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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 21 January 2025

Content: India’s Need for Supporting Rural Sports Prioritising IMEC is in America’s best interest UGC’s draft regulation has serious constitutional issues We need distinguished jurists as judges India’s Need for Supporting Rural Sports Context : Kho Kho World Cup Success India won both men’s and women’s titles at the inaugural Kho Kho World Cup. Despite the success, kho kho remains a niche sport with limited global popularity. Victory can serve as a stepping stone for the game’s promotion. Relevance : GS 2(Schemes) Practice Question : Critically analyze the state of rural and indigenous sports in India in light of recent achievements like the Kho Kho World Cup. Suggest measures to promote such sports to a global level.(250 words) India’s Performance in Global Sports: India is a superpower in cricket and chess but lags in other international sports.Recent successes in chess include D. Gukesh’s championship and Koneru Humpy’s title. Lack of substantial government and corporate support for chess, even after landmark achievements like the Chess Olympiad double gold. Disappointing Paris Olympics 2024: India won 6 medals but no gold, finishing 71st, below Pakistan and Kyrgyzstan. Highlights the need for better planning, infrastructure, and athlete support. Role of Sports Federations: Poor functioning of many federations is a major hurdle. The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) serves as a model for improving infrastructure and revenue sharing. Rural and Indigenous Sports: Kabaddi’s success with the Pro Kabaddi League demonstrates the potential for promoting rural sports. Government initiatives like Khelo India need a performance audit to assess their impact. Way Forward: Increased government and corporate investment in rural and Olympic sports. Developing infrastructure at grassroots levels, especially for indigenous sports like kho kho. Strategic efforts to diversify sports popularity and make India a multi-sport nation. Prioritising IMEC is in America’s Best Interest Strategic Context: Evolution of U.S.-India Relations: Established as a vital partnership since the 1990s. Built on shared interests: economic growth, regional security, and democratic values. Broad bipartisan consensus supports strengthening ties further. IMEC’s Significance: A multilateral initiative spanning India, the Middle East, and Europe. Aims to create an alternative to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Enhances trade connectivity, energy security, and technological innovation. Relevance: GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question:The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) is being positioned as an alternative to China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Discuss the strategic and economic significance of IMEC for India and the U.S. while highlighting its challenges. (250 words)   IMEC: Objectives and Challenges: Infrastructure Goals: Develop physical and digital infrastructure: railways, shipping, hydrogen pipelines, and digital cables. Reduce transportation costs, diversify supply chains, and promote deeper economic integration. Challenges: Requires substantial investments competing with other national priorities. Demands private-sector engagement with clear ROI pathways. Risk of uneven economic benefits leading to regional tensions. Role of Participating Nations: Proactive Players: France: Appointed a special envoy for IMEC. UAE and Saudi Arabia: Spearheading implementation to strengthen ties with the West. Greece and Italy: Initiating trade agreements to complement IMEC. Opportunities for India: Economic benefits: Lower trade costs, reduced maritime vulnerabilities, and increased FDI. Diplomatic leverage: Strengthened ties with West Asia and Europe. Environmental impact: Leadership in green hydrogen development and decarbonisation efforts. U.S. Leadership in IMEC: Strategic Benefits for the U.S.: Strengthens economic partnerships with India and Middle East allies. Enhances its geopolitical stance by countering China’s BRI. Advances President Trump’s legacy and bipartisan foreign policy goals. Future Outlook: Continuity of U.S. support under changing administrations is crucial. Potential influence of Trump-Modi personal rapport in accelerating IMEC efforts. UGC’s Draft Regulation Has Serious Constitutional Issues Context : UGC Draft Regulation: Proposes amendments to Regulation 2010, expanding the eligibility for vice chancellors to include professionals with 10+ years of experience in industry, public administration, or public policy. Relevance: GS 2(Education ,Governance) Practice Question: Critically analyze the constitutional and legal issues arising from the UGC’s draft regulation on the selection and appointment of vice chancellors, focusing on its implications for federalism and legislative competence. (250 words) Constitutional and Legal Issues: (a) Mandate of the UGC Act, 1956: Objective: Coordination and determination of standards in university education (Section 12). Key Functions: Prescribing qualifications for teaching staff, standards for degrees, and promoting coordination. Issue: Selection and appointment of vice chancellors fall outside the UGC’s mandate under the parent Act. (b) Ultra Vires Concerns: Subordinate legislation (UGC regulations) must align with the parent Act. Expanding eligibility for vice chancellors is not connected to educational standards. High Court Ruling (Suresh Patilkhede Case, 2011): Selection of vice chancellors does not directly impact educational standards and hence falls outside UGC’s scope. (c) Federalism and Legislative Competence: Universities are established under State laws, and State legislatures define vice chancellor qualifications and selection modes. Regulation 7.3.0 of UGC (2010) conflicts with State laws on vice chancellors, raising repugnancy issues under Article 254. Legal Precedents: Suresh Patilkhede Case (2011): UGC regulations cannot override State plenary legislation. Kalyani Mathivanan Case (2015): UGC regulations have binding effect on universities under its purview. However, for State universities, the regulations are only recommendatory. Implications for Federalism: Violation of State Autonomy: Education is on the Concurrent List (Entry 25), but State legislatures have the authority to enact laws for universities under their jurisdiction. Central regulations cannot override specific State laws without valid grounds. Role of Article 254: Regulations are not equivalent to central laws; only parliamentary laws assented by the President can override State laws. The UGC regulation may not have the constitutional authority to supersede State legislation. Broader Concerns: Political and Administrative Tensions: The regulation is perceived as encroaching upon State jurisdiction. Risks undermining cooperative federalism by centralizing decision-making in university governance. Impact on Higher Education Governance: Could politicize the appointment of vice chancellors, reducing institutional autonomy. We Need Distinguished Jurists As Judges Introduction India’s judiciary faces a crisis of vacancies and backlogs, with 371 of 1,122 sanctioned High Court posts vacant and nearly 60 lakh pending cases. Articles 124(3)(c) and 217(2)(c) of the Constitution allow the appointment of “distinguished jurists” as judges, a provision rarely utilized. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary ) Practice Question : Discuss the feasibility and challenges of appointing ‘distinguished jurists’ as judges to address judicial vacancies and backlogs in India. (250 words) Feasibility of Appointing ‘Distinguished Jurists’ Benefits of Academia Integration Specialized Knowledge: Academics bring expertise in complex socio-economic and legal issues. Critical Thinking: Research-based insights enrich judicial decision-making. Global Precedents: Countries like the U.S., Spain, and Kenya have benefited from such appointments. Enhancing Judicial Efficiency Bridging vacancies using untapped talent pools like legal scholars. Reducing workload on judges, improving the depth of case analysis. Synergistic Outcomes Acts as a bridge between legal research and practical adjudication. Encourages dynamic interaction between academic and judicial domains. Challenges in Implementation Procedural and Practical Hurdles Lack of courtroom experience among academics. Limited understanding of procedural and evidentiary rules. Resistance within Judiciary Institutional inertia may resist non-traditional appointments. Potential apprehension about overstepping judicial limits. Training and Adaptation Need for procedural training for academics to function as judges. Way Forward Reintroduce and Amend Provisions Revive Article 217(2)(c) to enable appointments of jurists at High Courts. Streamline procedural mechanisms to make such appointments effective. Government and Collegium Collaboration Strict timelines for filling judicial vacancies. Collaboration between judiciary and academia for transitional training.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 January 2025

Content: Indian Coffee Brews Global Demand From Data to Diagnosis Indian Coffee Brews Global Demand Historical Context Coffee introduced to India in the 1600s by Baba Budan, a Sufi saint, who planted seeds in Karnataka’s Baba Budan Giri hills. Marked the beginning of India’s coffee journey, evolving into a global coffee producer. Relevance: GS 3(Agriculture) Global Standing and Export Growth India ranks 7th globally in coffee production. Coffee exports nearly doubled: FY 2020-21: $719.42 million FY 2023-24: $1.29 billion. Major coffee export destinations: Italy, Belgium, Russia. Jan 2025: Over 9,300 tonnes exported in the first half of the month. Production Highlights Dominated by Arabica and Robusta beans (three-fourths of total production). Export primarily as unroasted beans but increasing demand for value-added products like roasted and instant coffee. Top Coffee-Producing States: Karnataka: 248,020 MT (2022-23). Kerala: 72,425 MT (2022-23). Tamil Nadu: 18,700 MT (2022-23). Cultivation concentrated in Western and Eastern Ghats, biodiversity hotspots with shaded plantations contributing to ecological balance. Domestic Consumption Trends Growth driven by: Cafe culture. Higher disposable incomes. Shift in drinking preferences (from tea to coffee). Domestic consumption increase: 2012: 84,000 tonnes. 2023: 91,000 tonnes. Rising coffee consumption observed in both urban and rural areas.  Government Initiatives and Programs Integrated Coffee Development Project (ICDP): Aims at improving yields and expanding coffee cultivation into non-traditional regions. Focuses on sustainable farming practices. Success story: Araku Valley: 150,000 tribal families collaborate with Coffee Board & ITDA. Production increased by 20% with support from GCC loans. Highlights empowerment of communities under the vision of Aatmanirbhar Bharat. Export and Logistical Support Export incentives and logistical advancements enhancing global competitiveness. Indian coffee positioned as a high-quality product in the international market. Significance of Coffee Ecosystem Contributes to economic empowerment of rural communities. Preserves ecological balance through shaded plantations in biodiversity-rich areas. From Data to Diagnosis Introduction India’s healthcare is undergoing rapid digitalization due to government initiatives and technological advancements. Key objectives: Enhance accessibility, affordability, and efficiency of healthcare, especially for rural areas. Tools: Telemedicine, EHRs, AI-based diagnostics. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Schemes) India’s Potential in Digital Health (WEF Article) Global Leader Role: WEF emphasizes India’s potential to lead digital health globally. Key Pillars: Interoperability: Standardizing data exchange between healthcare stakeholders. Public-Private Partnerships: Driving innovation and scalability. Affordability & Accessibility: Bridging healthcare gaps using digital tools. Scalability: Positioning India’s models as global templates for healthcare equity. Digital Healthcare Infrastructure Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) Components: Health ID, HPR, HFR, UHI. Impact: 73 crore health accounts created; focus on urban-rural healthcare parity. AI Research Collaboration: IIT Kanpur & NHA for advanced AI solutions. Telemedicine (e-Sanjeevani) Modules: OPD for patients, AB-HWC for specialists. COVID-19 accelerated adoption; significant boost to rural healthcare. U-WIN Portal Focus: Digital vaccination services for women and children. Adoption: 7.43 crore beneficiaries registered by November 2024. Aarogya Setu App Transformed into a comprehensive National Health App under ABDM. Services: Scheduling appointments, e-prescriptions, lab reports, vaccination certificates. e-Hospital & e-BloodBank A Digital India initiative for streamlining hospital workflows and blood bank management. Tele Mental Health Programme (Tele-MANAS) Scope: Launched in 2022; operational in 36 States/UTs, handling over 17.6 lakh calls. Policies Shaping Digital Healthcare National Health Policy 2017: Advocates EHRs, telemedicine, and digital health integration. National Health Mission (NHM): Focus on rural infrastructure and marginalized healthcare access. Health Data Management Policy: Emphasizes data privacy, patient consent, and secure exchange. National Digital Health Mission (NDHM): Aims for universal health coverage via digital health tools like UHID and PHR. PM Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM): Strengthening healthcare infrastructure with digital integration. Future Scope Focus Areas: AI diagnostics. Blockchain-based health record systems. Robust cybersecurity frameworks. Global Impact: India is set to establish a scalable, inclusive, and efficient digital health ecosystem, serving as a model for developing nations.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 January 2025

Content : Bihar Teacher’s Quest to Educate Poor Children at Cremation Ground Study Moots Inclusion of 179 Groups in SC, ST, OBC Lists Which Panel is Better for Mullaperiyar, SC Asks States One in Three Indians Wants to Buy an Electric Vehicle Next: Report UGC Regulations or State University Laws? How Many Vehicles Can One Own in the Same City, Asks SC Satellite Projects Aim to Head Off Future Wildfires Bihar teacher’s quest to educate poor children at cremation ground Background of the Initiative: Founder: Sumit Kumar, a 31-year-old teacher, started “Appan Pathshala” in 2017 at Mukti Dham, a cremation ground in Muzaffarpur, Bihar. Target Group: Over 100 children from nearby slums (ages 5-16), primarily from Kundal and Ambedkar Nagar. Relevance : GS 4(Ethics -Leadership) Origins and Motivation: Initial Visit: Kumar, struck by the sight of children scavenging near bodies, decided to start the school after hearing their response: “What would happen if we study?” Challenges: Initially faced resistance from parents but persisted in gaining their trust. Teaching Approach: School Hours: 4 p.m. to 7 p.m., Monday to Saturday. Curriculum: NCERT syllabus for Classes 1-10, with senior students helping juniors. Extra-curriculars: Wushu martial arts twice a week for girls, promoting physical empowerment. Seating: Students sit on mats or sacks due to lack of infrastructure. Impact on Students: Student Stories: Radhika Kumari (Class 7): Values education over location. Mohammad Mubarak: Went from illiterate to able to read and write. Social Mobility: 20-25 students enroll in government schools annually. Support and Recognition: Local Support: Recognized by Muzaffarpur Municipal Corporation, with assistance from friends and local authorities. Financial Support: Kumar’s brother contributes financially. Personal Sacrifice: Kumar has chosen not to marry, dedicating his life to this cause despite holding a master’s degree and LLB. Broader Impact: Breaking Poverty Cycle: Provides a path for marginalized children to escape poverty. Empowerment: Education and martial arts training foster self-confidence and skill development. Social Change: Transforms the lives of children and shifts community perceptions. Sumit Kumar’s Vision: Goal: Enroll children in government schools for formal education and recognized certifications. Social Change: The initiative aims to uplift children who would otherwise remain deprived of opportunities. Study moots inclusion of 179 groups in SC, ST, OBC lists Context : Ethnographic Study: The Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI), along with Tribal Research Institutes (TRIs), conducted a major study on 268 denotified, semi-nomadic, and nomadic tribes, aiming to classify groups unrecognized by previous commissions. Commissioned by NITI Aayog: The three-year study was commissioned by NITI Aayog to assess inclusion of these groups in the SC, ST, and OBC lists across 26 states and UTs. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) Recommendations for Inclusion: 179 Communities: 179 communities recommended for inclusion in SC, ST, or OBC lists, with 85 as new additions. Distribution: 46 for OBC, 29 for SC, and 10 for ST. Geographic Spread: Uttar Pradesh has the highest number of proposed additions (19), with other states like Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, MP, and Rajasthan contributing 8 each. Additional Findings: Correction of Categorization: 9 existing communities recommended for reclassification. ‘Not Traceable’ Communities: 63 communities (20%) are “not traceable,” due to assimilation or migration. Implications: Expansion of Quotas: The recommendations could significantly impact the caste-based quota system, influencing political and social debates on reservation. Census Uncertainty: The timing of the study coincides with concerns over the next Census and caste enumeration, which may affect future quota adjustments. Controversies and Criticisms: Resistance from DNT, NT, and SNT Communities: Some oppose being categorized as SC, ST, or OBC, fearing added discrimination. Proposal for Separate Quota: Calls for a distinct quota or sub-quota for Denotified, Nomadic, and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (DNT, NT, SNT) to address their unique challenges. Potential Impact on Policy: Quota System Recalibration: The inclusion could lead to changes in the caste-based reservation system, affecting education, employment, and welfare programs. Governance Complexity: The Social Justice Ministry is reviewing the recommendations, with final approval pending from NITI Aayog. Which panel is better for Mullaperiyar, SC asks States Dispute: The 129-year-old Mullaperiyar Dam, located in Kerala but owned by Tamil Nadu, has long been a source of conflict over its safety and structural integrity. Supreme Court’s Role: The Court has previously addressed safety concerns. Recently, it questioned whether the existing Supervisory Committee (formed by the Court) or the new Statutory Committee (under the Dam Safety Act, 2021) should manage the dam’s safety. Relevance : GS 2(Polity and Governance) Key Points of Inquiry Court’s Question: Which committee—Supervisory or Statutory—would be more effective in overseeing the dam’s safety? Justice Surya Kant’s Concern: The Court highlighted the need to avoid overlap and dual oversight. Next Hearing: Scheduled for February 19, where both states will present arguments. Dam Safety Act of 2021 National Committee Formation: The Act mandates a National Committee on Dam Safety chaired by the Central Water Commission (CWC) with representatives from both the Centre and States. Functions: Policy and guidelines formation for dam safety. Setting national standards for maintenance and safety. Positions of the States Tamil Nadu’s Argument: Tamil Nadu emphasized cooperation and suggested Kerala was obstructing resolution. Kerala’s Argument: Kerala contended that Tamil Nadu had not properly maintained the dam, located in Kerala. Key Legal Debate Supervisory vs. Statutory Committee: The Court is deliberating which committee is more suited for the dam’s safety. Overlap Concerns: Potential conflicting directives could arise from dual oversight. Safety Risks: The dam’s age and structural pressures make effective governance critical. Impact of the Decision Streamlined Oversight: The Court’s ruling could clarify authority and improve dam safety governance. Potential for Cooperation: A resolution may encourage better cooperation between Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Concluding Observations Specialized Oversight: The case highlights the importance of effective, specialized oversight for critical infrastructure. Dam Safety Act’s Role: While the Act provides a national framework, the specific context of Mullaperiyar requires careful judicial consideration. One in three Indians wants to buy an electric vehicle next: report Vehicle Ownership: Only 3.3% of India’s population owns cars, indicating vast growth potential. EV Interest: 36% of consumers are considering electric vehicles (EVs) for their next purchase, with 30% leaning towards electric two-wheelers. Comparison with Developed Markets: India’s automotive market has more room for growth compared to high-penetration markets like the U.S. and Denmark. Consumer Preferences and Gender Influence Women’s Influence: Women impact 52% of EV purchase decisions, up from 38% for non-EV vehicles in India. Tech Preferences: 41% of two-wheeler owners prefer vehicles with in-built navigation systems, signaling a shift towards tech-savvy vehicles. Barriers to EV Adoption Charging Infrastructure: 50% of consumers are concerned about the availability of charging stations. High Costs: 45% are dissatisfied with the high purchase costs of EVs. Battery Life and Model Variety: One in three are concerned about battery life, while 20% feel current EV models lack variety. Solutions to Overcome Challenges Infrastructure: Expand and improve the discoverability of charging stations. Financing: Offer innovative financing options to reduce acquisition costs. Local Manufacturing: Scale up production to lower costs and increase variety. Battery Health: Enhance transparency on battery life and provide extended warranties. New EV Models: 60% of new EV models will be developed by Indian OEMs to meet diverse consumer needs. Impact of High-Income Households Wealth Growth: A 2.7-fold increase in elite households by 2035 will make higher-priced EVs more affordable, boosting market growth. Preference for Pre-Owned Vehicles First-Time Buyers: 25% of first-time car buyers are interested in pre-owned vehicles. Market Influences: Digitization and trust in local selling platforms are key drivers for the pre-owned vehicle market. Future Trends Car Rentals: Gen Z is 2.7 times more likely to use self-drive rentals, indicating a shift towards on-demand transportation. Influence on Purchases: 85% of rental users are open to purchasing the car model they rented, demonstrating the growing impact of rental experiences on buying decisions. UGC regulations or State university laws? Background: The conflict in Tamil Nadu’s state universities concerns vacant Vice-Chancellor (VC) positions, with a dispute over the composition of the VC search committee. Governor (Chancellor) insists on UGC representation, while the State government adheres to State University Acts, which do not mandate UGC involvement. Relevance :GS 2(Governance) Core Dispute: Can UGC regulations (subordinate legislation) override State University Acts (plenary laws)? This raises the constitutional question of whether delegated legislation can supersede State laws. Constitutional Dimensions: Article 254(1) allows Central laws to override State laws in cases of conflict, but only applies to plenary laws, not delegated legislation (rules/regulations). The Supreme Court has ruled that subordinate legislation cannot override State laws. Previous rulings: Ch. Tika Ramji (1956): Subordinate legislation cannot repeal State laws. University of Delhi vs. Raj Singh (1994): UGC regulations are advisory for State universities. UGC’s Overreach: UGC Regulation 7.3 (on VC appointments) is challenged as executive overreach, as it attempts to impose mandates on State universities where the UGC Act does not directly address VC appointments. The UGC Act governs university staff, not officers like the VC, making the regulation potentially ultra vires (beyond its legal scope). Conflicting Supreme Court Judgments: Kalyani Mathivanan (2015): UGC regulations are not mandatory for State universities unless adopted by the State. P.J. Dharmaraj (2024): UGC regulations apply only if adopted by the State, adding complexity. Need for Constitutional Clarity: A Constitutional Bench is needed to clarify: Article 254(1) applies only to Central vs. State plenary laws, not subordinate legislation. UGC regulations are advisory unless adopted by the State. Delegated legislation cannot override State laws. Broader Implications: The case could have far-reaching implications for Centre-State relations, federalism, and higher education autonomy. Raises concerns about executive overreach and the scope of delegated powers in the federal system. Political and Administrative Impact: The dispute has caused a leadership vacuum in universities, delaying staff appointments and degree awards in states like Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Punjab, highlighting the urgency for resolution. How many vehicles can one own in the same city, asks SC Issue Raised by the Supreme Court: The Supreme Court raised questions about whether there are restrictions on the number of vehicles a person can own in the same city. It also questioned if there are any laws requiring commercial and residential complexes to provide adequate parking spaces for the increasing number of vehicles. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Context of the Query: The court was considering a note prepared by amicus curiae, senior advocate Aparajita Singh, which recommended a robust public transport system to reduce the reliance on private vehicles. This, in turn, could help mitigate the rising levels of pollution and air toxicity in the national capital. Court’s Observations: Justice A.S. Oka, leading the Bench, pointed out the practice of individuals buying multiple vehicles in the same city, which contributes to the congestion and pollution. The court highlighted the issue of parking spaces, noting that in many residential complexes, people own two or three vehicles and yet, there may be insufficient parking spots within the premises. The court called for development regulations to mandate the provision of adequate parking spaces in both residential and commercial complexes, urging that approvals for new developments should be contingent upon ensuring parking availability. Proposed Solutions: The court proposed that public authorities should buy only electric vehicles (EVs) as part of an effort to tackle the pollution problem, noting that electric vehicles are an important part of the solution to reducing emissions. Aishwarya Bhati, Additional Solicitor-General, representing the Commission for Air Quality Management, responded that while the government is moving aggressively towards adopting EVs, a balance needs to be maintained since electricity, a primary power source for EVs, is still largely drawn from coal, which itself contributes to pollution. Parking Policy Recommendations: The court emphasized the need for a comprehensive parking policy due to the growing influx of vehicles in the capital city. The current parking situation, with vehicles often parked on roads, exacerbates traffic congestion and air pollution. Ms. Singh, the amicus curiae, suggested that an integrated and efficient public transportation system would be essential to reduce the reliance on private cars, which are a significant cause of the pollution crisis in Delhi. Next Steps: The Supreme Court plans to hear further arguments on these issues, including the impact of vehicle ownership and parking policies on pollution, on February 3, 2025. Authorities such as the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, the Ministry of Urban Affairs, and the Delhi Development Authority are required to respond to the court’s queries in the next hearing. Satellite projects aim to head off future wildfires Technological Advancements: As wildfires become an increasing threat, especially due to climate change, satellite technology is being harnessed to better predict, detect, and monitor fires globally. This effort is aided by the growing availability of satellite data and cheaper space launches. Relevance:GS 3(Disaster Management ) Satellite Roles in Wildfire Detection: Satellites can detect a variety of wildfire-related phenomena Dry areas prone to outbreaks Active fires (flaming and smoldering) Burnt areas, as well as smoke and trace gas emissions. Types of Satellites: Low-Earth Orbit Satellites (LEO): These satellites orbit at altitudes of less than 1,000 km, providing high-resolution ground images. However, they can only see a given location for a short period as they sweep across the Earth. Geostationary Satellites: Orbit at about 36,000 km, remaining fixed over the same part of the Earth’s surface, offering continuous monitoring. The trade-off is lower resolution images. Challenges with Resolution: The ability to accurately monitor individual structures during wildfires, like houses in Los Angeles, is difficult at lower resolutions. Higher resolution is vital, especially as wildfires increasingly encroach upon human-populated areas. Innovative Satellite Projects: EFA’s New Low-Orbit Satellite Constellation: Brian Collins, director of Earth Fire Alliance, plans to launch a new low-orbit satellite constellation. The constellation will feature satellites with 5-meter resolution, significantly finer than the 10-meter resolution of current systems like ESA’s Sentinel-2. This advancement will help detect smaller fires and provide more detailed data. EFA’s plan includes launching four satellites by 2026, with a $53 million budget, and a 55-satellite network costing around $400 million. OroraTech’s FOREST-3 Nanosatellites: Germany-based OroraTech launched FOREST-3—a nanosatellite system—to deliver fast wildfire alerts and high-quality thermal data. The FOREST-3 system aims to improve detection times and provide more precise data on wildfire locations and behavior. Challenges with Data Management: The sheer volume of data being sent by these satellites poses a significant challenge. ESA’s Sentinel-2 alone sends down 1 terabyte of data daily, equivalent to the storage of a modern laptop. Processing this massive influx of information to extract relevant wildfire data is a complex task. Machine Learning Solutions: Machine learning (ML) techniques are essential in analyzing large data sets, allowing the system to: Detect fire signs in real-time. Predict fire outbreaks and track their progression. Impact of Satellite Data on Wildfire Management: Satellite networks will provide a near real-time view of global fire activity, allowing for more informed decisions on the ground. This data will also play a crucial role in early warning systems and fire prevention efforts, potentially reducing wildfire damage.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 20 January 2025

Content: Railway Protection Force apprehends 586 bangladeshi and 318 rohingya to prevent illegal migration, since 2021 Empowering Rural India with Legal Land Ownership   Railway Protection Force apprehends 586 bangladeshi and 318 rohingya to prevent illegal migration, since 2021 Context: The Railway Protection Force (RPF) has intensified efforts to address illegal migration through Indian railways, apprehending 916 individuals (586 Bangladeshis and 318 Rohingya) since 2021, in collaboration with other security agencies. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security ) Important Developments Major Apprehensions (2021–2024): Total Apprehensions: 916 illegal migrants (586 Bangladeshi nationals and 318 Rohingya). Specific Incidents: June–July 2024: 88 Bangladeshi and Rohingya migrants apprehended under Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR). Migrants confessed to illegal entry and plans to travel to destinations like Kolkata. Preferred Transit Routes: Assam as a Transit Region: Due to its proximity to the Bangladesh border. Railways: Used extensively to facilitate movement to other parts of India, complicating detection. Collaborative Security Measures: RPF’s Role: Intensified patrolling and surveillance of railway networks. Collaboration: Agencies Involved: Border Security Force (BSF), local police, and intelligence units. Outcome: Improved operational efficiency in identifying and detaining illegal migrants. Legal Challenges: RPF lacks direct prosecutorial powers. Detained individuals are handed over to police and other authorized agencies for further legal action. Broader Context and Concerns Geopolitical Factors: Bangladesh and Myanmar: Political instability, socio-religious issues, and economic challenges driving migration. Increased Refugee Influx: Individuals seeking refuge, employment, or shelter deep within India. National Security Concerns: Infiltration Risks: Illegal migration poses a threat to internal security. Railways as a Vulnerable Network: Facilitates long-distance movement of unauthorized individuals. Exploitation Risks: Migrants are highly vulnerable to exploitation: Human Trafficking: For bonded labor, domestic work, prostitution, and organ harvesting. Lack of Documentation: Further complicates legal recourse and identification. Way Forward Enhanced Monitoring: Increase surveillance using advanced technologies such as AI-powered identification systems and CCTV networks. Deploy additional RPF personnel in vulnerable railway zones, especially in Northeast India. Inter-Agency Coordination: Strengthen coordination mechanisms between RPF, BSF, state police, and intelligence agencies. Conduct regular joint training and drills to improve response time and effectiveness. Legal and Policy Framework: Empower RPF with limited prosecutorial powers for quick action. Develop a centralized database to track apprehended migrants and share intelligence among agencies. Empowering Rural India with Legal Land Ownership Background : SVAMITVA Scheme Launch: Initiated on National Panchayati Raj Day (April 24, 2020) by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Objective: Economic transformation of rural India by providing property owners in village Abadi areas with a “Record of Rights.” Technology Utilization: Advanced drone and GIS technology for accurate land demarcation. Outcomes: Property monetization. Access to bank loans. Minimized property disputes. Facilitated comprehensive village-level planning. Relevance : GS 2(Governance, Schemes) Recent Milestone On January 18, 2025, 65 lakh SVAMITVA property cards were e-distributed across 50,000+ villages in 10 states and 2 UTs. Participation included Union Minister Shri Rajiv Ranjan Singh and virtual interaction with beneficiaries nationwide. Need for SVAMITVA Challenges Before SVAMITVA: Absence of legal property records for Abadi areas. Lack of access to institutional credit and financial assistance. Prolonged disputes over land ownership. Solution: Modern survey and mapping techniques for precise property documentation. Achievements of the SVAMITVA Scheme States/UTs Onboarded: 31 States/UTs. Village Coverage: 3,46,187 villages notified. Drone flying completed in 3,17,715 villages (92% progress). Maps handed over for 1,53,726 villages. Over 2.25 crore property cards issued. State Achievements: Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh: 100% drone surveys. Haryana and Uttarakhand: 100% drone surveys and property card preparation. Maharashtra and Gujarat: Over 98% drone survey completion. Economic Significance: Surveyed rural Abadi land: 67,000 sq. km. Estimated value: ₹132 lakh crore. Digital Integration: Real-time progress tracking through a centralized dashboard. Property cards accessible via the DigiLocker app. Technological Innovations: Use of survey-grade drones and CORS network for high-resolution maps. International Outreach March 2025: International Workshop on Land Governance in India with participation from Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia. May 2025: Participation in World Bank Land Governance Conference in Washington to promote the SVAMITVA model. Conclusion The SVAMITVA Scheme is a transformative initiative addressing longstanding issues in rural land ownership. By leveraging cutting-edge technology and ensuring inclusivity, the scheme: Resolves disputes. Drives economic progress. Promotes self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat). Improves governance and rural planning.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 20 January 2025

Content: A surge in radical governments, the hope of democracy Recasting insolvency resolution A Surge In Radical Governments, The Hope of Democracy Context : Global Legitimisation of Radical Groups Radical groups like the Taliban and Hay’at Tahrir Al-Sham (HTS) gain legitimacy once in power. International actors have shifted from treating such groups as “enemies of democracy” to engaging diplomatically after their ascension to power. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Critically analyze the implications of legitimizing radical governments for global stability and India’s regional security. (250 words) Taliban Takeover (Afghanistan, 2021): After seizing power in August 2021, the Taliban received conditional global recognition. UNSC Resolution 2593 emphasized preventing Afghanistan from being a base for terrorism, with India’s significant role. However, promises of inclusivity and women’s rights were largely ignored. HTS Takeover (Syria, 2024): Ahmed al-Jolani’s HTS, previously tied to al-Qaeda, toppled Bashar al-Assad. The U.S. removed al-Jolani from its bounty list, signaling political expediency. Bangladesh Crisis (2024): Military-backed interim government under Muhammad Yunus replaced Sheikh Hasina’s elected government. Radical groups such as Jamaat-e-Islami, Ansarullah Bangla Team, and Hefazat-e-Islam exploited the unrest. Anti-India rhetoric and minority attacks pose national security concerns for India. India’s Role and Challenges: India played a pivotal role in stabilizing Bangladesh post-2008 elections. Current challenges include countering radicalization while maintaining strong bilateral ties. India’s Strategic Considerations Regional Security: Islamic radicalization in Bangladesh could destabilize India’s eastern borders. Anti-India rhetoric by radicals risks fostering domestic unrest in India. Diplomatic Engagement: India remains open to engaging with the interim government but must tread carefully to avoid legitimizing radical groups. Legacy of Democracy: Democracy’s successes in Bangladesh since 2008 indicate public resistance to radicalism. Sustaining democratic norms aligns with India’s long-term regional goals. Broader Implications Geopolitical Trends: The global shift toward legitimizing radical groups once they capture power undermines democratic norms. A fragmented international order focuses on short-term stability rather than upholding accountability. Religiophobia and Polarization: Rising religiophobia highlights global intolerance trends. Viewing radicalization purely through religious lenses risks deepening societal divides. Recasting Insolvency Resolution Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC): Enacted in 2016 to resolve insolvencies in a time-bound manner and improve ease of doing business. Aimed at addressing bad loans and bringing defaulters to book. Relevance : GS 2(Governance), GS 3(Economy) Practice Question:Critically analyze the challenges faced by India’s insolvency resolution framework under the IBC, 2016, and suggest measures for its effective implementation.(250 Words) Current Challenges: Institutional Burden on Tribunals: National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) and National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) handle cases under both the IBC and Companies Act. Lack of resources and outdated structure have created bottlenecks. Delays in Resolution: Average time for insolvency resolution rose to 716 days in FY2023-24 (target: 330 days). Judicial discretion in extending timelines has undermined the IBC’s effectiveness. Capacity Constraints: Inadequate domain knowledge among members to handle complex financial and legal cases. Absence of a mechanism for urgent listing of cases. Registry staff wield significant discretionary power over case listings. Defiance of Supreme Court Orders: Increasing disregard for judicial directives threatens institutional integrity. Procedural Gaps: Mandatory hearings for all applications, even when unnecessary, contribute to delays. Limited adoption of alternative dispute resolution methods further strains the system. Recommendations for Reform: Enhance Institutional Capacity: Introduce specialised benches for different case types, e.g., insolvency, mergers, and amalgamations. Appoint members with relevant domain expertise alongside judicial experience. Streamline Procedures: Reduce mandatory hearings for routine applications. Adopt procedural innovations such as pre-litigation mediation for insolvency cases. Infrastructure and Staffing Improvements: Ensure adequate courtrooms and permanent support staff for tribunals. Invest in training programs for tribunal members and registry staff. Strengthen Accountability: Implement mechanisms to monitor adherence to Supreme Court orders and prescribed timelines. Reduce discretionary powers of registry staff to improve transparency in case management. Broader Perspective on Insolvency Resolution: Move beyond debt recovery to focus on economic rejuvenation and attracting foreign investment. Encourage out-of-court settlements to reduce the burden on tribunals. The Jet Airways Case: Key Lessons Highlighted institutional inefficiencies and procedural bottlenecks in insolvency resolution. Reinforced the need for adherence to strict timelines and domain expertise in handling cases

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 20 January 2025

Content Landfill Continues to Haunt Ghazipur Residents Amid Struggle for Basic Amenities Hardship of Harvesting Sweetness Is Wearing Down the Date Palm Jaggery Makers of Bengal What the Ceasefire Deal Means for Palestine and Israel How Is TRAI and the Government Combating Spam? What Did the ILO Report State About International Migrants? Nine Navies Hold Joint Drills in Strategic Straits Between Indian Ocean and the Pacific Landfill continues to haunt Ghazipur residents amid struggle for basic amenities Context :Residents’ Desperation for Change: Ghazipur landfill site, located on the Delhi-U.P. border, remains a major issue for local residents. Despite official claims of landfill size reduction, residents remain skeptical and see little improvement in their daily lives. A pungent odor persists, which residents have become desensitized to, highlighting the extent of the problem. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ), GS 3(Environment) Longstanding Problem: The landfill, spanning 70+ acres, has been operational since 1984 and is one of Delhi’s largest waste disposal sites. Situated near residential colonies, farms, and slaughterhouses, the site’s proximity to landmarks like Qutab Minar intensifies the environmental and social concerns. The lack of basic amenities—such as regular tap water supply and affordable electricity—adds to the residents’ struggles. Infrastructural Challenges: Water and electricity supply is a significant concern. Residents rely on water tankers arriving only every third day, and high electricity costs exacerbate their challenges. The area’s poor infrastructure also contributes to the residents feeling neglected and isolated. Environmental Health Risks: Fires at the landfill, especially during summer and monsoon seasons, release toxic gases, worsening the living conditions for nearby residents. The environmental impact, including air pollution and health risks from prolonged exposure to hazardous substances, is a significant issue. Hardship of harvesting sweetness is wearing down the date palm jaggery makers of Bengal Context: Date palm jaggery-making, a centuries-old tradition in West Bengal’s Sundarbans, Jaynagar, and Belpahari, is under threat due to urbanization, deforestation, and climate change. Families like Maniruddin Banshi’s rely on gathering date palm sap during winter to produce jaggery (nolen gur) for growing market demand. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture) Challenges: Changing Work Conditions: Labor-intensive process requiring early mornings and precarious conditions. Workers face hazards like wildlife encounters, sharp tools, and extreme weather. Declining Interest in Youth: Harsh work and low financial returns deter younger generations. Experienced harvesters lament the lack of successors to preserve the craft. Environmental Pressures: Urbanization and deforestation reduce date palm tree populations. Rising temperatures lower sap quality, while over-tapping damages trees. Quality and Adulteration: Increased demand leads to compromised quality with added sugar and adulteration. Moa makers observe a decline in authentic nolen gur production. Failed Initiatives: A 2021 initiative to plant 2,000 date palm trees failed due to poor techniques. Efforts to promote sustainable practices lack systemic implementation. Cultural and Economic Implications: Nolen gur production is vital to West Bengal’s heritage, with Jaynagar’s moa as a symbol of cultural pride. Scholars emphasize collectivizing sap collectors and researching climate impacts to conserve the tradition. What the ceasefire deal means for Palestine and Israel Context of Ceasefire: The ceasefire comes after more than a year of intense conflict between Israel and Hamas. It marks a significant shift in the ongoing humanitarian crisis, with key aspects focused on hostages, aid, and reconstruction. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) Hostage Release: The ceasefire process includes the freeing of hostages from both sides. As of January 15, 2025, approximately 98 hostages remain, down from 251 captured on October 7, 2023. A limited number of hostages are confirmed to be alive, underscoring the grave humanitarian toll. Humanitarian Crisis: Gaza’s food supply and overall humanitarian conditions have worsened significantly post-October 7, 2023, when the Hamas attack occurred. Humanitarian aid deliveries plummeted from 500–600 trucks per day to a much smaller number, leading to extreme shortages. Integrated Food Security Phase Classification data show that 85% of Gaza’s population is in ‘crisis,’ ‘emergency,’ or ‘catastrophic’ food insecurity since December 2023. Destruction of Infrastructure: According to UNOSAT data (as of December 1, 2024), approximately 69% of Gaza’s structures were damaged. A total of 60,368 structures were completely destroyed, with additional severe and moderate damage to tens of thousands of others. Northern Gaza and Rafah governorates saw the highest increase in damage, with major areas like Jabalya heavily impacted. Reconstruction Efforts: The ceasefire is expected to trigger large-scale rebuilding efforts in Gaza, which has been left devastated by the war. The reconstruction is intended to address the massive destruction of homes, infrastructure, and essential services. Humanitarian aid and materials will be prioritized for the reconstruction phase, but logistical challenges remain due to ongoing damage to roads and the limited entry of aid. Geopolitical Implications: The ceasefire could be a step toward stabilizing the region, although past agreements have often been short-lived. The involvement of international players in ensuring aid and overseeing reconstruction will be critical. The dynamics of the conflict, particularly the involvement of external powers, remain complex, with global responses ranging from support for Israel’s security concerns to calls for humanitarian relief for Palestinians. Challenges and Outlook: Humanitarian Assistance: Ensuring consistent aid flow and addressing critical food and medical shortages will remain a challenge. Reconstruction and Governance: The effectiveness of Gaza’s reconstruction will depend on both local governance and international support. The local leadership structure, with Hamas at the helm, complicates the process. Long-term Peace Prospects: The ceasefire is fragile and its success depends on maintaining a balance between humanitarian relief, security concerns, and future peace negotiations. How is TRAI and the govt. combating spam? TRAI’s Role in Combatting Spam: TRAI regulates Unsolicited Commercial Communications (UCC), commonly referred to as spam. Introduced the Do-Not-Disturb (DND) registry in 2007 to block unwanted calls and messages from telemarketers. Developed a DND app for users to register their preferences and report violations. Under the Telecom Commercial Communication Customer Preference Regulation (TCCCPR), 2018, repeated violations by telemarketers result in blacklisting. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Blockchain Technology in Fighting Spam: In 2024, TRAI mandated the use of blockchain (distributed ledger) to store a real-time, updated list of approved SMS senders. Blockchain ensures immutability, preventing tampering and ensuring traceability of messages sent from registered senders. A significant rule mandates the use of sender IDs (instead of phone numbers) for commercial messages. This approach makes it harder for spammers to bypass regulations, ensuring transparency and accountability in commercial messaging. Blockchain technology improves tracking by maintaining a tamper-proof record of who issued a message before it is sent. Effectiveness of Current Measures: For DND Users: Registered DND users experience reduced spam from legitimate businesses adhering to regulations. Challenges with Evolving Spam Tactics: Spam tactics are continually evolving, with fraudsters often using disposable 10-digit phone numbers or international VoIP numbers to evade detection. Fraudulent calls, particularly those related to cyber scams, have increased due to the rise of digitalization and online scams. Spam calls originating from international numbers further complicate enforcement. Limitations: While spam from legitimate businesses is reduced, fraudulent and scam calls are more difficult to control in real-time. Government Measures to Combat Spam: Sanchar Saathi Portal: A portal by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) for reporting fraudulent calls and messages. Partners with law enforcement, banks, and other entities to track and cancel numbers associated with unauthorized telemarketing or scams. Telecom Security Operation Centre: Monitors suspicious internet traffic in real-time to identify and block fraudulent activities. Artificial Intelligence (AI) by Telecom Companies: Telecom companies like Airtel use AI to label suspicious calls as “Suspected Spam,” helping users identify potential threats. Other telcos are adopting similar AI-driven methods. Suspicious International Calls: Telcos are now labeling international calls on smartphones, aiding in distinguishing between legitimate and fraudulent international traffic. Do-Not-Disturb (DND) Registry: A service that allows telecom customers to opt out of unsolicited commercial communications by registering their preference to block spam. Messages and calls from telemarketers to registered users are prohibited under the TRAI guidelines. What did the ILO report state about international migrants? Global Presence of International Migrants (IMs) in 2022 IMs accounted for 4.7% of the global labour force in 2022, equating to 167.7 million workers. This marks a 30 million increase from 2013. The total number of IMs consists of 155.6 million employed and 12.1 million unemployed but available for work. Growth rate of IMs slowed to less than 1% annually from 2019 to 2022, influenced by the pandemic and related economic disruptions. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Age and Gender Distribution Male IMs constituted 61.3% of total international migrant workers employed. Female IMs were 38.7% employed, despite representing 64.9 million in the overall migrant population. The gender gap exists due to lower female representation in the overall migrant population, even though the number of female IMs has steadily increased since 2015. Prime-age workers (aged 25-54) made up 74.9% of IMs, with the majority employed in this age range. Youth workers (aged 15-24) represented 9.3% of IMs, while older workers (55-64) were 12.5%, and senior workers (65 and above) were 3.4%. Sectoral Distribution of IMs Services sector: Largest proportion of IMs employed, comprising 68.4% of the total migrant workforce. Female IMs dominated this sector, with 80.7% of them working in services, compared to 60.8% of male IMs. Non-migrant women and men in the services sector were at 59.4% and 46.3%, respectively. Industry sector: 24.3% of IMs were in industry, with a similar share of 24.2% for non-migrants. Agriculture sector: Only 7.4% of IMs worked in agriculture, compared to a much higher proportion of 24.3% for non-migrants. Factors Behind Higher Male Migration Economic and social factors: Cultural norms, greater demand for low-skill manual labor, and economic opportunities in sectors like construction, manufacturing, and care work tend to attract more male migrants. Gender-specific roles: Women face more barriers, including social restrictions, lower access to work visas, and fewer opportunities in sectors typically dominated by migrants, such as construction. Top Host Countries for IMWs High-income countries remain the largest hosts of international migrants, absorbing 68.4% (114 million) of the global migrant workforce, especially in services sectors like healthcare, elder care, and education. Upper-middle-income countries hosted 17.4% (29.2 million) of IMs. Regional distribution: Northern, Southern, and Western Europe: 23.3% of IMs, with only a slight increase in share since 2013. North America: IMs made up 22.6% of the labour force, though this is declining slightly, with a 1% decrease over the last decade. Arab States: Accounted for 13.3%, which saw a 3% decline since 2013. Key Drivers of IM Growth Ageing populations in high-income countries are prompting a growing demand for workers, particularly in caregiving sectors. The care economy (elder care, healthcare, and child care) is a significant factor attracting migrant workers, especially women. Economic opportunities in host countries, combined with demand for skilled and low-wage labor, continue to make high-income nations attractive for international migration. Nine Navies hold joint drills in strategic straits between Indian Ocean and the Pacific Exercise Overview: The La Perouse multilateral naval exercise is being hosted by France in the strategic straits of Malacca, Sunda, and Lombok, crucial maritime chokepoints between the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. Participating countries: Australia, Canada, France, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the U.K., and the U.S. The exercise is scheduled from January 16 to 24, with the French Carrier Strike Group, led by the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle, at the helm. India has deployed its guided-missile destroyer INS Mumbai for the exercise. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Strategic Importance of the Straits: The straits — Malacca, Sunda, and Lombok — serve as vital maritime gateways for global trade, particularly between the Indian Ocean and Pacific. These straits are key chokepoints, providing access to the Indian Ocean region, making them essential for global maritime security. Increasing presence of the Chinese Navy in the region has elevated the importance of these routes for both trade and military operations. Maritime Safety and Security Focus: The core objective of the exercise is to enhance maritime safety and develop interoperability among the navies involved. The exercise aims to improve the ability of participating navies to operate collectively during maritime crises, ensuring swift and coordinated responses. The exercise includes training on handling human-induced risks like maritime accidents, environmental hazards, illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes and tsunamis). IORIS Communication and Coordination System: One of the significant advancements in the exercise is the use of IORIS (Indian Ocean Regional Information Sharing System), a communication and coordination platform. IORIS enables real-time information exchange and collaborative crisis management, ensuring effective coordination in the face of maritime security challenges. The integration of IORIS enhances the interoperability of the participating navies, allowing them to respond in a synchronized manner during a maritime crisis. Geopolitical Implications: The exercise is a clear demonstration of strengthened maritime partnerships and growing naval cooperation among the Indo-Pacific nations. It underscores the strategic importance of the Indo-Pacific region and highlights the collective security measures against rising security challenges, particularly from the expanding Chinese maritime presence. The cooperation between these nine nations signals a united stance on maritime security in the region, especially in protecting vital global maritime routes. Environmental and Security Risks: The region is exposed to various environmental and security risks, including maritime accidents, environmental hazards, and natural calamities. The exercise is designed to enhance the collective ability to mitigate such risks, ensuring the protection of these vital straits, which are heavily trafficked by both commercial vessels and military ships.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 18 January 2025

Content: Exponential Growth in Digital Transactions Ayurveda provide new hope for Alzheimer’s Disease Exponential Growth in Digital Transactions Context: India’s exponential growth in digital transactions reflects the nation’s transformative journey toward a cashless economy. Spearheaded by platforms like UPI, IMPS, and NETC FASTag, this digital revolution is an embodiment of financial inclusion and efficiency. Relevance : GS 3(Economy ) Unified Payments Interface (UPI) UPI integrates multiple bank accounts into a single app, enabling seamless fund transfers, merchant payments, and more. Growth Statistics: Transactions in December 2024: 16.73 billion (value: ₹23.25 lakh crore). Yearly Increase (2024): 172 billion transactions (+46% from 2023). Significance: Facilitates secure, instant payments. Empowers small businesses and rural merchants, fostering financial inclusivity. Reduced dependency on cash transactions, aligning with government goals like Digital India. Immediate Payment Service (IMPS) IMPS, operational since 2010, offers 24×7 real-time fund transfers. Accessible via mobile, ATM, internet, and SMS, it caters to both businesses and individuals. Growth Statistics: December 2024: 441 million transactions (value: ₹6.01 lakh crore). November 2024: 407.92 million transactions (value: ₹5.58 lakh crore). Significance: Critical for instant payments across sectors. Supports micro and macroeconomic financial activities. NETC FASTag A cashless toll collection mechanism linked to bank accounts, saving time and fuel at national highways. Growth Statistics: Transactions in December 2024: 381.98 million (value: ₹6,642 crore). November 2024: 358.84 million transactions (value: ₹6,070 crore). Significance: Improves highway infrastructure efficiency. Encourages digital adoption in traditionally cash-heavy sectors Drivers of Growth Policy Push: Initiatives like Digital India and demonetization have catalyzed digital adoption. Introduction of robust financial infrastructures by NPCI. Technological Advancements: Mobile penetration and improved internet connectivity. Simplified user interfaces of digital payment apps. Behavioral Shifts: Increased trust in secure, digital transactions. Growth in rural digital literacy and banking access. Challenges to Address Cybersecurity Concerns: Growing digital adoption increases vulnerability to fraud and cybercrimes. Digital Divide: Access disparities in rural and underdeveloped areas. Infrastructure Gaps: Need for reliable internet and digital literacy in remote regions. Future Outlook Enhanced Digital Ecosystem: Expansion of digital payment platforms and innovations in fintech. Increased Adoption: Government initiatives to incentivize digital transactions and address the digital divide. Global Leadership: India’s success can serve as a model for other nations aiming to transition toward a cashless economy. Ayurveda provide new hope for Alzheimer’s Disease Context : The integration of Ayurveda with modern science helping to develop innovative treatments for Alzheimer’s and neurodegenerative diseases. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Focus: The study targets Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Dementia, and related neurodegenerative diseases. It explores the role of amyloid proteins/peptides in the progression of these diseases. Innovative Approaches: Chemically Synthesized Peptides:Designed to combat amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation.Demonstrated effectiveness in inhibiting and disaggregating amyloid proteins. Ayurvedic Remedy (Lasunadya Ghrita – LG):Repurposed from traditional Ayurveda for treating amyloid beta 40/42 aggregation.Previously effective in addressing depression-related mental illnesses. Ayurvedic Contributions (LGWE) Important Findings: LG’s water extract (LGWE) disrupts amyloid fibrillation at multiple stages: Initial Stages: Inhibits oligomer formation. Elongation Phase: Disrupts fibrillation process. Demonstrates superior efficacy compared to chemically designed peptides: Breaks amyloid aggregates into smaller, non-toxic, and degradable molecules. Potential Impacts Hope for Alzheimer’s Patients: Promises better management of neurodegenerative diseases. Offers a complementary approach to existing treatments. Strengthening Ayurveda’s Relevance: Highlights the potential of traditional remedies in addressing complex medical challenges. Encourages integrating modern science with traditional knowledge for innovative solutions. Future Implications: May inspire further research into natural remedies for neurodegenerative disorders. Opens avenues for safer, more affordable treatment options. Challenges and Recommendations Challenges: Need for large-scale clinical trials to validate findings. Potential standardization issues in preparing Ayurvedic formulations. Recommendations: Promote interdisciplinary research combining modern science and traditional medicine. Strengthen regulatory frameworks for the integration of Ayurveda in modern healthcare.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 18 January 2025

Content: India’s real growth rate and the forecast The multiple layers of the Gaza ceasefire Script reading India’s Real Growth Rate and The Forecast Context : First Advance Estimates (FAE) for 2024-25 Real GDP Growth: Estimated at 6.4%, slightly below the RBI’s revised estimate of 6.6%. Nominal GDP Growth: Projected at 9.7%, lower than the Union Budget’s estimate of 10.5%. Half-Yearly Growth: First half: 6% Second half: 6.7%, indicating improvement over Q2 growth of 5.4%. Decline from Previous Year: Real GDP growth dropped from 8.2% in 2023-24 to 6.4% in 2024-25, driven largely by slower manufacturing sector growth (5.3% vs. 9.9% in 2023-24). Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Practice Question : Evaluate the reasons for the projected decline in India’s GDP growth rate in 2024-25 and discuss the medium- to long-term prospects for the Indian economy. (250 words) Government Expenditure and Investment Capital Expenditure: Budgeted Target: ₹11.1 lakh crore Achieved in First 8 Months: ₹5.14 lakh crore (46.2%) A shortfall in government investment has significantly impacted overall GDP growth. Importance for Growth: Sustained and accelerated capital expenditure is critical for: Boosting private investment. Driving domestic demand in the face of global uncertainties. Growth Forecast for 2025-26 Real GDP Growth: Likely to stabilize at 6.5%, assuming: Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) rate remains around 33.4%. Incremental Capital Output Ratio (ICOR) at 5.1. Global Economic Environment: Uncertainty persists, necessitating reliance on domestic demand. Capital Expenditure Growth: Needs to sustain at 20%+ to support private investment and long-term growth. Medium- to Long-Term Projections Real GDP Growth: Steady rate of 6.5% over the next five years. Nominal GDP Growth: Estimated at 10.5%-11%, with inflation around 4% (based on the implicit price deflator). Developed Country Status: Achievable in 2.5 decades if: Growth remains steady. Exchange rate depreciation averages 2.5% per annum. Challenges: Increasing base effect makes higher growth rates difficult in later years. Reason for 2024-25 Dip Slower government capital expenditure growth. Impact of global uncertainties on exports and investments. Transition from the high growth rate of 8.2% in 2023-24 (an outlier year). The Multiple Layers of the Gaza Ceasefire Context: Announcement of the Ceasefire Timing: Declared on January 15, 2025, to take effect from January 19, just before President-elect Donald Trump’s inauguration. Central Element: Exchange of Israeli hostages and Palestinian prisoners forms the core of the agreement. Mediating Role: Qatar facilitated the negotiations, reflecting its long-standing involvement in regional diplomacy. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) Practice Question : Examine the key factors contributing to the recent Gaza ceasefire agreement and analyze its implications for regional stability and international geopolitics. (250 words) Context of the Ceasefire Prolonged Conflict: The ceasefire ends over 15 months of intense conflict following the October 7, 2023, Hamas terror attack. Civilian Impact: Gaza faced extensive destruction, with significant civilian casualties and humanitarian crises. Hamas Statement: Claimed responsibility for securing the ceasefire to stop “Zionist aggression” and end “genocide.” Role of U.S. Leadership Trump-Biden Coordination: Unusual bipartisan effort between outgoing President Joe Biden and incoming President Trump to broker the deal. Political Motives: Trump: Aimed to showcase American strength and deliver on campaign promises. Biden: Attempted to bolster his legacy through a major foreign policy achievement. Israel’s Strategic Calculations Netanyahu’s Position: Historically advocated for complete victory over Hamas. The deal marks a shift in his approach, potentially seen as a political compromise. Political Cost: Netanyahu risks domestic backlash for negotiating with Hamas without achieving total military objectives. Message to Trump: Signals cooperation and resolve, likely anticipating future U.S. support under Trump’s leadership. Hamas and the Broader Palestinian Dynamics Diminished Capabilities: Leadership decapitation operations weakened Hamas and Hezbollah. Recruitment Trends: U.S. assessments indicate Hamas has recruited militants at a pace matching its losses. Political Stagnation: Hamas remains the dominant force in Gaza. Lack of efforts to integrate Hamas into a broader Palestinian political framework undermines prospects for peace. Persistent Challenges Two-State Solution: Both Hamas and Israel oppose the two-state solution despite global advocacy. Fragile Status Quo: Ceasefire may be temporary, as Hamas is likely to resume hostilities. Netanyahu could leverage future Hamas attacks to justify renewed military action with Trump’s backing. Humanitarian and Rebuilding Efforts Critical Aid: Immediate focus on addressing food and medical shortages in Gaza. Rebuilding Gaza: Premature without political reforms in Palestinian governance. Opportunity for Arab powers to reshape and strengthen the Palestinian Authority. Role of the International Community Sustainability of Ceasefire: International actors must ensure the deal remains effective and enforceable. Stability in Gaza is pivotal for broader regional prosperity. Geopolitical Implications: Momentum could impact initiatives like the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor and the Abraham Accords. Saudi-Israel normalization prospects hinge on a stable ceasefire. Strategic Takeaways Regional Influence: Arab states and regional powers must lead efforts to stabilize Palestinian politics. Long-Term Peace: Lasting peace remains elusive without addressing core issues like sovereignty, governance, and mutual recognition. Global Cooperation: The ceasefire underscores the need for a concerted international push toward conflict resolution in West Asia Script Reading Context : Indus Valley Civilization (IVC): Flourished during 3000–1500 BCE, spread across modern-day India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Urban Sophistication: Comparable to Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China in complexity and urban planning. Discovery Milestone: John Marshall, in 1924, brought global attention to the IVC through his archaeological findings. Relevance : GS 1(Culture , Heritage) Practice Question : The decipherment of the Indus Valley script remains one of the greatest puzzles in history. Discuss the challenges faced in decoding the script and its potential implications for understanding the cultural and linguistic history of the region.(250 words) The Puzzle of the Indus Script Unresolved Script: The script on seals and tablets remains undeciphered despite significant archaeological discoveries. Western Criticism: Some scholars argue the symbols do not constitute a formal writing system but are instead proto-symbolic notations. Conflicting Theories: Literate Society: Advocates suggest the IVC was highly literate. Proto-Dravidian Roots: A school of thought links the script to non-Aryan and pre-Aryan proto-Dravidian systems. Tamil Nadu’s Initiative Prize Announcement: Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M.K. Stalin announced a $1-million reward for deciphering the script. Cultural Significance: The initiative reflects Tamil Nadu’s belief in a possible proto-Dravidian connection to the Indus script. State-Supported Research: Studies on Tamil Nadu’s Indus signs, graffiti marks, and Tamili inscriptions aim to shed light on potential linguistic links. Challenges in Deciphering Database Accessibility: Limited public access to the seals’ complete database hampers collaborative research. Need for transparency and open databases with contextual details. Scholarly Independence: Research must remain free from political interference to ensure unbiased findings. Regional Collaboration: South Asiancountries must work together to pool resources and expertise. Political tensions may obstruct collaborative efforts, delaying breakthroughs. Potential Benefits of Decipherment Historical Insight: Would offer a deeper understanding of the IVC’s societal structure, governance, and economy. Cultural Identity: Clarifying linguistic roots could strengthen historical and cultural identities in South Asia. Global Relevance: A successful decipherment would elevate the IVC’s significance in global archaeological studies.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 January 2025

Content: Gaza Truce Approved by Israel Security Cabinet Courts Must Not Use Abetment of Suicide Charge Mechanically’ Dying for Black Gold A Signal of Change Russia, Iran Sign Treaty to Deepen Ties in the Face of Western Curbs What is hydroclimate whiplash and how did it fuel the Los Angeles wildfires? Digitisation of farmlands gains pace as 10 million farmers’ digital IDs linked to land records Gaza Truce Approved by Israel Security Cabinet   Context : Ceasefire Agreement: Israel’s Security Cabinet recommended a ceasefire deal with Hamas, pending approval by the full Cabinet. The ceasefire is expected to begin as early as Sunday, after final sign-off. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Hostage Exchange Agreement: Under the deal, 33 out of approximately 100 hostages held by Hamas will be released. In exchange, Israel will free hundreds of Palestinian prisoners. A second phase of negotiations will focus on releasing the remaining hostages, including male soldiers. Mediators’ Role: Qatar and the U.S. played a key role in mediating the agreement. Last-minute delays were blamed on Hamas by Prime Minister Netanyahu. Political Repercussions: The deal faces opposition from Netanyahu’s far-right allies, creating potential instability within the Israeli government. Calls for a lasting ceasefire and withdrawal from Gaza add complexity to the situation. Contextual Background: The October 7 Attack: Hamas launched a cross-border attack into Israel, killing approximately 1,200 people and taking around 250 hostages. This marked the start of the 15-month conflict. Humanitarian Impact: Israeli military operations have resulted in over 46,000 Palestinian deaths, with a significant number being women and children. Gaza residents face severe destruction, displacement, and a dire need for humanitarian aid. Military Escalation: Israeli airstrikes continue to inflict casualties, with 72 people killed on Thursday alone. Historically, both sides intensify military actions before ceasefires to demonstrate strength. Immediate Implications: Humanitarian Aid: The ceasefire would allow hundreds of thousands of Palestinians to return home. A surge in humanitarian assistance is anticipated following the truce. Hostage Recovery Operations: Israeli forces are preparing for the return of hostages. Families of captives have been informed about the potential release. Global and Regional Reactions: The conflict has destabilized West Asia and sparked widespread protests globally. Stakeholders continue to monitor developments, urging sustained peace efforts. Challenges Ahead: Second Phase of Hostage Negotiations: Releasing the remaining hostages, including soldiers, is expected to face greater challenges. Hamas demands a full Israeli withdrawal for further releases. Government Stability in Israel: Far-right coalition partners’ resistance to the truce could destabilize Netanyahu’s government. Balancing domestic political pressures and international expectations remains critical. Long-term Ceasefire Prospects: Hamas seeks a lasting ceasefire and full Israeli withdrawal from Gaza. Israel’s stance on dismantling Hamas and maintaining security control complicates the pathway to peace. Courts must not use abetment of suicide charge mechanically Context: The Supreme Court dealt with a case involving the charge of abetment of suicide under Section 306 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC). The accused was an employee of a financial company who had demanded the repayment of a loan from a young man, leading to the latter’s suicide. The Madhya Pradesh High Court had rejected the accused’s plea for discharge, but the Supreme Court set aside this decision. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Judiciary) Court’s Ruling: The Supreme Court emphasized that Section 306 (abetment of suicide) should not be applied mechanically or casually by the police. The ruling highlighted that police authorities must carefully examine the facts before invoking this charge, ensuring there is a clear and direct connection between the accused’s actions and the victim’s decision to end their life. Criteria for Abetment: For abetment of suicide to be proven, the accused must have actively instigated or facilitated the suicide. It is not sufficient for the accused to have made a remark in anger or emotion without intent for the consequences to occur. Instigation must involve actions or omissions that created circumstances where the victim felt they had no alternative but to take their own life. Example: A word uttered in anger that did not foresee or intend the outcome would not meet the criteria for abetment. Judicial Caution: The Court advised trial courts to exercise caution and avoid adopting a “play it safe” syndrome by mechanically framing charges. The ruling stressed the importance of ensuring that criminal charges, especially in cases of suicide, are only filed when there is clear evidence of instigation or facilitation. Role of Investigating Agencies: The Supreme Court highlighted the need for investigating agencies to be sensitized to the law under Section 306. Authorities should avoid resorting to the charge as a quick solution to appease the distraught family or public sentiment. Key Observations: Section 306 of IPC and its corresponding provisions in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 should be invoked with circumspection. It is critical to differentiate between genuine abetment and situations where the deceased acted out of personal distress or other reasons without clear external provocation. Implications: The ruling serves as a reminder to law enforcement and judicial authorities to adhere to the principles of fairness and ensure due diligence before pursuing criminal charges in cases of suicide. This case could set a precedent for more responsible legal processes surrounding the complex issue of suicide and the potential involvement of others in the decision to take one’s life. Help Resources: The DISHA suicide prevention helpline (1056) is a support mechanism for individuals facing suicidal thoughts. This ruling is significant for its emphasis on due process, ensuring that charges are not misused or filed without proper investigation, especially in emotionally charged cases like suicide. What is hydroclimate whiplash and how did it fuel the Los Angeles wildfires? Definition of Hydroclimate Whiplash: Hydroclimate whiplash refers to rapid swings between wet and dry conditions, often exacerbated by climate change. It leads to extremes in precipitation—intensely wet followed by dangerously dry weather. Relevance :GS 3(Disaster Management) Factors in California Wildfires: Wet Season Followed by Dry Conditions:In early 2024, California experienced a wet season, promoting vegetation growth. This was followed by prolonged dry conditions, with severe drought conditions in Los Angeles by January 2025. Drought Impact:36% of California faced moderate to extreme drought, and Los Angeles was under severe to moderate drought. The absence of natural forest regeneration due to lack of rainfall led to overgrown, dry vegetation, increasing fire risks. Santa Ana Winds: The winds, which descend from dry desert areas, compress and warm as they move westward, exacerbating wildfire conditions. Combined with low humidity, high temperatures, and dry vegetation, they facilitate the rapid spread of fires. Role of Hydroclimate Whiplash in Intensifying Fires: Vegetation Growth Followed by Drying:The initial wet season created abundant vegetation, which then dried out due to the subsequent drought, creating a large fuel load for fires. Strong Winds:Santa Ana winds are notorious for driving fire spread. Their combination with dry vegetation during droughts creates explosive wildfire conditions, as seen in the Palisades, Eaton, and Kenneth fires. Global Trends and Future Projections: Increase in Hydroclimate Whiplash:Hydroclimate whiplash has increased globally by 31%-66% since the 20th century. Climate change is accelerating this, and with a 3°C rise in global temperatures, hydroclimate whiplash could increase by 113% in sub-seasonal periods. Impact on California:Experts predict more extreme wet and dry years in California, increasing the frequency and severity of such wildfires in the future. Conclusion: Hydroclimate whiplash, fueled by climate change, significantly contributes to the severity of wildfires in California, creating a cycle of wet and dry extremes that sets the stage for devastating fires like those currently ravaging Los Angeles Dying for black gold Background: On January 6, 2025, a flood occurred at a rat-hole coal mine in Kalamati, Assam, trapping nine miners. As of 10 days later, only four bodies have been recovered, highlighting the challenges in rescue operations and the scale of the disaster. The flood likely occurred due to water accumulation in the mine, a recurring issue during the mining season. Relevance: GS 2(Poverty ),GS 3(Environment ,Disaster Management) Rat-Hole Mining: Rat-hole mining involves creating narrow, vertical shafts up to 250 feet deep, from which coal is extracted through interconnected tunnels. Despite being hazardous and banned in many regions, rat-hole mining continues due to the high financial rewards, often paying miners significantly higher wages than other rural jobs. The mining method is labor-intensive and involves dangerous working conditions with minimal safety measures. The incident underscores the high human cost of the illegal mining practice, which primarily employs vulnerable workers seeking a quick source of income. Risks of Rat-Hole Mining: Asphyxiation: Due to the limited airflow in narrow, enclosed tunnels. Tunnel Collapse: The mines are unstable, with frequent incidents of tunnel collapse leading to fatalities. Drowning: The mines frequently flood during the rainy season, as evidenced by the Kalamati incident. Exposure to Toxic Gases: Lack of ventilation increases exposure to dangerous gases, leading to health risks like asphyxiation or poisoning. Minimal Safety Measures: Miners use only head torches for visibility, and the lack of proper equipment or support systems exacerbates the risks. Mining Season: Timeframe: Mining occurs mainly between November and March when the weather conditions are more conducive to extracting coal. Dewatering Process: Miners first drain water from flooded mines before starting coal extraction. Coal Extraction: Miners use basic tools like pickaxes and shovels to break coal from the walls of the tunnels. The coal is then hauled up using a crane system with metal troughs. Government Response: The Assam Cabinet approved a judicial inquiry to investigate the incident, signaling an attempt to hold accountable those responsible. A Special Investigation Team (SIT) will be formed to further probe the illegal mining activities and identify those at fault. Persistence of Illegal Mining: Supreme Court Ban (2014): A ban was imposed on rat-hole mining in Meghalaya in 2014, but illegal mining continues in both Assam and Meghalaya due to entrenched local networks and corruption. Coal Syndicates: Organized coal syndicates control the mining and transportation of coal. They operate with the complicity of local politicians, law enforcement, and business interests, ensuring that illegal operations remain profitable. Legal Loopholes: The Sixth Schedule and the autonomous councils in the Northeast create a complex governance structure that allows mining activities to continue without effective state intervention. Systemic Issues: Corruption and Collusion: There is widespread collusion between local politicians, landowners, and officials who benefit from illegal mining operations. This undermines any efforts to ban or regulate mining. Tribal Land Ownership: In regions like Meghalaya and Assam, tribal land ownership systems, coupled with autonomy granted to regional councils, complicate enforcement of national laws. Weak Enforcement: Despite legal frameworks, weak governance and local autonomy allow illegal mining to flourish unchecked. Impact on Miners: Income Concerns: Many miners are worried that the Kalamati tragedy will lead to stricter enforcement of the mining ban, reducing their earnings. The high wages, despite the risks, have made rat-hole mining an attractive option for marginalized workers. Cautious Optimism: Some miners express confidence that coal demand will continue, and they plan to return to mining once the situation settles down. However, this highlights the dependency on the mining industry for livelihood in the region. Long-term Sustainability: The reliance on such dangerous and illegal mining practices raises concerns about the long-term sustainability of the region’s labor force and the environmental consequences of continued exploitation of resources. A signal of change Context: In December 2024, Telangana inducted 44 transgender individuals as traffic assistants, a significant move towards inclusivity and formal recognition. Relevance : GS 2 (Social Justice) Challenges and Social Stigma: Many recruits face family rejection, as seen with Sarala and Ishaan, who struggle with identity acceptance and societal norms despite professional success. Impact on Society: The initiative has shifted public perceptions, transforming transgender individuals from marginalized figures to respected authorities. Commuters now greet them with respect and acknowledgment. Government Support and Implementation: Telangana Police Commissioner emphasizes the need for societal integration and better career opportunities for transgender individuals. The Hyderabad Police have been sensitized to ensure respectful onboarding and smooth integration of transgender recruits. Recruits underwent a two-week training, focusing on traffic management, fitness, and job challenges. Economic and Social Benefits: Traffic assistants are paid ₹26,000-₹30,000 per month and receive medical and welfare benefits, offering economic independence to those previously excluded from formal employment. Pilot Project and Future Outlook: The initiative, on a six-month trial, will be evaluated mid-2025 for potential expansion to other government departments. Personal Narratives of Triumph: Recruits like Srivalli, Sania, and Nitya view their roles as symbols of transformation and societal acceptance, marking a shift in social integration. Broader Implications: The success of this pilot could inspire other states to adopt similar inclusive policies, demonstrating the potential for broader societal change through equal opportunities for marginalized communities. Russia, Iran sign treaty to deepen ties in the face of Western curbs Strategic Partnership Treaty: Russia and Iran signed a comprehensive strategic partnership covering trade, military, science, education, and culture. The treaty aims to strengthen ties amid Western sanctions. Relevance : GS 2(International relations) Economic Cooperation: Putin acknowledged current trade and economic cooperation as insufficient, hoping the treaty will boost these areas. Focus on resolving technical obstacles for natural gas exports and transport corridors to Iranian ports in the Gulf. Political Context: Treaty signing occurred before Trump’s inauguration in 2025, who has vowed a tougher stance on Iran. Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov denied any link to Trump’s election, saying the treaty was long-planned. Iran’s Commitment: Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian described the treaty as a solid foundation for future cooperation. He emphasized resolving regional issues independently, criticizing external forces, particularly the U.S., for causing instability. Military and Regional Cooperation: Russia and Iran have strengthened ties since Russia’s intervention in Ukraine in 2022, with accusations that Iran supplied drones to Russia for use in Ukraine. Historical Ties: Russia-Iran relations have evolved from post-Soviet tensions to a strategic partnership, with Russia building Iran’s nuclear reactors and providing military support. Syria Support: Both countries supported Assad’s regime in Syria but failed to prevent his downfall in 2024, after the opposition’s offensive. Assad fled to Russia. Geopolitical Challenges: Iran’s dependence on Russian support has increased due to economic woes and regional setbacks. Trump’s “maximum pressure” policy could worsen Iran’s situation. Digitisation of farmlands gains pace as 10 million farmers’ digital IDs linked to land records Context : Government Initiative The Union government is linking digital IDs (e.g., Aadhaar) to land records for efficient implementation of agricultural policies. The aim is to create a comprehensive database of farmers for better policy targeting and direct beneficiary transfers. Relevance : GS 2(Governance,Schemes) Scope of the Drive: 10 million farmers across 10 states have been covered in the digitisation process. Kisan Pehchaan Patra: A unique digital ID, known as ‘Kisan Pehchaan Patra,‘ contains details such as: Land holdings Crops grown Other relevant agricultural data. These IDs facilitate easier access to government schemes and benefits through direct transfers. Current Challenges: Landless and Marginal Farmers: Approximately 80% of farmers in India are landless or marginal. It remains uncertain how these farmers will be included in the digitisation drive, as they do not possess land records for linkage. Census Implications: The digitisation effort coincides with the upcoming Census exercise, which is expected to provide more data for the agricultural database.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 17 January 2025

Content: SpaDeX Mission: Revolutionising Space Exploration Cabinet approves the establishment of “Third Launch Pad” SpaDeX Mission: Revolutionising Space Exploration Context : Achievement Milestone: India’s Fourth Nation Status: With the successful execution of the SpaDeX mission, India joins the elite group of countries capable of space docking operations. Launch Details: Mission initiated on 30th December 2024. Spacecraft launched via PSLV-C60 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. Docking Success: Completed on 16th January 2025. Relevance : GS 3(Space ) Technological Significance: SpaDeX demonstrates rendezvous, docking, and undocking capabilities essential for: Satellite Servicing. Space Station Operations. Interplanetary Exploration. Mission Objectives: Develop and validate docking mechanisms. Establish control over docked satellites as a single entity. Demonstrate life-extension capabilities for satellites. Conduct power transfer between docked spacecraft. Mission Features: Two satellites: SDX01 (Chaser) and SDX02 (Target), each weighing ~220 kg. Equipped with: Solar panels and lithium-ion batteries. Advanced Attitude and Orbit Control System (AOCS). Indigenous innovations include: Bharatiya Docking System. GNSS-based Relative Orbit Determination. Inter-Satellite Communication Link (ISL). Applications and Future Goals: High-resolution imaging and resourcemonitoring. Preparation for ambitious missions like: Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS). Chandrayaan-4. Gaganyaan. Collaboration with the Department of Biotechnology to explore space biology applications. Global and Strategic Importance: Strengthens India’s leadership in autonomous space technology. Supports India’s strategic goals in space exploration, enhancing global partnerships. Lays groundwork for lunar sample returns and manned space missions. Analytical Perspective: Technological Leap: Marks a pivotal step in India’s transition from satellite launches to advancedspaceoperations. Positions ISRO for competitive participation in global space programs. Strategic Autonomy: Indigenous developments reduce dependence on foreign technologies, aligning with Atmanirbhar Bharat. Broader Implications: Enhances India’s capacity for space diplomacy. Opens avenues for commercial utilization of space technologies. Way Forward: Ensure successful undocking and validate power transfer mechanisms. Leverage SpaDeX outcomes for operationalizing the Bharatiya Antariksh Station. Strengthen global collaboration in space exploration and technology sharing. SpaDeX underscores India’s emergence as a leader in space innovation, setting the stage for a new era of scientific and strategic advancements. Cabinet approves the establishment of “Third Launch Pad” Context : Approval and Objectives: The Union Cabinet has approved the establishment of the Third Launch Pad (TLP) at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. Objective: To accommodate Next Generation Launch Vehicles (NGLV). Act as a standby for the Second Launch Pad (SLP). Support Indian human spaceflight missions and enhanced space exploration capacity. Relevance : GS 3(Space ) Features and Implementation: The TLP will be designed with universal adaptability to support multiple vehicle configurations: NGLV. LVM3 vehicles with semi-cryogenic stages. Scaled-up configurations of NGLV. Realization within 48 months (4 years). Emphasis on industry participation and leveraging ISRO’s prior experience. Expenditure: Total estimated cost: ₹3984.86 crore, covering the launch pad and associated facilities. Impact on Space Ecosystem: Boosts India’s space ecosystem by enabling: Increased launch frequency. Support for human spaceflight and space exploration. Development of heavy-lift capabilities. Background: Existing Launch Infrastructure: Current reliance on: First Launch Pad (FLP): Operational for 30 years, primarily supports PSLV and SSLV missions. Second Launch Pad (SLP): Operational for 20 years, designed for GSLV and LVM3. It also supports PSLV missions and commercial launches. Need for a Third Launch Pad: Increasing demands of the Amrit Kaal vision: Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) by 2035. Indian crewed lunar landing by 2040. Requirement for new-generation, heavier launch vehicles with advanced propulsion systems. TLP Justification: Current launch pads are insufficient to cater to: Upcoming heavier-class launch vehicles. Increased launch frequencies for national and commercial missions. TLP is critical to support space transportation needs for the next 25-30 years. Analytical Perspective: Strategic Importance: Enhances national space capabilities to compete globally. Critical for missions like Gaganyaan, Chandrayaan, and interplanetary exploration. Reduces dependency on aging infrastructure, ensuring redundancy. Economic and Industrial Implications: Promotes private sector participation in the space sector, aligning with Atmanirbhar Bharat. Strengthens India’s position as a commercial space hub, boosting exports and collaborations. Technological Advancements: Supports development of semi-cryogenic engines and heavier payload capabilities. Enables human-rated launches and next-gen propulsion systems. Way Forward: Timely execution of the TLP project to meet evolving space demands. Integration with future projects like NGLV, Bharatiya Antariksh Station, and Indian lunar missions. Strengthening private-public partnerships for innovative and cost-effective solutions. The Third Launch Pad represents a significant step toward realizing India’s ambitious space vision, reinforcing its leadership in the global space arena.

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