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Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 01 April 2025

Content: OPERATION BRAHMA – INDIAN NAVAL SHIPS SAIL WITH RELIEF MATERIAL INDIAN AIR FORCE TO PARTICIPATE IN MULTI-NATION AIR EXERCISE INIOCHOS-25 OPERATION BRAHMA – INDIAN NAVAL SHIPS SAIL WITH RELIEF MATERIAL Context and Background A devastating earthquake struck Myanmar and Thailand on 28 March 2025, causing extensive damage and humanitarian crises. India launched Operation Brahma to provide Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) to Myanmar. The operation is being conducted under the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) in coordination with: Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff (HQ IDS) Indian Army Indian Air Force National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) Relevance : GS 2(International Relations)                                              India’s Strategic and Humanitarian Response (a) Deployment of Naval Assets Indian Navy’s swift mobilization demonstrates India’s commitment to regional HADR operations. Ships Deployed: INS Satpura and INS Savitri (Eastern Naval Command) sailed for Yangon on 29 March 2025. INS Karmuk and LCU 52 (Andaman and Nicobar Command) set to depart on 30 March 2025. Cargo Onboard (52 tons of relief material): Essential clothing, drinking water, food Medicines and emergency stores HADR pallets for disaster relief Implications of India’s Assistance (a) Strengthening India’s ‘First Responder’ Status Reinforces India’s role as a net security provider and HADR leader in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Aligns with India’s SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) doctrine. Enhances India’s regional goodwill and soft power diplomacy. (b) Boosting Strategic Relations with Myanmar Strengthens bilateral ties with Myanmar, which is crucial for: Border security cooperation (especially insurgency issues in Northeast India). Connectivity projects (Kaladan Multi-Modal Project, India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway). Countering China’s influence in Myanmar through economic and humanitarian engagement. (c) Strengthening Defence Diplomacy in Southeast Asia Enhances India’s defence diplomacy and naval presence in Southeast Asia. Aligns with India’s Act East Policy and Indo-Pacific Strategy. Showcases India’s blue-water naval capability in crisis response. Learning from Past HADR Operations (a) India’s Previous HADR Missions Operation Sahayata (Cyclone Idai, Mozambique, 2019) Operation Samudra Maitri (Sulawesi Earthquake, Indonesia, 2018) Operation Karuna (Cyclone Mocha, Myanmar, 2023) Operation Samudra Setu (COVID-19 repatriation, 2020) (b) Institutional Mechanisms for HADR MEA-led coordination with MOD and NDRF ensures quick response. Enhanced HADR logistics through Andaman and Nicobar Command, ensuring rapid mobilization. Standardized HADR pallets for efficient disaster response deployment. Conclusion: Strengthens India’s regional leadership in disaster response. Reinforces diplomatic and strategic engagement with Myanmar. Enhances India’s maritime and defence diplomacy under Act East Policy. Builds on India’s HADR operational experience, improving future disaster response efficiency. INDIAN AIR FORCE TO PARTICIPATE IN MULTI-NATION AIR EXERCISE INIOCHOS-25 Context : The Indian Air Force (IAF) is set to participate in Exercise INIOCHOS-25, a multi-national air combat exercise hosted by the Hellenic Air Force (Greece) from March 31 to April 11, 2025. This exercise aims to enhance combat interoperability, tactical coordination, and joint operational capabilities among 15 participating nations. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) , GS 3(Defense) Strategic Importance of INIOCHOS-25 Multinational Collaboration: Hosted by the Hellenic Air Force, involving 15 nations, providing a platform for enhanced military diplomacy. Realistic Combat Simulations: Includes multi-domain air warfare, surface threats, and complex battle scenarios, improving operational preparedness. Bilateral & Multilateral Defence Ties: Strengthens India’s defence relations with European nations and NATO members, increasing geopolitical influence. IAF’s Deployment and Capabilities Aircraft Participation: Su-30MKI: India’s frontline air superiority fighter; enhances dogfighting, beyond-visual-range (BVR) combat, and multirole operations. IL-78 Aerial Refueler: Extends operational range of fighters, improving long-endurance strike capabilities. C-17 Globemaster III: Strategic airlift for rapid force deployment and logistical support. Tactical Training Areas: Combined Air Operations (COMAO): Training in large-force employment with joint air assets. Electronic Warfare (EW) and Network-Centric Ops: Simulating modern air defence threats and countermeasures. Interoperability with NATO & Non-NATO Air Forces: Refining joint tactical air operations with technologically advanced air forces. Future Implications Strengthening Indo-Greek Defence Ties: Expands military cooperation beyond naval exercises like India-Greece joint maritime drills. May lead to joint defence procurements, training exchanges, and technology sharing. Enhancing India’s Role in Global Air Exercises: Builds on IAF’s participation in Ex Red Flag (USA), Ex Pitch Black (Australia), Ex Cobra Warrior (UK), and Ex Tarang Shakti (India’s own multinational exercise). Increases credibility as a global air power, strengthening defence diplomacy. Boost to Indigenous Air Power Development: Lessons from INIOCHOS–25 can refine tactics for Tejas Mk1A, AMCA (5th Gen Fighter), and future unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAVs). Enhances IAF’s capability to integrate with advanced platforms like Rafale and upcoming MRFA acquisitions. Historical & Policy Context Past Participation in Multinational Exercises: IAF has participated in similar air exercises, learning from Western, Russian, and indigenous combat doctrines. Helps India bridge Western (NATO) and Eastern (Russian) operational frameworks, boosting joint mission effectiveness. Alignment with India’s Defence Policy: Supports India’s Act East & Indo-Pacific strategies by fostering ties with European and Mediterranean partners. Complements India’s self-reliance in defence (Atmanirbhar Bharat) by exposing personnel to cutting-edge air combat technologies. Geopolitical and Strategic Takeaways Strengthening India’s Air Power Diplomacy: Enhances IAF’s ability to operate in diverse theatres, from the Indian Ocean to Europe. Signals India’s willingness to collaborate on collective air defence, maritime security, and crisis response. Message to Adversaries: Participation in NATO-aligned exercises subtly signals India’s growing military coordination with the West. Strengthens deterrence against regional threats, particularly in the Indo-Pacific and Western border regions. Improving Force Projection Capability: Learning from multi-role air operations and deep-strike missions enhances IAF’s combat readiness for potential two-front conflicts. Gains insights into advanced SEAD (Suppression of Enemy Air Defences) tactics, which are crucial for any high-intensity conflict scenario. Conclusion IAF’s participation in INIOCHOS-25 marks a significant step in defence cooperation, tactical learning, and geopolitical positioning. It enhances operational experience, strengthens strategic partnerships, and integrates IAF into global air warfare networks, reinforcing India’s role as a rising air power.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 01 April 2025

Content: NEP 2020 in the classroom, from policy to practice Thinking beyond population count NEP 2020 in the classroom, from policy to practice Context & Policy Framework NEP 2020’s FLN Mandate: National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 prioritizes Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) as an urgent mission. Aims to ensure universal FLN by Class 2 (end of the foundational stage). Implementation aligned with NIPUN Bharat, which provides detailed guidelines for FLN adoption. Implementation Push by Governments: Central and State governments have introduced multiple programs to achieve FLN targets. Focus on early childhood education (ECE) integration for ages 3-8. Relevance : GS 2(Education ,Governance) Practice Question : The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 emphasizes Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) as a critical goal. Discuss the key challenges in its classroom-level implementation and suggest measures to enhance its effectiveness. (250 words) Ground-Level Implementation: ASER 2024 Findings Survey Scope & Reach: ASER 2024 covered 15,728 rural schools across India. Over 80% of schools received government directives on FLN implementation. 75%+ schools had at least one trained teacher for FLN. Key Observations from 24 Class 2 Classrooms (8 States): Positive Shift in Awareness: Teachers understand FLN importance and articulate policy intent. Acceptance of attitudinal changes rather than drastic pedagogical shifts. Context-Specific Challenges:Varying classroom conditions impact implementation:Space constraints (large student numbers vs. multi-grade outdoor setups).Limited peer discussion among teachers to address implementation hurdles. Teacher Support: Gaps & Best Practices State-Wise Variations in Support Mechanisms: Some States offer no post-training support for teachers. Others provide trainers for consultation, but usage remains voluntary. A few States ensure official monitoring visits, though often focused on compliance & data collection rather than pedagogy. Rare cases where district officials demonstrate classroom activities to aid teachers. Teaching-Learning Materials (TLM) – Key Issues: Teachers understand TLM importance, but usage is suboptimal. Demonstration Mode: In most cases, teachers use TLM, but students do not engage directly. Practical Constraints: Teachers creating their own TLM fear damage (wear & tear) as they must personally replace them. Storage limitations in classrooms hinder TLM availability. Teachers with pre-provided TLM kits lack clarity on effective usage. The Syllabus Completion Dilemma Assessment vs. FLN Goals: Teachers still prioritize syllabus completion over FLN outcomes. CCE (Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation) remains curriculum-content-driven via traditional pen-paper tests. FLN-specific assessments exist, but findings rarely inform classroom strategies. Structural Contradiction in Implementation: The system fails to reconcile syllabus completion mandates with FLN’s skill-based approach. Need for redefining learning outcomes beyond rote syllabus progression. Policy Improvements Needed Structured Post-Training Support: Institutionalizing peer-learning platforms for teachers to discuss context-specific challenges. Integrating pedagogical mentoring programs beyond data-driven compliance monitoring. TLM Utilization & Pedagogical Flexibility: Encourage student-driven engagement with TLM rather than teacher-led demonstrations. Provide ready-to-use TLM kits while retaining some teacher autonomy for customization. Address storage and maintenance challenges through infrastructure planning. Assessment Reform: Shift from content-heavy evaluation to competency-based assessments aligned with FLN objectives. Institutionalize adaptive assessment frameworks that guide classroom interventions. Evaluating Past Initiatives Pre-NEP Challenges in FLN: Limited integration of early childhood education (ECE) with primary schooling. Previous literacy programs focused more on enrollment than learning outcomes. NIPUN Bharat as a Corrective Measure: Provides clear implementation roadmap for FLN. Ensures nationwide monitoring but lacks granular localized adaptability. Conclusion Positive Developments: FLN focus in government schools has led to measurable improvement in foundational learning. ASER 2024 marks the first instance of improved learning levels at this stage. Challenges to Address: Bridging the gap between policy intent and classroom execution. Enhancing teacher agency in implementing FLN within diverse classroom realities. Sustaining FLN momentum in the long run through systemic adjustments. Thinking beyond population count Context and Background Delimitation Debate: The upcoming delimitation exercise, triggered by the expiry of the constitutional freeze on the number of seats (set in 1971), has raised concerns about political representation and financial devolution. Federal Concerns: Southern states fear a decline in representation due to lower population growth compared to northern states, affecting their political influence and financial allocations. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice) Practice Question:The proposed delimitation exercise and financial devolution reforms require a shift beyond the population count as the sole criterion. Critically analyze the potential consequences of such reforms on India’s federal structure, political representation, and regional disparities.(250 Words) Historical Evolution of Delimitation 1951-1971: Number of Lok Sabha seats increased with population growth; representation per seat grew from 7.3 lakh (1951) to 10.1 lakh (1971). 1971-2026 Freeze: Number of seats fixed at 543 until 2026 to prevent states from being penalized for successful population control measures. Projected Scenario (2026): Without reforms, the average population per seat will rise to 20 lakh, disproportionately affecting southern states with lower population growth. Political Representation Concerns Impact of 15th Finance Commission: Shift from 1971 census data to 2011 census data for financial devolution calculations led to apprehensions in southern states. Demographic Performance Factor: Introduced to balance representation by considering both population size and demographic progress. Key Challenge: Equitable seat allocation without disproportionately reducing representation of low-growth states. Moving Beyond Absolute Population Count Flawed Assumption: Allocating seats purely on population size ignores regional variations in density, growth patterns, and demographic achievements. Alternative Approaches: Population Density as a Criterion: Already in practice in Northeastern states, which have lower population but maintain representation. Weighted Representation: Adjusting for demographic indicators like literacy, fertility rates, and economic contribution. Maintaining Status Quo with Expansion: Increasing total Lok Sabha seats proportionately while ensuring regional balance. Issues in Delimitation and Financial Devolution Gender based Reservations: Delimitation must account for constitutional provisions of reservation, requiring nuanced allocation rather than a mechanical population-based approach. Per-Capita Bias: Over-reliance on per-capita metrics in financial devolution and representation overlooks disparities in economic development, health, and social indicators. Historical Influences and Future Implications Historical Influences 1971 Freeze: Stemmed from the need to protect progressive states from being penalized. Finance Commission Reforms: Shift in population weightage influencing fiscal transfers and resource allocation. Federalism Concerns: Southern states argue that they contribute more to GDP but risk losing political and financial representation. Future Implications Potential Constitutional Amendments: Addressing seat redistribution while ensuring fairness in representation. Reforming Finance Commission Criteria: Including economic performance, social indicators, and sustainability in devolution formula. Impact on Governance: A mismanaged delimitation could deepen regional divides, affecting national unity and cooperative federalism. Conclusion: A Demographic Outlook for Equitable Representation Beyond Headcount: Representation should incorporate demographic attributes rather than raw population figures. Balanced Approach: A middle path is necessary, ensuring representation aligns with population density, economic contributions, and demographic progress. Urgency for Reforms: Without policy innovations, India risks exacerbating regional imbalances in political power and financial allocations.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 01 April 2025

Content: Summer set to be warmer, but El Nino unlikely during next monsoon: IMD Significant increase in monsoon rainfall in Western Ghats over past 800 years: study Why are tensions high in the Arctic? India-U.S. tri-service exercise from April 1 to 13 Laser allows long-range detection of radioactive materials Summer set to be warmer, but El Nino unlikely during next monsoon: IMD Context : IMD’s Monsoon Outlook for 2025: The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has ruled out the possibility of an El Nino event during the southwest monsoon season of 2025. El Nino is associated with warming in the central equatorial Pacific, often leading to reduced monsoon rainfall in India. According to IMD, neutral El Nino conditions are expected instead, where the temperature in the Pacific remains steady, neither warming nor cooling significantly. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Past El Nino and its Impact: 2023: An El Nino year, leading to a 6% rainfall deficit in India. 2024: A neutral condition year, resulting in an 8% surplus in rainfall. Neutral Conditions and Uncertainty: While neutral El Nino conditions do not typically indicate drastic changes in temperature, they have sometimes been linked with below-normal rainfall in India. The impact of neutral conditions on Indian monsoon is less predictable than El Nino or La Nina, requiring a close watch on regional and oceanic factors that may affect the monsoon. Seasonal Temperature Forecast: Summer months (April to June) are expected to see above-normal temperatures across India. India typically experiences 4 to 7 heatwave days during these months, with temperatures exceeding 45°C or a rise of more than 5°C from the normal average. This year, some regions of eastern India could experience up to 10 heatwave days. Future Outlook: April Forecast: IMD’s first monsoon rainfall forecast will be released in April, which will provide more clarity on how these conditions will manifest. This forecast will include regional factors, such as conditions in the Indian Ocean, which can also influence rainfall and temperatures in the subcontinent. Conclusion: The absence of an El Nino means that while reduced rainfall is unlikely, the possibility of regional variations in rainfall due to other oceanic and atmospheric conditions remains. The anticipated above-normal summer temperatures could exacerbate the risks of heatwaves in certain regions, especially in the eastern parts of India. Significant increase in monsoon rainfall in Western Ghats over past 800 years: study Study Overview: Researchers at the Central University of Kerala conducted a study on monsoon rainfall patterns in the Western Ghats over the past 800 years. Published in Quaternary International, the study reconstructs Indian monsoon patterns over the last 1,600 years. Relevance : GS 1(Geography ) ,GS 3(Environment and Ecology ) Key Findings: Increase in Monsoon Rainfall: The study highlights a significant increase in monsoon rainfall in the Western Ghats over the last 800 years. Intensifying Monsoon: The long-term trend suggests that the region has experienced growing monsoon intensity, contributing to more frequent and severe rainfall events. Recent Extreme Weather Events: The increased rainfall intensity may be linked to recent devastating events such as landslides and floods in Wayanad (2018) and Kodagu (2019), signaling broader climatic shifts. Methodology: Lake Sediment Analysis: Researchers analyzed lake sediments from Cheppandikere Lake near Madikeri, Karnataka, to trace the historical patterns of monsoon intensity over centuries. Multidisciplinary Approach: The study used various scientific techniques to reconstruct past climate data and assess changes in rainfall patterns. Implications for Disaster Preparedness: Need for Proactive Measures: The intensifying monsoon cycle calls for improved disaster preparedness in the region, particularly in areas prone to landslides and floods. Sustainable Land-Use Planning: The study emphasizes the need for sustainable land-use planning to mitigate the risks posed by extreme weather events. Conservation of Ecosystems: Given the sensitivity of the Western Ghats, a critical eco-sensitive zone, conservation measures are vital to safeguard biodiversity and reduce vulnerability to environmental hazards. Policy Recommendations: Long-term Environmental Policies: Experts urge the formulation of comprehensive and long-term environmental policies that address the risks posed by changing monsoon patterns. Integrated Disaster Management: A coordinated approach involving disaster management, land-use policies, and environmental conservation is essential to adapt to the evolving climate conditions in the region. Conclusion: The study underscores the significance of understanding historical monsoon patterns to predict future climatic changes and prepare for extreme weather events. It calls for immediate and sustained efforts to protect the eco-sensitive Western Ghats region from the impacts of an intensifying monsoon. Why are tensions high in the Arctic? The Arctic, once a remote and isolated region, is rapidly becoming a hotspot of geopolitical tension due to climate change, resource competition, and shifting global trade routes. As nations vie for control over these emerging opportunities, the risk of conflict in the region continues to grow. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Melting Ice and New Opportunities: Climate change is accelerating the melting of Arctic ice, revealing untapped natural resources such as fossil fuels, rare earth elements, phosphates, and copper. Previously inaccessible resources and trade routes are now becoming viable, leading to increased competition and territorial claims. Lack of Legal Safeguards: Unlike Antarctica, the Arctic lacks a comprehensive international treaty to safeguard it, leading to overlapping claims and military posturing by nations. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) allows countries to extend their claims to the seabed if they prove natural prolongation of their continental shelf, creating potential for territorial disputes. Territorial Control and Economic Zones: The Arctic is controlled by eight countries: Canada, Denmark (via Greenland), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the U.S., forming the Arctic Council. These countries exercise sovereignty over Arctic land and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs), which extend 200 nautical miles from their coastlines. There are territorial disputes over the seabed and maritime claims, with Russia, Canada, and Denmark submitting overlapping claims. Russia’s Strategic Military Presence: Russia is the only Arctic Council member with a significant fleet of icebreakers, including a nuclear-powered one, to navigate the challenging Arctic sea ice. Russia has built and maintained several military bases in the region, reinforcing its influence and asserting its presence in Arctic affairs. Why has the Arctic region become an area of interest now? Strategic Resources: The Arctic holds a significant portion of the world’s undiscovered oil (13%) and untapped natural gas reserves (30%), as highlighted by a 2009 U.S. Geological Survey report. It also contains deposits of rare earth elements, critical for technology and green energy industries, attracting investment, particularly from China. New Trade Routes: Melting ice has made new shipping routes accessible, such as the Northeast Passage along Russia’s coast, offering shorter travel distances between East Asia and Europe, saving billions in transport costs. The Northwest Passage is a key potential Arctic shipping route, creating tension over its control, especially between Canada and the U.S. Growing Geopolitical Rivalry: The Arctic has become a focal point for global powers, with Russia, NATO countries, and China showing increasing interest in asserting their presence and claims. NATO’s growing military presence, particularly after Sweden and Finland joined the alliance following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, has heightened tensions in the region. Conflict Around the Northwest Passage: Canada vs. U.S.: Canada claims the Northwest Passage as part of its internal waters, granting it control over navigation. The U.S. views it as an international waterway, asserting freedom of navigation for all nations, which creates tensions with Canada. Strategic Importance: The passage is critical for global trade and military navigation, especially with Russia’s increasing military activities and the U.S.’s interest in the region. The U.S. has long questioned the legitimacy of Denmark’s sovereignty over Greenland, further complicating the status of Arctic territories. Russia’s Presence in the Arctic: Military Expansion: Russia has made significant investments in Arctic military infrastructure, including building military bases and conducting joint exercises with China. Russia’s strategic focus on the region includes maintaining control over critical choke points, such as the Greenland-Iceland-UK gap, which is important for NATO’s naval defenses. Symbolic Acts: Russia’s 2007 MIR-1 submarine expedition to plant a Russian flag on the Arctic seabed symbolized its claim to the region, underscoring its ambitions. Environmental and Economic Strategies: Russia is cautious about granting access to the Polar Silk Road to China, despite the latter’s interest in utilizing Arctic trade routes. The region’s natural resources and potential shipping lanes are critical to Russia’s economic and geopolitical strategy. India-U.S. tri-service exercise from April 1 to 13 Event Overview: The India-U.S. tri-service exercise named Tiger Triumph will occur from April 1 to 13. This is the fourth iteration of the Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) Exercise, focusing on improving interoperability and crisis coordination between the two nations’ forces. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Objectives: Enhance interoperability: The primary goal is to improve the ability of Indian and U.S. forces to work together during HADR operations, ensuring a more efficient and coordinated response during natural disasters and other crises. Develop Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs): The exercise aims to formulate SOPs for establishing a Combined Coordination Centre (CCC). This centre will serve as a hub for seamless communication and rapid coordination between Indian and U.S. Joint Task Forces (JTF) during crises, exercises, or contingencies. Phases of the Exercise: Harbour Phase (April 1-7): This phase will be conducted at Visakhapatnam, focused on preparatory activities and coordination before the full-scale operational phase begins. Key Takeaways: The exercise is a significant step in enhancing military-to-military relations between India and the U.S. through collaborative training. It underscores the growing strategic partnership between the two nations, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region, where humanitarian and disaster response is becoming increasingly critical. By developing SOPs for a Combined Coordination Centre, the exercise aims to streamline joint operations and reduce response time during real-world humanitarian or disaster relief situations. Strategic Implications: This exercise highlights the strategic cooperation between India and the U.S., not just in traditional military operations but also in disaster relief, which is vital for regional stability. It showcases the soft power aspect of military exercises, where mutual aid and cooperation can foster better ties, particularly in areas of common concern like climate change and humanitarian aid. Future Prospects: The successful execution of the Tiger Triumph exercise could lead to more regular and advanced joint training operations between India and the U.S. It also sets a precedent for future collaborations in areas such as peacekeeping, counterterrorism, and joint disaster relief efforts across the Indo-Pacific and beyond. Laser allows long-range detection of radioactive materials Context : Breakthrough in Radioactive Material Detection: Physicists in the US have demonstrated the use of carbon-dioxide lasers to detect radioactive materials from a distance, which has significant implications for national defense and emergency response. This technique allows for rapid and accurate detection of radioactive sources from safe distances, which is crucial for both military and civilian applications. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) The Role of Avalanche Breakdown: Radioactive decay releases charged particles (alpha particles) that ionize the air, creating plasma by separating positive and negative charges. These ionized particles accelerate, causing an avalanche breakdown where one electron triggers the release of more electrons, amplifying the signal. Laser Technology and its Impact: A carbon-dioxide laser emitting long-wave infrared radiation (9.2 micrometers) accelerates electrons to induce avalanche breakdown and detect alpha particles from a distance of 10 meters. This range is 10 times greater than previous experiments, highlighting the improvement in sensitivity and detection capacity. Plasma and Backscatter Detection: The laser-induced avalanche creates microplasma balls that emit measurable optical backscatter. The researchers amplified this backscatter as it traveled through the laser system, boosting the sensitivity of the detection technique. Long-wavelength lasers are beneficial because they enhance electron avalanches and reduce unwanted ionization, which could interfere with the detection signals. Fluorescence Imaging for Detailed Analysis: Fluorescence imaging was used to analyze the plasma dynamics and seed electron density profiles, further improving the accuracy of detection. A mathematical model was developed to predict backscatter signals based on seed density, validating the technique’s precision. Potential for Gamma-Ray Detection: The technique sets the stage for detecting gamma-ray radiation, such as that emitted by Cs-137, at distances up to 100 meters. Gamma-rays travel farther in air than alpha particles but ionize less intensely, which makes detecting them more challenging. With scaled-up laser optics, this method could vastly exceed current detection capabilities. Challenges with Extended Detection Ranges: To extend detection to distances of around 1 km or more, larger optics and higher laser energies are required due to diminishing signal strength. Background radiation and atmospheric interference pose challenges at long ranges, potentially saturating the detection signal. Published Findings and Future Prospects: The team’s research, published in Physical Review Applied, outlines a promising new direction in radiation detection, with potential to expand to broader applications like gamma-ray detection at longer ranges. Further development in optics and energy requirements could address challenges in long-range detection, pushing the capabilities of avalanche-based laser detection even further.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 29 March 2025

Content: Rejuvenation of Inland Waterways From Farm to Retail: Make in India’s push for Food Processing Excellence Rejuvenation of Inland Waterways Enhancing India’s inland water transport through strategic investments, infrastructure development, and policy measures for economic and environmental benefits. Relevance : GS 3 (Infrastructure & Economy) Investment and Expansion of National Waterways Government Investment: ₹6,434 crores allocated (2014-15 to 2023-24) for the development of National Waterways (NWs). National Waterways Act, 2016: Declared 111 NWs, providing a legal framework for inland water transport (IWT). Increase in Cargo and Passenger Traffic: Cargo movement rose from 18 MTPA (2013-14) to 133 MTPA (2023-24). Passenger movement reached 1.61 crore in 2023-24. Future Targets: 200 million MT by 2030. 500 million MT by 2047.   Ongoing and Sanctioned Projects Jal Marg Vikas Project (JMVP-I & II) (NW-1): Varanasi-Haldia stretch (Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly River). Comprehensive Development of NW-2 (Brahmaputra) & NW-16 (Barak River). New Developments: Approach Road to NH-27 from Pandu Port Terminal (NW-2). Ship Repair Facility at Pandu, Guwahati (NW-2). Development of 23 NWs (Phase-1) across 9 states (Kerala, AP, Odisha, Goa, WB, UP, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam). Integration of inland waterways with Indo-Bangladesh Protocol Route. Policy Measures to Boost Inland Water Transport 35% Incentive Scheme for Cargo Owners: ₹100 crore allocated for 3 years. Aims to shift 800 million tonne-km of cargo to IWT. Scheduled cargo services between Kolkata-Varanasi/Pandu planned. Tonnage Tax for Inland Vessels: Announced in Budget 2025. Lowers taxation burden for vessel owners, making IWT more competitive. National Waterways (Construction of Jetties/Terminals) Regulations, 2025: Allows private sector participation in IWT infrastructure. Integration with Ports: Kolkata Port linked to NW-1 for multi-modal connectivity. Digitalisation for Ease of Business: Centralised portal for vessel and crew registration. Cargo Aggregation Initiatives: Freight Village in Varanasi and Logistics Park in Sahibganj for cargo hubs. Rail connectivity for 3 Multi-Modal Terminals (MMTs) assigned to Indian Port and Rail Company Ltd. Indo-Bangladesh Protocol Route Operationalization: Routes 5 & 6 (Maia-Sultanganj) trial run completed, awaiting Bangladesh’s approval. Shift of Cargo by PSUs: Over 140 Public Sector Units (PSUs) approached for shifting cargo to IWT. Ministries like Steel, Coal, Fertilizer advised PSUs to earmark cargo for waterways. Infrastructure Development Measures Navigation and Fairway Maintenance: Dredging, channel marking, hydrographic surveys for maintaining navigation depth (2-3 meters) in key NWs. Key Terminal Developments: NW-1 (Ganga River): 49 community jetties, 20 floating terminals, 3 MMTs, 1 IMT. NW-2 (Brahmaputra): 12 floating terminals, MMTs at Pandu, Jogighopa, terminals at Bogibeel and Dhubri. NW-3 (West Coast Canal, Kerala): 9 Permanent IWT terminals, 2 Ro-Ro terminals. NW-4 (Krishna River, AP): 4 tourist jetties. NW-110 (Yamuna, Mathura-Vrindavan): 12 floating jetties. Goa (Mandovi, Zuari Rivers – NW-68 & NW-111): 3 floating concrete jetties installed. NW-73 (Narmada), NW-37 (Gandak): Additional jetties planned. Economic and Environmental Benefits of IWT Development Economic Benefits: Lower logistics cost: IWT is 30-40% cheaper than road and rail transport. Boost to trade: Improved connectivity enhances regional trade and cross-border commerce. Employment generation: Expanding IWT infrastructure creates jobs in construction, vessel operation, and logistics. Environmental Benefits: Lower carbon emissions: IWT has less than 1/4th the carbon footprint of road transport. Reduces congestion: Diverts cargo from overloaded road and rail networks. Eco-tourism boost: Promotion of river cruises, houseboats, and heritage tourism. Challenges and Way Forward Challenges: Seasonal fluctuations in river water levels affect navigability. Inadequate cargo aggregation along water routes. Limited awareness and trust among cargo owners. Need for greater private investment in IWT infrastructure. Way Forward: Increase depth through systematic dredging and river training works. Develop dedicated cargo hubs near NWs to facilitate industrial integration. Strengthen Indo-Bangladesh water transit agreements for seamless cargo movement. Expand Ro-Ro (Roll-on/Roll-off) services for vehicle transport. Conclusion The rejuvenation of inland waterways is a strategic move towards sustainable and cost-effective transport in India. By implementing policy incentives, enhancing infrastructure, and integrating multimodal transport, the government aims to significantly expand cargo and passenger movement. Overcoming navigability and investment challenges will be key to achieving long-term growth in the sector. From Farm to Retail: Make in India’s push for Food Processing Excellence Introduction: Food Processing – A Growth Catalyst India’s food processing sector is a vital link between agriculture and industry, leveraging its vast agricultural output. It plays a crucial role in enhancing value addition, reducing wastage, and boosting farmer incomes. Supported by Make in India, the sector is witnessing robust investments and policy interventions. India leads globally in the production of fruits, vegetables, millets, tea, food grains, milk, and livestock. Relevance : GS 3 (Economy, Agriculture & Infrastructure) Government Initiatives and Infrastructure Development (a) Mega Food Parks & Infrastructure Support Mega Food Parks are being set up in agriculturally rich regions to provide common processing facilities and utilities. Recognized under Harmonized List of Infrastructure Sub-sectors (HLIS), ensuring better financial access. Investor Facilitation Portal helps streamline investments, approvals, and partnerships. Budget Boost: 2024-25 budget saw a 30.19% increase to strengthen food processing infrastructure. (b) PM Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY) Approved in 2017, extended till 2026 with an outlay of ₹4,600 crore. 1608 projects sanctioned: 41 Mega Food Parks 394 Cold Chain Projects 75 Agro-processing Clusters 536 Food Processing Units 61 Backward & Forward Linkages Projects 44 Operation Greens Projects Impact of PMKSY: Enhances food processing levels, reducing agricultural wastage. Creates employment, especially in rural areas. Strengthens exports of processed foods. Key Schemes Under Food Processing Sector (a) PLISFPI – Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Food Processing Industry Launched in 2021 with an outlay of ₹10,900 crore, spanning 2021-27. Key components: Category I: Ready-to-Cook/Eat (RTC/RTE), processed fruits & vegetables, marine products, mozzarella cheese. Category II: Organic & innovative food products (SMEs). Category III: Branding & marketing abroad for Indian food brands. PLISMBP: Special focus on millet-based products. Progress as of Feb 2025: 171 food processing firms approved for incentives. ₹1155.296 crore disbursed, including ₹13.266 crore for MSMEs. Investment of ₹8,910 crore across 213 locations. Employment generation: 2.89 lakh jobs. (b) PMFME – Pradhan Mantri Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises Scheme Launched in June 2020, extended till 2025-26. Outlay: ₹10,000 crore, aims to formalize 2 lakh enterprises. Adopts One District One Product (ODOP) approach to promote local food products. Focus on MSMEs, credit-linked subsidies, and capacity expansion. Boosting Innovation, SMEs & Market Expansion Supporting MSMEs: PLISFPI & PMFME actively promote MSMEs, encouraging modern infrastructure & market access. 70 MSMEs directly enrolled, 40 supporting as contract manufacturers. Global Branding & Export Support: Under PLISFPI, 50% reimbursement for branding & marketing abroad. 73 Indian companies availing branding incentives globally. Encouraging food entrepreneurship through R&D, cold chains, and formalization. Recent Developments in Food Processing March 2025: 100 NABL-accredited food testing labs to be set up. January 2025: Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Punjab Agro, and Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) collaborating for tomato paste production. World Food India 2024 – Showcasing India’s Food Processing Strength Hosted in September 2024, bringing global leaders in food processing, packaging, logistics, and technology. Aims to position India as a global food hub, enhancing investment opportunities. Focuses on value addition, supply chain efficiency, and market expansion. Conclusion: Future of India’s Food Processing Sector Strategic government policies, increasing investment, and infrastructure development are propelling India’s food processing sector. Key benefits: Enhanced farmer incomes through better value realization. Employment generation, particularly in rural areas. Reduction in post-harvest losses through efficient cold chains & storage. Boost in exports, strengthening India’s position as a global food processing leader. Aligned with Make in India, the food processing industry is a major driver of economic growth, ensuring food security, innovation, and sustainability.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 29 March 2025

Content Valley and hills Equitable distribution India’s geopolitical vision should be larger Valley and Hills Historical Context and Separatist Politics Origins of Separatism: The demand for autonomy in J&K traces back to the post-independence period, fueled by political instability and Pakistan’s vested interests. Role of Hurriyat and Other Groups: The Hurriyat Conference, a coalition of pro-separatist entities, historically influenced J&K’s political discourse, often aligning with Pakistan. Previous Government Engagements: P.V. Narasimha Rao (1990s): Initiated backchannel talks with separatists. Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1999-2004): Advocated “Insaniyat, Jamhooriyat, and Kashmiriyat” and engaged in diplomatic talks with Pakistan. Manmohan Singh (2004-2014): Facilitated dialogue, but without a breakthrough. Relevance : GS 1(Post Independence), GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Internal Security) Practice Question : Discuss the historical origins of separatist politics in Jammu & Kashmir and analyze the impact of the post-2014 policy shift on separatist movements. What measures are necessary to ensure long-term stability and integration in the region? (15 marks, 250 words) Shift in Approach Post-2014 End of Political Engagement with Separatists: Unlike predecessors, the Modi government took a hard stance, ceasing formal talks with separatist groups. 2019 Abrogation of Article 370: Revoked J&K’s special status, integrating it fully into the Indian Union. Reorganized the region into two Union Territories—J&K and Ladakh. Decline of Separatism in J&K Ban on Key Separatist Organizations: Jamaat-e-Islami, JKLF, Hurriyat factions, and other militant outfits declared unlawful. Leaders jailed or politically marginalized, reducing their influence. Formal Dissociation of Separatist Leaders: Groups like J&K Peoples Movement and Democratic Political Movement abandoned separatist ideology. This reflects a weakening separatist sentiment, at least at the leadership level. Increased Security Presence: Heavy military deployment has prevented large-scale insurgency but raises concerns about long-term stability. Emerging Security Challenges Militancy’s Tactical Shift: From urban radicalization to rural guerrilla warfare. Use of advanced communication and terrain-mapping technologies. Pakistan’s Role: Despite internal turmoil, Pakistan continues to fund and support terror networks. The LoC remains an infiltration hotspot. The Path to Stability Restoration of Statehood: The Centre must fulfill its promise to reinstate J&K’s full statehood. Essential for fostering democratic participation and trust. Grassroots Political Empowerment: Need to strengthen panchayati raj institutions and encourage regional political parties. Ensuring free and fair elections is crucial for legitimacy. Economic Development as a Tool for Integration: Boosting tourism, horticulture, and IT sectors to provide employment. Addressing economic grievances to reduce alienation among youth. Lessons from Other Conflict Zones North-East Peace Accords: Comparison with the Naga peace process, where gradual negotiations led to de-escalation. Adaptive approach needed for J&K to accommodate regional aspirations. Punjab’s Post-Militancy Recovery: Economic incentives and strong local governance played a crucial role in Punjab’s stability post-Khalistan insurgency. J&K requires a similar governance-led approach to consolidate peace. Conclusion: The Need for People’s Participation Security Alone is Insufficient: Trust-building measures must complement military efforts. Inclusive Dialogue: A multi-stakeholder approach, including mainstream political parties and civil society, is needed. Long-Term Vision: J&K’s integration should be driven by economic growth, cultural reconciliation, and democratic participation. Equitable Distribution Current Context The 19th report of the Parliament’s Public Accounts Committee (PAC) has critically examined the GST regime and highlighted key issues related to revenue distribution, federal structure, and tax compliance. The report underscores a 2% drop in indirect tax revenue between FY18 and FY20, even before the COVID-19 pandemic. Major concerns raised include: Non-finalization of the States’ Compensation Fund for six years. Failure of the Centre to submit the Compensation Fund Account to the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG). Sharp decline in States’ fiscal autonomy under the GST framework. Audit inconsistencies amounting to₹32,577.73 crore in sampled cases. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Governance) Practice Question : The 19th report of the Parliament’s Public Accounts Committee (PAC) has highlighted major concerns regarding the GST regime, particularly in terms of revenue sharing and fiscal federalism. Critically analyze the impact of GST on state finances and suggest measures for making the system more equitable. (15 marks, 250 words) Issues with the Current GST Regime Fiscal Imbalance and Compensation Delay The GST (Compensation to States) Act, 2017 assured States a 14% annual revenue growth for five years using FY16 as the base year. However, States have faced serious delays or non-receipt of funds, impacting governance. The Compensation Fund was meant to address concerns of manufacturing-heavy States that lost revenue due to GST’s destination-based taxation model. Centralization vs. Federalism GST has been criticized for its centralizing tendencies, reducing the tax autonomy of major revenue-generating States. Manufacturing States like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and Karnataka have raised concerns over shrinking tax revenues post-GST. The PAC suggests a higher share of GST revenue for States (closer to 70%-80%), as opposed to the current 50% division between Centre and States. Audit and Accountability Gaps The PAC cites 2,447 inconsistencies in audit cases, raising concerns over financial transparency. The Finance Ministry’s approach to audits has been labeled “lackadaisical”, with the PAC urging a formal audit mechanism with the CAG. PAC Recommendations and GST 2.0 Proposal Timely Audits and Transparency Establish a formal mechanism with the CAG for real-time auditing of GST collections and compensation. Ensure regular reporting and finalization of the Compensation Fund Account. Redefining Revenue Sharing States demand a larger share of GST revenues, increasing from 50% to 70%-80%, given their role in economic activities. Structural Reform – GST 2.0 A comprehensive review of the GST system to make it more equitable for States. Addressing compliance burdens, revenue leakages, and reducing delays in fund transfers. Impact on Other Areas Fiscal Federalism: Strengthening States’ financial independence aligns with 15th Finance Commission recommendations on revenue distribution. Ease of Doing Business: GST simplifications and timely refunds will improve investor confidence and economic stability. Social Sector Spending: Ensuring timely GST compensation will support States’ spending on healthcare, education, and infrastructure. Digital Taxation Reform: Implementation of AI-driven tax compliance monitoring for better GST tracking and fraud detection. Historical Perspective Pre-GST Taxation System: Indirect taxes like VAT, CST, excise, and service tax allowed States greater revenue control. GST aimed to unify the tax structure but weakened States’ taxation powers. GST Compensation Mechanism (2017-2022): The five-year compensation period ended in June 2022, leading to concerns about long-term State revenues. 13th and 14th Finance Commission Reports: Advocated for decentralization of fiscal powers to ensure States’ financial health. Conclusion The PAC report underscores critical structural flaws in the GST regime, impacting States’ revenues and overall fiscal federalism. Implementing GST 2.0 with enhanced revenue-sharing and transparency measures is essential to restore States’ trust in the system. Addressing the Centre-State financial imbalance is crucial for ensuring equitable economic growth and smooth governance across India. India’s geopolitical vision should be larger Current Context & News Relevance Russian President Vladimir Putin thanked PM Narendra Modi for efforts to end the Ukraine-Russia war. India’s stance on international conflicts, including its balanced approach in the UNSC, has gained credibility. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : In an era of shifting global power dynamics, India must move beyond economic considerations and adopt a larger geopolitical vision. Discuss India’s historical approach to global conflicts and suggest policy adjustments to enhance its strategic influence in the evolving world order. (15 marks, 250 words) India’s Geopolitical Evolution Historical Role in Global & Regional Conflicts Bangladesh Liberation War (1971) – India played a decisive role in stopping genocide and enabling Bangladesh’s independence. Maldives (1988) – Prevented a coup attempt against the President by armed mercenaries. Sri Lanka (2009) – Assisted in the defeat of the LTTE, impacting regional security. Anti-Piracy Operations – Strong naval presence in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Cold War & Non-Alignment – Led the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), giving voice to the Global South. Implication: India’s past proactive stance in regional conflicts shows its capability, but recent geopolitical hesitancy is limiting its global influence.  India’s Recent Hesitation in Global Conflicts Economic Prioritization: Focus on growth (now 5th largest economy) may have led to caution in geopolitical interventions. Bilateral Relations Sensitivity: Avoiding conflicts that could upset key partnerships (e.g., balancing between Israel and Arab nations in the Gaza crisis). Regional Power Balance: Preference for Gulf nations to take the lead in West Asia instead of India asserting itself. Implication: While valid, this reluctance may limit India’s ability to shape global governance structures. The Global Reset & Emerging Opportunities Geopolitical Fragmentation – Unilateralism & protectionism rising. China’s Expanding Influence – Increasing trade deficit & security threats to India. Other Emerging Powers (Turkey, Saudi, Qatar) – Gaining diplomatic clout in global conflicts. India’s Challenge: Risk of ceding geopolitical space to rivals if it remains passive. Balancing economic growth with a proactive global role is essential. Required Strategic Shift & Policy Adjustments A. Strengthening Multilateral & Regional Engagements UNSC & Multipolarity – India must reinforce its claim for permanent membership by actively influencing global decisions. Revival of Regional Focus: West Asia – Moving beyond economic ties to geopolitical engagement. Central Asia – Strengthen role in SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation). East Asia – Reconsider engagement after RCEP exit. Europe – With EU under pressure, deeper strategic alignment is needed. Implication: A shift from bilateral relations focus to regional strategies is necessary. B. Proactive Geopolitical Role without Mediation Risks UN Security Council Precedent (1951-52) – India played a non-mediatory but critical role in the Korean War. Afghanistan Example (Troika Plus Talks) – India was sidelined, showing the need for a stronger presence. India’s Role in Ukraine War – Can leverage credibility to engage both Russia & Ukraine. Implication: India must position itself as a global player, not just a neutral observer. C. Internal Reforms to Enhance Global Competitiveness Economic Strengthening: Deepen bilateral trade agreements (especially with the U.S.). Increase manufacturing & tech exports to reduce dependence on China. Defense & Strategic Capabilities: Expand defense partnerships under Quad & beyond. Strengthen maritime presence in the Indo-Pacific. Implication: Geopolitical influence is linked to economic & military strength. Conclusion: A Window of Opportunity India must balance economic development with global strategic assertion. A larger geopolitical vision will help India emerge as a key pole in a fragmented world order. 2024-25 could be a defining period if India takes proactive steps in global governance. Historical Context Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) & India’s past leadership in the Global South. India’s interventionist role in regional conflicts (Bangladesh 1971, Maldives 1988, Sri Lanka 2009). India’s previous proactive stance in UN Peacekeeping & UNSC debates. Future Considerations U.S.-China Relations: Potential “deal” affecting Asia’s power balance. India’s UNSC Aspirations: Need for more active geopolitical participation. Global Trade Realignment: Protectionism & regional trade blocs affecting India’s export-driven growth.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 29 March 2025

Content: Free speech is an integral part of healthy society: SC Army inducts in-house developed First Person View drones Govt. passes Bill to simplify maritime regulations One in five parents in India faces parenting challenges: CBSE survey Cabinet okays ₹22,919 crore scheme for electronics component manufacturing ‘India unlikely to go in for across-the-board tariff cuts’  Free speech is an integral part of healthy society: SC Background of the Case Congress MP Imran Pratapgadhi was booked by Gujarat police under Section 196 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS). Allegation: His poem allegedly incited discord among communities. The Supreme Court quashed the case, emphasizing the importance of artistic expression and free speech. Relevance : GS2 – Polity & Governance) Supreme Court’s Key Observations Artistic freedom is fundamental: Poetry, theatre, satire, and stand-up comedy are integral to a healthy democracy. Democratic Maturity: After 75 years of the Republic, the nation should not be “shaky on fundamentals” of free speech. Caution against criminalization: Not every speech that displeases the majority should be criminalized. Interpretation of ‘Reasonable Restrictions’ Justice Ujjal Bhuyan stressed that restrictions should not be oppressive or harmful. Restrictions must not overshadow the fundamental right to free speech. Law enforcement should apply standards of strong, reasonable minds, rather than fear-driven interpretations of speech. Legal and Constitutional Significance Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution guarantees freedom of speech and expression. Reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2) exist but should be proportionate and justified. Section 196 of BNS (earlier IPC provisions) mandates government sanction before prosecuting certain speech-related offenses. Implications of the Judgment Reinforces judicial protection of artistic and political expression. Prevents misuse of laws to curb dissent or alternative viewpoints. Sets a precedent for courts and law enforcement to adopt a rational approach in handling speech-related cases. Broader Context: Free Speech and Hate Speech Debate Increasing cases of poets, comedians, and activists being targeted under hate speech laws. Balancing Act: Protecting free speech vs. preventing genuine hate speech and incitement. The SC’s ruling strengthens democratic values while urging caution against arbitrary censorship. Army inducts in-house developed First Person View drones Context and Significance The Indian Army has inducted First Person View (FPV) drones with anti-tank payloads, developed in-house. The induction marks a shift towards indigenous defense technology in drone warfare. FPV drones have gained prominence due to their effectiveness in asymmetric warfare, as seen in Ukraine. Relevance : GS 3 (Internal Security , Defense Technology) Development and Collaboration Developed in collaboration with Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL), Chandigarh. Led by Maj Cephas Chetan and Dr. Raghvendra under an initiative launched in August 2024. Reflects a self-reliant approach under India’s push for Atmanirbhar Bharat in defense. Features and Cost Each FPV drone costs ₹1.4 lakh, making them cost-effective compared to traditional anti-tank systems. Five drones inducted; 95 more under procurement. Equipped with anti-tank payloads, enhancing their combat potential against armored units. Tactical Advantages Disruptive battlefield technology: FPV drones can neutralize high-cost military assets like tanks. Agility and precision: Provides real-time control to operators for precision strikes. Cost-effectiveness: Traditional anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) are expensive; FPV drones offer a low-cost alternative. Strategic Implications Strengthens India’s defensive and offensive drone capabilities. Reduces dependency on imported UAV technology. Signals a shift in modern warfare tactics in South Asia. Potential scalability for further mass production and deployment. Future Prospects Integration with swarm drone warfare for coordinated strikes. Possible expansion into surveillance and reconnaissance roles. Could pave the way for AI-enhanced autonomous drones in Indian military strategy. Govt. passes Bill to simplify maritime regulations Introduction & Context The Carriage of Goods by Sea Bill, 2024, was passed in the Lok Sabha on March 29, 2025, through a voice vote. It seeks to modernize and simplify maritime regulations governing the transportation of goods by sea. The Bill was introduced on August 9, 2024, and replaces the Indian Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1925. Relevance : GS3 (Economy & Infrastructure)  Key Provisions & Changes Retains the core provisions of the 1925 Act, which deal with the rights, liabilities, responsibilities, and immunities of parties involved in sea transportation. Aims to remove colonial-era legal complexities and make maritime trade regulations more business-friendly. Focuses on ease of understanding and ease of doing business, as highlighted by Union Minister Sarbananda Sonowal. Significance & Impact Modernization of Maritime Law: Brings India’s shipping laws in line with contemporary global standards. Boost to Trade & Logistics: Simplifies legal procedures, reducing litigation and enhancing operational efficiency. Alignment with International Conventions: Likely aligns with Hague Rules (1924), Hague-Visby Rules (1968), and Rotterdam Rules (2009), strengthening India’s global maritime engagements. Improves Legal Clarity: Reduces ambiguities in liabilities and responsibilities for shipping companies, exporters, and importers. Government’s Rationale & Strategy Part of the broader initiative to remove colonial-era legislations that hinder business growth. Encourages maritime trade competitiveness, supporting the vision of India as a global maritime hub. Complements Sagarmala and Maritime India Vision 2030, aiming at port-led development and logistics efficiency. Potential Challenges Implementation Framework: Transition from the 1925 Act may require clear guidelines for stakeholders. Harmonization with International Laws: Need to ensure compatibility with global shipping agreements. Legal and Bureaucratic Adaptation: Courts and regulatory bodies may need to adapt to the revised framework. Conclusion The Carriage of Goods by Sea Bill, 2024, is a progressive step towards streamlining maritime regulations. Aligns India’s maritime trade policies with modern international standards and enhances ease of doing business. If implemented effectively, it can reduce trade barriers, improve logistics efficiency, and strengthen India’s maritime sector. One in five parents in India faces parenting challenges: CBSE survey Context : CBSE survey finds 1 in 5 Indian parents face parenting challenges, highlighting the need for structured guidance, school collaboration, and parental education programs. Relevance :GS2 (Education & Governance) Key Findings One in five parents (19.7%) reported facing parenting challenges. 43.5% of parents felt they fully understood the impact of their parenting choices. 36.8% expressed a desire to learn more about parenting. 12.3% sought guidance in helping their child build social skills and relationships. 10.9% needed help in managing their emotions and their children’s emotions. 11% sought support in setting rules, boundaries, and encouraging their child. Areas Where Parents Need Guidance Patience & Positive Feedback: 12.1% wanted support in guiding their child with patience. Effective Communication: 11.1% sought better ways to communicate with their children. Discipline & Conflict Management: 9.5% needed help in saying no respectfully. Academic Support: 13.7% sought strategies for supporting their child’s learning. Time Management & Study Habits: 11.8% needed assistance in structuring study routines. Parent Confidence in Managing Challenges Behavioral Issues: 54.4% felt confident. 40.1% struggled at times. 5.5% needed more support. Academic Support: 53.5% felt assured. 40.9% faced occasional difficulties. 5.6% required additional help. CBSE’s Response: Parenting Calendar Initiative Designed to strengthen parent-child-school partnerships in line with the National Education Policy, 2020. Aims to provide structured guidance and resources for parents. Encourages workshops, teacher engagement, and accessible parenting resources to bridge the gap. Implications & Way Forward Stronger Parent-School Collaboration: Schools can play a proactive role in addressing parenting concerns. Parental Education Programs: Workshops, webinars, and materials should focus on social-emotional learning, discipline strategies, and academic support. Personalized Guidance: Tailored approaches for parents struggling with specific challenges (emotional management, communication, discipline). Policy Alignment: CBSE’s initiatives should align with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 to ensure a holistic child development framework. Conclusion The survey highlights the growing need for structured parental support in India. While a majority of parents feel confident in managing education and behavior, many still seek resources and guidance. Strengthening parent-school collaboration through structured interventions can enhance student well-being and overall development. Cabinet okays ₹22,919 crore scheme for electronics component manufacturing Overview of the Scheme Approved by: Union Cabinet on Friday Announced by: Ashwini Vaishnaw, Union Minister of Electronics & IT Duration: 6 years Budget Allocation: ₹22,919 crore Relevance : GS3 (Economy & Technology ) Objective & Scope Part of India’s push to enhance electronics manufacturing beyond finished goods like mobile phones. Aims to strengthen passive component and sub-assembly manufacturing to increase domestic value addition. Focus on developing domestic capabilities in key electronics components. Key Features of the Scheme Not a PLI (Production-Linked Incentive) scheme Unlike previous schemes that rewarded manufacturers for incremental production, this one pegs incentives to turnover and employment generation. Targeted segments: Sub-assemblies: Controllers for displays, phone cameras Bare components: Circuit boards, hardware enclosures, lithium-ion batteries Active components (like semiconductors) are not the primary focus but remain a part of the larger ecosystem. Expected Economic Impact Investment Mobilization: ₹59,350 crore Production Output: ₹4,56,500 crore Employment Generation: 91,600 direct jobs Strategic Importance Reduces import dependence for critical electronic components. Enhances India’s electronics supply chain to align with global manufacturing trends. Complements India’s semiconductor and IT hardware policies to build a robust electronics manufacturing ecosystem. Challenges & Considerations Implementation efficiency: Ensuring that incentives drive substantial domestic manufacturing. Global competition: Competing with well-established manufacturing hubs like China, Taiwan, and South Korea. Skilled workforce requirement: Need for technical expertise and R&D in electronics component manufacturing. Conclusion A significant policy shift from finished electronics to component manufacturing. If implemented effectively, it can reduce import dependency, boost employment, and position India as a global electronics hub. ‘India unlikely to go in for across-the-board tariff cuts’ Context : India is not expected to implement across-the-board tariff reductions but may opt for easing non-tariff barriers as a workaround. Reciprocal U.S. tariffs could raise India’s import tariff from 2.7% to 15.7%, impacting almost all exports. Non-tariff barrier easing strategies may involve expanding purchases from the U.S., ensuring a balanced trade relationship. Relevance : GS 3 (Indian Economy -Trade & Tariffs)       Context & Implications: The U.S. has warned of retaliatory measures against non-monetary trade barriers, increasing trade tensions. India-U.S. Trade Dynamics (2024): U.S. accounted for 18% of India’s merchandise exports, but India’s share in U.S. imports is only 1.6%. Tariff differential: India’s import tariff on U.S. goods is 6.5% higher than vice versa—highest among emerging economies (Nomura report). Sectoral Impact: Agricultural Exports Hit Hardest: India imposes a 40% average tariff on U.S. agricultural imports, while U.S. tariffs on Indian agricultural exports are only 2.9%. Weighted import duty on Indian agricultural products may increase by 2.3%, raising concerns for exporters. Barclays’ Insight: India may not need to reduce tariffs on agricultural products, despite potential reciprocal tariffs from the U.S. Strategic Implications for India: Easing non-tariff barriers (e.g., procurement deals, regulatory adjustments) may help mitigate trade disputes. Targeted sectoral relief measures needed for agriculture and high-tariff export segments. Balancing trade relations with the U.S. is crucial to avoid tariff escalation while protecting domestic industries. Conclusion: India is likely to avoid blanket tariff reductions and instead adjust non-tariff policies to manage trade tensions with the U.S. While reciprocal tariffs pose a risk, sectoral adjustments and policy recalibrations may offer a viable alternative.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 28 March 2025

Content : INSPIRE SCHEME The Rise of India’s Bioeconomy From $10bn to $165.75bn in a Decade INSPIRE SCHEME Introduction The Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE) scheme, implemented by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), aims to attract and nurture young scientific talent in India. By providing structured financial and academic support across different stages of education and research, INSPIRE seeks to strengthen the country’s Research and Development (R&D) ecosystem. Relevance : GS 3(Research , Development) Key Features of INSPIRE The scheme operates at a pan-India level with four major components: INSPIRE Internship Targets the top 1% of Class X students. Provides exposure through science camps with Nobel laureates and top scientists. Encourages early engagement with scientific research. INSPIRE Scholarship for Higher Education (SHE) Supports students opting for basic and natural sciences at Bachelor’s and Master’s levels. 12,000 scholarships annually, each worth ₹80,000 per year. Eligibility based on top 1% performance in central and state boards (ages 17-22). INSPIRE Fellowship Supports M.Sc. 1st Rank holders and INSPIRE Scholars pursuing Ph.D.. Provides ₹37,000/month (JRF) and ₹42,000/month (SRF), along with HRA and contingency grants. 1,000 fellowships per year. INSPIRE Faculty Fellowship Encourages post-doctoral research in basic and applied sciences. Provides ₹1,25,000 per month, increasing annually, plus ₹7 lakh per annum as a research grant. 150 fellowships per year. State-wise Performance in 2024-2025 (till March 21, 2025) Uttar Pradesh leads in total INSPIRE-SHE selections (5,374). Rajasthan (2,879), Madhya Pradesh (573), and Chhattisgarh (421) also show high numbers in SHE component. Tamil Nadu (975), Punjab (550), and Andhra Pradesh (530) excel in INSPIRE Internship participation. Delhi (53), Karnataka (46), and Maharashtra (34) have high INSPIRE Fellowship beneficiaries. Karnataka (16), Maharashtra (8), and Delhi (8) dominate in INSPIRE Faculty Fellowships. Significance & Impact STEM Promotion: Enhances India’s scientific workforce in engineering, medicine, agriculture, and basic sciences. Equitable Access: Covers students from diverse socio-economic and regional backgrounds. R&D Growth: Strengthens India’s innovation ecosystem by supporting Ph.D. and post-doctoral researchers. Quality of Research: Encourages early-career researchers to contribute to India’s scientific and technological advancement. Challenges & Way Forward Regional Disparities: States like Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, and Nagaland have minimal beneficiaries. Outreach & Awareness: More targeted promotion in rural and tribal areas is required. Industry Collaboration: Stronger linkages with private R&D labs and industries can enhance practical applications. Conclusion The INSPIRE scheme is a vital step towards fostering a scientific temperament in India. By expanding its reach and strengthening mentorship and research opportunities, it can further elevate India’s standing in the global scientific community. The Rise of India’s Bioeconomy From $10bn to $165.75bn in a Decade Introduction: Understanding the Bioeconomy Boom India’s bioeconomy has expanded 16-fold in the past decade, rising from $10 billion in 2014 to $165.7 billion in 2024. Contributes 4.25% to GDP with a CAGR of 17.9% (last four years). Target set at $300 billion by 2030, positioning India as a global biotech hub. Driven by innovation, sustainability, and a circular bioeconomy, leveraging regenerative biomanufacturing and AI-based biotech applications. Aligned with India’s net-zero targets, Make in India, and Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliance) initiatives. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Key Government Initiatives Fueling Growth (a) BioE3 Policy (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment) Approved in August 2024, it aims at: Strengthening high-performance biomanufacturing. Reducing reliance on chemical industries through bio-based models. Promoting sustainability, employment, and innovation. Boosting India’s role in global bio-manufacturing and biopharma production. Establishment of: Bio-foundry clusters for scaling biotech production. Bio-AI hubs for computational biology and data-driven innovation. Advanced bio-manufacturing facilities for industrial-scale production. (b) National Biopharma Mission (NBM-Innovate in India) $250 million initiative, 50% co-funded by the World Bank. Supports 101 projects across 150+ organizations and 30 MSMEs. Establishes testing and validation infrastructure: GCLP labs for vaccine testing. GLP labs for biosimilar analysis. cGMP facilities for bio-manufacturing. India has transitioned from generic drugs to biopharmaceuticals, vaccines, and biosimilars. (c) Biotech-KISAN (Farmer-Scientist Partnership) Focus: Empowering farmers via biotech solutions. Key outcomes: Climate-resilient crops, genome-edited rice, and high-yield chickpea. Eco-friendly pest control methods to reduce pesticide dependence. State-wise impact: Chhattisgarh: 40–50% income rise for rice farmers. Jharkhand: 69–100% increase in silk cocoon and compost production. West Bengal: 37,552 farmers (incl. 28,756 women) trained in scientific farming. Key Drivers of Growth in India’s Bioeconomy (a) Biopharmaceutical Industry India ranks 3rd globally in pharma production (by volume) and 14th (by value). Developed world’s first DNA vaccine for COVID-19. Produces 65% of global vaccines, benefiting low-income nations. Indigenous HPV vaccine developed to combat cervical cancer. Every third tablet consumed globally is made in India. (b) Bio-agriculture and Agri-biotech Genetic advancements in rice, chickpea, and millet varieties. Genotyping arrays for precise DNA fingerprinting in crops. Nano-formulations for pest control, reducing chemical pesticide use. Kisan-Kavach suits introduced to protect farmers from pesticide exposure. (c) Bioenergy and Circular Economy Ethanol blending policy: Increased from 1.53% in 2014 to 15% in 2024. Target of 20% ethanol blending by 2025. Benefits achieved: Reduced crudeoil imports by 173 lakh metric tons. Saved ₹99,014 crores in foreign exchange. Cut 519 lakh metric tons of CO₂ emissions. Expansion of biofuel feedstocks: maize, sugarcane waste, bamboo, and agricultural residue. Second-generation ethanol plants converting crop residue (Parali) into fuel, mitigating air pollution. (d) BIRAC and India’s Biotech Startup Ecosystem Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC) supports over 5,000 startups. 95+ bio-incubators across India provide funding and mentorship. Bridging lab-to-market gap for biotech innovations. Focus on industrial-scale biomanufacturing and biopharma R&D. Challenges and Way Forward Challenges Regulatory barriers: Streamlining approval processes for biotech innovations. Biomanufacturing scale-up: Need for more infrastructure and funding support. Skilled workforce: Expanding biotech training programs. Ethical and biosafety concerns: Ensuring adherence to global standards. Climate resilience: Mitigating risks of bioresource dependence. The Way Forward Strengthening biotech R&D: Increasing public-private partnerships. Scaling up ethanol and bioenergy projects: Expanding second-gen biofuel plants. Enhancing bio-pharma exports: Leveraging India’s low-cost vaccine and drug production. Promoting sustainable bio-manufacturing: Aligning with net-zero carbon goals. Boosting digital-biotech integration: AI-driven biotech innovations.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 28 March 2025

Content: Back door censor Women unbound The judiciary’s ‘between a rock and hard place’ moment  Back Door Censor Background and Context The Union government’s SAHYOG portal has emerged as a contentious mechanism for online content regulation, with social media platform X (formerly Twitter) challenging its legality in the Delhi High Court. The dispute centers around the potential for misuse of the portal, which aims to coordinate takedown requests between law enforcement agencies, social media platforms, and telecom service providers. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Practice Question: Critically analyze the implications of the SAHYOG portal for online content regulation in India. Does it amount to ‘backdoor censorship’? Discuss in light of constitutional and legal provisions. (250 words) The legal backdrop of this issue involves two key provisions of the Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000: Section 79: Grants intermediaries (like social media platforms) a “safe harbour” from liability for third-party content unless they fail to act upon government takedown requests. Section 69A: Allows the government to block content only on specific grounds (e.g., national security, public order) while ensuring procedural safeguards, such as oversight by a review committee and written justification for blocking orders. X argues that SAHYOG bypasses the due process under Section 69A, effectively creating a backdoor censorship mechanism by allowing multiple government agencies, including local police, to initiate content takedowns without independent review or justification. Legal and Constitutional Concerns Bypassing the Safeguards of Section 69A Section 69A lays out strict procedural requirements before content blocking, including a review process by a government committee and a written order. The Supreme Court, in Shreya Singhal vs Union of India (2015), upheld Section 69A’s constitutional validity precisely because of these safeguards. SAHYOG appears to sidestep these protections, granting multiple agencies unchecked takedown powers. Expansion of Takedown Authority Without Legislative Approval Unlike Section 69A, which limits blocking powers to a designated officer and a review committee, SAHYOG could allow Ministries, state governments, and even local police to request takedowns. This broad delegation of power raises concerns of arbitrary censorship and lack of accountability. Ultra Vires (Beyond Legal Authority) Concerns Section 79(3)(b) requires an intermediary to remove content upon receiving “actual knowledge” from a government agency. However, the government’s October 2023 memorandum (on which SAHYOG is based) expands blocking powers beyond the IT Act’s provisions, potentially making SAHYOG ultra vires. The lack of a transparent and accountable appeal mechanism contradicts the principles upheld in Shreya Singhal. Potential Chilling Effect on Free Speech The Supreme Court, in multiple cases (e.g., Anuradha Bhasin vs Union of India, 2020), has emphasized proportionality and necessity in content restrictions. If SAHYOG enables instant takedowns without review, it could create self-censorship among platforms and users, fearing arbitrary content removal. Broader Implications and Linkages Comparison with Global Practices The U.S. (Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act) grants broad immunity to intermediaries but does not require them to comply with government takedown orders. The EU’s Digital Services Act (DSA) mandates transparency in content moderation and provides an appeal mechanism. SAHYOG, in contrast, centralizes control with the government without transparent oversight, making it prone to misuse. Precedents of Content Regulation in India India’s Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code (2021) already mandate grievance redressal mechanisms for content moderation. The Karnataka and Delhi High Courts’ pending cases on SAHYOG will set a crucial precedent on whether the government can unilaterally bypass statutory safeguards. Policy and Legislative Gaps India lacks a clearlegislativeframework that balances national security and free speech in online content moderation. The ongoing Digital India Act (DIA) proposal could address this issue, but SAHYOG’s opaque implementation raises concerns about excessive executive control. Conclusion and Way Forward The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) must publicly disclose SAHYOG’s operational framework, ensuring it does not violate constitutional safeguards. The Delhi and Karnataka High Courts must determine whether SAHYOG is legally permissible under existing IT laws. The government should consider parliamentary oversight or a judicial review mechanism before broadening takedown powers. Women Unbound Current Situation & Recent Incidents Despite stringent laws, women continue to feel unsafe in public spaces, especially in public transport. Alarming incidents in early 2025 highlight the vulnerability of women: A 23-year-old woman sustained severe injuries after jumping off a train to escape an assaulter. A pregnant woman was allegedly pushed out of a train following an attempted rape, leading to a miscarriage. Harassment remains rampant in unreserved train compartments and government buses. Relevance : GS 1(Society) ,GS 2(Social Issues) Practice question :Despite legal protections, women in India continue to face safety concerns in public spaces and transport. Analyze the structural and societal factors contributing to this issue and suggest comprehensive measures to ensure women’s mobility and security. (250 words) Structural Issues & Societal Perspective Why Loiter? by Shilpa Phadke, Sameera Khan, and Shilpa Ranade argues that society’s approach to women’s safety often confines them instead of ensuring secure public spaces. Women must constantly assess their surroundings, avoiding travel after dark or before sunrise due to safety concerns. Legal and Judicial Developments Delhi High Court’s Stand (2025): Upheld the conviction of a man who sexually harassed a woman on a public bus in 2015. Recognized harassment in public spaces as a “deeply concerning reality.” Stressed that court rulings serve as critical signals to society regarding gender safety. Supreme Court of India’s Intervention: Overturned an Allahabad High Court ruling that stated inappropriate touching of a minor did not amount to attempted rape. Called such interpretations of the law “totally insensitive and inhuman.” Necessary Reforms & Action Points Strengthening Law Enforcement & Administration: Ensure well-lit streets, functional CCTV surveillance, and rapid response teams. Train police personnel to handle harassment cases sensitively and efficiently. Address vacant positions in law enforcement to enhance safety infrastructure. Public Awareness & Societal Change: Encourage bystander intervention and gender-sensitization programs. Shift the discourse from victim-blaming to accountability of offenders. Ensuring Women’s Freedom & Mobility: Reinforce the fundamental right of women to access public spaces without fear. Recognize that women’s empowerment is incomplete without physical autonomy in public life. Broader Context & Global Trends Reports highlight rising violence and harassment against women in various sectors, including politics and workplaces. Women’s safety remains a significant concern, as seen in global movements advocating for gender-sensitive urban planning. The judiciary’s ‘between a rock and hard place’ moment Background: The Justice Yashwant Varma Case Incident Details: A fire in the outhouse of Justice Varma’s official bungalow in Delhi led to the discovery of sacks containing partially burnt ₹500 notes. Judicial Response: The Delhi Police chief reported the incident to the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court, which was then escalated to the Chief Justice of India (CJI). The Supreme Court Collegium decided to repatriate Justice Varma to the Allahabad High Court. An in-house inquiry committee was constituted, comprising three senior judges. Call records of Justice Varma and his staff for six months were sought. The CJI took an unprecedented step by making the findings public. The Delhi High Court was advised not to assign any judicial work to Justice Varma during the inquiry. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary ) Practice Question :“The judiciary finds itself at a crossroads, balancing the need for transparency with the imperative of judicial independence. In light of the Justice Yashwant Varma case, critically analyze the challenges in judicial accountability and the implications of government efforts to revive the NJAC.” (250 words) Broader Implications of the Case Judicial Transparency vs. Judicial Independence: The Supreme Court’s decision to make information public aligns with the need for transparency in judicial affairs. However, the case has also exposed vulnerabilities within the judiciary, making it susceptible to political intervention. Government’s Strategic Opportunity: The government has seized this opportunity to revive the debate on judicial appointments, pushing for the reinstatement of the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC). The Vice President has initiated discussions with political leaders to bring back the NJAC, which was struck down by the Supreme Court in 2015 as violating the basic structure of the Constitution. The NJAC Debate: Revisiting Judicial Appointments What was NJAC? Established via the 99th Constitutional Amendment (2014). Composed of: CJI + 2 senior Supreme Court judges Union Law Minister Two eminent persons nominated by a panel consisting of the PM, CJI, and Leader of Opposition. Secretariat controlled by the Law Ministry, giving the executive substantial influence over appointments. Why Was NJAC Struck Down? Violation of Judicial Independence: The Supreme Court (2015) held that allowing executive interference in judicial appointments would compromise judicial autonomy, which is part of the basic structure doctrine. Potential for Political Manipulation: By placing the NJAC secretariat under the Law Ministry, the executive could control the selection process. Government’s Counter-Argument The Collegium system lacks transparency and accountability. Allegations of nepotism and favoritism in judicial appointments persist. Government’s Strategy on Judicial Appointments Delays in Appointment Process: The government has withheld appointments of judges recommended by the Collegium, in some cases for years. Tactic of selective approval: Pro-government judges are quickly appointed, while independent-minded ones face delays. Pressuring the Collegium: The Collegium has often compromised by appointing certain judges favored by the government to ensure the appointment of others. This has led to the erosion of judicial independence over time. The Larger Issue: Corruption in the Judiciary Lack of an Effective Accountability Mechanism The only constitutional mechanism to remove a judge is impeachment (Article 124(4) for SC, Article 217 for HC), which is impractical: Requires 100 MPs to sign a motion. Political process in Parliament leads to stalemates. No judge in India’s history has been successfully impeached. Proposed Solutions Judicial Appointments Commission (Independent Model): A full-time body consisting of retired judges and independent experts, rather than government-nominated members. Judicial Complaints Commission: A five-member independent body empowered to investigate complaints against judges. Authority to take disciplinary action without requiring Parliamentary approval. Final decisions subject only to limited judicial review. Linkages to Constitutional and Governance Issues Basic Structure Doctrine: Judicial independence is a fundamental part of the Constitution’s basic structure, as established in Keshavananda Bharati (1973). Any attempt to bring NJAC back must pass this constitutional test. Federalism & Separation of Powers: The judiciary acts as a check on executive overreach. Government control over judicial appointments would tilt the balance of power in favor of the executive. Judicial Delays & Pendency: The crisis in judicial appointments has worsened case backlogs. As of 2024, over 60,000 cases are pending in the Supreme Court, and 4 crore+ in lower courts. A flawed appointment process further exacerbates the issue. Conclusion: The Road Ahead Balancing Reform with Independence: A transparent and merit-based judicial appointment process is needed. Executive control over appointments, however, poses a grave risk to democracy. Need for Institutional Reforms: An Independent Judicial Appointments Commission, insulated from political influence. A Judicial Complaints Commission to investigate corruption allegations. Public & Political Resistance: Civil society and the Opposition must remain vigilant to prevent executive overreach. Judicial reforms must be led by the judiciary itself, rather than imposed by the government.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 28 March 2025

Content: Should the free movement regime between India and Myanmar remain? The flawed push for a third language Integrated tri-service exercise held in Arunachal Centre tells States to be prepared to tackle heat-related ailments House Standing Committee concerned over vacancies in nuclear and research projects Access to abortion, foetal viability, and laws thereof: women are caught in the crossfire Should the free movement regime between India and Myanmar remain? Context and Background Free Movement Regime (FMR): Introduced in 1968 to allow unrestricted movement of border communities (40 km initially, reduced to 16 km in 2004). Government’s Plan: Union Home Minister Amit Shah announced in February 2024 that FMR would be scrapped, but no official notification or bilateral agreement has been made. State Responses: Manipur: Former CM N. Biren Singh pushed for scrapping, citing ethnic conflict and illegal migration concerns. Mizoram & Nagaland: Opposed the decision, highlighting socio-economic and ethnic ties across the border. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Impact of FMR on Border Communities Economic & Social Ties: Border communities historically traded and interacted freely even before FMR. Movement of goods and people has strengthened local economies. Ethnic & Familial Connections: The border was drawn without local consent; many communities share ancestry and cultural heritage across the border. Security Concerns & Cross-Border Crimes Government’s Justification for Scrapping FMR: To curb illegal migration and cross-border crimes (drugs, gold, areca nuts smuggling). Criticism of This Approach: Border Area Development Programme (BADP) increased military presence, but smuggling persists. Scrapping FMR may not significantly impact security concerns. Feasibility of Border Fencing Challenges: Geographical Complexity: Myanmar-India border is ~1,700 km long, with difficult terrain. Community Resistance: Many border residents oppose fencing, fearing loss of access and livelihoods. Historical Parallels: Similar fencing in advanced nations like the US has proven ineffective. Alternative Approach Suggested: Strengthening customs and local monitoring mechanisms rather than fencing. Potential Political Fallout Threat of Renewed Homeland Demands: Fencing could reignite separatist demands in border states (e.g., Frontier Nagaland, ethnic Chin-Mizo unity aspirations). Fear of land alienation due to Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023, which allows strategic projects within 100 km of borders. Possible Alternatives & Way Forward Henry Zodinliana Pachuau’s View: Fencing is not a practical solution; better border monitoring is needed. Legalizing border trade could benefit India economically while regulating goods movement. Likhase Sangtam’s View: FMR in its current form cannot continue indefinitely, given Myanmar’s instability. Public awareness & consensus-building are crucial before implementing major policy shifts. Conclusion Scrapping FMR without a robust alternative could disrupt ethnic ties, trade, and stability. A balanced approach: Regulate rather than eliminate FMR. Enhance border monitoring. Strengthen legal trade to curb smuggling. Involve local communities in decision-making. The flawed push for a third language Context & Policy Concerns NEP 2020 enforces a three–language policy, but India’s school system struggles with even two languages. Evidence-based policymaking should guide decisions, yet data on third-language learning outcomes is absent. Instead of strengthening math, science, and emerging fields like AI, resources are being diverted to an unproven linguistic policy. Relevance : GS 2(Education) Surveys & Learning Outcomes PISA 2009: India ranked 73/74, withdrew from the test afterward. NAS 2017 & 2021: Class 8 (2017): Only 48% could read, 47% could write, 42% grasped grammar. Class 8 (2021): 56% could read, 49% could write, 44% had grammar skills (marginal improvement). ASER 2018 & 2022: 2018: 27% of Class 8 students couldn’t read a Class 2-level text. 2022: This worsened to 30.4%. English Proficiency (2016 vs. 2022): 2016: 73.8% of Class 8 students couldn’t read simple English sentences. 2022: Still 53.3% struggled with basic English. Schools are failing to ensure proficiency in two languages, making a third language redundant. Cognitive & Pedagogical Challenges Cognitive Load Theory: Learning an L3 strains cognitive capacity, reducing efficiency in L1 & L2. Language Similarity Impact: Indo-Aryan languages (Marathi, Punjabi, Odia) → Facilitative learning of Hindi. Dravidian & Sino-Tibetan languages (Tamil, Santali, Mizo) → Difficult, asymmetric learning burden. NEP 2020 ignores linguistic diversity and cognitive limitations. Implementation Challenges Teacher Shortages & Resource Allocation: Rural schools lack teachers for core subjects, let alone three languages. Budget constraints make it impractical for States to fund additional language teachers. Illusory Choice: The policy states students can choose any three languages, but in practice, schools will default to Hindi or Sanskrit due to teacher availability. This creates an indirect push for Hindi, especially in non-Hindi-speaking States. AI & Language Learning NEP 2020 overlooks AI-driven language tools like real-time translation, voice-to-text conversion. Instead of classroom instruction, students could use AI for additional language learning at their own pace. A flexible AI-based approach would be more cost-effective and inclusive. Lessons from Singapore Bilingual Policy: English (neutral global language) + mother tongue (Mandarin, Malay, or Tamil). Results: PISA 2015 & 2022: Singapore ranked 1st in the world. Social harmony & economic success due to English proficiency.  India should prioritize English and regional languages, not force a third language. Why Hindi Can’t Be a National Unifier 2011 Census: 43.63% Indians are classified as Hindi speakers, but this includes 53 other languages as “Hindi dialects.” Actual Hindi speakers: ~25% of the population. Migration patterns: 95.28% of Indians never migrate outside their home States → They do not require Hindi for survival. Forcing Hindi ignores India’s linguistic diversity and federal structure. Conclusion: Evidence Over Ideology India struggles with basic literacy in two languages, enforcing a third is impractical and unnecessary. NEP 2020 prioritizes ideology over data-driven policymaking. Investments should focus on STEM education, AI, and real-world skills instead of an unproven trilingual model. Integrated tri-service exercise held in Arunachal India conducted the tri-service exercise ‘Prachand Prahaar’ in Arunachal Pradesh to enhance integrated warfare capabilities amid ongoing border tensions with China. Exercise Name: ‘Prachand Prahaar’ Location: High-altitude terrain, Arunachal Pradesh Duration: March 25-27, 2024 Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Objective: Validate an integrated multi-domain warfare approach involving the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Enhance synergized combat drills for future warfare scenarios. Strengthen surveillance, command & control, and precision firepower capabilities across the three services. Technological and Tactical Aspects: Deployment of cutting-edge platforms, including: Long-range maritime reconnaissance aircraft – For extended surveillance capabilities. Armed helicopters & UAVs – Providing tactical support and aerial superiority. Loitering munitions – Enabling rapid and precision strikes. Space-based assets – Enhancing situational awareness and strategic communication. Strategic Significance: Operational Readiness: Ensures preparedness for high-altitude warfare and integrated tri-service operations. Border Security: The location in Arunachal Pradesh, near the India-China border, underscores India’s focus on strengthening defenses against potential threats. Future Warfare Simulation: The exercise simulates modern combat scenarios, integrating advanced warfare techniques and technology. Linked Developments & Context: India-China Border Tensions: Arunachal Pradesh has been a contentious region in India-China relations. Recent renaming of places by China in Arunachal Pradesh and India’s strong response. Increased infrastructure development along the LAC (Line of Actual Control). Previous Military Drills: Exercise Astrashakti (2023) – Focused on Indian Air Force’s integrated strike capabilities. Exercise Sangam (India-US tri-service exercise, 2023) – Highlighted interoperability with global partners. Exercise Vayu Shakti (2024) – Showcased aerial combat readiness in Rajasthan. India’s Defense Modernization: Indigenous military hardware development under Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India). Growing integration of AI, cyber warfare, and space-based technologies in defense strategy. Conclusion: The ‘Prachand Prahaar’ exercise reinforces India’s commitment to a fully integrated and modernized defense strategy. With increasing geopolitical challenges, such joint operations enhance inter-service coordination, strategic deterrence, and operational readiness in sensitive border regions. Centre tells States to be prepared to tackle heat-related ailments Context : Government Directive: The Union government has instructed States to assess and enhance health facility preparedness for managing heat-related illnesses. Health Risks Due to Rising Temperatures: With the onset of summer, exposure to extreme heat is expected to rise, necessitating proactive health measures. Union Health Secretary’s Advisory: Punya Salila Srivastava emphasized the need for uninterrupted power supply, cooling appliances, solar panels, and NDMA-recommended heat mitigation measures. Relevance : GS 2(Governance & Health Policy) ,GS 3(Disaster  Management) Measures Suggested for Health Facility Preparedness Medical Infrastructure: Ensure adequate stock of essential medicines, IV fluids, ice packs, and oral rehydration solutions. Maintain necessary emergency cooling equipment. Sustainability Measures: Install solar panels where feasible. Implement rainwater harvesting and recycling plants to ensure water self-sufficiency. Adopt energy conservation techniques and cooling solutions such as green roofs and window shades. Public Health Strategy: Dissemination of public health and clinical guidelines on heat-related illnesses (available on the National Centre for Disease Control website). Daily surveillance and monitoring of heatstroke cases on the Integrated Health Information Platform (IHIP) from March 1. Broader Context and Linked Issues Rising Temperature Trends: India has witnessed early heatwaves in recent years, with March and April recording above-normal temperatures in several regions. IMD’s forecast suggests higher-than-normal temperatures in 2024, increasing vulnerability to heat-related illnesses. Previous Heatwave Impact: 2023 Heatwave Impact: India recorded over 110 heatwave days across multiple states, leading to increased hospitalizations and fatalities. Occupational Health Risks: Vulnerable groups such as outdoor workers, construction laborers, and farmers face the highest exposure risks. Policy and Institutional Measures: National Action Plan on Heat-Related Illnesses: Guidelines by NDMA and State-specific heat action plans in place, but their implementation remains uneven. Urban Heat Island Effect: Cities like Delhi and Mumbai experience higher localized temperatures, worsening health impacts. International Best Practices: Countries like Spain and France have implemented cooling shelters, awareness campaigns, and early warning systems to reduce heat-related mortality. Way Forward Strengthening Heat Action Plans across all states with localized risk assessment. Enhancing Awareness Campaigns to educate vulnerable populations on heat safety measures. Expanding Infrastructure Support in rural and urban areas, ensuring access to cooling shelters and emergency medical aid. Leveraging Technology to improve real–time monitoring and predictive analysis for extreme heat events. House Standing Committee concerned over vacancies in nuclear and research projects The Parliamentary Standing Committee has raised concerns over significant vacancies in India’s premier nuclear and research institutions, potentially impacting the country’s scientific and energy ambitions. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Research , Development) Key Findings from the Parliamentary Standing Committee Report Vacancy Crisis in Research and Nuclear Institutions TIFR: 839 out of 1,448 posts vacant (58%). BARC: 3,841 out of 14,445 posts vacant (26%). IGCAR: 596 out of 2,730 posts vacant (22%). NPCIL: 4,343 out of 15,088 posts vacant (28%). Overall: 13,449 out of 46,307 posts under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) remain unfilled (30%). Committee’s Observations Workforce Planning Issues: Inefficient recruitment processes and mismanagement in workforce planning. Impact on Research & Nuclear Programmes: Delays in R&D and fundamental research. Inefficiencies in nuclear power plant operations. Constraints in nuclear fuel production. Adverse effects on India’s nuclear energy goals. TIFR’s Unique Challenge The institute appears to rely more on contractual and research-based staff rather than permanent employees. The 58% vacancy rate threatens long-term stability in fundamental research. DAE’s Response Claims to have launched a recruitment drive to address vacancies. Unclear whether the vacancies include non-technical roles or only scientific personnel. Related Developments Government’s ₹20,000 Crore Push for Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) The massive investment in nuclear energy contrasts sharply with workforce shortages. Without adequate scientific manpower, project execution and operational efficiency could be compromised. Previous Concerns Over India’s Scientific Workforce Reports from the Indian National Science Academy (INSA) have highlighted: A declining interest in fundamental research among students. Brain drain due to better opportunities abroad. Delays in recruitment due to bureaucratic hurdles in scientific institutions. Global Comparison: How Other Nations Handle Scientific Workforce Planning China: Aggressive recruitment of global talent, better funding, and streamlined hiring processes. USA: Stronger collaborations between universities and national laboratories to ensure a steady influx of researchers. France & Russia: Government-backed workforce development programmes aligned with nuclear expansion plans. Policy Implications & Recommendations Urgent Hiring & Streamlined Recruitment Reduce bureaucratic delays in scientist recruitment. Develop a fast-track hiring process for key research positions. Improve Pay & Incentives for Scientists Address wage gaps and improve working conditions to retain talent. Encourage Young Talent in Fundamental Research Expand PhD fellowships and research grants to attract fresh talent. Strategic Workforce Planning Align recruitment plans with the nuclear energy roadmap and R&D goals. Conclusion The massive vacancies in scientific institutions pose a serious challenge to India’s research and nuclear ambitions. While the government has committed huge investments in nuclear energy, a lack of skilled manpower could delay or derail key projects. Urgent interventions are needed in workforce planning, recruitment processes, and incentives for scientists to ensure India remains competitive in research and nuclear technology. Access to abortion, foetal viability, and laws thereof: women are caught in the crossfire Context : Supreme Court Ruling on Abortion Rights SC ruled that all women, regardless of marital status, have the right to abortion up to 24 weeks. Struck down the distinction between married and unmarried women in the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act. Strengthened bodily autonomy and reproductive choice for women. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues ,Health ,Judiciary ,Governance ) Foetal Viability and Ethical Dilemmas Foetal viability refers to the point at which a foetus can survive outside the womb, but it lacks a universal definition. Courts and medical ethics recognize that a foetus’ right to life strengthens as the pregnancy progresses. Advanced gestation increases ethical conflicts for medical professionals performing abortions. India’s Legal Framework on Abortion The MTP Act (1971, amended in 2021) allows: Abortions up to 20 weeks with one Registered Medical Practitioner (RMP). Abortions up to 24 weeks with two RMPs. Beyond 24 weeks, cases are reviewed by a medical board. Medical boards only approve abortions if: The foetus has fatal abnormalities. The pregnancy endangers the woman’s physical health. Sanctity of life often outweighs quality of life considerations in decision-making. Late-Term Abortions and Legal Challenges Post-24-week abortions are rarely granted unless the foetus has severe abnormalities. Case study (2023): A woman with severe postpartum depression and an unwanted 25-week pregnancy was initially granted an abortion. Later, a medical board member raised concerns over “stopping the heartbeat,” leading to revocation of permission. The court ruled that she must b Medicolegal Barriers and Provider Perspectives Medical professionals often resist late-term abortions due to: Legal liability risks. Personal ethical conflicts (e.g., equating abortion with murder). Lack of legal protection for doctors. Many women seeking MTP face stigma from healthcare providers, despite legal protections. Precedent of Prioritizing Foetal Life Over Women’s Rights Judicial rulings suggest an increasing tendency to prioritize foetal rights over maternal well-being. Women may be compelled to carry pregnancies, even if they are medically or emotionally unprepared. Raises concerns about women’s autonomy and mental health risks in restrictive abortion policies. Ethical and Legal Implications As neonatal medicine advances, viability limits may shift further back, impacting abortion rights. The principle of “Primum Non Nocere” (First, do no harm) should ideally prioritize women’s well-being. The MTP Act provides abortion as an exception, not an absolute right—leaving scope for restrictive interpretations. Conclusion India’s legal framework offers progressive abortion rights compared to many nations but retains medicolegal barriers. The judiciary and medical community often lean towards protecting foetal rights over maternal choice. The evolving debate on foetal viability vs. reproductive autonomy will continue to shape women’s rights and healthcare policies.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 27 March 2025

Content: The issue is about the ‘quality’ of India’s publications Going electric The issue is about the ‘quality’ of India’s publications Context and Key Concerns The Union Minister for Science and Technology claimed that India would surpass the U.S. in the number of scientific publications by 2029. India’s current research output is significant in volume but lacks the quality to compete globally. A major gap exists between India’s scientific productivity and its actual impact on global research. Relevance : GS 3 (Science & Technology, Economic Development). Practice Question : Critically analyze the quality of India’s scientific research output in comparison to global benchmarks. Discuss the structural issues affecting research quality and suggest measures to enhance India’s position in the global scientific community. (250 words) International Comparison of Research Investment and Output Investment in R&D as a Percentage of GDP India: 0.67% (one of the lowest among major economies). Comparisons: Israel (6.3%), South Korea (4.9%), U.S. (3.46%), China (2.4%). Low investment directly affects research quality, infrastructure, and output. Without significant investment, research quality will not improve, hindering India’s progress toward Viksit Bharat 2047. Scholarly Publications & Citation Quality India’s total publications (2024): 1,91,703 (Clarivate). U.S. publications: 6,48,905 – over three times that of India. CNCI value (quality indicator of citations): China: 1.12, U.S.: 1.25, India: 0.879 (Ranked 28th out of 30 countries).  Without quality citations, India’s research will have minimal global impact. The existing focus on increasing the number of papers rather than their impact perpetuates mediocrity. The Real Benchmark – Quality over Quantity Hirsch Index (H-Index) & Impact Factor (IF) of Journals Highly cited papers and high-impact journals indicate meaningful research contributions. India’s contribution to top-tier journals is alarmingly low compared to China and the U.S. Example: Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS) (2017–2024) Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS): 444 papers All CSIR labs in India combined: 29 papers All IITs combined: 68 papers (lower than individual mid-tier Chinese universities).  Unless India strengthens fundamental research and university training, contributions to high-impact journals will remain low. Without addressing structural deficiencies, India will continue to fall behind in global research rankings. Unethical Practices & Fraudulent Research in India Systemic Issues Fake journals, paid publications, and retractions have damaged India’s scientific credibility. 2018 study: 62% of the world’s standalone fake journals were from India. 10% of India’s total research output is estimated to be fake. Omics Group Case (2019) Hyderabad-based Omics Group fined $50 million by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Violations: Fake peer review, deceptive impact factors, predatory journal practices. 69,000 fraudulent papers polluted global research.  Weak regulations allow low-quality research to flourish, harming India’s global scientific reputation. Without strict academic integrity, India’s research ecosystem will continue to degrade. The Chinese Model – Strategic Investments for Research Excellence China’s Medium-to-Long-Term Plan (MLP) for Science & Technology (2006–present) Heavy investments in universities, R&D, and technology-driven industries. Higher spending = Higher-quality output. Chinese universities vs Indian universities Peking University, Tsinghua University, Fudan University, etc., publish significantly more high-impact research than IITs or CSIR.  India must invest heavily in higher education, R&D, and university infrastructure to replicate China’s success. Without long-term policy reforms and funding, India’s scientific progress will remain limited. Structural Reforms Needed for Scientific Excellence Increase Public & Private Funding for R&D Raise investment in research from 0.67% to at least 2–3% of GDP. Encourage corporate sector funding and industry-academia collaboration. Strict Regulations Against Fake Journals & Plagiarism Strengthen peer-review mechanisms to curb predatory publications. Mandatory quality audits for research papers in Indian universities. Focus on Fundamental Research & High-Impact Publications Shift emphasis from “number of papers” to citations and quality journals. Strengthen STEM education, university research programs, and faculty quality. Global Collaboration & Research Ecosystem Development Establish joint research centers with top global institutions. Provide competitive grants, postdoctoral fellowships, and incentives for innovation. Conclusion: The Way Forward Mere increase in quantity of research publications is meaningless without quality. India must move away from self-congratulatory statements and focus on structural reforms. Investing in higher education, fundamental research, and academic integrity will be crucial for scientific progress. Einstein’s principle holds true: “Not everything that can be counted counts. Not everything that counts can be counted.” Going electric Policy Shifts and Market Developments Import Duty Exemptions: Union Budget 2025-26 introduces duty waivers on 35 capital goods for EV battery production and 28 for mobile phone batteries. Strategic Significance: Boosts domestic manufacturing and clean energy transition, reducing dependence on costly imports. Finance Bill 2025: Institutionalizes this shift, aligning fiscal policy with India’s EV ambitions. Relevance : GS Paper 3 (Economy, Infrastructure, Science & Technology, Environment) Practice Question : India has taken steps to boost domestic EV battery manufacturing through policy interventions. However, challenges such as high battery costs, supply chain dependencies, and technological gaps persist. Analyze the measures needed to position India as a global leader in the EV value chain. (250 words) Global Innovations and Competitive Challenges BYD’s Super E-Platform: Offers 500-km range with a 5-minute charge, addressing range anxiety—a key barrier to EV adoption. China’s Dominance: Produces over 70% of global EV batteries, particularly lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) variants, which offer cost and performance advantages. India’s Market Share: EVs account for 2% of India’s passenger car sales vs. 45% in China (2024). Electric Two-Wheelers (E2W): 1.14 million units sold in 2024, comprising 60% of total EV sales. Key Bottlenecks in India’s EV Transition High Battery Costs: Batteries contribute 40% to EV cost, slowing mass adoption, particularly in price-sensitive markets like India. Lack of Indigenous Battery Manufacturing: Dependence on imports, particularly from China, limits strategic autonomy. Absence of large-scale mining, refining, and cell production infrastructure. Supply Chain Vulnerabilities: India lacks robust control over critical minerals like lithium, cobalt, and nickel. Global supply chain disruptions (e.g., geopolitical tensions) impact battery availability and costs. Integrating into the Global EV Ecosystem Upstream Integration: Investment in lithium, nickel, and cobalt mining, with potential collaborations in Latin America and Australia. Domestic refining capabilities for key minerals to reduce dependence on China. Midstream Expansion: Scaling up battery cell manufacturing to reduce reliance on imports. R&D focus on next-gen batteries (solid-state, sodium-ion) for cost and performance gains. Downstream Strengthening: Expansion of EV manufacturing and assembly, leveraging duty exemptions and FDI incentives. Building a robust domestic charging infrastructure network for seamless adoption. Strengthening Trade and Industrial Policy Trade Diversification: Strengthening bilateral ties with the U.S. and Europe to access technology, capital, and markets. Strategic positioning as a China-alternative for global supply chains. Industrial Growth: Incentivizing private sector participation in EV manufacturing via PLI (Production Linked Incentive) schemes. Collaboration between industry and academia for indigenous battery research. Sustainability Focus: Circular economy approach: Battery recycling initiatives to extract valuable minerals. Renewable energy integration to power EV charging stations. Conclusion: Roadmap for Long-Term EV Competitiveness A multi-pronged strategy—focusing on trade, R&D, and infrastructure—can position India as a reliable EV hub, ensuring economic growth and energy security. India must reduce cost barriers, enhance domestic production, and integrate into the global battery value chain to compete with China and accelerate EV adoption.