-related relocation, or possessing immovable property but unable to reside there due to disturbed conditions. Nomination of Displaced Persons The Lieutenant Governor can nominate 1 member representing displaced persons from Pakistan-occupied Jammu and Kashmir to the Legislative Assembly.Displaced persons are those who left or were displaced from their residence in Pakistani-occupied Jammu and Kashmir in 1947-48, 1965, or 1971 due to civil disturbances or fear of such disturbances.Successors-in-interest of such persons are also included. Conclusion The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Amendment) Bill, 2023, addresses key aspects of legislative representation, focusing on seat expansion and inclusive nominations. Jammu and Kashmir Reservation (Amendment) Bill, 2023 Legislative Introduction Presented in the Lok Sabha in July 2023.Seeks to amend the Jammu and Kashmir Reservation Act, 2004. Background of the 2004 Act The Jammu and Kashmir Reservation Act, 2004, addresses reservation in employment and admission to professional institutions for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other socially and educationally backward classes. Key Features of the Amendment Bill Definition Change: Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Originally, socially and educationally backward classes included individuals in villages declared as such by the UT of Jammu and Kashmir.Also encompassed those residing in areas adjacent to the Actual Line of Control and International Border.Weak and underprivileged classes (social castes), as notified, were part of this category.The government had the authority to modify this category based on the recommendations of a Commission. Substitution of Terminology The Amendment Bill substitutes “weak and underprivileged classes” with “other backward classes” as declared by the UT of Jammu and Kashmir.Simultaneously, the definition of weak and underprivileged classes is removed from the Act. Conclusion The Jammu and Kashmir Reservation (Amendment) Bill, 2023, brings about significant changes by replacing terminology and redefining the socially and educationally backward classes underlining the commitment to inclusivity and equitable representation. -Source: The Hindu Global Positioning System Context: Global Positioning System (GPS) is one of few everyday technologies that have had the kind of revolutionary impact on civilian, military, scientific, and urban realms, redefining our sense of location and impacting diverse sectors globally. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Dimensions of the Article: Global Positioning System (GPS)Global Positioning System and International GNSS Global Positioning System (GPS) Developed by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1973, GPS consists of three primary components. Space Segment 24 satellites across six orbits provide worldwide coverage for precise location tracking.Positioned 20,200 km above Earth, with four satellites per orbit completing two rotations daily. Control Segment Ground stations globally ensure satellite functionality and precision, in line with 2020’s Standard Positioning Service (SPS) guidelines.The SPS outlines the expectations for GPS performance globally. User Segment GPS services a variety of applications, from farming to defense, with over 6.5 billion GNSS  (Global Navigation Satellite System) devices in 2021, projected to reach 10 billion by 2031, indicating its extensive reach. Global Positioning System and International GNSS GPS Operations Functions via radio signals from satellites at L1 and L2 frequencies for 3D and temporal positioning.Incorporates error adjustments like relativistic effects to enhance accuracy. Timing and Precision Relies on atomic clocks in satellites for critical timing, essential for reducing location errors. Global GNSS Landscape Various nations have their GNSS, including Australia, China, EU, India, Japan, South Korea, Russia, and the U.K.Russia’s GLONASS, the EU’s Galileo, and China’s BeiDou provide international coverage. India’s Navigation Systems Initiated its Regional Navigation Satellite System, now known as NavIC, featuring seven satellites in mixed orbits.As of May 2023, a quartet of satellites supports terrestrial navigation, managed from Hassan, Karnataka, and Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.NavIC’s satellites transmit on L5 and S bands, with newer additions utilizing the L1 band. Enhancements to GPS in India The GAGAN system, a joint venture of ISRO and the Airports Authority of India, augments GPS for aviation safety within Indian airspace and delivers GPS corrections and integrity assurances. -Source: The Hindu Lakadong Turmeric Context: Recently, Meghalaya’s Lakadong turmeric has been awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) tag. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Lakadong Turmeric and CurcuminGeographical Indications (GI) Tag Lakadong Turmeric and Curcumin Lakadong Turmeric Renowned as one of the finest turmeric varieties globally, with curcumin levels of 6.8 to 7.5%.Notable for its deeper hue and organic cultivation practices in the Lakadong region of Jaintia Hills.Alongside Lakadong turmeric, Meghalaya’s Garo Dakmanda, Larnai pottery, and Garo Chubitchi have received the Geographical Indication (GI) status. Curcumin Curcumin is a polyphenol known for its interaction with various cellular signaling molecules.Recognized for therapeutic effects on inflammatory diseases, metabolic syndrome, pain relief, and eye condition management.Offers renal benefits and is largely appreciated for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Geographical Indications (GI) Tag Definition and Importance: Geographical Indications of Goods indicate the country or place of origin of a product.They assure consumers of the product’s quality and distinctiveness derived from its specific geographical locality.GI tags are an essential component of intellectual property rights (IPRs) and are protected under international agreements like the Paris Convention and TRIPS. Administration and Registration: Geographical Indications registration in India is governed by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.The registration and protection are administered by the Geographical Indication Registry under the Department of Industry Promotion and Internal Trade (DIPIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.The registration is valid for 10 years, and it can be renewed for further periods of 10 years each. Significance and Examples: GI tags provide a unique identity and reputation to products based on their geographical origin.The first product in India to receive a GI tag was Darjeeling tea.Karnataka has the highest number of GI tags with 47 registered products, followed by Tamil Nadu with 39. Ownership and Proprietorship: Any association, organization, or authority established by law can be a registered proprietor of a GI tag.The registered proprietor’s name is entered in the Register of Geographical Indication for the applied product.Protection and Enforcement:Geographical Indications protect the interests of producers and prevent unauthorized use of the product’s name or origin.Enforcement of GI rights helps maintain the quality and reputation of the products associated with their specific geographical regions. Location of the Geographical Indications Registry: The Geographical Indications Registry is located in Chennai, India. -Source: The Hindu UNESCO Recognizes Garba as Intangible Cultural Heritage Context: The Garba dance, a traditional Gujarati dance form, has been honored by UNESCO as part of the world’s Intangible Cultural Heritage. This recognition during the 18th Intergovernmental Committee session in Botswana marks the 15th Indian element to be listed, following Kolkata’s Durga Puja in 2021. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Garba DanceAbout UNESCOTangible and Intangible HeritageWhat are India’s intangible cultural symbols on the UNESCO list?Who manages nominations to the UNESCO list in India? Garba Dance Essence and Celebrations: Garba: A traditional Gujarati dance for Navratri, signifying the triumph of good over evil. Etymology and Significance: Origin: Derives from “Garba,” a Sanskrit term meaning womb, symbolizing life and creation.Celebrations: Honors fertility, womanhood, and divine mother figures. Cultural Milestones: Life Events: Marks significant female rites of passage. Performance Core: Focus: Centers around a light source or deity depiction, honoring Goddess Shakti’s feminine essence. Participation and Music: Inclusivity: Open to all, unified by music, song, and coordinated claps. Evolution of the Dance: Influence: Modern Garba blends with Dandiya Raas, adding vibrant energy.Unification: The fusion creates the dynamic performance seen today. Social Impact: Equality: Breaks down socio-economic, gender, and sect barriers.Community: Encourages involvement from all societal segments, fostering unity. About UNESCO It was founded in 1945 to develop the “intellectual and moral solidarity of mankind” as a means of building lasting peace. It is located in Paris, France.Major Initiatives of UNESCO:Man and Biosphere ProgrammeWorld Heritage ProgrammeGlobal Geopark NetworkNetwork of Creative CitiesAtlas of World Languages in Danger Tangible and Intangible Heritage Cultural heritage in general consists of the products and processes of a culture that are preserved and passed on through the generations.Some of that heritage takes the form of cultural property, formed by tangible artefacts such as buildings or works of art.Many parts of culture, however are intangible, including song, music, dance, drama, skills, cuisine, crafts and festivals.Hence, buildings, historic places, monuments, and artifacts are physical intellectual wealth – hence they are “Tangible”.“Intangible” heritage consists of nonphysical intellectual wealth, such as folklore, customs, beliefs, traditions, knowledge, and language.An intangible cultural heritage (ICH) is a practice, representation, expression, knowledge, or skill considered by UNESCO to be part of a place’s cultural heritage. Definition of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) As the practices, representations, expressions, as well as the knowledge and skills (including instruments, objects, artifacts, cultural spaces), that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. It is sometimes called living cultural heritage.Intangible Cultural Heritage is manifested in the following domains:Oral traditions and expressions, including language;Performing arts;Social practices, rituals and festive events;Knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe;Traditional craftsmanship Criteria for the selection There are three criteria for an intangible cultural heritage to be inscribed in the United Nations list. The entity must, be recognized by communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals as part of their cultural heritage,be transmitted from generation to generation and be constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their historyprovide them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity. What are India’s intangible cultural symbols on the UNESCO list? This year, India nominated Garba, a traditional dance form that originated in the state of Gujarat, for inscription on UNESCO’s ICH list. 1Koodiyattam: a Sanskrit theatre of Kerala2Mudiyett: a ritual theatre and dance drama of Kerala3Vedic chantings: recitation of sacred Hindu texts4Ramlila: the traditional performance of the Ramayana5Ramman: a religious festival and ritual theatre of Garhwal, Uttarakhand6Kalbelia: folk songs and dances of Rajasthan7Chhau dance: a classical dance form of Odisha and West Bengal8Ladakh Buddhist chantings: recitation of sacred Buddhist texts in Ladakh9Manipuri Sankirtana: a ritual singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur10Thatheras Utensil Making: Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab   11Yoga: ancient Indian physical, mental and spiritual practices originating in ancient India12Kumbh Mela: mass Hindu pilgrimage held at Haridwar of Uttarakhand, Nashik of Maharashtra, Prayagraj of Uttar Pradesh and Ujjain of Madhya Pradesh13Nowruz: In India, Navroz (New Year) is celebrated by the Parsi community who are followers of the Zoroastrian religion. It is also celebrated by the ‘Bahai’ community and the Kashmiris who call it ‘ Navreh’.14Durga Puja, also known as Durgotsava or Sharodotsava, is an annual Hindu festival that reveres and pays homage to the goddess Durga. It is an important festival in the Shaktism tradition of Hinduism. Who manages nominations to the UNESCO list in India? Several autonomous bodies within the Ministry of Culture actively function towards promoting and preserving intangible cultural heritage within the country.Sangeet Natak Akademi is the nodal organisation which looks after this function, and files nominations of intangible cultural entities from India, for evaluation by the international body.The Ministry of Culture also launches regular schemes, in an attempt to preserve, protect and promote intangible cultural heritage in the country.Among them, the “Scheme for Safeguarding the Intangible Cultural Heritage and Diverse Cultural Traditions of India” aims to “professionally” enhance “awareness and interest” in the safeguarding, promotion and propagation of ICH. -Source: The Hindu Critical Minerals Context: Twenty blocks of critical minerals are currently on auction for commercial mining by the private sector. The bidding process began on November 29, and bids can be submitted until January 22 next year. Relevance: GS III- Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: What are Critical Minerals?Why is this resource critical?What is China ‘threat’?What are countries around the world doing about it? What are Critical Minerals? Critical minerals are elements that are the building blocks of essential modern-day technologies, and are at risk of supply chain disruptions.These minerals are now used everywhere from making mobile phones, computers to batteries, electric vehicles and green technologies like solar panels and wind turbines.Based on their individual needs and strategic considerations, different countries create their own lists.However, such lists mostly include graphite, lithium and cobalt, which are used for making EV batteries; rare earths that are used for making magnets and silicon which is a key mineral for making computer chips and solar panels.Aerospace, communications and defence industries also rely on several such minerals as they are used in manufacturing fighter jets, drones, radio sets and other critical equipment. Why is this resource critical? As countries around the world scale up their transition towards clean energy and digital economy, these critical resources are key to the ecosystem that fuels this change.Any supply shock can severely imperil the economy and strategic autonomy of a country over-dependent on others to procure critical minerals.But these supply risks exist due to rare availability, growing demand and complex processing value chain.Many times the complex supply chain can be disrupted by hostile regimes, or due to politically unstable regions.They are critical as the world is fast shifting from a fossil fuel-intensive to a mineral-intensive energy system. What is China ‘threat’? China is the world’s largest producer of 16 critical minerals.China alone is responsible for some 70% and 60% of global production of cobalt and rare earth elements, respectively, in 2019.The level of concentration is even higher for processing operations, where China has a strong presence across the board.China’s share of refining is around 35% for nickel, 50-70% for lithium and cobalt, and nearly 90% for rare earth elements.It also controls cobalt mines in the Democratic Republic of Congo, from where 70% of this mineral is sourced.In 2010, China suspended rare earth exports to Japan for two months over a territorial dispute. What are countries around the world doing about it? US has shifted its focus on expanding domestic mining, production, processing, and recycling of critical minerals and materials.India has set up KABIL or the Khanij Bidesh India Limited, a joint venture of three public sector companies, to “ensure a consistent supply of critical and strategic minerals to the Indian domestic market”.Australia’s Critical Minerals Facilitation Office (CMFO) and KABIL had recently signed an MoU aimed at ensuring reliable supply of critical minerals to India.The UK has unveiled its new Critical Minerals Intelligence Centre to study the future demand for and supply of these minerals. -Source: Indian Express Gemini AI model Context: Recently, Google announced the launch of its latest, most powerful AI model, Gemini. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Gemini AI Model Gemini is a revolutionary multimodal general AI model capable of working seamlessly with diverse formats such as text, code, audio, image, and video simultaneously. Multimodal Capabilities Gemini AI excels in understanding, explaining, and generating content in various formats, including text, code, audio, image, and video. Accessibility The model is accessible to users worldwide through platforms like Bard, certain developer platforms, and is integrated into the latest Google Pixel 8 Pro devices. Code Generation Gemini AI stands out for its ability to comprehend, explain, and produce high-quality code in some of the world’s most popular programming languages, such as Python, Java, C++, and Go. Model Sizes Gemini AI is available in three different sizes: Gemini Ultra: The largest and most capable model, designed for highly complex tasks. Currently, it is accessible only to select customers, developers, partners, and safety and responsibility experts for early experimentation and feedback.Gemini Pro: Geared towards scaling across a broad spectrum of tasks, and is available in Bard for regular users across the globe.Gemini Nano: Tailored for on-device tasks and is already integrated into the Pixel 8 Pro. Powers features like Summarise in the Recorder app and Smart Reply via Gboard. Availability Gemini Ultra is presently exclusive to a limited audience for early testing, while Gemini Pro is accessible to regular users through platforms like Bard.Gemini Nano is actively used on Pixel 8 Pro, enhancing features like Summarise in the Recorder app and enabling Smart Reply via Gboard. Future Developments The Gemini AI model hints at ongoing advancements and innovations, with the promise of enhanced capabilities and applications in the realm of artificial intelligence. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 08 December 2023

CONTENTS India Infrastructure Report 2023 on Urban DevelopmentInternational Civil Aviation Day (ICAD) India Infrastructure Report 2023 on Urban Development Context: The newly released India Infrastructure Report (IIR) 2023 provides an extensive analysis of urban planning, financing, and governance infrastructure in India. This collaborative effort involved the IDFC Foundation, Infrastructure Development Corporation (Karnataka) Ltd (iDeCK) and the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA), reflecting a multi-organizational approach to comprehensive infrastructure development. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: Insights from the India Infrastructure Report 2023India Infrastructure Report 2023 Insights from the India Infrastructure Report 2023 Core Urban Issues and Strategies: Comprehensive Themes: Tackles central urban challenges including governance, smart solutions, and collaborative finance models.Public and Private Synergy: Emphasizes the importance of public-private partnerships and smart financing for urban growth. Urban Planning Critique and Recommendations: Planning Criticism: Addresses the flaws in current urban planning that lead to uninhabitable cities and slums.Planning and Development: Stresses the importance of improving planning processes to mitigate urban difficulties. Density and Development Dynamics: Space Utilization: Examines the effects of low floor space indices on dense development and urban sprawl.Slum Formation Link: Connects restrictive floor space indices to slum proliferation due to planning oversights.Redevelopment Policy: Encourages adoption of policies for land recovery in exchange for higher density allowances. City Growth and Capacity: Building Proactively: Supports proactive city development with scalable capacity in line with urban growth. Financial Sustainability and Mechanisms: Financial Management: Analyzes the financial handling of urban bodies, highlighting the critical need for sustainability.Funding Methods: Endorses public-private partnerships and municipal bonds as key to funding urban infrastructure.PPPs in Urban Context: Notes India’s success with PPPs in various sectors, with a call for increased focus on urban applications. India Infrastructure Report 2023 Report Composition: Expert Contributions: Features 25 chapters from key figures in urban development and policy.Scope of Analysis: Examines various facets of urban development, including legal and fiscal aspects. Resource Significance: Strategic Importance: Serves as a critical tool for stakeholders in urban policy and infrastructure development. Urban Economic Impact: GDP Contribution: Urban centers are major contributors to India’s GDP, with a significant increase projected by 2050.Urbanization Pace: Notes a modest growth rate in urban population distribution. Urban Centers of Growth: Major Metropolises: Lists India’s largest cities as central to economic expansion. International Civil Aviation Day (ICAD) Context: International Civil Aviation Day (ICAD) is celebrated annually on 7th December. The day was established in 1994 as part of the 50th anniversary of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: International Civil Aviation Day (ICAD)International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) International Civil Aviation Day (ICAD) Officially recognized by the United Nations General Assembly in 1996. Purpose of ICAD Aims to promote global recognition of the crucial role played by international civil aviation in the social and economic development of nations. ICAO’s Role Underscores the unique position of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in fostering cooperation among states.Its goal is to establish an inclusive and efficient global transit network for the benefit of humanity. 2023 Theme The theme for 2023 is “Advancing Innovation for Global Aviation Development.” International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Establishment and Foundation Established in 1944, ICAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN).It played a foundational role in setting global standards and procedures for peaceful air navigation. Chicago Convention The Convention on International Civil Aviation was signed on December 7, 1944, in Chicago.This convention laid down the fundamental principles allowing for international air transport and was instrumental in the creation of ICAO. Core Objectives One of ICAO’s key objectives is to facilitate the planning and development of international air transport.The aim is to ensure the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation worldwide. Membership ICAO boasts a membership of 193 countries.India is among the nations that are part of this international aviation organization. Headquarters ICAO is headquartered in Montreal, Canada.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 07 December 2023

CONTENTS One District, One ProductPanchayat Development Index One District, One Product Context: The Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) has approved ODOP for 713 districts of 35 States and UTs under Pradhan Mantri Formalisation of Micro food processing Enterprises (PMFME) Scheme on the recommendations of respective States / UTs. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: About One District, One ProductAbout PM-FME Scheme About One District, One Product Nodal: Ministry of Food Processing Industries(MOFPI). The ODOP initiative is aimed at manifesting the vision of the Hon’ble Prime Minister of India to foster balanced regional development across all districts of the country.The idea is to select, brand, and promote One Product from each District of the countryFor enabling holistic socioeconomic growth across all regionsTo attract investment in the District to boost manufacturing and exportsTo generate employment in the DistrictTo provide ecosystem for Innovation/ use of Technology at District level to make them competitive with domestic as well as International market Objectives of the scheme: Preservation and development of local crafts / skills and promotion of the art.Increase in the incomes and local employment (resulting in decline in migration for employment).Improvement in product quality and skill development.Transforming the products in an artistic way (through packaging, branding)To connect the production with tourism (Live demo and sales outlet – gifts and souvenir)To resolve the issues of economic difference and regional imbalanceTo take the concept of ODOP to national and international level after successful implementation at State level. About PM-FME Scheme: Nodal: Ministry of Food Processing Industries(MOFPI).  It is a centrally sponsored scheme.Aim is to modernize and enhance the competitiveness of the existing individual micro enterprises and ensure their transition to formal sector To provide support to Farmer Producer Organizations, Self Help Groups, and Producers Cooperatives along their entire value chain. Duration: The PM-FME scheme will be implemented over a period of five years from 2020-21 to 2024-25 with an outlay of Rs 10,000 crore.  Funding: The expenditure under the PM-FME scheme would be shared in 60:40 ratio between Central and State Governments, in 90:10 ratio with North Eastern and Himalayan States, 60:40 ratio with UTs with legislature and 100% by Centre for other UTs.  Objectives Increase in access to finance by micro food processing units.Increase in revenues of target enterprises.Enhanced compliance with food quality and safety standards.Strengthening capacities of support systems.Transition from the unorganized sector to the formal sector.Special focus on women entrepreneurs and Aspirational districts.Focus on minor forest produce in Tribal Districts. Eligibility Scheme is for All India basis.Support to Individual micro units:Micro enterprises will get credit linked subsidy @ 35% of the eligible project cost with ceiling of Rs.10 lakh.Beneficiary contribution will be minimum 10% and balance from loan.On-site skill training & Handholding for DPR and technical upgradation. Support to FPOs/SHGs/Cooperatives: Seed capital will be given to SHGs (@Rs. 4 lakh per SHG) for loan to members for working capital and small tools.Grant for backward/ forward linkages, common infrastructure, packaging, marketing & branding.Skill training & Handholding support.Credit linked capital subsidy. Panchayat Development Index Context: Recently, the Union Minister of State for Panchayati Raj informed Lok Sabha about the Panchayat Development Index. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Panchayat Development Index Index Composition and Purpose Comprehensive, multi-faceted index designed for evaluating panchayats’ holistic growth and progress.Incorporates diverse socio-economic metrics to measure local community welfare within panchayat regions. Role in Sustainable Development Crucial for gauging performance and advancements towards localized Sustainable Development Goals in rural sectors.Includes a Local Indicators Framework based on nine Sustainable Development Goal themes. Thematic Areas of Evaluation Focus areas include: eradicating poverty, promoting livelihood, ensuring health, child welfare, water adequacy, environmental sustainability, infrastructural sufficiency, social justice, effective governance, and women’s empowerment. Grading System Panchayats are scored and assigned to one of four grades: D (<40%), C (40-60%), B (60-75%), A (75-90%), and A+ (>90%). Importance of the Index Aids in pinpointing rural development needs and discrepancies.Supports the creation of tailored policies to advance rural community well-being and achieve development objectives.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 07 December 2023

CONTENTS The Global Climate 2011-2020: A Decade of AccelerationCCPA Notified Guidelines on Dark Pattern MitigationInitiative for Snakebite Prevention in Odisha: A UK University’s Pilot StudyIndian Navy Day 2023: Embracing Cultural Roots and Honoring Shivaji MaharajPompe DiseaseCyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative The Global Climate 2011-2020: A Decade of Acceleration Context: Recently, the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) has published a report titled- The Global Climate 2011-2020: A Decade of Acceleration, concerning the alarming acceleration of climate change and its multifaceted impacts across the planet. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Insights from the Climate ReportWMO’s Strategies for Integrating Climate Action and DevelopmentWorld Meteorological Organisation (WMO) Insights from the Climate Report Record-Breaking Temperatures The years 2011-2020 set new high-temperature records for the earth’s surface.Average global temperatures rose to 1.1 degrees Celsius above the late 19th-century levels.The years 2016 and 2020 were notably the hottest, amplified by El Niño phenomena. Greenhouse Gases Surge There was a continued increase in greenhouse gas concentrations, with CO2 levels hitting 413.2 ppm in 2020, primarily due to human activities. Oceans Under Stress The ocean experienced a significant increase in warming, storing 90% of the heat, particularly in the depths up to 2000 meters, adversely affecting marine life.The uptick in CO2 levels led to ocean acidification, disrupting marine life’s shell and bone structures. Marine and Glacial Changes Marine Heatwaves grew more frequent and severe, impacting 60% of the ocean’s surface.Sea levels rose at an increased rate of 4.5mm annually due to melting ice and ocean warming. Ice Loss Glaciers experienced an average reduction in thickness of about 1 meter each year.The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets saw a 38% increase in ice loss, contributing to sea-level rise. Polar Shifts The Arctic sea ice shrank further, particularly during the summer seasons. Ozone Layer Recovery The Antarctic ozone hole showed signs of recovery, a success attributed to the Montreal Protocol. Socioeconomic Impacts Extreme weather events posed challenges to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), influencing food security and economic stability.While early warning systems have improved, financial damages from extreme weather events have risen.The decade was marked by no extreme events causing over 10,000 deaths, a first since 1950. WMO’s Strategies for Integrating Climate Action and Development Boosting Resilience CollaborativelyAdvance global resilience to current and forthcoming crises by fostering partnerships with international bodies.Enhancing Tripartite InteractionsImprove the interaction between science, policy, and society to encourage collective, impactful actions.Capacity Building and CollaborationSupport the development of institutional capabilities and promote cooperation across various sectors and nations, with a focus on aiding the global South.Policy Synergy and CoordinationPromote consistent and coordinated policy efforts among decision-makers from different sectors to improve the alignment of climate objectives with development goals, at all governance levels. World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) The World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) responsible for meteorology, climate, operational hydrology, and related geophysical sciences.It serves as the authoritative voice within the UN system regarding the state and behavior of the Earth’s atmosphere, its interaction with the oceans, climate patterns, and the distribution of water resources.WMO plays a vital role in coordinating international efforts to monitor and assess atmospheric and climate systems, promoting research, facilitating data exchange, and providing weather and climate information for sustainable development. History: The origins of WMO can be traced back to the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), established in 1873.In 1950, WMO was officially established as the specialized agency of the UN for meteorology, operational hydrology, and related geophysical sciences.Building upon the foundation laid by the IMO, WMO has expanded its scope and activities to address the evolving challenges in meteorology and climate science. Headquarters and Membership: The headquarters of WMO is located in Geneva, Switzerland.Currently, WMO has a membership of 193 countries and territories, representing virtually all nations across the globe. The membership reflects the global recognition of the importance of international cooperation in meteorology, climate, and hydrology. Governance Structure: The governance structure of WMO comprises several key bodies responsible for policy-making, decision-making, and the day-to-day operations of the organization: World Meteorological Congress: The World Meteorological Congress is the supreme body of WMO.It convenes at least every four years and brings together representatives from all member countries.The Congress establishes general policies, adopts regulations, and provides strategic guidance to WMO. Executive Council: The Executive Council consists of 37 members, including the President and Vice-Presidents.It meets annually to implement policies and decisions made by the World Meteorological Congress.The Executive Council oversees the day-to-day operations and management of WMO. Technical Commissions and Regional Associations: WMO operates through a network of technical commissions and regional associations.Technical commissions focus on specific areas of meteorology, hydrology, and related disciplines.Regional associations facilitate regional cooperation and the exchange of meteorological and hydrological information. Secretariat: The Secretariat, headed by the Secretary-General, is responsible for the coordination and administration of WMO activities.It supports the implementation of policies and decisions made by the World Meteorological Congress and Executive Council.The Secretariat serves as the central hub for data exchange, research coordination, and capacity building initiatives. -Source: The Hindu CCPA Notified Guidelines on Dark Pattern Mitigation Context: The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA), India’s top consumer watchdog, has recently notified guidelines for prevention and regulation of Dark Patterns, 2023. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: About Dark PatternsRegulatory Framework Against Misleading PracticesCentral Consumer Protection Authority About Dark Patterns: In 2010, the British user experience researcher Harry Brignull introduced the term “dark patterns.”Although profit-driven dark patterns had started to emerge by then, consumers were not fully aware of the consequences related to their privacy, as well as the expenditure of their time, energy, and money.Examples of these dark patterns have now become widespread. They include the automatic selection of travel insurance when booking flight tickets, the obligatory requirement to provide email addresses or phone numbers to access e-commerce websites, which are subsequently used for unsolicited text messages or emails that are difficult to block, and birthday greetings designed to encourage users to purchase gifts for themselves.In today’s era, characterized as the Fourth Industrial Revolution, major internet technology companies have systematically amassed the behavioral data of digital users to market their own products or third-party offerings. This has resulted in profits that often surpass the combined Gross Domestic Products of multiple nations. Global Efforts to regulate dark patterns: With a growing awareness of the excessive profit-driven tactics employed by online e-commerce, governments are rushing to establish regulations for this industry and its trading practices. COUNTRYEFFORTSEuropean UnionEuropean Data Protection Board has issued guidelines on how to identify and avoid dark patterns on social media platforms.United StatesUnited States’ Federal Trade Commission has issued a warning about the “increasing use of sophisticated dark patterns designed to deceive and ensnare consumers.” Efforts by India: The Indian guidelines provide specific instructions for recognizing and preventing deceptive tactics such asfalse urgency,stealthily adding items to a shopping cart (basket sneaking),using guilt or pressure to manipulate decisions (confirm shaming),compelling users into actions they may not want (forced action),and ensnaring users in subscription traps on online platforms.According to a 2021 report from the Advertising Standards Council of India, it was estimated that more than half of e-commerce websites employed these dark patterns to promote their products.Up until now, India’s initiatives to oversee this industry have primarily focused on preventing tax evasion and safeguarding the concerns of traditional physical retailers. Regulatory Framework Against Misleading Practices Prohibition of Misleading Practices Ban on misleading or coercive dark patterns.Encouragement for ethical sales and user retention strategies. Scope of Application Applicability to all Indian platforms in the commerce sector, including advertisers and sellers.Inclusion of e-commerce, websites, and apps under the guidelines. Identified Dark Patterns (as per CCPA Notification) Creating unwarranted urgency or scarcity to prompt immediate purchases.Non-consensual addition of items at checkout leading to increased payments.Employing fear or shame to manipulate user decisions for profit.Mandating additional purchases or personal data sharing.Overcomplicating subscription cancellation and obscuring options.User interface manipulation to deviate users from their initial intent.Providing misleading outcomes contrary to advertised promises based on user interactions.Initial price concealment, with post-confirmation disclosure or conditional service access.Disguising ads as other content to deceive users into engaging.Constant disruptive interactions aimed at profit.Intentionally using perplexing language to confuse users.Inducing recurring payments under SaaS models.Deceiving users into purchasing unnecessary malware removal services through ransomware or scareware. Central Consumer Protection Authority CCPA is a regulatory body established in 2020 based on the provisions of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.CCPA works under the administrative control of the Ministry of Consumer Affairs. Composition: It will have a Chief Commissioner as head, and only two other commissioners as members — one of whom will deal with matters relating to goods while the other will look into cases relating to services.The CCPA will have an Investigation Wing that will be headed by a Director General.District Collectors too, will have the power to investigate complaints of violations of consumer rights, unfair trade practices, and false or misleading advertisements. Objective: To promote, protect and enforce the rights of consumers as a class.To conduct investigations into violation of consumer rights and institute complaints/prosecution.To order the recall of unsafe goods and services, discontinuation of unfair trade practices and misleading advertisements.To impose penalties on manufacturers/endorsers/publishers of misleading advertisements. Powers and Functions: Inquire or investigate into matters relating to violations of consumer rights or unfair trade practices suo moto, or on a complaint received, or on a direction from the central government.Recall goods or withdrawal of services that are “dangerous, hazardous or unsafe.Pass an order for refund the prices of goods or services so recalled to purchasers of such goods or services; discontinuation of practices which are unfair and prejudicial to consumer’s interest”.Impose a penalty up to Rs 10 lakh, with imprisonment up to two years, on the manufacturer or endorser of false and misleading advertisements. The penalty may go up to Rs 50 lakh, with imprisonment up to five years, for every subsequent offence committed by the same manufacturer or endorser.Ban the endorser of a false or misleading advertisement from making endorsement of any products or services in the future, for a period that may extend to one year. The ban may extend up to three years in every subsequent violation of the Act.File complaints of violation of consumer rights or unfair trade practices before the District Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission, State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission, and the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission. -Source: Indian Express Initiative for Snakebite Prevention in Odisha: A UK University’s Pilot Study Context: A UK university team is conducting a pilot study in Burujhari village, Odisha, to decrease snakebite deaths by exploring solutions such as an Early Warning System. With India facing the highest number of snakebite fatalities globally, mostly in rural areas, the WHO has classified Snakebite Envenoming as a critical Neglected Tropical Disease since June 2017. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Snakebite Envenoming (SE)What are Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD)?Government’s efforts regarding NTD Snakebite Envenoming (SE) SE is a grave disease often caused by venom injection from snakebites or venom spray into the eyes.It’s a daily health hazard in rural areas of Africa, Middle East, Asia, Oceania, and Latin America, affecting those dependent on agriculture. Impact of SE Long-term health issues in survivors, predominantly in developing nations, include physical deformities, kidney issues, and mental health effects. Mortality Data The WHO reports an annual global mortality of 81,410 to 137,880 due to snakebites. WHO’s Strategy Against SE In 2019, WHO aimed to reduce snakebite-induced mortality and morbidity by half by 2030.There’s a target for a 25% rise in qualified antivenom producers by 2030.A proposed global antivenom reserve is in the works.National health strategies are being adapted to include snakebite management and community education. Indian Efforts Preceding WHO’s plans, ICMR initiated community awareness and health infrastructure development in 2013.Aligning with global strategies, India implemented a National Action Plan in 2015 for tackling snakebite hazards. What are Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD)? Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs)– a diverse group of communicable diseases that prevail in tropical and subtropical conditions in 149 countries – affect more than one billion people and cost developing economies billions of dollars every year.Populations living in poverty, without adequate sanitation and in close contact with infectious vectors and domestic animals and livestock are those worst affected.Seven of the most common NTDs can be found in a number of countries—primarily in low- and middle-income countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.Controlling the vectors (e.g., mosquitoes, black flies) that transmit these diseases and improving basic water, sanitation, and hygiene are highly effective strategies against these NTDs.Examples of NTDs are: snakebite envenomation, scabies, yaws, trachoma, Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease etc. The NTD Crisis NTDs such as dengue, lymphatic filariasis and visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar) afflict 1 billion people worldwide, and yet, are not prioritised in the public health narrative in many parts of the world.India bears the largest burden of NTDs in the world, accounting for 40 per cent of the global lymphatic filariasis disease burden and almost a quarter of the world’s visceral leishmaniasis cases. Government’s efforts regarding NTD In recent years, the government has made concerted efforts to address the nation’s NTD burden, especially visceral leishmaniasis and lymphatic filariasis which were slated to be eliminated by 2020 and 2021 respectively.India has already eliminated several other NTDs, including guinea worm, trachoma, and yaws.Measures taken include Mass Drug Administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis prevention in endemic districts and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) to control the breeding of sandflies that transmit visceral leishmaniasis.The Accelerated Plan for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (APELF) was launched in 2018, as part of intensifying efforts towards the elimination of NTDs.A WHO-supported regional alliance established by the governments of India, Bangladesh, and Nepal in 2005 to expedite early diagnosis and treatment of the most vulnerable populations and improve disease surveillance and control of sandfly populations (Kala-azar). -Source: Down To Earth Indian Navy Day 2023: Embracing Cultural Roots and Honoring Shivaji Maharaj Context: On Indian Navy Day 2023, the Prime Minister announced reforms to shed colonial vestiges in the Navy’s ranks, realigning them with Indian heritage. The PM also commemorated Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj by inaugurating his statue at Sindhugarh fort in Maharashtra. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Dimensions of the Article: Navy Day DeclarationsMaratha Empire’s Maritime Heritage under Shivaji Navy Day Declarations Renewal of Naval Insignia and Embracing Indigenous Heritage Naval officers’ epaulettes to bear Shivaji Maharaj’s emblem.Naval flag linked to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj’s legacy as an emblem of inspiration.Acknowledgement of Shivaji Maharaj’s maritime dominance ideals, now reflected in the Navy’s ethos.Introduction of a new ensign in 2022, shedding colonial remnants and honoring Shivaji Maharaj. Tributes to Maritime Pioneers and Historical Acknowledgment Prime Minister’s homage to naval figures Kanhoji Angre, Mayaji Naik Bhatkar, and Hiroji Indulkar.Naming of the naval training facility in Lonavla as INS Shivaji and the Western Naval Command center in Mumbai as INS Angre, in honor of the Maratha admiral Kanhoji Angre. Maratha Empire’s Maritime Heritage under Shivaji Establishment of Naval Strength Shivaji initiated the development of a formidable navy and ports, influenced by the naval prowess of the Siddis and Portuguese.He commissioned key maritime fortresses such as Vijaydurg and Sindhudurg for defense purposes. Expansion and Decline of Naval Forces The Maratha navy saw its peak under Shivaji with more than 500 vessels, holding off Portuguese and British forces effectively for 40 years.Post-1680, following Shivaji’s demise, the naval force experienced a significant downturn. -Source: Indian Express Pompe Disease Context: Recently, India’s first patient diagnosed with the Pompe disease died after spending nearly six years in a semi-comatose state. Relevance: GS II: Health Pompe Disease A scarce genetic disorder, Pompe disease affects roughly one in a million children. Genetic Causes Caused by mutations in the GAA gene.The GAA gene is crucial for producing the enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase. Enzymatic Function and Malfunction Acid alpha-glucosidase is key in lysosomes for breaking down glycogen into glucose.GAA gene mutations hinder this process, causing glycogen accumulation. Consequences of Enzyme Deficiency Excessive glycogen in lysosomes leads to organ and muscle damage.Symptoms manifest as muscle weakness, respiratory difficulties, cardiac issues, and swallowing problems. Patterns of Onset Infantile-onset: Symptoms emerge within months of birth.Late-onset: Symptoms develop later in life, during childhood or adulthood. Impact on Population Pompe disease occurs equally in males and females. Available Treatments Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is the primary treatment. -Source: The Hindu Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative Context: The National e-Governance Division (NeGD) recently organised the 40th Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs) Deep-Dive training programme under the Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative Overview Initiative Launch Spearheaded by MeitY, this initiative aims to enhance cybersecurity across Indian government sectors.A collaborative effort with NeGD and major IT corporations, marking a novel public-private partnership. Goals and Partnerships Strives to raise cybercrime awareness and strengthen the expertise of CISOs and IT personnel.Key IT companies like Intel and Microsoft are among the collaborators. Operational Framework Founded on three tenets: education, awareness, and enablement.Features programs promoting cybersecurity significance. Educational and Training Components Workshops on best practices and cybersecurity health tool kits for threat mitigation.Nationwide training for CISOs and IT staff from various governmental and defense sectors. Specialized Training Programme Deep-Dive program concentrates on educating about cyber threats and modern protective technologies.Emphasizes legal understanding for policy development and crisis management in cybersecurity. -Source: The Hindu, PIB

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 06 December 2023

CONTENTS International Social Security AssociationTele-MANAS International Social Security Association Context: Recently, the Employees’ State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) bagged the “International Social Security Association’s ISSA Vision Zero 2023” Award in the recently held 23rd World Congress on Safety and Health at Work in Sydney, Australia. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: International Social Security AssociationEmployee’s State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) International Social Security Association: Foremost global institution uniting social security agencies and organizations internationally.Objective: Champion evolving social security as a societal aspect in the context of globalization by fostering outstanding social security management.Origin: Established in 1927 under the endorsement of the International Labour Organization.Membership: Comprises over 320 member institutions from more than 160 countries.Central Office: Situated in Geneva at the International Labour Office.Services: Provides information, expertise, business norms, actionable advice, and platforms for members to enhance and spread evolving social security systems globally.Guiding Principle: The concept of evolving social security lays out the strategic direction for ISSA’s endeavors. Employee’s State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) Employee’s State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) is a Statutory Body set up under the Employees’ State Insurance (ESI) Act, 1948, which is responsible for the administration of ESI Scheme.As it is a legal entity, the corporation can raise loans and take measures for discharging such loans with the prior sanction of the central government and it can acquire both movable and immovable property and all incomes from the property shall vest with the corporation.The corporation can set up hospitals either independently or in collaboration with state government or other private entities, but most of the dispensaries and hospitals are run by concerned state governments. Tele-MANAS Context: Recently, a dedicated Tele-MANAS Cell was inaugurated at the Armed Forces Medical College in Pune. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance About Tele-MANAS: Tele-MANAS will be organised in two tier system; Tier 1 comprises of state Tele-MANAS cells which include trained counsellors and mental health specialists.Tier 2 will comprise of specialists at District Mental Health Programme (DMHP)/Medical College resources for physical consultation and/or e-Sanjeevani for audio visual consultation. About MANAS: It is a comprehensive, scalable, and national digital wellbeing platform and an app developed to augment mental well-being of Indian citizens.It integrates the health and wellness efforts of various government ministries, scientifically validated indigenous tools with gamified interfaces developed/researched by various national bodies and research institutions.It is based on life skills and core psychological processes, with universal accessibility, delivering age-appropriate methods and promoting positive attitude focusing on wellness.Developed by National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS) Bengaluru, Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC) Pune and Centre for Development of Advanced Computing(C-DAC) Bengaluru.Catering to the overall wellbeing of people of all age groups, the initial version of MANAS focuses on promoting positive mental health in the age group of 15-35 years. Aim: To build a healthier and happier community, to empower it to nurture its innate potential for building a Swasth and Atmanirbhar Bharat.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 06 December 2023

CONTENTS COP28 Summit: Tripling Nuclear Capacity by 2050NCRB 2022 Report on Crime in IndiaAdvocates (Amendment) Bill, 2023All India Judicial ServiceExit PollsMonkeypoxMethane Alert and Response System COP28 Summit: Tripling Nuclear Capacity by 2050 Context: At the COP28 climate meeting, more than 20 countries have pledged to triple the global nuclear installed capacity by 2050, in a bid to attain a net-zero emissions status. Just as in the case of the pledge tripling renewable energy, India is not a part of the nuclear energy commitment as well, in keeping with its position not to join alliances outside the COP process. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: International Commitment to Enhance Nuclear EnergyImperative Expansion of Nuclear EnergyProspects of India’s Nuclear Energy Growth International Commitment to Enhance Nuclear Energy Global Nuclear Energy Expansion: Initiated by the United States, 22 nations including France, the UK, Japan, Canada, South Korea, and Ukraine have consented to collaborate to triple the nuclear energy output by the year 2050.Recognition of Nuclear Energy: The agreement acknowledges:Nuclear energy’s crucial contribution to the global net-zero greenhouse emission target.The significance of nuclear science and tech in climate monitoring and mitigation.The International Atomic Energy Agency’s (IAEA) vital role.Nuclear power as a major clean energy source enhancing energy reliability.Non-Participating Nations: Notably absent from the agreement were China and Russia, despite possessing rapidly expanding nuclear programs.Future Developments:The IAEA’s leader disclosed plans for an unprecedented Nuclear Energy Summit in Brussels to deliberate on nuclear energy’s influence on:Decreasing fossil fuel dependency.Strengthening energy autonomy.Fostering economic growth. Imperative Expansion of Nuclear Energy Eco-friendly yet Finite Energy: Nuclear power is acknowledged as an environmentally friendly, although finite, energy resource. Current Global Nuclear Capacity: Presently, the IAEA reports 370 GW of nuclear energy production across 31 nations, contributing to 10% of global electricity.Projected increase to a minimum of 1,000 GW by 2050, a threefold rise. Climate Change Mitigation: Nuclear energy is pivotal in maintaining global temperature rise below 1.5 degrees Celsius.Nuclear plants, by not emitting greenhouse gases, are integral to achieving a net-zero emission goal by 2050.The International Energy Agency highlights that nuclear energy has circumvented roughly 70 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent emissions over five decades.Research supports that the target for a global net-zero carbon footprint necessitates immediate, continuous, and substantial investments in nuclear energy. India’s Nuclear Energy Scenario: Currently, India boasts an installed nuclear capacity of 6,780 MW.With 8 new reactors under construction, anticipated to add another 6,800 MW, India’s nuclear capacity is expected to double soon.Echoing Anil Kakodkar, former head of India’s Atomic Energy Commission, India is strategizing an extensive growth of its nuclear sector to meet its 2070 net-zero emission target. Prospects of India’s Nuclear Energy Growth Projected Expansion: By 2070, India’s nuclear energy infrastructure may require an expansion by a factor of 100 from its current levels to meet rising demands.Renewables vs. Nuclear Debate: Although renewable energy sources are seen as a comprehensive solution, they may not suffice for India’s growing clean energy needs in the long term.Nuclear Energy’s Role: To address its escalating demand for clean energy, India must substantially scale up its nuclear energy production.International Collaboration: Participation in global forums like COP28 aligns with India’s energy strategy, even though India has yet to commit to specific nuclear energy targets. -Source: Indian Express NCRB 2022 Report on Crime in India Context: The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) released its annual report on crime in India for the year 2022. The report is a compilation of data on reported crime from across the country, and provides the big picture of broad trends in crime registration. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Overview of 2022 NCRB ReportShortcomings in NCRB’s Crime DataNational Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) Overview of 2022 NCRB Report: Total Registered Crimes: The 2022 NCRB report indicates a total of 58,24,946 cognizable crimes, comprising 35,61,379 Indian Penal Code (IPC) crimes and 22,63,567 Special & Local Laws (SLL) crimes.Comparison with 2021: This represents a decrease of 4.5% in the registration of cases compared to the previous year, which was the second year of the pandemic in 2021.Crime Rate: The crime rate, calculated as crimes registered per lakh population, declined from 445.9 in 2021 to 422.2 in 2022. This measure is considered more informative as it accounts for population changes.Crimes Against Women: In 2022, there were 4,45,256 cases of crimes against women, marking a 4% increase from the 2021 figures. The majority of these crimes under IPC sections included Cruelty by Husband or His Relatives (31.4%), Kidnapping & Abduction of Women (19.2%), and Assault on Women with Intent to Outrage her Modesty (18.7%).Cybercrime Reporting: Reporting of cybercrime saw a significant increase of 24.4 percentage points compared to 2021, with 65,893 cases reported. Fraud accounted for around 64.8% of these cases, followed by extortion (5.5%) and sexual exploitation (5.2%).Suicide Cases: There was a 4.2% increase in reported suicides in 2022, totaling 1,70,924 suicides. Leading causes included Family Problems (other than marriage-related problems) (31.7%), Marriage Related Problems (4.8%), and Illness (18.4%). The male-to-female ratio of suicide victims was 71.8 : 28.2.Charge Sheeting Rate: States and Union Territories (UTs) reporting the highest charge sheeting rates under IPC crimes included Kerala (96.0%), Puducherry (91.3%), and West Bengal (90.6%). This rate signifies the percentage of cases where the police proceeded to frame charges against the accused out of the total true cases. Shortcomings in NCRB’s Crime Data Registered vs. Actual Crime Incidence:The NCRB data only reflects crimes that have been reported, not all crimes that have occurred.Example: The spike in reported crimes against women in Delhi post-2012 may mirror the growing awareness for crime reporting rather than an actual rise in crime rates.Principal Offence Rule Application:The most severe crime in an FIR dictates the classification.Consequently, crimes like ‘Rape’ in a ‘Murder with Rape’ case are not individually counted, leading to potential statistical underrepresentation.Local-Level Data Submission Issues:Data submitted from the local level to NCRB can contain inaccuracies due to local recording practices.For instance, the recorded motive for a suicide is subjective to the understanding of the officer on the scene.Omission of Socio-Economic Crime Factors:The NCRB acknowledges the exclusion of socio-economic factors influencing crime from its data.Barriers to Crime Reporting:Fear of negative police interaction may deter some from reporting crimes.Additionally, police staff shortages and vacancies can further impede data collection efforts. National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) Establishment and Affiliation: Formed in 1986, the NCRB is a branch of India’s Ministry of Home Affairs, following recommendations from the 1977 National Police Commission and a 1985 Task Force. Data Collection and Analysis: The agency is tasked with gathering and scrutinizing crime statistics as outlined by the Indian Penal Code and various Special and Local Laws. Functional Role: The NCRB functions as a central archive supporting crime investigation.It maintains a comprehensive database of fingerprints for both Indian and international offenders, aiding in the identification of criminals across state lines.In 2009, it took on the role of overseeing the Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems (CCTNS) initiative.The 2017 inception of the National Digital Police Portal furthered its capabilities, facilitating police access to the CCTNS and providing public services like online complaint registration. Publications: The bureau is known for its “Crime in India” report, a significant and respected annual publication.It also releases the “Prisons Statistics India Report” among others. Report Compilation Process: The data for NCRB reports are sourced from the police departments of 36 states and Union Territories in India.Additionally, crime statistics for 53 cities, each with a population over 10 lakh according to the 2011 Census, are compiled by corresponding state-level crime record offices. -Source: The Hindu Advocates (Amendment) Bill, 2023 Context: During a debate on the Advocates (Amendment) Bill, 2023 in the Lok Sabha, Law Minister said that the central government is open to a policy on transfer of high court judges. The Bill has been passed by the Lok Sabha. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Appointment and Transfer of High Court Judges in IndiaAdvocates (Amendment) Bill, 2023 Appointment and Transfer of High Court Judges in India Government’s Stance on Judge Transfer: Post-1993, with the Collegium system’s establishment, the Supreme Court Collegium oversees the transfer and appointment of high court judges. Appointment Procedure: As per Article 217, the President of India appoints High Court judges.The appointment of a Chief Justice in a High Court involves the President consulting both the Chief Justice of India (CJI) and the state’s Governor.Other judges are appointed with additional consultation from the High Court’s Chief Justice. Third Judges Case (1998) Interpretation: The CJI must confer with a collegium comprising the two senior-most Supreme Court judges.Post-consultation, the CJI proposes candidates to the President.If the President objects, the collegium must review the suggestions with written reasons.Should the collegium reaffirm its choices, the President is obliged to proceed with the appointments. Judicial Transfers: The President has the authority to transfer High Court judges, subject to consultation with the CJI. Advocates (Amendment) Bill, 2023 Initiation in Rajya Sabha: Presented in August 2023.Objective: Modifies the Advocates Act of 1961, nullifies sections addressing touts in the Legal Practitioners Act of 1879. Consolidation of Legal Practitioner Laws Unification of Laws: Aims to regulate legal practitioners through a singular legislative framework.Targeting Malpractice: Focuses on eliminating the malpractice of ‘touting’. Detailed Provisions of the Amendment Authority to Publish Lists of Touts Empowered Entities: High Courts, judges, magistrates, and revenue officers authorized to list touts. Definition of Touts Activities Constituting Touting: Soliciting legal business for compensation or frequenting legal or administrative venues for such purposes. Measures Against Touts Exclusion from Court: Judges can banish individuals named as touts from court premises. Inquiry and Due Process Inquiry Requirement: Subordinate courts to investigate suspected tout conduct.Inclusion in List: Proven touts to be officially listed, with due process rights upheld. Penalties for Touting Consequences: Imprisonment up to three months or a fine up to INR 500, or both, for convicted touts. -Source: The Hindu All India Judicial Service Context: Recently, the President of India advocated for All India Judicial Service (AIJS) to enhance diversity in the judiciary by increasing representation from marginalized social groups. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: All India Judicial Service (AIJS)Necessity for AIJSCurrent Recruitment Process for District JudgesConcerns Raised Against AIJS All India Judicial Service (AIJS) Centralized System for Judicial Appointments AIJS Concept: Suggested uniform system for appointing additional district and district judges across India.Recruitment Model: Emulates the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) method for allocating judges to various states. Historical and Constitutional Foundation Law Commission Recommendations: Reports from 1958 and 1978 highlighted the need for AIJS to resolve disparities in pay and speed up recruitment.Parliamentary Support: The concept was endorsed again in 2006 by a Parliamentary Committee.Constitutional Provision: Article 312 advocates for AIJS creation, subject to Rajya Sabha’s two-thirds majority approval.Roles Covered: Under Article 312 (2), AIJS positions are at or above the district judge level as outlined in Article 236. Necessity for AIJS Enhancing Judicial StandardsUniformity in Selection: AIJS promises consistent selection criteria and training, boosting judicial performance.Addressing Vacancies and Case BacklogsClosing Judicial Gaps: Intends to fill over 5,400 lower court vacancies and manage the case backlog effectively.Promoting Diverse RepresentationReflecting Societal Diversity: Aims to diversify the judiciary in line with India’s multifaceted social makeup.Upholding Judicial IndependenceMinimizing External Influence: Seeks to limit non-judicial interference, reinforcing judicial autonomy and responsibility.Career Advancement OpportunitiesDeveloping a Talent Pool: Envisions a system that enhances the mobility and career pathways for judges. Current Recruitment Process for District Judges Constitutional Provisions for Appointments Articles 233 & 234: States are empowered to appoint district judges via these articles.State Authority: State Public Service Commissions and High Courts manage the process.High Court’s Role: HC panels interview and appoint candidates post-examination. Article-Specific Details Article 233: Focuses on appointing, posting, and promoting district judges through the State Governor and High Court.Article 234: Concerns the recruitment of judicial officers below the rank of district judge.PCS (J) Examinations: Lower judiciary judges up to district level are selected through the Provincial Civil Services (Judicial) exams. Concerns Raised Against AIJS Federal Structure and AutonomyState Rights: AIJS is seen as potentially undermining state and High Court autonomy in judiciary administration.Governance and AccountabilityDual Responsibility: Judges could face conflicting accountability to both state and central governments.Local ConsiderationsCultural Disregard: There’s a fear AIJS could ignore state-specific laws, languages, and customs crucial for judicial effectiveness.Impact on Judicial OfficersCareer Progression: Current judicial officers might lose motivation and opportunities for advancement under AIJS. -Source: The Hindu Exit Polls Context: Recently, the exit polls results were released for five states Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Telangana and Mizoram. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance (Representation of People’s Act) Dimensions of the Article: What are exit polls?Issues with exit pollsRules governing exit polls in India What are exit polls? An exit poll asks voters which political party they are supporting after they have cast their votes in an election. In this, it differs from an opinion poll, which is held before the elections.An exit poll is supposed to give an indication of which way the winds are blowing in an election, along with the issues, personalities, and loyalties that have influenced voters.History of exit polls in IndiaIn 1957, during the second Lok Sabha elections, the Indian Institute of Public Opinion had conducted such a poll. Issues with exit polls Some common parameters for a good, or accurate, opinion poll would be a sample size that is both large and diverse, and a clearly constructed questionnaire without an overt bias.Political parties often allege that these polls are motivated, or financed by a rival party.Critics also say that the results gathered in exit polls can be influenced by the choice, wording and timing of the questions, and by the nature of the sample drawn. Rules governing exit polls in India In India, results of exit polls for a particular election are not allowed to be published till the last vote has been cast.The issue of when exit polls should be allowed to be published has gone to the Supreme Court thrice in various forms. Currently, exit polls can’t be telecast from before voting begins till the last phase concludes. -Source: Indian Express Monkeypox Context: The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has witnessed a significant increase in Monkeypox(mpox) cases, with 12,569 suspected cases and 581 deaths reported from January to November 2023. Relevance: GS II-Health Dimensions of the Article: About Monkeypox virusZoonotic diseaseSymptoms and treatment About Monkeypox virus The monkeypox virus is an orthopoxvirus, which is a genus of viruses that also includes the variola virus, which causes smallpox, and vaccinia virus, which was used in the smallpox vaccine.Monkeypox causes symptoms similar to smallpox, although they are less severe.While vaccination eradicated smallpox worldwide in 1980, monkeypox continues to occur in a swathe of countries in Central and West Africa, and has on occasion showed up elsewhere.According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), two distinct clade are identified: the West African clade and the Congo Basin clade, also known as the Central African clade. Zoonotic disease Monkeypox is a zoonosis, that is, a disease that is transmitted from infected animals to humans.According to the WHO, cases occur close to tropical rainforests inhabited by animals that carry the virus.Monkeypox virus infection has been detected in squirrels, Gambian poached rats, dormice, and some species of monkeys.Human-to-human transmission is, however, limited — the longest documented chain of transmission is six generations, meaning the last person to be infected in this chain was six links away from the original sick person, the WHO says. Transmission: Transmission, when it occurs, can be through contact with bodily fluids, lesions on the skin or on internal mucosal surfaces, such as in the mouth or throat, respiratory droplets and contaminated objects. Symptoms and treatment According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), monkeypox begins with a fever, headache, muscle aches, back ache, and exhaustion.It also causes the lymph nodes to swell (lymphadenopathy), which smallpox does not.The WHO underlines that it is important to not confuse monkeypox with chickenpox, measles, bacterial skin infections, scabies, syphilis and medication-associated allergies.The incubation period (time from infection to symptoms) for monkeypox is usually 7-14 days but can range from 5-21 days.Usually within a day to 3 days of the onset of fever, the patient develops a rash that begins on the face and spreads to other parts of the body.The skin eruption stage can last between 2 and 4 weeks, during which the lesions harden and become painful, fill up first with a clear fluid and then pus, and then develop scabs or crusts.According to the WHO, the proportion of patients who die has varied between 0 and 11% in documented cases, and has been higher among young children. Treatment: There is no safe, proven treatment for monkeypox yet.The WHO recommends supportive treatment depending on the symptoms.Awareness is important for prevention and control of the infection. -Source: Indian Express Methane Alert and Response System Context: Recently, the Methane Alert and Response System (MARS) notified governments of 127 plumes spanning four continents and identified 1,500 plumes in its pilot stage. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Methane Alert and Response SystemInternational Methane Emissions Observatory (IMEO) Methane Alert and Response System: The Methane Alert and Response System (MARS) is a program designed to enable data-driven actions to lower methane emissions.Revealed at COP 27 in November 2022, MARS commenced a preliminary phase in January 2023.This phase allowed the UNEP’s International Methane Emissions Observatory to collaborate with stakeholders for refining the system before publicizing data.MARS employs satellite technology to identify significant emission sources worldwide, prompting nations and firms to undertake methane mitigation measures in line with the Paris Agreement and Global Methane Pledge.The initiative collaborates with entities like the Climate and Clean Air Coalition and the International Energy Agency.MARS integrates four essential elements to foster transparency and cut emissions:Pinpointing substantial human-related methane emission sources.Alerting pertinent nations and corporations of these emissions.Soliciting actions from these stakeholders to manage the emissions.Monitoring the efficacy of actions implemented to curb emissions and fostering collaborative efforts to avert future methane release. International Methane Emissions Observatory (IMEO): Unveiled at the G20 Leaders’ Summit in 2021, IMEO primarily targets methane emissions from the fossil fuel industry.IMEO integrates methane data from scientific studies, satellite observations via the Methane Alert and Response System (MARS), thorough reporting by the industry under the Oil and Gas Methane Partnership 2.0 (OGMP 2.0), and national emissions inventories.The OGMP 2.0 acts as UNEP’s leading programme, forming alliances with corporations to enhance the precision and openness of methane emission data within the oil and gas industry, supported by a dedicated framework. -Source: Indian Express

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 05 December 2023

CONTENTS Staggering Hidden Costs of Global Agrifood Systems Exceed $10 TrillionCoal phase-out in COP28 pledgeSupreme Court Clarifies BSF Jurisdiction in PunjabInternational Maritime OrganisationPurchasing Managers IndexWhite Lung SyndromeMount Marapi Staggering Hidden Costs of Global Agrifood Systems Exceed $10 Trillion Context: A recent report by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) reveals the astonishing hidden costs of global agrifood systems, surpassing $10 trillion. In countries like India, these costs account for nearly 11% of GDP, leading to increased poverty, environmental damage, and health-related issues, including undernourishment and unhealthy diets. The report attributes these rising costs to unsustainable practices and emphasizes the need for a transformation in agrifood systems, suggesting a shift to multi-cropping systems to protect farmers, improve nutrition, and enhance ecological health. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Impacts of Intensive AgriculturePolicy Environment and Its FavorsCrop Diversification’s RoleTransitioning Farmers to Diversified Farming Impacts of Intensive Agriculture: Productivity Gains: India has seen significant improvements in agricultural productivity in the last five decades through the adoption of monocropping systems and chemical-intensive farming practices.Green Revolution Focus: The Green Revolution emphasized the use of high-yielding varieties of paddy and wheat, which now make up over 70% of India’s agricultural production.Undermining Seed Sovereignty: The introduction of seeds from multinational corporations and fertilizers has eroded seed sovereignty, disrupted Indigenous knowledge systems, and led to a shift away from diverse crop varieties like pulses and millets towards monoculture plantations.Nutritional Compromises: This shift has compromised the nutritional requirements of households and had adverse ecological consequences, including soil fertility decline and excessive groundwater extraction.Increased Indebtedness: Privatization and deregulation of agricultural inputs have contributed to higher levels of indebtedness among farming households. In 2013, the debt-to-asset ratio of farmer households in India was 630% higher than in 1992.Unviable Agriculture: Agriculture in India is becoming increasingly unviable, with the average monthly household income of farming households at Rs 10,816. Policy Environment and Its Favors: Legal Right to Food: The National Food Security Act 2013 ensures that 65% of households in India (around 800 million people) have a legal right to access subsidized food through programs like the Public Distribution System, Integrated Child Development Services, and the Mid-Day Meal Scheme. Food Procurement by FCI: Food procurement in India is coordinated by the Food Corporation of India (FCI), responsible for maintaining a central pool of buffer stock and acquiring, storing, transporting, and managing foodgrain stocks.However, this procurement policy heavily favors rice and wheat. Rice and Wheat Dominance: In 2019-2020, FCI procured 341.32 lakh million tonnes of wheat and 514.27 lakh MT of rice, with both becoming export commodities.This dominance contrasts with the meager procurement of coarse grains like jowar, bajra, ragi, maize, and barley, which account for less than 1% of total foodgrain procurement. Impact on Crop Cultivation: The bias in procurement policies has led to a decline in the cultivation of coarse grains by 20% between 1966-1967 and 2017-2018, while rice and wheat cultivation increased by nearly 20% and 56%, respectively. Promotion of Water-Intensive Crops: Policies favoring investments in dams and canal irrigation have promoted water-intensive cash crops like sugarcane and arecanut.This expansion negatively impacts biodiversity, increases groundwater stress, and contributes to environmental pollution. Food Security and Nutrition Threats: This trend poses a threat to food security and the production of nutritionally valuable crops. Ironically, small and marginal farmers in India, who are the most food and nutrition insecure, are disproportionately affected. Global Trade Influence: The global food system structure affects farmers and soil directly.Fluctuations in global soya prices and supply from Latin American countries impacted soy farmers and agro-companies in India.Historically, global trade relations have also influenced food production systems in the Global South, with tax systems introduced for British-enforced exports of primary raw materials. Crop Diversification’s Role: Shift Towards Local Focus: To address complex systemic issues in the food system, transitioning from global to local value chains is crucial. Local efforts, like farm diversification, can serve as a starting point for addressing these challenges.Agroecology-Based Solutions: Diversified multi-cropping systems rooted in agroecological principles can play a vital role in restoring degraded land and soil. These systems, known by various local names like ‘akkadi saalu’ in Karnataka, involve intercropping with a mix of legumes, pulses, oilseeds, trees, shrubs, and livestock.Benefits of Diversification: Such diversified systems offer various advantages, including income generation from commercial crops, food and fodder production, and ecosystem services like nitrogen fixation and pest control. They also support local biodiversity and collectively contribute to improving soil health.Hidden Costs of Current Systems: Critics have raised concerns about alternative farming systems potentially reducing farmer income, even if they benefit the environment. However, the FAO report highlights substantial “hidden costs” associated with current systems that should be considered in long-term income evaluations.Benefits of Millets: Millets, with comparable yields per hectare to rice and wheat, offer enhanced nutrition, grow in semi-arid conditions without excessive groundwater use, require minimal inputs, and provide a diversified food supply.Preserving Natural Capital: Crop diversification, while potentially reducing productivity by a narrow metric, helps preserve natural capital. Redirecting subsidies from corporations to incentivize farmers for sustaining natural capital, rather than depleting it, can be a beneficial strategy. Transitioning Farmers to Diversified Farming: Gradual Approach: Farmers cannot be expected to shift from mono-cultivation of rice and wheat overnight.The transition should be systematic and gradual, allowing farmers to adapt over time.For instance, they can start by moving away from chemical-intensive practices toward non-pesticide management and natural farming, reducing input costs. Diversification of Income: Farmers can diversify their income sources by incorporating livestock and poultry into their farming practices.This step can be experimented with on specific portions of their land. Visual Representation of Diversified Farm: An illustrative representation of a diversified farm involves allocating 70% of the land for commercial crops, 20% for food and fodder, and 10% for environmental services, like oilseeds acting as trap crops.Over time, the proportion of commercial crops can be reduced to 50%, and border crops can be replaced with locally suitable tree species for fruits and fodder.Integrating livestock rearing can further enhance incomes. Economic Modeling: Preliminary economic modeling of these pathways suggests the potential to improve ecological outcomes in the landscape while sustaining farm incomes in both the short run (up to three years) and the long run (up to 25 years). Challenges to Address: Several challenges need to be addressed during this transition, including ensuring access to local seeds, establishing institutional arrangements for market access, addressing labor requirements, and reducing drudgery.Collaboration among institutions, policymakers, and social groups is essential to create economic incentives for farmers to shift from high-input monoculture to diversified cropping. -Source: The Hindu Coal phase-out in COP28 pledge Context: India chose not to sign a global pledge to triple renewable energy capacity by 2030 due to concerns about the draft text’s mention of phasing out coal. Additionally, India is likely to abstain from endorsing a health declaration due to references to health sector emissions. These decisions reflect India’s reservations about commitments that could impact its energy choices, particularly coal, and raise concerns regarding health-related emissions. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of COP28 Pledge on Coal Phase-OutWhy India Continues to Rely on Coal for Its Energy Needs? Key Highlights of COP28 Pledge on Coal Phase-Out The COP28 pledge primarily focused on tripling global renewable energy capacity by 2030, a commitment India had already supported within the G20.However, the pledge also included references to phasing out coal and discontinuing fresh investments in the coal sector, which India was unwilling to endorse.These pledges, part of the host country’s initiative to build alliances on specific climate topics to spur greater climate action, lack legal binding and have seen limited Indian participation. First-Ever COP Health Day COP featured a dedicated health day for the first time, highlighting the severe impact of climate change on human health and well-being and stressing the urgency of climate action to mitigate these effects.Yet, the text mentioned measures to limit emissions from the health sector and assess greenhouse gas emissions from health systems, a position India opposes outside the UNFCCC framework.India has traditionally avoided participating in such initiatives, especially those involving sensitive issues, as they could potentially prejudice its positions in climate change negotiations. Why India Continues to Rely on Coal for Its Energy Needs? Background: India has recently stated its intention to continue relying on coal for electricity generation in the foreseeable future, despite significant expansion in renewable energy sources.This stance appears contrary to India’s ambitious goals of achieving net-zero emissions. India has pledged to source 50% of its electricity from renewables by 2030 and achieve 100% by 2070. Rising Energy Demand: India’s energy demand is rapidly increasing, with a 2022 surge of approximately 8%, driven by heightened economic activity.Industrial and commercial sectors are major energy consumers, alongside residential and agricultural sectors.India is projected to experience the most substantial energy demand growth globally over the next 30 years, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA). Coal Dependency: India has significantly increased coal production, growing by 14% from 2021-22 to 2022-23, reaching 893 million tons.The country has set ambitious targets of 1.31 billion tons of coal production by 2024-25 and aims for 1.5 billion tons by 2030.Currently, renewables contribute only 22% of total energy production, with fossil fuels, particularly coal, still providing 75% of India’s power supply. Reliability Challenges of Renewables: Renewables face reliability challenges, necessitating substantial investments in battery storage for a stable power supply.Grid-scale battery storage is expensive due to supply chain disruptions.Hydropower, a significant renewable source, has faced ecological concerns and conflicts over water resources in the Himalayan region.Nuclear power generation efforts have not gained momentum, contributing only 3.15% of total electricity in 2021-22. Future Plans: India aims to achieve 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030, three times the current capacity of around 180 GW.However, due to constraints in renewable energy sources, India will continue to rely on coal-generated electricity.India is focusing on phasing down coal use rather than phasing it out entirely. -Source: Indian Express Supreme Court Clarifies BSF Jurisdiction in Punjab Context: In a recent development, the Supreme Court clarified that the Centre’s 2021 notification, which extended the Border Security Force’s (BSF) jurisdiction in Punjab from 15 to 50 km, allows the BSF to act concurrently to prevent specific offenses within these limits. However, it does not diminish the investigative authority of the state police. This clarification comes in response to a legal challenge by the Punjab government against the Centre’s decision to expand the BSF’s jurisdiction. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: About the BSFCentre’s Notification on BSF’s Jurisdiction ExtensionDifferent Issues in the Extension of JurisdictionConstitutional Viewpoint on Deployment of Armed Forces in States About the BSF The Border Security Force (BSF) was established in 1965, following the India-Pakistan war.It is one of the seven Central Armed Police Forces of India and operates under the administrative control of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).The other Central Armed Police Forces include the Assam Rifles (AR), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), National Security Guards (NSG), and Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB).The BSF, with a strength of approximately 2.65 lakhs, is deployed along the borders with Pakistan and Bangladesh.It is responsible for guarding the Indo-Pakistan International Border, Indo-Bangladesh International Border, and the Line of Control (LoC) in coordination with the Indian Army. The BSF also plays a role in anti-Naxal operations.Additionally, the BSF is responsible for defending areas like Sir Creek in the Arabian Sea and the Sundarban delta in the Bay of Bengal, using a modern fleet of watercraft.The BSF also contributes a substantial contingent of trained personnel to UN peacekeeping missions on an annual basis. Centre’s Notification on BSF’s Jurisdiction Extension Notification Replacing Previous Order: The Centre has issued a new notification to extend the jurisdiction of the Border Security Force (BSF), replacing a 2014 order under the BSF Act, 1968.The previous order covered states like Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Nagaland, and Meghalaya.The new notification also explicitly mentions the two newly created Union Territories, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K;) and Ladakh, along with Assam, West Bengal, and Punjab. Violations Under BSF’s Purview: The BSF is empowered to carry out search and seizure operations for various violations, including: Smuggling of narcotics and other prohibited items.Illegal entry of foreigners.Offenses punishable under other Central Acts, among others. Handling of Suspects and Detained Individuals: After the BSF detains a suspect or seizes a consignment within its specified area of jurisdiction, it is authorized to conduct “preliminary questioning.”However, the BSF is required to hand over the suspect to the local police within 24 hours.It’s important to note that the BSF does not possess the authority to prosecute crime suspects. Special Powers of BSF: The BSF Act, 1968, grants the BSF special powers in border states, allowing for the extension of its jurisdiction concerning offenses.The extent of this jurisdiction has evolved over the years; for instance, Gujarat had an 80-kilometer jurisdiction since 1969.Currently, this jurisdiction has been standardized to 50 kilometers.This means that the BSF also has jurisdiction over certain offenses under laws like the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973, Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920, and Passport Act, 1967.Local police authorities retain their jurisdiction alongside the concurrent jurisdiction granted to the BSF. Different Issues in the Extension of Jurisdiction Division of Responsibilities: Public order and policing, which encompass maintaining public peace, safety, and tranquility, are primarily the responsibilities of State Governments, as indicated in Entry 1 and Entry 2 of the State list, respectively. Concern for National Security: However, when a situation of serious public disorder arises, threatening the security or defense of the State or the country itself (as per Entry 1 of the Union list), it becomes a matter of concern for the Union Government. Encroachment on State Powers: The extension of jurisdiction by the Union Government without obtaining the concurrence of the state government may be viewed as encroachment on the powers of the states. Punjab’s Perspective: In the case of Punjab, the state government has asserted that this notification represents the Centre’s encroachment under the guise of security or development. Policing Roles: Policing in the hinterland, which is not the primary role of a border guarding force like the BSF, could potentially weaken the capacity of the BSF in fulfilling its primary duty of guarding the international border. Issues Specific to Punjab: For a 50-kilometer jurisdiction, the BSF would have concurrent powers, along with the state police, to handle all cognizable offenses under the Indian Penal Code (IPC).In Punjab, extending the jurisdiction from 15 to 50 kilometers encompasses all major cities, raising concerns about the impact on policing and governance.In contrast, states like Gujarat, with substantial marshland, and Rajasthan, with vast desert areas, may have different considerations due to the geographical layout. Constitutional Viewpoint on Deployment of Armed Forces in States Article 355 of the Indian Constitution empowers the Centre to deploy its armed forces to protect a state against “external aggression and internal disturbance,” even when the concerned state does not request the Centre’s assistance and is unwilling to receive central forces.In situations where a state opposes the deployment of the Union’s armed forces, the appropriate course of action for the Centre is to issue directives to the concerned state under Article 355.If the state fails to comply with the Central government’s directive, the Centre can take further action under Article 356, which deals with the imposition of President’s Rule in the state. -Source: The Hindu International Maritime Organisation Context: Recently, India has been re-elected to the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) Council, marking its continuous service at IMO. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: International Maritime Organization (IMO)India’s Engagement with IMO International Maritime Organization (IMO): The IMO is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) responsible for regulating global shipping and preventing marine pollution caused by ships.It was established in 1948 following a UN conference in Geneva and officially came into existence in 1958. Membership: The IMO has 175 Member States and three Associate Members, with its headquarters located in London, United Kingdom.India became a member of the IMO in 1959. Role: The primary role of the IMO is to create a fair and effective regulatory framework for the global shipping industry, with the goal of universal adoption and implementation.It addresses legal matters related to shipping, including issues of liability and compensation, and facilitates international maritime traffic.The organization celebrates World Maritime Day on the last Thursday of every September to emphasize the importance of shipping and maritime activities. Structure of IMO: IMO is governed by an assembly of members, which convenes every two years, and a council comprising 40 members, elected by the assembly for two-year terms.The Assembly serves as the highest governing body, while the IMO Council, acting as the executive organ, supervises the organization’s work, particularly in maritime safety and pollution prevention.IMO’s activities are carried out through five committees and several subcommittees responsible for developing and adopting international conventions, codes, resolutions, and guidelines. India’s Engagement with IMO: India holds Category B status in the IMO Council, reflecting its ongoing commitment to maritime affairs.India’s Vision 2030 aims to bolster its representation at the IMO by appointing permanent representatives at IMO London.The Amrit Kaal Vision 2047 outlines goals to enhance India’s global maritime presence, including establishing a dedicated IMO cell, designating a permanent representative at IMO headquarters, and implementing the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) Master Plan. -Source: The Hindu Purchasing Managers Index Context: India’s manufacturing sector continued to perform better with S&P; Global Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) rising to 56 in November against 55.5 in October. Relevance: GS-III: Indian Economy (Growth and Development of Indian Economy, Mobilization of Resources) Dimensions of the Article: What is Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI)?Understanding PMI What is Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI)? The Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) is an index of the prevailing direction of economic trends in the manufacturing and service sectors.It consists of a diffusion index that summarizes whether market conditions, as viewed by purchasing managers, are expanding, staying the same, or contracting.The purpose of the PMI is to provide information about current and future business conditions to company decision makers, analysts, and investors.In simple words, Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) is a measure of the prevailing direction of economic trends in manufacturing.PMI is a survey-based measure that asks the respondents about changes in their perception about key business variables as compared with the previous month.The purpose of the PMI is to provide information about current and future business conditions to company decision makers, analysts, and investors.It is calculated separately for the manufacturing and services sectors and then a composite index is also constructed.PMI is compiled by IHS Markit for more than 40 economies worldwide – IHS Markit is a global leader in information, analytics and solutions for the major industries and markets that drive economies worldwide. Understanding PMI The PMI is a number from 0 to 100.A print above 50 means expansion, while a score below that denotes contraction.A reading at 50 indicates no change.If PMI of the previous month is higher than the PMI of the current month, it represents that the economy is contracting.It is usually released at the start of every month. It is, therefore, considered a good leading indicator of economic activity.It is different from the Index of Industrial Production (IIP), which also gauges the level of activity in the economy.IIP covers the broader industrial sector compared to PMI.However, PMI is more dynamic compared to a standard industrial production index. -Source: The Hindu White Lung Syndrome Context: An outbreak of a respiratory illness in northern China and Ohio in the US — the White Lung Syndrome as people are calling it — has sparked speculation online of a new pandemic threat after COVID-19. Relevance: GS II: Health White Lung Syndrome: Origin: White Lung Syndrome is characterized by distinctive white patches on chest X-rays observed in affected children.Inclusive of Various Respiratory Illnesses: This term encompasses various respiratory illnesses, including acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis, and silica-related conditions.Causes: The syndrome is believed to result from a combination of factors, including bacterial and viral infections, as well as environmental factors.Signs and Symptoms: Patients with White Lung Syndrome typically experience symptoms such as cough, fever, runny nose, accumulation of phlegm in sinuses, difficulty breathing, and fatigue.Treatment: Treatment primarily focuses on addressing the symptoms of pneumonia and ensuring the respiratory health of patients. This may involve administering medicines to alleviate symptoms like cough and fever, as well as continuous monitoring and the provision of oxygen therapy if necessary. -Source: Hindustan Times Mount Marapi Context: Recently, Indonesia’s Mount Marapi in West Sumatra province erupted, spewing white-and-grey ash plumes for more than 3,000 metres (about 9,800 feet) into the air. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Mount MarapiPacific Ring of Fire Mount Marapi: Location: Mount Marapi is situated in West Sumatra and should not be confused with Mount Merapi in Java.Meaning of Name: Its name, “Marapi,” translates to “Mountain of Fire.”Activity: Mount Marapi is renowned for its high level of activity, having recorded over 60 eruptions since the late 18th century. It holds the distinction of being the most active volcano in Sumatra. Pacific Ring of Fire: Definition: The Pacific Ring of Fire, also known as the Circum-Pacific Belt, is a geographical region surrounding the Pacific Ocean characterized by the presence of active volcanoes and frequent seismic activity, including earthquakes.Length: This geological belt spans approximately 40,000 kilometers (24,900 miles).Tectonic Plates: The Ring of Fire is associated with the boundaries of several tectonic plates, including the Pacific Plate, Juan de Fuca Plate, Cocos Plate, Indian-Australian Plate, Nazca Plate, North American Plate, and Philippine Plate. These interactions between tectonic plates contribute to the region’s geological activity. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 05 December 2023

CONTENTS Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC)Dr Rajendra Prasad Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) Context: Recently, India has been unanimously elected as a member representing the Asian region in the Executive Committee of Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) during its 46th meeting at Food and Agriculture organization (FAO) headquarters at Rome. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC)Codex Standards Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) The Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) is an international food standards organization established in May 1963, jointly by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO).Its primary objective is to safeguard consumer health and promote equitable practices in food trade on a global scale.The Agreement on Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) within the World Trade Organization (WTO) recognizes Codex standards, guidelines, and recommendations as the reference standards for international trade and resolving trade disputes.Currently, the Codex Alimentarius Commission comprises 189 members, including 188 Member Countries and 1 Member Organization, which is the European Union.India has been a member of the Codex Alimentarius Commission since 1964. Codex Standards: Codex standards encompass essential guidelines related to various aspects of food safety and quality.These core Codex texts cover areas such as hygienic practices, labeling, contaminants, additives, inspection and certification procedures, nutrition, and residues of veterinary drugs and pesticides.They are applied horizontally to a wide range of food products and categories.In addition to these core standards, Codex also develops commodity standards tailored to specific food products, and there is an increasing focus on developing standards for broader food groups.Regional Coordinating Committees develop standards applicable to their respective regions to ensure that regional needs and conditions are addressed within the Codex framework. Dr Rajendra Prasad Birth Anniversary Context: President of India Pays Homage to Dr Rajendra Prasad on his Birth Anniversary. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Dr. Rajendra Prasad Ji: A Distinguished Indian Freedom Fighter and StatesmanBooks Authored by Dr. Rajendra Prasad Dr. Rajendra Prasad Ji: A Distinguished Indian Freedom Fighter and Statesman Dr. Rajendra Prasad Ji was a prominent Indian independence activist, lawyer, scholar, and the first President of India, serving from 1950 to 1962.He held the distinction of being the first President of independent India, serving two terms in office from 1952 to 1962.Dr. Rajendra Prasad Ji was deeply influenced by the principles and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi and became an ardent supporter of Gandhi’s ideology and philosophy.In 1906, he played a pivotal role in the formation of the Bihari Students Conference, which took place at the Patna College hall.His official association with the Indian National Congress began in 1911 when he joined during the party’s annual session held in Calcutta.Professionally, he was a lawyer and his legal expertise was accompanied by his leadership in the Indian freedom struggle. He willingly left his legal practice to join the freedom movement led by figures like Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru.Dr. Rajendra Prasad Ji endured multiple imprisonments at the hands of the British colonial rulers. He was incarcerated in 1931 for his active participation in the Salt Satyagraha Movement and again in 1942 as a prominent member of the Quit India Movement.He passed away on February 28, 1963, after battling illness for six months. During his final days, he resided at Sadaqat Ashram in Patna.In recognition of his exceptional contributions to India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Ji was honored with the Bharat Ratna, the highest national award. Books Authored by Dr. Rajendra Prasad: Mahatma Gandhi and Bihar, Some ReminiscencesSatyagraha at ChamparanAtmakatha (Autobiography)Division of IndiaSince Independence