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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 06 July 2024

CONTENTS Focus on Fiscal Decentralisation and Urban Financial Sustainability by the 16th Finance Commission Cauvery River Successful Conclusion of Global INDIAai Summit and IMF’s AI Preparedness Index Launch Revival Hopes for Gharials in Kaziranga National Park Common Grass Yellow Palm Trees  Focus on Fiscal Decentralisation and Urban Financial Sustainability by the 16th Finance Commission Context: Recent developments surrounding the 16th Finance Commission (FC) in India underscore crucial issues related to fiscal decentralisation, especially concerning urban areas and their financial sustainability within the federal structure. Additionally, the World Bank has estimated a need for USD 840 billion for basic urban infrastructure over the next decade. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Financial Sustainability Issues with Urban Areas in India Major Terms of Reference for the 16th Finance Commission Steps Needed for Better Urban Finance Financial Sustainability Issues with Urban Areas in India: Significance of Urban Areas: India’s urban areas contribute 66% of the country’s GDP and about 90% of total government revenues, yet they face significant infrastructure and financial challenges. Inadequate Fiscal Support: Intergovernmental transfers (IGTs) to cities constitute only 0.5% of GDP, impacting their ability to provide essential services and maintain infrastructure. Comparison with Other Nations: Compared to other developing nations, India allocates significantly lower funds to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). For example, South Africa allocates 2.6%, Mexico 1.6%, the Philippines 2.5%, and Brazil 5.1% of their GDPs to their cities. Impact of GST: The introduction of GST has reduced ULBs’ own tax revenues, exacerbating financial challenges in urban areas. Revenue Decline and Expenditure Rise: An RBI survey (2020-21) of 221 municipal corporations revealed that over 70% experienced revenue declines, while expenditures rose sharply by 71.2%. Property Tax Issues: As per OECD, India has the world’s lowest property tax collection rate (property tax to GDP ratio), limiting municipal corporation revenues. Impact of GST on Revenue Streams: GST abolished octroi, which previously contributed significantly (about 55% of total revenue expenditure) to urban local bodies’ revenues, leading to a decline in tax revenues. Other Issues: Data Challenges: Outdated census data (last updated in 2011) hampers accurate assessment of urban population needs, crucial for fiscal planning and addressing urbanization trends. Parallel Agencies and Schemes: MP/MLA Local Area Development Funds undermine local government autonomy, complicating urban governance and service delivery. Pandemic Response and Governance: During the pandemic, municipal corporations were excluded from disaster mitigation decision-making at national, state, and district levels, impacting effective urban governance. Policy Paradigm and Local Government Autonomy: The traditional approach treating local governments as extensions of state governments persists, limiting local autonomy and effective service delivery. Infrastructure and Human Resource Deficits: Some urban local governments lack basic infrastructure and human resources, exacerbated by irregular elections in some states, impacting service delivery and governance effectiveness. Major Terms of Reference for the 16th Finance Commission: Constitutional Mandate: Established under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution to recommend the distribution of financial resources between the central government and state governments. Tax Distribution: Recommending the distribution of taxes between the Union Government and the States, including the allocation of shares among the States from tax proceeds. Grants-in-Aid: Establishing principles governing grants-in-aid to States from the Consolidated Fund of India, determining amounts under Article 275 of the Constitution. Enhancing State Funds: Identifying measures to enhance the Consolidated Fund of a State to supplement resources available to Panchayats and Municipalities based on State Finance Commission recommendations. Disaster Management Financing: Reviewing financing structures related to Disaster Management initiatives, including funds under the Disaster Management Act, 2005, and recommending improvements. Steps Needed for Better Urban Finance: Property Tax Augmentation: Implementing Geographical Information System (GIS) and digitization for better property tax administration, as recommended by previous Finance Commissions. Levy of Vacant Land Tax: Empowering municipalities to levy vacant land tax to optimize revenue sources. Digital Transformation: Adopting digital platforms for property tax assessment, e-filing, and online payments to enhance transparency and collection efficiency. User Charges for Services: Introducing user charges for specific services like parking, waste collection for bulk generators, and recreation facilities, ensuring fees reflect service costs. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Monetizing underutilized properties through PPPs to develop commercial spaces, markets, or parking lots, generating rental income and economic activity. Support for Local Economy: Streamlining business licenses, offering tax incentives for startups, and fostering innovation hubs to boost local economic activity and tax revenues. Social Stock Exchange (SSE): Exploring the creation of an SSE or partnering with existing SSEs to attract investment towards social enterprises addressing local social needs. Land Value Capture: Implementing mechanisms to capture increased land values resulting from public infrastructure projects to fund future developments, as exemplified by cities like Hong Kong. -Source: The Hindu Cauvery River Context: The Karnataka state government has established a nine-member committee to investigate the contamination of the Cauvery River. Relevance: GS-II: Polity and Governance (Intra-State Relations, Functions & responsibilities of the Union and the States, Issues and challenges of federal structure) Dimensions of the Article: About the Cauvery River Cauvery Water Management Authority (CWMA) Cauvery Water Regulation Committee (CWRC) About the Cauvery River The Cauvery River (Kaveri), designated as the ‘Dakshina Ganga’ or ‘the Ganga of the South’, flows in a southeasterly direction through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and descends the Eastern Ghats in a series of great falls. Before emptying into the Bay of Bengal south of Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu the river breaks into a large number of distributaries forming a wide delta called the “Garden of Southern India” The Cauvery basin extends over states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, and Union Territory of Puducherry draining an area of 81 thousand Sq.km. It is bounded by the Western Ghats on the west, by the Eastern Ghats on the east and the south, and by the ridges separating it from the Krishna basin and Pennar basin on the north. The Nilgiris, an offshore of Western ghats, extend Eastwards to the Eastern ghats and divide the basin into two natural and political regions i.e., Karnataka plateau in the North and the Tamil Nadu plateau in the South. Physiographically, the basin can be divided into three parts – the Westen Ghats, the Plateau of Mysore, and the Delta. The delta area is the most fertile tract in the basin. The principal soil types found in the basin are black soils, red soils, laterites, alluvial soils, forest soils, and mixed soils. Red soils occupy large areas in the basin. Alluvial soils are found in the delta areas. It is almost a perennial river with comparatively fewer fluctuations in flow and is very useful for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation because its upper catchment area receives rainfall during summer by the south-west monsoon and the lower catchment area during the winter season by the retreating north-east monsoon. Harangi, Hemavati, Shimsha, and Arkavati are the tributaries on the left bank (north) and Lakshmantirtha, Kabbani, Suvarnavati, Bhavani, Noyil, and Amaravati are the tributaries on the right bank (south). Cauvery Water Management Authority (CWMA) CWMA has been created as per the Cauvery Management Scheme framed by Centre and approved by Supreme Court. The Cauvery Management Scheme deals with release of water from Karnataka to Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Puducherry. It will be implemented by Cauvery Management Authority (CMA). CMA will be sole body to implement CWDT award as modified by Supreme Court. The Central Government will have no say in implementing of the scheme except for issuing administrative advisories to it. The authority will comprise a chairman, a secretary and eight members. Out of the eight members, two will be full time, while two will be part time members from centre’s side. Rest four will be part time members from states. The main mandate of the CMA will be to secure implementation and compliance of the Supreme Court’s order in relation to “storage, apportionment, regulation and control of Cauvery waters”. CMA will also advise the states to take suitable measures to improve water use efficiency. It will do so by promoting use of micro-irrigation, change in cropping patterns, improved farm practices and development of command areas. The CMA will also prepare an annual report covering its activities during the preceding year. Cauvery Water Regulation Committee (CWRC) The Central government constituted the Cauvery Water Regulation Committee (CWRC) as per the provisions in the Kaveri Management Scheme laid down by the Supreme Court. While the CWMA is an umbrella body, the CWRC will monitor water management on a day-to-day basis, including the water level and inflow and outflow of reservoirs in all the basin states. -Source: The Hindu Successful Conclusion of Global INDIAai Summit and IMF’s AI Preparedness Index Launch Context: The Global INDIAai Summit, held at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi, successfully concluded, bringing together experts, policymakers, and enthusiasts to discuss the future of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in India and globally. In another development, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) launched an Artificial Intelligence Preparedness Index (AIPI) Dashboard, tracking the AI readiness of 174 economies worldwide. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights and Outcomes of the Summit Artificial Intelligence Preparedness Index (AIPI) Key Highlights and Outcomes of the Summit: India’s Leadership in AI Accessibility: India showcased its commitment to making AI accessible to all, irrespective of socio-economic backgrounds. Emphasized India’s unique approach to shaping AI discourse to meet both domestic needs and global leadership aspirations. Platform for Global South’s AI Aspirations: Provided a platform for Global South countries to express AI-related concerns and aspirations. Acknowledged India’s pivotal role in bridging the AI gap between Global North and South. INDIAai Mission’s Commitment: Demonstrated India’s dedication to fostering an inclusive AI ecosystem through the INDIAai Mission. Focused on core areas like compute capacity, foundational models, datasets, application development, and skills enhancement. Global Partnerships and Collaborations: Established the Collaborative AI on Global Partnership (CAIGP) to unite GPAI members and AI experts. India’s leadership as GPAI’s Lead Chair in 2024 emphasized discussions on trustworthy AI and global AI governance. Support for Indian Startups: Allocated Rs. 2,000 crore from the INDIAai Mission to support indigenous AI startups. Discussed plans for subsidizing GPU infrastructure to enhance AI development capabilities among startups. AI Applications in National Priorities: Explored AI applications in India’s AgriStack, data-driven credit distribution, and agricultural decision-making. Addressed legal frameworks, dataset management, and AI integration in government services to improve efficiency and citizen services. Commitment to Responsible AI Development: Reaffirmed commitment to human-centric AI development, focusing on transparency, fairness, and ethical AI practices. Upheld OECD and UNESCO recommendations on AI ethics and governance. Artificial Intelligence Preparedness Index (AIPI): Evaluation Criteria: AIPI assesses countries based on digital infrastructure, human capital, labor policies, innovation capacity, integration readiness, and regulatory frameworks. Country Categorization: Categorizes countries into Advanced Economies (AE), Emerging Market Economies (EM), and Low-Income Countries (LIC) based on AI readiness. Top Performers: Countries with advanced digital infrastructure like Singapore, Denmark, and the United States score highest on the index. India’s Position: Ranked 72nd with a score of 0.49, categorized as an Emerging Market Economy (EM). Shows relative strength among its regional peers but trails behind leaders like China in AI preparedness. -Source: Indian Express, The Hindu, PIB Revival Hopes for Gharials in Kaziranga National Park Context: A lone female gharial in Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve, Assam, has sparked hopes for the species’ revival in the Brahmaputra River System (BRS). Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: About Gharials Kaziranga National Park About Gharials: Description: Gharials, also known as gavials, are a type of Asian crocodilian characterized by their long, thin snouts. Crocodilians in India: India hosts three species of crocodilians: Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus): Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris): Vulnerable. Saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus): Least Concern globally, but populations outside India are listed under Appendix II of CITES. Legal Protection: All three species are listed on Appendix I of CITES and Schedule I of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, providing them with the highest level of legal protection. Habitat of Gharials: Natural Habitat: Freshwaters in northern India. Primary Habitat: Chambal River (a tributary of Yamuna). Secondary Habitats: Ghagra, Gandak River, Girwa River (Uttar Pradesh), Ramganga River (Uttarakhand), and Sone River (Bihar). Significance: Population of gharials serves as an indicator of clean river water quality due to their sensitivity to pollution. Threats: Environmental Threats: Increased river pollution, dam construction, and large-scale fishing operations. Illegal Activities: Illegal sand mining and poaching pose significant threats to gharial populations. Kaziranga National Park Kaziranga National Park is a national park in the Golaghat, Karbi Anglong and Nagaon districts of the state of Assam. It is a World Heritage Site and hosts two-thirds of the world’s great one-horned rhinoceroses. Kaziranga is recognized as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International for conservation of avifaunal species. Along with the iconic Greater one-horned rhinoceros, the park is the breeding ground of elephants, wild water buffalo, and swamp deer. Over the time, the tiger population has also increased in Kaziranga, and that’s the reason why Kaziranga was declared as Tiger Reserve in 2006. Due to the difference in altitude between the eastern and western areas of the park, here one can see mainly four types of vegetation’ like alluvial inundated grasslands, alluvial savanna woodlands, tropical moist mixed deciduous forests, and tropical semi-evergreen forests. Kaziranga is a vast expanse of tall elephant grass, marshland, and dense tropical moist broadleaf forests, criss-crossed by four major rivers, including the Brahmaputra, and the park includes numerous small bodies of water. Kaziranga has flat expanses of fertile, alluvial soil, formed by erosion and silt deposition by the River Brahmaputra. The history of Kaziranga as a protected area can be traced back to 1904 when the wife of the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon visited the area and persuaded to take measures to protect rhinoceros in the area. -Source: The Hindu Common Grass Yellow Context: For the first time, a large-scale migration of Common Grass Yellow was observed during the three-day butterfly survey which concluded at the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (MTR) recently. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology About Common Grass Yellow Butterfly Distribution and Range: It is a small butterfly species found across Asia, North America, Africa, and Australia. Scientific Name: Eurema hecabe Habitat: Prefers open grassy or bushy terrain where it flies quickly near the ground. Physical Features: Vibrant yellow wings ranging from sulfur to lemon yellow, exhibiting ‘seasonal polyphenism.’ Forewings with broad, irregular black outer markings; underside with various black marks and yellow centers. Often observed in large groups; females typically forage alone for nectar from diverse plant species. Exhibits migratory behavior, with significant migrations observed across Africa and much of Asia south of the Himalayas. Conservation Status: IUCN Red List: Least Concern Not legally protected in India under any schedules of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Mudumalai Tiger Reserve Situated in the Nilgiris District of Tamil Nadu, the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve spans 321 sq. km. It occupies a unique location at the confluence of three states: Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. Nestled on the Northeastern and Northwestern slopes of Nilgiri hills, it is a significant part of the Western Ghats. It is an integral component of the Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, the first of its kind in India. Adjacent to Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (Kerala) in the West, Bandipur Tiger Reserve (Karnataka) in the North, and sharing boundaries with Nilgiris North Division and Gudalur Forest Division in the South and South West. Terrain: The landscape features undulating terrain, with elevations varying from 960m to 1266m. Habitat: Mudumalai Tiger Reserve encompasses diverse habitats, including tropical evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, moist teak forests, dry teak forests, secondary grasslands, and swamps. Flora: The reserve is characterized by the presence of tall grasses, commonly known as “Elephant Grass,” along with towering bamboo varieties and valuable timber species such as Teak and Rosewood. Notably, the reserve is home to wild relatives of cultivated plants like wild rice, ginger, turmeric, and cinnamon. Fauna: The wildlife at Mudumalai Tiger Reserve is rich and varied, including majestic creatures like Tigers, Elephants, Indian Gaurs, Panthers, Sambar Deer, Spotted Deer, Barking Deer, Mouse Deer, Common Langurs, Malabar Giant Squirrels, and Mongooses, among others. The reserve’s fauna diversity is a testament to the vitality of the ecosystem. Film Connection: The reserve gained global attention due to the Oscar-winning documentary “Elephant Whisperers,” which was filmed within its premises at the Theppakadu Elephant Camp. This camp serves as a focal point for various conservation efforts and interactions with elephants. Historical Significance: The name “Mudumalai” translates to “the ancient hill range,” underscoring its geological antiquity dating back around 65 million years when the Western Ghats took shape. -Source: Indian Express Palm Trees Context: Odisha has restricted the cutting of existing palm trees and plans to plant around 1.9 million such trees to reduce casualties from lightning strikes. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology About Palm Trees: Definition and Classification: Palms belong to the family Arecaceae (Palmae), a single family of monocotyledonous flowering plants within the order Arecales. They encompass a diverse range of species including shrubs, trees, and long, woody vines known as lianas. Distribution: Palms have major centers of distribution in America and Asia, extending from India to Japan and southwards to Australia and the islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Africa and Madagascar also host palm species, though to a lesser extent. Physical Characteristics: Palms are characterized by tall, usually unbranched stems, although some species like Hyphaene exhibit dichotomous branching. The stems maintain a consistent diameter from base to apex. At the top, palms bear a rosette of leathery leaves, which can be palmate (shaped like hands) or pinnate (feather-like). Conservation Status: Despite their sturdiness, around 100 palm species are endangered due to deforestation and unsustainable cultivation practices. Harvesting practices for products like heart of palm, which cannot regrow, contribute to their endangerment. Economic Importance: The most economically significant palm species include the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) and the African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). These palms are major sources of vegetable oils and fats, crucial in global commerce. Rare Palm Species: Hyophorbe amaricaulis: The rarest palm tree species, with only one remaining specimen known to exist. It resides at the Botanic Gardens of Curepipe in Mauritius, highlighting the critical conservation efforts needed for endangered palm species. -Source: Down To Earth

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 04 July 2024

CONTENTS National Medical Commission (NMC) Steel Slag National Medical Commission (NMC) Context: Dr. B.N. Gangadhar appointed as Chairperson of the National Medical Commission Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: About National Medical Commission (NMC) Functions and Responsibilities About National Medical Commission (NMC): The National Medical Commission (NMC) is a regulatory body responsible for overseeing medical education and profession in India. The NMC was established in 2019 under the National Medical Commission Act, replacing the erstwhile Medical Council of India (MCI). Composition: The NMC consists of a Chairperson, members, and ex-officio members appointed by the Central Government. The Chairperson and members include eminent medical professionals, academicians, and experts from various fields related to medical education and practice. Autonomous Boards: The NMC comprises autonomous boards responsible for specific areas such as undergraduate education, postgraduate education, medical assessment and rating, ethics and medical registration, and continuing professional development. Reforms and Objectives: The NMC was established to bring about significant reforms in the medical education sector, promote transparency, improve the quality of education, and ensure the availability of competent medical professionals. It aims to address challenges in medical education, bridge gaps, and align education with evolving healthcare needs. Functions and Responsibilities: Regulating Medical Education: The NMC sets standards, guidelines, and regulations for undergraduate and postgraduate medical education in India. Assessing Medical Institutions: It conducts inspections and assessments of medical colleges and institutions to ensure compliance with prescribed standards. Granting Recognition: The NMC grants recognition to medical qualifications and degrees obtained from Indian and foreign institutions. Promoting Ethical Practices: It establishes and enforces ethical standards and guidelines for medical professionals. Conducting Common Entrance Examinations: The NMC conducts a common entrance examination called the National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (NEET) for admission to undergraduate medical courses in India. Oversight and Quality Assurance: The NMC monitors the quality of medical education, training, and research to maintain high standards in the healthcare sector. Steel Slag Context: Recently, the member (Science) of Niti Aayog released the Guidelines for Utilization and Processing of Steel Slag as Processed Steel Slag Aggregates in Road Construction. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Steel Slag Industrial Byproduct: Obtained from the steel manufacturing industry as a byproduct. Production: Generated in large quantities during steel-making operations using electric arc furnaces or smelting iron ore in basic oxygen furnaces. Composition: Primarily consists of calcium, magnesium, manganese, aluminum silicates, and oxides in various combinations, formed during the cooling process. Applications of Steel Slag Environmental Remediation: Used as a barrier material in waste sites to prevent heavy metals from leaching into the environment. The high oxide mineral content of steel slag helps in precipitating heavy metals from water runoff. Water Treatment: Successfully employed to treat acidic water discharges from abandoned mines. Construction Industry: Can replace coarse aggregate in concrete due to its higher impact and crushing strength. Offers better anti-skid capacity compared to conventional aggregates.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 04 July 2024

CONTENTS How Is Methanol Procured and used as Liquor? A Progressive Indian Policy on Myanmar Outlined How Is Methanol Procured and used as Liquor? Context: The Kallakurichi illicit liquor tragedy , which has claimed more than 50 lives, follows a distressingly familiar pattern in its cause, sequence of events, and aftermath. Such incidents occur periodically across various Indian states. Postmortem reports almost universally attribute the cause of death to methanol consumption. Relevance: GS2- Health GS3- Science and Technology Mains Question: How is spurious alcohol produced in India? What are the various instances of spurious alcohol-related poisoning deaths in the country? (10 Marks, 150 Words). How are Ethanol and Methanol made? Ethanol, the legal form of alcohol for consumption, is produced biologically, whereas methanol is produced from fuels like coal in India. Molasses, a by-product of the sugar-making process, serve as the starting material for distilleries often located near sugar factories. These distilleries produce rectified spirit, which is further distilled to create extra neutral alcohol, used to make Indian Made Foreign Liquor, a significant revenue source for state governments. During ethanol production in regulated distilleries, methanol is also produced but carefully removed due to highly controlled processes. Methanol is derived from coal and other fossil fuels. While ethanol can be made safe for consumption, methanol is toxic and even in small amounts can be fatal. Despite its toxicity, methanol is essential for producing a range of useful products, such as paints, which cannot be made without it. Is Methanol Easy to Procure? Like ethanol, methanol is a highly controlled substance. Regulations in Tamil Nadu ensure that its manufacturing, transportation, and storage are all licensed, monitored, and audited for quantity and quality. In northern Tamil Nadu, much of the methanol used in industries comes from Andhra Pradesh. Reports indicate a profitable methanol pilferage racket operating both en route and at the end-user level. It is possible that methanol produced during the crude distillation process used by bootleggers in Kallakurichi wasn’t removed, leading to methanol poisoning. However, the widespread contamination and scale of the Kallakurichi tragedy suggest that methanol was likely procured and supplied separately, either as part of a brew or on its own in diluted form. Given that illicit liquor production and distribution have been ongoing in the area for many months, if not years, the use of methanol was not a one-off event specific to this tragic week in Kallakurichi. Why is Methanol used? Most hooch tragedies in India occur due to methanol contamination in liquor. There is a common, albeit misguided, belief that methanol, being relatively inexpensive but potent, if diluted enough, can mimic the effects of ordinary liquor, providing a state of intoxication or ‘kick’ for consumers. In the 2015 Malvani, Mumbai hooch tragedy, where over 100 people died and about 75 were injured, prosecutors argued that the accused had entered into a criminal conspiracy and deliberately procured and supplied poisonous methanol. The defense argued that the accused would not knowingly add methanol as it made no business sense and bootleggers, like those in Kallakurichi, live within the community and would not want to harm their own people. In this case, the additional sessions judge acquitted 10 of the 14 accused, convicting four of criminal conspiracy and culpable homicide not amounting to murder, but did not find anyone guilty of violating the Poisons Act of 1919. Way Forward: The recurring incidents of methanol poisoning highlight the need for robust central legislation that complements state laws. Strengthening laws such as the Poisons Act, which involves state governments, can help tighten the methanol supply chain. Effective implementation of these laws is crucial, especially given plans to increase the production of both ethanol and methanol as cost-effective, eco-friendly alternatives to petrol and diesel for transportation. Conclusion: The NITI Aayog has proposed increasing methanol production from two metric tonnes to twenty. Ensuring that methanol and ethanol remain separate and preventing any pilferage should be a national priority. A Progressive Indian Policy on Myanmar Outlined Context: Three years after overthrowing the elected civilian government in February 2021, Myanmar’s military continues to inflict violence and displacement on its people. Despite this, India has maintained formal relations with the regime, which has killed over 5,000 people and displaced approximately 2.5 million. Indian foreign policy experts argue that maintaining relations with the junta is necessary to protect India’s “interests” in Myanmar, rather than being driven by “values.” Relevance: GS2- India and its Neighbourhood Mains Question: New Delhi’s stance of defining its ‘interests’ in Myanmar in narrow strategic terms needs to change. Discuss this in the context of India’s approach towards the Myanmar junta in terms of bilateral ties. (15 Marks, 250 Words). Values v/s Interests: In foreign policy, the distinction between “values” and “interests” is often blurred, as their definitions are not fixed and depend on the country’s perspective. This is true for India’s policy towards Myanmar as well. Traditionally, New Delhi has viewed its “interests” in Myanmar in narrow strategic terms. However, it now needs to incorporate a unique set of “values” to better defend its interests. India can adopt a more progressive, values-driven policy towards Myanmar that aligns with its national interests. New Approach: This new approach should focus on two main aspects: democracy and human security. The new National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government should immediately take four interconnected steps to implement this policy. India as the Largest Federal Democracy: First, India should leverage its status as the largest federal democracy in the region to enhance its influence in Myanmar. Myanmar’s pro-democracy political elites and civil society have long admired India’s federal democratic union and its effective power-sharing arrangements between the central and regional governments. This admiration is even more pertinent now, as Myanmar’s democratic resistance—led by the National Unity Government (NUG), numerous ethnic revolutionary organizations, civil society groups, and trade unions—seeks to replace the military-drafted 2008 constitution with a federal one. By supporting this opposition through capacity-building and knowledge exchange programs, India can set itself apart from China, its main regional competitor in Myanmar. While both Beijing and New Delhi can supply military hardware to Myanmar, only India can promote the spirit of federal cooperation. This presents an opportunity for the new Indian government to outmaneuver China in their shared region. Cease Weapon Sales to Myanmar: Second, India must immediately cease all weapons sales to the Myanmar military. The advocacy group Justice For Myanmar (JFM) has reported that Indian state-owned military hardware manufacturers have sold various non-lethal and semi-lethal equipment to the junta since the 2021 coup. Their latest report, published on March 27, revealed that on January 2, the Indian Air Force transferred a package containing 52 items, including navigation and communication parts, to its Myanmar counterpart. Another investigation by Frontier Myanmar found that India has sold over $1.5 million worth of navy-grade diesel to junta-linked entities since the coup. New Delhi must halt these transactions, as the Myanmar military continues to use all three of its services—the army, air force, and navy—to attack non-combatant civilians with indiscriminate lethal tactics. Establish Cross-Border Humanitarian Corridors: Third, India should promptly establish cross-border humanitarian corridors to assist civilians affected by the conflict in the border regions of Sagaing, Chin, and northern Rakhine. According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), Sagaing Region has experienced the highest internal displacement in Myanmar since the coup (as of March 25, 2024), followed by Rakhine and Chin State. Ongoing air strikes by the junta and clashes between armed groups have forced more civilians to flee across the borders. New Delhi should first revoke its plans to fence the India-Myanmar border and reinstate the Free Movement Regime (FMR), which the Union Home Ministry suspended in February 2024. Next, India should collaborate with existing humanitarian aid networks along the border to deliver emergency relief, including medicines, food, and tarpaulins, to affected areas. Mizoram, which already has a robust asylum and aid system in place, could serve as a starting point. India should also partner with local and international NGOs experienced in humanitarian aid. Adopting best practices from Thailand, which recently began cross-border aid deliveries into Myanmar, would be beneficial. India should ensure that the aid is not distributed by the junta, which has a poor track record and lacks control over large areas along the India-Myanmar border. It is possible to run cross-border aid corridors effectively while preventing contraband from passing through by implementing stringent checks and pre-delivery vetting. Detention of Asylum Seekers: Fourth, the government should immediately stop detaining and deporting asylum seekers from Myanmar. This is especially critical in Manipur, where the BJP-led government has deported 115 asylum seekers to Myanmar, with the latest deportations occurring on June 11. These individuals entered India out of necessity, not by choice or with malicious intent. Despite India not having ratified the 1951 Refugee Convention, the government has a responsibility to treat these people as refugees in need of humanitarian assistance and protection, rather than as “illegal immigrants.” Both the Indian Constitution and international law support this approach. The principle of non-refoulement, a customary international law, discourages deporting refugees to a country where they face persecution or death. The central government should also urge the BJP-led Assam government to release the 27 Chin refugees currently detained in the state and provide them with humane shelter. Conclusion: India, often referred to as the “Vishwabandhu” (friend of the world), claims to stand with the people of Myanmar. It is time for India to act on these claims.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 04 July 2024

CONTENTS NITI Aayog Advocates for Facial Recognition Technology Regulation Rahul Gandhi Highlights Abhaya Mudra in First Speech as Opposition Leader FATF Evaluates India’s Efforts Against Financial Crimes IEEE Approves IIT Bombay’s Rural Broadband Network Architecture Central Consumer Protection Authority Xenophrys Apatani Saryu River  NITI Aayog Advocates for Facial Recognition Technology Regulation Context: Recently, NITI Aayog, India’s premier public policy think-tank, has urged for comprehensive policy and legal reforms to regulate the use of Facial Recognition Technology (FRT) in the country. This initiative is seen as a significant development in response to escalating concerns about privacy, transparency, and accountability. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Proposals to Regulate Facial Recognition Technology (FRT) in India Overview of Facial Recognition Technology Concerns Regarding the Use of Facial Recognition Technology (FRT) Way Forward Proposals to Regulate Facial Recognition Technology (FRT) in India Current Regulatory Gap There is currently no comprehensive legal framework regulating the use of Facial Recognition Technology (FRT) in India. Importance of Regulation FRT poses unique challenges due to its capability to capture and process sensitive biometric data remotely. Existing regulations do not sufficiently address these specific concerns. Objectives of Regulation Establish a governance framework to ensure responsible development and deployment of FRT in India. Mitigate risks such as privacy violations, algorithmic bias, and misuse of surveillance powers. Position India as a leader in global FRT governance, influencing international policies. Build public trust and promote widespread adoption of FRT across various sectors. Balance innovation in FRT with safeguards to protect individual rights and societal interests. Key Proposals Legal Framework Establishment Introduce laws that impose liability and define damages for FRT malfunctions or misuse. Creation of Ethical Oversight Form an independent committee with diverse expertise to oversee FRT implementation. Address issues of transparency, accountability, and algorithmic bias. Guidelines for Deployment Mandate clear and transparent guidelines on where and how FRT systems can be deployed. Inform the public about FRT usage in specific areas and ensure consent where necessary. Adherence to Legal Principles Ensure FRT systems comply with legal principles outlined by the Supreme Court in the Justice K. S. Puttaswamy (Retd) vs Union of India case. Uphold principles of legality, reasonability, and proportionality in security measures versus individual rights. Overview of Facial Recognition Technology Definition and Functionality FRT uses algorithms to create a digital map of facial features for identification against a database. Automated Facial Recognition System (AFRS) Utilizes databases of photos and videos to match and identify individuals. Operation Captures facial features via cameras and reconstructs them using software for various applications, including security and banking. Uses of Facial Recognition Technology Identity Authentication Matches facial maps against databases to authenticate individuals, e.g., for unlocking phones. Law Enforcement Identifies individuals from CCTV footage by comparing facial features against existing databases. Concerns Regarding the Use of Facial Recognition Technology (FRT) Misidentification Risks FRT can misidentify individuals, particularly across racial and gender demographics, leading to wrongful disqualification of legitimate candidates. Privacy and Surveillance Issues Widespread FRT deployment for surveillance and data collection can conflict with data privacy objectives, even with existing legal frameworks. Accuracy Disparities Studies indicate disparities in FRT accuracy based on race and gender, potentially excluding deserving candidates and perpetuating societal biases. Exclusion from Services Failures in biometric authentication systems like Aadhaar have resulted in individuals being excluded from essential government services. Lack of Data Protection Absence of comprehensive data protection laws leaves FRT systems vulnerable to misuse, lacking adequate safeguards for biometric data collection, storage, and use. Ethical Concerns Raises ethical questions about the balance between public safety and individual rights, potential misuse, erosion of anonymity, and risks of social control. Way Forward Establishing Legal Framework Introduce dedicated laws or regulations governing FRT use by public and private entities. Define lawful purposes, emphasize proportionality, and establish accountability. Independent Ethical Oversight Create independent committees to assess ethical implications, prescribe codes of practice, and ensure compliance with ethical standards in FRT deployments. Transparency and Disclosure Mandate public disclosure of FRT deployments by both government and private sectors. Align FRT governance with upcoming data protection laws for robust safeguards. Guidelines for Fair Use Develop clear guidelines promoting fair and non-discriminatory FRT applications, especially in critical contexts. International Engagement Actively engage in global discussions to shape international standards for FRT governance. Use India’s technological leadership to advocate responsible AI development worldwide. -Source: Indian Express Rahul Gandhi Highlights Abhaya Mudra in First Speech as Opposition Leader Context: In his inaugural speech as the Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha, Rahul Gandhi referenced the abhaya mudra, a gesture with a raised open palm symbolizing reassurance and freedom from fear. He highlighted that the abhaya mudra is a common motif in the depictions of Lord Shiva, Guru Nanak, and Jesus Christ, and is also significant in Islam, Buddhism, and Jainism. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Mudras in Buddhism Gesture of Fearlessness (Abhaya Mudra) Other Important Mudras in Buddhism Abhaya Mudra in Hindu Religion Mudras in Buddhism Definition and Origins Definition: In Buddhism, mudras refer to hand and arm gestures used during ritual practices or depicted in images of buddhas, bodhisattvas, and tantric deities. Origins: Initially, for about 500 years after the Buddha, his presence was symbolized by a vacant throne or a footprint rather than physical depictions. Evolution and Early Depictions Early Depictions: The first physical depictions of Buddharupa emerged around the turn of the first millennium, notably in Gandhara art influenced by Hellenistic styles and later in Gupta period art in the Gangetic plains. Early Mudras: Early buddha images featured key mudras such as the abhaya mudra, bhumisparsha mudra, dharmachakra mudra, and dhyana mudra. Expansion in Buddhist Iconography Mahayana and Vajrayana Influence: With the rise of Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism, hundreds of new mudras entered Buddhist iconography. Tantric Use: In tantric traditions, mudras evolved into dynamic ritual hand movements symbolizing offerings, worship forms, or relationships with deities. Gesture of Fearlessness (Abhaya Mudra) Description and Symbolism Description: Formed with the right palm outward at shoulder height, fingers pointing up; sometimes index finger touches thumb, other fingers extended upward. Double abhayamudra involves both hands. Symbolism: Associated with the Buddha post-Enlightenment, conveying security, serenity, and compassion. Mythological Significance: Represents the Buddha taming a mad elephant, demonstrating his ability to grant fearlessness to his followers. Narrative from Buddhist Legend Legend: Devadatta plotted harm against the Buddha using a wild elephant; Buddha calmed the elephant with the abhaya mudra, illustrating protection and refuge. Meaning: Also known as the “gesture of protection” or “gesture of granting refuge” in Buddhist tradition. Other Important Mudras in Buddhism Dharmachakra Mudra Association: Linked with Vairochana, the first Dhyani-Buddha in Tibetan tradition. Symbolism: Represents the Buddha’s first sermon at Sarnath, known as the turning of the Wheel of Dharma. Gesture: Thumb and index fingers of both hands touch to form a circle, symbolizing the union of method (index finger) and wisdom (thumb). Metaphysical Meaning: Represents the eternal cycle of teachings and the essence of Buddhist philosophy. Bhumisparsha Mudra Significance: Commemorates the Buddha’s enlightenment under the Bodhi tree. Literal Meaning: “Earth-touching mudra.” Association: Often linked with Akshobhya, a Dhyani-Buddha. Gesture: Depicted seated, right hand extended over the knee, touching the earth with all five fingers. Symbolism: Invokes the earth goddess as witness to the Buddha’s enlightenment and signifies the triumph over temptation and evil. Varada Mudra Association: Associated with Ratnasambhava, the third Dhyani-Buddha. Gesture: Known as the “boon-granting” mudra or dana mudra. Depiction: Shown in seated and standing postures, left hand extended downward with palm facing outward. Meaning: Symbolizes generosity, compassion, and the granting of wishes. Dhyana Mudra Meaning: “Meditation mudra” associated with Amitabha, the fourth Dhyani-Buddha. Gesture: Hands placed in the lap, right hand on top of the left, both palms facing upward. Position: Typically used in the seated padmasana (lotus) position. Symbolism: Represents concentration, balance, and the meditative state essential to achieving enlightenment. Abhaya Mudra in Hindu Religion Assimilation into Hindu Iconography Absorption of Buddha: Over time, Hindu depictions incorporated the abhaya mudra into images of deities. Buddha as Vishnu Avatar: In Hinduism, the Buddha was assimilated as the ninth avatar of Vishnu between AD 450 and the 6th century CE, as mentioned in the Vishnu Purana. Cultural Integration Historical Context: Reflects cultural exchanges between Buddhist and Hindu traditions in India, influencing religious and artistic practices. -Source: Indian Express FATF Evaluates India’s Efforts Against Financial Crimes Context: Recently, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) released a Mutual Evaluation Report (MER) on India, approved during their plenary session in Singapore. The report specifically assessed India’s efforts in combating money laundering (ML), terrorist financing (TF), and proliferation financing. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Highlights of the MER Report on India Significance of the MER Report on the Indian Economy Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Highlights of the MER Report on India Classification by FATF India classified into the ‘regular follow-up’ category along with Russia, France, Italy, and the UK. Required to submit progress report on recommended actions by October 2027. FATF Group Categories FATF categorizes member countries into regular follow-up, enhanced follow-up, grey list, and black list. Regular follow-up is the top category; only 5 G20 countries, including India, are in this category post-Mutual Evaluation Report. Compliance and Challenges India achieves strong results and high technical compliance. Must address delays in prosecutions related to money laundering and terrorist financing. Significance of the MER Report on the Indian Economy Boost to Financial System Positive FATF evaluation boosts confidence in India’s robust financial system. Strengthens initiatives like Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City) in attracting international financial institutions. Credit Ratings and Borrowing Costs Improved reputation could lead to better credit ratings, potentially lowering borrowing costs for Indian entities in global markets. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) A trustworthy financial system attracts more FDI, especially in sectors like fintech and e-commerce where financial integrity is crucial. Companies like Amazon and Walmart have made significant investments in India. Global Expansion of UPI Endorsement supports global expansion of India’s Unified Payments Interface (UPI). UPI operational in countries like Singapore and UAE, with plans for further international expansion. Boost to Fintech Sector Positive evaluation accelerates growth of India’s fintech sector. Companies like Paytm and PhonePe may find it easier to expand internationally, attracting more venture capital and fostering innovation in blockchain and digital currencies. Efficient Remittances Improved financial systems make remittances from NRIs more efficient and cost-effective. Increases volume of remittances, significant for India’s foreign exchange reserves. Financial Action Task Force (FATF) The Financial Action Task Force (on Money Laundering) (FATF) is an intergovernmental organisation founded in 1989 on the initiative of the G7 to develop policies to combat money laundering. In 2001, its mandate was expanded to include terrorism financing. FATF is a “policy-making body” that works to generate the necessary political will to bring about national legislative and regulatory reforms in these areas. FATF monitors progress in implementing its Recommendations through “peer reviews” (“mutual evaluations”) of member countries. Since 2000, FATF has maintained the FATF blacklist (formally called the “Call for action”) and the FATF greylist (formally called the “Other monitored jurisdictions”). The objectives of FATF are to set standards and promote effective implementation of legal, regulatory and operational measures for combating money laundering, terrorist financing and other related threats to the integrity of the international financial system. FATF Greylists FATF greylist is officially referred to as Jurisdictions Under Increased Monitoring. FATF grey list represent a much higher risk of money laundering and terrorism financing but have formally committed to working with the FATF to develop action plans that will address their AML/CFT deficiencies. The countries on the grey list are subject to increased monitoring by the FATF, which either assesses them directly or uses FATF-style regional bodies (FSRBs) to report on the progress they are making towards their AML/CFT goals. While grey-list classification is not as negative as the blacklist, countries on the list may still face economic sanctions from institutions like the IMF and the World Bank and experience adverse effects on trade. Unlike the next level “blacklist”, greylisting carries no legal sanctions, but it attracts economic strictures and restricts a country’s access to international loans FATF Blacklists FATF Blacklists is Officially known as High-Risk Jurisdictions subject to a Call for Action. FATF blacklist sets out the countries that are considered deficient in their anti-money laundering and counter-financing of terrorism regulatory regimes. The list is intended to serve not only as a way of negatively highlighting these countries on the world stage, but as a warning of the high money laundering and terror financing risk that they present. It is extremely likely that blacklisted countries will be subject to economic sanctions and other prohibitive measures by FATF member states and other international organizations. -Source: The Hindu IEEE Approves IIT Bombay’s Rural Broadband Network Architecture Context: On June 6, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) approved a wireless network architecture developed at IIT Bombay, designed to provide affordable broadband access in rural areas. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: Fundamentals of Cellular Networks IEEE 2061-2024 Standard: Wireless Network Architecture for Rural Broadband Access Challenges of Mobile Connectivity in Rural India BharatNet Project: Transforming Rural Broadband Connectivity in India Phases of Implementation Budget Allocation Progress, Challenges, and Future Plans of the BharatNet Project Fundamentals of Cellular Networks Cellular Network Basics Components: Access Network (AN): Base stations providing wireless coverage within defined areas. Core Network (CN): Central network interconnecting AN with external networks like the Internet. AN Description: Role: Provides wireless connectivity via base stations deployed throughout regions. Deployment: Towers with antennae, established by network operators across coverage areas. CN Description: Function: Connects AN to external networks. Infrastructure: Centrally located, connected to AN via optical fiber backhaul. Mobility Support: Essential feature ensuring seamless user mobility across cellular networks. IEEE 2061-2024 Standard: Wireless Network Architecture for Rural Broadband Access Overview of IEEE 2061-2024 Standard Definition: Specifies a wireless network architecture tailored for affordable broadband access in rural areas. Approval: Approved by IEEE on June 6, 2024. Network Components: Access Network (AN): Includes heterogeneous base stations allowing for coexistence of different types. Core Network (CN): Similar to cellular networks, facilitates connectivity beyond the AN. Contrasting with Cellular Networks AN Differences: IEEE 2061-AN: Heterogeneous base stations with varied coverage. 5G-AN: Homogeneous base stations with consistent coverage, smaller in area. Middle Mile Network: Function: Uses multi-hop wireless middle-mile networks to extend connectivity where optical-fiber links are impractical. Advantages: Cost-effective over long distances, provides direct Internet access bypassing CN, suitable for stationary rural users. Direct User Communication: Capability: Facilitates direct communication between nearby users within AN, enhancing efficiency akin to direct travel between towns without central detour. Challenges of Mobile Connectivity in Rural India Rural Connectivity Issues Disparity: Tele-density: Urban areas exceed 127%, while rural areas are at 58%, highlighting digital divide challenges. Factors Affecting Connectivity: Economic Barriers: High costs deter rural adoption of mobile services. Geographical Challenges: Low population density, remote locations complicate infrastructure deployment. Infrastructure Limitations: Cost and complexity hinder fiber optic expansion to remote villages. Development Focus: Urban Bias: R&D emphasis on high-speed, low-latency needs of urban 5G networks neglects rural connectivity requirements. Outcome: Rural areas lag significantly in mobile network coverage and service quality. BharatNet Project: Transforming Rural Broadband Connectivity in India BharatNet is the world’s largest rural broadband connectivity initiative, focusing on optical fiber-based internet access. It is managed by Bharat Broadband Network Limited (BBNL), a special purpose organization under the Ministry of Communications, Department of Telecommunications. Aligned with the Digital India program, it aims to bridge the digital divide and enhance rural internet access. Features & Benefits: Leveraging optical fiber technology, the project aims to connect over 2.5 lakh gram panchayats across India with broadband internet. The goal is to provide a minimum of 100 Mbps bandwidth to each Gram Panchayat, facilitating access to e-services like e-governance, e-learning, e-commerce, and more. Wi-Fi hotspots are being established in all gram panchayats, ensuring last-mile connectivity. The project is expected to boost direct and indirect employment opportunities and increase income generation in rural areas. Home broadband packages are available, starting from Rs 399 per month, offering 30 Mbps unlimited data and bundled OTT services. Phases of Implementation: The project is being implemented in three phases, as approved by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) in 2016. Phase-I: Aiming to cover 1,00,000 Gram Panchayats (GPs). Execution carried out by three Central Public Sector Units (CPSUs): BSNL, RailTel, and PGCIL. Targeted completion by March 2017. Phase-II: Encompasses the remaining GPs using a mix of underground/aerial optical fiber cables (OFC), radio, and satellite technologies. Involves three CPSUs and State Governments, often through their Discoms (Distribution Companies) or other agencies. Targeted completion by December 2018. Phase-III: Envisions a futuristic network with a ring topology connecting districts, blocks, and Gram Panchayats. Targeted completion by 2023. The BharatNet project’s multi-phased approach aims to achieve comprehensive broadband connectivity in rural areas, leveraging a combination of technologies and partnerships for nationwide impact. Budget Allocation: The BharatNet project has been allocated a total budget of Rs. 61,000 crore. Funds are allocated in a consolidated manner, not specific to individual states or Union Territories. The Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) disburses a lump sum amount to Bharat Broadband Network Limited (BBNL) for project execution. USOF collects levies from telecom companies to support communication service development in rural and underserved areas. Progress, Challenges, and Future Plans of the BharatNet Project Achievements So Far: Initial goal: Connecting 2.5 lakh gram panchayats with optical fiber by August 2021. Current status: Approximately 1.94 lakh villages connected; remaining villages expected to be connected within the next 2.5 years. Delays caused by COVID-related lockdowns and movement restrictions. Government extended the project deadline to 2025 in the Union Budget 2022-23. Challenges Faced: Slow Implementation: Implementation progress has been relatively slow. About 194,000 gram panchayats have been made service-ready as of March this year. Around 6,000 gram panchayats were added from November 2022 to March. PPP Mode Challenges: Initial attempt to involve private companies through a public-private partnership (PPP) model faced challenges. First request for proposal (RFP) in July 2021 received no response from private players. Concerns over onerous terms and conditions and unfavorable revenue sharing model. Future Plans: Government to introduce a revised PPP model for the BharatNet project in the coming months. The updated model aims to address challenges faced by private companies and attract their participation. The focus remains on expanding optical fiber-based broadband connectivity to rural areas across India. -Source: The Hindu Central Consumer Protection Authority Context: Recently, the Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) imposed a penalty of Rs. 3 lakh on an advertisement by an Edtech platform that was found to be “false and misleading” under Section 21 of the Consumer Protection Act. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance About Central Consumer Protection Authority CCPA is a regulatory body established in 2020 based on the provisions of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019. CCPA works under the administrative control of the Ministry of Consumer Affairs. Composition: It will have a Chief Commissioner as head, and only two other commissioners as members — one of whom will deal with matters relating to goods while the other will look into cases relating to services. The CCPA will have an Investigation Wing that will be headed by a Director General. District Collectors too, will have the power to investigate complaints of violations of consumer rights, unfair trade practices, and false or misleading advertisements. Objective: To promote, protect and enforce the rights of consumers as a class. To conduct investigations into violation of consumer rights and institute complaints/prosecution. To order the recall of unsafe goods and services, discontinuation of unfair trade practices and misleading advertisements. To impose penalties on manufacturers/endorsers/publishers of misleading advertisements. Powers and Functions: Inquire or investigate into matters relating to violations of consumer rights or unfair trade practices suo moto, or on a complaint received, or on a direction from the central government. Recall goods or withdrawal of services that are “dangerous, hazardous or unsafe. Pass an order for refund the prices of goods or services so recalled to purchasers of such goods or services; discontinuation of practices which are unfair and prejudicial to consumer’s interest”. Impose a penalty up to Rs 10 lakh, with imprisonment up to two years, on the manufacturer or endorser of false and misleading advertisements. The penalty may go up to Rs 50 lakh, with imprisonment up to five years, for every subsequent offence committed by the same manufacturer or endorser. Ban the endorser of a false or misleading advertisement from making endorsement of any products or services in the future, for a period that may extend to one year. The ban may extend up to three years in every subsequent violation of the Act. File complaints of violation of consumer rights or unfair trade practices before the District Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission, State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission, and the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission. -Source: The Hindu Xenophrys Apatani Context: Recently, a team of researchers from the Zoological Survey of India recorded the forest-dwelling frog from the Talle Wildlife Sanctuary and named it as Xenophrys apatani. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Xenophrys apatani Naming: Named after the Apatani community due to their effective conservation efforts. Distribution: Found in the Eastern Himalayan and Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspots in India. Apatani Community Location: Reside in the Ziro valley, Arunachal Pradesh. Language: Speak Tani as their local language; they worship the sun and moon. Festivals: Celebrate various festivals including Dree (harvest festival) and Myoko (friendship festival). Dree: Celebrated for bumper harvests and prosperity. Myoko: Similar to modern Friendship Day, celebrating friendship. Farming: Practice integrated rice-fish farming since the 1960s in mountain terraces. Rice Varieties: Cultivate Emeo, Pyape, and Mypia varieties of rice. Tale Valley Wildlife Sanctuary Location: Situated in the Lower Subansiri District, Arunachal Pradesh, near the Apatani cultural landscape. Rivers: Includes rivers such as Pange, Sipu, Karing, and Subansiri. Flora: Rich variety of subtropical and alpine forests with species like silver fir trees, ferns, orchids, bamboo, and rhododendron. Fauna: Home to diverse wildlife including the clouded leopard, Himalayan squirrel, and Himalayan black bear. -Source: The Hindu Saryu River Context: An artificial lake formed in the Saryu River remains a “significant threat” as efforts to drain it have failed for the second consecutive day. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Saryu River Name Variations: Also known as Sarayu or Sarju River. Geographical Coverage: Flows through Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh states in India. Historical and Cultural Significance: Mentioned in ancient texts like the Vedas and the Ramayana. Ayodhya, the birthplace of Lord Rama, is situated on its banks, making it a site for religious rituals. Course of the River Origin: Begins in the foothills of the Himalayas. Path: Flows through towns such as Kapkot, Bageshwar, and Seraghat. Joins the Sharada River at Pancheshwar on the India-Nepal border. The Sharada River is also known as the Kali River and eventually merges into the Ghaghara River in Sitapur District, Uttar Pradesh. Name Association: The lower Ghaghara River is commonly referred to as Sarayu in India, particularly in Ayodhya. -Source: Times of India

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 03 July 2024

CONTENTS NIRMAN Portal Exercise MAITREE  NIRMAN Portal Context: Union Minister for Coal and Mines launched the portal “Noble Initiative for Rewarding Mains Aspirants of National Civil Services Examination (NIRMAN)” in New Delhi. Relevance: GS II: Education About NIRMAN: This CSR scheme by Coal India Limited aligns with the vision of “Mission Karmayogi” set forth by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It aims to support meritorious youth from Coal India’s operational districts who have cleared the Preliminary round of the UPSC examinations in 2024, for Civil Services and Forest Service. Key Features of NIRMAN: Financial Support: Qualified candidates with annual family incomes below Rs 8 lakhs, belonging to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, females, or third gender, are eligible for financial assistance of Rs 1,00,000. Operational Districts: Permanent residents of any of the 39 operational districts of Coal India Limited are eligible to apply. Application Process: The entire application process is conducted through a dedicated portal, ensuring transparency and efficient screening of applications, in line with the Digital India initiative. Social Responsibility Initiatives by Coal India Limited: Educational Support: Coal India Limited (CIL), a Maharatna Company crucial for India’s energy security, also functions as a socially responsible corporate entity. It supports education in coal-bearing areas and has undertaken various initiatives to help deserving and underprivileged students secure admissions into prestigious professional institutes across the country. Vision and Goals: Viksit Bharat: The initiative aims to contribute to “Viksit Bharat” (Developed India) through inclusive development, emphasizing “Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Prayas” (Together with all, Development for all, Efforts from all). Exercise MAITREE Context: The Indian Army contingent departed for the 13th edition of the India-Thailand joint military Exercise MAITREE, scheduled from 1st to 15th July 2024 at Fort Vachiraprakan in Tak Province, Thailand. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Key Points of Exercise MAITREE: This exercise marks a continuation of bilateral military cooperation between India and Thailand, focusing on enhancing joint capabilities in counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations in both jungle and urban environments, under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. Participants: The Indian Army contingent comprises 76 personnel, predominantly from a Battalion of the LADAKH SCOUTS, supported by personnel from various other arms and services. The Royal Thailand Army contingent also includes 76 personnel from the 1st Battalion, 14 Infantry Regiment of 4 Division. Objectives: Foster military cooperation and enhance joint operational capabilities. Focus on physical fitness, joint planning, and tactical drills. Tactical Drills: Creation of a Joint Operation Centre. Establishment of an Intelligence & Surveillance Centre. Deployment and utilization of Drones and Counter Drone Systems. Securing of a Landing Site. Small Team Insertion & Extraction. Special Heliborne Operations. Cordon and Search Operations. Room Intervention Drills. Demolition of Illegal Structures. Outcome: Sharing of best practices in Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs) for joint operations. Development of interoperability, mutual understanding, and camaraderie between soldiers of both nations.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 03 July 2024

CONTENTS Infrastructure Project on the Great Nicobar Island Create the Space for Governance with a Green Heart Infrastructure Project on the Great Nicobar Island Context: The Ministry of Tribal Affairs will examine the paperwork related to forest clearance for the ₹72,000-crore infrastructure project on Great Nicobar Island, a significant initiative under the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government, according to Tribal Affairs Minister Jual Oram. This marks an important decision in the government’s third term, highlighting the challenging decisions governments face in balancing infrastructure development, preserving pristine biodiversity, and respecting the rights of indigenous inhabitants and tribals. Relevance: GS3- Growth and Development Environmental Conservation Mains Question: What is the government’s rationale behind the Great Nicobar Project? What are the concerns associated with the project and how can the oath ahead ensure balancing infrastructure development while also preserving pristine biodiversity? (15 Marks, 250 Words). Great Nicobar Island: Great Nicobar Island is the largest and southernmost of the Nicobar Islands, spanning 910 square kilometers in the southeastern Bay of Bengal. It is predominantly covered by tropical rainforest and sparsely inhabited. Indira Point, situated on Great Nicobar Island, marks India’s southernmost tip and is approximately 90 nautical miles (less than 170 km) from Sabang at the northern tip of Sumatra, the largest island in the Indonesian archipelago. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands comprise 836 islands grouped into the Andaman Islands in the north and the Nicobar Islands in the south. They are separated by the 10° Channel, which spans 150 kilometers wide. Great Nicobar Island hosts two national parks, a biosphere reserve, and small communities of the Shompen, Onge, Andamanese, and Nicobarese tribal peoples, alongside a few thousand non-tribal settlers. The Great Nicobar Project: The Great Nicobar Island (GNI) project, initiated in 2021, is a large-scale endeavor planned for the southernmost region of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It aims to establish a trans-shipment port, an international airport, township infrastructure, and a 450 MVA gas and solar-based power plant on the island. The project was greenlit following a NITI Aayog report that highlighted the island’s strategic location, equidistant from Colombo in Sri Lanka to the southwest, and Port Klang (Malaysia) and Singapore to the southeast. Managed by the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation (ANIIDCO), the ambitious infrastructure initiative includes an International Container Trans-shipment Terminal (ICTT) and a greenfield international airport. Positioned near the Malacca Strait, a vital route connecting the Indian Ocean with the Pacific, the ICTT is expected to integrate Great Nicobar into the regional and global maritime trade network as a key hub for cargo transshipment. The proposed site for the ICTT and power plant is Galathea Bay, located at the southeastern tip of Great Nicobar Island, an area devoid of human settlement. The Great Nicobar Project includes plans for a trans-shipment port, an international airport, township development, and a 450 MVA gas and solar-based power plant across an estimated 130 sq. km. of virgin forest. It has received stage-1 environmental clearance, a mandatory requirement from an expert committee. In August 2023, the government informed Parliament that approximately 9.6 lakh trees could be felled for the project, with compensatory afforestation planned in Haryana, thousands of kilometers away from the unique rainforest ecosystem of Great Nicobar. The Galathea Bay in the Nicobar Islands harbors numerous rare species such as the leatherback turtle, whose future is jeopardized by the project’s development plans. Rationale Behind the Project: The upgrade aims to enhance the capability to deploy additional military forces, larger warships, aircraft, missile batteries, and troops. Securing comprehensive surveillance of the archipelago and establishing a robust military deterrent at Great Nicobar Island are crucial for India’s national security strategy. Due to its proximity to the Malacca Strait, a critical route linking the Indian Ocean and the Pacific, Great Nicobar Island’s International Container Trans-shipment Terminal (ICTT) is expected to position it as a significant participant in regional and global maritime trade. The Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean regions hold immense strategic importance for India, primarily due to concerns over the increasing presence and influence of the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) of China. India is particularly wary of China’s efforts to bolster its naval capabilities at strategic chokepoints in the Indo-Pacific, including the Malacca, Sunda, and Lombok Straits. Additionally, China’s establishment of a military facility on the Coco Islands, situated just 55 km north of India’s Andaman & Nicobar Islands, underscores India’s concerns. The Andaman & Nicobar Islands play a pivotal role in India’s maritime security architecture in the region. The government argues that its intention is to utilize the strategic position of Great Nicobar Island, located just 90 km from the western end of the Malacca Strait, a crucial shipping route connecting the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. However, critics and some of the government’s policy advisors believe that promoting tourism is a significant underlying reason for the project. The Environment Ministry, responsible for environmental regulations, has chosen not to disclose details about the project. Information regarding the environmental clearance process and the assessment, typically public documents, has been withheld. Additionally, there appears to be urgency from the island administration to move forward while disregarding the consent rights of the local tribes, especially the Shompen. The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, a constitutional body, has demanded an explanation from the district administration on these issues. Associated Concerns: Impact on Indigenous Tribes: The Shompen and Nicobarese, identified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) of hunter-gatherers, have a population estimated in the hundreds. They reside within a tribal reserve on Great Nicobar Island. There are serious concerns that the proposed infrastructure upgrade could severely affect the Shompen tribe and their traditional lifestyle, closely intertwined with the island’s natural surroundings. Threat to Island Ecology: The project’s implementation is anticipated to significantly impact Great Nicobar Island’s ecology, involving the felling of nearly a million trees. There are fears that the construction of the port could devastate coral reefs, affecting the local marine ecosystem, and pose risks to terrestrial species like the Nicobar Megapode bird and leatherback turtles, which nest in the Galathea Bay area. This portion of land constitutes approximately 15% of Great Nicobar Island’s total area and represents one of India’s largest forest diversions in a globally and nationally unique rainforest ecosystem. Seismic Vulnerability: The proposed port site is situated in a region prone to seismic activity, which saw permanent subsidence of about 15 feet during the 2004 tsunami. This raises concerns about the safety and feasibility of constructing a large-scale infrastructure project in such a high-risk, disaster-prone area. Lack of Adequate Consultation: There are allegations that the local administration did not sufficiently consult the Tribal Council of Great and Little Nicobar Islands, as required by law. Conclusion: In April 2023, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) declined to intervene in the environmental and forest clearances granted to the project but ordered the formation of a high-power committee to review these clearances. The National Green Tribunal had appointed a committee, led by the Environment Ministry’s Secretary, to submit a report on the approval of forest clearances, yet this report remains undisclosed. Without transparency, the government would be imprudent to undertake such extensive changes to the islands. Given its fresh mandate, it should promptly reassess its approach. Create the Space for Governance with a Green Heart Context: As a new government term begins for the Lok Sabha, prioritizing environmental concerns should be paramount. Historically, no government has prioritized environmental issues, with the previous administration’s developmental agenda proving actively detrimental to the environment. To mitigate this, urgent adoption of green policies is crucial, even as the country pursues its middle-income economic goals. Relevance: GS3- Environmental Pollution and Degradation Mains Question: A conscious focus on green policies is crucial as environmental issues in India impact the survival and the health of millions. Discuss what should be the approach of the new government in this regard. (10 Marks, 150 Words). India’s Vulnerability to Climate Change: India’s vulnerability to climate change is pronounced, despite frequent mentions by leadership. Actions to reduce emissions remain inadequate, with insufficient focus on building resilience, ensuring food security, and securing essential resources. As floods, famines, heatwaves, wildfires, water shortages, and droughts become more frequent, there is an urgent need for contingency plans to safeguard vulnerable populations. Measures like updating building codes, preserving natural storm barriers such as mangrove forests, and establishing funds for evacuation and rehabilitation are critical but neglected responsibilities of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. India suffers from one of the world’s lowest green cover levels per capita, with only 28 trees per person compared to Canada’s 8953 and China’s 130. Qualitatively important forest cover has markedly declined in the last two decades, exacerbated by inadequate urban forestry management. The degradation of forests has been obscured by dubious accounting practices that include plantation forests and urban tree cover. Legislation like the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023, hastily passed by the outgoing Parliament, needs reconsideration and replacement with robust new protections. India’s metropolitan areas, including Delhi, Mumbai, and numerous cities across the Gangetic belt, face severe air pollution issues that significantly diminish residents’ life expectancy. Cities like Bengaluru and Delhi are grappling with water scarcity, forcing the underprivileged to endure long queues for basic needs. Rivers like the Adyar in Chennai and the Yamuna in Delhi have turned into polluted waterways due to neglect. Urban green spaces and water bodies have been encroached upon, leading to the formation of heat islands. Smaller cities face similar challenges and require timely intervention to prevent reaching crisis levels akin to larger metros. The national sewage treatment system, treating only about 28% of generated sewage, urgently requires comprehensive reform. In summary, addressing these environmental challenges requires a profound shift towards green policies and stringent environmental protections at both national and local levels, essential for the well-being and survival of millions of Indians. Destruction in the Himalayas: Destruction in the Himalayas is a critical concern. Climate change has had disproportionately severe impacts on India’s mountain regions. Glaciers are rapidly shrinking, with some already vanished, and it’s projected that up to 80% of their volume could disappear by the end of this century. This shift in rainfall and temperature patterns threatens the water and food security not only of mountain dwellers but also of much of North India. Despite significant protests and fasting by thousands in Ladakh demanding governmental action, their pleas were ignored, possibly because their region lacks electoral sway. Similar neglect affects wetlands and other marginal landscapes crucial for biodiversity conservation. Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA): Another issue is public participation. The Indian government’s longstanding disregard for stakeholders and affected communities lies at the heart of many environmental challenges. Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) have been reduced to mere formalities, disregarding protests and criticisms. The absence of effective opposition has led to hasty and poorly considered decisions, exemplified by projects like the Char Dham Highway, rushed through with insufficient environmental scrutiny. This has resulted in irreparable damage to Uttarakhand’s river valleys, exacerbating risks such as the tunnel collapse in November 2023. Moreover, the integrity of the 2006 EIA Notification has been steadily undermined by numerous amendments over the past five years. To prevent further sabotage, EIA mechanisms should be legally mandated to ensure their effectiveness and impartiality. Greenwashing: Fifth, the issue of greenwashing is critical. Policies driven by commercial interests, such as green credits and compensatory afforestation, have supplanted genuine conservation efforts. True sustainable development requires actions that prioritize environmental benefits over mere profitability. There is a pressing need to strengthen enforcement mechanisms and regulatory bodies to uphold genuine environmental laws. Conclusion: These concerns are not trivial; they profoundly affect the well-being and survival of millions of people. It was deeply disappointing that these issues were absent from the election manifestos of major political parties. However, there is still an opportunity for the government to fulfill its role as a responsible steward by prioritizing the physical health of the nation.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 03 July 2024

CONTENTS 52nd Anniversary of the Simla Agreement Bombay High Court Decision on College Dress Code Examination Controversies and Education Debate UK Teenager Becomes First to Receive Brain Implant for Epilepsy Control Syntrichia Caninervis Nouka Baich Boat Race SEBEX 2 52nd Anniversary of the Simla Agreement Context: Recently, the 52nd anniversary of the Simla Agreement, signed on 2nd July 1972 by the then Prime Ministers of India and Pakistan, was observed. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Origins and Context of the Simla Agreement Major Provisions of the Simla Agreement Evolution of India-Pakistan Relations Current Dynamics (2023-2024) Origins and Context of the Simla Agreement Post-1971 War Dynamics: The Simla Agreement emerged as a direct result of the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War, which culminated in the creation of Bangladesh (previously East Pakistan). India’s military involvement was pivotal, significantly reshaping the geopolitical landscape of South Asia. Principal Negotiators: Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, President of Pakistan Primary Objective: To establish peace and normalize relations between India and Pakistan after the intense conflict. Goals of the Simla Agreement Kashmir Dispute: India sought a bilateral approach to resolve the Kashmir issue, aiming to prevent Pakistan from taking it to international forums. Enhanced Relations: Hoped to improve relations with Pakistan by leveraging the new regional power dynamics. Ceasefire Line: India opted not to push for converting the ceasefire line into a permanent boundary to avoid fueling further resentment and potential backlash from Pakistan. Major Provisions of the Simla Agreement Peaceful Negotiations: Emphasized resolving all disputes between India and Pakistan through peaceful means, primarily bilateral discussions. Line of Control (LoC): Established the LoC in Kashmir, which both countries agreed to respect without altering its status unilaterally. Military Withdrawal: Mandated the withdrawal of military forces to their respective sides of the international border, marking a significant step towards de-escalation. Future Dialogue: Set the stage for future meetings between the leaders of both countries to establish durable peace, normalize relations, and address humanitarian issues, including the repatriation of prisoners of war. Importance of the Simla Agreement Ongoing Relevance: Remains pertinent today as the Kashmir issue and broader Indo-Pak relations continue to be contentious in South Asian geopolitics. Framework for Dialogue: Provides a legal foundation for future discussions and negotiations between India and Pakistan. Criticisms of the Simla Agreement Unmet Goals: Did not achieve its intended objectives of fostering lasting peace and cooperation. Deep-seated mistrust and historical grievances persist. Nuclear Deterrence: Both nations’ nuclear tests post-1998 altered the strategic dynamics, diminishing the agreement’s relevance. Peace Process: Failed to establish a sustained peace process or normalization of relations. International Perspective: The global community generally respects the bilateral approach of the Simla Agreement, often citing it to discourage international intervention in Kashmir. Evolution of India-Pakistan Relations Partition and Independence (1947): The partition of British India into India and Pakistan led to the creation of two separate nations: India, a secular state, and Pakistan, a theocratic state. The Maharaja of Kashmir initially sought independence but later acceded to India following Pakistan’s attack on Kashmir, leading to the first Indo-Pak War (1947-48). Conflicts and Agreements: 1965 and 1971 Wars: The 1965 conflict began with border skirmishes and escalated into a full-scale war, ending with a UN-mediated ceasefire. In 1971, India’s intervention in East Pakistan’s struggle for independence resulted in the creation of Bangladesh. Simla Agreement (1972): Signed after the 1971 war, it established the LoC in Kashmir. Kashmir Insurgency (1989): Pakistan supported a militant insurgency in Kashmir, leading to widespread violence and human rights abuses. Kargil Conflict (1999): Pakistani forces infiltrated Indian-controlled Kargil, leading to a conflict that ended with an Indian victory but strained relations further. Mumbai Attacks (2008): Coordinated attacks by Pakistan-based militants in Mumbai, killing 166 people, severely strained bilateral relations. Current Dynamics (2023-2024) Political Instability: Ongoing political instability in Pakistan, coupled with militant activities and cross-border tensions, perpetuates the cycle of violence and mistrust between the two nations. Geopolitical Influence: China’s increasing influence in the region, including its strategic partnership with Pakistan and territorial disputes with India, adds another layer of complexity to the Indo-Pakistani relationship. Additional Contextual Notes Geopolitical Implications: The strategic importance of South Asia continues to be influenced by the dynamics between India, Pakistan, and their neighboring countries. Global powers, including the United States and China, play significant roles in shaping the regional geopolitical landscape. Humanitarian Concerns: The ongoing conflict and tensions have significant humanitarian implications, affecting millions of lives in the region. Efforts towards peace and stability are crucial for the well-being of the affected populations. Future Prospects: The resolution of long-standing issues requires sustained dialogue, mutual trust, and international support. Addressing economic, social, and political grievances is essential for lasting peace and development in the region. -Source: Live Mint Bombay High Court Decision on College Dress Code Context: Recently, the Bombay High Court rejected a plea by 9 students contesting the college’s new dress code that prohibited hijabs, burqas, niqabs, and other religious identifiers on campus. The court concluded that the dress code was implemented in the “larger academic interest” of the students. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key Arguments and Court’s Ruling Bombay High Court’s Ruling Previous Court Rulings on Hijab Way Forward Key Arguments and Court’s Ruling Students’ Arguments: Students asserted that the college dress code violates their religious freedom and right to education, arguing that the college lacks the authority to enforce such restrictions, especially since it obstructs educational access for minority communities. They claimed these restrictions contravene specific constitutional articles: Article 19(1)(a) (Right to Freedom of Expression) and Article 25 (Right to Freedom of Religion). Additionally, they contended the decision breached the University Grants Commission (Promotion of Equity in Higher Educational Institutions) Regulations, 2012, which aim to enhance educational access for SC, ST, OBC, and minority communities. College Administration’s Arguments: The college administration countered that the dress code applied uniformly to all students, regardless of religious or community backgrounds, with the objective of avoiding the revelation of students’ religion. They referenced the 2022 Karnataka High Court judgement, which declared that wearing the hijab or niqab was “not an essential religious practice” for Muslim women. The administration maintained that the dress code was an internal matter essential for maintaining discipline, and prescribed “any Indian/western non-revealing dress” for girls, applicable to all students. Bombay High Court’s Ruling: The Bombay High Court rejected the students’ claim that wearing the hijab is an “essential religious practice,” emphasizing that the dress code uniformly applied to all students, regardless of “caste, creed, religion, or language,” and did not violate UGC regulations promoting equity in higher education. The court held that between the competing rights of a student’s dress choice and the institution’s right to maintain discipline, the institution’s “larger rights” must prevail, as students are expected to attend the institution for academic advancement. The court fully agreed with the 2022 Karnataka High Court judgement in Resham v. State of Karnataka, 2022, which validated the state government’s ban on hijabs in government colleges. Supreme Court Challenge: The Karnataka High Court judgement on the hijab ban is currently under challenge in the Supreme Court, with a 2-judge bench delivering a split verdict in October 2022. The case has been referred to a larger bench. The Bombay High Court verdict is also likely to be contested in the Supreme Court. Previous Court Rulings on Hijab Bombay High Court, 2003: In Fathema Hussain Sayed v Bharat Education Society, the court ruled that the Quran does not mandate wearing a headscarf, and a girl student not wearing one does not violate Islamic injunctions. 2015 Kerala High Court Cases: Two petitions challenged the dress code for the All India Pre-Medical Entrance, which required light clothes with half sleeves and slippers instead of shoes. The Central Board of School Education (CBSE) argued the dress code prevented unfair practices. The Kerala High Court directed CBSE to implement additional measures for students wishing to wear religious attire. Amna Bint Basheer v CBSE, 2016: The Kerala High Court ruled that wearing a hijab is an essential religious practice but upheld the CBSE dress code, allowing additional measures and safeguards. Kerala High Court, 2018: In Fathima Thasneem v State of Kerala, the court upheld a Christian missionary school’s decision to deny permission to wear headscarves, stating the “collective rights” of the school take precedence over individual student rights. Way Forward: Aligning High Court judgements may indicate an emerging judicial trend. The Supreme Court’s verdict will be crucial for establishing a clear legal framework. The challenge lies in balancing individual religious freedom with institutional autonomy to implement dress codes, requiring careful consideration in each educational context. The lack of national-level dress code guidelines necessitates clear policies from the UGC to ensure uniformity and protect fundamental rights. Formulating dress codes through a consultative process involving all stakeholders is essential to foster inclusivity and address concerns regarding diverse religious practices. -Source: The Hindu Examination Controversies and Education Debate Context: The NEET-UG exam has been marred by controversies including issues with grace marks, paper leaks, and other irregularities. The UGC-NET exam was cancelled after it was conducted, and the CSIR-NET and NEET-PG exams have been postponed. In light of these issues, there is ongoing debate about transferring education back to the state list. Relevance: GS II: Education Dimensions of the Article: Status of Education– Historical Background Prevailing International Practices Arguments for ‘Education’ in the Concurrent List Arguments for Restoring ‘Education’ to the State List Way Forward Status of Education– Historical Background Pre-Independence: Government of India Act, 1935: Established a federal structure, dividing legislative subjects between the federal legislature (Union) and provinces (States). Provincial List: Education was categorized under the provincial list, recognizing it as an important public good. Post-Independence: Continuation of 1935 Act Trends: Education remained on the State list in the distribution of powers. Emergency Period: The Congress party formed the Swaran Singh Committee to suggest constitutional amendments, including placing ‘education’ in the concurrent list for unified national policies. 42nd Constitutional Amendment (1976): Shifted ‘education’ from the State list to the concurrent list without providing a detailed rationale. Subsequent Developments: 44th Constitutional Amendment (1978): The Janata Party government, led by Morarji Desai, aimed to reverse changes made by the 42nd amendment. An attempt to revert education to the State list was passed in the Lok Sabha but not in the Rajya Sabha. Consequently, education remains in the concurrent list. Prevailing International Practices United States: State and local governments set educational standards and standardized tests; federal oversight focuses on financial aid and key policies. Canada: Education is entirely managed by the provinces. Germany: Legislative authority over education resides with its states (Länder). South Africa: National departments oversee school and higher education, with provincial implementation of national policies. Arguments for ‘Education’ in the Concurrent List Unified Approach: Advocates support a standardized education system across the country to enhance quality and consistency. Central Coordination: Seen as beneficial for aligning national goals with state-level implementation. Criticisms: Concerns about inefficiencies and ethical issues in state-level education management. Arguments for Restoring ‘Education’ to the State List Governance Efficacy: Centralized control does not eliminate issues, as highlighted by NEET controversies. Autonomy for Local Needs: States can better tailor educational policies to local requirements, particularly in syllabus, testing, and professional course admissions. Diversity Consideration: A uniform approach is not feasible or desirable given the country’s diversity. Expenditure: A significant portion of educational spending is borne by states, indicating a need for discussions on moving education back to the State list. 2022 Report: Out of ₹6.25 lakh crore spent by education departments in 2020-21, the Centre contributed 15%, and the States 85%. Including all other departments’ spending, the Centre’s contribution is 24% and the States’ 76%. Way Forward Central Oversight: Maintain central regulatory frameworks for areas like medical and technical education while allowing states policymaking autonomy. Productive Dialogue: Emphasize collaboration between central and state authorities to achieve balanced educational reforms and efficient resource allocation. -Source: The Hindu UK Teenager Becomes First to Receive Brain Implant for Epilepsy Control Context: A UK-based teenager, Oran Knowlson, has become the first person in the world to receive a brain implant to help control his epileptic seizures using a deep brain stimulation (DBS) device. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: About Deep Brain Stimulation Device What is Epilepsy? About Deep Brain Stimulation Device Overview: The Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) device is used for treating movement disorders like Parkinson’s disease and various neurological conditions. Working: Neurostimulation: Delivers constant electrical impulses to the brain to disrupt abnormal seizure-causing signals. Implantation: Surgically implanted as a 3.5 cm square, 0.6 cm thick device in the skull, anchored with screws. Electrodes: Two electrodes are inserted deep into the brain, targeting the thalamus—a relay station for motor and sensory information. These electrodes connect to the neurostimulator. Activation: The device is activated after recovery from surgery and can be recharged wirelessly. What is Epilepsy? Definition: Epilepsy is a neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures, which can manifest as jerking of arms and legs, temporary confusion, staring spells, or stiff muscles. It is caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Causes: Idiopathic Cases: Nearly 50% of epilepsy cases have no identifiable cause. Common Reasons: Include head trauma, brain tumors, certain infections like meningitis, and genetic factors. Impact: Risk Factors: Epilepsy increases the risk of accidents, drownings, and falls due to sudden seizures. -Source: The Hindu Syntrichia Caninervis Context: Scientists have identified a species of desert moss called ‘Syntrichia caninervis’ that could significantly impact future space exploration and colonization efforts. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Syntrichia caninervis Overview: Syntrichia caninervis is among the most abundant desert moss species globally, known for its resilience to extreme environmental conditions. Environmental Tolerance: Desiccation Tolerance: Capable of recovering within seconds after losing more than 98% of its water content. Freezing Tolerance: Exhibits extraordinary resilience, surviving temperatures as low as -196°C. Radiation Resistance: Shows high resistance to gamma radiation, with a half-lethal dose estimated at 5,000 Gy. Distribution: Global Spread: Found across diverse regions globally. Dryland Regions: Predominantly inhabits dryland areas such as the Gurbantunggut and Tengger Deserts in China, Mojave Desert in the United States. Mountainous Areas: Also found in mountainous regions including the Pamir, Tibet, Middle East, Antarctica, and circumpolar regions. Unique Adaptation: Water Collection Mechanism: Uses tiny hairs (awns) at the end of each leaf to collect water, supplementing water gathered by the leaves themselves. -Source: The Hindu Nouka Baich Boat Race Context: With the south-west monsoon gradually setting in, nouka baich boat races will soon begin in several rural pockets of West Bengal. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Nouka Baich Boat Race Overview: Nouka Baich is a traditional boat race celebrated in West Bengal, India. Timing: The races take place during September in riverine Bengal, coinciding with swollen river waters in the final weeks of the monsoon season. Some races extend into October and occasionally November in certain locations. Gender Participation: Historically dominated by men, recent years have seen increasing participation of women in these boat races. Cultural Significance: These boat races are closely associated with the worship of Manasa, the Hindu goddess of snakes. Manasa is a prominent local deity worshipped primarily by agrarian communities in rural south Bengal. Types of Boats: The races feature four to five different types of traditional boats. Commonly used boats include Chhip, Kaile Bachhhari, Chande Bachhari, Chitoi, and Sorpi. A notable boat type, the Sorengi, approximately 90 feet in length, is also seen in these races, designed to mimic natural elements. -Source: Indian Express SEBEX 2 Context: India has successfully developed and certified SEBEX 2, a new explosive that is 2.01 times more lethal than standard Trinitrotoluene (TNT). Relevance: Facts for Prelims About SEBEX 2 Overview: SEBEX 2 is considered one of the most powerful non-nuclear explosives globally. Composition: It utilizes a high-melting explosive (HMX) composition, enhancing its lethality in various munitions such as warheads, bombs, and shells. Performance: SEBEX 2 is 2.01 times more potent than standard TNT (Trinitrotoluene). TNT equivalence is a measure of explosive power, where SEBEX 2’s higher value indicates significantly greater lethality. For comparison, the Brahmos warhead, currently the most powerful conventional explosive in India, has a TNT equivalence of about 1.50. Globally, most conventional warheads range from 1.25 to 1.30 TNT equivalence. Manufacture and Initiative: Manufactured by Economic Explosives Limited (EEL) in Nagpur, a subsidiary of Solar Industries, as part of India’s Make in India initiative. Certification: SEBEX 2 has been rigorously evaluated, tested, and certified by the Indian Navy under its Defence Export Promotion Scheme. -Source: Times of India

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 02 July 2024

CONTENTS European Council Project-76 European Council Context: Recently, the Prime Minister of India congratulated H.E António Costa on being elected as next President of the European Council. Relevance: GS II: International Relations About the European Council: Role and Purpose: The European Council is the institution of the European Union that sets the general political direction and priorities of the EU. Establishment: Formed in 1974 as an informal forum for discussion among heads of state or government of the EU member states. Gained formal status and role under the Treaty of Maastricht to provide political impetus and guidelines for the EU. Headquarters: Located in Brussels, Belgium. Membership: Composed of the heads of state or government of the 27 EU member states, the President of the European Council, and the President of the European Commission. Meetings: Typically convenes four times a year, with the President able to call additional meetings to tackle urgent matters. Decision-Making: Decisions are generally made by consensus, but in some cases, unanimity or qualified majority voting is used. Only heads of state or government have voting rights. Functions: Sets the EU’s overall political direction and priorities but does not pass laws. Handles complex or sensitive issues that cannot be resolved through lower levels of intergovernmental cooperation. Establishes the EU’s common foreign and security policy, considering strategic interests and defense implications. Nominates and appoints candidates for significant EU roles, such as positions in the European Central Bank (ECB) and the European Commission. Project-76 Context: The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has taken up a preliminary study on the design and development of an indigenous conventional submarine under Project-76. Relevance: GS III: Defence About Project-76: Objective: Project 76, initiated by the Warship Design Bureau of the Indian Navy, aims to design and develop India’s first indigenously built conventional diesel-electric submarine. Scope: The plan includes constructing 12 submarines under Project 76. Design Features: These submarines will incorporate air-independent propulsion (AIP) systems and are expected to have a submerged displacement of 3,000 tons, surpassing the capabilities of their foreign-designed predecessors from Projects 751 and 75. They will succeed the Sindhughosh (Kilo) class, maintaining a robust 3,000-ton class. Technological Advancements: Expected features include advanced indigenous weapon control systems and lithium-ion batteries. Significance: Represents a crucial milestone in India’s pursuit of maritime dominance. Combines cutting-edge French technology from Project 75 with German and Spanish expertise from Project 751. Aims to start prototype construction by 2028. Strategic Importance: Enhances India’s submarine-building capabilities. Reduces dependence on foreign Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) for submarine design.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 02 July 2024

CONTENTS India’s Solar Industry is a Goldmine for Investors India Needs the Anchor of a National Security Strategy India’s Solar Industry is a Goldmine for Investors Context: India’s solar energy sector is experiencing unprecedented growth, emerging as a lucrative opportunity for investors and entrepreneurs. Valued at $38 billion in 2021, the market is projected to expand significantly, reaching $238 billion by 2032, driven by a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 40 percent. Relevance: GS3- Solar Energy Renewable Energy Infrastructure GS2- Government Policies and Interventions Mains Question: The surge in global demand for renewable energy has placed solar power at the centre stage, particularly in India. In this context, examine the potential of the solar energy market in India as a lucrative spot for investors and entrepreneurs. (15 Marks, 250 Words). Factors that have led to this Feat: The surge in global demand for renewable energy has positioned solar power at the forefront, particularly in India, supported by favorable government policies, technological advancements, and a growing emphasis on sustainability. Technological innovations are pivotal to the sector’s success. Commercial solar panels have become more efficient in converting sunlight into electricity, maximizing power generation per square foot. The transition from polycrystalline to advanced bifacial solar panels, capable of generating electricity from both sides, underscores the industry’s focus on enhancing efficiency. In India, while PERC (Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell) technology has dominated the solar panel market, there is a gradual shift towards more advanced technologies like TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact) and HJT (Heterojunction Technology), driven by their superior efficiency in mass production. Government policies have played a crucial role in transforming India’s solar energy landscape. The Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes, with significant financial allocations (PLI-I with Rs. 4,500 crores and PLI-II with Rs. 19,500 crores), aim to boost domestic manufacturing of solar components. Supporting the “Make in India” initiative, the reinstatement of the Approved List of Models and Manufacturers (ALMM) from April 1, 2024, ensures quality control and promotes the use of domestically manufactured modules. Initiatives by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), such as the CPSU Scheme Phase-II, PM-KUSUM Component B, and the Grid-connected Rooftop Solar Programme Phase-II, mandate the use of Domestic Content Requirement (DCR) solar panels, offering subsidies to encourage solar energy adoption and support local manufacturing. In 2023, India surpassed Japan in solar power production, generating 113 billion units (BU) compared to Japan’s 110 BU. China retains its position as the top global producer of solar power, generating 584 BU in 2024, exceeding the combined output of the next four countries: the United States, Japan, Germany, and India. India currently ranks fifth globally in installed solar power capacity, boasting 73 gigawatts (GW) of capacity. The global solar generation expanded more than sixfold from 2015, whereas India’s solar generation increased by a factor of 17 during the same period. Solar power now constitutes 18% of India’s total installed electricity capacity, although it accounts for only 6.66% of the actual electricity produced, highlighting a gap between installed capacity and effective output. Environmental Impact: The solar sector in India goes beyond meeting energy needs; it also contributes positively to the environment. By increasing the use of solar power and reducing reliance on fossil fuels, the industry helps mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change. Transitioning to renewable energy sources like solar power is crucial for India’s climate objectives and ensuring a sustainable future. Recent years have seen a significant decrease in the cost of solar energy, making it increasingly economical as a source of energy. Solar energy systems are becoming more reliable and durable, requiring minimal maintenance over their lifespan. Solar energy can be utilized for a wide range of applications, including electricity generation, heating, and lighting. Solar energy systems can be implemented on a small scale, allowing for local energy generation and reducing reliance on centralized energy sources. Market Potential and Investment Opportunities: India’s solar energy market offers abundant opportunities for investors and entrepreneurs alike. The sector’s rapid expansion and growing acceptance of solar power for both commercial and residential applications highlight its vast potential. With government backing and ongoing technological advancements, entry barriers are lowering, making it an attractive prospect for new ventures. Moreover, advancements in technology are enhancing efficiency and driving down costs, which in turn boosts profitability. Entrepreneurs have the opportunity to explore various segments within the industry. Recently, the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the private sector lending arm of the World Bank, has committed USD 105 million to partially finance a 550 Megawatt peak (MWp) solar power project in Rajasthan. MWp denotes the maximum power output capacity of a solar or wind project, which varies based on factors like sunlight intensity and wind speed. The investment aims to facilitate affordable solar electricity prices for businesses and industries throughout India via long-term energy contracts, thereby supporting the country’s goals to curb greenhouse gas emissions. Conclusion: On a broader scale, the global shift towards sustainability ensures a consistent demand for solar energy solutions, offering businesses a promising path for long-term growth. Combined with India’s robust market potential, government support, and technological innovation, the solar industry presents compelling opportunities for those seeking to invest or establish ventures in renewable energy. India Needs the Anchor of a National Security Strategy Context: The newly elected government faces persistent challenges in national security. It must decide whether to build another aircraft carrier, how to implement theaterisation, manage strategic relations with the United States, and navigate competition with China. Given the coalition’s competing demands on resources and attention, its best approach is to consider national security comprehensively from first principles. Relevance: GS3- Security Challenges and their Management in Border Areas Various Security Forces & Agencies and Their Mandate Mains Question: A National Security Strategy would provide the essential intellectual framework for India to emerge as one of the world’s leading powers. Comment. (15 Marks, 250 Words). A Systemic National Security Strategy (NSS): A National Security Strategy (NSS) document outlines the country’s security objectives and the methods to achieve them. An NSS should address both traditional threats (affecting only the state) and non-traditional threats (affecting the state, individuals, and humanity as a whole). Additionally, it must operate within the framework of India’s Constitution and democratic principles. The strategy typically includes assessments of potential threats, resource allocation, diplomatic and military actions, and policies related to intelligence, defense, and other security-related areas. Most major powers have a national security strategy, but India does not. As a result, investment decisions in capabilities are often determined by negotiations among military services, leading to plans and priorities becoming stagnant and seldom reassessed systematically. Grand strategic vision remains in the hands of a few top officials, often obscured from public view or overshadowed by other political agendas. India cannot afford to remain reactive. The world is presenting numerous strategic risks, from climate change to pandemics, which demand decades of coordinated policy effort. China, in particular, poses a unique array of interconnected challenges, including a rapid naval build-up, significant geoeconomic influence in South Asia, and control over global supply chains. Even distant conflicts, such as those in Ukraine and Gaza, are introducing new technologies and tactics of war that will inevitably affect India’s neighborhood. India needs a systematic process to understand and plan for these upheavals. Benefits of a National Security Strategy: A well-crafted National Security Strategy (NSS) would provide India with five crucial benefits it currently lacks. First and foremost, it would compel the government to conduct a comprehensive strategic assessment—a review of the country’s threats and opportunities, along with an evaluation of global security trends. Such a periodic review would highlight evolving challenges, like the growth of the Chinese navy, even if they do not pose an immediate lethal threat. Without an NSS, long-term threats may be ignored until they become immediate and severe, making them much more difficult to address. Second, an NSS would offer a cohesive framework for long-term planning. Strategic competition requires extensive peacetime efforts to conceptualize how best to secure India’s expanding interests, deter its adversaries, and develop the necessary military capabilities and international partnerships. A rigorously developed NSS would provide the government with a strategic blueprint to make decisions, such as whether to prioritize the Indian Navy’s request for a new aircraft carrier or the Indian Army’s need for a new infantry division. Without such a process, scarce resources might be squandered on projects with limited strategic value, leaving the military to address capability gaps through emergency procurements. Third, an NSS would serve as a tool for signaling to both allies and adversaries. It would clarify India’s strategic intentions, such as its commitment to being a net security provider in the Indian Ocean and its readiness to counter armed coercion against smaller nations. An NSS would also elucidate India’s policy for its partners, highlighting areas of mutual interest and explaining the limitations of cooperation to avoid mismatched expectations. Fourth, an NSS would create a mechanism to synchronize the efforts of various government branches. Within the military, an NSS would give the Integrated Defence Staff and future joint organizations a clear top-down mandate to align the activities of the Indian Army, Indian Air Force, and Indian Navy. Beyond the military, an NSS would set common goals and plans, enabling national security agencies—including the Ministries of Defence, External Affairs, and Home Affairs, and the intelligence agencies—to coordinate more effectively on a daily basis, rather than sporadically at the Cabinet level. Issue of Accountability: Finally, an NSS would introduce a new accountability tool, ensuring that the bureaucracy aligns with the political leadership’s intentions and that government policies are as transparent as possible to Parliament and the public. Indian citizens have a legitimate need to know how their government plans to safeguard national security and how effectively it is doing so. Conclusion: Some national security strategies are more effective than others. An effective strategy should be a public document endorsed by the Prime Minister, aimed at synchronizing efforts across the government and credibly signaling the government’s political intent domestically and internationally. While a strong NSS would not automatically resolve conflicts between various government branches, it would at least highlight trade-offs and opportunity costs, enabling political leaders to make rational decisions for long-term growth. Thus, an NSS would provide the essential intellectual framework for India to emerge as one of the world’s leading powers.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 02 July 2024

CONTENTS US Congress Passes Resolve Tibet Act UNODC Releases World Drug Report 2024 Implementation of the New Criminal Law Regime International Seabed Authority Celebrates 30th Anniversary Santhal Tribal Community Snowblind Malware US Congress Passes Resolve Tibet Act Context: Recently, the US Congress passed the Promoting a Resolution to Tibet-China Dispute Act, also known as the Resolve Tibet Act. This legislation aims to promote a peaceful resolution to the Tibet-China dispute. It adheres to international law and the United Nations (UN) Charter, advocating for peaceful dialogue without preconditions. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: What is the Resolve Tibet Act 2024? How is India’s Relation with Tibet? The China-Tibet Issue: Historical Overview Tibet and the Dalai Lama’s Impact on India-China Relations What is the Global Stand on China-Tibet Issue? What is the Resolve Tibet Act 2024? Legislation: Passed by the United States Congress in June 2024. Third significant act by the US on Tibet, following the Tibetan Policy Act (2002) and the Tibetan Policy & Support Act (2020). Objectives: Strengthen the US position on Tibet and pressure China into resuming negotiations with the Dalai Lama. Enhance US support for Tibet and empower US State Department officials to counter Chinese disinformation on Tibet. Push for negotiations “without preconditions” between the Chinese government and the Dalai Lama or his representatives. Emphasize the Tibetan people’s right to self-determination and human rights. Recognize and address the distinct historical, cultural, religious, and linguistic identity of the Tibetan people. Empower the international community to stand up for justice and peace in Tibet. Key Differences from Previous Acts: Unlike the 2002 act, which recognized China’s claim over Tibet, the Resolve Tibet Act challenges this claim directly. Encourages dialogue with the Dalai Lama or his democratically elected representatives without preconditions. Aims to “resolve differences” between the parties, going further than the Tibetan Policy & Support Act of 2020. How is India’s Relation with Tibet? Historical Context: The Younghusband Mission (1903-1904): British expedition to Tibet led by Colonel Younghusband aimed to establish a British presence and counter Russian influence, resulting in the Lhasa Convention of 1904. Anglo-Russian Convention (1907): Settled colonial disputes between Britain and Russia, stipulating that neither would negotiate with Tibet except through Chinese mediation. Cultural and Religious Ties: Despite the Sino-Russian treaty, India maintained close ties with Tibet through the influence of Buddhism. The spread of Buddhism from India to Tibet and the presence of influential Buddhist monasteries fostered strong cultural and religious connections. Border Disputes: The Sino-Indian border dispute, particularly in the Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh regions, remains a major point of contention between India and China. The status of Tibet and its historical relationship with India are central to this dispute, with both countries claiming sovereignty over the disputed territories. India’s Stand on Tibet: Since 2003, India has recognized the Tibet Autonomous Region as part of the People’s Republic of China, following the signing of the Declaration on Principles for Relations and Comprehensive Cooperation between India and China. In 1959, India granted asylum to the Dalai Lama after a failed uprising. The China-Tibet Issue: Historical Overview Tibet’s Quest for Independence: Tibet is a vast region in Asia, covering about 2.4 million square kilometers, roughly a quarter of China’s territory. It serves as the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people and other ethnic groups. Tibet is renowned for its high elevation, with an average of 4,900 meters, including Mount Everest, Earth’s highest peak. Tibet declared de facto independence under the 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso, in 1913, a move not recognized by China. Chinese Occupation and the Seventeen Point Agreement: From 1912 until the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, Tibet was not governed by any Chinese authority, and the Dalai Lama’s government administered the region. In 1951, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) entered Tibet, leading to a forced treaty known as the “Seventeen Point Agreement.” This agreement claims to guarantee Tibetan autonomy and religious freedom but permits the establishment of Chinese offices in Lhasa, Tibet’s capital. The treaty is widely regarded as invalid by Tibetans and third-party observers, often termed a “cultural genocide.” 1959 Tibetan Uprising: Escalating tensions between Tibet and China reached a climax in 1959 when the Dalai Lama and his supporters sought asylum in India. Aftermath of the 1959 Tibetan Uprising: Since 1959, China has increasingly tightened its control over Tibet, resulting in a lack of freedom of speech, religion, and press. Tibetans have faced forced abortion, sterilization, and an influx of low-income Han Chinese residents, which threatens Tibetan culture. Although China has improved infrastructure in Tibet, such as Lhasa, it has also encouraged a demographic shift by relocating Han Chinese citizens to the region. Tibet and the Dalai Lama’s Impact on India-China Relations Historical Neighbors: Tibet historically shared its boundaries with India, and the Line of Actual Control (LAC) stretches for 3,500 kilometers in the Tibetan Autonomous Region. The 1914 Simla Convention, which delineated boundaries, was signed by Tibetan representatives alongside Chinese officials and British India. However, China’s full annexation of Tibet in 1950 led to a repudiation of the Simla Convention and the McMahon Line, which separated the two countries. Recognition of Tibet: In 1954, India signed an agreement recognizing Tibet as a “Tibet region of China,” reflecting the changing dynamics of the region. The presence of the Dalai Lama in India remains a persistent issue in India-China relations, as China views him as a separatist figure. Tibet’s Geopolitical Significance: The Tibetan plateau holds strategic importance in terms of water resources and geopolitical considerations, further complicating India-China-Tibet relations. What is the Global Stand on China-Tibet Issue? China’s Claim: China asserts that Tibet has been part of its territory since the 13th century and implements policies aimed at developing the region. China considers Tibet an autonomous region with significant rights and accuses the Dalai Lama of seeking independence. Concerns Over Dalai Lama’s Successor: China is apprehensive about the future selection of the Dalai Lama, fearing that a successor chosen by the Tibetan community might challenge its authority in Tibet. Support from Western Countries: Some Western nations, such as the US and Canada, have expressed support for Tibetan autonomy and human rights. Central Tibetan Administration (CTA): The CTA, the Tibetan government-in-exile led by the Dalai Lama, is not recognized by the international community, including India. Neutral Stance by Many Countries: Numerous countries, especially those with strong ties to China, maintain a neutral stance and prioritize diplomatic and economic cooperation with China. Cautious Approach by Neighbouring Countries: Neighboring countries like Nepal and Bhutan adopt a cautious approach to avoid escalating tensions with China. Concerns by International Organizations: International organizations, including the United Nations (UN), have raised concerns about human rights abuses in Tibet, highlighting restrictions on religious freedom and cultural suppression. -Source: The Hindu UNODC Releases World Drug Report 2024 Context: The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) recently released its World Drug Report 2024. This report highlights escalating concerns in the international drug landscape, drawing global attention to the issue. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: What are the Highlights of the Report? Who are the Major Drug-Producing Regions in the World? What are the Factors Contributing to Drug Abuse in India? What are the Various Challenges for India in Drug Trafficking? What are the Highlights of the Report? Global Drug Usage: In 2022, the number of drug users worldwide reached 292 million, showing a 20% increase over the past decade. Popular Drugs: Cannabis is the most popular drug, with 228 million users, followed by opioids, amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy. New Synthetic Opioids: The report highlights nitazenes, a new class of synthetic opioids more potent than fentanyl, linked to an increase in overdose deaths, especially in high-income countries. Treatment Gap: Out of 64 million people suffering from drug use disorders, only one in 11 receive treatment. Significant gender gap in treatment access, with only one in 18 women receiving treatment compared to one in seven men. Indian States with Highest FIRs: Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Punjab have the highest number of FIRs registered under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (NDPS Act) in the past three years. Who are the Major Drug-Producing Regions in the World? The Golden Crescent: Comprises Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan, a major hub for opium production and distribution. Affects Indian states like Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Gujarat. The Golden Triangle: Located at the intersection of Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand, notorious for heroin production (Myanmar produces 80% of global heroin). Trafficking routes pass through Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, and India. What are the Factors Contributing to Drug Abuse in India? Economic and Social Factors: Individuals in lower-income groups use cheap, readily available drugs to temporarily escape harsh realities like poverty, unemployment, and poor living conditions. A slum rehabilitation program in Chennai reported that 70% of adult drug users cited poverty-related stress as a key factor. Youth and Social Influence: Teenagers experiment with drugs at parties to fit in or appear cool, influenced by celebrities and social media portraying drug use as fashionable. Organized Crime: Organized crime syndicates exploit legal system loopholes, such as weak border controls, to smuggle drugs. In 2023, a cybercrime unit uncovered a network using Instagram to advertise pharma parties in Goa, reaching over 100,000 potential attendees. The Border Security Force reported a 35% increase in drug seizures along the India-Pakistan border in 2023. What are the Various Challenges for India in Drug Trafficking? Geopolitical and Security Challenges: The India-Myanmar border, characterized by rough terrain and dense forests, presents security challenges. Illicit drug flows through India threaten both national security and public health. Socioeconomic Issues: Poverty, unemployment, and illiteracy in the North Eastern regions contribute to local involvement in drug-related criminal activities. Some local tribes and residents may participate out of economic necessity or misplaced sympathy. Proximity to Major Drug-Producing Regions: The Golden Crescent and Golden Triangle regions collectively meet about 90% of the world’s drug demand. India’s proximity to these areas increases its exposure to drug trafficking. Technological Challenges: Recent incidents in Punjab have revealed the use of drones for cross-border drug and weapon smuggling. Emerging Cocaine Market: India has become a popular destination for cocaine, controlled by South American cartels. These cartels have established complex networks involving Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) in countries like Canada, Australia, Singapore, Hong Kong, and various European nations, as well as local drug dealers and gangsters in India. -Source: Down To Earth Implementation of the New Criminal Law Regime Context: Three new criminal laws – Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) – came into effect across the country on July 1. They brought widespread changes in India’s criminal justice system and ended colonial-era laws – the Indian Penal Code (1860), Code of Criminal Procedure (1973) and the Indian Evidence Act (1872). Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Detailed Analysis of the Three New Criminal Codes: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) Pros and Cons of the New Legislation Government’s Steps for Enforcing the New Codes Detailed Analysis of the Three New Criminal Codes: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) Introduction of Fresh Offences: Clause 69: Punishes sexual intercourse obtained through “deceitful means” with up to 10 years imprisonment and a fine. Includes false promises of employment, promotion, inducement, or marriage after concealing identity. Critics suggest this could criminalise consensual relationships and support the “love jihad” narrative. Clause 103: Identifies murder on the basis of race, caste, or community as a distinct offence. Addresses lynching with legal recognition following a 2018 Supreme Court directive. Organised Crime and Terrorism: Section 111(1) is largely inspired by the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA). Includes kidnapping, robbery, vehicle theft, extortion, land grabbing, contract killing, economic crimes, cyber-crimes, etc. Clause 304(1): Defines snatching as a new and distinct offence from theft. Community Service as Punishment: Introduced for minor theft, defamation, and suicide attempts to hinder a public official. Not explicitly defined, left to the judge’s discretion. Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) Increase in Police Custody Duration: Extends detention from 15 days to up to 90 days. Focus on Victim Rights: Requires victims to be heard before the withdrawal of cases with punishments of seven years or more. In Absentia Trials: Permits trials and convictions without the accused present. Criticised for potentially inadequate efforts to locate the accused. Abolition of Statutory Bail: Removes automatic bail provisions if an accused faces multiple charges. Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) Redefined “Document”: Includes electronic and digital records as primary evidence. Grants digital records the same legal status as physical documents. Broadened Scope of Secondary Evidence: Adds oral admissions, written submissions, etc. Changes in Confessional Admissions: Deems confessions by accused individuals irrelevant in criminal proceedings. Pros and Cons of the New Legislation Advantages: Minor Wife Sexual Intercourse: Classified as rape. Recognition of Mob-Lynching: Legislative acknowledgment of such hate crimes. Exclusion of Section 377: Omits the controversial clause criminalising “carnal intercourse against the order of nature.” Promotion of Video-Trials: Aims to expedite justice delivery through video-conferencing and defined trial timelines. Concerns: Consultation and Passage Issues: The consultation process during the pandemic and rapid passage through Parliament have raised concerns. Overhaul of Existing Laws: Legal experts believe the new laws do not thoroughly reform existing ones. Broadened Sedition Definition: The new laws introduce a wider definition of sedition. Gender-Specific Rape Laws: No provisions for male victims of sexual assault. Government’s Steps for Enforcing the New Codes Training and Education: Bar Council of India requires new laws to be included in university courses from the 2024-25 academic year. Awareness and Public Information: Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) coordinates a public awareness campaign with the Inter-Ministerial Group. Technological Improvements: NCRB made 23 enhancements to the Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS) for tech compatibility. NIC developed applications like eSakshya, NyayShruti, and eSummon for crime scene videography, judicial hearings, and court summons delivery. Building Capacity: BPR&D created 13 training modules for police, prisons, prosecutors, judicial officers, forensic experts, and central police organisations. -Source: Indian Express International Seabed Authority Celebrates 30th Anniversary Context: The International Seabed Authority (ISA), an agency under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), recently celebrated its 30th anniversary. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: International Seabed Authority (ISA) India and the ISA International Seabed Authority (ISA) Overview: The ISA is an independent global organization formed under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the 1994 Agreement for implementing Part XI of UNCLOS. Headquarters: Located in Kingston, Jamaica. Membership: Comprises 168 Member States, including India, along with the European Union. Jurisdiction: Oversees approximately 54% of the world’s ocean areas. Core Responsibilities: Regulation: Supervises all exploration and exploitation activities related to deep-sea minerals. Environmental Protection: Ensures the safeguarding of the marine environment from adverse impacts of deep-seabed activities. Scientific Research: Promotes marine scientific studies and research. India and the ISA Recent Developments: On 18th January 2024, India submitted applications for exploration in the international seabed area of the Indian Ocean, targeting: Polymetallic sulphides in the Indian Ocean Ridge (Carlsberg Ridge). Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts on the Afanasy-Nikitin Seamount in the Central Indian Ocean. Current Contracts: India holds two existing contracts for exploration in the Indian Ocean: Polymetallic nodules and sulphides in the Central Indian Ocean Basin and Ridge. -Source: The Hindu Santhal Tribal Community Context: The Prime Minister recently paid tribute to the sacrifices and bravery of the Santhal tribal community. Relevance: GS I: History About Santhal Tribal Community: Demographics: Santhals are the third largest scheduled tribe in India, following Gonds and Bhils. Predominantly found in Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Orissa in eastern India. Language: They speak Santhali, a Kherwari dialect from the Munda (Austroasiatic) language family. Santhali, written in the Ol-Chiki script, is listed as a scheduled language in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. History and Settlement: Initially nomadic, the Santhals settled on the Chotanagpur plateau. By the late 18th century, they concentrated in the Santhal Parganas of Jharkhand (previously part of Bihar) and later moved to Odisha and West Bengal. Religion: Santhals are nature worshippers, often seen paying respects at Jaher (sacred groves) within their villages. Traditional Dress: Men typically wear dhoti and gamuchha. Women wear short-check sarees, usually blue and green, and often adorn themselves with tattoos. Marriage Customs: Santhal society accepts various forms of marriage, including elopement, widow remarriage, levirate, forced (rare), and compensatory marriage for impregnation. Divorce is not taboo, and either partner can initiate it. Occupations: Primarily agriculturists, they rely on farming and forest resources. Seasonal forest collection is a significant source of supplementary income. Cultural Practices: Dance (enej) and music (sereng) are essential aspects of Santhal culture. Their homes, known as Olah, feature a unique three-color pattern: black soil at the bottom, white in the middle, and red at the top. Historical Significance: The Santhal Rebellion (1855-56) was a notable uprising against British rule, marking India’s first significant peasant revolt. The rebellion, led by Sido and Kanhu, was driven by the grievances arising from the Permanent Land Settlement of 1793, impacting regions of Bihar. -Source: Times of India Snowblind Malware Context: A new banking malware called ‘Snowblind’ is targeting Android users to steal banking credentials. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges About Snowblind Malware: Nature of Malware: Snowblind is a new type of Android malware designed to exploit a built-in Android security feature to bypass anti-tamper mechanisms and steal banking credentials. Mechanism: Exploitation of Security Features: It leverages an Android security feature to bypass tamper protection in applications handling sensitive data. Repacking Apps: The malware repacks applications, making it impossible to detect accessibility features used to extract sensitive information like login credentials, and gain remote access to the app. Seccomp Feature: Snowblind exploits a feature called ‘seccomp’ (secure computing), which is part of the underlying Linux kernel and the Android operating system, used to check applications for tampering. Infection Process: Injection of Code: The malware injects a piece of code that loads before seccomp initializes anti-tampering measures. This allows the malware to bypass security mechanisms and use accessibility services to view the victim’s screen remotely. Disabling Security Features: Snowblind can disable biometric and two-factor authentication, common security features in banking apps to prevent unauthorized access. Source of Infection: Like typical Android malware, Snowblind infects users who download and install apps from untrusted sources. Geographic Impact: While the exact number of affected devices is unknown, Snowblind is reported to be most active in Southeast Asia. -Source: Indian Express

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