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Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 05 June 2025

Content : Population Census-2027 to be conducted in two phases along with enumeration of castes CAQM Mandates Cleaner Mobility for Aggregators and E-Commerce Entities Across NCR Population Census-2027 to be conducted in two phases along with enumeration of castes Population Census-2027: Key Highlights Will be conducted in two phases, similar to earlier census models. Caste enumeration to be carried out alongside the population census – a notable inclusion, given long-standing debates on caste data. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Social Issues) Reference Dates For most of India: 00:00 hours, 1st March 2027 For snow-bound/non-synchronous areas: 00:00 hours, 1st October 2026 Includes Ladakh, J&K, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand Legal Framework Census conducted under: Census Act, 1948 Census Rules, 1990 Notification for intent to conduct census (with reference dates) to be published in Official Gazette on 16 June 2025 (tentative). Legal provision used: Section 3 of the Census Act, 1948 Historical Context Last completed Census: 2011 Phase I: House Listing (Apr–Sep 2010) Phase II: Population Enumeration (Feb 9–28, 2011) Reference Date: 1st March 2011, with exceptions for snow-bound areas (1st Oct 2010). Census 2021 was planned similarly, but: Postponed due to COVID-19 Fieldwork was scheduled to begin from April 1, 2020 Significance of Caste Enumeration Marks a major policy shift – caste enumeration was previously limited to SECC (Socio-Economic and Caste Census), last done in 2011. Will provide updated caste data for social welfare and affirmative action policies. Could influence: Reservation policy reforms Targeted development programs Data-backed policy planning Administrative & Policy Implications Requires massive logistical preparation – digital tools and trained manpower may be deployed. Can help in better socio-economic planning post-pandemic. Could reopen debates on caste-based reservation and resource allocation. CAQM Mandates Cleaner Mobility for Aggregators and E-Commerce Entities Across NCR Context: Air Pollution from Transport Sector Transport sector is a major year-round contributor to air pollution in Delhi-NCR, with a worsening impact in winters. Commercial vehicles are particularly polluting due to: High mileage Overloading Poor maintenance Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Push for E-Mobility in Commercial Services Delhi has already notified the Delhi Motor Vehicle Aggregator and Delivery Service Provider Scheme, 2023 for: Licensing of aggregators in passenger and goods transport, including e-commerce deliveries. Promoting e-mobility among commercial fleets in the capital. Expansion to Wider NCR Other NCR States – Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan – directed to frame similar policies for: Motor Vehicle Aggregators Delivery Services E-Commerce Platforms Focus cities: Gurugram, Faridabad, Sonipat, Noida, Greater Noida, Ghaziabad (all High Vehicle Density areas with high pollution load). CAQM Mandates (Effective 1st Jan 2026) Only CNG/Electric 3-Wheelers to be newly inducted in aggregator/delivery fleets. No new petrol/diesel: 2-Wheelers 4-Wheeler Light Commercial Vehicles (LCVs) 4-Wheeler Light Goods Vehicles (LGVs) under N1 category (up to 3.5 tonnes) to be added. Existing ICE vehicles can continue operations. Compliance & Monitoring NCR states must: Ensure strict compliance among all Aggregators/Delivery/E-Commerce entities. Create dedicated web portals for monitoring (similar to the one already developed by Delhi). Ensure wide publicity and awareness campaigns. Significance Aims to reduce vehicular emissions, particularly in high-traffic urban corridors. Supports broader goals of National Electric Mobility Mission and air quality improvement under CAQM mandate. Could set a national precedent for clean commercial mobility in urban India.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 05 June 2025

Content : Falling short Exposomics for better environmental health Aiming for an era of ‘biohappiness’ in India Falling short Policy Update: SPMEPCI – A Step Ahead On June 2, India announced 15% concessional import duty on Completely Built Units (CBUs) of EVs under SPMEPCI. Conditions: Minimum investment of ₹4,150 crore over 3 years. 25% domestic value addition (DVA) in 3 years, to be increased to 50% in 5 years. Cap of 8,000 CBUs annually per manufacturer for 5 years. Goal: Attract global EV giants like Tesla while nudging local manufacturing. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Technology) Practice Question : Despite progressive EV policies like SPMEPCI, India risks becoming a mere assembly hub without substantial technology transfer. Critically analyze this concern and suggest a roadmap to ensure long-term strategic autonomy in the EV sector.(250 Words) Major Gap: Lack of Technology Transfer Despite policy support, India lacks access to core EV technologies, especially batteries. The scheme does not mandate joint ventures, risking: Assembly-only operations No real tech absorption or R&D development India risks becoming a market, not a manufacturing hub. India’s Late Start EV journey began in 2015, much later than global peers. FAME Scheme: FAME I (2015): ₹895 crore FAME II (2019): ₹10,000 crore outlay Contrast with China: Began in 2009 with $230 billion cumulative incentives. Mandatory joint ventures until 2022 ensured technology transfer. Global Comparison China (2024 data): 11.3 million out of 17 million global EV sales. Massive success due to: Vertical integration (mining to battery production) Subsidies, tech mandates, charging infra scale-up U.S.: Began in 2010 with $25 billion in loans. Later boosted via Inflation Reduction Act. Still lags China in adoption (~1.5 million sales in 2024) Battery Tech: The Missing Core India’s 25% DVA likely limited to: Repurposing ICE components Adding software layers Battery manufacturing tech is critical: India must mandate joint ventures (like it did for ICE) Gradual market opening can follow, after tech absorption Recommendations Mandate technology-sharing frameworks within FDI deals. Offer incentives for core component R&D, not just assembly. Build domestic battery value chain: mining, processing, recycling. Encourage public-private partnerships for advanced tech and innovation. Significance Without tech transfer, India risks dependency on foreign players. A technology-led approach is essential for: Strategic autonomy Sustainable job creation Long-term competitiveness in the global EV market. Exposomics for better environmental health Current Challenges in Environmental Health Microplastics and other hazards in air, water, and living spaces are hard to detect with existing sensing technologies. India bears nearly 25% of the global environmental disease burden, highlighting an urgent need for new approaches. Present strategies are fragmented and reactive, lacking comprehensive risk assessment. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) ,GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Practice Question : What is exposomics and how can it help transform India’s environmental health surveillance and risk management frameworks? Discuss its significance in addressing the rising burden of non-communicable diseases.(250 Words) Magnitude of Environmental Disease Burden WHO & GBD 2021: OEH (Occupational & Environmental Health) risk factors caused: 18.9% of global deaths (12.8 million). 14.4% of global DALYs. PM2.5 alone: 4.7 million deaths. Household air pollution: 3.1 million deaths. In India alone: ~3 million deaths are due to OEH risks. Over 100 million DALYs lost. Over 50% of NCD burden is linked to OEH risks. Current Limitations in Burden Estimation GBD covers only ~11 environmental risk categories due to data scarcity. Lacks inclusion of: Chemical mixtures, microplastics, environmental noise. Synergistic interactions between environmental, behavioural, genetic, and socio-economic factors. Climate change adds compounding risks: heatwaves, floods, air pollution, vector-borne diseases, and mental health. What is Exposomics? Exposome: Totality of environmental exposures across a person’s life and their influence on health. Goes beyond traditional single-exposure models to assess cumulative and interactive risks. Complements genomics with Exposure-Wide Association Studies (EWAS), akin to GWAS. Technologies Driving Exposomics Wearables & real-time sensors for personal exposure. Untargeted chemical analysis in biomonitoring. Organs-on-a-chip: Replicate human organ functions to understand toxicology. AI & Big Data: Integrate diverse datasets for predictive health modelling. Why Exposomics Matters for India Can address inequities in environmental health and inform precision public health strategies. India can leapfrog using digital health platforms already being used in other domains. Exposomics enables: Holistic, scalable, and data-driven preventive health frameworks. Better understanding of disease causation and risk prioritization. Cost-effective interventions and early warning systems. Way Forward Invest in exposomic capacity: labs, wearable tech, AI-based platforms. Develop interoperable data repositories to share harmonised exposure-health data. Integrate environmental risk monitoring into mainstream public health programmes. Align with global exposome efforts to drive scientific collaboration and policy reforms. Aiming for an era of ‘biohappiness’ in India Rich Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge India is a global biodiversity hotspot (8% of world’s biodiversity on 2% of land). Tribal communities (e.g., Nyishi, Apatani) possess deep knowledge of wild foods’ nutritional/medicinal value. Traditional diets in rural India include millets, legumes, tubers, greens, and wild fruits — largely unknown to urban India. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Agriculture , Environment and Ecology) Practice Question : India’s cultural and agrobiodiversity are crucial for nutrition security, rural livelihoods, and climate resilience. How can the idea of “biohappiness” reshape the development paradigm in the 21st century?(250 Words) Alarming Biodiversity Loss Agrobiodiversity is declining rapidly, especially in Northeast India. Traditional culinary practices and food knowledge are disappearing alongside biological species. Mirrors global trends in biodiversity and cultural erosion. Ecological and Economic Value Ecosystem services (forests, biodiversity) estimated at ₹130 trillion annually. Biodiversity underpins rural livelihoods and national development. Yet, policy and economic systems often overlook its value. Global Food System Crisis Overdependence on rice, wheat, and maize (50% of calories) has: Reduced dietary diversity. Increased vulnerability to climate change. Contributed to rising NCDs (diabetes, obesity). Opportunity in Neglected and Underutilized Species (NUS) NUS (e.g., small millets, buckwheat, tubers) = “Opportunity Crops.” Benefits: nutrient-rich, climate-resilient, locally adapted. These crops support agroecology and cultural traditions but remain undervalued. Case Study: Kolli Hills, Tamil Nadu Traditional millet farming replaced by commercial crops (cassava, pepper). MSSRF’s interventions: Revived millet diversity through participatory research. Empowered women farmers. Improved soil, income, value addition, and documentation of knowledge. Government Initiatives and Millets Revival Shree Anna Yojana and International Year of Millets → boost millet promotion. Focus areas: Production, processing, branding, awareness, exports. Example: Odisha Millet Mission—community-led seed-to-plate revival in Koraput. Need to diversify beyond ragi, jowar, bajra into minor millets. Inclusion of millets in Public Distribution System (PDS) is the next step. Vision of Biohappiness & Evergreen Revolution M.S. Swaminathan’s “Evergreen Revolution” = ecological balance + nutrition security. “Biohappiness”: well-being derived from biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. Forgotten foods connect biodiversity, culture, and climate resilience. Emerging Interdisciplinary Biodiversity Science Combines agriculture, nutrition, health, climate, disaster risk, and economy. Potential to create green jobs and address challenges for India’s 1.4 billion people. India can be a global leader in sustainable biodiversity use and human well-being. Conclusion Restoring forgottencrops and foodpractices is vital for: Nutrition security. Cultural identity. Climate resilience. Livelihood generation. Transitioning to an era of biohappiness aligns with ecological and developmental goals.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 05 June 2025

Content : Next Census to conclude by March 2027, says govt. BESS in India’s clean energy transition The seeds of sustainability for India’s textile leadership Is global warming becoming a distraction? Has the environmental crisis in India exacerbated? Govt. to bring new national policy on senior citizens West Asia crisis could delay IMEC, says MEA official Next Census to conclude by March 2027, says govt. Key Announcements India’s next Census will conclude by March 1, 2027. This will be the first digital Census of India. It will also be the first post-Independence Census to include caste enumeration. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues , Governance) Timeline & Reference Dates Two-phase Census to be completed by February 28, 2027. Reference date: March 1, 2027 (for most of India). October 1, 2026 (for snow-bound areas in Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand). The notification of Census phases is expected on June 16, 2025, under Section 3 of the Census Act, 1948. No official start date for the enumeration has been declared yet. Significance of Digital Census Expected to improve data accuracy, efficiency, and real-time data processing. May involve use of mobile apps or digital forms by enumerators. Data privacy and infrastructure readiness will be critical challenges. Caste Enumeration For the first time since Independence, caste data will be collected during the Census. May help in policy formulation, welfare targeting, and social justice planning. However, it could also lead to political and social complexities (e.g., demand for revised quotas). Political Implications Under Article 82 and Article 170, the first Census after 2026 will form the basis for delimitation (redrawing of Lok Sabha and State Assembly constituencies). Currently, constituencies are based on 1971 Census due to a freeze implemented by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment and extended by the 84th Amendment (2001) till after the 2026 Census. Hence, 2027 Census data could trigger a major political shift, especially in representation from high-population states. Challenges Ahead Delayed by 16 years (last Census was in 2011). COVID-19 delayed the originally scheduled 2021 Census. Logistical scale, training digital enumerators, and cybersecurity are major operational challenges. Political sensitivities around caste data and regional population growth disparities may influence national debates. BESS in India’s clean energy transition Changing Energy Paradigm The climate crisis has redefined energy security: now based on availability, accessibility, affordability, and environmental acceptability. Environmental acceptability highlights the trade-offs in emissions, pollution, and biodiversity loss. Renewables meet this criterion well, aligning with SDG 7 (access to clean energy). Relevance : GS 3(Energy , Environment and Ecology) Need for Energy Storage Intermittency of renewables (solar, wind) limits their reliability. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) offer: Grid stability Demand-supply balancing Peak load management Decentralised energy delivery (e.g. microgrids) BESS enables lower GHG emissions and greater renewable integration. Technological & Cost Trends Battery prices have fallen ~90% over 15 years. BESS is favored due to: Affordability Scalability Fast deployment Geographic flexibility Yet, full potential is blocked by: Regulatory hurdles Lack of financing Technical barriers Critical mineral constraints India’s BESS Progress & Targets Target: 500 GW non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030 (217.62 GW achieved by Jan 2025). BESS Target: 47 GW by 2032. Supportive policies: Viability Gap Funding (VGF) Waiver of interstate transmission charges (till June 2025) Key Challenges (Economic Survey 2024–25) Grid upgrade investments lagging Slow BESS adoption by large users Limited access to critical minerals Delays in large-scale agreements Need for innovation and investment in: Battery procurement Grid infrastructure Mineral supply chains Role of Partnerships Public-private-philanthropic alliances can: Offer concessional financing Enable technical capacity building Delhi BESS Pilot (BSES Rajdhani, IndiGrid, GEAPP): Provides a technical playbook Supports regulatory reform Helps scale future BESS efforts India as a BESS Leader India’s leadership in renewables must be complemented by strong BESS rollout. Strategic actions: Domestic battery manufacturing Recycling initiatives Flexible grid integration Consortium-led collaboration (e.g., BESS Consortium under GEAPP) BESS is essential for energy independence, climate goals, and secure, reliable power systems. The seeds of sustainability for India’s textile leadership Context & Need for Sustainability India is among the world’s largest textile manufacturers but faces challenges due to: Geopolitical tensions Fragmented supply chains Volatile prices Sustainable transformation is needed to maintain global competitiveness and long-term leadership. Market leadership now depends not just on finance, but also adaptability, innovation, and resilience. Relevance : GS 3(Sustainability) Regenerative Farming (Regen Farming) Why important: Tackles raw material sourcing issues, soil degradation, and climate vulnerability. Already being implemented: 1 million+ hectares under pilot projects via Ministry of Agriculture. Aurangabad success: 6,000+ farmers with improved yields, lower chemical use, better incomes. Enables: Farmer inclusion in global supply chains Enhanced climate resilience Cost-effective, low-input farming Breaking gender barriers in agriculture Strengthens traceability, quality, and supply chain accountability. Traceability Solutions Demand for traceable products is growing — 37% of consumers prioritize this (2023 survey). Traceability now supports: Brand trust, authenticity, and consumer transparency Sustainability storytelling beyond logistics India-specific examples: Kasturi Cotton initiative – boosts global trust in Indian cotton India-U.K. FTA (pending) could amplify sustainability-based textile exports EU & UK markets demand traceable, ethical products — offers India a competitive edge. Product Circularity India contributes 8.5% of global textile waste — a serious concern. Circularity strategies: Longer product lifecycles Design for recyclability, reuse, and biodegradability Plastic-free packaging and sustainable post-use disposal Reengineering factory waste into new designs or soil-restorative products Benefits: Job creation Reduced raw material reliance Aligns with REIAI and Viksit Bharat vision of self-reliance and innovation Strategic Outlook Industry target: $350 billion by 2030 + 35 million new jobs India’s leadership must be: Volume-driven and values-driven Focused on climate alignment and tech innovation Emphasis on genuine sustainable action, not greenwashing Conclusion: The Way Forward India must lead by “Making in India for the world”, but responsibly and sustainably. Key to future textile leadership: Regenerative farming Tech-led traceability Product circularity Decisions today will shape a resilient, future-proof textile economy. Is global warming becoming a distraction? On Global Mean Warming Thresholds The 2ºC threshold in the Paris Agreement (later shifted to 1.5ºC) is not rooted in precise climate science, but rather in early economic models (e.g., Nordhaus, 1970s). These thresholds are arbitrary markers and don’t account for the non-linear, localised, and sudden nature of climate impacts. Warming levels like 1.5ºC, 1.75ºC, or 2ºC don’t make a practical difference when preparing for real-time disasters. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Flaws in Climate Models Models for projecting long-term global warming (beyond 2050) are highly uncertain due to: Unpredictability of future emissions. Unknown future tech, policies, and social shifts. Multiple models and datasets produce varying temperature estimates, making it difficult to confirm if 1.5ºC has been breached or not. Short-term warming spikes (e.g., 2023–2024) may not indicate long-term trends.  Is Global Mean Warming a Distraction? Yes, focusing too much on global averages may divert attention from: Local, actionable disaster risk reduction. Real-time adaptation needs and resilience building. There is a disconnect between abstract global metrics and ground-level preparedness. Real Threat: Climate Disasters Disasters such as heatwaves, floods, and droughts are increasing in: Frequency Intensity Duration Rising insurance and livelihood losses highlight the urgent need for preparedness. What Needs More Focus Instead? Short- to medium-term climate predictions (daily to decadal timescales) are more critical. Hyperlocal data and early-warning systems can: Enhance disaster response. Guide adaptive infrastructure planning. Importance of: Tracking accuracy of forecasts. Ensuring timely dissemination to local agencies. Documenting system failures. Tropics and Beyond: Equitable Action Needed Tropics are climate risk hotspots, but even temperate zones (e.g., Valencia floods) are now vulnerable. Global initiatives like UN’s “Early Warnings for All” aim to bridge warning-system gaps in poorer nations. Key Takeaway Climate risks are not predetermined — human agency and institutional preparedness determine the impact. ➤ Mitigation must continue, but resilience, adaptation, and operational disaster management deserve equal, if not more, attention. Has the environmental crisis in India exacerbated? India’s environmental crisis has worsened over the past decade, marked by rising emissions, biodiversity loss, and severe pollution. Despite global awareness, systemic issues and unsustainable development practices continue to deepen ecological damage. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Yes — significantly over the last decade. Rising Carbon Emissions: India’s CO₂ emissions increased from 2.33 billion tonnes (2015) to 3.12 billion tonnes (2024) — nearly 34% growth. Still heavily reliant on coal (≈70% of electricity generation). Biodiversity Loss: Deforestation, wetland degradation, and monoculture farming are threatening India’s rich ecological zones like the Western Ghats and Northeast. Ecosystem disruptions and species extinction risks have increased. Severe Pollution: India consistently ranks among the most polluted countries. Air quality in cities like Delhi remains hazardous. Water pollution from untreated sewage and industrial effluents continues to degrade rivers like the Ganga and Yamuna. What are the major contributing factors? Fossil Fuel Dependency: Dominance of coal, oil, and gas in power and transport. Lack of sufficient transition to renewable energy sources. Deforestation and Land-Use Change: Increased forest clearances for mining, infrastructure, and dam projects. Encroachment in biodiversity-rich regions. Agricultural Intensification: Monoculture crops promoted by agro-industries. Overuse of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and plastic mulch. Resultant soil degradation and water pollution. Waste Mismanagement and Urbanisation: India generates 62 million tonnes of waste/year, with only 20% scientifically processed. Overflowing landfills, untreated sewage, and industrial waste polluting water bodies. Overconsumption and Industrialisation: Global North’s consumption patterns shift environmental burdens to countries like India. Export-driven industrial growth often disregards environmental safeguards. India’s Position in Global Context: Per capita emissions low (~1.9 tonnes) vs. U.S. (~14.7 tonnes), yet aggregate emissions rising. Climate injustice: Poor communities in India suffer disproportionately from pollution and extreme weather. Victim of climate impacts caused by historical emissions of wealthier countries (e.g., erratic monsoons, heatwaves, floods). What needs to be done? Global Accountability: Developed nations must cut emissions, provide climate finance, and stop outsourcing pollution. Corporate Regulation: Impose strict environmental laws and carbon taxes. Ban trade with corporations that do not comply with green norms. Ecological Development: Promote low-carbon livelihoods, organic farming, and community-led conservation. Integrate environmental goals into urban planning, infrastructure, and economic policy. Govt. to bring new national policy on senior citizens Context : India is witnessing a rapid rise in its elderly population, projected to reach 20% by 2047. In response, the government is drafting a new national policy to address the evolving needs of senior citizens. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice, Governance) Demographic Shift: Senior citizens made up 8.23% of the population in 2011; projected to reach 12.16% by 2026 and 20% by 2047. The upcoming policy aims to address the ageing population challenge based on these projections. Draft Policy Development: The policy is currently in the draft stage under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. It is being developed in consultation with stakeholders to reflect future demographic realities. Fourth National Council Meeting: Key topics discussed: digital inclusion, elder abuse redressal, community engagement, and intergenerational bonding. Proposal to institutionalise NGOs and senior citizen associations for implementation and feedback. Elder Care Infrastructure: Emphasis on setting minimum standards for old age homes and care institutions. Focus on improving quality and monitoring of assisted living devices provided under government schemes. Existing Schemes Reviewed: Progress reviewed under: Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana (RVY): Over 5 lakh senior citizens provided with free assisted living devices. Integrated Programme for Senior Citizens (IPSrC) and Senior Citizen Portal also assessed for effectiveness. Policy Vision: Aims for a rights-based, inclusive, and welfare-oriented approach. Seeks to prepare India for an ageing society with appropriate social, economic, and institutional support mechanisms. West Asia crisis could delay IMEC, says MEA official Geopolitical Concerns West Asia crisis (e.g. Israel-Palestine conflict, Iran tensions) may delay IMEC’s implementation. Conflict zones pose risks to infrastructure, investment, and continuity of mega-projects. Stability is key to smooth transit and long-term investor confidence. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Nature of IMEC IMEC is a proposed multi-modal economic corridor (ship-rail-road) linking: India → Gulf → Europe. Envisioned as a strategic alternative to the China-led Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Announced during the G20 Summit in India (2023). Competition from BRI China’s BRI presents a competing connectivity project with existing routes and financing. BRI enjoys wider global penetration; IMEC is relatively nascent. IMEC must differentiate itself through efficiency, political alignment, and private sector interest. Operational Challenges Harmonisation issues across partner countries flagged as a major non-political hurdle: Regulatory standards Technical and phytosanitary regulations Transport network compatibility Customs, taxation, and digital systems Without this, delays and inefficiencies could erode transit-time gains. Need for an Institutional Framework Call for an IMEC Secretariat/headquarters to coordinate between stakeholders. Lack of institutional coordination may lead to project dilution or collapse. Funding Issues IMEC needs dedicated funding, ideally from private beneficiaries. Government-only financing may be insufficient for such a large-scale project. Customs Bottlenecks While IMEC promises faster cargo transit, inconsistent customs rules at each transit point may nullify time savings. Strategic Significance IMEC aligns with India’s goals of: Diversifying trade routes Enhancing connectivity to Europe Countering Chinese influence Success depends on regional stability, coordination, and stakeholder commitment.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 04 June 2025

Content : India to Build First-Ever Polar Research Vessel (PRV) as GRSE Signs MoU with Norway’s Kongsberg Election Commission to upgrade VTR sharing process India to Build First-Ever Polar Research Vessel (PRV) as GRSE Signs MoU with Norway’s Kongsberg Context : India’s First-Ever Polar Research Vessel (PRV) MoU Signed: GRSE (Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd., Kolkata) signed an MoU with Norway’s Kongsberg for building India’s first indigenously developed PRV. Significance: Enhances India’s polar and ocean research capabilities. Boosts ‘Make in India’ by constructing a high-tech vessel domestically. Designed in line with the requirements of the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCOPR). Capabilities: Equipped with advanced scientific equipment for oceanographic, climatological, and polar studies. Enables deep-sea and polar ecosystem exploration. Strategic Relevance: Contributes to climate change research, Antarctica policy goals. Showcases India’s rise as a shipbuilding and scientific research power. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Infrastructure)   MAHASAGAR Vision & Maritime Diplomacy From SAGAR to MAHASAGAR: SAGAR: Security and Growth for All in the Region. MAHASAGAR: Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security Across the Regions – an expanded vision to enhance international maritime cooperation. Key Pillars: Economic cooperation & regional connectivity. Disaster response and maritime security. Environmental sustainability and green shipping. Sagarmala 2.0: Focuses on infrastructure gaps, shipbuilding, ship repair, recycling, and boosting maritime trade capacity. Bilateral Engagement with Norway Roundtable with Norwegian Shipowners’ Association (NSA): India invited greater investment in ports, shipbuilding, and logistics. Highlighted India’s role as a trusted, sustainable, and cost-effective shipbuilding hub. Strategic Highlights: Indian shipyards account for 11% of NSA’s global order book. India ranks second in seafarer supply to NSA fleet. Proposed expansion in shipbreaking (HKC-compliant yards) and recruitment partnerships. Green Maritime Vision: Push for green fuels (hydrogen), green ports, IMO-compliance, and digital shipping platforms like ONOP and MAITRI. Proposed India–Norway green shipping corridors. Global Maritime Leadership Ministerial Discussion on Shipping & Ocean Business: India aligned with global goals for decarbonised, inclusive, and future-proof ocean trade. Participating countries included Brazil, Japan, US, China, Norway, and UN reps. India’s Position: Emerging as a maritime power with innovation-driven growth and regional leadership. Strong commitment to sustainability, shipbuilding, and global maritime governance. Overall Impact Reinforces India’s scientific, strategic, and diplomatic outreach in the maritime domain. Showcases synergy between indigenous capacity-building and international cooperation. Enhances India’s preparedness to address climate change, Arctic geopolitics, and maritime trade realignment. Strengthens India-Norway relations based on shared sustainability and innovation goals. Election Commission to upgrade VTR sharing process Objective & Context Election Commission of India (ECI) is upgrading the Voter Turnout Reporting (VTR) mechanism to ensure faster, more accurate, and transparent communication of voter turnout trends. Aligns with ECI’s broader goal of real-time public communication and technological integration into election management. Relevance : GS 2(Elections Reformers) Key Features of the New System ECINET App Introduction: Presiding Officers (PROs) will enter voter turnout data directly into the new ECINET App every 2 hours on polling day. After polls close, PROs will enter final turnout data before leaving the polling station. Automatic Aggregation: Data auto-aggregated at the constituency level. Real-time update visible on updated VTR App. Offline Support: App allows offline data entry, which syncs once network connectivity is restored. Ensures inclusion of remote/rural polling stations. Improvements Over Old System Previous System: Relied on manual data collection by Sector Officers, transmitted via phone/SMS/messaging apps. Approximate turnout often delayed by 4–5 hours or more. Final data sometimes arrived late night or next day. New System Advantages: Reduces delay, boosts accuracy. Eliminates scope for misinformation or speculation due to delayed updates. Strengthens data transparency and voter trust. Legal Compliance Rule 49S, Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961: Legal mandate for PROs to furnish Form 17C to polling agents remains unchanged. VTR update remains a non-statutory, facilitative measure for public information. Rollout Timeline & Pilot Expected to be fully integrated with ECINET before Bihar elections. Aimed at becoming a standard protocol for all future elections. Significance Enhances electoral transparency, improves public confidence. Aligns with Digital India mission and e-Governance practices. Reinforces ECI’s role as a technologically adaptive and citizen-centric institution.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 04 June 2025

Content: A strategy fuelled by vision, powered by energy India-Australia defence ties beyond American shadows A strategy fuelled by vision, powered by energy Context : India’s Economic and Energy Ascent India has become the 4th largest economy, surpassing Japan (GDP: $4.3 trillion in 2025). Growth trajectory of 6.7% in the last quarter outpaces all major economies. Energy sector central to India’s rise — from an import-dependent model to strategic energy leadership. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Economy , Energy) Practice Question : “India’s transformation from an energy-deficient nation to a strategic energy player is driven by policy reforms, technological innovation, and global partnerships.” Discuss the four-pronged strategy that underpins this transformation. (250 words) Energy Sector Transformation (2014–2025) India is now: 3rd largest energy and oil consumer. 4th largest refiner and LNG importer. Energy demand to grow 2.5x by 2047; India to account for 25% of global incremental demand. Four-Pronged Energy Strategy Diversification of energy sources and suppliers. Domestic production expansion. Transition to renewables. Ensuring affordability for citizens and industry. Upstream Sector Reforms Exploration acreage doubled: 8% (2021) → 16% (2025). Goal: 1 million sq. km by 2030, unlocking 42 billion tonnes of hydrocarbon potential. Reforms include: 99% reduction in ‘No-Go’ areas. Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP). Revised gas pricing (linked to Indian crude basket). Shared infrastructure via new revenue-sharing contracts. Technological Push National Seismic Programme, Mission Anveshan, AGG surveys, and continental shelf mapping enhancing exploration. Focus on frontier basins: Andamans, Mahanadi, Cauvery. Over 25 new hydrocarbon discoveries (Mumbai Offshore, Cambay, Assam, etc.). Global Partnerships ONGC-bp partnership expected to boost Mumbai High’s: Oil output by 44%. Gas output by 89%. International access to India’s data via University of Houston data centre. Downstream & Distribution Growth 24,000 km product pipelines, 96,000+ retail fuel outlets. City gas network expanded from: 55 areas (2014) → 307 areas (2025). PNG: 25 lakh → 1.5 crore connections. 7,500+ CNG stations. Unified tariffs and city gas expansion reduce regional disparities. Biofuels and Ethanol Blending Ethanol blending: 1.5% (2013) → 19.7% (2025). Output up: 38 cr litres → 484 cr litres. Benefits: Saved ₹1.26 lakh crore in forex. Cut emissions by 643 lakh MT. ₹1.79 lakh crore paid to distillers and ₹1 lakh crore to farmers. Feedstock diversified (molasses, maize). SATAT initiative aims for 5% CBG blending by 2028. Green Hydrogen Initiatives Green hydrogen production target: 8.62 lakh tonnes. Electrolyser capacity: 3,000 MW tendered. Major tenders awarded (e.g., IOCL–L&T for Panipat). PSUs like BPCL, HPCL, GAIL, NRL leading implementation. Natural Gas Infrastructure & Reforms Pipeline network: 25,000 km → 33,000 km by 2030. Strategic pricing + “No Cut” category for gas = supply stability. Production: 28.7 BCM (2020–21) → 36.4 BCM (2023–24). Regulatory & Legal Reforms Oilfields Act 2024: Enables hybrid leases (hydrocarbons + renewables). Simplified contracts for Discovered Small Fields (DSF). Digitised asset mapping via PM Gati Shakti. National Master Plan enables real-time synergy across projects. Affordability & Consumer Protection Despite 58% rise in global LPG prices, PMUY beneficiaries pay just ₹553/cylinder. Subsidies + excise cuts keep domestic fuel prices stable compared to neighbours. Key Takeaways Energy = Sovereignty, Security, Sustainability. India’s energy transition is built on: Confidence in its institutions. Self-reliance in supply and production. Strategic foresight to meet future demand sustainably. India-Australia defence ties beyond American shadows Strategic Context Donald Trump’s possible return raises uncertainty in U.S. global commitments, particularly towards NATO and Indo-Pacific allies. This creates a strategic opportunity for middle powers like India and Australia to deepen bilateral defence ties. The Indo-Pacific’s evolving security architecture demands regional resilience beyond U.S. reliance. Relevance : GS2 (International Relations) ,GS 3(Internal Security) Practice Question : “Amid evolving geopolitical dynamics, India-Australia defence ties are maturing into a critical pillar of Indo-Pacific stability.” Analyze the strategic depth and limitations of this partnership. (250 words) Alignment of Interests Geostrategic Compatibility: Australia’s location bridges the Indian and Pacific Oceans — complementary to India’s maritime interests. Operational Synergies: Australian Defence Force (ADF) has experience in coalition operations, exemplified by the recent air-to-air refuelling arrangement with India. Shared Concerns: Both face China’s assertiveness and support a free, open Indo-Pacific. Bureaucratic Depth: India-Australia ties have stronger institutional frameworks compared to India’s ties with other regional partners like Japan or South Korea. Institutional Framework Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (CSP) in 2020. 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue since 2021. Mutual Logistics Support Agreement (MLSA) for smoother joint missions. Key Military Exercises: AUSTRAHIND (Army) AUSINDEX (Navy) Participation in Pitch Black and Malabar (multilateral) Strategic Limitations India: Bound by continental security challenges (China border, Pakistan-based threats). Australia: In a strategic transition, modernising forces under AUKUS, and expanding influence in Pacific Islands. Neither can replace the U.S. security umbrella, but can enhance self-reliance and resilience through mutual cooperation. Five Focus Areas for Strengthening Ties Break Service Silos: Move beyond Navy-dominated cooperation. Establish joint military exercises simulating realistic combat. Create Joint Staff Talks and work toward a large-scale combined exercise. Upgrade India’s Defence Presence in Canberra: Elevate the Defence Adviser (DA) to one-star rank. Add Army and Air Force assistants to balance tri-service cooperation. Assign dedicated officials for Pacific Island engagement. Elevate Operational Voices: Encourage working-level military exchanges. Create spaces for classified, candid strategic dialogues. Initiate fellowships, wargaming, and staff college exchanges. Naval MRO & Joint Production: Collaborate on Maintenance, Repair, Overhaul (MRO) of naval vessels. Explore joint production of patrol boats for Indian Ocean & Pacific Island nations. Enhance tech and platform exposure through joint work. Boost Defence MSMEs & Startups: Bridge Indian and Australian MSMEs/startups working on dual-use and component technologies. Encourage direct B2B linkages and joint innovation. Model an initiative like INDUS X for India-Australia startup collaboration. Conclusion / Strategic Significance Australia’s designation of India as a “top-tier security partner” marks a paradigm shift in regional defence architecture. In a world where U.S. reliability is conditional, India-Australia cooperation can provide regional stability and resilience without being trapped in American shadows.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 04 June 2025

Content : Ladakh gets new policies on quota, domicile status IISc researchers develop artificial metal-based nanozyme that prevents excess blood clotting A ban, a split verdict, and a health concern Does the civil services examination need reform? No contempt if Parliament or legislatures make laws: SC ‘Sulphur-cleaning device in coal plants not necessary’ EC introduces new tech-driven system to update voter turnout Bacteria found at Rajgir hot spring lake shows antimicrobial activity Ladakh gets new policies on quota, domicile status Context & Background Ladakh became a Union Territory (UT) after the abrogation of Article 370 in August 2019. Local civil society groups have long demanded constitutional safeguards for Ladakh’s culture, demography, land, and jobs (similar to Article 371 or Sixth Schedule protections). The Centre has now introduced several key policy reforms in response. Relevance : GS 2(Federalism , Governance) Reservation Policy Changes Total Reservation Cap Raised: Earlier: Capped at 50% (as per 2004 J&K Reservation Act). Now: Raised to 85%, excluding EWS quota. With 10% for EWS, the total reservation hits 95%, among the highest in India. Scheduled Tribes Focus: 80% of jobs likely to be reserved for STs, reflecting Ladakh’s majority tribal population. Comparison: Meghalaya: 85% for SCs/STs. Arunachal Pradesh: 80% for STs. Domicile Policy To qualify as a domicile: One must have resided in Ladakh continuously for 15 years since October 31, 2019 (UT foundation day). Applies even to children of Central government officials. Implication: Tightens eligibility for government jobs and other benefits. Aimed at preserving Ladakhi identity and limiting demographic changes. Language Policy Official languages of Ladakh now include: English, Hindi, Urdu, Bhoti, and Purgi. Bhoti and Purgi are local languages, reflecting the cultural and linguistic diversity of the region. Changes in Hill Council Composition One-third reservation for women in hill councils (LAHDC Leh and Kargil). To be implemented on a rotational basis. Boosts women’s political representation in Ladakh’s local governance. Broader Significance Responds to the socio-political concerns of Ladakhi stakeholders. Enhances affirmative action, local autonomy, and cultural preservation. Indicates Centre’s decentralized approach to governance in tribal-majority UTs. Could serve as a model for region-specific governance policies elsewhere in India. IISc researchers develop artificial metal-based nanozyme that prevents excess blood clotting Research Context & Objective Conducted by: IISc researchers, led by Prof. G. Mugesh (Dept. of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry). Objective: To prevent abnormal blood clotting (thrombosis) linked to conditions like pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) and COVID-19. Relevance : GS 2(Health) ,GS 3(Technology) Understanding the Problem Normal Blood Clotting (Haemostasis): Triggered by injury to blood vessels. Platelets cluster to form a clot, activated by agonists like collagen and thrombin. Abnormal Clotting (e.g., in PTE, COVID-19): Caused by oxidative stress and excess Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). ROS leads to over-activation of platelets, forming harmful clots (thrombosis). Thrombosis contributes to ischemic events, strokes, and deaths. Nanozyme Development Developed: Redox-active nanomaterials mimicking natural antioxidant enzymes. Function: Scavenge ROS to regulate oxidative stress and prevent platelet over-activation. Synthesis: Achieved via controlled chemical reactions using small molecular building blocks. Key Findings Tested different sizes, shapes, and morphologies of nanozymes. Platelets were isolated and activated using physiological agonists in lab settings. Spherical-shaped Vanadium Pentoxide (V₂O₅) nanozymes showed the highest efficacy in preventing excess aggregation. Medical Significance Potential to treat or prevent: Pulmonary Thromboembolism (PTE) Thrombosis linked to COVID-19 Ischemic stroke (next phase of research) Offers an alternative to conventional anticoagulants with a more targeted approach via ROS modulation. Wider Implications Represents a biomimetic therapeutic approach — using synthetic materials to mimic natural enzyme functions. Opens avenues in nanomedicine for targeted, controlled therapies. Can reduce side-effects typically associated with broad-spectrum blood thinners. A ban, a split verdict, and a health concern Mustard Oil in India: Context Third-most consumed edible oil in India. Extracted from Indian mustard crop, high in erucic acid (40–54%). Health concerns exist due to high erucic acid, especially in Western countries. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Agriculture) Two Major Policy/Judicial Decisions FSSAI Ban (2021): Banned blending of mustard oil with other edible oils. Aim: To prevent adulteration and boost domestic mustard production. Blending allowed under law up to 20% but was misused (industry blends up to 50%). Supreme Court Verdict (2024): Struck down approval of GM mustard (DMH-11). Reason: Insufficient health impact assessment. Split verdict; health safety concerns cited by one of the judges. Health Concern: Erucic Acid Present in high quantity in Indian mustard oil (40–54%). International limit: Less than 5% (U.S., Canada, Europe). Animal studies: High erucic acid linked to heart issues, liver and kidney damage. Human impact: No conclusive evidence, but stigma and strict regulations abroad. Alternative abroad: Canola oil (developed in Canada) with <2% erucic acid. GM Mustard (DMH-11): Prospects and Benefits Lower erucic acid content (30–35% vs 40–54%). Higher yield potential. Reduces need for blending and dependency on imported edible oils. India’s edible oil import bill: $20.56 billion (NITI Aayog). Scientific achievement: Comparable to Western low-erucic cultivars. Needs further R&D to bring levels below 5%. Blended Mustard Oil: Pros and Cons Advantages: Dilutes erucic acid content. Rich in unsaturated fats → improves cholesterol profile (↑ HDL, ↓ LDL). Practical in absence of low-erucic domestic cultivars. Concerns: Rampant adulteration (FSSAI 2020 survey: 24.21% samples failed quality checks). Mustard oil had highest adulteration rates. Artificial flavors and toxic substances used. Policy Recommendations Allow blended mustard oil sales in packaged and branded form with clear labelling. Enforce blending limits (currently often breached). Strengthen State-level food safety mechanisms (health is a State subject). Prioritize development of low-erucic GM mustard varieties with <5% content. Take a holistic view — blend health, economic, and scientific perspectives in policymaking. Does the civil services examination need reform? Historical Background The structure of the civil services exam is rooted in the Macaulay Report of 1854 which emphasized merit-based selection. The Kothari Committee (1975) formalized the three-tier structure: Prelims, Mains, and Interview. Relevance : GS 2(Education ) Evolution of Preliminary Exam Earlier format: Optional subject + General Studies with a 2:1 weightage. Results were opaque; only names of qualifiers were published—no marks or cut-offs were revealed. This ‘black box’ model limited aspirants’ ability to question results. Transparency and Reform Pressure Post-RTI Act (2005): UPSC had to disclose evaluation methods. Growing scrutiny led to formation of the S.K. Khanna Committee (2010). Major reform (2011): Optional paper removed. Prelims restructured to: Paper I: GS Paper II: CSAT (aptitude, reasoning, English) Issues with CSAT (Paper-II) Originally, CSAT marks were counted, favoring urban, English-medium, science/engineering students. This triggered protests, particularly from rural/Humanities background aspirants. Change made: CSAT became a qualifying paper (33% minimum), marks not counted for merit. Main Exam Concerns Restructured in 2013 after Nigvekar Committee recommendations. GS papers now cover wide topics: polity, governance, economy, etc. Current issues: Short-answer focus (20 questions) encourages rote memorization over analysis. No long-form questions that test deep analytical or problem-solving abilities. Optional subject choices driven by scoring trends, not academic background—misaligns intent. Prelims as a ‘Gatekeeper’ Prelims now functions more as a screening tool, cutting ~5 lakh applicants to ~10,000. Paper-I (GS) is highly unpredictable, making preparation uncertain. Paper-II still favors science/engineering students, even though it’s qualifying. Opportunity cost is high for serious aspirants investing years into uncertain outcomes. Suggested Reforms Re-evaluate the role of Prelims: Ensure it tests potential, not just elimination. Revamp GS Mains papers: Include long-form analytical questions. Replace the optional subject with two papers on governance and public policy to ensure relevance. Improve alignment between the exam structure and the qualities expected in civil servants. Conclusion The current system, though evolved, still reflects structural distortions. A comprehensive reform is needed to: Reduce unfair filtering, Promote diversity, Encourage analytical thinking over rote learning, And better align aspirants’ capabilities with administrative roles. No contempt if Parliament or legislatures make laws: SC Background of the Case Petitioners: Nandini Sundar (sociologist) and others filed a contempt petition (2012). Target: Chhattisgarh government’s alleged non-compliance with the SC’s 2011 order. The SC in 2011 had directed the State to disband vigilante groups (like Salwa Judum) and stop arming tribals as Special Police Officers (SPOs). Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Judiciary) Petitioners’ Allegations The State bypassed the SC’s directions by: Enacting Chhattisgarh Auxiliary Armed Police Force Act, 2011 — legalising SPOs. Not vacating schools/ashrams occupied by security forces. Failing to compensate victims affected by Salwa Judum and SPO actions. Supreme Court’s Ruling (May 15, 2024) Law made by legislature ≠ contempt of court. Legislatures have plenary powers to make laws. Unless a law is declared unconstitutional, it remains valid and cannot be equated with defiance of court orders. Contempt plea dismissed. Key Judicial Observations Balance of powers must be maintained between judiciary and legislature. A law passed post-court order is not contempt unless: It directly disobeys the order. It is declared ultra vires the Constitution. Remedy against an unconstitutional law lies in challenging it in a constitutional court, not through contempt proceedings. Broader Concerns & Directions Recognised the prolonged unrest in Chhattisgarh due to Maoist violence. Urged specificpeace and rehabilitation measures by: State government Union government Cited Article 315: Responsibility lies with both governments to ensure law and order and welfare of residents. Legal and Constitutional Significance Reiterates legislative supremacy in its domain unless judicially struck down. Clarifies that legislative action isn’t inherently contemptuous of earlier court orders. Strengthens separation of powers and checks and balances in governance. ‘Sulphur-cleaning device in coal plants not necessary’ Context FGD (Flue Gas Desulphurisation) units are used to reduce sulphur dioxide (SO₂) emissions from coal-fired thermal power plants (TPPs). These were made mandatory in 2015 as part of stricter environmental norms. Despite repeated extensions, 92% of India’s 600 units still haven’t installed FGDs. Relevance : GS 3(Environment an dEcology) Committee Recommendation High-powered expert committee chaired by PSA Ajay Sood recommends FGDs are unnecessary for 80% of plants. Suggests FGDs be mandatory only in Category A plants: Within 10 km of NCR and cities with 1 million+ population. Out of 66 such plants, only 14 have FGDs installed. Scientific Rationale Behind the Recommendation Ambient SO₂ levels across India are between 10–20 µg/m³, well below the national standard of 80 µg/m³. Indian coal is naturally low in sulphur content. Cities with FGDs and without FGDs show negligible difference in ambient SO₂ levels. SO₂ levels in general do not exceed permissible limits, hence do not justify nationwide FGD installation. Operational & Economic Considerations High capital costs and few vendors for FGD installation. Potential rise in electricity tariffs if cost passed to consumers. COVID-19 disruptions cited as a reason for delays in FGD compliance. Historical deadline extensions by the Ministry of Power due to implementation hurdles. Environmental Compliance Committee clarifies: TPPs must still meet standards for: Particulate Matter (PM) emissions. Freshwater consumption. SO₂ stack emission limits can be relaxed, as long as National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ) standards are met. NAAQ standards, not stack norms, are the primary metric for protecting public health. Institutions Involved Reports considered from: CSIR-NEERI National Institute of Advanced Studies IIT Delhi All supported the view that FGDs are not essential across all plants. Policy Implications Marks a major reversal of India’s 2015 emission control policy. Likely cost savings for power producers, but raises concerns over long-term air quality safeguards. Reflects a shift towards region-specific environmental regulation rather than blanket norms. EC introduces new tech-driven system to update voter turnout Context The Election Commission (EC) has introduced a technology-based system to provide real-time updates on voter turnout. Comes amid opposition concerns over alleged discrepancies and delays in previous turnout data reporting. To be implemented before the Bihar Assembly elections later this year. Relevance : GS 2(Elections , Reforms) Key Features of the New System Presiding officers at each polling station will directly enter turnout data every two hours into the ECINET app. Data is automatically aggregated at the constituency level. Reduces dependence on manual reporting via calls, SMS, or WhatsApp. Improvements Over Previous Method Earlier method involved: Manual recording by sector officers. Delays of 4–5 hours, with some updates arriving next day. New system aims for: Near real-time updates every two hours. Final turnout data entered at polling station itself before presiding officers leave. Tech Implementation Uses the ECINET app for data entry. Becomes a core part of ECINET infrastructure. The Voter Turnout App will reflect constituency-wise data updates. Offline mode available; data syncs once network is restored.  Advantages Faster transparency, reducing data discrepancy allegations. Greater accountability of presiding officers at the booth level. Enhances public trust in the polling process. Reduces manual errors and communication lags. Challenges & Conditions Network connectivity in rural or remote polling booths may delay real-time data. Continued need for training of polling staff in app usage. Approximate data still subject to minor post-poll adjustments.  Broader Implications Reinforces EC’s commitment to transparent, tech-driven elections. Reflects the increasing role of digital infrastructure in electoral processes. Sets precedent for future state and national elections. Bacteria found at Rajgir hot spring lake shows antimicrobial activity Scientific Background & Relevance Thermophiles are bacteria that thrive in high temperatures (45–70°C), intolerable for most life forms. Hot environments like hot springs, deep-sea vents, compost piles are rich in minerals but have fewer life competitors. Thermophiles often produce potent antibiotics to outcompete other organisms in these harsh niches. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Study at Rajgir Hot Spring Lake (Nalanda, Bihar) Conducted by Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Tamil Nadu. Marked as one of India’s first microbiological investigations into the Rajgir hot spring. Temperature of water and soil samples ranged between 43–45°C. Key Findings Used 16S rRNA metagenomics to analyze microbial diversity. Found Actinobacteria dominated (40–43%) of the microbial population. Significant since most hot springs globally have <20% Actinobacteria. Known for producing important antibiotics (e.g., streptomycin, tetracycline). Antibacterial Potential Isolated seven strains of Actinobacteria that showed potent antibacterial activity. Tested against pathogens like E. coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus. Identified antibacterial activity by observing growth inhibition on culture plates. Discovery of New Antimicrobial Compound Diethyl phthalate extracted using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Sourced from Actinomycetales bacterium spp. Effective against Listeria monocytogenes, a deadly foodborne pathogen causing listeriosis. Broader Implications Urgent need for new antibiotics due to rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR). WHO projects $1 trillion global healthcare cost by 2050 due to AMR. Discovery at Rajgir highlights the untapped potential of Indian hot springs in antibiotic research. Industrial & Agricultural Applications Thermophiles also produce enzymes and compounds useful in: PCR testing (e.g., enzyme from Thermus aquaticus used in COVID testing). Agriculture: e.g., Leh hot springs’ bacteria shown to promote plant growth. Challenges & Gaps Indian hot springs are still understudied despite their potential. Field sampling in extreme temperatures is logistically difficult. Identifying active compounds from a microbial pool remains a time-intensive process.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 03 June 2025

Content: Bharat Gen BharatGen Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh launched BharatGen, India’s first indigenously developed, government-funded multimodal AI LLM for Indian languages, aimed at ethical, inclusive, and multilingual AI innovation. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Technology) Highlights of BharatGen Launch BharatGen: India’s first government-funded, indigenously developed, AI-based multimodal LLM for Indian languages. Platform Features: Integrates text, speech, and image modalities. Supports 22 Indian languages. Built under National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS). Executed through TIH Foundation for IoT & IoE, IIT Bombay. Objectives & Vision National AI Mission to build: Ethical, inclusive, multilingual AI. Rooted in Indian values and ethos. Empower critical sectors: Healthcare (e.g., AI doctors in rural telemedicine), Education, Agriculture, Governance. Governance & Tech Synergy CPGRAMS (Public Grievance Portal): Now integrated with multilingual AI feedback systems. Cited as a global model for grievance redressal. NEP 2020 Synergy: Promotes interdisciplinary learning: Humanities + Technology. Boosts employability and innovation. Implementation Framework Network of 25 Technology Innovation Hubs (TIHs). 4 Hubs upgraded to Technology Translational Research Parks (TTRPs). Pillars of BharatGen Mission: Tech Development Entrepreneurship Human Resource Development International Collaboration Impact on Healthcare Example AI doctor in native language used in remote villages. Psychological benefit: builds trust & improves health outcomes. Connects patients with super-specialty hospitals. Startups & Local Innovation Over 3,000 Agri-tech Startups supported. Eg: Lavender farming in J&K – highlights rural tech diffusion. Aligned with schemes like: PM MUDRA Yojana PM SVANidhi PM Vishwakarma Yojana  Institutional Collaboration DST, MEITY, DARPG, MSDE, and academic & private sector (e.g., Infosys Co-founder). MoUs signed to enhance inter-departmental cooperation.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 03 June 2025

Cotent : Misinformation a bigger threat than COVID-19 uptick Monsoon woes Strengthening the U.S.-India subsea cable agenda Misinformation a bigger threat than COVID-19 uptick Current COVID-19 Situation Uptick in cases in India since mid-May 2025, rising from a few to a few hundred daily. Wastewater surveillance confirms increased viral load in some Indian cities. Similar trends in Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, and South Korea. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance) Practice Question : “Misinformation is a bigger threat than the current COVID-19 uptick.” Discuss in the context of India’s public health governance.(250 Words) Variant Context The dominant variant: JN.1 (Pirola) — an Omicron sub-variant, not new. First detected in August 2023 in Luxembourg; circulating in India since late 2023. No significant clinical difference from parent Omicron variant. Sub-lineages like LF.7 and NB.1.8 also detected — no added severity. Reasons for Case Uptick Persistence of virus: SARS-CoV-2 likely to become endemic and seasonal, similar to flu. Mutation-prone nature: RNA viruses mutate frequently, causing new sub-lineages. Increased testing and surveillance: Boost in detection due to precautionary response to regional trends. Epidemiological Trends Possible seasonal pattern emerging: Every 8–10 months in India (waves in Jan 2022, early 2023, Dec 2023-Jan 2024, July-Aug 2024, May 2025). Hybrid immunity (natural + vaccine) doesn’t prevent infection, but reduces severity. No surge in hospitalizations or severe cases observed. Numbers in Perspective Daily COVID-19 cases (200–300) = 1 case per 45–70 lakh population. Daily burden of other diseases: TB: ~8,000 new cases/day; ~900 deaths/day. Influenza virus: ~390 deaths/day. RSV disease: ~310 deaths/day. Air pollution-related diseases: much higher. COVID-19’s current impact is minor compared to other ongoing health challenges. Misleading Metrics ‘Active case’ counts are outdated and misleading — used during the initial pandemic when immunity was low. With widespread hybrid immunity, most individuals become non-infectious within a day or two. On Vaccination No need for additional COVID-19 vaccine doses for the general population. Memory cells in the immune system provide long-term protection from severe disease. Flu and age-appropriate vaccines are more beneficial, especially for high-risk individuals. Key Concerns Infodemic (misinformation) is a bigger threat than the current uptick in infections. Overreaction could strain health systems, cause panic, and lead to response fatigue. Way Forward Avoid panic; adopt a rational, epidemiological, and proportionate response. COVID-19 should now be treated like any mild respiratory illness unless new evidence suggests otherwise. Government and citizens should: Monitor trends. Avoid rumour-mongering. Maintain public trust by avoiding false alarms. Monsoon woes Onset & Its Impact The southwest monsoon has begun forcefully, entering via Kerala (Arabian Sea branch) and Andaman-Nicobar/Northeast (Bay of Bengal branch). The Bay of Bengal branch often brings early and intense rains to northeastern States, frequently triggering floods and landslides. Relevance : GS 1(Geography ) , GS 3(Disaster Management) Practice Question : “Monsoon woes in Northeast India demand region-specific disaster management and long-term mitigation strategies.” Discuss.(250 Words)   Current Situation in Northeast India (As of May-End & Early June) Assam: 10 major rivers are above danger levels. Over 3 lakh people affected across 19 districts. Tripura: Experienced heavy to very heavy rainfall; more downpours expected. Sikkim: Landslides in North Sikkim trapped ~1,500 tourists. A bus fell into Teesta River; fatalities and missing passengers reported. Overall toll (as of May 31): At least 52 deaths due to floods, landslides, flash floods, lightning.   Structural & Climatic Concerns Despite IMD’s projection of below-normal monsoon for the northeast, the region’s base rainfall is inherently high → makes even “normal” rains damaging. Northeast receives two monsoons: June–September (Southwest) October–December (Retreating/Northeast monsoon) This makes it a year-round vulnerable region. Chronic Issues Inadequate infrastructure due to: Challenging terrain. Neglected investment & planning. Disasters recur annually, yet no significant long-term mitigation framework is in place. Need for Long-term Planning Call for a sustainable, region-specific flood and landslide mitigation strategy. Requires: Centre–State collaboration. Comprehensive vulnerability mapping. Resilient infrastructure development. Pre-disaster planning and early warning systems. Strengthening the U.S.-India subsea cable agenda Strategic Context U.S.-India ties are expanding across trade and technology, especially under the TRUST framework (successor to iCET). Subsea cables, vital for 95%+ of global Internet traffic, are emerging as a critical digital infrastructure priority. China’s Digital Silk Road expansion in the Indo-Pacific underscores the urgency of trusted alternatives. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Technology) Practice Question : “Examine the strategic significance of subsea cables in the U.S.-India partnership and discuss how both countries can strengthen cooperation to enhance digital resilience in the Indo-Pacific.” (250 Words) Why Subsea Cables Matter Subsea cables connect continents, enable cloud services, and support critical infrastructure. They are essential for: Digital economy functioning. National security. Regional strategic influence. India’s Current Landscape India has 17 subsea cables (vs Singapore’s 26) — underutilized potential. Geographical advantages: 11,098 km coastline. Central location in Indo-Pacific. Rising data demand and digital economy. Yet, cable landing stations are overly concentrated in Mumbai (15/17 landings within a 6-km stretch). High risk of disruption due to natural disasters or sabotage. Strategic & Economic Opportunity India is well-placed to become a global subsea cable transit hub: Near major maritime chokepoints (Hormuz, Malacca, Bab-el-Mandeb). Central to Africa-Asia and Europe-Asia cable routes. Positioned to serve dynamic emerging economies (e.g., Indonesia, Africa). Domestic bandwidth demand growing at 38% CAGR (2021–2028). Challenges and Barriers Regulatory complexity: Over 50 approvals needed from multiple ministries for undersea cable projects. Dependency on foreign-flagged repair ships: Ships based in Singapore/Dubai take 3–5 months to respond to faults. Cumbersome clearance processes → long downtimes and commercial loss. Recommended Steps India Must: Simplify licensing and regulatory clearance for cable projects. Develop a domestic repair ecosystem: Indian-flagged repair ships. Dedicated depot infrastructure. Diversify cable landing sites to build network redundancy. U.S. Must: Provide concessional financing and technical assistance. Encourage U.S. firms to anchor undersea cable projects (e.g., Meta’s 50,000-km initiative). Collaborate under the TRUST framework to promote secure and diversified subsea routes. Conclusion Subsea cable collaboration will: Boost digital resilience of the Indo-Pacific. Counter China’s influence in the region. Deepen strategic and commercial ties between India and the U.S. It must be treated as a frontline strategic priority under the evolving bilateral and Quad partnerships

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 03 June 2025

Content : Centre will allow import of EVs at 15% to promote domestic manufacturing Health facilities not fully prepared for diabetes, hypertension care: study How is President’s Rule imposed? How Japan’s new AI Act fosters an innovation-first ecosystem Centre calls for proposals to set up de-addiction centres in ‘gap’ districts Team from CCMB finds clues to Darwin’s ‘abominable mystery’ Centre will allow import of EVs at 15% to promote domestic manufacturing Policy Overview Import Duty Reduced: EV manufacturers allowed to import up to 8,000 electric cars per year at 15% customs duty, down from 70-100%. Eligibility Criteria: Manufacturers must commit to investing ₹4,150 crore (~$500 million) in setting up domestic EV manufacturing units. Implementation Timeline: Approved companies must start operations within 3 years and meet local value addition norms. Duration: Concessional duty valid for 5 years from date of approval. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) , GS 3(Energy ,Technology) Domestic Manufacturing Push Objective: Boost Make in India for EVs while attracting foreign investment. Companies can use either greenfield (new) or brownfield (existing) investments—a key change from earlier draft policy. Brownfield clause may added after lobbying from domestic players who concerned unfair competition. Global Interest & Tesla’s Position Heavy Industries Minister H.D. Kumaraswamy noted that Tesla is not keen on manufacturing in India; more focused on setting up showrooms and sales. Policy possibly aimed at attracting other global EV players like BYD, Hyundai, or VW. Key Features of the Scheme Car Price Minimum: Imported vehicles must have minimum CIF value of $35,000 to avoid dumping of low-cost imports. Cap on Imports: Limited to 8,000 units annually, ensuring domestic manufacturers are not overwhelmed. Localization Mandate: Gradual increase in domestic value addition over the years to ensure manufacturing ecosystem develops. Implications for India Encourages technology transfer, job creation, and supply chain development. Potential to reduce import dependence in long term. Ensures controlled opening of Indian EV market while safeguarding domestic industry interests. Challenges & Criticisms Risk of policy misuse if localization norms are not strictly enforced. Possible market distortion if foreign EVs dominate high-end segment. Domestic manufacturers may still face pressure to match global tech and quality. Health facilities not fully prepared for diabetes, hypertension care: study A recent ICMR study highlights that India’s lower-tier health facilities are inadequately prepared for diabetes and hypertension care, with significant gaps in diagnostics, staffing, and medicine availability. Relevance : GS 2(Health, Governance) Key Findings Survey Scope: Cross-sectional survey across 19 districts in 7 States. Total 415 health facilities surveyed; 75.7% were public facilities. 57.6% were primary care facilities. 53.3% located in rural areas. Overall Readiness: Sub-centres: Lowest readiness at 61%. Community Health Centres (CHCs): 59% readiness. Primary Health Centres (PHCs): 73% readiness – better than other public primary-level facilities. Private primary care facilities (Level 2): Only 57% readiness. District hospitals & tertiary care centres (public/private): Above 70% – considered prepared. Preparedness Criteria Used: Based on WHO’s Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA). Parameters included: Equipment, diagnostics, staff, medicines, guidelines, and data systems. Key Concerns Identified Infrastructure gaps at lower-tier facilities (sub-centres, CHCs). Inadequate diagnostic capacity at district hospitals, despite being secondary-level facilities. Weak drug supply chains and data systems at primary care level. Private primary care also lags behind public PHCs in readiness. Recommendations by Experts Human Resource Strengthening: Ensure adequate staffing at all public health levels. Supply Chain Improvements: Provide an uninterrupted supply of essential medicines for diabetes and hypertension. Diagnostic Services:Upgrade diagnostic facilities at district hospitals to manage complications. Programme Management: Deploy dedicated programme managers to ensure full utilization of services. Data & Guidelines: Improve health information systems and ensure availability of standard treatment guidelines. Implications India’s frontline rural healthcare (sub-centres, CHCs) is underprepared for managing NCDs. PHCs show relatively better readiness, indicating success of certain public health investments. Highlights the urgent need for systemic strengthening in infrastructure, diagnostics, and human resources to handle the rising burden of non-communicable diseases. How is President’s Rule imposed? Context & Current Situation Manipur has been under President’s Rule since February 2025 due to a deteriorating security situation. A delegation of 10 MLAs met the Governor to press for forming a viable government, as the assembly’s term ends in March 2027. Relevance : GS 2(Federalism ,Polity ) What is President’s Rule (Article 356)? Imposed when the State government cannot function as per the Constitution. Triggered by: Governor’s report, or Failure to comply with Union’s directions (Article 365). President (i.e., Union government) takes over executive authority of the State. Procedure for Imposition Proclamation must be approved by both Houses of Parliament within 2 months (simple majority). Valid for 6 months at a time, extendable up to 3 years in total (with conditions). Assembly may be: Kept under suspended animation, or Dissolved, depending on the situation. Historical Misuse & Political Expediency B.R. Ambedkar hoped Article 356 would remain a “dead letter”. However, it was misused frequently, especially to remove Opposition-led governments. Past examples: Imposition based on loss in Lok Sabha elections, or law and order issues. Dissolution of Assemblies – No Uniform Norm No standard approach adopted by Governors after President’s Rule: Kerala (1970) and Punjab (1971): Assemblies dissolved despite doubtful majority. Punjab (1967), UP (1968), MP (1969), Odisha (1971): Assemblies retained; attempts made to form new Ministries. Governor’s discretion often politically driven. Judicial Intervention – S.R. Bommai Case (1994) Landmark case that limited misuse of Article 356. Key rulings: President’s Rule can be imposed only in case of breakdown of constitutional machinery. Subject to judicial review. Legislative Assembly should not be dissolved until Parliament approves the proclamation. Prevents dissolution for political reasons. Post-Bommai Judicial Oversight Courts struck down imposition of President’s Rule in: Bihar (2005) Uttarakhand (2016) Arunachal Pradesh (2016) Judiciary now acts as a constitutional watchdog against arbitrary use. Revocation of President’s Rule In Manipur’s case: Assembly has 18+ months left. Viable government with majority support can be formed without elections. Conclusion Article 356 remains a sensitive constitutional tool. Its use must be strictly limited to constitutional crises, not political expediency. Current situation in Manipur calls for a government with democratic and social legitimacy. How Japan’s new AI Act fosters an innovation-first ecosystem Core Features of Japan’s AI Act (2025) Name: Act on the Promotion of Research, Development and Utilisation of AI-Related Technologies. Philosophy: Promotes innovation over regulation; coordination over control. Model Type: Voluntary and facilitative, not risk-tiered or enforcement-heavy. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Technology) Key Assumptions Behind the Law Assumption 1: Innovation thrives better without rigid regulatory burdens. Assumption 2: Voluntary cooperation, under national guidance, can mitigate risks effectively. Structural and Strategic Provisions Establishes AI Strategy Headquarters under the Cabinet. Responsible for creating a Basic Plan for AI: includes R&D, deployment, international cooperation, and public education. Article 13: Government must develop non-binding guidelines reflecting international norms to prevent misuse (e.g., privacy violations, IP theft). Article 17: Mandates international cooperation and global norm alignment (e.g., via G7 Hiroshima Process, OECD, UN AI bodies). Strengths of the Innovation-First Model Avoids regulatory chilling effects: Encourages experimentation and rapid development. Government as a facilitator: Signals support instead of regulatory policing. Encourages multi-stakeholder participation: Includes businesses, universities, public bodies, and citizens. Supports long-term economic revival: Aligned with Japan’s strategy to overcome workforce shrinkage and global tech competition. Flexible for future adaptation: The law includes provisions for future review and amendment. Challenges and Risks Lack of binding standards: Could delay response to harm or malpractice. Accountability concerns: Unclear enforcement pathways for bias, misinformation, or AI failure. Risk of public trust erosion: Without enforceable rules, public may question AI reliability and fairness. Global pressure to clarify “responsible AI”: Especially in high-risk sectors like health or defense. Comparative Global Context EU: Risk-tiered model (2024 AI Act); values digital sovereignty, rights-based governance, and strict enforcement. U.S.: Moving toward sector-specific legislation (AI Disclosure Act); balancing innovation with oversight. UAE: Executive-led, innovation-friendly with sectoral pilots and AI sandboxes. Strategic Implications Japan’s model is a trust-based gamble on coordinated governance and technocratic leadership. Aims to lead globally by showing that responsibility doesn’t need rigidity. Real test lies in policy agility, cross-sector coordination, and global norm adaptation. Conclusion Japan’s AI Act is a bold alternative to both deregulation and hyper-regulation. Success would offer a replicable blueprint for innovation-led governance. Failure could expose the limits of voluntary models in the face of rapidly advancing, high-risk technologies. Centre calls for proposals to set up de-addiction centres in ‘gap’ districts Context : The Union Government has invited proposals to establish District De-Addiction Centres (DDACs) in 291 “gap” districts across 30 States and UTs. These are part of the National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction (NAPDDR) led by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE). Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues ,Governance) What Are “Gap” Districts? Districts without any centrally supported: Integrated Rehabilitation Centres for Addicts (IRCAs), Community-based Peer Led Initiatives (CPLIs), Outreach and Drop-in Centres (ODICs). These lack basic infrastructure for treatment or rehabilitation related to substance abuse. Objectives of New DDACs Provide treatment and rehabilitation facilities for substance use disorder. Act as multi-functional centres with: Drop-in facility, Peer-led initiative area, Rehab beds for 15 to 30 patients. Conduct primary prevention through awareness campaigns. Engage in risk mitigation of substance use in vulnerable communities. Key Implementation Details Proposals invited from NGOs and start-ups with a minimum of 2 years’ experience in the field. Last date to apply: June 30, 2025. Centres to have defined infrastructure norms including space for staff and multi-functional facilities. States with Highest Number of Gap Districts Chhattisgarh: 31 out of 33 districts. Bihar: 25 districts. Madhya Pradesh: 23. Gujarat: 22. Arunachal Pradesh: 21. Others: Jharkhand (16), Punjab (16), Uttar Pradesh (18), Assam (10). Future Roadmap MoSJE will conduct a fresh nationwide survey to gather district-level data on extent and pattern of substance use. Data will help target interventions more precisely in future phases. Significance Addresses regional disparity in access to de-addiction services. Aims to create a comprehensive network of support in previously underserved regions. Critical for early intervention, especially in rural and tribal belts affected by drug dependency. Team from CCMB finds clues to Darwin’s ‘abominable mystery’ Background & the “Abominable Mystery” Darwin termed the sudden and rapid diversification of flowering plants (around 130 million years ago) an “abominable mystery”. Fossil records show flowering plants (angiosperms) diversified abruptly in anatomy and habitat. This was an anomaly in the otherwise gradual process of evolution. Relevance : GS 3(Science ) Findings by CCMB Scientists Study published in Nature Plants by CSIR-CCMB, Hyderabad. Researchers identified a gene called SHUKR in Arabidopsis thaliana, a model flowering plant. SHUKR: Expressed in sporophyte cells. Crucial for pollen (male gametophyte) development. Regulates F-box genes, which help remove old proteins and make room for new ones in developing pollen. Shift in Plant Life Cycle Control In mosses (early land plants): Gametophyte is dominant; sporophyte is dependent. Sperm swims in water to reach egg. In flowering plants: Sporophyte is dominant. Gametophytes (pollen and ovules) are enclosed and reduced. SHUKR reveals sporophyte controls gametophyte development — overturns old assumption of independent gametophyte control. Role of SHUKR in Evolutionary Success SHUKR and F-box genes are: Present only in eudicots (which form 75% of flowering plants). Rapidly evolving, enabling adaptive pollen production. Helps pollen adjust to variable conditions — heat, drought, humidity. Suggests molecular basis for flowering plants’ rapid radiation and global success. Implications for Food Security & Climate Resilience Flowering plants are central to: Food systems (seeds = cereals, pulses, oilseeds). Biodiversity and ecosystem stability. Climate change threatens plant reproduction by damaging pollen viability. SHUKR could: Help breed climate-resilient crops. Enable precision pollination strategies based on environmental cues. Open avenues for adaptive, genetically-informed agriculture. Scientific Significance Cracks part of Darwin’s puzzle by linking molecular innovation (SHUKR) to evolutionary expansion. Shows sporophyte’s regulatory role in gametophyte formation — a paradigm shift in plant developmental biology.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 02 June 2025

Year End Review – Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti The Year-End Review 2024 by the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation under the Ministry of Jal Shakti highlights significant progress in rural sanitation and drinking water access through Swachh Bharat Mission-Grameen Phase II and Jal Jeevan Mission. The review showcases infrastructure development, health impacts, digital innovations, and capacity building to ensure sustained outcomes. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Infrastructure) Swachh Bharat Mission-Grameen (SBM-G) Phase II ODF Plus Achievements (as of 27th Dec 2024): Over 95% of villages declared ODF Plus. Over 69% of villages declared ODF Plus Model. 460% surge in ODF Plus villages (from 1 lakh in Dec 2022 to 5.61 lakh in Dec 2024). Village breakdown: 1,46,767 Aspiring, 12,064 Rising, 4,02,591 Model, 2,32,115 Verified. Infrastructure (as of 24th Dec 2024): 11.77 crore Individual Household Latrines (IHHL) constructed since 2014. 2.49 lakh Community Sanitary Complexes (CSCs) built. 4,75,210 villages with Solid Waste Management arrangements. 5,14,102 villages with Liquid Waste Management arrangements. Over 990 community Biogas Plants functional under GOBARdhan initiative. Program Funding: Total outlay for SBM-G Phase II: Over ₹1.40 lakh crore. Expenditure: ₹25,391.83 crore (2014-2023), ₹9,726.01 crore (2023-2024). Central-State fund sharing: 90:10 for NE and Himalayan States/UTs, 60:40 for others, 100% Central for UTs. Incentive of ₹12,000 for IHHL construction for eligible households. Campaigns and Events: Swachhata Hi Seva (SHS) 2024 (17th Sep–2nd Oct): Over 30 crore participants, theme “Swabhav Swachhata, Sanskar Swachhata.” Included 11K cyclothons, 16K Swachh Food Streets, 79K cultural fests, 71 lakh trees planted. Hamara Shauchalay, Hamara Samman (19th Nov–10th Dec 2024): Mobilized 38 lakh participants, improved 1.54 lakh CSCs (70% of facilities). Republic Day 2024: Hon’ble Union Minister engaged 475 women from 27 States/UTs to celebrate women changemakers in sanitation. Bharat Parv (26th–31st Jan 2024): DDWS-SBMG showcased achievements at Red Fort, Delhi. India Water Week 2024 (17th–19th Sep): International WASH Conference focused on sustaining rural water supply. Light House Initiative (LHI): Phase 1 (launched 29th Jul 2022): 73 of 76 Gram Panchayats declared ODF Plus Model. Phase 2 (Jul 2024–Mar 2025): Expanded to 43 blocks across 14 states, focusing on community-driven SLWM. Swachhata Green Leaf Rating (SGLR): Launched with Ministry of Tourism to promote sanitation in hospitality facilities. 1,682 facilities rated, with Bison Resorts, Madhya Pradesh, receiving the first 5-leaf rating. Health Impact: Study in Nature (2024): SBM reduced infant and under-five mortality by 60,000–70,000 annually. Training and Capacity Building: 19,855 trainings conducted, covering 1,12,876 Gram Panchayats. 30,753 master trainers trained. SPM Niwas, Kolkata, conducted 40 SBM-G trainings and 35 JJM trainings for 1,600+ participants. Digital Platforms: SBM-G Dashboard (with NIC): Enables data-driven decisions for ODF Plus Model status. Swachhata Samachar: Monthly newsletter launched in Aug 2022, 12 issues published in 2024. Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) Achievements (as of 26th Dec 2024): 15.30 crore (78.91%) rural households with tap water connections, up from 3 crore in 2019. 101 districts, 869 blocks, 78,291 panchayats, and 1,50,190 villages certified as Har Ghar Jal. JE-AES affected districts: Tap water coverage rose from 2.70% to 81.02% in 61 districts. Aspirational Districts: 78.22% of households (2.15 crore) have tap connections. Funding: Total outlay: ₹3.6 lakh crore (2019–2024). 15th Finance Commission: ₹1.42 lakh crore for water supply and sanitation (2021–2026). 2024-25: ₹21,825.23 crore released to 25 states. Fund utilization (2019–2024): Ranges from ₹5,983.49 crore (2019-20) to ₹82,262.10 crore (2023-24). Water Quality Monitoring: 2,161 water testing labs, 1,569 NABL-accredited. 56 lakh water samples tested in 2024-25. 24.79 lakh women trained in 5.07 lakh villages to use Field Test Kits (FTKs). Nal Jal Mitra Programme (NJMP): Aims to train 2.49 lakh youths by Aug 2025 as scheme operators. 17 States/UTs nominated 23,821 candidates, 2,000 completed training, 7,221 in training. 272 training centers identified, 630 trainers nominated. Digital Initiatives: Nal Jal Seva Portal: Piloted in Assam and Ladakh for water supply management. Citizen Corner: Launched on JJM dashboard for real-time water quality and supply data. Jal Jeevan Samvad: Monthly newsletter, 50 issues published since Oct 2020. Innovation and Technology: Innovation Challenge (with Startup India): Four startups developed certified portable water quality testing devices. 32 innovative water projects recommended, 8 R&D projects approved (7 completed). Integration with PM GatiShakti: 6.4 lakh km of pipeline data uploaded. Capacity Building: 99 Key Resource Centres trained 2,292 persons in 2024. 14,000 Implementation Support Agencies (ISAs) engaged for community mobilization. 74 National WASH Experts conducted ground truthing in 2,586 villages. Functionality Assessments: 2020-21: Surveyed 87,123 households across 6,992 villages. 2022: Surveyed 3,01,389 households across 13,299 villages. 2024: Ongoing, covering 2,73,295 households in 22,812 villages. Integration with MoPR Platforms: WASH data integrated into egramswaraj portal and Meri Panchayat app for real-time monitoring. Conclusion : The Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation marked significant strides in sanitation and rural water access in 2024, with transformative outcomes under SBM-G and JJM. These initiatives have not only enhanced infrastructure but also empowered communities towards sustainable hygiene and health.