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Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 22 January 2025

Content: Investing in Her Future Empowering India’s Daughters Investing in Her Future The Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY) has completed a decade since its launch on 22nd January 2015. As part of the larger Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Campaign, SSY focuses on securing the financial and social empowerment of young girls in India.  This initiative has opened over 4.1 crore accounts (as of November 2024), symbolizing societal progress toward gender equity and economic inclusion. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ,Schemes) Features of Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana Eligibility Accounts can be opened for a girl child aged below 10 years. Only one account per child is allowed; however, exceptions are made for twins or triplets. The account remains valid as long as the child is a resident Indian until maturity or closure. Account Opening Process Can be opened at any post office or designated bank branch. Requires documents such as a birth certificate, identity proof, and residence proof. Deposits Minimum annual deposit: ₹250. Maximum annual deposit: ₹1.5 lakh. Deposits can be made for 15 years from the account opening date. Interest Rate and Calculation Interest is calculated monthly and credited annually. Ensures consistency in financial growth regardless of account office transfers. Maturity The account matures 21 years after opening or earlier in case of the account holder’s marriage (minimum age: 18 years). Withdrawals Up to 50% of the balance can be withdrawn for education after the account holder turns 18 or completes the 10th standard. Premature Closure Allowed in specific cases such as the account holder’s death, medical emergencies, or the guardian’s death, subject to documentation. Achievements Financial Empowerment: Over 4.1 crore accounts have been opened, providing economic security for millions of families. Social Transformation: Encourages gender equity by emphasizing girls’ education and future financial planning. Increased Awareness: The rise in account openings reflects growing societal acceptance of financial discipline for girls. Challenges Limited Reach in Rural Areas: Awareness and accessibility are still limited in some remote regions. Compliance Issues: Lack of proper documentation can deter families from opening accounts. Misuse of Funds: The potential misuse of withdrawn funds by guardians remains a concern. Way Forward Enhanced Awareness Campaigns: Utilize digital platforms, local self-help groups, and community leaders to improve outreach in rural areas. Digital Integration: Simplify account management processes through mobile apps and online banking services. Monitoring Mechanisms: Strengthen safeguards to ensure withdrawals are used for the intended purposes, particularly education. Periodic Review of Interest Rates: Ensure that the scheme remains attractive by maintaining competitive interest rates. Conclusion Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana has laid a robust foundation for empowering India’s girl child by intertwining financial security with social progress. Its 10-year journey symbolizes a step forward in achieving gender equity, fostering financial literacy, and building an inclusive future. The scheme’s continued success depends on addressing the remaining challenges while furthering its outreach and impact. Empowering India’s Daughters Introduction Launch Date: 22nd January 2015, Panipat, Haryana, by PM Narendra Modi. Objective: Address declining Child Sex Ratio (CSR), prevent gender-biased sex-selective practices, and promote survival, protection, and education of the girl child. Focus: Empowering girls and fostering societal change through inclusive policies. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ,Schemes) Integration with Mission Shakti Objective: Holistic women’s safety and empowerment initiative during the 15th Finance Commission period (2021–2026). Sub-Schemes: Sambal: Focus on safety and security: One Stop Centres (OSCs), Women Helpline (181). Expansion of BBBP nationwide. Nari Adalat for grievance redressal. Samarthya: Focus on empowerment: Facilities like Shakti Sadans, Sakhi Niwas, and Palna-Creche. PMMVY now includes benefits for a second girl child to improve maternal health. Key Objectives Prevent gender-biased sex-selective elimination. Ensure survival and protection of the girl child. Promote education and participation. Improve Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB) by 2 points annually. Increase institutional deliveries and early ANC registration. Reduce school dropout rates for girls. Promote menstrual hygiene management (MHM). Focus Areas and Target Groups Primary Groups: Young couples, expecting parents, adolescents, and communities. Secondary Groups: Schools, medical professionals, Anganwadi Centers, local bodies, SHGs, and media. Financial and Operational Structure Funding: Centrally sponsored with 100% Central Government funding. District-Wise Allocations: Based on SRB: ≤918: ₹40 lakh/year. 919–952: ₹30 lakh/year. 952: ₹20 lakh/year. Achievements Improvement in SRB: Increased from 918 (2014-15) to 933 (2022-23). Girls’ Enrollment in Secondary Education: Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) rose from 75.51% (2014-15) to 79.4% (2021-22). Increased Institutional Deliveries: From 87% (2014-15) to over 94% (2019-20), reducing maternal and infant mortality. Awareness Campaigns: Selfie with Daughter campaign gained widespread traction. Beti Janmotsav to celebrate girl child births. Economic Empowerment of Women: Vocational training and skill development for young girls. Initiatives like Khelo India to promote sports talent among girls. Key Interventions Multi-Sectoral Interventions: Self-defence camps, construction of girls’ toilets, and awareness of the PC-PNDT Act. Sanitary napkin vending machines in educational institutions. Awareness Campaigns: Annual National Girl Child Day (24th January). CRPF’s Yashaswini bike expedition celebrating women power. Community sensitization on menstrual hygiene and gender equality.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 22 January 2025

Content: The price of success Time to seize the promise of the U.S.-India nuclear deal The world has been changing for a while The price of success Context: Kerala’s Demographic Transition Kerala pioneered India’s demographic transition, moving early to low fertility and mortality rates. Achieved replacement-level fertility (TFR of 2.1) by 1987-88, ahead of other southern states (mid-2000s). Replacement-level fertility ensures stable population across generations; sub-replacement fertility leads to population decline. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Practice Question : Rising maternal mortality in Kerala is an unintended consequence of its demographic transition. Discuss the economic and social implications of this transition and suggest measures to address them.(250 Words) Rising Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) MMR: Number of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births. Kerala’s MMR increase is linked to reduced fertility and fewer births, which skew statistics. A smaller denominator (fewer live births) amplifies the impact of maternal deaths on MMR calculations. Global Context and Implications The demographic transition, characterized by shifts from high to low birth and death rates, has occurred worldwide. Developed nations like South Korea face challenges reviving fertility despite incentivizing childbearing. Potential Consequences of Demographic Transition Economic impacts: Decline in the working-age population increases dependency ratios. Societal impacts: Increased elderly population strains healthcare and social support systems. Resource burden: Growing demand for pensions, healthcare financing, and elderly care. Kerala’s Specific Challenges Political anxiety: Southern states with low fertility may face reduced representation during Lok Sabha delimitation based on population figures. Health-care challenges: Rising MMR highlights the need for sustained maternal care despite demographic shifts. Way Forward Strengthen public finances to support an aging population. Improve healthcare financing with a focus on maternal and elderly care. Foster gender-equitable policies to ensure equal participation in caregiving and household chores. Promote economic development to maintain productivity and offset the burden of aging. Time to seize the promise of the U.S.-India nuclear deal Background of the U.S.-India Nuclear Deal Signed in 2008, the deal marked a historic milestone in U.S.-India relations, enabling civil nuclear cooperation. Overcame significant political and diplomatic hurdles, including concerns about nuclear proliferation. Enhanced trust between the two democracies, opening avenues for defense and strategic cooperation (e.g., defense purchases, military exercises, technology transfers). Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : The U.S.-India civil nuclear deal holds immense promise but remains underutilized. Critically analyze the key challenges limiting its full potential and suggest measures to overcome them.(250 Words) Unrealized Potential of the Deal Energy and Commercial Goals Unfulfilled: U.S. companies, like Westinghouse, were expected to build nuclear plants in India, but this remains unrealized. Aspirations for clean energy generation to reduce dependence on fossil fuels remain unmet. Employment and Economic Growth: The deal was anticipated to create jobs in both countries and meet India’s growing energy demands, but tangible results have been limited. Key Challenges Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (2010): Imposes liability on suppliers instead of operators, deterring U.S. companies like GE and Westinghouse. Russia, with sovereign immunity and government backing, accepted liability amelioration through Indian insurance schemes, unlike U.S. firms. Evolving Nuclear Technology: U.S. companies need to demonstrate cutting-edge technology at competitive prices. Cost overruns in U.S. nuclear projects have created apprehension among Indian officials about affordability and efficiency. Regulatory Barriers: Export control restrictions and security concerns over technology leakage have slowed progress. Recent efforts by the Biden administration to delist certain Indian nuclear entities signal progress but are insufficient to resolve core issues. Importance of Addressing Challenges Energy Security: India’s growing energy needs necessitate clean and reliable energy sources like nuclear power. Reducing dependency on fossil fuels aligns with global climate commitments. Economic and Strategic Gains: Enhanced cooperation could strengthen bilateral trade and geopolitical alignment. Expanding the civil nuclear sector has the potential to bolster India’s industrial growth and energy infrastructure. Way Forward Resolving Liability Issues: Revisit the liability framework to align with international norms. Explore public-private partnerships or government guarantees to mitigate risks for U.S. suppliers. Technology and Cost Management: Invest in R&D to provide cost-effective, advanced nuclear technology. Focus on efficiency to ensure affordability for Indian consumers. Strengthening Bilateral Mechanisms: Enhance collaboration between Indian and U.S. nuclear entities to address regulatory and operational challenges. Build mutual trust through transparent policies and joint efforts in technology transfer. The world has been changing for a while Context : The Constant Nature of Change There is a growing environmental, technological, and geopolitical changes, highlighting their interconnectedness. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Change is often invisible and gradual, but its impact becomes profound over time.Examine this statement in the context of environmental, technological, and geopolitical shifts.(250 Words) Environmental Change Chennai as a Case Study: 2019 Day Zero: Severe water scarcity questioned the city’s sustainability. 2024 Contradiction: Unseasonal rains and storms have led to excessive water, highlighting the unpredictability of climate change. Lesson: Preparing for both extremes (droughts and deluges) is essential, reflecting the intensity of modern climate shifts. Global Context: Humanity is experiencing unprecedented climate conditions—highest carbon dioxide levels and temperatures in recorded history. Half of all fossil fuels have been consumed in the past few decades, illustrating the rapidity of environmental exploitation. Technological Revolutions Opportunities and Risks: Advances in communication enable greater connectivity but also facilitate polarization and threats. Example: The role of platforms like TikTok in global politics, reflecting the intersection of business pragmatism and national security concerns. Political Transformations Global Voting Trends: 2024 witnessed the highest voter turnout globally, signaling public demand for leaders to address modern challenges. The Trump Factor: Donald Trump’s return to power underscores the volatility of global leadership. His “transactional pragmatism” (e.g., TikTok intervention) contrasts with his earlier anti-China rhetoric, showcasing unpredictability. India’s Complex Positioning Strategic Duality: India’s policy of multiple alignments (e.g., BRICS, Quad, Russian oil, U.S. defense imports) faces challenges in an era of transactional leadership like Trump’s. Balancing diverse partnerships will become more difficult as global pressures intensify. Geopolitical Shifts: India must navigate a landscape where the U.S., China, Russia, and West Asia are all undergoing significant transformations. Conclusion: The Nature of Change Change is rarely noticed in real-time but becomes evident through reflection. Environmental shifts, technological revolutions, and geopolitical realignments indicate we are already living in a new era.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 22 January 2025

Content: Trump declares end to U.S. citizenship by birth Undocumented migrants in U.S.: vital workforce, low criminality PM internship scheme: companies to absorb 10% of the interns’ What do draft data protection rules state? What is the status of the Smart Cities Mission? Why are antivenoms not easily accessible in India? Competent’ to judge Indus Water Treaty dispute, says World Bank Neutral Expert Top court asks if poll ban on persons charged with crimes will cause irreversible damage DRDO holds key test for hypersonic missiles Trump declares end to U.S. citizenship by birth Context :  Executive Order on Birthright Citizenship: U.S. President Donald Trump signed an Executive Order canceling the provision of jus soli (citizenship by birth). Relevance : GS 2(international Relations) Implications: Directly affects thousands of Indian professionals working in the U.S. on temporary visas (H-1B, etc.).Families planning to raise children in the U.S. will face significant challenges.Potential long-term impact on global mobility trends and U.S. workforce demographics. Impact on BRICS Nations: President Trump threatened a 100% tariff on BRICS countries for exploring “non-dollar” transactions. Criticism of his remarks:Incorrectly included Spain as a BRICS member.Risk of straining relations with emerging economies, including India. Immigration Crackdown: Targeting undocumented immigrants: Estimated 7.25 lakh Indians could be affected. Approximately 18,000 Indian nationals are already on a “final list for removal.” Broader enforcement against illegal immigration could disproportionately impact vulnerable groups. Global and Bilateral Reactions: India’s Diplomatic Engagement: External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar to meet U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio. Agenda: Discuss the India-U.S. bilateral relationship and challenges arising from new U.S. policies. Address the Quad’s strategic priorities amidst growing concerns over U.S. immigration and trade policies. Global Economic Concerns: The proposed 100% tariffs on BRICS countries could: Escalate trade tensions. Undermine global efforts for a multipolar currency system. India and other emerging economies may seek alternative strategies to address potential U.S. trade sanctions. Implications for Indian Diaspora: Fear of instability among Indian expatriates due to potential deportations and restrictions. Increased uncertainty for families planning long-term U.S. settlement. Broader Context: Domestic Political Implications: Trump’s policy decisions align with his broader anti-immigration and “America First” agenda. Legal challenges could dominate political discourse in the U.S., influencing upcoming elections. Geopolitical Dynamics: Heightened trade and diplomatic tensions with BRICS nations. Possible realignment of global partnerships, as countries assess the long-term viability of dollar-based transactions. Way Forward: Legal Resolution: The U.S. judicial system’s interpretation of the Constitution will determine the fate of the Executive Order. Monitoring the lawsuit in Boston for its implications on U.S. immigration law. Diplomatic Engagement: Strengthening India-U.S. ties to mitigate challenges arising from the new policies. Leveraging platforms like Quad to address broader economic and security concerns. Strategic Adjustments: Indian professionals and policymakers must explore alternative avenues for immigration, education, and trade to reduce dependence on the U.S. Undocumented migrants in U.S.: vital workforce, low criminality Background on Immigration Policies President Donald Trump’s administration introduced aggressive immigration policies targeting undocumented migrants. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Key pledge: Deport millions of “criminal aliens” (undocumented migrants), often overstating numbers (15-20 million). Official estimates: ~11 million undocumented migrants, with some estimates rising to 13-14 million. 2.1 lakh Indians included in 2022 estimates. Duration of Stay 80% of the estimated 11 million undocumented migrants have lived in the U.S. for over a decade. 1.5 million entered between 1980-1990, many of whom have established long-term residency. Impact of Policy Changes Trump’s administration dismissed key immigration court officials, affecting asylum decision-making. Asylum applications facing delays: 3.5 million pending cases as of 2024, up from 2.4 million in Q4 of 2023. Closure of the CBP One mobile app, a key tool for asylum requests. Surge in Indian Migrants Surge in illegal migration from India: 1,500 Indian migrants apprehended a decade ago, rising sharply to 96,917 in 2023 and 90,415 in 2024. Similar increase in Indian asylum seekers, reflecting broader immigration patterns. Criminality and Crime Data Trump’s claims of undocumented migrants fueling violent crime contradict data: Violent crime rate among undocumented migrants in Texas (2012-2018) was half of that of U.S.-born citizens and lower than documented immigrants. Misrepresentation of migrant criminality undermines broader policy claims. Workforce Contribution Undocumented migrants play a vital role in sectors like construction, agriculture, and essential services. 2018 study: 5.5 million undocumented migrants contribute to the U.S. workforce. Key sectors: construction, agriculture, landscaping, laundry, auto repair, and sanitation. Mass deportation could severely disrupt these sectors, impacting economic stability. Potential Impact of Deportation Mass deportation risks harming essential services that depend on undocumented migrant labor. Immediate sectors affected: construction sites, farms, restaurants, and essential services like landscaping and sanitation. ‘PM internship scheme: companies to absorb 10% of the interns’ Objective of the Scheme: Aimed at bridging skill gaps and enhancing employability for India’s youth. Launched in the Union Budget 2024-25, it mandates the top 500 companies to offer internships to 1 crore youth over the next five years. Relevance : GS 2(Schemes , Education ) Survey Insights: 81% of India Inc. Backing the Scheme: Positive feedback from 932 surveyed companies, emphasizing the increasing role of internships in enhancing youth employability. 10% Absorption Rate: 73% of companies plan to absorb at least 10% of their interns as full-time employees after the internship. Focus on Tech Roles: 76% of companies are prioritizing tech-based roles, underscoring the demand for digitally skilled professionals. CSR Allocation: Over 30% of companies intend to allocate up to 20% of their CSR budgets to internship programmes, highlighting corporate commitment to social responsibility and skill development. Company Preferences for Internships: Internship Duration: More than 70% of companies prefer short-to-medium-term internships (1-6 months), considering it ideal for skill development without long-term commitments. Collaborative Approach: 32% of companies prefer partnerships with universities and corporates for internships to maximize impact and increase outreach. Financial Aspects: Interns will receive a monthly stipend of ₹5,000, with companies able to use CSR funds to cover a part of the stipend and training costs. Expansion Support: Support for Scheme Extension: 81% of companies advocate for extending the internship scheme to all corporations, suggesting a broader impact. Social Return on Investment (SROI): 54% of companies expect measurable SROI from CSR-driven internships within 1-2 years, indicating potential long-term value. Future Implications: The scheme presents a potential model for expanding internships to smaller companies, which could further enhance youth employability and skill development across industries. What do draft data protection rules state? Background: The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology released the draft rules for the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, on January 3, 2025. Concerns have been raised about the adequacy of the existing legislation in creating a comprehensive data privacy framework. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Data Localisation Mandate: Definition: Data localisation involves restricting the transfer of data across borders, ensuring that data related to a country’s citizens is stored within its own borders. Expansion Beyond DPDP Act: The draft rules extend the localisation mandate, which previously applied only to specific notified countries under the DPDP Act. New Government Committee: A government-appointed committee will decide which types of data cannot be exported from India. This could affect major tech companies like Meta, Google, Apple, Microsoft, and Amazon, classified as significant data fiduciaries (SDFs) due to their high volume and sensitive data processing. Challenges for Tech Companies: Operational difficulties in segmenting and storing data in different locations. Increased operational costs and restrictions on business activities. Two-Year Compliance Timeline: Companies are expected to comply with localisation requirements within two years, with support from a central committee to streamline the process and prevent fragmented mandates from different departments. Concerns on Executive Overreach: Section 36 of the DPDP Act & Rule 22: These provisions grant the Union government extensive discretionary powers to demand any information from data fiduciaries or intermediaries for national security or sovereignty reasons. This power could potentially be misused for surveillance. Impact on End-to-End Encryption: Rule 22 could require social media companies like WhatsApp to compromise end-to-end encryption for compliance with government demands. Meta previously raised concerns about this potential breach of privacy in their challenge to the 2021 Intermediary Guidelines. Lack of Oversight: The government could requisition data without checks, bypassing judicial scrutiny, and without notifying affected individuals (in violation of the 2012 expert committee’s recommendation). Critics argue this could lead to abuses of power, particularly in politically sensitive situations. Potential Impact on Businesses and Individuals: For Tech Companies: High costs and operational hurdles to ensure compliance. Risk of affecting business operations due to restrictive data handling. For Citizens: Greater vulnerability to surveillance. Lack of transparency in government access to personal data. Concerns about the erosion of privacy rights with inadequate safeguards. Expert Opinions: Aparajita Bharti (Tech Compliance Expert): The localisation mandate will cause significant operational challenges, especially for start-ups and smaller companies. Apar Gupta (Internet Freedom Foundation): The lack of adequate restrictions on government access to data could lead to misuse, harming privacy rights and political freedoms. Amar Patnaik (Advocate): Calls for more scrutiny of the rules, suggesting they be reviewed by a parliamentary standing committee to ensure accountability. What is the status of the Smart Cities Mission? Concept Introduction: Launched in June 2015 with the goal of developing 100 smart cities across India as models of urban development. The mission was meant to incorporate the Internet of Things (IoT) and technology to make cities more efficient in services like mobility, waste management, and water management. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure) The Smart City Framework: Focused on two components:Pan-city proposals: IT-enabled services like mobility, waste management, and environmental monitoring. Area-Based Development (ABD): Focus on retrofitting, redevelopment, and greenfield projects in specific zones. Issues and Setbacks: Failed to address the fundamental urban needs of many cities. Smart cities concept assumes a base level of infrastructure that India lacks, leading to a misalignment between goals and ground realities. Local governance was bypassed in favor of Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs), which were designed like private companies to manage projects. Why Smart Cities Bypassed Local Government: Dependence on SPVs: SPVs were set up under the Companies Act, with the rationale that private company-like structures would bring better efficiency and results. City councils and local governments were sidelined, as it was assumed that the technical and managerial expertise of SPVs would outperform public administration. Challenges with the Model: Local governance systems, often politically charged, were perceived as slow and inefficient for urban planning and management. The exclusion of local stakeholders led to a disconnect between the projects and the communities they aimed to serve, impacting the relevance and sustainability of the initiatives. What Happened to the Mission in Shimla? Inclusion in the Smart Cities List: Shimla, initially excluded, was added to the list following legal challenges in the Himachal Pradesh High Court. Shimla’s Smart City Plan: The plan included both pan-city initiatives and ABD projects: Retrofit Projects: Pedestrian crossings, improved vehicular mobility, transport corridors, underground ducting, and parking facilities. Redevelopment Projects: Focused on dilapidated areas such as Lower Bazar, Ganj Bazar, and Krishnanagar, aiming to replace unsafe buildings with modern, earthquake-safe structures. Other initiatives like eco-adventure tourism and water security through stormwater and spring water management. Budget and Funding: Total investment: ₹2,906 crore. Sources: ₹897.80 crore from Public-Private Partnerships (PPP). ₹101.77 crore through municipal bonds. ₹205.57 crore from external borrowings. ₹348.49 crore from State and Union government schemes. Remaining funds from other sources. Current Status: As of the latest update, only 24% of the total budget (₹707 crore) has been spent: ₹53 crore on completed projects. ₹654 crore on ongoing projects. PPP funding has yet to materialize. Project Failures:None of the redevelopment projects (e.g., Lower Bazar, Krishnanagar) have been completed.Traffic congestion has worsened, and non-motorised mobility initiatives have been neglected.Funds were used for decorative flower pots worth ₹2 crore instead of meaningful infrastructure.Large, intrusive escalator structures were erected but remain non-operational, disrupting Shimla’s scenic valley views. Outcome of the Smart City Mission: Ineffective Governance and Accountability: The lack of public involvement and ownership resulted in misaligned priorities and poor execution of projects. Lack of accountability for the failures of the mission has led to disillusionment, especially in cities like Shimla. Lessons Learned: Urban development initiatives require meaningful urban governance, local participation, and a commitment to solving ground-level issues, rather than just relying on high-tech solutions. The smart city vision has largely faded, with projects failing to deliver on their initial promises, especially due to top-down implementation without adequate local involvement. Why are antivenoms not easily accessible in India? High Snakebite Mortality: India has the highest number of snakebite deaths in the world, with an estimated 58,000 fatalities annually. A 2020 study revealed 1.2 million snakebite deaths and a threefold increase in disabilities between 2001-2014. Rural areas, especially agricultural zones, face the highest risks, exacerbated during the monsoon when snakes are more active. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Challenges in Antivenom Accessibility: Geographic Barriers: Remote rural locations lack proper medical infrastructure and access to antivenoms. Delayed Treatment: Snakebite victims often face long delays in reaching healthcare facilities, contributing to fatalities. Cold Chain Issues: Antivenoms require cold storage during transportation, but many rural areas lack the necessary infrastructure, leading to degradation of antivenoms. Antivenom Production and Efficacy: Antivenoms are made by injecting venom into animals (typically horses) to produce antibodies, which are then purified for human use. Polyvalent Antivenoms (PVAs): These treat bites from common species (Indian cobra, common krait, Russell’s viper, saw-scaled viper). However, they have limited effectiveness against less common species like the king cobra, banded krait, and others. The variation in venom composition between different species and geographical regions complicates the production of a universally effective antivenom. Cultural and Social Factors: Superstition and Misconceptions: In many rural regions, superstitions delay the use of proper medical treatment, with some opting for traditional or ineffective remedies. Logistical Challenges: Healthcare facilities often face difficulties in stockpiling antivenoms due to high costs, lack of cold storage, and inconsistent supply chains. Challenges in Antivenom Production: Cost and Availability: The high cost of manufacturing antivenoms makes them inaccessible to many, particularly the economically disadvantaged. Dependency on Irula Tribe: The Irula tribe in Tamil Nadu plays a crucial role in venom extraction. Any disruption in their activities could significantly impact antivenom supply. Emerging Solutions: Recombinant DNA Technology: Researchers are working on synthetic antivenoms produced using recombinant DNA, eliminating the need for animal-derived proteins and enhancing safety and efficacy. Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Antivenom Design: In 2024, AI-assisted research led by Nobel laureate David Baker promises to improve the design of synthetic antivenoms, potentially offering more effective treatments. Region-Specific Antivenoms: Researchers like Karthik Sunagar are focusing on mapping venom compositions to create targeted, region-specific antivenoms. Portable Diagnostic Tools: New diagnostic tools could help determine the type of venom more quickly, leading to faster and more accurate administration of antivenoms. Systemic Issues: The lack of investment in research and infrastructure remains a significant obstacle to tackling the snakebite crisis. The need for a comprehensive approach, including public awareness campaigns and improved medical facilities, is critical to reducing snakebite fatalities. Hope for the Future: Ongoing research into synthetic antivenoms, improved diagnostic technologies, and region-specific solutions offer promise for better accessibility and effectiveness of treatments. With increased funding and focus on infrastructure, the snakebite crisis in India may be alleviated, reducing fatalities like that of Mayuri. ‘Competent’ to judge Indus Water Treaty dispute, says World Bank Neutral Expert Background: The Indus Water Treaty (IWT) of 1960 governs water sharing between India and Pakistan. The Neutral Expert (NE), appointed by the World Bank, resolves technical disputes under the treaty, particularly on hydroelectric project designs. Relevance  : GS 2(International Relations) Key Development (January 7): Michel Lino, the NE, declared himself “competent” to resolve technical differences on the design of hydroelectric projects on the Indus. India welcomed this decision, supporting the use of the IWT’s existing dispute resolution framework. Current Dispute: India’s Position: Seeks renegotiation of the IWT for future water security, citing geopolitical and resource concerns. Requests for renegotiation made in January 2023 remain unanswered. Pakistan’s Position: Insists on adhering to the existing treaty and dispute resolution mechanisms. Dispute Resolution under IWT: Permanent Indus Commission (PIC): Initial dispute resolution step. Neutral Expert (NE): If PIC fails, the NE adjudicates technical disputes. Court of Arbitration: If both previous steps fail, the issue moves here for final resolution. India: Believes all steps must be exhausted before moving to the next stage. Pakistan: Seeks a Court of Arbitration despite India’s objections, arguing for parallel dispute mechanisms. Recent Developments: India: Halted PIC meetings in September 2022, requested treaty revisions four times since January 2023, but received no formal response. Neutral Expert’s Role: Michel Lino’s role is to adjudicate on whether the Kishenganga and Ratle hydroelectric projects comply with the IWT. His decision focuses on technical aspects of the projects’ design. World Bank’s Role: The World Bank facilitates the dispute resolution process, though its involvement has led to conflicting outcomes. Looking Ahead: Lino will hear both countries before deciding on the compliance of the Kishenganga and Ratle projects. His decision could impact ongoing tensions over water rights and hydroelectric development. Top court asks if poll ban on persons charged with crimes will cause irreversible damage Case Overview: The Supreme Court of India is hearing a petition on whether individuals charged with heinous crimes (e.g., murder, rape) should be barred from contesting elections, or if such a ban could unjustly affect those later acquitted. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Judiciary) Key Arguments: Petitioner’s Argument (Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay): Right to contest elections is not a fundamental right. India’s large population ensures a sufficient pool of honest candidates, so limiting eligibility won’t harm the system. Criticized the current electoral system for discouraging honest candidates. Court’s Inquiry: Justice Surya Kant raised concerns about the irreversible damage to individuals who may be barred from elections but later acquitted. Focus on whether a ban on candidates charged with crimes undermines fairness and justice. Questioned the feasibility of finding enough “honest” candidates in the current political environment. 2020 Supreme Court Judgment: Ordered political parties to disclose the criminal history of candidates for Lok Sabha and Assembly elections, and explain why candidates with criminal charges were selected. Aimed to reduce criminal influence in politics by enhancing transparency through publication in newspapers and on social media. Current Legal Implications: The case raises a balance between preventing criminals in politics and protecting individuals’ legal rights if later acquitted. The decision could influence candidate selection processes, transparency rules, and electoral reforms. Next Steps: Further hearings scheduled for January 27 to discuss the case in greater detail. DRDO holds key test for hypersonic missiles Event Overview: DRDO successfully conducted a ground test for an active cooled scramjet combustor, a key component in hypersonic missile technology. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology ) Test Significance: This marks India’s first demonstration of an active cooled scramjet combustor, advancing hypersonic vehicle development. Technology Focus: The test centers on supersonic combustion scramjet (SCS) technology, enabling combustion at speeds >Mach 5 (five times the speed of sound). Scramjet Functionality: Air-Breathing Engines: Scramjets mix compressed air with fuel and ignite it at supersonic speeds, enabling efficient high-speed travel. Sustained Combustion: Successful ignition and stable combustion are crucial for hypersonic systems. Test Achievements: Demonstrated stable combustion under high-speed conditions. Enhanced potential for hypersonic missiles and defense vehicles. Strategic Importance: Hypersonic technology offers high-speed strike capabilities and reduced reaction times, making it critical for modern defense. Future Implications: Boosts India’s self-reliance in defense (Atmanirbhar Bharat). Strengthens India’s position in hypersonic tech, reducing dependence on foreign technology. Challenges: Technological Complexity: Overcoming issues like material resistance, heat management, and engine stability. Testing: Ongoing ground and flight tests are necessary to validate technology Broader Context: India joins an exclusive group of nations (U.S., Russia, China) advancing in hypersonic tech, aligning with its strategic defense goals.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 21 January 2025

Content: India’s Need for Supporting Rural Sports Prioritising IMEC is in America’s best interest UGC’s draft regulation has serious constitutional issues We need distinguished jurists as judges India’s Need for Supporting Rural Sports Context : Kho Kho World Cup Success India won both men’s and women’s titles at the inaugural Kho Kho World Cup. Despite the success, kho kho remains a niche sport with limited global popularity. Victory can serve as a stepping stone for the game’s promotion. Relevance : GS 2(Schemes) Practice Question : Critically analyze the state of rural and indigenous sports in India in light of recent achievements like the Kho Kho World Cup. Suggest measures to promote such sports to a global level.(250 words) India’s Performance in Global Sports: India is a superpower in cricket and chess but lags in other international sports.Recent successes in chess include D. Gukesh’s championship and Koneru Humpy’s title. Lack of substantial government and corporate support for chess, even after landmark achievements like the Chess Olympiad double gold. Disappointing Paris Olympics 2024: India won 6 medals but no gold, finishing 71st, below Pakistan and Kyrgyzstan. Highlights the need for better planning, infrastructure, and athlete support. Role of Sports Federations: Poor functioning of many federations is a major hurdle. The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) serves as a model for improving infrastructure and revenue sharing. Rural and Indigenous Sports: Kabaddi’s success with the Pro Kabaddi League demonstrates the potential for promoting rural sports. Government initiatives like Khelo India need a performance audit to assess their impact. Way Forward: Increased government and corporate investment in rural and Olympic sports. Developing infrastructure at grassroots levels, especially for indigenous sports like kho kho. Strategic efforts to diversify sports popularity and make India a multi-sport nation. Prioritising IMEC is in America’s Best Interest Strategic Context: Evolution of U.S.-India Relations: Established as a vital partnership since the 1990s. Built on shared interests: economic growth, regional security, and democratic values. Broad bipartisan consensus supports strengthening ties further. IMEC’s Significance: A multilateral initiative spanning India, the Middle East, and Europe. Aims to create an alternative to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Enhances trade connectivity, energy security, and technological innovation. Relevance: GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question:The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) is being positioned as an alternative to China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Discuss the strategic and economic significance of IMEC for India and the U.S. while highlighting its challenges. (250 words)   IMEC: Objectives and Challenges: Infrastructure Goals: Develop physical and digital infrastructure: railways, shipping, hydrogen pipelines, and digital cables. Reduce transportation costs, diversify supply chains, and promote deeper economic integration. Challenges: Requires substantial investments competing with other national priorities. Demands private-sector engagement with clear ROI pathways. Risk of uneven economic benefits leading to regional tensions. Role of Participating Nations: Proactive Players: France: Appointed a special envoy for IMEC. UAE and Saudi Arabia: Spearheading implementation to strengthen ties with the West. Greece and Italy: Initiating trade agreements to complement IMEC. Opportunities for India: Economic benefits: Lower trade costs, reduced maritime vulnerabilities, and increased FDI. Diplomatic leverage: Strengthened ties with West Asia and Europe. Environmental impact: Leadership in green hydrogen development and decarbonisation efforts. U.S. Leadership in IMEC: Strategic Benefits for the U.S.: Strengthens economic partnerships with India and Middle East allies. Enhances its geopolitical stance by countering China’s BRI. Advances President Trump’s legacy and bipartisan foreign policy goals. Future Outlook: Continuity of U.S. support under changing administrations is crucial. Potential influence of Trump-Modi personal rapport in accelerating IMEC efforts. UGC’s Draft Regulation Has Serious Constitutional Issues Context : UGC Draft Regulation: Proposes amendments to Regulation 2010, expanding the eligibility for vice chancellors to include professionals with 10+ years of experience in industry, public administration, or public policy. Relevance: GS 2(Education ,Governance) Practice Question: Critically analyze the constitutional and legal issues arising from the UGC’s draft regulation on the selection and appointment of vice chancellors, focusing on its implications for federalism and legislative competence. (250 words) Constitutional and Legal Issues: (a) Mandate of the UGC Act, 1956: Objective: Coordination and determination of standards in university education (Section 12). Key Functions: Prescribing qualifications for teaching staff, standards for degrees, and promoting coordination. Issue: Selection and appointment of vice chancellors fall outside the UGC’s mandate under the parent Act. (b) Ultra Vires Concerns: Subordinate legislation (UGC regulations) must align with the parent Act. Expanding eligibility for vice chancellors is not connected to educational standards. High Court Ruling (Suresh Patilkhede Case, 2011): Selection of vice chancellors does not directly impact educational standards and hence falls outside UGC’s scope. (c) Federalism and Legislative Competence: Universities are established under State laws, and State legislatures define vice chancellor qualifications and selection modes. Regulation 7.3.0 of UGC (2010) conflicts with State laws on vice chancellors, raising repugnancy issues under Article 254. Legal Precedents: Suresh Patilkhede Case (2011): UGC regulations cannot override State plenary legislation. Kalyani Mathivanan Case (2015): UGC regulations have binding effect on universities under its purview. However, for State universities, the regulations are only recommendatory. Implications for Federalism: Violation of State Autonomy: Education is on the Concurrent List (Entry 25), but State legislatures have the authority to enact laws for universities under their jurisdiction. Central regulations cannot override specific State laws without valid grounds. Role of Article 254: Regulations are not equivalent to central laws; only parliamentary laws assented by the President can override State laws. The UGC regulation may not have the constitutional authority to supersede State legislation. Broader Concerns: Political and Administrative Tensions: The regulation is perceived as encroaching upon State jurisdiction. Risks undermining cooperative federalism by centralizing decision-making in university governance. Impact on Higher Education Governance: Could politicize the appointment of vice chancellors, reducing institutional autonomy. We Need Distinguished Jurists As Judges Introduction India’s judiciary faces a crisis of vacancies and backlogs, with 371 of 1,122 sanctioned High Court posts vacant and nearly 60 lakh pending cases. Articles 124(3)(c) and 217(2)(c) of the Constitution allow the appointment of “distinguished jurists” as judges, a provision rarely utilized. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary ) Practice Question : Discuss the feasibility and challenges of appointing ‘distinguished jurists’ as judges to address judicial vacancies and backlogs in India. (250 words) Feasibility of Appointing ‘Distinguished Jurists’ Benefits of Academia Integration Specialized Knowledge: Academics bring expertise in complex socio-economic and legal issues. Critical Thinking: Research-based insights enrich judicial decision-making. Global Precedents: Countries like the U.S., Spain, and Kenya have benefited from such appointments. Enhancing Judicial Efficiency Bridging vacancies using untapped talent pools like legal scholars. Reducing workload on judges, improving the depth of case analysis. Synergistic Outcomes Acts as a bridge between legal research and practical adjudication. Encourages dynamic interaction between academic and judicial domains. Challenges in Implementation Procedural and Practical Hurdles Lack of courtroom experience among academics. Limited understanding of procedural and evidentiary rules. Resistance within Judiciary Institutional inertia may resist non-traditional appointments. Potential apprehension about overstepping judicial limits. Training and Adaptation Need for procedural training for academics to function as judges. Way Forward Reintroduce and Amend Provisions Revive Article 217(2)(c) to enable appointments of jurists at High Courts. Streamline procedural mechanisms to make such appointments effective. Government and Collegium Collaboration Strict timelines for filling judicial vacancies. Collaboration between judiciary and academia for transitional training.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 January 2025

Content: Indian Coffee Brews Global Demand From Data to Diagnosis Indian Coffee Brews Global Demand Historical Context Coffee introduced to India in the 1600s by Baba Budan, a Sufi saint, who planted seeds in Karnataka’s Baba Budan Giri hills. Marked the beginning of India’s coffee journey, evolving into a global coffee producer. Relevance: GS 3(Agriculture) Global Standing and Export Growth India ranks 7th globally in coffee production. Coffee exports nearly doubled: FY 2020-21: $719.42 million FY 2023-24: $1.29 billion. Major coffee export destinations: Italy, Belgium, Russia. Jan 2025: Over 9,300 tonnes exported in the first half of the month. Production Highlights Dominated by Arabica and Robusta beans (three-fourths of total production). Export primarily as unroasted beans but increasing demand for value-added products like roasted and instant coffee. Top Coffee-Producing States: Karnataka: 248,020 MT (2022-23). Kerala: 72,425 MT (2022-23). Tamil Nadu: 18,700 MT (2022-23). Cultivation concentrated in Western and Eastern Ghats, biodiversity hotspots with shaded plantations contributing to ecological balance. Domestic Consumption Trends Growth driven by: Cafe culture. Higher disposable incomes. Shift in drinking preferences (from tea to coffee). Domestic consumption increase: 2012: 84,000 tonnes. 2023: 91,000 tonnes. Rising coffee consumption observed in both urban and rural areas.  Government Initiatives and Programs Integrated Coffee Development Project (ICDP): Aims at improving yields and expanding coffee cultivation into non-traditional regions. Focuses on sustainable farming practices. Success story: Araku Valley: 150,000 tribal families collaborate with Coffee Board & ITDA. Production increased by 20% with support from GCC loans. Highlights empowerment of communities under the vision of Aatmanirbhar Bharat. Export and Logistical Support Export incentives and logistical advancements enhancing global competitiveness. Indian coffee positioned as a high-quality product in the international market. Significance of Coffee Ecosystem Contributes to economic empowerment of rural communities. Preserves ecological balance through shaded plantations in biodiversity-rich areas. From Data to Diagnosis Introduction India’s healthcare is undergoing rapid digitalization due to government initiatives and technological advancements. Key objectives: Enhance accessibility, affordability, and efficiency of healthcare, especially for rural areas. Tools: Telemedicine, EHRs, AI-based diagnostics. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Schemes) India’s Potential in Digital Health (WEF Article) Global Leader Role: WEF emphasizes India’s potential to lead digital health globally. Key Pillars: Interoperability: Standardizing data exchange between healthcare stakeholders. Public-Private Partnerships: Driving innovation and scalability. Affordability & Accessibility: Bridging healthcare gaps using digital tools. Scalability: Positioning India’s models as global templates for healthcare equity. Digital Healthcare Infrastructure Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) Components: Health ID, HPR, HFR, UHI. Impact: 73 crore health accounts created; focus on urban-rural healthcare parity. AI Research Collaboration: IIT Kanpur & NHA for advanced AI solutions. Telemedicine (e-Sanjeevani) Modules: OPD for patients, AB-HWC for specialists. COVID-19 accelerated adoption; significant boost to rural healthcare. U-WIN Portal Focus: Digital vaccination services for women and children. Adoption: 7.43 crore beneficiaries registered by November 2024. Aarogya Setu App Transformed into a comprehensive National Health App under ABDM. Services: Scheduling appointments, e-prescriptions, lab reports, vaccination certificates. e-Hospital & e-BloodBank A Digital India initiative for streamlining hospital workflows and blood bank management. Tele Mental Health Programme (Tele-MANAS) Scope: Launched in 2022; operational in 36 States/UTs, handling over 17.6 lakh calls. Policies Shaping Digital Healthcare National Health Policy 2017: Advocates EHRs, telemedicine, and digital health integration. National Health Mission (NHM): Focus on rural infrastructure and marginalized healthcare access. Health Data Management Policy: Emphasizes data privacy, patient consent, and secure exchange. National Digital Health Mission (NDHM): Aims for universal health coverage via digital health tools like UHID and PHR. PM Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM): Strengthening healthcare infrastructure with digital integration. Future Scope Focus Areas: AI diagnostics. Blockchain-based health record systems. Robust cybersecurity frameworks. Global Impact: India is set to establish a scalable, inclusive, and efficient digital health ecosystem, serving as a model for developing nations.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 January 2025

Content : Bihar Teacher’s Quest to Educate Poor Children at Cremation Ground Study Moots Inclusion of 179 Groups in SC, ST, OBC Lists Which Panel is Better for Mullaperiyar, SC Asks States One in Three Indians Wants to Buy an Electric Vehicle Next: Report UGC Regulations or State University Laws? How Many Vehicles Can One Own in the Same City, Asks SC Satellite Projects Aim to Head Off Future Wildfires Bihar teacher’s quest to educate poor children at cremation ground Background of the Initiative: Founder: Sumit Kumar, a 31-year-old teacher, started “Appan Pathshala” in 2017 at Mukti Dham, a cremation ground in Muzaffarpur, Bihar. Target Group: Over 100 children from nearby slums (ages 5-16), primarily from Kundal and Ambedkar Nagar. Relevance : GS 4(Ethics -Leadership) Origins and Motivation: Initial Visit: Kumar, struck by the sight of children scavenging near bodies, decided to start the school after hearing their response: “What would happen if we study?” Challenges: Initially faced resistance from parents but persisted in gaining their trust. Teaching Approach: School Hours: 4 p.m. to 7 p.m., Monday to Saturday. Curriculum: NCERT syllabus for Classes 1-10, with senior students helping juniors. Extra-curriculars: Wushu martial arts twice a week for girls, promoting physical empowerment. Seating: Students sit on mats or sacks due to lack of infrastructure. Impact on Students: Student Stories: Radhika Kumari (Class 7): Values education over location. Mohammad Mubarak: Went from illiterate to able to read and write. Social Mobility: 20-25 students enroll in government schools annually. Support and Recognition: Local Support: Recognized by Muzaffarpur Municipal Corporation, with assistance from friends and local authorities. Financial Support: Kumar’s brother contributes financially. Personal Sacrifice: Kumar has chosen not to marry, dedicating his life to this cause despite holding a master’s degree and LLB. Broader Impact: Breaking Poverty Cycle: Provides a path for marginalized children to escape poverty. Empowerment: Education and martial arts training foster self-confidence and skill development. Social Change: Transforms the lives of children and shifts community perceptions. Sumit Kumar’s Vision: Goal: Enroll children in government schools for formal education and recognized certifications. Social Change: The initiative aims to uplift children who would otherwise remain deprived of opportunities. Study moots inclusion of 179 groups in SC, ST, OBC lists Context : Ethnographic Study: The Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI), along with Tribal Research Institutes (TRIs), conducted a major study on 268 denotified, semi-nomadic, and nomadic tribes, aiming to classify groups unrecognized by previous commissions. Commissioned by NITI Aayog: The three-year study was commissioned by NITI Aayog to assess inclusion of these groups in the SC, ST, and OBC lists across 26 states and UTs. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) Recommendations for Inclusion: 179 Communities: 179 communities recommended for inclusion in SC, ST, or OBC lists, with 85 as new additions. Distribution: 46 for OBC, 29 for SC, and 10 for ST. Geographic Spread: Uttar Pradesh has the highest number of proposed additions (19), with other states like Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, MP, and Rajasthan contributing 8 each. Additional Findings: Correction of Categorization: 9 existing communities recommended for reclassification. ‘Not Traceable’ Communities: 63 communities (20%) are “not traceable,” due to assimilation or migration. Implications: Expansion of Quotas: The recommendations could significantly impact the caste-based quota system, influencing political and social debates on reservation. Census Uncertainty: The timing of the study coincides with concerns over the next Census and caste enumeration, which may affect future quota adjustments. Controversies and Criticisms: Resistance from DNT, NT, and SNT Communities: Some oppose being categorized as SC, ST, or OBC, fearing added discrimination. Proposal for Separate Quota: Calls for a distinct quota or sub-quota for Denotified, Nomadic, and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (DNT, NT, SNT) to address their unique challenges. Potential Impact on Policy: Quota System Recalibration: The inclusion could lead to changes in the caste-based reservation system, affecting education, employment, and welfare programs. Governance Complexity: The Social Justice Ministry is reviewing the recommendations, with final approval pending from NITI Aayog. Which panel is better for Mullaperiyar, SC asks States Dispute: The 129-year-old Mullaperiyar Dam, located in Kerala but owned by Tamil Nadu, has long been a source of conflict over its safety and structural integrity. Supreme Court’s Role: The Court has previously addressed safety concerns. Recently, it questioned whether the existing Supervisory Committee (formed by the Court) or the new Statutory Committee (under the Dam Safety Act, 2021) should manage the dam’s safety. Relevance : GS 2(Polity and Governance) Key Points of Inquiry Court’s Question: Which committee—Supervisory or Statutory—would be more effective in overseeing the dam’s safety? Justice Surya Kant’s Concern: The Court highlighted the need to avoid overlap and dual oversight. Next Hearing: Scheduled for February 19, where both states will present arguments. Dam Safety Act of 2021 National Committee Formation: The Act mandates a National Committee on Dam Safety chaired by the Central Water Commission (CWC) with representatives from both the Centre and States. Functions: Policy and guidelines formation for dam safety. Setting national standards for maintenance and safety. Positions of the States Tamil Nadu’s Argument: Tamil Nadu emphasized cooperation and suggested Kerala was obstructing resolution. Kerala’s Argument: Kerala contended that Tamil Nadu had not properly maintained the dam, located in Kerala. Key Legal Debate Supervisory vs. Statutory Committee: The Court is deliberating which committee is more suited for the dam’s safety. Overlap Concerns: Potential conflicting directives could arise from dual oversight. Safety Risks: The dam’s age and structural pressures make effective governance critical. Impact of the Decision Streamlined Oversight: The Court’s ruling could clarify authority and improve dam safety governance. Potential for Cooperation: A resolution may encourage better cooperation between Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Concluding Observations Specialized Oversight: The case highlights the importance of effective, specialized oversight for critical infrastructure. Dam Safety Act’s Role: While the Act provides a national framework, the specific context of Mullaperiyar requires careful judicial consideration. One in three Indians wants to buy an electric vehicle next: report Vehicle Ownership: Only 3.3% of India’s population owns cars, indicating vast growth potential. EV Interest: 36% of consumers are considering electric vehicles (EVs) for their next purchase, with 30% leaning towards electric two-wheelers. Comparison with Developed Markets: India’s automotive market has more room for growth compared to high-penetration markets like the U.S. and Denmark. Consumer Preferences and Gender Influence Women’s Influence: Women impact 52% of EV purchase decisions, up from 38% for non-EV vehicles in India. Tech Preferences: 41% of two-wheeler owners prefer vehicles with in-built navigation systems, signaling a shift towards tech-savvy vehicles. Barriers to EV Adoption Charging Infrastructure: 50% of consumers are concerned about the availability of charging stations. High Costs: 45% are dissatisfied with the high purchase costs of EVs. Battery Life and Model Variety: One in three are concerned about battery life, while 20% feel current EV models lack variety. Solutions to Overcome Challenges Infrastructure: Expand and improve the discoverability of charging stations. Financing: Offer innovative financing options to reduce acquisition costs. Local Manufacturing: Scale up production to lower costs and increase variety. Battery Health: Enhance transparency on battery life and provide extended warranties. New EV Models: 60% of new EV models will be developed by Indian OEMs to meet diverse consumer needs. Impact of High-Income Households Wealth Growth: A 2.7-fold increase in elite households by 2035 will make higher-priced EVs more affordable, boosting market growth. Preference for Pre-Owned Vehicles First-Time Buyers: 25% of first-time car buyers are interested in pre-owned vehicles. Market Influences: Digitization and trust in local selling platforms are key drivers for the pre-owned vehicle market. Future Trends Car Rentals: Gen Z is 2.7 times more likely to use self-drive rentals, indicating a shift towards on-demand transportation. Influence on Purchases: 85% of rental users are open to purchasing the car model they rented, demonstrating the growing impact of rental experiences on buying decisions. UGC regulations or State university laws? Background: The conflict in Tamil Nadu’s state universities concerns vacant Vice-Chancellor (VC) positions, with a dispute over the composition of the VC search committee. Governor (Chancellor) insists on UGC representation, while the State government adheres to State University Acts, which do not mandate UGC involvement. Relevance :GS 2(Governance) Core Dispute: Can UGC regulations (subordinate legislation) override State University Acts (plenary laws)? This raises the constitutional question of whether delegated legislation can supersede State laws. Constitutional Dimensions: Article 254(1) allows Central laws to override State laws in cases of conflict, but only applies to plenary laws, not delegated legislation (rules/regulations). The Supreme Court has ruled that subordinate legislation cannot override State laws. Previous rulings: Ch. Tika Ramji (1956): Subordinate legislation cannot repeal State laws. University of Delhi vs. Raj Singh (1994): UGC regulations are advisory for State universities. UGC’s Overreach: UGC Regulation 7.3 (on VC appointments) is challenged as executive overreach, as it attempts to impose mandates on State universities where the UGC Act does not directly address VC appointments. The UGC Act governs university staff, not officers like the VC, making the regulation potentially ultra vires (beyond its legal scope). Conflicting Supreme Court Judgments: Kalyani Mathivanan (2015): UGC regulations are not mandatory for State universities unless adopted by the State. P.J. Dharmaraj (2024): UGC regulations apply only if adopted by the State, adding complexity. Need for Constitutional Clarity: A Constitutional Bench is needed to clarify: Article 254(1) applies only to Central vs. State plenary laws, not subordinate legislation. UGC regulations are advisory unless adopted by the State. Delegated legislation cannot override State laws. Broader Implications: The case could have far-reaching implications for Centre-State relations, federalism, and higher education autonomy. Raises concerns about executive overreach and the scope of delegated powers in the federal system. Political and Administrative Impact: The dispute has caused a leadership vacuum in universities, delaying staff appointments and degree awards in states like Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Punjab, highlighting the urgency for resolution. How many vehicles can one own in the same city, asks SC Issue Raised by the Supreme Court: The Supreme Court raised questions about whether there are restrictions on the number of vehicles a person can own in the same city. It also questioned if there are any laws requiring commercial and residential complexes to provide adequate parking spaces for the increasing number of vehicles. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Context of the Query: The court was considering a note prepared by amicus curiae, senior advocate Aparajita Singh, which recommended a robust public transport system to reduce the reliance on private vehicles. This, in turn, could help mitigate the rising levels of pollution and air toxicity in the national capital. Court’s Observations: Justice A.S. Oka, leading the Bench, pointed out the practice of individuals buying multiple vehicles in the same city, which contributes to the congestion and pollution. The court highlighted the issue of parking spaces, noting that in many residential complexes, people own two or three vehicles and yet, there may be insufficient parking spots within the premises. The court called for development regulations to mandate the provision of adequate parking spaces in both residential and commercial complexes, urging that approvals for new developments should be contingent upon ensuring parking availability. Proposed Solutions: The court proposed that public authorities should buy only electric vehicles (EVs) as part of an effort to tackle the pollution problem, noting that electric vehicles are an important part of the solution to reducing emissions. Aishwarya Bhati, Additional Solicitor-General, representing the Commission for Air Quality Management, responded that while the government is moving aggressively towards adopting EVs, a balance needs to be maintained since electricity, a primary power source for EVs, is still largely drawn from coal, which itself contributes to pollution. Parking Policy Recommendations: The court emphasized the need for a comprehensive parking policy due to the growing influx of vehicles in the capital city. The current parking situation, with vehicles often parked on roads, exacerbates traffic congestion and air pollution. Ms. Singh, the amicus curiae, suggested that an integrated and efficient public transportation system would be essential to reduce the reliance on private cars, which are a significant cause of the pollution crisis in Delhi. Next Steps: The Supreme Court plans to hear further arguments on these issues, including the impact of vehicle ownership and parking policies on pollution, on February 3, 2025. Authorities such as the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, the Ministry of Urban Affairs, and the Delhi Development Authority are required to respond to the court’s queries in the next hearing. Satellite projects aim to head off future wildfires Technological Advancements: As wildfires become an increasing threat, especially due to climate change, satellite technology is being harnessed to better predict, detect, and monitor fires globally. This effort is aided by the growing availability of satellite data and cheaper space launches. Relevance:GS 3(Disaster Management ) Satellite Roles in Wildfire Detection: Satellites can detect a variety of wildfire-related phenomena Dry areas prone to outbreaks Active fires (flaming and smoldering) Burnt areas, as well as smoke and trace gas emissions. Types of Satellites: Low-Earth Orbit Satellites (LEO): These satellites orbit at altitudes of less than 1,000 km, providing high-resolution ground images. However, they can only see a given location for a short period as they sweep across the Earth. Geostationary Satellites: Orbit at about 36,000 km, remaining fixed over the same part of the Earth’s surface, offering continuous monitoring. The trade-off is lower resolution images. Challenges with Resolution: The ability to accurately monitor individual structures during wildfires, like houses in Los Angeles, is difficult at lower resolutions. Higher resolution is vital, especially as wildfires increasingly encroach upon human-populated areas. Innovative Satellite Projects: EFA’s New Low-Orbit Satellite Constellation: Brian Collins, director of Earth Fire Alliance, plans to launch a new low-orbit satellite constellation. The constellation will feature satellites with 5-meter resolution, significantly finer than the 10-meter resolution of current systems like ESA’s Sentinel-2. This advancement will help detect smaller fires and provide more detailed data. EFA’s plan includes launching four satellites by 2026, with a $53 million budget, and a 55-satellite network costing around $400 million. OroraTech’s FOREST-3 Nanosatellites: Germany-based OroraTech launched FOREST-3—a nanosatellite system—to deliver fast wildfire alerts and high-quality thermal data. The FOREST-3 system aims to improve detection times and provide more precise data on wildfire locations and behavior. Challenges with Data Management: The sheer volume of data being sent by these satellites poses a significant challenge. ESA’s Sentinel-2 alone sends down 1 terabyte of data daily, equivalent to the storage of a modern laptop. Processing this massive influx of information to extract relevant wildfire data is a complex task. Machine Learning Solutions: Machine learning (ML) techniques are essential in analyzing large data sets, allowing the system to: Detect fire signs in real-time. Predict fire outbreaks and track their progression. Impact of Satellite Data on Wildfire Management: Satellite networks will provide a near real-time view of global fire activity, allowing for more informed decisions on the ground. This data will also play a crucial role in early warning systems and fire prevention efforts, potentially reducing wildfire damage.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 20 January 2025

Content: Railway Protection Force apprehends 586 bangladeshi and 318 rohingya to prevent illegal migration, since 2021 Empowering Rural India with Legal Land Ownership   Railway Protection Force apprehends 586 bangladeshi and 318 rohingya to prevent illegal migration, since 2021 Context: The Railway Protection Force (RPF) has intensified efforts to address illegal migration through Indian railways, apprehending 916 individuals (586 Bangladeshis and 318 Rohingya) since 2021, in collaboration with other security agencies. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security ) Important Developments Major Apprehensions (2021–2024): Total Apprehensions: 916 illegal migrants (586 Bangladeshi nationals and 318 Rohingya). Specific Incidents: June–July 2024: 88 Bangladeshi and Rohingya migrants apprehended under Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR). Migrants confessed to illegal entry and plans to travel to destinations like Kolkata. Preferred Transit Routes: Assam as a Transit Region: Due to its proximity to the Bangladesh border. Railways: Used extensively to facilitate movement to other parts of India, complicating detection. Collaborative Security Measures: RPF’s Role: Intensified patrolling and surveillance of railway networks. Collaboration: Agencies Involved: Border Security Force (BSF), local police, and intelligence units. Outcome: Improved operational efficiency in identifying and detaining illegal migrants. Legal Challenges: RPF lacks direct prosecutorial powers. Detained individuals are handed over to police and other authorized agencies for further legal action. Broader Context and Concerns Geopolitical Factors: Bangladesh and Myanmar: Political instability, socio-religious issues, and economic challenges driving migration. Increased Refugee Influx: Individuals seeking refuge, employment, or shelter deep within India. National Security Concerns: Infiltration Risks: Illegal migration poses a threat to internal security. Railways as a Vulnerable Network: Facilitates long-distance movement of unauthorized individuals. Exploitation Risks: Migrants are highly vulnerable to exploitation: Human Trafficking: For bonded labor, domestic work, prostitution, and organ harvesting. Lack of Documentation: Further complicates legal recourse and identification. Way Forward Enhanced Monitoring: Increase surveillance using advanced technologies such as AI-powered identification systems and CCTV networks. Deploy additional RPF personnel in vulnerable railway zones, especially in Northeast India. Inter-Agency Coordination: Strengthen coordination mechanisms between RPF, BSF, state police, and intelligence agencies. Conduct regular joint training and drills to improve response time and effectiveness. Legal and Policy Framework: Empower RPF with limited prosecutorial powers for quick action. Develop a centralized database to track apprehended migrants and share intelligence among agencies. Empowering Rural India with Legal Land Ownership Background : SVAMITVA Scheme Launch: Initiated on National Panchayati Raj Day (April 24, 2020) by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Objective: Economic transformation of rural India by providing property owners in village Abadi areas with a “Record of Rights.” Technology Utilization: Advanced drone and GIS technology for accurate land demarcation. Outcomes: Property monetization. Access to bank loans. Minimized property disputes. Facilitated comprehensive village-level planning. Relevance : GS 2(Governance, Schemes) Recent Milestone On January 18, 2025, 65 lakh SVAMITVA property cards were e-distributed across 50,000+ villages in 10 states and 2 UTs. Participation included Union Minister Shri Rajiv Ranjan Singh and virtual interaction with beneficiaries nationwide. Need for SVAMITVA Challenges Before SVAMITVA: Absence of legal property records for Abadi areas. Lack of access to institutional credit and financial assistance. Prolonged disputes over land ownership. Solution: Modern survey and mapping techniques for precise property documentation. Achievements of the SVAMITVA Scheme States/UTs Onboarded: 31 States/UTs. Village Coverage: 3,46,187 villages notified. Drone flying completed in 3,17,715 villages (92% progress). Maps handed over for 1,53,726 villages. Over 2.25 crore property cards issued. State Achievements: Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh: 100% drone surveys. Haryana and Uttarakhand: 100% drone surveys and property card preparation. Maharashtra and Gujarat: Over 98% drone survey completion. Economic Significance: Surveyed rural Abadi land: 67,000 sq. km. Estimated value: ₹132 lakh crore. Digital Integration: Real-time progress tracking through a centralized dashboard. Property cards accessible via the DigiLocker app. Technological Innovations: Use of survey-grade drones and CORS network for high-resolution maps. International Outreach March 2025: International Workshop on Land Governance in India with participation from Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia. May 2025: Participation in World Bank Land Governance Conference in Washington to promote the SVAMITVA model. Conclusion The SVAMITVA Scheme is a transformative initiative addressing longstanding issues in rural land ownership. By leveraging cutting-edge technology and ensuring inclusivity, the scheme: Resolves disputes. Drives economic progress. Promotes self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat). Improves governance and rural planning.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 20 January 2025

Content: A surge in radical governments, the hope of democracy Recasting insolvency resolution A Surge In Radical Governments, The Hope of Democracy Context : Global Legitimisation of Radical Groups Radical groups like the Taliban and Hay’at Tahrir Al-Sham (HTS) gain legitimacy once in power. International actors have shifted from treating such groups as “enemies of democracy” to engaging diplomatically after their ascension to power. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Critically analyze the implications of legitimizing radical governments for global stability and India’s regional security. (250 words) Taliban Takeover (Afghanistan, 2021): After seizing power in August 2021, the Taliban received conditional global recognition. UNSC Resolution 2593 emphasized preventing Afghanistan from being a base for terrorism, with India’s significant role. However, promises of inclusivity and women’s rights were largely ignored. HTS Takeover (Syria, 2024): Ahmed al-Jolani’s HTS, previously tied to al-Qaeda, toppled Bashar al-Assad. The U.S. removed al-Jolani from its bounty list, signaling political expediency. Bangladesh Crisis (2024): Military-backed interim government under Muhammad Yunus replaced Sheikh Hasina’s elected government. Radical groups such as Jamaat-e-Islami, Ansarullah Bangla Team, and Hefazat-e-Islam exploited the unrest. Anti-India rhetoric and minority attacks pose national security concerns for India. India’s Role and Challenges: India played a pivotal role in stabilizing Bangladesh post-2008 elections. Current challenges include countering radicalization while maintaining strong bilateral ties. India’s Strategic Considerations Regional Security: Islamic radicalization in Bangladesh could destabilize India’s eastern borders. Anti-India rhetoric by radicals risks fostering domestic unrest in India. Diplomatic Engagement: India remains open to engaging with the interim government but must tread carefully to avoid legitimizing radical groups. Legacy of Democracy: Democracy’s successes in Bangladesh since 2008 indicate public resistance to radicalism. Sustaining democratic norms aligns with India’s long-term regional goals. Broader Implications Geopolitical Trends: The global shift toward legitimizing radical groups once they capture power undermines democratic norms. A fragmented international order focuses on short-term stability rather than upholding accountability. Religiophobia and Polarization: Rising religiophobia highlights global intolerance trends. Viewing radicalization purely through religious lenses risks deepening societal divides. Recasting Insolvency Resolution Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC): Enacted in 2016 to resolve insolvencies in a time-bound manner and improve ease of doing business. Aimed at addressing bad loans and bringing defaulters to book. Relevance : GS 2(Governance), GS 3(Economy) Practice Question:Critically analyze the challenges faced by India’s insolvency resolution framework under the IBC, 2016, and suggest measures for its effective implementation.(250 Words) Current Challenges: Institutional Burden on Tribunals: National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) and National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) handle cases under both the IBC and Companies Act. Lack of resources and outdated structure have created bottlenecks. Delays in Resolution: Average time for insolvency resolution rose to 716 days in FY2023-24 (target: 330 days). Judicial discretion in extending timelines has undermined the IBC’s effectiveness. Capacity Constraints: Inadequate domain knowledge among members to handle complex financial and legal cases. Absence of a mechanism for urgent listing of cases. Registry staff wield significant discretionary power over case listings. Defiance of Supreme Court Orders: Increasing disregard for judicial directives threatens institutional integrity. Procedural Gaps: Mandatory hearings for all applications, even when unnecessary, contribute to delays. Limited adoption of alternative dispute resolution methods further strains the system. Recommendations for Reform: Enhance Institutional Capacity: Introduce specialised benches for different case types, e.g., insolvency, mergers, and amalgamations. Appoint members with relevant domain expertise alongside judicial experience. Streamline Procedures: Reduce mandatory hearings for routine applications. Adopt procedural innovations such as pre-litigation mediation for insolvency cases. Infrastructure and Staffing Improvements: Ensure adequate courtrooms and permanent support staff for tribunals. Invest in training programs for tribunal members and registry staff. Strengthen Accountability: Implement mechanisms to monitor adherence to Supreme Court orders and prescribed timelines. Reduce discretionary powers of registry staff to improve transparency in case management. Broader Perspective on Insolvency Resolution: Move beyond debt recovery to focus on economic rejuvenation and attracting foreign investment. Encourage out-of-court settlements to reduce the burden on tribunals. The Jet Airways Case: Key Lessons Highlighted institutional inefficiencies and procedural bottlenecks in insolvency resolution. Reinforced the need for adherence to strict timelines and domain expertise in handling cases

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 20 January 2025

Content Landfill Continues to Haunt Ghazipur Residents Amid Struggle for Basic Amenities Hardship of Harvesting Sweetness Is Wearing Down the Date Palm Jaggery Makers of Bengal What the Ceasefire Deal Means for Palestine and Israel How Is TRAI and the Government Combating Spam? What Did the ILO Report State About International Migrants? Nine Navies Hold Joint Drills in Strategic Straits Between Indian Ocean and the Pacific Landfill continues to haunt Ghazipur residents amid struggle for basic amenities Context :Residents’ Desperation for Change: Ghazipur landfill site, located on the Delhi-U.P. border, remains a major issue for local residents. Despite official claims of landfill size reduction, residents remain skeptical and see little improvement in their daily lives. A pungent odor persists, which residents have become desensitized to, highlighting the extent of the problem. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ), GS 3(Environment) Longstanding Problem: The landfill, spanning 70+ acres, has been operational since 1984 and is one of Delhi’s largest waste disposal sites. Situated near residential colonies, farms, and slaughterhouses, the site’s proximity to landmarks like Qutab Minar intensifies the environmental and social concerns. The lack of basic amenities—such as regular tap water supply and affordable electricity—adds to the residents’ struggles. Infrastructural Challenges: Water and electricity supply is a significant concern. Residents rely on water tankers arriving only every third day, and high electricity costs exacerbate their challenges. The area’s poor infrastructure also contributes to the residents feeling neglected and isolated. Environmental Health Risks: Fires at the landfill, especially during summer and monsoon seasons, release toxic gases, worsening the living conditions for nearby residents. The environmental impact, including air pollution and health risks from prolonged exposure to hazardous substances, is a significant issue. Hardship of harvesting sweetness is wearing down the date palm jaggery makers of Bengal Context: Date palm jaggery-making, a centuries-old tradition in West Bengal’s Sundarbans, Jaynagar, and Belpahari, is under threat due to urbanization, deforestation, and climate change. Families like Maniruddin Banshi’s rely on gathering date palm sap during winter to produce jaggery (nolen gur) for growing market demand. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture) Challenges: Changing Work Conditions: Labor-intensive process requiring early mornings and precarious conditions. Workers face hazards like wildlife encounters, sharp tools, and extreme weather. Declining Interest in Youth: Harsh work and low financial returns deter younger generations. Experienced harvesters lament the lack of successors to preserve the craft. Environmental Pressures: Urbanization and deforestation reduce date palm tree populations. Rising temperatures lower sap quality, while over-tapping damages trees. Quality and Adulteration: Increased demand leads to compromised quality with added sugar and adulteration. Moa makers observe a decline in authentic nolen gur production. Failed Initiatives: A 2021 initiative to plant 2,000 date palm trees failed due to poor techniques. Efforts to promote sustainable practices lack systemic implementation. Cultural and Economic Implications: Nolen gur production is vital to West Bengal’s heritage, with Jaynagar’s moa as a symbol of cultural pride. Scholars emphasize collectivizing sap collectors and researching climate impacts to conserve the tradition. What the ceasefire deal means for Palestine and Israel Context of Ceasefire: The ceasefire comes after more than a year of intense conflict between Israel and Hamas. It marks a significant shift in the ongoing humanitarian crisis, with key aspects focused on hostages, aid, and reconstruction. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) Hostage Release: The ceasefire process includes the freeing of hostages from both sides. As of January 15, 2025, approximately 98 hostages remain, down from 251 captured on October 7, 2023. A limited number of hostages are confirmed to be alive, underscoring the grave humanitarian toll. Humanitarian Crisis: Gaza’s food supply and overall humanitarian conditions have worsened significantly post-October 7, 2023, when the Hamas attack occurred. Humanitarian aid deliveries plummeted from 500–600 trucks per day to a much smaller number, leading to extreme shortages. Integrated Food Security Phase Classification data show that 85% of Gaza’s population is in ‘crisis,’ ‘emergency,’ or ‘catastrophic’ food insecurity since December 2023. Destruction of Infrastructure: According to UNOSAT data (as of December 1, 2024), approximately 69% of Gaza’s structures were damaged. A total of 60,368 structures were completely destroyed, with additional severe and moderate damage to tens of thousands of others. Northern Gaza and Rafah governorates saw the highest increase in damage, with major areas like Jabalya heavily impacted. Reconstruction Efforts: The ceasefire is expected to trigger large-scale rebuilding efforts in Gaza, which has been left devastated by the war. The reconstruction is intended to address the massive destruction of homes, infrastructure, and essential services. Humanitarian aid and materials will be prioritized for the reconstruction phase, but logistical challenges remain due to ongoing damage to roads and the limited entry of aid. Geopolitical Implications: The ceasefire could be a step toward stabilizing the region, although past agreements have often been short-lived. The involvement of international players in ensuring aid and overseeing reconstruction will be critical. The dynamics of the conflict, particularly the involvement of external powers, remain complex, with global responses ranging from support for Israel’s security concerns to calls for humanitarian relief for Palestinians. Challenges and Outlook: Humanitarian Assistance: Ensuring consistent aid flow and addressing critical food and medical shortages will remain a challenge. Reconstruction and Governance: The effectiveness of Gaza’s reconstruction will depend on both local governance and international support. The local leadership structure, with Hamas at the helm, complicates the process. Long-term Peace Prospects: The ceasefire is fragile and its success depends on maintaining a balance between humanitarian relief, security concerns, and future peace negotiations. How is TRAI and the govt. combating spam? TRAI’s Role in Combatting Spam: TRAI regulates Unsolicited Commercial Communications (UCC), commonly referred to as spam. Introduced the Do-Not-Disturb (DND) registry in 2007 to block unwanted calls and messages from telemarketers. Developed a DND app for users to register their preferences and report violations. Under the Telecom Commercial Communication Customer Preference Regulation (TCCCPR), 2018, repeated violations by telemarketers result in blacklisting. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Blockchain Technology in Fighting Spam: In 2024, TRAI mandated the use of blockchain (distributed ledger) to store a real-time, updated list of approved SMS senders. Blockchain ensures immutability, preventing tampering and ensuring traceability of messages sent from registered senders. A significant rule mandates the use of sender IDs (instead of phone numbers) for commercial messages. This approach makes it harder for spammers to bypass regulations, ensuring transparency and accountability in commercial messaging. Blockchain technology improves tracking by maintaining a tamper-proof record of who issued a message before it is sent. Effectiveness of Current Measures: For DND Users: Registered DND users experience reduced spam from legitimate businesses adhering to regulations. Challenges with Evolving Spam Tactics: Spam tactics are continually evolving, with fraudsters often using disposable 10-digit phone numbers or international VoIP numbers to evade detection. Fraudulent calls, particularly those related to cyber scams, have increased due to the rise of digitalization and online scams. Spam calls originating from international numbers further complicate enforcement. Limitations: While spam from legitimate businesses is reduced, fraudulent and scam calls are more difficult to control in real-time. Government Measures to Combat Spam: Sanchar Saathi Portal: A portal by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) for reporting fraudulent calls and messages. Partners with law enforcement, banks, and other entities to track and cancel numbers associated with unauthorized telemarketing or scams. Telecom Security Operation Centre: Monitors suspicious internet traffic in real-time to identify and block fraudulent activities. Artificial Intelligence (AI) by Telecom Companies: Telecom companies like Airtel use AI to label suspicious calls as “Suspected Spam,” helping users identify potential threats. Other telcos are adopting similar AI-driven methods. Suspicious International Calls: Telcos are now labeling international calls on smartphones, aiding in distinguishing between legitimate and fraudulent international traffic. Do-Not-Disturb (DND) Registry: A service that allows telecom customers to opt out of unsolicited commercial communications by registering their preference to block spam. Messages and calls from telemarketers to registered users are prohibited under the TRAI guidelines. What did the ILO report state about international migrants? Global Presence of International Migrants (IMs) in 2022 IMs accounted for 4.7% of the global labour force in 2022, equating to 167.7 million workers. This marks a 30 million increase from 2013. The total number of IMs consists of 155.6 million employed and 12.1 million unemployed but available for work. Growth rate of IMs slowed to less than 1% annually from 2019 to 2022, influenced by the pandemic and related economic disruptions. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Age and Gender Distribution Male IMs constituted 61.3% of total international migrant workers employed. Female IMs were 38.7% employed, despite representing 64.9 million in the overall migrant population. The gender gap exists due to lower female representation in the overall migrant population, even though the number of female IMs has steadily increased since 2015. Prime-age workers (aged 25-54) made up 74.9% of IMs, with the majority employed in this age range. Youth workers (aged 15-24) represented 9.3% of IMs, while older workers (55-64) were 12.5%, and senior workers (65 and above) were 3.4%. Sectoral Distribution of IMs Services sector: Largest proportion of IMs employed, comprising 68.4% of the total migrant workforce. Female IMs dominated this sector, with 80.7% of them working in services, compared to 60.8% of male IMs. Non-migrant women and men in the services sector were at 59.4% and 46.3%, respectively. Industry sector: 24.3% of IMs were in industry, with a similar share of 24.2% for non-migrants. Agriculture sector: Only 7.4% of IMs worked in agriculture, compared to a much higher proportion of 24.3% for non-migrants. Factors Behind Higher Male Migration Economic and social factors: Cultural norms, greater demand for low-skill manual labor, and economic opportunities in sectors like construction, manufacturing, and care work tend to attract more male migrants. Gender-specific roles: Women face more barriers, including social restrictions, lower access to work visas, and fewer opportunities in sectors typically dominated by migrants, such as construction. Top Host Countries for IMWs High-income countries remain the largest hosts of international migrants, absorbing 68.4% (114 million) of the global migrant workforce, especially in services sectors like healthcare, elder care, and education. Upper-middle-income countries hosted 17.4% (29.2 million) of IMs. Regional distribution: Northern, Southern, and Western Europe: 23.3% of IMs, with only a slight increase in share since 2013. North America: IMs made up 22.6% of the labour force, though this is declining slightly, with a 1% decrease over the last decade. Arab States: Accounted for 13.3%, which saw a 3% decline since 2013. Key Drivers of IM Growth Ageing populations in high-income countries are prompting a growing demand for workers, particularly in caregiving sectors. The care economy (elder care, healthcare, and child care) is a significant factor attracting migrant workers, especially women. Economic opportunities in host countries, combined with demand for skilled and low-wage labor, continue to make high-income nations attractive for international migration. Nine Navies hold joint drills in strategic straits between Indian Ocean and the Pacific Exercise Overview: The La Perouse multilateral naval exercise is being hosted by France in the strategic straits of Malacca, Sunda, and Lombok, crucial maritime chokepoints between the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. Participating countries: Australia, Canada, France, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the U.K., and the U.S. The exercise is scheduled from January 16 to 24, with the French Carrier Strike Group, led by the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle, at the helm. India has deployed its guided-missile destroyer INS Mumbai for the exercise. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Strategic Importance of the Straits: The straits — Malacca, Sunda, and Lombok — serve as vital maritime gateways for global trade, particularly between the Indian Ocean and Pacific. These straits are key chokepoints, providing access to the Indian Ocean region, making them essential for global maritime security. Increasing presence of the Chinese Navy in the region has elevated the importance of these routes for both trade and military operations. Maritime Safety and Security Focus: The core objective of the exercise is to enhance maritime safety and develop interoperability among the navies involved. The exercise aims to improve the ability of participating navies to operate collectively during maritime crises, ensuring swift and coordinated responses. The exercise includes training on handling human-induced risks like maritime accidents, environmental hazards, illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes and tsunamis). IORIS Communication and Coordination System: One of the significant advancements in the exercise is the use of IORIS (Indian Ocean Regional Information Sharing System), a communication and coordination platform. IORIS enables real-time information exchange and collaborative crisis management, ensuring effective coordination in the face of maritime security challenges. The integration of IORIS enhances the interoperability of the participating navies, allowing them to respond in a synchronized manner during a maritime crisis. Geopolitical Implications: The exercise is a clear demonstration of strengthened maritime partnerships and growing naval cooperation among the Indo-Pacific nations. It underscores the strategic importance of the Indo-Pacific region and highlights the collective security measures against rising security challenges, particularly from the expanding Chinese maritime presence. The cooperation between these nine nations signals a united stance on maritime security in the region, especially in protecting vital global maritime routes. Environmental and Security Risks: The region is exposed to various environmental and security risks, including maritime accidents, environmental hazards, and natural calamities. The exercise is designed to enhance the collective ability to mitigate such risks, ensuring the protection of these vital straits, which are heavily trafficked by both commercial vessels and military ships.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 18 January 2025

Content: Exponential Growth in Digital Transactions Ayurveda provide new hope for Alzheimer’s Disease Exponential Growth in Digital Transactions Context: India’s exponential growth in digital transactions reflects the nation’s transformative journey toward a cashless economy. Spearheaded by platforms like UPI, IMPS, and NETC FASTag, this digital revolution is an embodiment of financial inclusion and efficiency. Relevance : GS 3(Economy ) Unified Payments Interface (UPI) UPI integrates multiple bank accounts into a single app, enabling seamless fund transfers, merchant payments, and more. Growth Statistics: Transactions in December 2024: 16.73 billion (value: ₹23.25 lakh crore). Yearly Increase (2024): 172 billion transactions (+46% from 2023). Significance: Facilitates secure, instant payments. Empowers small businesses and rural merchants, fostering financial inclusivity. Reduced dependency on cash transactions, aligning with government goals like Digital India. Immediate Payment Service (IMPS) IMPS, operational since 2010, offers 24×7 real-time fund transfers. Accessible via mobile, ATM, internet, and SMS, it caters to both businesses and individuals. Growth Statistics: December 2024: 441 million transactions (value: ₹6.01 lakh crore). November 2024: 407.92 million transactions (value: ₹5.58 lakh crore). Significance: Critical for instant payments across sectors. Supports micro and macroeconomic financial activities. NETC FASTag A cashless toll collection mechanism linked to bank accounts, saving time and fuel at national highways. Growth Statistics: Transactions in December 2024: 381.98 million (value: ₹6,642 crore). November 2024: 358.84 million transactions (value: ₹6,070 crore). Significance: Improves highway infrastructure efficiency. Encourages digital adoption in traditionally cash-heavy sectors Drivers of Growth Policy Push: Initiatives like Digital India and demonetization have catalyzed digital adoption. Introduction of robust financial infrastructures by NPCI. Technological Advancements: Mobile penetration and improved internet connectivity. Simplified user interfaces of digital payment apps. Behavioral Shifts: Increased trust in secure, digital transactions. Growth in rural digital literacy and banking access. Challenges to Address Cybersecurity Concerns: Growing digital adoption increases vulnerability to fraud and cybercrimes. Digital Divide: Access disparities in rural and underdeveloped areas. Infrastructure Gaps: Need for reliable internet and digital literacy in remote regions. Future Outlook Enhanced Digital Ecosystem: Expansion of digital payment platforms and innovations in fintech. Increased Adoption: Government initiatives to incentivize digital transactions and address the digital divide. Global Leadership: India’s success can serve as a model for other nations aiming to transition toward a cashless economy. Ayurveda provide new hope for Alzheimer’s Disease Context : The integration of Ayurveda with modern science helping to develop innovative treatments for Alzheimer’s and neurodegenerative diseases. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Focus: The study targets Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Dementia, and related neurodegenerative diseases. It explores the role of amyloid proteins/peptides in the progression of these diseases. Innovative Approaches: Chemically Synthesized Peptides:Designed to combat amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation.Demonstrated effectiveness in inhibiting and disaggregating amyloid proteins. Ayurvedic Remedy (Lasunadya Ghrita – LG):Repurposed from traditional Ayurveda for treating amyloid beta 40/42 aggregation.Previously effective in addressing depression-related mental illnesses. Ayurvedic Contributions (LGWE) Important Findings: LG’s water extract (LGWE) disrupts amyloid fibrillation at multiple stages: Initial Stages: Inhibits oligomer formation. Elongation Phase: Disrupts fibrillation process. Demonstrates superior efficacy compared to chemically designed peptides: Breaks amyloid aggregates into smaller, non-toxic, and degradable molecules. Potential Impacts Hope for Alzheimer’s Patients: Promises better management of neurodegenerative diseases. Offers a complementary approach to existing treatments. Strengthening Ayurveda’s Relevance: Highlights the potential of traditional remedies in addressing complex medical challenges. Encourages integrating modern science with traditional knowledge for innovative solutions. Future Implications: May inspire further research into natural remedies for neurodegenerative disorders. Opens avenues for safer, more affordable treatment options. Challenges and Recommendations Challenges: Need for large-scale clinical trials to validate findings. Potential standardization issues in preparing Ayurvedic formulations. Recommendations: Promote interdisciplinary research combining modern science and traditional medicine. Strengthen regulatory frameworks for the integration of Ayurveda in modern healthcare.