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Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 25 April 2025

Content : Union Health Minister Shri J P Nadda launches National Zero Measles-Rubella Elimination Campaign on the occasion of World Immunization Week India’s Record Cargo Movement on Inland Waterways Union Health Minister Shri J P Nadda launches National Zero Measles-Rubella Elimination Campaign on the occasion of World Immunization Week Policy Initiative & Context Campaign Launch: National Zero Measles-Rubella Elimination Campaign launched virtually on April 24, 2025. Occasion: World Immunization Week (24–30 April). Goal: Elimination of Measles and Rubella by 2026 through 100% immunization coverage. Approach: Adopt “ACT NOW” policy — similar to previous polio and tetanus elimination efforts. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Rubella (German Measles) Cause: Caused by the Rubella virus; usually mild but dangerous in pregnancy. Impact on Pregnant Women: Can causeCongenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) — leading to heart defects, deafness, and intellectual disability in newborns. Transmission: Spreads through droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Symptoms: Mild fever, rash, swollen lymph nodes; often goes unnoticed in children. Prevention: Two-dose MR vaccine is highly effective; focus on vaccinating adolescent girls and women of reproductive age. Measles Cause: Caused by the Measles virus; one of the most contagious viral diseases. Transmission: Spreads through air via coughing/sneezing; remains infectious in the air for hours. Symptoms: High fever, cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis, followed by red rash. Complications: Can lead to pneumonia, encephalitis, blindness, and death — especially in malnourished children. Prevention: Two-dose MR vaccine provides lifelong protection; coverage needed >95% for herd immunity. Vaccination Status & Targets Current Coverage (2024–25 HMIS): 93.7% for first dose (MR1) 92.2% for second dose (MR2) Target: >95% coverage with two doses in every district. Progress & Achievements 332 districts reported zero measles cases (Jan–Mar 2025). 487 districts reported zero rubella cases in the same period. 2024 Award: India received the Measles and Rubella Champion Award by the MR Partnership in Washington D.C. Strategic Pillars of MR Elimination Framework Immunization: High coverage of 2-dose MR vaccine (9–12 & 16–24 months). Surveillance: Case-based surveillance through IDSP. Outbreak Preparedness: Timely response to outbreaks. Demand Generation: Mass awareness campaigns to address vaccine hesitancy. Integration: Coordination with line ministries and Jan Bhagidari (people’s participation). Campaign Implementation Tools IEC Material Released: Multilingual posters, jingles, awareness films. Digital Support: Use of U-WIN platform for tracking, certification, appointments. Government & Stakeholder Involvement Call to Action: State Health Ministers, MLAs, MPs, Panchayat heads to engage public. Target Groups: Focus on outreach to: Remote/hard-to-reach areas Slums Migrant populations Frequent outbreak zones Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) Overview Coverage: World’s largest vaccination drive. 2.9 crore pregnant women 2.6 crore children annually Includes Protection Against: 12 VPDs like Polio, Measles, Rubella, Hepatitis B, Rotavirus, etc. Impact: Under-5 mortality reduced from 45 (2014) to 32 (2020) per 1,000 live births. India’s Record Cargo Movement on Inland Waterways Context : Record Performance and Growth India recorded 145.5 million tonnes (MMT) cargo movement in FY 2024–25, a significant rise from 18.1 MMT in FY 2013–14 — CAGR of 20.86%. Reflects consistent year-on-year growth, including a 9.34% increase from FY 2023–24. Five bulk commodities (coal, iron ore, iron ore fines, sand, fly ash) made up 68% of total cargo, highlighting IWT’s growing role in heavy industry logistics. Passenger traffic also increased, reaching 1.61 crore in 2023–24, indicating multi-utility usage. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure) Infrastructure Expansion Number of National Waterways increased from 5 to 111; operational length expanded from 2,716 km (2014–15) to 4,894 km (2023–24). Infrastructure upgrades include: Multi-Modal Terminals at Varanasi, Sahibganj, Haldia; Inter-Modal Terminal at Kalughat. Community jetties, floating terminals, navigational locks. Introduction of Hybrid Electric and Hydrogen-powered vessels for greener operations. Policy Push and Incentives Jalvahak Scheme (2024) launched with ₹95.42 crore outlay: 35% operating cost incentive for shifting cargo to IWT. Scheduled services on NW-1 (Ganga), NW-2 (Brahmaputra), NW-16. Tonnage tax extended to inland vessels for fiscal predictability. National Waterways (Jetties/Terminals) Regulations, 2025: enabling framework for private investment. Multimodal Integration Terminals handed over to Shyama Prasad Mookerjee Port to ensure seamless port–inland waterway integration. Rail-road connectivity being established to cargo aggregation hubs at Varanasi and Sahibganj via NHLML & IPRCL. Digitisation and Ease of Doing Business Digital tools introduced: LADIS (Least Available Depth Info System) RIS (River Information System) PANI, Car-D, and MIRS for real-time navigation and logistics tracking. Centralised portal in development for vessel and crew registration, mirroring road sector’s Vahan-Sarathi system. Strategic Diplomacy and Regional Connectivity Indo-Bangladesh Protocol Route strengthened: Routes 5 & 6 (Maia–Sultanganj) trialled successfully; regular movement to begin post Bangladesh approval. Enhances regional trade and transit, especially for Northeast India. Industrial Coordination and Aggregation Over 140 PSUs engaged to shift cargo to IWT. Ministries like Coal, Petroleum, Fertiliser, Steel aligned with Maritime India Vision for modal shift. Freight Villages and Logistics Parks in pipeline to mitigate sparse industrial base near waterways. Strategic Goals and Vision Modal share target: Raise IWT share in freight from 2% to 5%. Cargo movement targets: 200+ MMT by 2030 under Maritime India Vision 2030. 500+ MMT by 2047 under Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision. Aligns with India’s climate goals, cost-effective transport ambitions, and “Gati Shakti” logistics masterplan.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 25 April 2025

Content : Sent messages Where tariffs trump economics Sent messages Context : In a targeted terror attack in Pahalgam, militants killed Hindu tourists and a Kashmiri local, aiming to disrupt Kashmir’s tourism-driven economy and communal harmony. The incident challenges the narrative of normalcy post-Article 370 and calls for a united Centre–State response. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) Practice Question : The recent Pahalgam terror attack reflects the persistent threat of cross-border terrorism and attempts to disrupt India’s internal social fabric. In this context, discuss the need for a multidimensional response combining security, diplomacy, and social integration. (250 words) Terror Attack: Message & Strategy Behind It Targeted communal harmony: Attackers specifically targeted tourists based on religion, undermining India’s secular ethos. Symbolic site: Pahalgam is a tourist hotspot—by hitting it, terrorists aimed to disrupt economic normalcy in Kashmir. Kashmiri victim: A local who tried to help was also killed — signaling retribution to Kashmiris cooperating with India or aiding victims. Timing: Occurred during the visit of U.S. Vice President, possibly to embarrass India diplomatically and question its narrative of peace post-Article 370 abrogation. Economic Fallout & Psychological Impact Tourism dependency: Thousands of locals rely on tourism; attacks generate fear among tourists and economic distress for Kashmiris. Spillover fear: Risk of repeat attacks may dissuade visitors long-term, undoing years of revival in the valley. Perception of instability: Such events puncture the narrative of “return to normalcy”, heavily promoted post-2019. Political Response & Diplomatic Dimensions Diplomatic response to Pakistan: India has activated strong diplomatic channels, blaming Pakistan-backed elements. Reiterates the long-standing accusation that Islamabad enables cross-border terrorism through proxies. Definition of normalcy questioned: Absence of large-scale violence ≠ peace; sporadic killings continue. “Normalcy” must be felt on the ground, not declared from the top. Democratic Process & Governance Gaps Post-Article 370 governance void: Political activities remain highly curtailed in J&K. No elected government; governance is seen as remote and bureaucratic. Recent elections: Lok Sabha and upcoming Assembly elections offer a limited platform for political expression. But this alone doesn’t substitute for full democratic engagement. Recommendations: Coherent & Coordinated Action New Delhi & Srinagar must act jointly: Not just military or administrative actions — needs political coherence. Restore Statehood: Essential for legitimacy and trust-building in local governance. Signals intent to empower Kashmiris politically. Unite against terror, not people: The message must be that India stand united against terrorism. Avoid alienating locals through blanket suspicion. Conclusion: Coercion Alone Is Insufficient Long-term peace demands: Political inclusion, Economic rebuilding, Social trust. Isolating terrorists requires strategic empathy, grassroots empowerment, and institutional collaboration. Where tariffs trump economics Global Context: Rising Protectionism The U.S. has imposed reciprocal tariffs, triggering a global trade war-like environment. Crude oil prices have dropped by 14%, and markets are volatile due to fears of global economic slowdown. While developed countries can retaliate, developing economies face a double burden: external shocks and domestic policy challenges. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question: Discuss the implications of the recent rise in global protectionism and tariff wars on India’s trade policy. What steps should India take to mitigate the economic impact and seize potential opportunities? Understanding Reciprocal Tariffs Defined as retaliatory taxes imposed in response to another country’s tariffs. Aims: protect local jobs, industries, and fix trade imbalances. Drawbacks: May escalate into tit-for-tat tariff wars. Disrupts global supply chains and raises prices for consumers. Slows economic growth globally. Tariffs have shifted from revenue tools to protectionist and negotiation instruments. Impact on Asia Southeast and South Asian countries are disproportionately affected: Vietnam: U.S. exports = 30% of GDP; hit by 46% tariff. Cambodia: 25% of GDP from U.S. exports; faces 49% tariff. Smaller nations lack capacity to retaliate like China; left only with negotiation tools. Cambodia’s garment sector employing 7.5 lakh workers is severely threatened. Flawed Tariff Calculation Method Formula: (U.S. trade deficit with country ÷ exports) ÷ 2 + 10% base tariff. Problems: Assumes low price elasticity (0.25), but actual elasticity is closer to 1. Doesn’t differentiate between countries with open vs. closed markets. Considers only goods, ignoring services exports (like IT, finance). Countries with low goods exports but high services (e.g., U.K., Singapore) get unfair advantage. India’s Concerns and Roadmap India exported $89 billion in goods to the U.S. in 2024. Tariffs may cause a 6.4% drop (~$7.76 billion) in exports to the U.S. Strategic imperatives for India:Secure a balanced trade deal with the U.S. through negotiations.Fast-track FTAs with EU, U.K., and Canada.Deepen ties with Russia, Japan, South Korea, ASEAN, and UAE.Manage China ties carefully, with both caution and cooperation. Opportunity or Illusion? Apple’s iPhone export success (up 54%) often cited as a case for optimism. However, total goods exports remained stagnant at $437 billion in 2024–25. Structural reforms needed to truly benefit from shifting global trade: Rationalised tariffs. Simplified GST structure. Streamlined trade processes. Transparent and fair quality control mechanisms. Conclusion The global tariff race is not purely economic but heavily political and strategic. India must avoid short-sighted protectionism and instead: Expand trade horizons. Strengthen domestic competitiveness. Engage multilaterally with agility and vision.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 25 April 2025

Content: Is the World Trade Organization still relevant? India to explore options it has ‘never considered’ under Indus Waters Treaty SC gives approval for UGC rules to fight caste-based bias Supreme Court to examine concerns on POCSO clause DCGI urged to lay down stringent guidelines on use of new antibiotics The mosquito effect: how malarial chaos influenced human history Is the World Trade Organization still relevant? Context : Decline in WTO’s Functions and Relevance WTO was created for negotiations, dispute settlement, and trade monitoring—none of which are functioning effectively now. Doha Round (2001) negotiations collapsed; only the fisheries agreement has been partially concluded. Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) is defunct due to U.S. blocking judge appointments to the Appellate Body. Trade monitoring is weak due to lack of transparency and cooperation from major members. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) United States and WTO: Systemic Undermining U.S. began unilateralism with Trump’s “reciprocal tariffs,” continuing under Biden (e.g., Sections 232 & 301). U.S. grievance: it liberalized tariffs more than others (like India), expecting reciprocity which didn’t follow. WTO accused of “legislating from the bench” via DSM, raising U.S. concerns about sovereignty. There’s a bipartisan consensus in the U.S. that MFN (Most-Favoured-Nation) hasn’t served its interests. MFN Principle & Rise of Bilateralism MFN, the foundation of WTO (Article I of GATT 1947), is being eroded. Rise in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) reflects global shift from multilateral to bilateral trade deals. WTO has failed to scrutinize FTAs rigorously, weakening multilateralism further. India’s Position and Resistance India has opposed deals on agriculture, public stockholding, fisheries subsidies, etc., citing domestic sensitivities. WTO’s cap on agri subsidies (10%) seen as unfair given U.S./EU historical subsidies. India prefers discussing labour/environment standards bilaterally rather than at WTO, for flexibility and control. China’s Entry and Global Trade Impact China’s WTO accession underestimated: WTO rules couldn’t prevent market flooding or ensure reciprocal access. WTO failed to foresee or regulate excess capacity, e.g., China’s steel and cement overproduction. China’s actions, though not violating WTO rules per se, undermine the spirit of fair trade. Structural and Procedural Flaws Consensus-based decision-making is a bottleneck; reforms are blocked by even two opposing members (e.g., India & U.S.). WTO lacks enforcement power to compel members to disclose trade measures or adopt reforms. EU’s proposal for alternative arbitration system has not gained traction globally. Conclusion: Is WTO Still Relevant? WTO is not dead but comatose — functioning in form, not substance. It can’t prevent trade wars or economic crises in its current state. Relevance depends on major reforms in rules, dispute resolution, and decision-making processes. India to explore options it has ‘never considered’ under Indus Waters Treaty Background of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) Signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan with World Bank mediation. Allocated: Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India. Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) largely to Pakistan, with India having limited rights (non-consumptive use, run-of-the-river projects). Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Current Trigger India’s response to the Pahalgam terror attack (2024). Decision to place the IWT “in abeyance”—an unprecedented step. Official letter sent to Pakistan citing “sustained cross-border terrorism” as justification. Possible Measures India May Explore Withdraw from talks on evolving a new dispute resolution mechanism. Redesign hydroelectric projects to enable greater water storage, increasing India’s control over flow. Use of “draw down flushing” in reservoirs to manage sedimentation, but may also impact downstream flow. Consider options never used before, possibly referring to legal, technical, and geopolitical tools. India’s Rationale India has so far acted as a “responsible upper riparian state”. Post-Uri (2016), similar options were not considered; this time could be different. The move is presented as a retaliatory, non-military countermeasure to terrorism. Strategic Implications Ceasing hydrological data sharing and project notifications to Pakistan. No meetings of the Permanent Indus Commission since 2022. “Weaponizing water” is currently not possible under the treaty, unless India unilaterally exits or violates it. Technical and geographical constraints could make such changes economically intensive and long-term. Challenges and Considerations Techno-economic feasibility: Mountainous terrain, cost of new infrastructure. International legal ramifications: Unilateral treaty abrogation could attract criticism and diplomatic pressure. Environmental and downstream impact: Changes in flow may affect both Pakistani agriculture and Indian ecology. Conclusion India’s move signals a major policy shift in its traditional stance on IWT. If implemented, it marks a new dimension in India-Pakistan relations, using water as leverage in geopolitical strategy. Long-term planning, legal clarity, and international engagement will be key if India pursues this route. SC gives approval for UGC rules to fight caste-based bias Context and Background The case was filed by the mothers of Rohith Vemula and Payal Tadvi, two students from marginalised communities who died by suicide allegedly due to caste-based discrimination. The plea sought to stall the notification of the UGC’s 2025 Regulations until the National Task Force (headed by former SC judge Ravindra Bhat) submits its recommendations. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice) Supreme Court’s Position Did not stall the notification of the 2025 UGC Regulations. Took a “middle path”: Allowed the 2025 Regulations to be notified. Directed that the Task Force’s work would continue independently. Any gaps (“lacunae”) in the 2025 rules could later be amended based on the Task Force’s findings. Petitioners granted liberty to approach the court again once the Task Force report is ready. Arguments Presented For petitioners (Indira Jaising): Pointed out “grey areas” in the draft 2025 Regulations, especially around caste discrimination. Requested that existing 2012 Regulations remain in force until the Task Force submits its report. For the government (Solicitor-General Tushar Mehta): Objected to any delay; said the process of finalising the Regulations was already under way. Stressed that the new Regulations would be more stringent and would empower UGC to penalise non-compliant institutions. Role of the National Task Force Set up in March 2025 by the SC to address: Mental health issues of students. Caste/religion-based discrimination. Suicides and systemic biases in higher educational institutions. Tasked with submitting comprehensive recommendations. Its findings will be used to revise or augment the 2025 Regulations if necessary. Key Provisions of Draft UGC Regulations (2025) Aimed at promoting equity in higher education institutions. Empower UGC with disciplinary authority, including: De-recognition of institutions failing to curb discrimination. Intended to strengthen anti-discrimination frameworks, particularly for SC/ST/OBC and minority students. Significance The case represents an important intersection of legal, educational, and social justice issues. Marks judicial backing for regulatory reforms while keeping room for future policy improvements. Acknowledges the persistence of caste-based bias in academia and the need for structural change. Supreme Court to examine concerns on POCSO clause Context and Background Section 19 of POCSO Act (2012) mandates reporting of any sexual activity involving minors (below 18), even if consensual. The age of consent was raised from 16 to 18 years with the enactment of the POCSO Act. The provision criminalises all sexual activity involving adolescents, regardless of mutual consent. Relevance : GS2 (Governance, Vulnerable Sections, Health). Issue Raised Senior Advocate Indira Jaising (amicuscuriae) argued that: Voluntary sexual activity between adolescents is being criminalised. This undermines reproductive and mental health rights, especially of girls. Parents, doctors, and guardians are punished for not reporting, even if acting in the best interests of the minor. Medical professionals are forced to report to police even when adolescents seek care voluntarily , leading to: Reluctance to seek help from formal health systems. A shift to unqualified quacks, endangering adolescent health. Key Legal Tension Intention of Section 19: Ensure timely state intervention and protection of children from sexual offences. Unintended Consequences: Criminalisation of consensual adolescent relationships. Violation of right to health and privacy. Deterrent to seeking medical and psychological care. Broader Implications Brings focus on the gap between law and adolescent realities. Raises questions about: Need for reform in the age of consent laws. Balancing child protection with bodily autonomy and health rights. May influence future legal reforms or judicial interpretation of POCSO provisions. DCGI urged to lay down stringent guidelines on use of new antibiotics Context India is set to introduce two new, powerful antibiotics: Cefiderocol Cefepime-zidebactam Concerns raised over misuse and irrational prescription of such last-line antibiotics without regulatory safeguards. Relevance : GS 2(Health ) ,GS 3(Research) Key Concern Ceftazidime-avibactam, already in the Indian market since 2018, is: A last-line antibiotic meant for carbapenem–resistant gram-negative infections. Now losing efficacy due to overuse and misuse, even in community settings. Aztreonam is often combined with it to overcome resistance — but now even this combination is facing resistance. Gaps in Regulation The DCGI has: Licensed the drug. Provided indications for its use. However: No strict regulatory pathway exists. No enforcement against mis-prescription. No antibiotic stewardship framework mandated. Expert Appeal Dr. Abdul Ghafur, AMR Declaration Trust, has: Written to the DCGI urging strict control mechanisms. Warned that education alone is insufficient — regulatory action is essential. Called for use only where no other alternatives exist. AMR Threat Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): Already a critical health threat in India. Past gains (e.g., ban on colistin in poultry) risk being nullified by uncontrolled antibiotic use. India risks losing last-line treatments if AMR continues unchecked. Proposed Action Points DCGI should: Establish clear prescription protocols. Monitor and restrict availability to specific hospital settings. Integrate these drugs into a national antimicrobial stewardship program. Mandate prescription audits and penalties for misuse. The mosquito effect: how malarial chaos influenced human history Historical Understanding of Malaria Miasma theory: Malaria was historically believed to be caused by “bad air” from marshes. Scientific breakthrough: 1880: Alphonse Laveran identified the parasite in human blood. 1885-86: Golgi & Celli showed cyclical nature of fever. 1892: Marchiafava distinguished Plasmodium falciparum. 1894: Manson hypothesized mosquito transmission. 1897: Ronald Ross found the parasite in Anopheles mosquito (avian malaria). 1898: Grassi linked human malaria to female Anopheles, completing the understanding. Relevance : GS 2(Heath) ,GS 3(Science) Malaria’s Impact on Colonial History High mortality barrier: European colonisers suffered 500 deaths per 1,000 soldiers annually; >60% in inland Africa. Until 1870, only 10% of Africa under colonial control; mostly coastal due to disease risk. Health deterring governance: First three choices for Governor of Gold Coast declined due to malaria; fourth died in a month. Shift post-1880s: Malaria knowledge empowered European empires. Post-Berlin Conference (1884), “Scramble for Africa” escalated. By 1914, 90% of Africa was colonised — aided by mosquito control knowledge. Disease-prevention strategies: Drainage of swamps, high-altitude hill stations, segregation of European settlements. Institutionalised racial hierarchies — Africans perceived as disease carriers. Socio-Economic and Racial Implications Quinine and colonisation: Quinine enabled European survival and governance. Harvested from Cinchona tree; guided use after 1880s discoveries. Slave trade and malaria resistance: Africans with partial genetic resistance to malaria (e.g. sickle cell trait) were favoured labour in the Americas. Priced higher than Europeans; reinforced racialised labour economy. Long-term effects: Shaped racial hierarchies, contributed to scientific racism. Influences modern-day racial inequalities in health and labour systems. Modern Advances & Persistent Challenges Treatment evolution: From quinine to chloroquine to artemisinin-based therapies. RTS,S malaria vaccine offers hope but has limited coverage. Preventive tools: Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying. Environmental integration: Malaria control now part of environmental assessments. Deforestation, water stagnation, and climate change exacerbate mosquito breeding. Current Global Malaria Burden WHO Report 2024 findings: ~263 million people affected annually. 600,000 deaths per year; Africa accounts for 95% of mortality.   Ongoing public health threat: Despite progress, malaria remains a major global health issue. Urgent need for sustained investment and global coordination. Dual Legacy of Scientific Discovery Positive: Enabled life-saving treatment and global disease control strategies. Negative: Facilitated colonial expansion and racial exploitation. Lesson: Science must be ethically guided to avoid misuse and unintended social harm.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 24 April 2025

Content Building a Self-Reliant India India: Fastest-Growing Major Economy Building a Self-Reliant India Context and Background Rural India lacked formal documentation of residential land, causing legal ambiguities, disputes, and restricted access to credit. SVAMITVA (Survey of Villages and Mapping with Improvised Technology in Village Areas) was launched on 24th April 2020 to address this gap using drone-based mapping. Relevance : GS 2(Local Governance) Vision and Objectives Empower rural citizens through legal ownership of land and homes. Facilitate access to institutional credit, government schemes, and infrastructure development. Promote dispute-free villages by reducing conflicts related to land ownership. Strengthen digital land governance and transparency. Institutional Mechanism Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Panchayati Raj. Implementing Agency: Survey of India. Technology Partners: National Informatics Centre Services Inc. (NICSI). Funding: ₹566.23 crores from FY 2020–21 to FY 2024–25, extended to FY 2025–26. Multi-level support: Programme Management Units at national and state levels. Key Achievements (as of April 2025) 2.42 crore property cards issued across 1.61 lakh villages. Drone surveys completed in 3.20 lakh villages, covering 68,122 sq. km. Full coverage in 4 states (AP, MP, UP, Chhattisgarh) and 3 UTs (Lakshadweep, Delhi, Ladakh). 65 lakh property cards distributed in one single event across 50,000+ villages. Technological Innovation Drone-based high-resolution mapping of abadi areas for precise demarcation. CORS Network established for ground control and geo-referencing accuracy. GIS-based tools like “Gram Manchitra” aid in Gram Panchayat Development Planning (GPDP). Real-time Online Monitoring System ensures transparency and tracking of progress. Empowerment and Impact Legal ownership enables economic independence: property used as collateral for loans. Women and marginalized communities gain secure tenure and dignity. Reduces rural-urban migration by creating local economic assets. Drives financial inclusion and supports the PM SVANidhi scheme, MGNREGA asset planning, etc. Global Recognition Recognized as a model for digital land governance at the International Workshop on Land Governance (March 2025) with 22 participating nations. Showcased at India International Trade Fair 2024 as a successful use-case of drones, GIS, and e-governance for rural empowerment. Components of SVAMITVA Drone Surveys: Core activity for accurate land records. IEC Campaigns: Ensure awareness and community participation. Digital Infrastructure: Mapping tools, dashboards, and GIS-based village planning. Capacity Building: Training for Panchayat officials and surveyors. Challenges and Way Forward Scalability and sustainability of digital land records. Need for capacity building at grassroots for data management. Integrating SVAMITVA with other schemes like Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP). Expanding land use planning and real-time mapping for agriculture, waste management, and infrastructure development. Conclusion SVAMITVA is not just a land mapping scheme, but a tool for transforming rural India. It symbolizes Atmanirbhar Bharat by enabling economic resilience, inclusive growth, and participatory governance at the grassroots. With continued innovation and policy synergy, it can pioneer land governance reform globally. India: Fastest-Growing Major Economy Introduction The IMF’s April 2025 World Economic Outlook (WEO) reaffirms India’s position as the fastest–growing major economy for both 2025 and 2026. Projected GDP growth rates: 6.2% in 2025 6.3% in 2026 Despite a slight downward revision from the January 2025 update, India’s growth remains robust amid global economic uncertainty. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Significance of IMF’s WEO Projections The WEO is a flagship biannual IMF report tracking global and country-specific economic trends. The April 2025 edition indicates: Global growth downgraded due to: Heightened trade tensions Rising tariff barriers Increased policy uncertainty Global GDP projected at: 2.8% in 2025 3.0% in 2026 In this subdued global climate, India stands out for its stable macroeconomic trajectory. India’s Economic Strengths Resilient private consumption, especially in rural sectors, underpins India’s growth. Effective fiscal and monetary policies have buffered external shocks. Structural reforms have improved ease of doing business, credit access, and infrastructure readiness. India in Global Comparison China’s growth forecast for 2025 reduced to 4.0% (from 4.6% earlier). US growth for 2025 revised down by 90 basis points to 1.8%. India’s projected growth is more than double that of advanced economies, reinforcing its status as a global economic engine. Underlying Drivers of India’s Growth Demographic dividend: A young, dynamic workforce fuels innovation and productivity. Digital transformation: Initiatives like Digital India, UPI, and ONDC have revolutionized financial inclusion and commerce. Infrastructure development: Massive capital expenditure on roads, railways, renewable energy, and urban development. Startup ecosystem & FDI: India ranks among the top startup hubs and continues attracting record foreign investments. Macroeconomic stability: Low inflation (relatively), manageable fiscal deficit, and strong forex reserves. Challenges & Risks Ahead Global headwinds: Trade fragmentation Geopolitical uncertainties (Middle East, Taiwan Strait, etc.) Sluggish global demand Domestic concerns: Persistent youth unemployment Rising income inequality Vulnerabilities in agriculture due to climate change Need for deeper reforms in labour and land markets Policy Implications & Road Ahead Sustaining momentum requires: Continued infrastructure push Enhancing skilling and education Promoting green growth and energy transition Deepening financial markets and credit access Strategic focus on innovation (AI, biotech, space economy) can create new growth frontiers. IMF’s reaffirmation enhances India’s global credibility, boosting investor confidence. Conclusion India’s projected high growth amid global turbulence reflects strong fundamentals, policy resilience, and a rising global role. It positions India as a key contributor to global GDP growth, while opening up avenues for bilateral and multilateral economic leadership. The outlook serves as a call for consolidating gains, accelerating inclusive development, and embracing long-term sustainability.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 24 April 2025

Content: Unity and resolve Talking mode Responding to the terror attack in Pahalgam Unity and resolve Context: Pahalgam Terror Attack 26 civilians, mainly tourists, were killed in a brutal terrorist attack in Pahalgam, Kashmir. Islamist terrorists identified and killed victims based on religious identity. The attack has shocked the nation’s conscience and drawn international attention to the persistent threat of cross-border terrorism. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) Practice Question :The recent Pahalgam terror attack reflects the persistent threat of cross-border terrorism and attempts to disrupt India’s internal social fabric. In this context, discuss the need for a multidimensional response combining security, diplomacy, and social integration. (250 words) Strategic Implications for Kashmir Since 2019, the Indian government has: Promoted infrastructure development Enhanced connectivity and governance Aimed for economic integration of Kashmir with mainland India However, such attacks undermine tourism—a key pillar of the region’s economic revival. Geopolitical Dimension The attack is a continuation of Pakistan-sponsored terrorism, rooted in: Two-nation theory Instrumentalisation of religious identity to produce unrest India must: Isolate Pakistan diplomatically Highlight its state-sponsored terror machinery at international fora Internal Priorities: Safeguarding Social Harmony Terrorism thrives on creating internal discord—communal disharmony serves enemy objectives. India must: Resist polarisation Strengthen interfaith unity Uphold constitutional values of secularism and fraternity Communication Strategy: Four-Level Outreach To Kashmiris – Assure them of justice, security, and continued development. To Indian citizens – Reinforce national unity . To Pakistan – Convey zero tolerance for cross-border terrorism. To global community – Reaffirm India’s status and highlight Pakistan’s role. Realism and National Interest India’s approach must be: Firm yet pragmatic Action–oriented. Aligned with long-term strategic interests. Need for swift justice delivery, intelligence-led counterterrorism, and community engagement. Conclusion: The Way Forward National response should blend firmness, unity, and strategic clarity. Acts of interfaith solidarity and citizen heroism offer a counter-narrative to terrorism. India’s internal cohesion is its strongest defense; the tragedy must not be allowed to divide but to unite in collective resolve. Talking mode Backdrop of the Visit U.S. Vice-President J.D. Vance’s visit to India marks the first visit by an American VP in over a decade (since Joe Biden in 2013). Notably, the visit coincided with the terror attack in Pahalgam, yet Vance chose to continue his engagements, signaling solidarity and resilience in Indo-U.S. relations. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question :The recent visit of U.S. Vice President J.D. Vance to India reflected both symbolic resilience and emerging frictions. Critically analyse the evolving contours of Indo-U.S. relations with reference to trade, defence, energy cooperation, and strategic autonomy. (250 words) Substance of the Bilateral Talks While the visit held significant symbolic value, substantive outcomes remained limited. The key formal outcome was the finalization of the Terms of Reference for a Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA). Discussions also touched upon: The upcoming Quad Summit The broader Indo-Pacific strategy Prospects of a potential visit by President Trump later in the year Trade: Underlying Tensions and Aspirations In his Jaipur address, VP Vance emphasized a “rebalancing” of global trade rather than initiating trade confrontation. However, the U.S. expectations raise concerns: Removal of non-tariff barriers, especially in agriculture and dairy, where India has deeply rooted socio-economic and cultural sensitivities. These sectors involve livelihoods, food security, and religious values, making any significant liberalization politically delicate. Defence and Strategic Technology Transfer Vance reaffirmed the U.S. view of India as a reliable defence partner. Offered co-production of F-35 fighter jets, which could be a strategic leap for India. However, India must carefully assess: Dependency on American supply chains Autonomy in foreign policy amid increasing geopolitical alignments Energy Diplomacy: Opportunities and Dilemmas The U.S. pitched a return to fossil fuel diplomacy, with emphasis on oil and LNG exports to India. While potentially beneficial for energy security, this approach raises concerns regarding: India’s net-zero targets Its commitments under the Paris Agreement The need for green transition pathways Nuclear Liability: A Recurring Sticking Point The U.S. reiterated its long-standing demand to amend India’s nuclear liability law. This request is rooted in the concerns of American firms over legal exposure in the event of a nuclear accident. However, amending the law would face: Domestic political resistance Public memory of the Bhopal disaster Concerns over corporate accountability and sovereign legal autonomy India’s Current Stance: Too Passive? Observers note that India adopted a “listening posture”, refraining from asserting its strategic or economic interests. On key global issues — from Ukraine to Middle East conflicts to supply chains — India has remained measured and non-committal. This strategic passivity may be counterproductive in negotiations where U.S. demands are growing more pointed. What India Must Do India should recalibrate its engagement with greater clarity and assertion by: Protecting core interests: Firm stance on agricultural and dairy sovereignty Maintaining public-interest safeguards in nuclear energy Aligning energy cooperation with climate goals Seeking reciprocal gains: Tech transfer and defence autonomy in strategic platforms Fair visa policies and Indian student protections, especially after recent mass revocations Market access for Indian services and products Strategic Messaging Going Forward Balance firmness with friendship: India’s value to the U.S. spans Indo-Pacific stability, QUAD cohesion, and counter-China strategy. Assert that strategic partnerships must be mutually beneficial — not transactional or asymmetrical. Use leverage judiciously, framing India’s asks as contributing to shared democratic and regional goals. Responding to the terror attack in Pahalgam Nature and Timing of the Attack Not random; but strategic: The Pahalgam attack is a calculated political act, not a desperate or random terrorist strike. Targeting peace optics: Timed with the onset of the tourist season and the visit of U.S. Vice-President J.D. Vance, it aims to disrupt normalcy and international diplomacy. Cross-border terror signature: Pattern suggests Pakistan’s military-intelligence nexus, using proxy outfits like The Resistance Front. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) Practice Question : “Terrorist attacks like the one in Pahalgam aim to fracture the peace narrative in Kashmir.” Analyze how such acts impact regional integration and internal stability in India.(250 Words) Symbolism of Location Baisaran (‘mini Switzerland’): A peaceful, family-oriented tourist site — the attack desecrates the image of Kashmir as a safe haven. Psychological impact: Strikes at both human lives and national morale, undermining growing public confidence in visiting Kashmir. Intelligence and Security Lapses Massive failure in surveillance: Despite being a known tourist and pilgrimage hub, Pahalgam was inadequately secured. Technological gaps: Absence or inefficiency of drones and electronic surveillance infrastructure is alarming. Parallel to Kargil: Though smaller in scale, the societal impact could be comparably significant. Proxy Warfare and ISI Link The Resistance Front = Lashkar-e-Taiba proxy: Denial-based warfare continues under Pakistan’s ISI patronage. Strategic environment: Lack of accountability for Pakistan emboldens repeated terrorism under a façade of plausible deniability. Instruments of Response Diplomatic isolation: Pressure Pakistan on platforms where it seeks legitimacy (e.g., OIC, UN). Reconsider trade & water-sharing: Economic pressure through treaties like Indus Waters Treaty can be explored. Covert capabilities: Develop and deploy intelligence-led, precise counter-terror operations across the LoC. Historical Pattern Consistent behavior: From Kargil (1999) to Pulwama (2019), Pakistan’s army has exploited internal unrest to trigger confrontations. Strategic denial doctrine: All attacks show asymmetric warfare under strategic ambiguity. Re-establishing Deterrence Beyond symbolic response: India must raise the cost of cross-border terror, both overtly and covertly. Protect the tourism-recovery narrative: Attacks like Pahalgam are direct assaults on economic integration and peacebuilding. Reintegrating Kashmiris: The local population is not complicit; youth want jobs, peace, not militancy. Internal and External Response Coordination Domestic strategy: Invest in education, infrastructure, and political dialogue to reinforce internal unity. International coordination: Leverage diplomatic moments like Vance’s visit to mobilize global action before, not after, terror acts.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 24 April 2025

Content: Indus treaty with Pak. put on hold Indian astronomers throw light on curious case of missing dark matter in a distant galaxy Is India witnessing judicial despotism? Ministry introduces new competency-based curricula for 10 healthcare professions Study reports lipids also guide evolution, not just DNA, proteins Experts seek ‘right to cool’ for informal sector workers Indus treaty with Pak. put on hold Context : Pahalgam Terror Attack Incident: 26 civilians (mainly tourists) were brutally killed in Pahalgam, Kashmir. Targeting: Victims reportedly identified and killed based on religious identity. Cross-border links: Intelligence inputs indicated links between the attackers and terror groups based in Pakistan. National Response: India perceives this as a continuation of Pakistan’s support for cross-border terrorism. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) ,GS 3(Internal Security) Five-Pronged Indian Response Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) Put On Hold What is IWT: A 1960 agreement between India and Pakistan about sharing water from the Indus River. India’s Decision: India suspended cooperation under the treaty until Pakistan stops supporting cross-border terrorism. Why It Matters: The suspension could affect Pakistan’s water supply, as it heavily depends on the Indus river. Closing the Attari Check Post Action: India closed the Attari check post, a key border crossing. Deadline: Pakistanis in India with valid visas must return by May 1. Impact: This stops people and goods from crossing the border through this route. Cancelling Pakistan’s SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme (SVES) Action: All visas given to Pakistani nationals under the SAARC scheme are cancelled. Deadline: Pakistani nationals in India must leave within 48 hours. Reason: Prevents any misuse of travel benefits by people with terrorist links. Diplomatic Actions Action: Pakistan’s defence officials in India are asked to leave (persona non grata). India’s Response: India will withdraw its own defence officials and reduce staff in Pakistan’s embassy. Effect: This cuts down diplomatic presence in both countries. Why This Matters Water Pressure: India can use the control over water sharing as leverage against Pakistan. Escalation Risk: This move might increase tensions, but it also sends a strong message to Pakistan. Pakistan’s Role: India wants Pakistan to stop supporting terrorism or face consequences. Previous Similar Actions Past Actions: After earlier attacks (like in Uri and Pulwama), India took similar steps, including military strikes. International Involvement: The World Bank, which monitors the IWT, may get involved if Pakistan challenges this decision. Indian astronomers throw light on curious case of missing dark matter in a distant galaxy Context: Indian astronomers from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) have found the reason behind the strange lack of dark matter in the galaxy NGC 1052-DF2. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Background: Dark Matter’s Role: Dark matter is believed to be a key component in galaxy formation. Galaxy’s Unusual Nature: NGC 1052-DF2 is an Ultra-diffuse galaxy (UDG), which has been found to be deficient in dark matter, contradicting standard galaxy formation models. Previous Studies: Earlier models suggested that the dynamical mass of the galaxy is around 340 million solar masses, while the stars alone account for about 200 million solar masses. This indicates that the galaxy has a significant lack of dark matter compared to spiral galaxies like the Milky Way. Surprising Findings: The mass within the galaxy’s observed extent is primarily composed of stars, with dark matter being less than expected. This finding challenges the established understanding of dark matter’s role in forming hierarchical structures in the universe. New Learnings: Galaxy Formation: The study raises questions about how galaxies can form with minimal dark matter and what astrophysical processes regulate this. Nature of Dark Matter: The findings may offer clues about the true nature of dark matter itself. Model Construction: K. Aditya, the lead astronomer, constructed new models to address the discrepancies in mass estimations of NGC 1052-DF2. The models examined different types of dark matter halos, particularly focusing on “cuspy” halos (which have higher densities in the central regions). The results showed that models with no dark matter closely resemble models with a “cuspy” dark matter halo, further questioning the traditional view of dark matter’s role. Implications: This study challenges our current understanding of galaxy formation and dark matter, offering new perspectives on both. The results could reshape future research on dark matter and its relationship with galaxy evolution. Is India witnessing judicial despotism? Judicial Review and Judicial Activism: Judicial review is a critical aspect of India’s constitutional structure, inferred from Article 13, even though not explicitly mentioned in the constitution. It ensures that laws violating the constitution are void and is part of the basic structure of the Constitution. Judicial activism and judicial review are two sides of the same coin, with activism stepping in during extreme cases for safeguarding rights. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary) Judicial Powers and Accountability: Critics argue that recent Supreme Court judgments show a rise in judicial powers without accountability. Critics question the motives behind certain decisions, particularly with powers under Article 142, which allows the court to ensure “complete justice.” However, such powers have been used judiciously in landmark cases like the Ram Janmabhoomi judgment and mob lynching guidelines, supporting democracy and public welfare. Opposition’s Criticism of Judicial Review: Judicial review has faced criticism from those in power, as unelected judges quashing laws of elected governments . However, most constitutional scholars argue that judicial review, especially on matters related to fundamental rights or federalism, is necessary for upholding constitutional supremacy. Supreme Court’s Relationship with Government: Despite occasional setbacks for the government, like the NJAC ruling and the electoral bond scheme, the Supreme Court has mostly upheld government decisions during the Modi era. The court’s actions on issues like demonetization, same-sex marriage, and the Citizenship Amendment Act reflect its alignment with the executive in many cases. The Role of Courts in Democracy: The judiciary’s role is not to replace the legislature but to ensure the constitution is upheld and people’s rights are protected. Fair criticism of judges is welcome, but attributing motives or blaming them for violations of the separation of powers is not justified. Judiciary’s Responsibility and Limits: Judiciary should not take over governance but should act when there is a violation of constitutional rights or when governance fails to deliver justice. Article 142 has not been used recklessly; the court has remained cautious in its interventions, ensuring democracy and constitutional integrity are preserved. Governors and Constitutional Oversight: Judicial oversight has prevented unelected Governors from assuming unconstitutional powers. The court’s intervention in the Tamil Nadu case, where it set timelines for Governor actions, reflects its responsibility in upholding democratic functioning, without amending the constitution. The judiciary’s role is to keep all government organs within constitutional limits. Conclusion: Judicial review is an essential mechanism to preserve democracy, constitutional supremacy, and citizens’ rights. While the judiciary must not overstep its bounds, its interventions are sometimes necessary to ensure that the constitutional structure is upheld, especially in exceptional cases of misuse of power by the executive or legislature. Ministry introduces new competency-based curricula for 10 healthcare professions Introduction of New Curricula: The Union Health Ministry launched new competency-based curricula for 10 allied healthcare professions in collaboration with the National Commission for Allied and Healthcare Professions (NCAHP). Relevance : GS 2(Education) Professions Covered: The curricula cover professions such as: Physiotherapy Applied psychology and behavioural health Optometry Nutrition and dietetics Dialysis therapy technology Radiotherapy technology Medical radiology and imaging technology Anaesthesia and operation theatre technology Health information management Physician associates Purpose: Uniformity: Aimed at standardizing training across the country for allied healthcare professionals. Global Competence: Designed to create globally competent professionals to address the increasing prevalence of diseases and rising demand for allied services. Health Secretary’s Statement: Benchmarking Quality: The revision is seen as a step towards ensuring the consistency and high quality of healthcare professional training. International Perspective: India is preparing its healthcare professionals for a global workforce, ensuring that the training aligns with international standards. Impact on Healthcare: Holistic Healthcare Role: The curricula will enhance roles in preventive, promotive, curative, and rehabilitative healthcare. Industry Alignment: Aimed at aligning educational outcomes with industry needs, improving skill-based training effectiveness. Career Mobility: Enhances career mobility and professional recognition for allied health professionals. Regulatory Mechanisms and Capacity Building: Emphasis on establishing strong regulatory mechanisms and building capacity to ensure successful implementation of the new curricula. Global and National Significance: The curricula not only focus on India’s healthcare needs but also aim to prepare professionals to contribute globally. Study reports lipids also guide evolution, not just DNA, proteins Context : The study from Swasti Raychaudhuri’s lab at CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, examines the interaction between lipids and membrane proteins, particularly respiratory complex 1 (RC1) Relevance : GS 3(Science ,Technology ,Research ) RC1 Complex and Lipid Interaction: RC1 is essential for cellular energy production during respiration and is made up of proteins that interact with the lipid-rich mitochondrial inner membrane. Mutations in RC1 that affect lipid interaction were identified, indicating that lipid-protein interactions are crucial for the complex’s stability and function. Lipid Variety and Evolution: Researchshoweddifferences in lipid structures between plants and animals, particularly in the kinkiness of lipid tails, which affects membrane flexibility. Plant lipids, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, have greater structural flexibility, likely a response to environmental stresses like heat and drought. Proteins co-evolve with lipids to maintain functionality, as shown in the study’s finding that human and plant RC1 complexes can only interact with their respective lipids. Lipid-Protein Co-evolution: This study supports the concept of lipid-protein co-evolution, particularly in mitochondrial membranes. Lipids may influence protein functionality and evolution, demanding a broader perspective in evolutionary biology. Implications for Human Health: Lipids’ role in cell function, including cholesterol regulation (via drugs like statins), needs further understanding to optimize medical treatments. Lipid-protein interactions also have implications for controlling pathogen entry into cells, offering potential new avenues for disease prevention and treatment. Challenges in Lipid Research: Lipids are complex molecules that vary in structure and composition, influenced by diet and environmental factors. Current research tools are not fully equipped to study lipids’ complexities, hindering deeper exploration into their role in biology and evolution. Conclusion: The study calls for a shift in how scientists view lipids, moving beyond traditional models to explore their evolutionary and medical significance. Further research into lipids can enhance both our understanding of evolution and improve health outcomes, especially in the context of diseases related to lipid metabolism. Experts seek ‘right to cool’ for informal sector workers Urgent Measures for Informal Workers: Climate experts have proposed several immediate actions to protect informal sector workers during extreme heat, including: Paid heat leave for workers affected by high temperatures. Free water ATMs at labor hubs to ensure access to hydration. Legal recognition of the ‘right to cool’ to guarantee cooling infrastructure and thermal comfort. Relevance :GS 2(Social Justice) Impact on Informal Sector Workers: Over 80% of Delhi’s informal workers, including street vendors, construction laborers, and ragpickers, are at risk due to extreme heat. Women in the informal workforce are disproportionately affected by heat-related health issues and income loss. Economic Impact of Heat: A GreenpeaceIndia report revealed that: 61% of street vendors lose more than 40% of their daily income during extreme heat. 75% of street vendors lack access to cooling infrastructure, highlighting significant disparities in working conditions. Health Risks: Extreme heat exacerbates cases of dehydration, heatstroke, and chronic illnesses such as kidney damage among informal workers. Urgent intervention is needed to address these health risks, especially during increasing heatwave days predicted for summer. Gender-Sensitive Urban Planning: With 82% of working women in India engaged in informal labor, there is a strong need for gender-responsive urban planning. Facilities such as shelters, drinking water stations, and public amenities must be designed to be accessible and welcoming to women, ensuring equitable protection against extreme heat. Policy Recommendations: Experts call for a ‘right to cool’ under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, which would ensure access to shaded bus stops, cooling shelters, and thermal comfort for all. City-level heat action plans should be created with enforceable measures, including: Non-negotiable paid time off during extreme heat. Water stations and cooling shelters on red-alert days. Proposed Solutions: Installation of shaded canopies in high-traffic areas made from heat-reflective materials. Deployment of mobile cooling stations equipped with fans and basic first-aid facilities to provide immediate relief. Setting up water ATMs near labor hubs to ensure informal workers stay hydrated. Call for Equitable Cooling Access: Experts emphasize that cooling disparities must be addressed as a basic human right, with particular attention to vulnerable populations like informal workers and women.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 23 April 2025

Content: Constitutional Offices Are Not Ornamental; Every Citizen Is Supreme In A Democracy, Stresses Vice-President India’s Aviation Revolution Constitutional Offices Are Not Ornamental; Every Citizen Is Supreme In A Democracy, Stresses Vice-President The Vice-President of India, addressing the ‘Kartavyam’ event organized by Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini, emphasized the vital role of citizens in strengthening democracy. He highlighted the supremacy of Parliament, importance of dialogue, and the ethical responsibilities of both leaders and the electorate. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Constitution) Rejection of the “Ornamental Office” Notion VP strongly opposed the idea that constitutional offices are ceremonial or ornamental. Emphasized that every citizen and every constitutional functionary plays a vital role in the democratic framework. Such perceptions undermine the dignity and responsibility of democratic institutions. Citizen as the Supreme Power Reiterated the idea that citizens are the soul and supreme force in a democracy. Democracy thrives when citizens are alert, engaged, and participative. Described each citizen as an “atom in democracy”—individually powerful, collectively transformative. Parliament: Supreme, But Not Above Citizens Asserted that there is no authority visualized above Parliament in the Constitution. However, Parliament derives its legitimacy from the people—‘We the People’ are the true sovereign. Elected representatives are accountable to the people, as demonstrated in historic events like the defeat of the Emergency-imposing government in 1977. Role of Elected Representatives The Constitution is a “repository of public will”, implemented through elected representatives. Representatives are not masters, but trustees of the Constitution and its values. Accountability is ensured through regular elections. Democracy is Participatory, Not Just Governmental Emphasized participatory democracy that goes beyond elections and governance. True democracy encompasses civic culture, national ethos, and heritage preservation. Citizens must actively defend sovereignty, practice fraternity, and foster unity. Government as a Facilitator, Not a Substitute Government provides infrastructure and policy (e.g., a football stadium), but goals must be scored by citizens. The onus of democratic success lies on individuals, not just institutions.  Warning Against the Decline in Discourse Quality The health of a democracy is reflected in the quality of its public discourse. Raised concerns over manipulated discourse driven by: Money power Muscle power Foreign interests Called for discernment and vigilance to preserve democratic integrity.  Freedom of Expression and Dialogue: Twin Pillars of Democracy Expression (Abhivyakti) and Dialogue (Samvaad) are the “core mantras” of Indian democracy. Throttling expression leads to democratic decay—as seen during the Emergency. However, arrogant or intolerant expression also harms democracy. Advocated for respectful disagreement and civilizational ethos of ‘Anantavad’ (multiple perspectives). Dangers of Silence and Timidity Urged individuals to speak the right thing at the right time. Hesitation or silence in crucial moments weakens democratic fabric and hurts progressive forces. Nations Are Built by Individuals, Not Elites Countered the notion that industrialists or political elites build nations. Reinforced that every individual carries atomic power to transform society. Recalled Justice H.R. Khanna’s legacy as a reminder of constitutional courage. Role of Youth in Democratic Renewal Urged youth to rise above partisanship and contribute to national interests. Youth must champion thoughtful, informed discourse, especially during India’s rise as a global power. Emphasized the need for intellectual maturity, not political polarization among the youth.  Preamble as the Essence of the Constitution Called the Preamble the “nectar” of the Constitution. Highlights that all power flows from ‘We the People’, not from institutions or offices.  Conclusion: Call to Action Democracy is not a status, but an ongoing responsibility. Citizens must be informed, expressive, participative, and vigilant. Nation-building is a collective exercise, grounded in constitutional morality, civic virtue, and participatory ethos. India’s Aviation Revolution India is undergoing a transformative aviation revolution, marked by legislative reforms, infrastructure expansion, and record-breaking passenger growth. This surge is propelling the country towards becoming a global aviation hub aligned with the Viksit Bharat @2047 vision. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure) Legislative Reforms: Foundation for Sustainable Growth Protection of Interest in Aircraft Objects Bill, 2025: Aligns with the Cape Town Convention for improved legal enforceability in aircraft leasing. Aims to cut leasing costs (previously 8–10% higher than global average) via lower risk premiums and interest rates. Boosts investor confidence and supports the emergence of domestic leasing hubs. Bharatiya Vayuyan Adhiniyam, 2024: Replaces colonial-era Aircraft Act, 1934; effective from 1 Jan 2025. Supports ‘Make in India’ and Atmanirbhar Bharat by encouraging indigenous aviation manufacturing. Aligns with global civil aviation norms (ICAO, Chicago Convention). Introduces simplified licensing, an appellate mechanism, and removes outdated regulations. Infrastructure Expansion: Creating World-Class Aviation Facilities Greenfield Airport Progress: 12 operationalised since 2014 out of 21 approved (e.g., Kushinagar, Mopa, Rajkot). Key projects like Noida (Jewar) and Navi Mumbai advancing, with operations set for FY 2025–26. Airport Development Targets: 50 more airports planned in 5 years. 120 new destinations targeted in 10 years. Capital Investment: ₹91,000+ crore allocated under National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP). ₹82,600 crore already spent (till Nov 2024).  UDAN Scheme: Inclusive Regional Connectivity Achievements: 619 routes, 88 airports operationalised under UDAN. Over 1.5 crore passengers benefited; aim to serve 4 crore more. 2024 Progress: 102 new RCS routes, 20 in the North East. Increased focus on remote, hilly, and aspirational districts. Affordable Travel Amenities: Launch of UDAN Yatri Cafés at Kolkata and Chennai airports with subsidized food. Nationwide rollout planned due to success. Passenger Growth: Surging Demand and Market Expansion Domestic Travel Boom: Record of 22.81 crore domestic passengers in 2024. Over 5 lakh passengers in a single day (17 Nov 2024). Growth of 5.9% (Jan–Nov 2024 YoY). International Traffic Growth: 64.5 million passengers (Jan–Nov 2024), up by 11.4%. India’s Global Ranking: Now the 3rd-largest aviation market with 350+ million passengers annually. Consistent 10–12% annual growth over a decade. Safety, Technology, Seamless Travel DFDR & CVR Lab Inauguration: State-of-the-art accident investigation facility at AAIB, Delhi. ₹9 crore investment; supported by HAL. Digi Yatra Expansion: Deployed in 24 airports; over 4 crore journeys made via app. Enhances contactless, secure travel. Seaplane Operations Guidelines (2024): Bid process launched for 50+ water bodies under UDAN Round 5.5. Boosts connectivity to remote and tourism-heavy regions. Sustainability and Human Capital Development Green Energy Adoption: ~80 airports on 100% green energy. Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad—leading in carbon-neutral and carbon-negative credentials. Pilot Training Pipeline: 30,000–34,000 new pilots needed by 2040. Expansion of Flight Training Organisations (FTOs) and licensing. Aviation Career Guidance for Students: Launched by the Civil Aviation Ministry to introduce school students to aviation careers. Aims to build a talent pipeline for long-term sectoral growth. Supporting Ecosystem and Gender Inclusion Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO): 5% IGST on aircraft parts to incentivize domestic MRO hubs. Gender Representation: India has 13–18% women pilots—among the highest globally. Goal: 25% representation across aviation roles by 2025 (DGCA target). Air Cargo Expansion: Cargo handling capacity reached 8 million MT in FY24, growing over 10% annually. Emphasis on cold chain warehousing and customs efficiency. Global Integration & Recognition International Diplomacy: Hosted 2nd Asia-Pacific Ministerial Conference on Civil Aviation. Outcome: Delhi Declaration—a significant diplomatic win. Global Branding: India’s aviation diplomacy and reforms enhance its standing as a hub for global aviation cooperation and connectivity. Conclusion: Viksit Bharat @2047 Vision The aviation sector exemplifies India’s development trajectory, linking physical infrastructure with aspirational growth. The sector is being positioned not just as a mode of transport but as a driver of economic integration, job creation, and global competitiveness. Through legislative agility, digital innovation, green energy, inclusive access, and global integration, India is confidently charting its course toward Viksit Bharat @2047.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 23 April 2025

Content: Matters that count A move that endangers the right to vote Exploring India’s potential in the Arctic region Matters that count Core Issues Raised Unfounded criticism of judiciary by ruling party members and Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar undermines constitutional principles. Judiciary accused of overreach in matters like directing the Centre under Articles 355 and 356 or regulating online content. Calcutta High Court intervention in deploying Central forces in Murshidabad shows judiciary’s role in maintaining law and order. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice) Practice Question : Attempts to undermine judicial independence in the name of legislative supremacy threaten the core of constitutional democracy. Critically examine this statement in the context of recent events and judicial interventions in India. (250 words) Role of Judiciary in Constitutional Democracy Judicial review is essential to uphold the Constitution and fundamental rights. Article 13 empowers courts to invalidate laws violating fundamental rights. Articles 32 and 226 give SC and HCs power to enforce rights via writs. Even constitutional amendments are subject to the basic structure doctrine. Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances Judiciary is not subservient to legislature or executive. Ensures rule of law remains above majoritarian pressures. Constructive institutional friction promotes governance stability. Threats to Democratic Integrity Majoritarianism misinterprets democracy as rule by legislative majority alone. Blurring lines between executive and legislature weakens accountability. Pressure tactics against judiciary in the name of legislative supremacy threaten the independence of courts. Recent Judicial Interventions Supreme Court upheld legislative supremacy by setting timelines for Governors and President on state bills. This restored balance in federal governance and curbed arbitrariness by unelected authorities. Conclusion: Upholding Democracy Judiciary must remain independent and vigilant in defending constitutional norms. Attempts to intimidate courts are anti-democratic and must be resisted to maintain a healthy, functional democracy. A move that endangers the right to vote Context: The Election Commission of India (ECI) is reviving its push to link Aadhaar with Voter ID, citing the need to remove bogus entries and enhance electoral integrity. This move has drawn criticism for jeopardizing the fundamental right to vote and violating the constitutional right to privacy. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Constitution ) Practice Question : The Election Commission’s move to link Aadhaar with Voter ID is being projected as a step to ensure electoral purity. Critically examine this claim in light of constitutional safeguards, privacy concerns, and previous experiences of Aadhaar-based exclusions. Suggest alternative approaches to improve the accuracy of electoral rolls.(250 words) Constitutional and Legal Concerns Violation of Universal Suffrage: Linking Aadhaar with voter ID undermines the principle of universal and equal suffrage by disproportionately affecting the marginalized (elderly, disabled, migrants, remote populations). Article 326: Right to vote, though statutory, is an expression of democratic participation, and cannot be obstructed by exclusionary administrative processes. Section 9, Aadhaar Act (2016): Aadhaar is not proof of citizenship; linking it to voter ID contradicts its legal status. Lal Babu Hussein Case (1995): Electoral deletions must follow natural justice and procedural fairness — currently lacking in the Aadhaar-linking process.  Impact on Voters and Electoral Roll Mass Disenfranchisement: Past Aadhaar linkage (2015) led to arbitrary deletion of 55 lakh voters in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana due to mismatches. Lack of Opt-out Provision: Current Form 6B coerces disclosure of Aadhaar by offering no meaningful alternative. Burden on Voters: Citizens unwilling to provide Aadhaar must physically appear before an officer — unfair and impractical. Surveillance and Profiling Risks Digital Profiling: Linking Aadhaar could allow electoral data to be cross-referenced with other databases — enabling micro-targeting and suppression of opposition. Dragnet Surveillance: Aadhaar-seeded electoral databases raise the danger of state overreach and political misuse, especially in absence of strong data protection enforcement. Section 50, Aadhaar Act: UIDAI is under executive control — granting it control over voter data weakens ECI’s independence. Systemic and Technical Flaws in Aadhaar CAG Audit (2021): Over 4.75 lakh Aadhaar numbers were cancelled due to duplication and faulty biometrics. Residency Verification Lapses: UIDAI does not require robust proof of residence — undercuts credibility as a de-duplication tool for citizenship-based voter rolls. Judicial Stand and Administrative Commitments G. Niranjan v. ECI (2023): ECI assured the SC that Aadhaar-voter linkage was non-mandatory — its current proposal violates that assurance. K.S. Puttaswamy Judgment (2018): Aadhaar’s use was confined to welfare benefits from the Consolidated Fund of India — not for electoral purposes. Alternative Recommendations Booth-level Verification: Strengthen traditional door-to-door voter verification methods. Electoral Roll Audits: Conduct periodic, independent audits of voter rolls. Social Audits and Grievance Redress: Introduce citizen oversight mechanisms to uphold transparency and procedural fairness. Conclusion The proposed Aadhaar-voter ID linkage, though presented as a reformative measure, endangers the core democratic principle of participatory inclusion. It subverts privacy, increases surveillance, risks massive disenfranchisement, and undermines ECI’s autonomy — defeating the very goal of electoral integrity. Exploring India’s potential in the Arctic region Context : Geopolitical Shifts & Climate Change: The Arctic, once an isolatedfrontier, is becoming central to trade and diplomacy due to: Global warming shrinking Arctic sea ice. Fracturing of global trade blocs and supply chain realignments. Arctic as a Trade & Energy Frontier: NSR (Northern Sea Route) emergence = shorter Europe-Asia link, massive cost/time savings. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : “India’s engagement with the Arctic region presents both opportunities and challenges in terms of trade, geopolitical alliances, and environmental concerns. Analyze India’s Arctic policy and suggest the steps needed to ensure a sustainable and strategic presence in the region.”(250 Words)                                                                  Strategic Significance of Arctic for India Historical Engagement: Signatory to Svalbard Treaty (1920). Established Himadri—India’s Arctic research base (2008). Scientific Relevance: Arctic climate changes linked to Indian monsoons, agricultural patterns. Partnered studies with IGSD and NCAER to assess Arctic-India climate interlinkages. Policy Framework: India’s Arctic Policy (2022) emphasizes: Scientific research Connectivity International cooperation Capacity building  Trade and Maritime Opportunity Northern Sea Route (NSR): Ice melt opened up shortest cargo route between Europe and Asia. Potential to reduce dependency on congested and geopolitically sensitive routes like Suez and Malacca. Cargo on NSR grew from 41,000 tonnes (2010) to 37.9 million tonnes (2024). India’s Maritime Push: $3 billion Maritime Development Fund (2025-26 Budget). Promotion of shipbuilding clusters and Arctic-suited fleet development (e.g., ice-breakers). Chennai–Vladivostok Maritime Corridor: Can connect Indian ports to Arctic NSR ports (Pevek, Tiksi, Sabetta). Expands India’s blue economy and Indo-Pacific outreach. IV. Geopolitical Balancing Act Russia as a Natural Partner: Expertise in Arctic navigation and infrastructure. India-Russia working group on NSR established post-2023 Modi-Putin summit. China Factor: China’s Polar Silk Road as an Arctic extension of BRI. If India leans too far towards Russia, it indirectly strengthens China’s Arctic ambitions. Western Bloc Risks: Aligning with U.S. may restrict India’s access to Russian-dominated Arctic routes/resources. Middle Path Strategy: Simultaneous cooperation with U.S., Russia, Japan, South Korea. Collective push for a more inclusive Arctic Council and rules-based Arctic governance. Challenges Ahead Ecological Fragility: Arctic warming at 4× global average. Paris Agreement threshold breach (1.5°C) in 2024—sign of prolonged climate stress. Infrastructure Gaps: India lacks Arctic-ready shipping and navigational capabilities. Policy Execution: Arctic Policy 2022 still needs clear targets, institutional mechanisms, and sustained funding. The Way Forward Strategic Actions Needed: Invest in Arctic-ready shipbuilding and polar training programs. Appoint a Polar Ambassador for diplomatic coherence and visibility. Use forums like Arctic Circle India Forum (May 2025) to lead multilateral dialogues. Balance Sustainability with Opportunity: Advocate for sustainable exploration. Push for frameworks ensuring indigenous rights, ecological safety, and global equity.  

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 23 April 2025

Content: Section 69 of the BNS is redundant IMF’s lower growth projection for India for 2025-26 fiscal year Parliament is supreme, Constitution does not visualise any authority above it: Dhankhar IMF cuts global growth over Trump tariffs, policy uncertainty AI can supercharge forecasting if it can weather some challenges Section 69 of the BNS is redundant Context and Legislative Background Section 69 Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita introduces a new standalone offence for sexual intercourse on the false promise of marriage, with lesser punishment than rape. Such a provision did not exist in the Indian Penal Code (IPC), though similar cases were tried under Section 375 IPC (now Section 63 BNS). Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary , Social Justice) Supreme Court’s Stand and Judicial Interpretation Judicial filters already exist to prevent misuse of rape laws in cases of consensual sex later termed as rape: Intention Test:In Anurag Soni v. State of Chhattisgarh (2019): Unless the man never intended to marry from the start, it does not amount to rape.Nature of Relationship:In Rajnish Singh @ Soni v. State of U.P. (2025): A 15-year consensual relationship, later followed by betrayal, does not qualify as rape under false promise of marriage.Marital Status and Consent:In Abhishek Arjariya v. State of M.P. (2025): If the prosecutrix was already married, her claim of consent under misconception is invalid. Critique of Section 69 BNS Section 69 Text: Targets sexual intercourse through “deceitful means” or “false promise to marry”. Includes “false promise of employment, promotion, or suppression of identity” in its explanation. Redundancy and Legal Overlap Section 28 BNS: Defines consent, vitiated by “misconception of fact” — already covers false promise of marriage. Thus, rape under Section 63 BNS can already encompass sex under false promise of marriage. So, Section 69 duplicates existing provisions under a milder punishment — undermining the seriousness of the offence. Constitutional and Doctrinal Issues No exception carved out in Section 63 for cases under Section 69 → raises constitutional conflict. No non-obstante clause in Section 69 → makes it susceptible to being struck down under Article 14 (equality before law). Introduces confusion in legal interpretation and may allow legal escape routes for genuine offenders. Administrative Implications Courts already quashing false FIRs based on long-standing precedents. Police advised to conduct preliminary inquiries before filing charge-sheets. Helps in avoiding misuse of law, protects innocent men, and saves judicial resources. Conclusion No change in core definitions of rape or consent in BNS. Section 69 BNS, being legally unnecessary and potentially unconstitutional, appears redundant and unsustainable. IMF’s lower growth projection for India for 2025-26 fiscal year Context : IMF’s Growth Projection India’s GDP growth for FY 2025–26 is projected at 6.2% by the IMF. This is 0.3 percentage points lower than the earlier estimate of 6.5%. The global growth forecast is also revised downward to 2.8%, a cut of 0.5 percentage points. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Stated Reasons for Revision Escalated global trade tensions have impacted investor confidence and export dynamics. Worsening global uncertainty, including geopolitical risks and financial market volatility. Tighter monetary conditions in advanced economies could be curbing capital flows and investment. Implications for India Export sector vulnerability: India’s integration with global supply chains may suffer. Private investment slowdown: Uncertainty may delay new investments or expansion plans. Impact on job creation: Slower growth could restrict employment generation, especially in informal sectors. Relative Positives Despite the downgrade, India remains among the fastest-growing major economies. Domestic demand and infrastructure push may partially offset external headwinds. Potential for policy response via fiscal support or targeted reforms if slowdown deepens. Broader Global Context Similar downgrades for several emerging and developing economies. Global trade fragmentation and protectionist measures gaining ground. Need for multilateral cooperation to stabilize trade, finance, and supply chains. Parliament is supreme, Constitution does not visualise any authority above it: Dhankhar Context: Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar reaffirmed that the Constitution does not visualise any authority above Parliament. He was responding to criticisms regarding his remarks on a recent Supreme Court ruling. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Constitution) Context of the Controversy The Supreme Court judgment (April 8, 2025) directed: The President must act within 3 months on Bills passed by State Assemblies and referred by Governors. Governors cannot withhold assent to Bills indefinitely. Dhankhar viewed this as judicial overreach and incursion into the Executive’s domain. Key Arguments by Dhankhar Parliament is the supreme institution under the Constitution. No authority, including the Judiciary, is visualised as being above Parliament. Constitutional functionaries are not ornamental; their roles are substantive and rooted in public interest. Interpretational Clash Supreme Court: Reinforces checks and balances, especially in ensuring executive accountability and proper assent procedures. Vice-President: Emphasizes Parliamentary sovereignty and primacy of elected representatives in a democracy. Constitutional & Political Implications Reflects a tug-of-war between Judiciary and Legislature over boundaries of power. Raises concerns about separation of powers, federalism, and institutional respect. Could fuel debates on judicial activism vs. parliamentary supremacy. Symbolic Language Dhankhar likened every citizen to an “atom in democracy”, where elections reflect atomic power — underscoring democratic legitimacy of Parliament. IMF cuts global growth over Trump tariffs, policy uncertainty Context: IMF has cut global growth projections in its April 2025 World Economic Outlook. Triggered by: U.S. President Donald Trump’s April 2 import tariff policy. Surging policy uncertainty worldwide. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Global Growth Projections 2025: Global output projected at 2.8%, down 0.5 percentage points from January 2025 forecast. 2026: Forecast at 3.0%, down 0.1 percentage points from earlier. Marked as a “critical juncture” for the global economy. Impact on India 2025–26 fiscal growth forecast at 6.2%: 0.3% lower than January estimate. Supported by rural private consumption, despite external challenges. 2026–27 forecast: 6.3%. Inflation estimates for India: 4.2% (FY25–26), 4.1% (FY26–27). Structural Global Shifts IMF Chief Economist: “We are entering a new era.” Global economic system of last 80 years is being reset. U.S. effective tariff rates now at 100-year highs. Tariff hikes + policy unpredictability are shaping the outlook. Risk Assessment Risk of a global downturn has nearly doubled: From 17% to 30%. IMF does not forecast a full-blown recession but notes elevated risk. Growth reductions expected across all regions in 2025–26. Inflationary Pressures Disinflation process stalled due to: Trade disruptions. Uncertainty over global supply chains and investment decisions. Global inflation revised up by 0.1%. Conclusion The IMF signals economic fragbility, warning that trade wars and unpredictability could derail recovery. India remains relatively resilient, but exposed to external shocks due to its trade linkages. AI can supercharge forecasting if it can weather some challenges Core Idea AI and ML are increasingly being explored to improve weather forecasting in India, especially for extreme events like heatwaves, floods, and torrential rainfall. Traditional models rely on physics equations; AI/ML models start with data and learn patterns without explicit programming. Two major challenges: data availability and shortage of interdisciplinary human resources. Relevance : GS 3(Technology and Disaster Management) How AI/ML Differs from Traditional Weather Models Traditional Models: Use physical laws (fluid dynamics, thermodynamics); require supercomputers. AI/ML Models: Learn relationships directly from large datasets; can uncover hidden links and non-linear patterns. Recent Indian Efforts ‘Mission Mausam’ (Sep 2024): ₹2,000 crore allocation to improve AI-based forecasting tools. AI/ML Centre (Ministry of Earth Sciences): Focus on short-range rainfall forecasting, urban weather datasets, and nowcasting using Doppler radar data. Research Initiatives: IIT-Delhi and IIIT-Delhi ML model predicted monsoon rainfall with 61.9% success rate (2002–2022), better than traditional models. Major Challenges Data Limitations Requires high-resolution, high-quality datasets (often inconsistent due to sensor errors). Remote areas lack adequate sensor coverage, affecting model accuracy. Disagreement: Some believe India now has sufficient data (10x increase); others say quality/standardisation is still lacking. Human Resource Gap Lack of experts fluent in both AI/ML and climate science. Climate science straddles multiple disciplines, making it hard to build integrated expertise. Need for collaborative institutions focused exclusively on AI-Climate research. Interpretability & Trust Issues AI models are often black boxes — difficult to understand how/why they made a forecast. Traditional models offer transparency via physics equations and error correction methods. Calls for hybrid models combining AI/ML with physics-based approaches. Global Perspective 2024 Heidelberg Forum: ML has succeeded in weather forecasting, but climate science remains challenging due to long-term unpredictability and atmospheric chaos. Future climate models need to generalize to a “warmer world” — hard for ML trained on present data. AI/ML for Extreme Events AI holds promise in predicting extreme weather: heatwaves, cyclones, cloudbursts. February 2025 Nature Communications paper highlights AI’s role in risk communication, attribution studies. But warns of trustworthiness, interpretability, and uncertainty quantification concerns. Way Forward Develop region-specific models for India’s diverse geography. Promote interdisciplinary research and AI-literacy among climate scientists. Need for critical mass of trained professionals and improved data accessibility. Government initiatives must focus on institutional collaboration, data infrastructure, and hybrid model development.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 April 2025

Content: Largest-Ever Representation of 74 Women IAS Officers in a Batch of 180, Nearly 41 Percent Indian Air Force Participates In Multinational Exercise Desert Flag 10 in UAE  Largest-Ever Representation of 74 Women IAS Officers in a Batch of 180, Nearly 41 Percent Historic Women Representation in Civil Services Record-breaking Participation: 74 women in a batch of 180 IAS officers (~41%)—the highest-ever female representation. Trend of Gender Inclusion: Reflects deepening gender parity in elite government services. Policy Outcome: Attributed to the consistent focus on women-led development . Symbolic Shift: Moves the civil services closer to being gender-inclusive and more representative of India’s demographic profile. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) ,GS 2(Social Issues ,Governance)  Broader Diversity and Democratization of Civil Services Geographical Spread: Increased selections from Punjab, Haryana, and the North-East—traditionally underrepresented regions. Educational Diversity: 99 engineers, alongside professionals from medicine and technical fields. Age Advantage: Officers aged 22–26—implying a longer career span and greater adaptability to tech-driven governance. Vision for Civil Services Reform and Capacity Building Mission Karmayogi:   Civil service reform is undergoing a foundational shift through Mission Karmayogi (NPCSCB)—a competency-based, role-driven approach to training. Key Aspects of Mission Karmayogi: iGOT Karmayogi platform for anytime-anywhere digital learning. Capacity Building Commission to monitor training quality and outcomes. Annual Capacity Building Plans for ministries tailored to real-time functional needs. Assistant Secretary Programme: Initiated in 2015 by PM Modi. Provides 8-week exposure to 46 Central Ministries. Early grooming in policy formulation and bureaucratic functioning. Impact of Programme: Strengthens real-time decision-making. Proven success during COVID-19 for district-level crisis management. Marks its 10th anniversary in 2025, signifying institutional maturity. Technology, Innovation & Governance Tech-Literate Bureaucracy: Encouragement to embrace platforms like iGOT Karmayogi for continuous learning. Technocrats as Assets: Engineers and technical professionals vital for implementing flagship schemes (e.g., Digital India, Smart Cities). Bridging the Digital Divide: Swamitva Yojana as a case in point—leveraging drones to democratize land rights. Technology seen as a “great leveller” in governance access. Human-Centric and Responsive Governance CPGRAMS Grievance Redressal System: 98% resolution rate, ~26 lakh cases, average disposal time of 13 days. Incorporation of ‘human desk’ for emotional closure—beyond technical fixes. Emphasis on Empathy: Governance framed not just as procedural but deeply human and emotional in nature. Long-Term Administrative Vision: Viksit Bharat @2047 Call to Service: Officers urged to align with the vision of a fully developed India by 2047. Emphasis on Antyodaya—uplifting the most marginalized. Future-Ready Bureaucracy: Advocacy for flexible cadre rules—officers can gain external experience and return as domain specialists. Potential model for “dynamic civil services,” promoting both innovation and institutional memory. Knowledge Continuity and Retirement Engagement Digital Repository of Expertise: Encourages retired officers to contribute post-retirement. Promotes inter-generational knowledge transfer. Anubhav Awards: Incentivize officers to document experiences for institutional learning and mentorship. Conclusion Youthful and diverse batches signal a potential generational shift in governance culture. Empathy + Technology = Future formula for governance excellence. Indian Air Force Participates In Multinational Exercise Desert Flag 10 in UAE Context and Composition Venue: Al Dhafra Air Base, UAE Dates: 21 April – 8 May 2025 IAF Assets Deployed: MiG-29 – air superiority fighter (multi-role capability) Jaguar – deep penetration strike aircraft Other Participating Nations: Australia, Bahrain, France, Germany, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Republic of Korea, Turkey, UAE, United Kingdom, and the United States Highlights India’s inclusion among top global air powers Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Defence) Objectives of Exercise Combat Readiness: Engaging in complex, multilateral air combat scenarios to test readiness under real-time stress. Knowledge Exchange: Sharing best practices and operational strategies among elite air forces. Interoperability Enhancement: Fosters joint planning, coordination, and execution of air operations across different doctrines and technologies. Strategic Signaling: Asserts India’s defence diplomacy and growing aerospace capabilities in a multipolar security environment. Strategic and Geopolitical Relevance Strengthening Military Diplomacy Reinforces India-UAE defence ties, which have seen growing cooperation in joint exercises, port calls, and strategic dialogues. Enhances India’s presence in West Asia (Middle East)—a critical region for energy, diaspora, and strategic interests. Helps India build trust-based relationships with other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states and NATO partners. Showcasing Air Force Capabilities Deployment of olderplatforms like MiG-29 and Jaguar in advanced air combat drills reflects: Continued relevance through upgradation (e.g., MiG-29 UPG variants). Strategic balance between legacy systems and new inductions (like Rafale, Su-30MKI). Demonstrates IAF’s logistical and operational reach, sustaining missions abroad in harsh desert conditions. Enhancing Multilateral Cooperation India aligns with like–minded democracies and key regional actors for cooperative security. Builds synergy for future humanitarian assistance, disaster relief (HADR), and joint peacekeeping missions. Reinforces India’s position as a net security provider in the Indian Ocean and beyond. Interoperability for Joint Operations Boosts technical and doctrinal compatibility with Western and regional air forces. Prepares India for combined operations in multi-domain warfare (air, space, cyber). Supports long–term goals of defence technology co-development and standardization. Conclusion Exercises like this act as testing grounds for doctrine validation, pilot skills, and mission readiness in joint combat scenarios. The IAF’s role in such platforms complements India’s broader Act West policy and strategic alignment with critical partners across Europe, West Asia, and the Indo-Pacific.