The video attendance feature is currently experiencing some issues and is not functioning as expected. Our team is actively working on a fix, and we will provide an update soon.

Posts

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 17 March 2025

Content: Inflation and Economic Trends in India India – New Zealand announce launch of FTA negotiations Inflation and Economic Trends in India India’s inflation moderates to 3.6% amid falling food prices, while industrial growth and corporate earnings strengthen, supported by expected RBI rate cuts.These are major findings of the SBI Ecowrap report, published by the State Bank of India’s Economic Research Department. Relevance : GS 3(Economy) CPI Inflation Trends Headline CPI inflation fell to 3.6% in February 2025, a 7-month low, primarily due to a sharp drop in vegetable prices. Food & Beverages inflation declined by 185 basis points (m-o-m) to 3.84%. Vegetable prices saw the steepest fall, with CPI turning negative (-1.07%) for the first time in 20 months. Major contributors: Garlic, potatoes, and tomatoes. Garlic prices declined significantly, possibly due to dietary changes during the Maha Kumbh (shift away from non-vegetarian food). Fruit inflation surged to 14.8%, a 10-year high, due to increased demand during religious fasting periods. Fuel and Light inflation remained in deflation for 18 consecutive months. Core inflation (which excludes food and fuel) crossed 4% for the first time in 14 months, reaching 4.08%. This suggests a stable underlying inflation trend, driven by services and non-food manufacturing. Future CPI Inflation Projections Expected to moderate further to 3.9% in Q4 FY25 and average 4.7% for FY25. Projected range for FY26: 4.0-4.2% (headline CPI) and 4.2-4.4% (core inflation). Monetary policy response: RBI likely to cut rates by at least 75 basis points (bps) in 2025, with reductions expected in April and August. A pause is expected post-August before the next cycle of rate cuts in October 2025. State-wise Inflation Rural inflation remains higher than urban inflation, driven by food price trends and larger food baskets in rural areas (54.2% vs. 36.3% in urban). Highest inflation recorded in: Kerala (7.3%) – Rural: 8.0%, Urban: 4.5%. Chhattisgarh (4.9%) – Rural: 5.6%, Urban: 3.3%. Lowest inflation recorded in: Telangana (1.3%) – Rural: 0.5%, Urban: 1.3%. Delhi (1.5%) – Rural: 2.6%, Urban: 3.5%. Rural inflation continues to outpace urban inflation due to higher food dependency. Rising Imported Inflation Share of imported inflation surged from 1.3% in June 2024 to 31.1% in February 2025. Key drivers: Precious metals, oils, and fats – global price rise impacting domestic inflation. Chemical products – higher import costs passed onto consumers. Energy inflation contribution remained negative, indicating a decline in global oil prices or increased domestic production. Industrial Growth and IIP Expansion Index of Industrial Production (IIP) expanded by 5.0% in January 2025, the highest in 8 months. Growth drivers: Manufacturing: 5.5% Mining: 4.4% Primary goods: 5.5% Consumer Durables (long-term goods): 7.2% – reflecting demand recovery. Intermediate goods: 5.23% – indicating expansion in industrial supply chains. Consumer Non-Durables (-0.2%) – slight contraction, suggesting weak demand for FMCG goods. Corporate Performance (Q3 FY25) Revenue growth: 6.2% (y-o-y). EBITDA growth: 11% – improved margins. Profit After Tax (PAT) growth: 12% – strong financial performance. Interest Coverage Ratio improved by 20 bps, indicating lower financial stress. Sectoral Trends: Capital Goods, Consumer Durables, FMCG, Healthcare, and Pharmaceuticals saw strong growth. More than 4000 listed corporates reported improved earnings. Corporate Ex-BFSI (more than 3400 entities) showed revenue growth of 5% and PAT growth of 9%, recovering from previous quarters’ negative growth. Monetary Policy and Corporate Capex Cycle Favorable conditions for a new capital expenditure (capex) cycle due to: Stronger corporate balance sheets. Lower borrowing costs from expected RBI rate cuts. Liquidity improvement and rising investment confidence. EBITDA margins expanded by 44 bps in Q3 FY25, reaching 14.84% (vs. 14.4% in Q2 FY25). Conclusion India’s economic landscape in February 2025 indicates: Moderation in inflation (particularly in food & beverages). Improved industrial production and IIP growth. Strong corporate earnings and balance sheet strength. India – New Zealand announce launch of FTA negotiations Background of India-New Zealand Relations Democratic values & people-to-people ties: Both countries share strong democratic institutions and historical cultural exchanges, including the Indian diaspora in New Zealand. Economic complementarities: India’s large consumer market and New Zealand’s expertise in agriculture and dairy present mutual opportunities. Bilateral trade history: The two nations have engaged in trade and investment discussions previously, but no formal FTA has been signed. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Highlights of the Announcement FTA negotiations launched on March 16, 2025, during a bilateral meeting between Indian PM Narendra Modi and New Zealand PM Christopher Luxon. Objective: Establishing a comprehensive and mutually beneficial FTA to strengthen economic cooperation. Expected Economic & Trade Benefits Market access: Reduction of tariffs and trade barriers to facilitate smoother flow of goods and services. Supply chain integration: Improving trade logistics and connectivity for key industries. Diverse sectoral impact: Agriculture & dairy: New Zealand’s strengths in dairy, meat, and horticulture could find a wider market in India. IT & Services: India’s robust IT and service sectors could benefit from increased New Zealand market access. Education: Potential boost in student exchanges and collaboration in skill development. Tourism: Strengthened economic ties may lead to enhanced tourism flows between the two nations. Challenges & Concerns Agricultural sensitivities: India’s domestic dairy industry may face challenges due to competition from New Zealand’s dairy exports. Tariff asymmetry: Negotiations must address differences in tariff structures to ensure balanced benefits. Regulatory differences: Compliance and standardization of trade rules will be crucial for seamless execution. Geopolitical considerations: Both countries must align trade strategies with broader geopolitical and Indo-Pacific security interests. Strategic & Geopolitical Implications Indo-Pacific engagement: Strengthening economic ties aligns with India’s Act East Policy and New Zealand’s interest in the Indo-Pacific. Diversifying trade partnerships: India seeks to reduce trade dependence on specific countries, while New Zealand aims to expand markets beyond China. Multilateral trade dynamics: The FTA could complement India’s participation in regional economic forums like RCEP and CPTPP. Way Forward Balanced negotiations: Ensuring equitable trade benefits for both nations. Sectoral consultations: Engaging stakeholders from agriculture, services, and technology sectors to address concerns. Regulatory harmonization: Establishing frameworks for dispute resolution, quality standards, and investment protection. Timeline & Implementation: Negotiating a phased implementation to ease the transition for key industries

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 17 March 2025

CONTENT: The Challenges of Public Health Education in India From Insurance-Driven Private Health Care to Equity Rare success The Challenges of Public Health Education in India Public health plays a crucial role in shaping healthcare delivery, as recognized by Article 47 of the Indian Constitution. However, public health education in India faces a crisis due to a mismatch between supply and demand, lack of standardization, and insufficient job opportunities. The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the need for a robust public health workforce, yet systemic issues persist. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance) Practice Question : The challenges of public health education in India stem from systemic gaps in regulation, employment opportunities, and institutional capacity.Discuss the key issues and suggest policy measures to address them. (250 words) Historical & Contemporary Context Colonial Legacy: Public health education in India traces back to British rule, with early efforts confined to medical institutions. Post-Independence: The All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health (1932) and community medicine specializations laid the foundation, but opportunities remained limited. Expansion Phase (2000–2020s): The number of MPH programs surged from one (2000) to over 100 today, largely driven by the National Rural Health Mission (2005). However, job creation has not kept pace, leading to underemployment of public health graduates. Challenges Mismatch Between Supply & Demand More graduates than available jobs; high competition for limited entry-level positions. Public health roles in government shrinking despite increasing disease burden. Private sector prioritizing hospital/business management over public health professionals. Lack of Standardization & Regulation No mandatory regulation by NMC or UGC. Varied curricula and low admission standards due to intense competition. Faculty shortages and inadequate practical training opportunities. Regional Disparities States like Bihar, Jharkhand, and Assam lack adequate public health institutions. Over-concentration of institutions in select urban areas. Funding & Institutional Constraints Development sector and research bodies reliant on foreign grants, which are declining. Limited national health research funding. Policy Implications & Actionable Insights Creation of Public Health Jobs Establish a public health cadre within state governments. Integrate public health professionals into primary and preventive care. Regulatory Reforms A dedicated Public Health Education Council within NMC/UGC to standardize curricula. Mandatory accreditation for MPH programs. Strengthening Practical Training & Institutional Growth Increase public health fieldwork and system integration. Expand public health schools in underserved states. Diversification of Funding Sources Increase domestic funding for public health research. Encourage public-private partnerships for sustainable workforce development. Future Outlook The public health education crisis in India demands urgent structural reforms. Without a balanced approach that integrates regulatory oversight, job creation, and sustainable funding, India risks a surplus of underutilized professionals. The emerging global health landscape necessitates self-reliance, emphasizing local capacity-building over dependence on international aid. From Insurance-Driven Private Health Care to Equity India’s health care system is undergoing a critical transformation with increasing dependence on insurance-driven models like the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY). While the scheme aims to reduce out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) and improve financial protection, it sidelines primary health care (PHC), which is the cornerstone of Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance) Practice Question: Critically analyze the impact of an insurance-driven private healthcare model on universal health coverage (UHC) in India. How can policy reforms ensure equitable access to quality healthcare, particularly for marginalized communities? (250 words Historical and Contemporary Context Evolution of India’s Health Care Approach Bhore Committee (1946): Advocated for a strong PHC foundation with a pyramid-shaped health system focused on preventive care. National Health Policy (1983, 2002, 2017): Emphasized PHC, but funding and implementation gaps led to increased OOPE. Launch of AB-PMJAY (2018): Aimed at providing health insurance for low-income families, covering hospitalisation expenses but shifting focus away from PHC. Current Scenario and Budget Allocations 2025 Budget for AB-PMJAY: ₹9,406 crore, up by ₹2,000 crore, signaling increasing privatisation and insurance dependence. National Health Mission (NHM) Fund Decline: Weakens grassroots health services, affecting rural and informal workforce health coverage. FDI Increase in Insurance (74% to 100%): Encourages private sector growth but raises concerns about affordability and regulatory gaps. Arguments: Strengthening Private Health Care and Financial Protection Reduction in OOPE: Insurance-driven models like AB-PMJAY reduce catastrophic health expenses for the poor. Increased Access to Advanced Treatments: Tertiary care coverage ensures life-saving procedures for low-income groups. Boost to Medical Infrastructure: Private hospitals expand to accommodate insured patients, improving overall health care capacity. Foreign Investment Benefits: Higher FDI in insurance expands the market, increasing competition and coverage rates. Weakening of Public Health Care and Rising Inequality (Critics’ View) Neglect of PHC: Insurance-based funding diverts resources from preventive and community health care. Market-Driven Pricing: Insurance models incentivise private players to increase costs, leading to inflated medical expenses. Exclusion of Informal Sector and Migrants: Many lack awareness or access to insurance, remaining dependent on high-cost private care. Regulatory Deficiencies: Weak consumer protections allow claim denials, high deductibles, and profit-driven health care practices. Policy Implications Impact on Health Care Access and Equity Marginalised Groups Left Behind: The informal workforce, daily wage laborers, and rural populations struggle with access due to digital and insurance illiteracy. Gender Disparities in Coverage: Women, particularly homemakers, often lack individual health insurance, worsening gender health gaps. Outdated Population Data: Lack of an updated Census (since 2011) affects policy planning and benefit distribution accuracy. Lessons from Global Health Models U.S. Experience: Private insurance dominance led to skyrocketing health costs, disparities in coverage, and profit-driven medical practices. Thailand’s Universal Coverage Scheme: Tax-funded model ensures free PHC, reducing OOPE and improving long-term health outcomes. Costa Rica’s Social Security System: Mandatory insurance with strong public investment ensures equity in health services. Way Forward Strengthening Public Health Care Systems Increase PHC Investment: Redirect funds toward preventive care and community health centers. Expand NHM Funding: Revitalize public hospitals and ensure affordable services. Regulate Private Insurance: Set cost-control mechanisms to prevent excessive pricing. Addressing Vulnerable Populations’ Needs Universal Coverage for Informal Workers: Develop a simplified enrollment system for insurance access. Education and Awareness Programs: Improve insurance literacy to ensure informed choices. Climate-Resilient Health Policies: Address emerging health risks due to climate change. Comprehensive Reform for Sustainable Health Care Hybrid Model of Financing: Balance public funding with private sector participation while ensuring equity. Cost Transparency in Insurance: Prevent hidden charges and exclusions that burden patients. Data-Driven Policy Making: Conduct updated Census and Labour Force Surveys to target schemes effectively. Rare success The recent arrest of former Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte by the International Criminal Court (ICC) is a landmark event in global justice. It underscores the ICC’s continuing efforts to hold political leaders accountable for crimes against humanity, despite its structural weaknesses and reliance on state cooperation. However, this arrest remains an exception rather than the norm, highlighting the court’s dependence on political alignments and national interests. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Critically analyze the role of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in ensuring global justice. Discuss the challenges it faces in executing its mandate and suggest measures to enhance its effectiveness. (250 words) Historical and Contemporary Context Origins of the ICC Established by the Rome Statute in 1998, the ICC was envisioned as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. It emerged in response to limitations of ad hoc tribunals, such as those for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia. Challenges in Execution of Arrest Warrants Since its inception, the ICC has struggled to execute arrest warrants, largely due to the lack of enforcement power. Many high-profile figures, such as Sudan’s Omar al-Bashir and Russia’s Vladimir Putin, have evaded arrest due to political protection. Duterte’s Case and the ‘War on Drugs’ Duterte’s presidency (2016-2022) saw thousands of extrajudicial killings as part of his ‘war on drugs.’ The ICC is investigating crimes from 2011 to 2019, during which the Philippines was a member of the ICC. Despite the country’s withdrawal from the ICC in 2019, the Pre-Trial Chamber upheld jurisdiction over crimes committed while it was a party. Arguments from Multiple Perspectives The ICC’s Role in Global Justice Supporters’ View: The ICC plays a critical role in delivering justice when national systems fail. Its jurisdiction over Duterte despite the Philippines’ withdrawal reinforces international accountability. Past successes, such as the conviction of Congolese warlord Thomas Lubanga, prove its effectiveness. Critics’ View: The ICC disproportionately targets African and weaker states, raising concerns of selective justice. The court lacks enforcement powers, making its judgments largely symbolic. Powerful nations like the U.S. have actively undermined the ICC, limiting its influence. Political Influence and Selective Justice The ICC’s actions are often influenced by geopolitical considerations: Examples: Arrest warrants for Putin (Ukraine war) and Netanyahu (Gaza conflict) remain unexecuted due to global power dynamics. Countries like the U.S. and Israel have refused to recognize ICC jurisdiction, creating a double standard in international justice. In Duterte’s case, his arrest may have been politically motivated, given the tensions between the Marcos Jr. administration and his daughter, Vice-President Sara Duterte. State Cooperation and Enforcement Issues Cases of Non-Cooperation: Sudan’s Omar al-Bashir traveled freely to ICC member states without being arrested. Several European countries have hesitated to act on ICC warrants for fear of diplomatic repercussions. Cases of Successful Cooperation: The arrest of Slobodan Milošević (former Yugoslav President) by Serbia in 2001, under international pressure, demonstrated the ICC’s potential when state cooperation exists. Duterte’s case was made possible by the willingness of the Marcos Jr. government to execute the warrant. Policy Implications and Future Outlook Strengthening ICC’s Enforcement Mechanisms The ICC needs a structured enforcement mechanism, possibly via a UN mandate or regional partnerships. Greater integration with Interpol and international agencies could enhance its operational capacity. Addressing Perceived Bias and Selective Targeting Expanding investigations beyond Africa and weaker nations will improve ICC’s legitimacy. Ensuring uniform application of justice, including cases involving powerful nations, is crucial for credibility. Enhancing State Cooperation Diplomatic incentives for states to execute ICC warrants (e.g., conditional aid, trade agreements) could improve compliance. Encouraging domestic judicial reforms may reduce reliance on international courts. Conclusion The arrest of Rodrigo Duterte represents a rare but significant victory for the ICC. However, its dependency on political alignments and state cooperation remains a fundamental weakness. Unless the ICC addresses its enforcement challenges, strengthens global cooperation, and eliminates selective prosecution, it risks remaining a court of limited influence rather than a true pillar of international justice.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 17 March 2025

Content: 31 killed in U.S. strikes on Yemen; Houthis hit back Tackling the problem of nutrition Should cancer be a notifiable disease? What is Elon Musk’s Starlink all about? New Bill proposes jail term up to 7 years for using forged passport Centre has approved Chandrayaan-5 mission: ISRO In a 2014 judgment, Supreme Court had favoured ‘linguistic secularism’ Immunising the elderly is crucial for disease prevention, say experts 31 killed in U.S. strikes on Yemen; Houthis hit back Background & Context The U.S. has carried out airstrikes on Yemen’s Houthi-controlled regions, marking the first direct military action under Donald Trump’s administration. The Houthis, backed by Iran, have been targeting Red Sea shipping routes and Israeli interests in the ongoing Gaza war. The strikes are part of U.S. efforts to deter Houthi aggression and ensure freedom of navigation in the Red Sea. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Key Developments Casualties & Damage: At least 31 people killed, including women and children, as per Houthi sources. 101 wounded, mostly civilians. Strikes targeted Sanaa, Saada, Al-Bayda, and Radaa. Houthi Response: Hours after the attack, Houthis claimed they launched 18 missiles and a drone at the U.S. aircraft carrier USS Harry Truman and its escorting warships in the Red Sea. They vowed that the U.S. “aggression” will not go unanswered. U.S. Reaction: Trump warned of “overwhelming lethal force” if Houthi attacks continue. He issued a direct threat to Iran, stating that Tehran must immediately end support for the Houthis or face consequences. Iran’s Response: Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi condemned the strikes, stating the U.S. had “no authority” to dictate Iran’s foreign policy. Geopolitical Implications Escalation Risk: The situation could spiral into a wider regional conflict involving Iran, potentially dragging the U.S. into another Middle Eastern war. U.S. strikes could provoke Iranian-backed militias in Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon to retaliate. Impact on Red Sea Trade: Houthi attacks have already disrupted global trade, forcing shipping companies to reroute vessels via longer and costlier paths. Further escalation may destabilize oil markets and increase shipping insurance premiums. U.S.-Iran Relations: The incident puts additional strain on already tense U.S.-Iran relations. Iran may strengthen its support for the Houthis and other proxies in response to Trump’s threats. Tackling the problem of nutrition Context : Budget 2025 and Nutrition Focus While health was not prioritized, Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0 received higher allocations. Question: Will these schemes address India’s nutrition crisis effectively? Relevance : GS 2(Nutrition Security) Multidimensional Nature of Malnutrition Beyond food insecurity, nutrition is influenced by culture, caste, and gender. Policy focus is narrow, emphasizing women (reproductive age) and children, ignoring: Women beyond reproductive age, men, and senior citizens. Rising cases of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity (NCDs). Key Nutrition Statistics (NFHS-5) 36% of children under five are stunted; only 11% of breastfed children get an adequate diet. 57% of women (15-49 years) are anaemic. 24% of women and 23% of men are overweight/obese; 14% take diabetes medication. Evaluating Poshan 2.0 and Saksham Anganwadi Focus on take-home rations, supplements, and iron/folic acid tablets. Shortcomings: Reinforces regional bias (malnutrition seen as a rural problem). Ignores middle-class dietary habits, NCDs, and urban malnutrition. Need for a Comprehensive Nutrition Agenda Should include: Addressing all population groups, not just maternal and child health. Locally rooted solutions using nutrient-rich indigenous foods. Institutional linkage via Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs). Strengthening HWCs for Nutrition Services Expand coverage to adolescents, elderly, and urban poor. Ensure equitable distribution (currently rural-heavy). Need for dedicated nutrition personnel, as current staff handle multiple responsibilities. Key Success Factors Community Ownership: Engage local elites for awareness and acceptance. Linking Nutrition to Local Cuisines: Promote indigenous, nutrient-dense foods over processed diets. Should cancer be a notifiable disease? Context and Policy Evolution Current stance: The Union government resists making cancer a notifiable disease, citing its non-communicable nature. Shifts in notification policies: 2024: Snakebites made notifiable despite being non-infectious. 1995 (U.S.): Lead poisoning listed as a notifiable disease, setting a precedent for NCD surveillance. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance) Rationale Behind Disease Notification Primary goal: Control contagious diseases through legal mandates on reporting. Notifiable diseases: Require rapid intervention due to immediate public health risks (e.g., outbreaks, direct transmission). Cancer’s unique nature: Not directly transmissible. Requires long-term management rather than emergency response. Challenges in Making Cancer Notifiable Diversity of Cancer Types Ranges from benign to highly malignant. Diagnosis involves complex and multi-stage identification. Legal mandates may not improve patient outcomes. Privacy Concerns and Stigma Disease notification laws prioritize public health over individual privacy. Cancer still carries stigma, leading to reluctance in seeking treatment. Existing State health laws grant broad powers to local authorities, raising concerns over patient rights. Existing Cancer Surveillance Framework National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP) (established 1982) already collects crucial data: Patient demographics, cancer type, stage, treatment, and survival outcomes. Gaps in NCRP coverage:2022 data: 269 hospital-based and 38 population-based registries—insufficient for national surveillance.Hospital-based registries must extend to all district headquarters hospitals.Population-based registries should be established in every district. A Better Alternative: Strengthening Cancer Registries Expanding NCRP ensures comprehensive data collection at tertiary and district-level hospitals. Encouraging voluntary reporting rather than legal mandates avoids burdening physicians and preserves privacy. Improving screening programs enhances early detection and timely intervention. Incorporating private hospitals into NCRP for wider data coverage. What is Elon Musk’s Starlink all about? What is Starlink? Starlink is a satellite-based internet service operated by Elon Musk’s SpaceX. It consists of a low-earth orbit (LEO) constellation of 7,000+ satellites, providing global internet coverage. Requires ground terminals (user equipment) to access the internet. Offers speeds of ~100 Mbps, but latency is higher than wired broadband. Relevance : GS 3(Science , Technology) Starlink’s Utility in India Not beneficial in urban areas where 5G and fiber broadband are faster and more reliable. Key for rural and remote areas, offering connectivity where terrestrial networks are absent. Provides an instant internet solution in areas where infrastructure development is slow. Regulatory Hurdles in India GMPCS Authorisation: Needed under the Telecommunications Act, 2023 for satellite communication services. Security Clearance: Ministry of Home Affairs approval pending. Ground Station Regulations: Indian law requires telecom networks to have tapping provisions for security agencies. Spectrum Allocation: Indian government does not favor auctions for satellite spectrum. Jio and Airtel earlier demanded auctions, citing the Supreme Court’s 2012 ruling on scarce resources (2G spectrum case). The government may allocate spectrum directly (common international practice). Trade & Geopolitical Influence U.S. Trade Pressure: Elon Musk has increasing influence in the U.S. government. Potential U.S. lobbying to fast-track Starlink’s entry. India-U.S. Relations: Strong trade ties could influence regulatory decisions in favor of Starlink. Starlink’s entry might be fast-tracked if U.S. pressure intensifies. Recent Developments Airtel & Jio Agreements: Signed distribution pacts despite earlier opposition. Indicates a possible softening stance on satellite broadband. No Official Announcements: Regulatory approvals still pending. Government’s final decision on spectrum allocation remains uncertain. New Bill proposes jail term up to 7 years for using forged passport Context : Provisions of the Bill Stricter penalties for using forged documents Imprisonment: 2 to 7 years Fine: ₹1 lakh to ₹10 lakh Illegal entry without valid documents Jail term: Up to 5 years Fine: Up to ₹5 lakh Mandatory reporting by institutions Hotels, universities, hospitals, and nursing homes must report foreign nationals for tracking overstayers. Airlines and ships to submit passenger and crew manifests at Indian ports. Comprehensive framework The Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025 aims to regulate all immigration-related matters. Repeals four existing laws: The Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920 The Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939 The Foreigners Act, 1946 The Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Act, 2000 Significance of the Bill National security: Strengthens immigration control to prevent illegal entry, exit, and overstay. Helps in tracking foreigners to mitigate risks of espionage, terrorism, and other threats. Ease of business and tourism: Simplifies legal framework by replacing multiple outdated laws. Ensures better compliance while reducing bureaucratic hurdles. Legal modernization: Aligns with global best practices in immigration and border security. Introduces stricter penal provisions to curb identity fraud and unauthorized stay. Impact on foreigners in India: Foreigners on long-term visas (more than 180 days) must continue registering with FRRO/FRO within 14 days. Stricter penalties may lead to better compliance with visa rules. Potential Challenges & Criticism Enforcement Issues: Effective implementation requires robust tracking and verification mechanisms. Dependence on multiple agencies (FRRO, police, airlines) could lead to bureaucratic delays. Tourism and business impact: Stricter penalties may discourage foreign investments and tourism if not balanced well. Need for clear guidelines to avoid harassment of genuine travelers. Human Rights Concerns: Possible misuse of the law for targeting specific groups. Need for fair appeal mechanisms to ensure justice.. Centre has approved Chandrayaan-5 mission: ISRO Overview of Chandrayaan-5 Approval The Government of India has officially approved the Chandrayaan-5 mission. Announcement made by ISRO Chairman V. Narayanan in Chennai. Marks another significant step in India’s lunar exploration program. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Key Features of Chandrayaan-5 Unlike Chandrayaan-3, which had a 25-kg rover ‘Pragyan’, Chandrayaan-5 will carry a 250-kg rover. Expected to have advanced scientific instruments for enhanced lunar surface studies. Likely to focus on longer operational capability and mobility on the Moon. Strategic Importance Expands India’s capability in robotic lunar exploration. Helps in detailed mineralogical and geological studies of the Moon. Strengthens ISRO’s role in global lunar exploration programs. Link to Chandrayaan-4 & Future Lunar Missions Chandrayaan-4, planned for 2027, is designed to bring lunar samples to Earth. Chandrayaan-5 likely follows Chandrayaan-4, potentially aiding in on-site lunar analysis before sample return missions. Aligns with ISRO’s long-term plans for sustainable lunar exploration. Global Context & Comparisons NASA’s Artemis program also focuses on detailed lunar exploration with future manned missions. China’s Chang’e missions have emphasized both rover exploration and sample return, similar to Chandrayaan-4 & 5. India’s step-wise approach strengthens indigenous space capabilities and future international collaborations. Technological and Scientific Advancements Possible use of nuclear-powered energy sources for extended lunar operations. Integration of AI-based navigation and autonomous decision-making in the rover. Potential use of 3D mapping technologies to study lunar surface anomalies. Economic and Diplomatic Implications Boosts India’s space sector, fostering commercial and research collaborations. Enhances India’s global reputation in space technology, attracting investments in private space enterprises. Strengthens India’s participation in lunar governance and international space policy dialogues. Challenges and Future Considerations Budgetary and funding allocations need to be assessed. Technical challenges in heavy payload deployment and mobility in extreme lunar conditions. Coordination with global space agencies for possible data-sharing or joint missions. Conclusion Chandrayaan-5 is a crucial step in India’s lunar exploration roadmap, with advanced rover capabilities. ISRO’s progressive missions—Chandrayaan-3, 4, and 5—establish a structured approach towards deep-space research. This mission will play a vital role in India’s aspirations for a sustainable lunar presence and future planetary exploration. In a 2014 judgment, Supreme Court had favoured ‘linguistic secularism’ Background & Context The debate over the language formula in the National Education Policy (NEP) remains contentious. A 2014 Supreme Court judgment (U.P. Hindi Sahitya Sammelan vs State of U.P.) upheld the idea of linguistic secularism, emphasizing an accommodative approach to language laws. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance ,Constitution) Key Observations of the 2014 Judgment The court ruled that Indian language laws are not rigid but organic and accommodative. It highlighted that law and language in India evolve organically, ensuring linguistic secularism. The ruling referenced Constitutional expert H.M. Seervai, who explained the Constituent Assembly’s 1949 compromise on language policy. Hindi as an ‘Official Language’, Not a ‘National Language’ Article 343 declared Hindi in Devanagari script as the official language, but not the national language. Rationale: Hindi was not spoken across all parts of India. Though spoken by the largest group, it did not constitute the majority of the population. Other languages (Bengali, Tamil, Marathi, Gujarati) were also well-developed and had large-speaking populations. Article 351 & Hindi Promotion Article 351 mandates the Union Government to promote Hindi as a medium of cultural expression. However, Allahabad High Court’s 1982 ruling (Sunil K.R. Sahastrabudhey vs Director, IIT Kanpur) clarified that: Hindi is not a national language. The Constitution imposes a duty to promote Hindi but does not grant citizens the right to demand education in Hindi. Protection of Linguistic Diversity (Article 29(1)) Article 29(1) guarantees that every linguistic or cultural group has the fundamental right to conserve its language, script, and culture. This protection applies equally to majority and minority communities. Right to Choose Medium of Instruction State of Karnataka vs Associated Management of Primary & Secondary Schools (SC judgment): Article 19 (freedom of speech & expression) includes a student’s right to choose their medium of instruction at the primary level. The state cannot impose control over language choice in education. Referenced the 1924 U.S. Supreme Court case (Pierce v. Society of Sisters of Holy Names): “A child is not a mere creature of the State.” Implications for National Education Policy (NEP) The SC ruling supports linguistic flexibility, which contradicts concerns of Hindi imposition under the NEP. Language policies should be accommodative rather than coercive, recognizing regional linguistic aspirations. The judgment strengthens the constitutional validity of multilingualism in education. Immunising the elderly is crucial for disease prevention, say experts Context and Significance Elderly vaccination remains underprioritised in India’s public health framework. No dedicated national immunisation schedule exists for the elderly, despite their vulnerability to infections. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues , Health) Importance of Elderly Vaccination High disease burden: 50% of severe pneumonia cases occur in older adults. Global concern: Pneumonia alone causes 156 million cases worldwide, with 800,000 deaths annually in India. Common preventable diseases: Influenza, pneumonia, hepatitis, shingles, and foodborne infections can be mitigated through vaccination. Vaccine Hesitancy & Awareness Issues Misinformation & complacency: 60% of adults believe other health measures are better than vaccines. 43% feel they are not at risk of falling ill. Need for targeted awareness campaigns to correct misconceptions. Challenges in Elderly Immunisation Cost barriers: Vaccination expenses often deter senior citizens from getting immunised. Lack of vaccine clinics: Dedicated elderly vaccination centres are limited. Health insurance gap: Immunisation is not adequately covered under most insurance plans. Way Forward Developing a national immunisation program tailored for the elderly. Expanding insurance coverage to include vaccinations. Setting up vaccine clinics at hospitals and community centres. Public awareness drives to tackle vaccine hesitancy.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 15 March 2025

Content: PM-GATI SHAKTI NATIONAL MASTER PLAN World Consumer Rights Day 2025 PM-GATI SHAKTI NATIONAL MASTER PLAN Introduction Launch & Context: Introduced in October 2021, the PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan (NMP) aims to address India’s high logistics costs (13-14% of GDP) and revolutionize infrastructure development through integrated, data-driven planning. Objective: Ensure seamless multimodal connectivity across roads, railways, ports, airports, and waterways for efficient movement of people, goods, and services. Key Feature: Utilizes a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based portal for precise project planning, alignment optimization, and execution. Ministry Responsible: The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) spearheads implementation, aligning National Highway (NH) development projects with NMP principles to enhance logistics efficiency and connectivity. Relevance : GS 3(infrastructure) Core Principles of PM Gati Shakti NMP Data-Driven Planning: Uses a GIS-based portal with over 550 data layers, including: Economic nodes (industrial hubs, SEZs) Social nodes (urban centers, healthcare, education facilities) Logistics nodes (ports, warehouses, freight corridors) Multimodal Connectivity: Integrates road, rail, air, and water transport modes for a seamless logistics network. Holistic Development: Aligns infrastructure projects with economic and logistics hubs, addressing missing connectivity gaps. Seamless Mobility: Reduces travel times and logistics costs, boosting India’s global competitiveness. Implementation & Achievements Road Infrastructure Planning Scale: 115 NH projects covering ~13,500 km with an investment of ₹6.38 lakh crore have been examined using the Gati Shakti portal. Coordination: The Network Planning Group (NPG) under NMP ensures optimized project alignments. Efficiency Gains: Reduces project costs and timelines by streamlining design, clearances, and approvals. Use of GIS & Digital Tools DPR Module: The Detailed Project Report (DPR) tool integrates GIS data for: Refined NH alignments Assessment of ecological impacts (forest areas, eco-sensitive zones) Minimization of mid-course corrections Outcomes: Faster project preparation, reduced environmental disruption, and efficient resource utilization. Integration with Other Databases Key Integrations: Electronic Detailed Accident Database (eDAR) for safety planning Traffic survey data and toll plaza statistics for real-time monitoring Benefits: Enables data-driven decision-making and proactive infrastructure adjustments. Benefits of PM Gati Shakti NMP Reduced Logistics Costs: Optimized NH alignments and multimodal integration cut transit delays and fuel costs. Faster Project Approvals: The GIS-based portal streamlines clearances, reducing approval timelines. Environmental Sustainability: Minimizes ecological impact by incorporating conservation considerations in project planning. Economic Growth: Enhanced connectivity boosts trade, attracts investment, and generates employment. Improved Public Services: Better infrastructure improves healthcare, education, and market accessibility, particularly in rural areas. Challenges & Way Forward Challenges Data Integration: Harmonizing data across ministries and states requires advanced systems for accuracy and consistency. Land & Clearances: Land acquisition and environmental approvals remain bottlenecks. Real-Time Updates: Continuous data updation is needed to reflect current infrastructure conditions. Future Plans Data Expansion: More state and local infrastructure layers will be added. Advanced Technology: AI and Big Data analytics will enhance predictive infrastructure planning. Logistics Hubs: Strengthening multimodal logistics hubs will further reduce supply chain bottlenecks. Conclusion Transformative Impact: PM Gati Shakti NMP represents a paradigm shift in India’s infrastructure development, enabling data-driven, multimodal integration. Strategic Vision: With continuous GIS upgrades and inter-ministerial collaboration, the plan aims to reduce logistics costs and enhance economic growth. Broader Goals: As per Union Minister Nitin Gadkari, the NMP aligns with India’s $5 trillion economy vision, positioning the country as a global leader in infrastructure development. World Consumer Rights Day 2025 Overview Date and Origin: Observed annually on March 15 since 1983. Commemorates President John F. Kennedy’s 1962 speech to the US Congress, which first formally recognized consumer rights globally. Theme for 2025: “A Just Transition to Sustainable Lifestyles” Focuses on affordable, equitable, and sustainable consumer choices amid climate change and social equity challenges. Global Objective: Raises awareness of consumer rights. Advocates for robust protection and empowerment mechanisms worldwide. Indian Context: The Department of Consumer Affairs aligns with this theme through: Modern policies Digital innovations Sustainable consumption initiatives (2024-25). Relevance : GS 2(Consumer Rights, Governance) , GS 3(Economy) Key Initiatives and Developments in Consumer Protection Consumer Protection Act, 2019 Modernization: Repealed the Consumer Protection Act, 1986. Addresses globalization, e-commerce, and technological advancements. Effective since 2019. Structure: Establishes a three-tier quasi-judicial system: District Consumer Commission State Consumer Commission National Consumer Commission Powers: Enables compensation, product replacements, and penalties against unfair trade practices. Timelines: Complaint resolution mandates: 3 months (if no testing required). 5 months (if testing required). Consumer Welfare Fund (CWF) Purpose: Financial support for consumer welfare and movement promotion. Funding Model: 75:25 cost-sharing (90:10 for special category states/UTs). Establishes State Consumer Welfare Corpus Funds. Progress (2024-25): ₹32.68 crore released as the central share. 24 states and 1 UT (out of 28 states and 8 UTs) established Corpus Funds. Supports awareness campaigns and consumer rights projects.   Strengthening Consumer Grievance Redressal Mechanisms E-Daakhil Portal Launch: September 7, 2020, by the National Consumer Dispute Redressal Commission. Features: Paperless, transparent online consumer complaint filing and tracking. Impact: Reduces costs and travel for complainants. Accelerates access to justice. e-Jagriti Introduction: Launched in 2024. Benefits: Faster case disposal. Reduces delays and improves communication between parties. National Consumer Helpline (NCH) 2.0 Upgrades: AI-powered speech recognition. Translation system (17 languages). Multilingual chatbot via toll-free number 1915. Growth: Calls increased from 12,553 (Dec 2015) to 1,55,138 (Dec 2024). Integration: Links with FSSAI, BIS, and INGRAM portal for rapid grievance redressal. Convergence Programme: 1,000+ companies onboarded (e-commerce, banking, FMCG) for pre-litigation resolution. Consumer Empowerment Tools Jaago Grahak Jaago Portal and App Purpose: Alerts consumers to unsafe URLs and scams. Functionality: Phishing alerts, digital safety tools, and marketplace support. Consumer Protection in E-Commerce and Digital Transactions E-Commerce Rules, 2020 Framework: Notified under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019. Focus Areas: Transparency, accountability, and grievance redressal. Dark Patterns Guidelines, 2023 Issued by CCPA: November 30, 2023 (Central Consumer Protection Authority). Scope: Regulates 13 deceptive practices (e.g., hidden fees, forced subscriptions). Objective: Protects consumers from manipulative online tactics. BIS Draft Standard for E-Commerce Objective: Establishes self-governance framework for fair and transparent marketplaces. Provisions: Clear disclosures (e.g., pricing, country of origin). Prohibits misleading ads. Ensures quick action against counterfeit products. Impact: Boosts consumer trust and security in digital transactions. Broader Implications Sustainable Lifestyles Aligns with India’s push for ethical consumption and environmental responsibility. Digital Empowerment Expands justice access via digital tools (e-Jagriti, NCH 2.0). Economic Impact Strengthened e-commerce regulations drive consumer confidence. Global Alignment India’s focus on consumer rights and sustainability positions it as a leader. Challenges Implementation Gaps 4 states and 7 UTs yet to establish Consumer Welfare Corpus Funds. Awareness Deficit Rural consumers often unaware of digital redressal tools (e-Daakhil, NCH). E-Commerce Compliance Stricter monitoring and penalties required to enforce dark pattern and counterfeit regulations. Conclusion Transformative Steps Modern laws, digital innovations, and sustainable policies enhance consumer protection. Future Outlook Expanding digital platforms and rural education will improve accessibility. Alignment with Theme Transparency, accessibility, and fairness will shape a just and sustainable marketplace.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 15 March 2025

Content: A voluntary mandate A school closure that must be called out A voluntary mandate Overview Purpose of APAAR ID: Introduced by the Ministry of Education to create a unified, digitized registry of students’ academic records, ensuring a “single source of truth” across India’s education system. Linkage: Integrated with Aadhaar, continuing prior digitization efforts like UDISE+ and the Student Database Management Information System under the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. Voluntary Nature: Officially, the Ministry states that APAAR is not mandatory, and there is no legal mandate requiring its adoption. Implementation Reality: Despite its voluntary status, state-level enforcement has created a de facto mandate, raising serious legal and ethical concerns. Relevance : GS 2(Education , Governance) Mains Question :The APAAR ID system aims to create a unified digital academic registry but has raised concerns regarding consent, privacy, and coercive implementation. Critically analyze the implications of APAAR in light of India’s Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) strategy and the Right to Privacy judgment (2017). (250 words) Policy Context NEP 2020 Foundation: APAAR aligns with the technological overhaul proposed in the NEP, following the precedent of UDISE+ for data collection and management. Part of India’s DPI Strategy: APAAR is part of the broader Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) model, similar to Aadhaar and Digi Yatra, where voluntary adoption often transitions into de facto compulsion. Absence of Legislative Backing: No legal mandate enforces APAAR enrolment. Yet, states like Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka have set aggressive targets for 100% saturation, making it functionally compulsory. Implementation Challenges and Practices State-Level Coercion Enrolment Targets: States like Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka have ordered schools to ensure 100% coverage, pressuring students and parents into registration. Threats to Parents: Schools have warned of consequences (e.g., denial of services) for non-enrolment, undermining its voluntary nature. Pressure on Institutions: Minority institutions and administrators face scrutiny over data mismatches between APAAR and existing records. Technical Issues Data Entry Errors: Name mismatches and enrolment failures are echoing the Aadhaar rollout problems, leading to exclusions. De Facto Mandate Precedent Similar to Aadhaar: APAAR follows the pattern of Aadhaar’s early voluntary phase, where widespread implementation led to eventual compulsory adoption, bypassing consent. Legal and Ethical Concerns Violation of Consent Lack of Informed Consent: Parents and students are often not informed that APAAR is voluntary, with enrolment framed as compulsory. Coercive Tactics: Threats from schools and state officials contradict the Ministry’s official stance, undermining trust in DPI initiatives. Supreme Court Ruling (Right to Privacy, 2017) Justice K.S. Puttaswamy Case: The Supreme Court ruled that Aadhaar cannot be mandated for basic education. APAAR’s Aadhaar Linkage: Although not legally compulsory, APAAR’s functional dependence on Aadhaar violates the spirit of the ruling. Data Protection and Privacy Risks Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP), 2023: Not yet operational, leaving APAAR’s data security claims unverified. Potential Data Misuse: Without robust legal safeguards, centralized academic records may be vulnerable to privacy breaches and unauthorized access. Broader Implications Privacy and Security Risks Mass Digitization of Academic Records: Without safeguards, students’ sensitive data could be misused or compromised. Aadhaar’s History of Leaks: Raises concerns over data protection failures. Equity and Accessibility Concerns Marginalized Groups at Risk: Rural families, religious minorities, and economically weaker students may face greater coercion or exclusion due to technical barriers. Governance and Democratic Accountability Pattern of Informal DPI Imposition: The rollout of APAAR mirrors the government’s strategy with other DPI initiatives—introduce it as voluntary, enforce it informally, and later legitimize it with a law. Impact on Education Access Risk of Exclusion: If APAAR enrolment is enforced, students who fail to register may face barriers to admissions, scholarships, and government schemes. Arguments For and Against APAAR  In Favor Efficiency: A centralized academic registry could streamline records, reduce fraud, and enhance education planning. Alignment with NEP 2020: Supports the policy vision of a digitally integrated education system. Against Unlawful Enforcement: Contradicts APAAR’s voluntary status and violates judicial precedents. Lack of Legal Safeguards: No legislation or active data protection framework ensures privacy and security. Consent Deficit: Enrolment tactics undermine ethical governance of DPI. Way Forward Legislative Backing Enact a specific law regulating APAAR, defining scope, consent requirements, and penalties for coercion.  Data Protection Enforcement Operationalize the DPDP Act, 2023, ensuring strict data privacy safeguards before expanding APAAR. Awareness Campaigns Educate parents and schools about APAAR’s voluntary nature, promoting informed choice. Phased Rollout with Opt-In Model Conduct pilot programs, addressing technical issues (e.g., name mismatches) before enforcing widespread enrolment. Judicial Oversight Seek Supreme Court clarification on APAAR’s Aadhaar linkage and consent requirements vis-à-vis the privacy ruling. Conclusion  Current State APAAR’s goal of modernizing education records is useful, but its coercive, legally unsupported rollout raises serious concerns about rights and trust.  Need for Balance Without legal backing and consent, APAAR exemplifies DPI’s pitfalls—offering convenience at the cost of autonomy.  Policy Imperative The government must align APAAR with legal and ethical best practices to fulfill its potential as a public good without coercion. A school closure that must be called out The closure of Maharashtra’s only Gondi-medium school highlights the systemic marginalization of Adivasi languages and cultures, despite constitutional safeguards. It reflects deeper issues of state neglect, linguistic discrimination, and the struggle for indigenous identity preservation. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Education , Rights) Practice Question : The closure of Maharashtra’s only Gondi-medium school highlights the challenges faced by tribal communities in preserving their language and culture. Critically analyze the role of the state in promoting linguistic diversity and inclusive education in India. (250 words) Constitutional and Legal Context Article 29: Provides minorities the right to preserve their distinct languages, scripts, and cultures. Article 350(A): Mandates that the state should ensure children from linguistic minorities receive instruction in their mother tongue. Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009: Establishes quality and recognition standards for schools but is being used as a reason for closure instead of supporting indigenous education. Bureaucratic Justification vs. Structural Bias Local administration’s stance: The school lacks registration under the RTE Act, which raises concerns about monitoring standards and future educational prospects of students. Underlying issue: The non-recognition reflects systemic marginalization of Adivasi education, ignoring the importance of mother-tongue learning for better educational outcomes. Historical Perspective: Nehruvian Tribal Policy Jawaharlal Nehru’s vision: Advocated for Adivasi development based on their own cultural and linguistic framework, recognizing the historical damage of colonial assimilation policies. Constitutional Safeguards: Special rights to protect tribal land, language, culture, and customs. Designed to prevent forced assimilation while allowing tribal participation in nation-building. Forces of Absorption and Marginalization Secular absorption: Carried out through state and market forces that disregard Adivasi autonomy. Example: Non-recognition of tribal institutions, including schools. Religious absorption: Denigration, distortion, and erasure of Adivasi spiritual traditions. Seen in policies that do not recognize Adivasi belief systems in national discourse. Linguistic Discrimination in Constitutional Framework Eighth Schedule Bias: Gondi language (29 lakh speakers) is not in the Eighth Schedule. Sanskrit (spoken by <25,000 people) is included and promoted. Implication: State neglects tribal languages, leading to loss of cultural memory and identity. Tribal communities lack institutional support for preserving their linguistic heritage. Oral Tradition and Cultural Erosion Adivasi cultures rely on oral transmission: Myths, religious beliefs, historical narratives. Threats: Deforestation and urbanization disrupt traditional lifestyles. Market-driven homogenization dilutes cultural identity. School closures accelerate loss of linguistic heritage, endangering cultural continuity. Moral and Political Contradiction Selective promotion of languages: “Devbhasha” (Sanskrit) is supported, while “Janbhasha” (Adivasi languages) is ignored. Reflects a socio-political power imbalance rather than democratic representation. State’s moral failure: Neglecting tribal languages contradicts the democratic ethos of “We, the People”. Policy Recommendations and Corrective Measures Immediate recognition of the Gondi-medium school to prevent forced assimilation. Inclusion of Gondi in the Eighth Schedule to ensure state support and preservation. Expansion of mother-tongue education in tribal regions to promote cultural and educational equity. Strengthening of tribal autonomy through grassroots decision-making in education policies.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 15 March 2025

Content: Hike MGNREGS wages to match price rise: parliamentary panel Aditya-L1 mission: scientists observe a flareless coronal mass ejection Scientists from India, U.K. join hands to study healthy brain aging Real-money gaming firms flag spike in offshore betting apps Hike MGNREGS wages to match price rise: parliamentary panel Context : Parliamentary Panel Recommendation The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Rural Development, headed by Congress MP Saptagiri Sankar Ulaka, has strongly recommended revising MGNREGS wages to match rising costs of living. Advocates for a uniform wage rate across the country to ensure fairness, as the scheme is centrally funded. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture) Existing Wage Disparity: Current MGNREGS wages vary significantly across states: Lowest: ₹234/day in Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh. Highest: ₹374/day in Haryana and Sikkim. Wages are linked to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for agricultural labourers, but the panel argues this does not fully reflect inflation’s impact. Pending Wage Dues & Budget Constraints: ₹23,446.27 crore in pending liabilities (as of Feb 15), including ₹12,219.18 crore in wage dues. Budget constraint: ₹86,000 crore allocated for MGNREGS in FY 2024-25. ₹23,446 crore to clear last year’s dues, leaving only ₹62,553.73 crore for actual implementation. This limits the scheme’s effectiveness in ensuring rural livelihood security. West Bengal Funding Suspension: Centre stopped funds to West Bengal for MGNREGS since March 2022, citing corruption allegations. Led to increased distress migration and economic hardships in the state. The committee recommends releasing rightful dues for all eligible years, except the disputed year. Legal and Political Conflict: Centre invoked Section 27 of MGNREGA, 2005, to freeze funds for rule violations. This has strained Centre-State relations, with protests by TMC in Delhi and West Bengal. CM Mamata Banerjee has repeatedly demanded fund release and launched an alternative rural job scheme, Karmashree. Implications: Economic Impact: Delay in wage payments affects rural consumption and economic stability. Non-revision of wages despite inflation reduces the effectiveness of MGNREGS as a social safety net. Political Fallout: Highlights Centre-State tensions over federal fiscal relations. Potential electoral impact in West Bengal amid protests and alternative schemes. Policy Recommendations: Timely wage payments to ensure rural livelihood security. Reform in wage calculation methodology for accurate inflation adjustments. Restoration of funds to West Bengal, ensuring accountability without harming beneficiaries. Aditya-L1 mission: scientists observe a flareless coronal mass ejection Background: Aditya-L1 Mission: India’s first scientific mission dedicated to studying the Sun. VELC Instrument: The Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC), developed by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), Bengaluru, was used for observations. Relevance : GS 3(Science , Technology) Significant Observations Scientists from IIA observed a flareless CME using VELC. The event was recorded on July 5, 2024, with no associated solar flare. The instrument enables observations closer to the solar corona’s base and captures data at shorter time intervals than other coronagraphs in orbit. Scientific Insights The data provides insights into magnetic instabilities on the Sun that trigger flares and CMEs. This helps in understanding the differentiation between flare-associated and flareless CMEs. The study will soon be published in the Astrophysical Journal. Importance of Continuous Monitoring Increasing CME Activity: The Sun is approaching the maximum phase of Solar Cycle 25, leading to more frequent CMEs. VELC’s Advantage: Helps in uninterrupted monitoring of the Sun for CMEs. Observes CMEs near the solar limb, allowing better correlation studies between CMEs and flares. Understanding CMEs & Flares Both CMEs and solar flares are explosive events caused by magnetic reconnection. Solar flares: Primarily release electromagnetic radiation. CMEs: Massive plasma eruptions, carrying trillions of kilograms of solar material, and can travel at speeds up to 3,000 km/s. Unresolved Mystery: The exact relationship between CMEs and solar flares remains ambiguous. Conclusion The Aditya-L1 mission, particularly the VELC payload, is enhancing solar research by providing detailed insights into CMEs and their origins. This research contributes to space weather predictions, which are crucial for protecting satellites and communication systems on Earth. Scientists from India, U.K. join hands to study healthy brain aging India and the UK have partnered to advance research on healthy brain aging using AI, biomarkers, and diverse population studies. Relevance : GS 2(international Relations) , GS 3(Science) International Partnership: Centre for Brain Research (CBR), IISc and UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI) launched a collaboration. Focus on scientific innovation and understanding of brain health. Objectives & Methods: Integration of blood-based biomarkers, AI-driven data analysis, and digital cognitive monitoring tools. Aim to prevent cognitive decline through advanced research. Diverse Population Studies: Utilization of Indian and UK research cohorts covering urban and rural populations. Collaboration with Health Data Research UK for epidemiological data analysis. Strategic Collaborative Framework: Establishment of cross-institutional collaboration. Includes structured research internships, joint educational initiatives, and resource-sharing. Focus Areas: Fluid Biomarkers: Helps in early diagnosis and personalized treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. AI-Powered Data Infrastructure: Integration of clinical and biological data to enhance research efficiency. Significance: Potential to address pressing health challenges related to aging. Strengthens global understanding of brain health. Aims to improve lives globally through technological and research advancements. Real-money gaming firms flag spike in offshore betting apps Indian real-money gaming (RMG) firms are struggling with high taxation (28% GST) while illegal offshore betting apps, which evade regulations and taxes, are growing rapidly. This has led to industry consolidation and calls for policy intervention to curb offshore competition. Relevance : GS 2(governance) ,GS 3(Economy) Key Concerns of Indian RMG Firms Indian real-money gaming (RMG) firms are concerned about the rapid growth of illegal offshore betting apps. High taxation (28% GST) on legal Indian RMG firms is driving players to offshore platforms that evade regulation and taxation. Offshore betting platforms use tactics like domain switching and “mule” bank accounts to avoid detection and taxation. Growth of Offshore Betting Apps Offshore apps are growing at a 30% CAGR, similar to the early growth of legal RMG firms before GST was imposed. In contrast, Indian RMG firms’ growth has slowed to 10%-15% due to high taxation and operational costs. A 2024 Think Change Forum report estimates the illegal betting market at ₹8.2 lakh crore, with rapid expansion. Regulatory & Enforcement Challenges Indian authorities have cracked down on some illegal apps (e.g., Mahadev app). However, foreign-based apps (e.g., 1xBet) are harder to regulate as they frequently switch banking providers. Despite industry appeals, the government has not reconsidered its taxation policies. Industry Consolidation Rising financial strain due to taxation has led to consolidation in the RMG industry: Head Digital Works acquired Adda52 for ₹491 crore. Nazara Technologies acquired a major stake in PokerBaazi (Moonshine Technology). OneVerse acquired PokerDangal. Regulatory Uncertainty & Industry Response The IT Rules, 2023 remain in a standby mode, with no self-regulatory body formally recognized yet. In response, Indian RMG firms are: Supporting studies that show playtime limits’ effectiveness. Introducing a code of ethics to reaffirm existing consumer protection measures. Policy Implications The Indian government faces a trade-off between maintaining high taxation on legal RMG firms and preventing the proliferation of unregulated offshore betting platforms. A potential policy response could involve reducing GST on legal RMG firms while strengthening enforcement against offshore apps. Lack of action could further weaken the domestic RMG industry while offshore betting apps continue to grow unchecked.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 13 March 2025

CONTENT: White Revolution 2.0 MEASURES TO CURB DRUG TRAFFICKING White Revolution 2.0 Launch & Objective Initiated by the Ministry of Cooperation on September 19, 2024. Aims to boost milk production and expand dairy cooperatives. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture ) Implementing Body Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD). Key Schemes Rashtriya Gokul Mission – Enhances indigenous bovine breeds & milk productivity. National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD) – Strengthens procurement & processing infrastructure. Supporting Dairy Cooperatives & Farmer Producer Organisations (SDCFPO) – Aids dairy cooperatives. Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF) – Funds infrastructure growth. Goals & Progress Target: Increase cooperative milk procurement to 1,007 lakh kg/day by 2028-29. Progress (as of March 12, 2025): 2.35 lakh dairy cooperative societies established/strengthened. Milk production (2023-24): 239.30 million tonnes (63.56% increase in a decade). State-wise Data (2023-24) State Production (‘000 tonnes) Per Capita Availability (g/day) Sales (LLPD) Uttar Pradesh 38,780 450 21.06 Rajasthan 34,733 1,171 29.88 Gujarat 18,312 700 65.84 (highest sales) Karnataka 13,463 543 52.69 Punjab 14,000 1,245 (highest per capita) 12.88 National Average 2,39,299 471 438.25 Karnataka’s Dairy Growth Milk Procurement Growth: 51.61 LKgPD (2013-14) → 82.98 LKgPD (2023-24). KMF Network: 15,888 societies across 24,000 villages (2024-25). Quality Improvement: Training programs in northern Karnataka. Consumption Data Issue: 2019 estimate: 162.4 million tonnes, but lacks updated figures. Key Insights Karnataka ranks 7th in production but 2nd in sales (52.69 LLPD) – strong market penetration. Punjab has the highest per capita availability (1,245 g/day), while Bihar lags (277 g/day). Uttar Pradesh leads in production but lacks sales efficiency. Implications & Challenges Positive Outcomes Expansion of cooperatives and genetic upgradation for sustainability. Infrastructure schemes aim to reduce wastage & boost farmer income. Challenges  Lack of consumption data complicates demand-supply balance. Production-sales mismatch (e.g., UP) indicates distribution inefficiencies. Conclusion White Revolution 2.0 strengthens India’s dairy industry, with Karnataka as a success model. To meet 2028-29 targets, bridging regional disparities and aligning production with demand are crucial. White Revolution 1.0 – Operation Flood Launched in 1970 by NDDB under Dr. Verghese Kurien. Objective: Transform India into the world’s largest milk producer. Phases: Implemented in three stages (1970-1996). Key Strategies Establishment of dairy cooperatives. Improvement of cattle breeds. Creation of a National Milk Grid. Achievements Milk Production Surge: 21.2 million tonnes (1970) → 69.1 million tonnes (1996) (226% increase). Farmers Empowered, import dependency reduced, India became self-sufficient in dairy. MEASURES TO CURB DRUG TRAFFICKING Drug trafficking poses a serious threat to national security, public health, and socio-economic stability. To combat this menace, the government has adopted a multi-faceted approach, integrating structural reforms, enforcement measures, technology, and international cooperation. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) Structural Measures Narco-Coordination Centre (NCORD): A 4-tier system ensuring coordination between Central and State drug enforcement agencies, supported by the NCORD portal for data sharing. Anti-Narcotics Task Force (ANTF): Present in each State/UT, led by an ADG/IG-level officer, serving as the NCORD Secretariat to enforce decisions. Joint Coordination Committee (JCC): Chaired by the NCB Director General, overseeing investigations of major drug seizures. Enforcement Enhancements Empowered Forces: BSF, Assam Rifles, SSB, and RPF authorized under the NDPS Act, 1985, for search, seizure, and arrests at borders and railways. Joint Operations: NCB collaborates with the Navy, Coast Guard, BSF, and State ANTFs for coordinated anti-trafficking efforts. NCB Expansion: Regional Offices: Increased from 3 to 7 (new: Amritsar, Guwahati, Chennai, Ahmedabad). Zonal Units: Expanded from 13 to 30 (new: Gorakhpur, Siliguri, Agartala, Itanagar, Raipur; 12 sub-zones upgraded). Staff Strength: Increased to 1,496 with 536 new posts, focusing on cyber, legal, and enforcement roles. Narco-Canine Pool: Established at 10 NCB Zonal Offices to aid drug detection. Technological and Public Engagement Darknet & Crypto Task Force: Under the Multi-Agency Centre, monitors digital platforms, tracks trends, and updates databases to disrupt online trafficking. MANAS Helpline (1933): A 24/7 toll-free helpline enabling citizens to report drug issues via calls, SMS, chatbots, emails, and web-links. Forensic Upgrades: Central Government supports states in enhancing forensic labs for better investigations. International and Maritime Focus Maritime Security Group (NSCS): Established in November 2022 under the National Security Council Secretariat to counter maritime drug trafficking. Global Cooperation: NCB holds DG-level talks with Myanmar, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and other nations to tackle cross-border and maritime drug trafficking. Capacity Building Training Programs: NCB conducts continuous training for drug law enforcement officers to improve skills and coordination. Strengths:  Robust Coordination: NCORD, ANTF, and JCC ensure seamless inter-agency collaboration.  Expanded NCB Reach: Increased regional presence and staffing boost operational capacity.  Tech-Driven Initiatives: Darknet Task Force and MANAS Helpline modernize drug enforcement efforts. Challenges: Implementation Gaps: Requires consistent funding and inter-agency synergy. Local Loopholes: Corruption and enforcement bottlenecks may hinder effectiveness. Impact Potential: A well-executed combination of enforcement, technology, and public reporting could significantly disrupt trafficking networks.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 13 March 2025

Content: Welcome Gesture What the recent GDP data revisions reveal The dangerous illusion cast by development rankings Welcome Gesture Context & Recent Developments The Election Commission of India (ECI) has invited political parties for discussions to strengthen electoral processes. This marks a shift from its earlier defensive stance against Opposition grievances. Issues such as voter registration, turnout discrepancies, and transparency have been contentious. Relevance : GS 2(Election Commission) Practice Question : The Election Commission of India has played a crucial role in upholding the integrity of elections. However, concerns regarding transparency and impartiality persist. Discuss the recent initiatives of the ECI in addressing these concerns and suggest reforms to further strengthen electoral democracy in India. (250 words)  Significance of This Shift Enhancing Trust: The ECI’s openness to dialogue can help rebuild confidence in electoral democracy. Reducing Polarization: Political parties often allege bias in election administration. Regular engagement can ease tensions. Addressing Concerns Proactively: Instead of reacting defensively, the ECI can now address issues such as: Delays in publishing voter turnout figures Functioning of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) Campaign regulation and hate speech control Key Issues in Electoral Governance Voter Registration Discrepancies Duplicate voter entries across different polling locations. Need for better verification and database management. Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) Scepticism Persistent doubts despite multiple audits and tests. Proactive awareness campaigns can improve voter confidence. Level Playing Field in Campaigns Allegations of bias in favor of ruling parties. Strict enforcement of Model Code of Conduct (MCC) needed. Transparency & Communication Timely and detailed release of election-related data. Regular briefings with all stakeholders for clarity.  Long-Term Electoral Reforms Needed Structural Changes: Selection of Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners needs a bipartisan mechanism (currently under Supreme Court review). Strengthening Election Oversight: More autonomy and checks to ensure fair conduct. Regulating Hate Speech & Campaign Financing: Stricter laws and monitoring.  Way Forward Institutional Reforms: Strengthen accountability mechanisms within ECI. Regular Stakeholder Engagement: Institutionalize dialogues with parties and civil society. Public Awareness Campaigns: Educate voters on electoral processes and safeguards. What the recent GDP data revisions reveal The recent GDP data revisions by the NSO indicate higher-than-expected real and nominal growth rates but highlight concerns over investment trends, consumption patterns, and fiscal constraints. These revisions impact medium-term growth prospects and policymaking strategies. Relevance : GS 3(Economy) Practice Question : The recent GDP data revisions indicate structural trends in India’s economic growth. Analyze the key findings and discuss the challenges in achieving the projected GDP growth for 2025-26. (250 words) Key Highlights of GDP Revisions Third Quarter Growth: Q3 2024-25 real GDP growth = 6.2% (up from Q2 growth of 5.6%). Agriculture: Strong performance (5.6% growth). Manufacturing: Marginal improvement (3.5% growth vs. 2.1% in Q2). Services (Trade, Hospitality, etc.): Growth rose to 6.7% (from 6.1% in Q2). Annual GDP Revisions: 2022-23: Revised real GDP growth 7.6%. 2023-24: Revised up from 8.2% to 9.2%. 2024-25: Estimated at 6.5% (subject to final revisions). Sectoral Upward Revisions: Manufacturing: Revised up by 2.4 percentage points. Financial & Real Estate Services: Increased by 1.9 percentage points. Understanding the Q2 Slowdown and Q4 Challenges Q2 (2024-25) GDP decline to 5.6% attributed to: Lower Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE) contribution (from 4.3 to 3.3 percentage points). Investment contribution to GDP fell from 2.3 to 2.0 percentage points. Q4 (2024-25) Target Growth of 7.6% – Feasibility Concerns PFCE Growth Requirement: Needs to grow at 9.9%, which is unlikely. Investment Growth: Government capital expenditure needs to be ₹2.61 lakh crore in Feb-March 2025, but historical trends suggest shortfall. Risk: GDP growth may be revised downward from 6.5%. Investment, ICOR & Savings Trends Gross Capital Formation Growth: Dropped from 10.5% (2023-24) to 5.8% (2024-25). Implication: Lower investment-driven growth. Incremental Capital-Output Ratio (ICOR): 2022-23 = 4.8 2023-24 = 4.0 (sharp decline) 2024-25 = 5.5 (rise indicates less efficient investment). Policy Impact: Higher ICOR makes growth more capital-intensive. Savings Rate Concern: 30.7% in 2023-24 (below pre-COVID avg. of 31.2%). Nominal investment rate must increase to sustain long-term growth. Future Growth Prospects for 2025-26 Nominal GDP Growth: Likely higher than Budget’s 10.1% assumption. Real GDP Growth (Economic Survey Projection): Range: 6.3% – 6.8% Midpoint Projection: 6.55% Growth Strategy: Investment-Led Growth: Key to medium-term expansion. PFCE-to-GDP ratio rise: Could boost consumption but may reduce investment. Policy Focus: Higher savings & capital formation. Conclusion: Implications for Policymakers Short-Term Challenge: Achieving Q4’s implied 7.6% growth is difficult. Medium-Term Focus: Stabilizing investment growth amid global uncertainty. Long-Term Strategy: Investment-led growth remains viable, but efficiency of capital deployment must improve. The dangerous illusion cast by development rankings Context : Flawed Metrics of Development The Human Development Index (HDI) ranks countries based on life expectancy, education, and income but ignores environmental impact. High-ranking HDI countries, such as Norway and Switzerland, have some of the highest per capita resource consumption and carbon footprints. If all nations followed their development model, the planet would collapse due to overconsumption and ecological degradation. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Practice Question : Critically examine the limitations of international development rankings such as the Human Development Index (HDI) in addressing environmental sustainability. Suggest alternative frameworks for measuring progress that align with ecological realities. (250 words) The Inherent Contradiction High-income countries have exceeded planetary boundaries in greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, pollution, and biodiversity loss. The Planetary Pressures-adjusted HDI (PHDI), introduced in 2020, attempts to account for environmental damage but remains a relative measure rather than an absolute ecological threshold. Even with PHDI adjustments, Nordic countries still rank high because they perform better than others like Qatar, not because they are truly sustainable. The Need for a New Development Model Development should be measured in terms of sustainability rather than wealth accumulation. Middle-income countries such as Costa Rica and Sri Lanka provide better models: Costa Rica: High life expectancy, universal health care, and near-universal literacy while maintaining a low ecological footprint through renewable energy and forest conservation. Sri Lanka: Achieved strong health and education indicators but suffers from economic instability, inflation, and ethnic conflicts, highlighting the need for political and economic stability. Lessons for India India, with 1.4 billion people, cannot afford the resource-intensive model of affluent nations. Instead, it must prioritize sustainability, balancing economic growth with ecological limits. Policies should focus on: Decentralized renewable energy to reduce fossil fuel dependence. Sustainable agriculture and water management to ensure food security. Social justice and equitable distribution of resources to prevent economic and ethnic conflicts. Rethinking “Progress” in the 21st Century Traditional development metrics (HDI, GDP) fail to address planetary limits. The new approach should focus on: Ecological resilience: Development that preserves natural resources. Social well-being: Ensuring that growth benefits all sections of society. Intergenerational equity: A sustainable future for coming generations. True progress means creating a world where dignity, sustainability, and equity coexist, rather than blindly chasing high HDI scores.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 13 March 2025

Content: In Mauritius, Prime Minister says ‘free, open, and secure’ Indian Ocean priority for both countries Should India focus on its global image or domestic concerns? Is the government stifling the online gaming sector? Lok Sabha passes Bill to boost investments in oil and gas sector Indian Railways to dig ponds under govt.’s Mission Amrit Sarovar APAAR ID system voluntary, but activists and parents raise concern over growing mandates The promise of mycelium bricks against climate change  In Mauritius, Prime Minister says ‘free, open, and secure’ Indian Ocean priority for both countries India strengthens strategic, economic, and security ties with Mauritius, reaffirming support for its sovereignty over Chagos and enhancing Indian Ocean cooperation. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Indian Ocean Priority: PM Narendra Modi emphasized a “free, open, secure, and safe” Indian Ocean as a common priority for India and Mauritius. Support for Chagos Sovereignty: India reaffirmed support for Mauritius’s sovereignty over the Chagos Archipelago, aligning with the UK-Mauritius agreement of 2024. Trade & Economic Cooperation: Agreement to settle trade issues through local currencies. India to launch development projects worth MUR 500 million. Security & Defence Cooperation: India to assist in establishing a Police Academy and National Maritime Information Sharing Centre in Mauritius. Commitment to protecting Mauritius’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Defence collaboration through regional forums like the Colombo Security Conclave and Indian Ocean Rim Association. Military Base at Diego Garcia: Agreement ensures unhindered operation of the Diego Garcia military base for 99 years. Cultural Ties: India to assist Mauritian travelers in Char Dham Yatra and Ramayana Trail. Honours & Agreements: Modi conferred Grand Commander of the Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean. Eight MoUs signed, including an agreement between India’s Enforcement Directorate and Mauritius’s Financial Crimes Commission. Strategic Implications: Strengthens India’s Indian Ocean outreach and regional security cooperation. Enhances economic and trade ties with a key maritime neighbor. Reinforces India’s geopolitical stance against external influences in the Indian Ocean region. Should India focus on its global image or domestic concerns? Debate over whether India should prioritize its global image or focus on pressing domestic concerns like poverty and farmer protection. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Global Presence: India’s leadership at the G20 Summit has strengthened its diplomatic standing but sparked debates on whether resources should be allocated to global image-building or domestic needs. Survey Insights: A Lokniti-CSDS study (5,248 respondents across 50 cities) reveals mixed public opinion on priorities. Public Opinion on Global vs. Domestic Priorities Poverty Alleviation vs. Global Image: 42% believe funds for city beautification (G20) should be redirected to poverty relief. 29% support prioritizing India’s global image through international events. Class Divide in Opinions: Lower-income groups: 36% favor spending on poverty alleviation. Upper-income groups: 39% support boosting India’s image, but 42% also back poverty relief. Trade Liberalization & Public Concerns Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the EU: 37% support increasing exports for global market strength. 39% prefer restricting exports to focus on domestic markets. Agriculture & Import Policies: 64% favor limiting food grain imports to protect Indian farmers. Only 12% support increasing food imports at the cost of local farmers. Policy Dilemma & Future Challenges The government aims to enhance global standing via trade agreements and summits. Public opinion reflects a demand for balancing foreign policy with domestic economic concerns. The upcoming FTA with the EU will test how well India can align global economic ambitions with public sentiment. Is the government stifling the online gaming sector? Despite its high growth potential, the online gaming sector faces a 28% GST burden, retrospective tax demands, and regulatory uncertainty, which could stifle startups, push users to illegal platforms, and hinder India’s global competitiveness. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Taxation ) Economic Potential of Online Gaming: Online skill-based gaming is a high-growth industry with ₹33,000 crore revenue in 2023, projected to double to ₹66,000 crore by 2028 (PwC report). The sector can generate 2-3 lakh additional jobs in the next few years. India, with 650 million smartphone users and a young population, has the potential to become a global leader. Regulatory & Tax Burden: 28% GST imposed on online gaming, equating it with public harms like gambling, liquor, and tobacco. The ₹1.12 lakh crore retrospective GST demand is a major setback for startups. State bans on online gaming (e.g., Karnataka, Telangana) were overturned by courts as unconstitutional, affirming “games of skill” are legal. Challenges & Risks: Small startups may shut down due to excessive tax burdens. Overregulation could push users towards illegal offshore betting platforms. Industry faces perception issues, with concerns over gaming addiction and responsible gaming practices. Suggested Solutions: Rationalise GST rates to support industry growth. Collaborate with industry to craft a balanced regulatory framework. Drop the retrospective tax demand to prevent stifling the sector’s expansion. Lok Sabha passes Bill to boost investments in oil and gas sector The Bill amends the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Act, 1948, delinking petroleum from mining operations, ensuring lease stability, and decriminalizing certain offenses. While it aims to boost FDI and regulatory clarity, critics argue it lacks a long-term vision for energy security and domestic exploration incentives. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Energy Security) Highlights of the Bill Amendment to 1948 Act: The Bill seeks to modify the existing Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Act, 1948, to attract investments. Delinking Petroleum & Mining Operations: Separates petroleum operations from mining activities to streamline regulations. Investment Boost: Aims to address concerns of global oil firms by ensuring stability in lease tenure and operational conditions. State Rights Unaffected: States will continue granting petroleum leases and receiving royalties. Level Playing Field: No preference given to private or public sector companies. Decriminalization of Offenses: Certain provisions replaced with penalties and adjudication mechanisms. Government’s Justification Fuel Price Stability: Union Minister Hardeep Singh Puri highlighted that petrol and diesel prices have reduced in India due to central excise duty cuts. Attracting FDI in Oil & Gas: The Bill removes legal uncertainties, offering a more predictable regulatory environment. Criticism & Opposition Views Lack of Long-term Vision: Congress MP Manish Tewari argued that the Bill does not provide a roadmap for making India energy-sufficient. No Incentives for Independent Oil Explorers: The Bill lacks provisions to encourage domestic oil exploration. Dependence on Oil Imports: Critics argue that the Bill does not address India’s long-term energy security concerns. Potential Implications Enhanced Foreign Investments: A more stable policy framework may attract global energy firms. Regulatory Clarity: Simplified rules could lead to faster project approvals and reduced legal disputes. Energy Security Concerns Persist: The Bill does not outline strategies for reducing dependence on oil imports. Indian Railways to dig ponds under govt’s Mission Amrit Sarovar Context & Background Mission Amrit Sarovar: Launched in April 2022 to construct/rejuvenate 75 ponds per district across India. Objective: Address water scarcity, improve groundwater recharge, and promote sustainable water management. Progress: By October 2024, over 68,000 ponds have been completed. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure , Environment and Ecology) Phase 2 of the Mission Renewed Focus: Community participation (Jan Bhagidaari) for inclusive water conservation. Climate resilience & ecological balance to ensure long-term sustainability. Target: Completion of a significant number of ponds by August 15, 2025. Role of Indian Railways Key Responsibilities: Desilting & excavation of existing water bodies. Construction of new ponds in railway-adjacent areas. Implementation Strategy: Coordination with district authorities to identify suitable sites. Excavated soil to be reused for railway embankments, reducing waste and cutting costs. Collaboration with the Rural Development Ministry for execution. Significance & Impact Water Security: Enhanced availability of surface & groundwater resources. Sustainability: Strengthening climate resilience & ecological balance. Infrastructure Efficiency: Utilizing excavated material for railway projects reduces environmental impact. Community Engagement: Encourages local participation in water conservation efforts. Challenges & Way Forward Land Identification: Effective coordination with local authorities for suitable sites. Maintenance & Monitoring: Ensuring long-term upkeep of rejuvenated water bodies. Integration with Other Policies: Aligning with programs like Jal Shakti Abhiyan for a holistic approach. APAAR ID system voluntary, but activists and parents raise concern over growing mandates The APAAR ID system, though officially optional, is increasingly mandated through directives like CBSE’s push for full enrolment and state-level enforcement, raising concerns over data privacy, Aadhaar linkage, and potential denial of education. With no dedicated legal safeguards, its implementation contradicts Supreme Court rulings on Aadhaar’s role in education access. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Education) Voluntary in Principle, Mandatory in Practice: The APAAR ID system is officially voluntary, but directives like the CBSE’s push for 100% saturation have raised concerns. Some states like Uttar Pradesh are linking it to school enrolment, making opting out difficult. Link to Aadhaar and Data Privacy Risks: APAAR requires Aadhaar linking, leading to data mismatches and bureaucratic hurdles. Privacy advocates warn about inadequate data protection measures for minors’ sensitive information. No dedicated legal framework governs APAAR’s data collection and usage policies. Legal and Constitutional Concerns: K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2019) ruled that Aadhaar cannot be mandatory for access to basic education. Advocacy groups argue that coercive APAAR enrolment contradicts this judgment. State-Level Enforcement and Parental Pushback: In U.P., APAAR is being used to verify school enrolments, with officials held accountable for discrepancies. Madrasas in Bahraich were warned of de-recognition if they did not enrol students in APAAR. Some parents, with the help of advocacy groups, have successfully resisted APAAR enrolment in schools. Implications Potential Denial of Education: If APAAR becomes effectively compulsory, students without it may face barriers to education and benefits. Lack of Legal Safeguards: Absence of a dedicated data protection law leaves student data vulnerable to misuse. Precedent for Future Policies: If Aadhaar-linked IDs become routine for education, similar mandates may extend to other public services. The promise of mycelium bricks against climate change Introduction: The Need for Sustainable Construction The construction industry is a major contributor to climate change, particularly through the production of fired clay bricks. Nearly 300 million tonnes of CO₂ emissions are generated annually from brick manufacturing. Urbanization is expected to increase this burden, necessitating alternative materials. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) What Are Mycelium Bricks? Mycelium refers to the vegetative part of fungi, composed of branching filaments. These bricks are made by combining husk, sawdust, and fungal spores, creating a lightweight, insulative, and biodegradable material. Within a few days, the fibrous network solidifies, forming a sturdy structure. Advantages of Mycelium Bricks  Sustainability – Biodegradable and significantly lower carbon footprint. Lightweight – Easier to transport and install. Thermal Insulation – Good heat resistance, making it energy-efficient. Fire Resistance – Naturally resists flames without releasing toxic fumes. Versatile Applications – Potential uses in interior design, liquid filters, sports equipment, and electronics. Challenges & Limitations  Low Load-Bearing Capacity – Cannot replace concrete for heavy structures. Moisture Sensitivity – Absorbs water, making it unsuitable for damp environments. Biodegradability – While an advantage, it also limits long-term structural use. Production Cost & Infrastructure – Scaling up production remains expensive. Susceptibility to Termites – Needs additional protective treatment. Possible Solutions Strength Enhancement: Research on hybrid materials to improve load-bearing capacity. Fire & Moisture Resistance: Non-toxic flame retardants and UV-protective coatings. Policy & Market Push: Government incentives and awareness campaigns to promote adoption. Future Outlook The demand for sustainable materials is increasing, driven by climate concerns and innovations in high-performance buildings. Startups and research institutions, like Roha Biotech (IIT Madras), are working on improving the feasibility of mycelium bricks. With policy support and R&D investments, mycelium-based construction could become a viable alternative to traditional bricks.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 12 March 2025

Content: Parvatmala: National Ropeways Development Programme PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana Crosses Milestone of 10 Lakh Installations Parvatmala: National Ropeways Development Programme Introduction The Parvatmala Pariyojana is a National Ropeways Development Programme launched to enhance last-mile connectivity in hilly and remote regions. Announced in Budget 2022, the initiative focuses on Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode under the National Highway Logistics Management Limited (NHLML). Aim: Develop over 250 ropeway projects covering 1,200 km within five years. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure ) Need for Ropeway Infrastructure Geographical Challenges: Rail and air transport networks are limited, while road construction in hilly terrains faces engineering difficulties. Last-Mile Connectivity: Ropeways offer direct access to remote areas, reducing travel time. Tourism & Pilgrimage Support: Provides efficient and safe connectivity to religious and tourist sites. Border Area Strengthening: Supports vibrant border villages, enhancing national security. Features of Parvatmala Pariyojana Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Model Sustainable & Eco-friendly Transport 50% Indigenous Components (Aligned with ‘Make in India’ initiative) Minimal Land Acquisition Requirement Low Carbon Footprint & Energy Efficiency  Major Ropeway Projects Under Parvatmala A. Approved Projects in Uttarakhand Govindghat – Hemkund Sahib Ji Ropeway Length: 12.4 km Cost: ₹2,730.13 crore Technology: Monocable & Tricable Detachable Gondola Passenger Capacity: 1,100 per hour per direction Impact: Replaces 21-km trek with a modern transport system. Enhances access to Hemkund Sahib Ji and Valley of Flowers (UNESCO Heritage Site). Boosts local economy via tourism, employment, and business growth.  Sonprayag – Kedarnath Ropeway Length: 12.9 km Cost: ₹4,081.28 crore Technology: Tri-cable Detachable Gondola (3S) Passenger Capacity: 1,800 per hour per direction Impact: Reduces travel time from 8-9 hours to 36 minutes. Provides all-weather, safe connectivity for 20 lakh annual pilgrims. Strengthens tourism industry & local economy. B. Other Key Ropeway Projects Urban Ropeways Varanasi Urban Ropeway: India’s first urban ropeway to ease congestion. Length: 3.85 km, Capacity: 96,000 passengers/day. Upcoming & Awarded Ropeways Gaurikund – Kedarnath Ropeway (9.7 km) (Altitude: 3,584m) Bijli Mahadev Ropeway (Himachal Pradesh) Mahakaleshwar Temple Ropeway (Madhya Pradesh) Shankaracharya Temple Ropeway (J&K) Kamakhya Temple Ropeway (Assam) Benefits of Ropeways A. Economic Advantages Lower Construction & Maintenance Costs: Single power plant & operator reduce operational expenses. Employment Generation: Creates jobs in construction, operation & maintenance. Boost to Local Businesses: Encourages tourism, hospitality & transport sectors. B. Environmental & Technical Benefits Minimal Land Requirement: Uses narrow vertical supports, reducing land use conflicts. Eco-Friendly: Low emissions compared to roads & railways. Efficient in Steep Terrains: Handles large slopes & elevation differences without tunnels or switchbacks. C. Enhancing Connectivity & Mobility Ideal for Difficult Terrains: Serves mountainous, remote & ecologically sensitive areas. Faster Travel: Ropeways bypass traffic & obstacles, providing direct connectivity. Improved Safety: Less prone to landslides, floods, and other natural calamities. Challenges & Way Forward Challenges: High Initial Investment: Significant capital required for advanced technology & infrastructure. Maintenance & Safety: Regular inspection & upkeep needed to ensure safety. Integration with Other Transport Modes: Needs seamless connectivity with roads & railways. Way Forward: Policy Support & Incentives: Government should provide financial aid & tax benefits. Skill Development: Train technicians & operators for efficient ropeway management. Smart Integration: Link ropeways with bus, rail & air networks for multimodal transport efficiency. PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana Crosses Milestone of 10 Lakh Installations Overview of the Scheme World’s largest domestic rooftop solar initiative, launched on 13th February 2024. Aims to provide free electricity to 1 crore residential households via rooftop solar systems by 2026-27. Environmental impact: Reduces carbon emissions, equivalent to planting 100 trees per household. Energy transition: Reduces dependence on conventional power sources, enabling citizens to become energy producers. Relevance : GS 2(Schemes) , GS 3(Infrastructure, Energy Sector) Key Milestones Achieved Total installations (as of 10th March 2025): 10.09 lakh households. Applications received: 47.3 lakh. Subsidy disbursed: ₹4,770 crore to 6.13 lakh beneficiaries. Total rooftop solar capacity installed: Over 3 GW. Target: Additional 27 GW by March 2027. Financial Support & Subsidy Mechanism Collateral-free loans up to ₹2 lakh at 6.75% interest via 12 Public Sector Banks (PSBs). Subsidy structure: Up to ₹78,000 for 3 KW rooftop solar systems. A 3 KW system requires an investment of ₹15,000 and can generate returns of ₹15 lakh over 25 years. Automated loan & subsidy process Loan applications received: 3.10 lakh. Loans sanctioned: 1.58 lakh. Loans disbursed: 1.28 lakh. Subsidy credited within 15 days to beneficiaries’ bank accounts. State-Wise Progress & Achievements Chandigarh & Daman & Diu: Achieved 100% government building rooftop solar targets. Top-performing states: Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu – Significant contribution to overall installation numbers. Government monitoring: Ensuring smooth and timely execution across states. Expansion to Public Infrastructure Government buildings being equipped with solar rooftop systems. Benefits: Reduces operational energy costs. Sets a model for commercial & industrial sectors to follow. Boosting Domestic Manufacturing & Make in India Mandates use of Indian-made solar modules & cells. Local manufacturing push for: Solar inverters. Balance of Plant (BoP) components. Strengthens India’s renewable energy ecosystem. Future Outlook & Challenges Scaling up from 10.09 lakh to 1 crore households. Ensuring last-mile connectivity for installations & financing. Public awareness & adoption to accelerate participation. Expanding financial support mechanisms for wider accessibility. Conclusion PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana is a game-changer in India’s energy transition, empowering households, boosting domestic solar manufacturing, and promoting environmental sustainability. With rapid adoption, government support, and strong financial backing, the scheme is set to play a pivotal role in India’s clean energy future.

Facebook Instagram YouTube LinkedIn TelegramGroup Website TelegramChat
Terms and Conditions Privacy Refund Policy Learning Management System by Testpress