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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 25 May 2024

CONTENTS ECI’s Enforcement of Model Code of Conduct Sparks DebateWorld Bank Report Highlights Global Water CrisisRBI Approves Record Surplus Transfer to Central GovernmentGlobal Agencies Call for Action Against Transnational Organized CrimeIMD Issues Colour-Coded Alerts for Heavy Rainfall in KeralaASMPA Missile ECI’s Enforcement of Model Code of Conduct Sparks Debate Context: Recently, the Election Commission of India (ECI) highlighted the enforcement of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC), stressing that star campaigners should lead by example and maintain societal harmony. This announcement has ignited a debate regarding the ECI’s authority to address MCC violations, including the power to deregister political parties. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: What Does the Derecognition of Political Parties Mean?What Does the Deregistration of a Political Party Mean?Need for Deregistration of Political PartiesWay Forward What Does the Derecognition of Political Parties Mean? Derecognition Explained Definition: Derecognition refers to the Election Commission of India (ECI) withdrawing recognition from a political party.Status Change: These parties are then classified as registered-unrecognised parties.Election Participation: They can still contest elections but lose the privileges granted to recognised parties. Authority of the ECI The ECI can derecognise a political party if it violates provisions of the Indian Constitution or the Representation of the People Act, 1951. Recognised Party A registered political party without recognition is known as a Registered Unrecognised Political Party (RUPP).Political parties are classified as either ‘national’ or ‘state’ parties based on the Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968. Criteria for Recognition To be recognised at the national or state level, a party must win a requisite number of seats and/or secure a required percentage of votes in general elections to the Lok Sabha (LS) or State Assembly (SA). Current Status There are currently six recognised national parties and sixty-one recognised state parties. Privileges of Recognised Parties Reserved Symbol: They receive a reserved symbol for elections.Star Campaigners: They are allowed up to forty star campaigners.Media Access: Since the 1998 Lok Sabha elections, they have free access to state-owned television and radio during elections. Grounds for Derecognition as a National Party Voting Threshold: Failing to secure at least 6% of total votes in a general election to the LS or the state legislative assembly, and failing to elect at least 4 MPs in the last LS polls or not winning 1 seat in the LS from the same state.Seat Threshold: Not winning at least 2% of total seats in the LS from at least 3 states.Vote Share: Failing to secure 8% of total valid votes in the state at a General Election to the LS or State Legislative Assembly.Financial Compliance: Failing to submit audited accounts to the ECI on time.Internal Elections: Failing to hold organisational elections (inner party elections) on time. What Does the Deregistration of a Political Party Mean? Deregistration Explained Definition: Deregistration is the process of canceling the registration of a political party.ECI’s Limitation: The Election Commission of India (ECI) currently does not have the authority to deregister political parties.Consequences: Once deregistered, a political party cannot contest elections. Registered Parties Section 29A: According to the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (RP Act), political parties must register with the ECI.Requirements: Parties seeking registration must submit a constitution that declares allegiance to the Indian Constitution and the principles of socialism, secularism, and democracy.Legal Benefits: Registered parties receive tax exemptions for donations under Section 13A of the Income Tax Act, 1961, a common symbol for elections, and the ability to have twenty ‘star campaigners’ during election campaigns. Current Status Statistics: As per the ECI, there are 2,790 active registered political parties in India. Grounds for Deregistration A political party can be deregistered if: Fraud: The registration was obtained fraudulently.Illegality: The party is declared illegal by the Central Government.Non-compliance: The party revises its internal constitution and refuses to comply with the Indian Constitution. ECI’s Power Limitations: The RP Act does not grant the ECI the authority to deregister parties for not contesting elections, failing to hold inner-party elections, or not submitting required returns.Supreme Court Ruling: In the Indian National Congress vs. the Institute of Social Welfare, 2002, the Supreme Court held that the ECI lacks the power to deregister political parties under the RP Act. Need for Deregistration of Political Parties Concerns and Issues Low Participation: Less than one-third of Registered Unrecognized Political Parties (RUPPs) participate in elections.Misuse of Benefits: Potential misuse of income tax exemptions and donations for money laundering.MCC Violations: Recognized parties often breach the Model Code of Conduct (MCC), but the ECI can only temporarily bar leaders from campaigning.Electoral Integrity: Deregistration mechanisms enhance electoral integrity by removing inactive entities and increasing transparency and fairness.Democracy: The proliferation of inactive political parties undermines democracy by diluting the electoral process and lacking genuine participation. Way Forward Recommendations and Proposals ECI Memorandum: The ECI, in its 2016 memorandum for electoral reforms, suggested amending the law to empower the ECI to deregister parties.Law Commission’s 255th Report: Recommended amendments to deregister parties that fail to contest elections for 10 consecutive years.Identification of Inactive Parties: In 2016, the commission aimed to identify registered, unrecognized parties that hadn’t fielded candidates from 2005 to 2015, to discourage the formation of paper parties for tax benefits.Regular Exercises: Regular exercises to weed out inactive parties.National Electoral Fund: Proposed by former chief election commissioner T.S. Krishnamurthy as an alternative to state funding to discourage inactive parties.170th Law Commission Report: Recommended introducing Section 78A in the RPA and penalties for parties defaulting in account maintenance.Greater Transparency: Empowering the ECI to audit political party accounts for enhanced transparency. -Source: The Hindu World Bank Report Highlights Global Water Crisis Context: The World Bank’s new report, “Water for Shared Prosperity,” unveiled at the 10th World Water Forum in Bali, Indonesia, underscores the severe global water crisis and its significant impact on human and economic development worldwide. Relevance: GS I: Water Resources Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the Report on Water and SanitationWorld Water Forum 2024 Key Highlights of the Report on Water and Sanitation Global Access to Water and Sanitation Significant Gaps: As of 2022, 2.2 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water services, and 3.5 billion lack access to safely managed sanitation.Rural Disparities: Eight out of ten people without basic drinking water and sanitation services live in rural areas. Regional Disparities in Access to Water Freshwater Distribution: China and India: Represent 36% of the global population but only hold 11% of the world’s freshwater.North America: Represents 5% of the global population but possesses 52% of freshwater. Africa and Asia: The Democratic Republic of the Congo has over half of Africa’s water resources.Regions such as the Sahel, Southeastern Africa, and South and Central Asia remain water-stressed. Low-Income Countries: These areas have experienced a decline in access to safe drinking water, with an additional 197 million people lacking access since 2000. Marginalised Groups: Disparities also affect marginalized groups based on gender, location, ethnicity, race, and other social identities. Impact of Climate Change Increased Risks: Climate change exacerbates water-related risks, with developing countries facing more severe and prolonged droughts and floods.High Risk: Over 800 million people are at high risk of drought, and twice as many live in flood-prone areas. Future Projections: By 2100, meteorological drought is expected to impact 15% more of the global land area, potentially increasing to nearly 50% with temperature effects.Areas most affected will include Central Europe, Asia, the Horn of Africa, India, North America, Amazonia, and central Australia.Vulnerable Populations: Poor populations are more exposed to water-related risks and have limited capacity to adapt, perpetuating a cycle of poverty. Importance of Water and Sanitation Services Human Capital Development: Access to these services is essential for educational attainment and overall human capital development. Economic Impact: In low-income countries, 56% of jobs are in water-intensive sectors that are highly sensitive to water availability.In Sub-Saharan Africa, 62% of employment is in water-dependent jobs, with low rainfall significantly impacting GDP growth. Water Management and Social Impact Community Trust: Effective and equitable water management fosters community trust and cooperation.Conflict Prevention: Mismanagement can exacerbate conflicts, whereas proper water resource management promotes peace, social cohesion, inclusivity, and reduces tensions. Recommended Interventions for Sustainable Water Management Strengthening Resilience: Enhance resilience to hydro-climatic risks for the poorest populations.Resource Development: Improve development, management, and allocation of water resources.Equitable Delivery: Promote equitable and inclusive delivery of water services to reduce poverty and increase shared prosperity. World Water Forum 2024 Event: The 2024 World Water Forum (10th WWF)Theme: “Water for Shared Prosperity”Organizers: Jointly organized by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the World Water Council. World Water Council Establishment: Founded in 1996Location: MarseilleMembership: Comprises 260 member organizations from 52 countries, including India.Mission: To unite the international community to advocate for water as a critical political priority for sustainable and equitable global development. Significance of the Forum Scale: The World Water Forum is the world’s largest event of its kind, held every three years since 1997 with a different host country each time.Platform: Provides a unique venue for the water community and key decision-makers to collaborate and make long-term commitments to address global water challenges.Goal: To ensure clean and equitable access to water for all, fostering sustainable development and cooperation among nations. -Source: Down To Earth RBI Approves Record Surplus Transfer to Central Government Context: The Central Board of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has approved a record surplus transfer of Rs 2.11 lakh crore to the Central government for the fiscal year 2023-24. This transferable surplus has been calculated based on the Economic Capital Framework (ECF). Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: What is the Economic Capital Framework (ECF)?What is the Surplus Distribution Policy of the Revised ECF?Surplus Transfer by the RBI to the Central GovernmentWhat Led to the Higher Dividend Transfers to the Government? What is the Economic Capital Framework (ECF)? Purpose: The ECF provides a methodology for determining the appropriate level of risk provisions and profit distribution as per Section 47 of the RBI Act 1934.Profit Distribution: The central bank must pay the balance of its profits to the central government after accounting for bad and doubtful debts, asset depreciation, and staff contributions. Old ECF Development: The old ECF was developed in 2014-15 and became operational in 2015-16.Review: In 2018, the RBI constituted an Expert Committee chaired by Dr. Bimal Jalan to review the existing economic capital framework and propose a suitable surplus distribution policy. Revised ECF Adoption: The RBI adopted the revised ECF on August 26, 2019, based on the recommendations of the Bimal Jalan Committee. This framework may be reviewed every five years. What is the Surplus Distribution Policy of the Revised ECF? Previous Policy Focus: The earlier surplus distribution policy targeted only the total economic capital.Components: Economic capital includes the central bank’s capital, reserves, risk provisions, and revaluation balances. Expert Committee Recommendations Inclusion of Realised Equity: The target should also include realised equity, which is part of RBI’s economic capital comprising its capital, reserve fund, and risk provisions.Total Economic Capital: Should be maintained between 20.8% to 25.4% of the RBI’s balance sheet. Contingent Risk Buffer (CRB): Range: The CRB should be maintained within 5.5-6.5% of the RBI’s balance sheet.Purpose: Covers monetary, fiscal stability, credit, and operational risks.Role: Acts as the country’s savings for financial stability crises, maintained by the RBI as the Lender of Last Resort. Surplus Distribution Above Required Levels: If realised equity is above the required levels, the entire net income of the RBI will be transferred to the government.Below Required Levels: If realised equity is below the required levels, risk provisioning will be made as needed, and only the residual net income will be transferred to the government. Surplus Transfer by the RBI to the Central Government Amount Transferred: The Central Board of Directors of the RBI approved a transfer of Rs 2,10,874 crore as surplus to the Central Government for the accounting year 2023-24.Comparison with Previous Year: This transfer is more than double the Rs 87,416 crore transferred in FY23.CRB Adjustment: The RBI Board decided to increase the Contingent Risk Buffer (CRB) to 6.50% for 2023-24 from 6% the previous year, reflecting the robust and resilient economy.Fiscal Deficit Target: The Interim Budget for FY2025 set a target to reduce the fiscal deficit to 5.1% of GDP in FY25 from 5.8% in FY24.Impact: The significant dividend payout is expected to ease the FY25 fiscal deficit by about 0.2% of GDP, considering potential shortfalls in disinvestment receipts and moderate tax collection growth. What Led to the Higher Dividend Transfers to the Government? Variable Repo Rate (VRR) Auctions: Revenue Increase: The higher dividend, which represents an additional fiscal revenue of 0.4% of GDP, is partly due to increased revenue from the RBI’s VRR auctions conducted last year to provide funding support to banks amid tight liquidity. Revaluation Gains on Forex Reserves: Interest Rates: Higher interest rates on domestic and foreign securities.Foreign Exchange Sales: Significantly higher gross sales of foreign exchange also contributed to the increased dividend. Surplus Income: Sources: The RBI’s surplus income from investments, valuation changes on dollar holdings, and fees from printing currency. Rupee Depreciation: Effect: The rupee’s depreciation against the dollar has also led to the increased surplus transfer. -Source: The Hindu Global Agencies Call for Action Against Transnational Organized Crime Context: Recently, the leaders of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), Interpol, and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) stressed the urgent need to enhance efforts to combat the substantial illicit profits generated by transnational organized crime (TOC). Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Dimensions of the Article: What is Transnational Organised Crime?Impact of Transnational Organized Crime (TOC)Challenges Regarding Controlling TOC What is Transnational Organised Crime? Definition Organised Crime: Illegal activities carried out by groups or networks, often involving violence, corruption, or related actions to gain financial or material benefits.Transnational Organised Crime (TOC): Occurs when these activities or groups operate across multiple countries. Different Forms of TOC Money Laundering: Conceals the origins of illegally obtained money.Converts proceeds of crime into seemingly legal funds.Globally, money laundering exceeds 2% to 5% of the global GDP, approximately USD 800 billion to USD 2 trillion annually. Drug Trafficking: The most lucrative business for criminals.Global drug trafficking is worth around USD 650 billion, contributing 30% of the overall illicit economy. Human Trafficking: Exploitation of men, women, and children for sexual or labor purposes.Generates estimated annual global profits of USD 150 billion.Victimizes approximately 25 million people worldwide (80% forced labor, 20% sex trafficking).In 2009, USD 6.6 billion was generated from the smuggling of 3 million migrants from Latin America to North America. Arms Trafficking: Illicit trade of small arms, explosives, and ammunition.Generates around USD 170 million to USD 320 million annually. Trafficking in Natural Resources: Involves the trade of non-renewable resources (minerals, fuels) and renewable resources (wildlife, forestry, fishery).Called “environmental crime” by international organizations.The sale of elephant ivory, rhino horn, and tiger parts in Asia was worth an estimated USD 75 million in 2010. Fraudulent Medicines: Includes counterfeit medicines and diverted legal medicines.Can result in death or drug resistance instead of curing diseases. Cybercrime and Identity Theft: Criminals use the internet to steal private data, access bank accounts, and fraudulently obtain payment card details. Impact of Transnational Organized Crime (TOC) Health and Safety Counterfeit Medicines: Common in low- and middle-income countries, these can be ineffective or harmful, leading to approximately 1 million deaths globally each year.WHO Estimate: Over 1 million deaths annually due to falsified or substandard medicines, with 200,000 deaths in Africa. Economic Impact Money Laundering: Undermines financial integrity and state public financing, obstructing economic development.Foreign Exchange Reserves: TOC drains these reserves and affects assetprices, undermining economic stability.Global Offshore Economy: Conceals an estimated 10% of the world’s wealth, including proceeds from organized crime. Environmental Impact Organized Environmental Crime: Drives deforestation, biodiversity loss, and carbon emissions, contributing to climate change.Synthetic Refrigerants (HFCs): Illicit production and smuggling undermine the Montreal Protocol, exacerbating climate change.Lack of Consensus: On defining and criminalizing environmental crimes enables criminals to evade enforcement.Social and Political ImpactIllicit Arms Trade: Fuels armed conflicts, violent crime, and other organized criminal activities.Non-State Armed Groups: Engage in illicit markets, supporting activities like natural resource extraction and smuggling.Organized Crime-Related Violence: Particularly in Central and South America, often exceeds casualties from armed conflicts. Local Impact Destabilization: TOC can destabilize countries and regions, undermining development assistance.Local Criminal Collaboration: Increases in corruption, extortion, racketeering, and violence, alongside sophisticated crimes.Public Spending: Adds to security and policing costs, undermining human rights standards. Challenges Regarding Controlling TOC Legal and Policy Challenges Variations in Legal Frameworks: Across countries complicate international efforts to combat TOC.Global Consensus: Difficult to achieve on strategies to address TOC due to varying national interests and priorities. International Cooperation UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC): The main legal instrument, but its implementation and cooperation regime are often ineffective.UNODC and Other Bodies: Lack a coherent strategy, often taking a piecemeal approach. Enforcement and Governance Informal Solutions: Powerful states prefer unilateral solutions, which often lack oversight, challenging the rule of law and human rights.Corruption: Infiltrates and undermines law enforcement and governance structures.Technology: Criminals exploit technology for illicit activities, staying ahead of law enforcement capabilities. Conflict and Terrorism Regions of Conflict: TOC can fuel violence and instability, complicating efforts to control it.Terrorism Connection: Criminal profits fund terrorist activities, posing a significant threat. -Source: The Hindu IMD Issues Colour-Coded Alerts for Heavy Rainfall in Kerala Context: The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has issued colour-coded alerts for multiple districts in Kerala, warning of potential isolated heavy to very heavy rainfall in the state. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Weather Warnings Color-Coded System: The IMD uses color-coded weather warnings to alert the public about severe or hazardous weather conditions that could cause damage, disruption, or danger to life. Categories: Green: No warning.Yellow: Be aware.Orange/Amber: Be prepared.Red: Take action. Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) Founded: Established in 1875.Affiliation: An agency under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India. Responsibilities: Meteorological observations.Weather forecasting.Seismology. Headquarters and Global Role Location: Headquartered in New Delhi.Global Integration: One of the six Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres of the World Meteorological Organization. -Source: The Hindu ASMPA Missile Context: France has marked a significant milestone in its defence capabilities by successfully testing the updated ASMPA supersonic missile, capable of carrying a nuclear warhead. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About ASMPA Missile Type: The Air-Sol Medium Range (ASMP/ASMP-A) is an air-launched land-attack supersonic cruise missile.Payload: Carries a nuclear payload.Role: Central component of France’s nuclear deterrent force. Versions ASMP (1986): Range: 80 to 300 km.Warhead: TN 81 with a variable yield of 100 to 300 kilotons of TNT. ASMP-A (2009): Range: Extended up to 500 km.Warhead: New 300 kt thermonuclear warhead.ASMPA-R Project: A renovated version intended to add additional range and support new advancements in the warhead. Features Dimensions: Length: 5.38 meters.Body Diameter: 0.38 meters.Launch Weight: 860 kg.Guidance: Inertial-guided, likely using terrain-mapping and a pre-programmed onboard computer.Motor Assembly: Comprises a solid-propellant engine that fires after the missile is released from the aircraft. Performance Initial Acceleration: Speed: Accelerates to Mach 2.0 in five seconds.Process: After ignition, the booster cartridge is ejected from the ramjet exhaust nozzle. Secondary Acceleration: Motor: Liquid (kerosene)–powered ramjet motor.Maximum Speed: Mach 3.0, depending on altitude. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 22 May 2024

CONTENTS World Telecommunication and Information Society DayAntarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting World Telecommunication and Information Society Day Context: The Department of Telecommunications (DoT), celebrated World Telecommunication and Information Society Day on 17th May 2024, with the theme “Digital Innovation for Sustainable Development”. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About World Telecommunication and Information Society Day Historical Significance The day commemorates the anniversary of the founding of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) on 17th May 1865, marked by the signing of the first International Telegraph Convention in Paris. Key Announcements by DoT Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) Initiatives NIDHI & STAR Program: These initiatives focus on developing indigenous telecom solutions and technologies.STAR Program: Provides scholarships and mentorship from C-DOT research leaders to PhD students. Telecom Industry in India Global Standing: India has the 2nd largest telecom industry in the world.Subscriber Base: As of August 2023, India has a subscriber base of 1.179 billion (including both wireless and wireline subscribers).Economic Impact: The telecom sector is crucial to the digital economy, projected to reach around USD 1.5 billion by 2025-26, contributing approximately 15% to the GDP. Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting Context: India is set to play a pivotal role in facilitating the first-ever focused discussions on regulating tourism in Antarctica at the 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) and 26th Meeting of the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP).  Relevance: GS II: International Relations Understanding the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM): Purpose: The ATCM is an annual gathering of the original 12 parties to the Antarctic Treaty, along with other parties interested in Antarctic research.Antarctic Treaty: Signed in 1959, the treaty designates Antarctica as a region devoted to peaceful activities, scientific collaboration, and environmental preservation.Membership: Currently, 56 countries are party to the Antarctic Treaty, including India, which became a Consultative Party in 1983 and reaffirmed its commitment through the Antarctic Act in 2022.Meeting Frequency: Initially held biennially from 1961 to 1994, the meetings have been annual since 1994.46th ATCM Agenda: The agenda includes discussions on sustainable management of Antarctica, policy, legal matters, biodiversity, inspections, data exchange, research, climate change, tourism, and awareness.India’s Role: As a Consultative Party, India participates in decision-making alongside other Consultative Parties and has been conducting annual scientific expeditions to Antarctica since 1981. Understanding the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP): Establishment: Formed in 1991 under the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (Madrid Protocol).Function: The CEP advises the ATCM on matters related to environmental protection and conservation in Antarctica.Importance: Both the ATCM and CEP play crucial roles in safeguarding Antarctica’s delicate ecosystem and promoting scientific research in the region.Annual Meetings: Convened under the Antarctic Treaty System, these meetings serve as platforms for addressing environmental, scientific, and governance issues in Antarctica.26th CEP Agenda: Focuses on evaluating the Antarctic environment, climate change responses, area protection, marine spatial protection, and biodiversity conservation.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 22 May 2024

CONTENTS Supreme Court Rulings on Professional Services Under CPASerum Institute of India Ships Malaria Vaccines to AfricaLab-grown Diamonds (LGDs)Supreme Court Orders Closure of Mines Near Sariska Tiger ReserveIndia Contemplates Free Trade Agreement with EAEUPig Butchering Scam Supreme Court Rulings on Professional Services Under CPA Context: The Supreme Court ruled that lawyers, as professionals, cannot be subjected to legal proceedings for providing faulty services under the Consumer Protection Act 2019 (CPA). However, the apex court dismissed similar arguments for medical professionals and decided that the judgment in Indian Medical Association vs V P Shantha (1995) should be reviewed by a larger bench for reconsideration. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: What is the Consumer Protection Act (CPA)?What Did the Apex Court Rule in Indian Medical Association vs V P Shantha (1995)?What Was the Recent Case Before the SC?Reasons to Exclude Medical Professionals from CPA RegulationsWhy the Supreme Court Did Not Exclude Medical Professionals from CPA Coverage What is the Consumer Protection Act (CPA)? The CPA focuses on safeguarding consumer interests regarding products and services they use.Initially enacted in 1986, the act was repealed and replaced with an updated version in 2019 to adapt to evolving needs.Consumers dissatisfied with a product or service can lodge a deficiency complaint with the consumer commission.Deficiency in service is defined as any fault, imperfection, shortcoming, or inadequacy in quality, nature, or performance that should legally be maintained.The 2019 Act specifies that a service includes facilities related to banking, insurance, transportation, housing, entertainment, and more.It excludes any service provided free of charge or under a personal service contract. What Did the Apex Court Rule in Indian Medical Association vs V P Shantha (1995)? In 1995, the Supreme Court ruled that doctors fall under consumer protection laws, allowing for medical negligence claims against them.The court recognized that professional services often involve skilled work, requiring mental effort rather than manual labor.This distinguishes these professions from others, where success may depend on factors beyond the professional’s control. What Was the Recent Case Before the SC? In 2007, the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission decided that lawyers offer a service to their clients, making them liable for deficiency in service claims.This decision was later reviewed by the apex court, which issued a recent judgment.The court determined that the CPA 2019 aims to shield consumers from unfair trade and unethical business practices.The legislation was not meant to cover professional services.It highlighted that the legal profession is unique and cannot be equated with other professions.The court stated that engaging a lawyer is considered a contract of personal service, thus exempting it from consumer protection laws. Reasons to Exclude Medical Professionals from CPA Regulations A senior advocate representing the Indian Medical Association contended that medical professionals cannot be judged by fixed norms or standards, making them unsuitable for inclusion under the CPA.Legal cases under the CPA are addressed by Consumer Redressal Commissions at the District, State, and National levels.According to the 1986 CPA (applicable in 1995), the President of each Commission must be qualified as a judge at the District, High Court, or Supreme Court level.Other members are required to have expertise in areas such as economics, law, commerce, accountancy, industry, or public administration.There is no mandate for commission members to have medical knowledge, making them unfit to handle complex medical issues.In 2024, another Supreme Court bench showed more empathy towards medical practitioners, arguing that these professionals should not be held to the same standards as other occupations. Why the Supreme Court Did Not Exclude Medical Professionals from CPA Coverage The court determined that doctors have specific duties to their patients, including deciding on treatment, administering treatments, and determining whether to treat a patient.If a doctor fails to provide a “reasonable degree of care” and breaches these duties, they can be held liable for service deficiencies under the CPA.Requiring commission members to have relevant knowledge and experience for each case would be impractical.District Commissions can handle cases that might be out of the State Commissions’ purview.The responsibility lies with the involved parties to present the necessary evidence and materials for commission members to make an informed decision. -Source: Indian Express Serum Institute of India Ships Malaria Vaccines to Africa Context: Recently, Pune-based Serum Institute of India (SII) announced that the shipment of its first batch of R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccines to Africa. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), nearly half a million children die from malaria annually in Africa, which accounted for 94% of the global malaria cases (233 million) and 95% of the deaths (580,000) in 2022. India reported approximately 3.38 million malaria cases and 5,511 deaths. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: What is R21/Matrix-M?Initial Deployment to AfricaAbout Malaria What is R21/Matrix-M? The R21 vaccine is the second malaria vaccine endorsed by the WHO, following the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine, which gained WHO recommendation in 2021.Developed by the University of Oxford, the vaccine is manufactured and scaled up by the Serum Institute of India (SII).Utilizing Novavax’s adjuvant technology, the vaccine adheres to stringent safety, quality, and efficacy standards.Adjuvants: Substances that boost the immune system’s response to a vaccine.These are typically used to enhance vaccine effectiveness.The Matrix-M component in this vaccine is a proprietary saponin-based adjuvant created by Novavax. Key Features High Efficacy: Especially effective when administered just before the high transmission season.Good Efficacy: Effective when administered according to an age-based schedule. High Impact: Mathematical modeling indicates that the R21 vaccine could have a significant public health impact across various malaria transmission settings, including low transmission areas. Cost-Effectiveness: Priced between US$ 2 – US$ 4 per dose, the R21 vaccine’s cost-effectiveness is comparable to other recommended malaria interventions and childhood vaccines. Initial Deployment to Africa Shipment Details Central African Republic (CAR): The first shipment will be sent to CAR, followed by distributions to South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo in the coming days.Target RegionFor Africa: According to SII, the R21 vaccine is designed for the African continent, where the malaria parasite is prevalent.India’s Timeline: As the specific parasite strain is not present in India, it will take approximately five more years to develop a malaria vaccine for India. Current Status in India National Program: Currently, no malaria vaccine is being utilized in India under the national program. About Malaria Malaria is a severe febrile illness caused by Plasmodium parasites, transmitted to humans via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.Predominantly found in tropical regions, it is a life-threatening disease.Fortunately, malaria is both preventable and curable. How Malaria Spreads Malaria is not contagious and does not spread directly from person to person; it is transmitted exclusively through the bites of female Anopheles mosquitoes.Parasite Species Causing MalariaAmong the five Plasmodium species that can infect humans, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are the most dangerous. Symptoms of Malaria Initial symptoms appear 10–15 days after an infected mosquito bite.Common symptoms include fever, headache, and chills, which might be mild and difficult to identify as malaria.In areas where malaria is common, individuals with partial immunity might get infected without showing symptoms. Preventive Measures Vector Control Strategies Vector control is essential to prevent malaria and curb its transmission.Effective vector control methods for those in malaria-endemic regions include:Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs): Nets treated with insecticides to protect people while they sleep.Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS): Application of insecticides on surfaces where mosquitoes rest. Chemoprevention and Chemoprophylaxis Antimalarial medications, while primarily used to treat infected patients, can also be administered to prevent malaria. -Source: The Hindu Lab-grown Diamonds (LGDs) Context: India is playing a significant role in the lab-grown diamond industry, positioning itself as the world’s second-largest producer of precious stones created in laboratories rather than extracted from the earth. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: What are lab grown diamonds?How are LDGs produced?What are Lab-Grown Diamonds (LDGs) used for?Upanishads What are lab grown diamonds? Lab grown diamonds are diamonds that are produced using specific technology which mimics the geological processes that grow natural diamonds.They are not the same as “diamond simulants” – LDGs are chemically, physically and optically diamond and thus are difficult to identify as “lab grown.”While materials such as Moissanite, Cubic Zirconia (CZ), White Sapphire, YAG, etc. are “diamond simulants” that simply attempt to “look” like a diamond, they lack the sparkle and durability of a diamond and are thus easily identifiable.However, differentiating between an LDG and an Earth Mined Diamond is hard, with advanced equipment required for the purpose. How are LDGs produced? The most common (and cheapest) is the “High pressure, high temperature” (HPHT) method.As the name suggests, this method requires extremely heavy presses that can produce up to 730,000 psi of pressure under extremely high temperatures (at least 1500 celsius).Usually graphite is used as the “diamond seed” and when subjected to these extreme conditions, the relatively inexpensive form of carbon turns into one of the most expensive carbon forms.Other processes include “Chemical Vapor Deposition” (CVD) and explosive formation that creates what are known as “detonation nanodiamonds”. What are Lab-Grown Diamonds (LDGs) used for? LDGs have properties similar to natural diamonds, including their optical dispersion which gives them the diamond sheen.They are often used for industrial purposes in machines and tools due to their hardness and extra strength.LDGs have high thermal conductivity but negligible electrical conductivity which makes them valuable for electronics.With the depletion of natural diamonds, LDGs are becoming a replacement for the precious gemstone in the jewelry industry.The growth in production of LDGs does not affect India’s established diamond industry that involves polishing and cutting of diamonds. -Source: The Hindu Supreme Court Orders Closure of Mines Near Sariska Tiger Reserve Context: Recently, the Supreme Court directed the Rajasthan government to close 68 mines operating within a 1-kilometre radius of the critical tiger habitat (CTH) in the Sariska reserve. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: About Critical Tiger Habitat (CTH)Key Facts about Sariska Tiger ReserveProject TigerOrganizations or Forums involved in Tiger Conservation: About Critical Tiger Habitat (CTH) Definition: Also known as core areas of tiger reserves, Critical Tiger Habitats are designated under the Wild Life Protection Act (WLPA), 1972.Purpose: Identified based on scientific evidence, these areas are crucial for tiger conservation and are meant to be kept inviolate. This means they are preserved exclusively for tiger conservation without infringing on the rights of Scheduled Tribes or other forest dwellers.Notification: The designation of CTH is carried out by the state government in consultation with an expert committee constituted for this purpose. Key Facts about Sariska Tiger Reserve Location: Situated in the Alwar district of Rajasthan, Sariska Tiger Reserve is nestled within the Aravali Hills.Tiger Relocation: Sariska is renowned as the first reserve in the world to successfully relocate tigers.Tourist Attractions: The reserve is famous for its historical and natural sites, including Pandu Pol, Bhangarh Fort, Ajabgarh, Pratapgarh, Siliserh Lake, and Jai Samand Lake.Topography: Sariska features a diverse landscape comprising rocky terrains, scrub thorn arid forests, grassy areas, hilly cliffs, and semi-deciduous woodlands.Vegetation: The vegetation is primarily Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests and Northern Tropical Thorn Forest.Flora: Notable plant species include Dhok trees, salar, kadaya, gol, ber, Banyan, gugal, bamboo, kair, and adusta.Fauna: In addition to tigers, Sariska hosts a variety of wildlife such as leopards, sambhar, chital, and nilgai. Project Tiger Introduction: Project Tiger is a conservation program launched by the Indian government on April 1, 1973, to protect tigers from extinction due to widespread hunting and poaching. Objectives: The primary objectives of Project Tiger are to promote the conservation of the tiger and its habitat, control the poaching of tigers, and maintain a viable population of tigers in India. Implementation: The program was started in nine tiger reserves of different states in India, covering over 14,000 sq km.The project also ensured the preservation of the natural habitat of tigers, which is vital for their survival. Success and Challenges: The program’s success was evident from the rise in the tiger population in India, estimated to be around 3,000 by the 1990s.However, the local extermination of tigers in Rajasthan’s Sariska in 2005 was a significant setback.To overcome the challenge, the Indian government established the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) to reconstitute Project Tiger. Current Status: Today, there are 54 tiger reserves across India, spanning 75,000 sq km.The current tiger population in the country stands at 3,167, showing a steady rise from 1,411 in 2006, 1,706 in 2010, and 2,226 in 2014.The goal of Project Tiger is to have a viable and sustainable tiger population in tiger habitats based on a scientifically calculated carrying capacity. Organizations or Forums involved in Tiger Conservation: Global Tiger Forum(GTF): It is an Inter-Governmental international body working exclusively for the conservation of Tigers. Established in 1994, the Global Tiger Forum (GTF) has its headquarters in New Delhi set up to promote a worldwide campaign to save the tiger, its prey, and its habitat. The Global Tiger Initiative(GTI):It was launched in 2008 as a global alliance of governments, international organizations, civil society, conservation, and scientific communities, and the private sector, to work together to save wild tigers from extinction. In 2013, the scope was broadened to include Snow Leopards.Wildlife Institute of India (WII): Wildlife Institute of India (WII) offers training programs, academic courses, and advisory in wildlife research and management. It was established in 1982 at Dehradun. It is an autonomous Institution of the Ministry of Environment & Forests.World Wildlife Fund(WWF): It works to conserve and connect tiger habitat, monitors tigers and their prey, and collaborates with governments across the 13 tiger range countries to protect wild tigers. -Source: The Hindu India Contemplates Free Trade Agreement with EAEU Context: India is “seriously considering” initiating discussions for a free trade agreement with the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), as announced by the Foreign Minister of Belarus during his recent two-day visit to India. Relevance: GS II: International Relations About the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) is an international economic union and free trade zone that includes countries in central and northern Asia and Eastern Europe.It was established by the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union, signed on May 29, 2014, in Astana.Member countries are Russia, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. Objectives The EAEU aims to upgrade and increase the competitiveness of national economies, enhance cooperation, and promote stable development to improve the living standards of the Member States.It facilitates the free movement of goods, services, capital, and labor.It pursues coordinated, harmonized, and unified policies in sectors determined by the Treaty and international agreements within the Union. Structure Supreme Eurasian Economic Council: The highest authority, consisting of the heads of the Member States.Eurasian Economic Commission: Based in Moscow, it acts as the permanent supranational regulatory body, ensuring the Union’s functioning and development, and proposing further integration measures.Court of the EAEU: Based in Minsk, it serves as the judicial body of the Union. Key Characteristics Unlike the European Commission, the Eurasian Economic Commission has limited power.Member states can appeal its judgments to other bodies, but the Commission cannot compel a member state to appear before the Court for non-compliance.Disputes are typically resolved bilaterally rather than through EAEU institutions.Unlike the European Union (EU), the EAEU does not have a common currency. -Source: Times of India Pig Butchering Scam Context: An online financial fraud called Pig Butchering Scams are increasing across the globe, including in India. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About the Pig Butchering Scam Also Known As: The “sha zhu pan” scam.Type of Fraud: An online investment fraud where scammers create fake online identities to lure victims into fraudulent investment schemes.Origin of the Term: The term “pig butchering” refers to the scammers’ tactic of “fattening up” their victims by building trust over time before “slaughtering” them and stealing their money. How It Is Carried Out Initial Contact: The scam begins with the “host” reaching out to potential victims through social media, dating apps, or deceptive messages.Establishing Trust: Once a target, known as the “pig,” is identified, the host builds a false sense of friendship and encourages them to explore cryptocurrency trading.Fraudulent Trading App: The host uses a fake trading app to deceive the victim into believing they are making profits from fabricated trades.Increasing Investment: As the victim’s trust grows, the host persuades them to invest more money, a process known as “fattening the pig.”Withdrawal Attempts: When victims try to withdraw their funds, the fake platform either provides excuses or imposes substantial fees, ultimately revealing the scam. Due to the nature of blockchain transactions, recovering lost funds is extremely challenging. -Source: The Economic Times

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 May 2024

CONTENT Green Credit Programme Green Credit Programme Context: The Centre has approved 12 greening projects under the Green Credit Program (GCP) and estimates of 24 plans submitted by different state forest departments are under consideration. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Green Credit ProgrammeGreen Credit Rules, 2023: OverviewCompensatory Afforestation: Overview Green Credit Programme: The Green Credit Programme introduces a system of incentives, known as “Green Credits,” for activities that have a positive impact on the environment.It complements the domestic Carbon Market in India, expanding beyond CO2 emission reductions to incentivize a wider range of sustainable actions. Objectives: The Green Credit System aims to meet various environmental obligations, encouraging companies, individuals, and local bodies to undertake sustainable initiatives.Unlike the carbon market’s focus on CO2 emissions, the Green Credit Programme promotes broader environmental goals. Tradable Credits: Green credits earned through sustainable activities will be tradable, allowing participants to sell them on a proposed domestic market platform.This creates a market-based approach to incentivize and reward environmentally beneficial actions. Program Administrator: The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) will serve as the administrator of the Green Credit Programme.ICFRE will develop guidelines, processes, and procedures for the implementation of the programme, ensuring its effectiveness and integrity. Green Credit Activities: The programme promotes a range of activities that contribute to environmental sustainability, including: Increasing Green Cover: Promoting tree plantation and related activities to enhance the green cover across the country.Water Conservation: Encouraging water conservation, water harvesting, and efficient water use, including the treatment and reuse of wastewater.Regenerative Agriculture: Promoting natural and regenerative agricultural practices and land restoration to improve productivity, soil health, and the nutritional value of food produced.Waste Management: Supporting sustainable waste management practices, including collection, segregation, and treatment.Air Pollution Reduction: Encouraging measures to reduce air pollution and other pollution abatement activities.Mangrove Conservation: Promoting the conservation and restoration of mangroves, important ecosystems for coastal areas.Ecomark Label: Encouraging manufacturers to obtain the “Ecomark” label for their goods and services, signifying their environmental sustainability.Sustainable Infrastructure: Encouraging the construction of buildings and infrastructure using sustainable technologies and materials.Setting Thresholds and Benchmarks: The Green Credit Programme will establish thresholds and benchmarks for each specific Green Credit activity, ensuring clear standards and targets for participants to achieve. Green Credit Rules, 2023: Overview Notification and Legal Basis Introduced on 12th October 2023 under the Environment Protection Act of 1986. Objective Establish a mechanism promoting voluntary environmental actions leading to the issuance of green credits.Initial focus on voluntary tree plantation on degraded land, waste land, watershed areas, etc., managed by Forest departments. Implementation of the Green Credit Program (GCP) Afforestation Financing Registered and approved entities can finance afforestation projects in designated degraded forest and wasteland areas.Afforestation activities will be executed by State Forest departments. Green Credit Valuation Two years post-planting, each tree undergoes evaluation by the International Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE).Each planted tree can potentially earn one ‘green credit’. Utilization of Green Credits Companies that have converted forest land for non-forest uses and removed numerous trees can use green credits to fulfill obligations under India’s compensatory afforestation laws. Available Land for Green Credit Projects 10 States have identified approximately 3,853 hectares of degraded forest land for individuals, groups, and public/private sector units to earn and potentially trade green credits.Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh (MP) together represent about 40% of the available forest land. Compensatory Afforestation: Overview Definition Compensatory afforestation mandates industries or institutions, permitted to clear forest land for non-forestry purposes,Provide equivalent non-forest land to forest authorities, andFund afforestation on the provided land.Land must ideally be near the cleared forest tracts.If unavailable, twice the amount of ‘degraded’ forest land can be used for afforestation. Additional Compensation Companies must compensate for the lost forest ecosystem’s value, known as the ‘net present value’, due to land diversion. Issues with Compensatory Afforestation and the Green Credit Program (GCP) Challenges Obtaining contiguous non-forest land for compensatory afforestation, particularly in States like Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh with historical land diversions for mining.The Compensatory Afforestation Fund, funded by environmental compensation from companies, has substantial unspent funds due to land availability issues. Green Credit Challenges Assigning a monetary value to green credits is problematic.Linking green credits to compensatory afforestation activities is complex.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 May 2024

CONTENTS UNODC Releases World Wildlife Crime Report 2024Supreme Court Limits Enforcement Directorate’s Arrest Powers Under PMLAUK PM Proposes Changes to Graduate Route Visa SchemeRBI Tightens Oversight on Gold Loan Lenders and NBFCsProject AstraSynuclein Alpha (SNCA) ProteinsFirst Sea Anemone Bleaching Event Observed in Lakshadweep Islands UNODC Releases World Wildlife Crime Report 2024 Context: The UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has published the third edition of the World Wildlife Crime Report 2024. This report offers a comprehensive analysis of the illegal wildlife trade, covering the period from 2015 to 2021. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the ReportFactors Responsible for Wildlife CrimeMeasures to Effectively Reduce Wildlife Crime Key Highlights of the Report Most Affected by Illegal Wildlife Trade (2015-2021) Animals: Rhino and cedar were the most affected.Rhino Horn: Comprised the largest portion of the illegal animal trade at 29%.Pangolin Scales: Accounted for 28%.Elephant Ivory: Made up 15%. Other Illicitly Traded Animals: Eels (5%)Crocodilians (5%)Parrots and Cockatoos (2%)Carnivores, Turtles and Tortoises, Snakes, and Seahorses. Major Illegally Traded Plants Cedars and other Sapindales: Including mahogany, holy wood, and Guiacum made up 47%.Rosewoods: Accounted for 35%.Agarwood and other Myrtales: Comprised 13%. Commodities Seized (2015-2016) Coral Pieces: Constituted 16% of all seizures.Live Specimens: Made up 15%.Medicines Made of Animal Products: Represented 10%. Processing and Trafficking Trends Traditionally, bones were processed in destination countries (Far East) but may now be processed closer to the source (Africa, Latin America, Asia).Easier to traffic when processed (e.g., boiling bones into paste).Uncertainty if processed products are for local use, export, or both.Lion and Jaguar Bones: Increasingly substituted for tiger bones in traditional Chinese medicine. Tracking Progress on SDG Target 15.7 New Indicator Introduced (2024): To track progress in stopping illegal wildlife trafficking.Rising Illegal Trade: The proportion of illegal wildlife trade compared to all wildlife trade has increased since 2017.Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic: Wildlife seizures peaked at 1.4-1.9% of global trade (2020-2021), up from 0.5-1.1% in previous years.SDG Target 15.7: Current trends suggest the world is not on track to meet the target by 2030. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Established: 1997.Renamed: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in 2002. Functions: Acts as the Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention.Combines the United Nations International Drug Control Program (UNDCP) and the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division of the United Nations Office at Vienna. Factors Responsible for Wildlife Crime Involvement of Organized Crime Organized Crime Groups: Engage in elephant and tiger poaching, illegal fishing, and logging.Remote Operations: Utilize power relationships, corruption, illicit firearms, and money-laundering.Specialized Roles: Involved in export, import, brokering, storage, breeding, and interfacing with processors throughout the trade chain. Economic and Social Drivers Economic Necessity: Many poor individuals partake in wildlife crime to make ends meet.Crop and Livestock Protection: Desperation to protect agricultural resources from wildlife leads to poaching. Market Dynamics Adaptation to Legal Decline: Illegal traders invent new uses for products as legal markets decline.Demand for Scarcity: Luxury items like rare animals and endangered species trophies become more valuable as they become scarcer, driving illegal market demand. Corruption and Legal Challenges Corruption: Undermines efforts to combat wildlife trafficking, from bribery at inspection points to high-level influence on legal decisions.Legislative Gaps: Although laws exist to combat corruption with strong investigative powers, prosecution of wildlife trafficking organizers under such laws is rare. Cultural Factors Cultural Practices: In some regions, poaching is part of cultural identity. For instance, in the Central African Republic, elephant hunting symbolizes bravery and manhood and is a generational practice. Impacts of Wildlife Crime and Trafficking Biodiversity and Ecological Impacts Biodiversity Degradation: Leads to population reductions and extinction threats, affecting species diversity and ecosystem functioning.Ecological Imbalance: Overexploitation causes sex-ratio imbalances and slowed reproduction rates.Disturbance of Species Interdependencies: Trafficking disrupts essential ecological functions such as the food chain and food web.Invasive Species: Illegal trade can introduce non-native species, harming native ecosystems and natural resources. Socio-Economic Impacts Undermines Nature’s Benefits: Impacts food, medicine, energy, and cultural values.Economic Losses: A World Bank study estimated global economic losses from illegal wildlife trade at USD 1–2 trillion per year.Business Harm: Increases costs and losses for businesses in the legal wildlife trade and related services.Unfair Competition: Reduces resource access, damages reputations, and incurs extra legality verification costs.Disease Transmission Risks: Poses significant threats to humans, animals, and natural ecosystems. Law and Order Threats to Law Enforcement: Police, customs officials, and wildlife rangers face harassment, violence, and loss of life from poachers.Undermines Rule of Law: Weakens natural resource management and criminal justice responses.Corruption and Money Laundering: Compromises legislation and political stability, with limited financial investigations.Government Revenue Losses: Evades legal harvest fees, taxes, and tourism income, causing significant revenue losses in source countries.Increased Enforcement Costs: Wildlife crimes drive up government spending on conservation, law enforcement, and criminal justice globally. Measures to Effectively Reduce Wildlife Crime Legal Measures Demand Reduction: Implement laws that make it illegal to possess or trade goods derived from illegally obtained wildlife.Example: Banning ivory products to discourage elephant poaching.Stricter Law Enforcement: Ensure rigorous enforcement of existing laws like the Environmental Protection Act (1986) in India.Effective Penalties: Implement strong penalties for violations of wildlife protection laws to deter offenders. Resource Allocation Improved Resource Management: Allocate and manage funds more effectively to directly support wildlife protection agencies such as park rangers and anti-poaching units.Community Involvement: Engage local communities in conservation efforts and provide financial incentives to encourage their participation in preventing wildlife crime. Public Awareness and Education Awareness Campaigns: Raise public awareness about the consequences of wildlife trafficking through educational campaigns.Education on Wildlife Value: Educate citizens about the ecological and economic value of wildlife and the detrimental effects of consuming illegal wildlife products.Encouraging Reporting: Foster a sense of responsibility among individuals to report suspicious activities to authorities. -Source: Down To Earth Supreme Court Limits Enforcement Directorate’s Arrest Powers Under PMLA Context: The Supreme Court has ruled that the Enforcement Directorate (ED) loses its authority to arrest an accused once a special court takes cognisance of a chargesheet filed under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA). This judgment restricts the ED’s power to execute arrests and underscores the importance of protecting personal liberty. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Recent Supreme Court Ruling on PMLAPrevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002Recent Changes Made Under the PMLA Recent Supreme Court Ruling on PMLA Origin of the Judgment: The ruling originated from an appeal by the Enforcement Directorate (ED) against a Punjab and Haryana High Court decision that denied anticipatory bail. Key Issues Examined: Whether an accused can seek bail under the regular provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC).If so, whether the bail application must also meet the twin conditions under Section 45 of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA).Consideration of whether an accused not arrested during the PMLA investigation must meet stringent PMLA bail conditions upon appearing in court after a summons or warrant. Supreme Court Observations: Status of Accused Appearing on Summons: An accused who appears before a special court in response to a summons is not considered in custody and thus does not need to apply for bail under the stringent PMLA conditions. ED’s Custody Application: The ED must file a separate application to seek custody of the accused after they appear in court, providing specific reasons for the need for custodial interrogation. Protection of Personal Liberty: This ruling underscores the protection of the fundamental right to personal liberty. Surety and Bonds: The special court can require the accused to provide surety or bonds as per Section 88 of the CrPC, which is not equivalent to granting bail under PMLA’s stringent conditions. Procedure for Non-appearance: If an accused fails to appear despite being summoned, the court can first issue a bailable warrant. If non-appearance continues, a non-bailable warrant can be issued. ED’s Arrest Powers: The ED retains the authority to arrest individuals not named as accused in the initial PMLA complaint, provided proper arrest procedures under Section 19 of the PMLA are followed. Twin Conditions of Bail Under PMLA Under Section 45 of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), the following twin conditions must be met for an accused to be granted bail: Burden of Proving Innocence: The accused must demonstrate their innocence to the court. This means the burden of proof rests on the accused to show that there are reasonable grounds to believe they are not guilty of the offense they are charged with. Ensuring No Offences While on Bail: The accused must convince the court that they will not commit any offense while out on bail. This requires a strong assurance to the judge that the accused will not engage in any criminal activity if released. Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 According to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) 2002, Money laundering is concealing or disguising the identity of illegally obtained proceeds so that they appear to have originated from legitimate sources. It is frequently a component of other, much more serious, crimes such as drug trafficking, robbery or extortion.Money laundering is punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a minimum of 3 years and a maximum of 7 years and Fine under the PMLA.The Enforcement Directorate (ED) is responsible for investigating offences under the PMLA.The Financial Intelligence Unit – India (FIU-IND) is the national agency that receives, processes, analyses and disseminates information related to suspect financial transactions.After hearing the application, a special court (designated under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act PMLA, 2002) may declare an individual as a fugitive economic offender and also confiscate properties which are proceeds of crime, Benami properties and any other property, in India or abroad.The authorities under the PMLA, 2002 will exercise powers given to them under the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act.These powers will be similar to those of a civil court, including the search of persons in possession of records or proceeds of crime, the search of premises on the belief that a person is an FEO and seizure of documents. Recent Changes Made Under the PMLA The Indian government has made several changes to the Prevention of Money-Laundering Act (PMLA) to plug loopholes and comply with Financial Action Task Force (FATF) regulations. Some of the key changes are: More disclosures for non-governmental organizations by reporting entities like financial institutions, banking companies, or intermediaries.Definition of “politically exposed persons” (PEPs) as individuals who have been entrusted with prominent public functions by a foreign country, which brings uniformity with a 2008 Reserve Bank of India (RBI) circular for Know Your Customer (KYC) norms and anti-money laundering standards for banks and financial institutions.Inclusion of practicing chartered accountants, company secretaries, and cost and works accountants carrying out financial transactions on behalf of their clients under the ambit of the money laundering law.Widening the list of non-banking reporting entities to allow 22 financial entities like Amazon Pay (India) Pvt. Ltd, Aditya Birla Housing Finance Ltd, and IIFL Finance Ltd. to verify the identity of their customers via Aadhaar under the ambit of the money laundering law. The financial transactions covered under the money laundering law include buying and selling of any immovable property, managing client money, securities, or other assets, management of bank, savings, or securities accounts, organization of contributions for the creation, operation, or management of companies, creation, operation, or management of companies, limited liability partnerships, or trusts, and buying and selling of business entities. -Source: The Hindu UK PM Proposes Changes to Graduate Route Visa Scheme Context: British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak is contemplating revisions to the Graduate Route Visa (GRV) scheme, intending to restrict visas to the most outstanding international students. This proposal aims to decrease the overall number of international students in the UK. The changes particularly target education recruitment agents accused of providing misleading information to UK colleges and authorities. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Graduate Route Visa (GRV) SchemeImpact of Restricting the Graduate Route Visa (GRV) Scheme Graduate Route Visa (GRV) Scheme Introduction and Purpose: Introduced by the UK government in July 2021, the Graduate Route Visa (GRV) is designed for international students.It allows graduates who have completed a degree at a UK higher education institution to stay in the UK for up to two years post-graduation to work or look for work.PhD graduates can stay for up to three years. Eligibility: Open to international students who have successfully completed an undergraduate degree or higher at a Higher Education Provider with a track record of compliance.Applicants must hold a valid Tier 4 or Student visa at the time of application.The Tier 4 visa is specifically for international students studying in the UK. Benefits: No job offer is required to apply, providing graduates the flexibility to gain work experience.The visa allows graduates to extend their stay in the UK, explore employment opportunities, and potentially secure a work visa with sponsorship from an employer.It supports the ambitions of students, particularly from India, who wish to settle and work in the UK.Families can accompany the GRV holder if they meet certain criteria.Popularity of the UK as a Study Destination Among Indians Significant Increase in Student Visas: Indians represent the largest community of international students in the UK.Between June 2022 and June 2023, the UK Home Office reported a 54% increase in student visas issued to Indian nationals.Since June 2019, the number of visas granted to Indian students has increased seven-fold.The GRV scheme enhances the appeal of studying in the UK by offering a clear pathway to employment and potential long-term settlement, making it particularly attractive to Indian students. Impact of Restricting the Graduate Route Visa (GRV) Scheme Potential Decline in International Students: Experts suggest that restricting the GRV scheme could significantly decrease the number of international students choosing the UK for their studies. The uncertainty regarding post-graduation opportunities and long-term stay options would make the UK a less attractive destination. Effect on Average Students: Limiting the GRV to only the top-tier students would adversely impact the prospects of average students who seek to study in the UK. This move could deter a large segment of the student population that contributes to the diversity and financial health of UK universities . Financial Impact on Universities: According to a study by the independent Migration Advisory Committee (MAC), the continuation of the GRV scheme is crucial for UK universities to offset financial losses from domestic sources. Restricting the GRV could exacerbate financial strains on these institutions . Competitive Disadvantage: Experts believe that reducing the post-study work offer would make the UK less appealing compared to other countries, pushing international students towards destinations that offer more stable post-graduation opportunities, such as Canada and Australia.The UK, which had been gaining traction as an alternative study destination amid restrictions in other countries, may lose this advantage if the GRV scheme is curtailed . Impact on Indian Students: Indian students, who make up roughly 42% of GRV holders, would be significantly impacted by any changes to the scheme. Between 2021 and 2023, Indians accounted for 89,200 visas, highlighting their substantial presence and reliance on the GRV for post-study opportunities. -Source: Indian Express RBI Tightens Oversight on Gold Loan Lenders and NBFCs Context: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has intensified its scrutiny of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) and gold loan lenders, urging them to adhere strictly to regulatory norms during lending practices. This move aims to bolster regulatory control and ensure compliance within the sector. The RBI’s recent actions include banning IIFL Finance from issuing fresh gold loans due to violations of lending norms, highlighting the central bank’s commitment to enforcing regulations and maintaining financial stability. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Increased RBI Scrutiny of NBFCsImpact of RBI Scrutiny on NBFCsWhat are NBFCs? Increased RBI Scrutiny of NBFCs The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has intensified its examination of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) following the discovery of regulatory breaches among certain NBFCs.In March, IIFL Finance faced a ban from the RBI on issuing new gold loans due to non-compliance with lending regulations. RBI’s Regulations on Gold Loans Loan-to-Value Ratio: Lenders must adhere to a maximum loan-to-value ratio of 75%, ensuring that the loan amount does not exceed 75% of the value of the gold pledged as collateral.Cash Disbursement Limit: A maximum of ₹20,000 in cash can be disbursed to borrowers upon loan approval, with the remaining amount deposited directly into their bank accounts.Auction Procedure: Lenders must conduct auctions of defaulted gold assets in a fair and transparent manner, accessible to borrowers. Rationale for Strengthening Regulations Rapid Growth in Gold Loan Portfolios: NBFCs have experienced a substantial increase in their gold loan portfolios, surging from approximately ₹35,000 crore in FY 2020 to about ₹1,31,000 crore by FY 2023.Concerns of Regulatory Violations: The RBI may be apprehensive that the aggressive expansion of gold loans by NBFCs is accompanied by widespread non-compliance with lending regulations.Potential Systemic Risks: As the gold loan industry expands rapidly, systemic risks may emerge if lending norms are not rigorously enforced. Impact of RBI Scrutiny on NBFCs Growth and Profitability Concerns: NBFCs anticipate that the RBI’s scrutiny of their lending practices will impede their growth trajectory and affect profitability.Reduced Attractiveness of Gold Loans: The RBI’s directive limiting cash disbursements to ₹20,000 upon loan approval is expected to diminish the appeal of NBFC gold loans.Revised Lending Strategies: Many NBFCs may need to adopt less aggressive lending approaches as the RBI rigorously enforces loan-to-value regulations.Increased Operational Costs: Enhanced transparency in the auction process, aimed at making it more accessible to borrowers, could escalate operational expenses for NBFCs, potentially leading to higher borrowing rates.Long-term Sustainability: Despite short-term challenges, the RBI contends that adherence to lending norms will foster a more sustainable gold loan industry, mitigating systemic risks over time. What are NBFCs? An NBFC, registered under the Companies Act, 1956, engages in various financial activities, including loans, securities investments, leasing, and insurance.Excludes institutions primarily involved in agriculture, industry, goods trading, services, or immovable property trading. Criteria for Registration: A company is registered as an NBFC by the RBI if over 50% of its assets are financial assets and more than 50% of its income is derived from these financial assets. Regulatory Authority: The Reserve Bank, under the RBI Act 1934, has the authority to register, lay down policy, issue directions, inspect, regulate, supervise, and exercise surveillance over NBFCs. Differences from Banks: NBFCs cannot accept demand deposits from the public, unlike banks.NBFCs are not part of the payment and settlement system, and they cannot issue cheques like banks.Deposit insurance facilities, available to bank depositors, are not extended to NBFC depositors. Funding: NBFCs primarily finance operations through a combination of market borrowing and bank loans. Financial Activities & Services Offered by NBFCs Diverse Financial Services: NBFCs provide a wide range of financial products and services, including loans, credit facilities, asset financing, leasing, hire-purchase, and investment in securities.Credit Provision to Underserved Sectors: NBFCs play a vital role in extending credit to various sectors, particularly underserved markets and small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs) that may face challenges accessing traditional banking services.Investment Portfolio Management: NBFCs engage in investment activities such as acquiring shares, stocks, bonds, debentures, and government securities, along with managing portfolios of stocks and shares.Specialized Market Focus: Many NBFCs concentrate on niche markets and specific financial products, such as microfinance, infrastructure finance, housing finance, and insurance services.Regulatory Oversight: In India, NBFCs operate under the regulatory framework established by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), which outlines guidelines covering capital adequacy, risk management, and governance practices.Complementary Role to Banks: NBFCs complement traditional banks by catering to segments underserved by banks, thereby contributing to the expansion of financial markets and enhancing financial inclusion efforts. -Source: The Hindu Project Astra Context: Recently, Google at the company’s annual developer conference, presented an early version of Project Astra. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Project Astra Overview: Origin: Developed by Google, Project Astra is a cutting-edge multimodal AI agent. Functionality: Capable of real-time responses via text, video, images, and speech inputs.Can interpret and respond to queries instantly, accessing relevant information.Performs diverse tasks such as recognizing objects, remembering locations, and even evaluating computer code accuracy through a phone’s camera. Versatility: Compatibility beyond smartphones, demonstrated with smart glasses integration.Emphasizes practicality over emotional expression in its voice. Learning and Adaptation: Possesses the ability to learn about its environment, striving for a human-assistant-like interaction. Understanding Multimodal Model AI: Definition: A multimodal model in AI refers to a machine learning model capable of processing various forms of data, including images, videos, and text. Example: Google’s Gemini, a multimodal model, can convert a photo of cookies into a written recipe and vice versa. Expanding Generative Capabilities: These models enhance generative capabilities by integrating information from multiple sensory modes.Multimodality equips AI with the capacity to comprehend and process diverse types of data. -Source: The Hindu Synuclein Alpha (SNCA) Proteins Context: Many Parkinson’s disease researchers are focused on reducing the prevalence of Synuclein alpha (SNCA) proteins in neurons as a therapeutic measure. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Understanding Synuclein Alpha (SNCA) Proteins: Nature of SNCA: Found naturally in healthy cells, SNCA proteins are enigmatic entities.Involvement in Neurodegenerative Diseases:Infamous for their association with age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Features of SNCA: Abundance and Location: Predominantly present in neurons, particularly in dopaminergic neurons, positioned near cell nuclei and neuronal junctions. Structural Characteristics: Capable of both misfolding and forming filamentous structures.Unlike typical proteins with predictable three-dimensional structures, SNCA exhibits multifaceted folding patterns, leading to dysfunctional behavior when misfolded. Aggregation Patterns: SNCA exists in two aggregate forms within cells: One disrupts cellular nucleus structural integrity.The other aids in the degradation of misfolded proteins, crucial for cellular health. Evolution Over Time: Two distinct SNCA populations emerge within cells:Filamentous structures resembling Lewy bodies, located around the nuclei.Smaller clumps known as aggresomes, also near the nuclei, formed as a means of isolating misfolded proteins for subsequent processing. -Source: Indian Express First Sea Anemone Bleaching Event Observed in Lakshadweep Islands Context: Researchers investigating Sea Anemones (Actiniaria) in the Lakshadweep group of islands have documented a significant bleaching event among the anemones off Agatti island. This marks the first observed instance of sea anemone bleaching in the Lakshadweep islands. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Understanding Sea Anemone Bleaching: Definition: Sea anemone bleaching refers to the phenomenon where these organisms lose their vibrant colors, turning white or pale due to the expulsion of symbiotic photosynthetic algae. Causes: Environmental stressors such as increased water temperatures, pollution, or alterations in ocean chemistry can trigger bleaching events. Consequences: Bleaching deprives sea anemones of their primary energy source, heightening susceptibility to diseases and elevating mortality rates. Characteristics and Ecological Significance of Sea Anemones: Physical Traits: Aquatic animals characterized by soft bodies and the ability to sting. Taxonomy and Habitat: Belonging to the Cnidaria phylum, sea anemones inhabit ocean waters, especially in coastal tropical regions. Ecological Relationships: Form close associations with corals and live rocks, often forming symbiotic bonds with clownfish wherein they provide protection in exchange for food. Ecological Role: Vital contributors to benthic ecosystems, playing crucial biogeochemical roles in the lowest ecological zone of water bodies, typically involving sediments at the seafloor. Geographical Information: Location: Agatti Island is situated approximately 459 km (248 nautical miles) west of Kochi (Kerala) and is positioned to the west of Kavaratti Island. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 20 May 2024

CONTENTS Calcium Carbide Calcium Carbide Context: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has alerted traders’/fruits handlers/Food Business Operators (FBOs) operating ripening chambers to strictly ensure compliance with the prohibition on calcium carbide for artificial ripening of fruits, particularly during the mango season. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Calcium Carbide Chemical Composition: It is a compound with the chemical formula CaC2 and is also known as ‘masala’. Common Use: Commonly used for ripening fruits like mangoes, it releases acetylene gas containing harmful traces of arsenic and phosphorus. Manufacturing Process: Manufactured by heating a lime and carbon mixture to 2000 to 2100°C (3632 to 3812°F) in an electric arc furnace. Regulation: Prohibited under the Food Safety and Standards (Prohibition and Restriction on Sales) Regulation, 2011. Application Industries: Used in mining and metal industries, as well as in the production of acetylene gas. Fruit Ripening: Highly reactive and releases acetylene gas, which is used to artificially ripen fruits. Health Impacts Health Risks: Can cause serious health issues such as dizziness, frequent thirst, irritation, weakness, difficulty in swallowing, vomiting, and skin ulcers.Acetylene gas is equally hazardous to those handling it. Residue Risks: Calcium carbide may come into direct contact with fruits during application, leaving residues of arsenic and phosphorus on the fruits.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 20 May 2024

CONTENTS Supreme Court Halts New Mining Licenses in Aravalli RangesIndia and Iran Sign 10-Year Contract for Chabahar PortNIA Charges China-Myanmar Module of NSCN in Infiltration CaseHPV Vaccine Reduces Cervical Cancer Cases Across Socio-Economic GroupsMATES Migration SchemeIberian lynxWorld Lupus Day Supreme Court Halts New Mining Licenses in Aravalli Ranges Context: In response to a report by the Forest Survey of India (FSI), the Supreme Court has ordered a halt to the issuance of new mining licenses and renewals for existing ones in the Aravalli ranges and hills. This decision reflects concerns about the environmental impact of mining activities in the region and aims to safeguard the delicate ecosystem of the Aravalli ranges. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Facts About the Aravalli RangeKey Concerns Related to Mining in the Aravalli RangeWay Forward Key Facts About the Aravalli Range: Geological Origin: The Aravallis are among the oldest fold residual mountains globally, formed from the convergence of tectonic plates during the Proterozoic Era (2500-541 million years ago).Elevation and Division: With elevations ranging from 300m to 900m, the range comprises two main divisions: the Sambhar Sirohi Range and the Sambhar Khetri Range in Rajasthan.Highest Peak: Guru Shikhar Peak on Mount Abu, reaching 1,722 meters, stands as the highest peak within the Aravalli Range.Tribal Communities: The region is home to major tribal communities such as the Bhil, Bhil-Meena, Meena, Garasia, among others.Mining Ban: In 2009, the Supreme Court imposed a complete ban on mining in the Aravalli hills of Faridabad, Gurgaon, and Nuh districts of Haryana. Significance: Biodiversity: The Aravallis host 300 native plant species, 120 bird species, and diverse animals like jackals and mongooses.Ecological Barrier: Serving as a barrier between fertile plains in the east and the Thar desert in the west, the Aravallis play a crucial role in regulating ecosystems.Impact of Mining: Excessive mining in the Aravalli Range is linked to desertification, with loess found in Mathura and Agra suggesting desert expansion due to ecological degradation.Climate Influence: The Aravalli Range significantly influences the climate of northwest India, acting as a barrier during monsoon seasons, guiding moisture-laden winds towards Shimla and Nainital, and protecting plains from cold winds in winters. Key Concerns Related to Mining in the Aravalli Range: Ecological Disruption: Mining activities break ecosystems, displacing wildlife such as leopards, hyenas, and various bird species, disrupting food chains and ecological balance.Threat to Endangered Species: Mining in ecologically sensitive areas threatens habitats of critically endangered species like the Great Indian Bustard.Water Scarcity: The Aravallis serve as natural water reservoirs; mining disrupts natural water flow and table recharge, leading to water scarcity downstream, impacting agriculture and settlements.Impact on Spring Recharge: Research indicates a decline in spring recharge due to mining in Haryana.Air Pollution: Mining generates dust and releases harmful pollutants like silica, affecting air quality and causing respiratory problems in nearby communities.Soil Erosion and Desertification: Removal of vegetation cover exposes soil to erosion; wind and rain wash away fertile topsoil, leading to desertification.Decline in Forest Cover: Studies show a significant decline in forest cover in the Aravalli region of Haryana, likely linked to mining activities. Way Forward: Stricter Regulations and Enforcement: Implementing and enforcing stricter regulations can minimize environmental damage.Adoption of Dust Suppression Techniques: Require mining operations to implement dust suppression techniques like water sprays and covering stockpiles.Innovative Solutions: Utilize innovative solutions like green walls and green mufflers to mitigate environmental impacts.Proper Reclamation and Restoration: Ensure mined areas are properly reclaimed and restored to minimize long-term ecological damage.Eco-Friendly Mining Techniques: Adopt eco-friendly mining techniques and technologies to reduce environmental footprint.Support for Communities: Provide support to communities dependent on mining by creating alternative livelihood opportunities in sustainable sectors. -Source: The Hindu India and Iran Sign 10-Year Contract for Chabahar Port Context: India and Iran have inked a decade-long contract for the operation of the Chabahar port in Iran. The agreement, signed between Indian Ports Global Ltd. (IPGL) and the Port and Maritime Organisation (PMO) of Iran, facilitates the operation of the Shahid-Beheshti terminal, marking a significant step in enhancing maritime trade relations between the two countries. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: The Chabahar Port and its benefits for IndiaWhat is INSTC?Status of Economic Ties Between India and Iran: The Chabahar Port and its benefits for India The Chabahar Port is Located on the Gulf of Oman and is the only oceanic port of the country.With this, India can bypass Pakistan in transporting goods to Afghanistan.It will also boost India’s access to Iran, the key gateway to the International North-South Transport Corridor that has sea, rail and road routes between India, Russia, Iran, Europe and Central Asia.It also helps India counter Chinese presence in the Arabian Seawhich China is trying to ensure by helping Pakistan develop the Gwadar port. Gwadar port is less than 400 km from Chabahar by road and 100 km by sea.With Chabahar port being developed and operated by India, Iran also becomes a military ally to India. Chabahar could be used in case China decides to flex its navy muscles by stationing ships in Gwadar port to reckon its upper hand in the Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf and Middle East.Trade benefits: With Chabahar port becoming functional, there will be a significant boost in the import of iron ore, sugar and rice to India. The import cost of oil to India will also see a considerable decline. India has already increased its crude purchase from Iran since the West imposed ban on Iran was lifted.From a diplomatic perspective, Chabahar port could be used as a point from where humanitarian operations could be coordinated. What is India’s strategic vision for Chabahar? When the first agreement for Chabahar was signed by then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 2003, the plan had a three-fold objective:To build India’s first offshore port and to project Indian infrastructure prowess in the Gulf;To circumvent trade through Pakistan, given the tense ties with India’s neighbour and build a long term, sustainable sea trade route;To find an alternative land route to Afghanistan, which India had rebuilt ties with after the defeat of the Taliban in 2001.Subsequently, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh’s government constructed the Zaranj -Delaram Highway in Afghanistan’s South, which would help connect the trade route from the border of Iran to the main trade routes to Herat and Kabul, handing it over to the Karzai government in 2009.In 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi travelled to Tehran and signed the agreement to develop Chabahar port, as well as the trilateral agreement for trade through Chabahar with Afghanistan’s President Ashraf Ghani.Since the India Ports Global Chabahar Free Zone (IPGCFZ) authority took over the operations of the port in 2018, it has handled 215 vessels, 16,000 TEUs (Twenty-foot Equivalent Units) and four million tons of bulk and general cargo, the government said in Parliament last month.In the last few years, a fourth strategic objective for the Chabahar route has appeared, with China’s Belt and Road Initiative making inroads in the region.The government hopes to provide Central Asia with an alternate route to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) through Iran for future trade. What is INSTC? India, Iran, and Russia initially agreed to the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) project in 2000 in St. Petersburg; ten additional central Asian and west Asian nations have since joined as observers: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, Belarus, Oman, Syria, and Bulgaria.Although they are not signatories to the INSTC agreement, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, and Afghanistan are interested in using the transport corridor.It aims to cut the cost of freight transportation between India and Russia by around 30% and to cut the transit time from 40 days by more than half. It proposes a 7,200 km multi-mode network comprising ship, rail, and road lines.The route largely comprises transporting cargo from Russia, India, Iran, and Azerbaijan.It would be provided as a viable and fairer alternative to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).Further, it will enhance regional connectivity. Objective: The objective of the corridor is to increase trade connectivity between major cities such as Mumbai, Moscow, Tehran, Baku, Astrakhan, etc. Status of Economic Ties Between India and Iran: Bilateral Trade: During FY 2022-23, India-Iran bilateral trade reached USD 2.33 billion, marking a year-on-year growth of 21.76%.India’s exports to Iran amounted to USD 1.66 billion, while imports from Iran stood at USD 672.12 million. Trade Composition: India primarily exports agricultural goods and livestock products to Iran, including meat, milk products, onions, garlic, and canned vegetables.Imports from Iran include methyl alcohol, petroleum bitumen, liquified butanes, apples, liquified propane, dates, and almonds. Total Trade: Despite the growth in bilateral trade, the total trade decreased by 23.32% compared to the previous year. FDI Inflows: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from Iran to India has been minimal, with recorded inflows of just USD 1 million from April 2000 to December 2023. Oil Imports: Currently, India does not import Iranian oil due to sanctions imposed on Tehran by the United States (US). -Source: The Hindu NIA Charges China-Myanmar Module of NSCN in Infiltration Case Context: The National Investigation Agency (NIA) filed a charge sheet in March 2024, alleging the involvement of the “China-Myanmar module” of the Isak-Muivah faction of the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) in aiding two banned Meitei outfits, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) and Kanglei Yaol Kanba Lup (KYKL), to infiltrate India. The charge sheet, filed in a court in Guwahati, marks a significant development in efforts to counter cross-border infiltration activities. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Charge Sheet Filed by NIA Accusing NSCNInsurgency in Manipur Charge Sheet Filed by NIA Accusing NSCN: The National Investigation Agency (NIA) filed a charge sheet against five individuals, marking the first official statement linking NSCN-IM with Imphal Valley-based insurgent groups amidst the ongoing ethnic crisis.Ethnic violence erupted on May 3, 2023, in Manipur, Northeast India, between the Meitei majority living in the Imphal Valley and the Kuki-Zo tribal community from surrounding hills.Tensions escalated as Kukis protested against Meiteis’ demands for official tribal status, fearing it would enhance Meitei influence in governance and society, affecting land rights and settlements in Kuki areas. NIA Allegations: The accused were charged with conspiring to carry out violent terror attacks against the rival Kuki-Zo community using prohibited arms, which were reportedly looted from various government sources. NSCN’s Response: NSCN issued a statement accusing Indian security forces of supporting Kuki militant groups to engage in warfare against Meitei revolutionary groups in Myanmar. Main Ethnic Groupings of Manipur: The Meitei, Naga, and Kuki-Zomi-Mizo are the three primary ethnic groups in Manipur.Meiteis constitute the largest community, comprising approximately 53% of the state’s total population.Nagas and Kuki-Zo, categorized into 34 Scheduled Tribes, make up around 17% and 26% of the population, respectively. Insurgency in Manipur: Manipur is embroiled in an ongoing armed conflict between India and several separatist rebel groups.The insurgency is part of the wider insurgency in Northeast India, blending elements of a national liberation war and an ethnic conflict. Historical Background: Following the Anglo-Manipur War of 1891, the Kingdom of Manipur became a British protectorate.Manipur merged into India in October 1949 and attained statehood in 1972. Rise of Insurgency: Manipur’s integration into India led to the emergence of insurgent organizations seeking an independent state within Manipur’s borders.The insurgency arose in the late 1960s and 1970s, with the founding of the United National Liberation Front (UNLF) in November 1964.Kuki-Naga clashes erupted in the 1990s, fueled by the demand for inclusion of Kuki-Zo-inhabited areas in the proposed ‘Greater Nagaland’ project by NSCN.Insurgent groups demanded autonomy for the Kuki-Zo people. Active Insurgent Groups: Nearly 30 Kuki insurgent groups operate in Manipur, with 25 under tripartite Suspension of Operations (SoO) with the Indian government and the state.In February 2024, Manipur government refused to extend the SoO pact, accusing groups of violating ground rules and instigating violence. Naga Insurgency: Formation of NNC: The Naga National Council (NNC) was established in April 1946 to advocate for the social and political advancement of the Nagas.Following the return of the influential Naga leader, Angami Zapu Phizo, from Burma in 1947, the faction within NNC pushing for complete independence gained momentum. Shillong Accord and NNC Split: The Shillong Accord, signed in 1975 by the Indian Government and certain NNC leaders, aimed to renounce violence and seek a resolution to the Naga issue within the Indian Constitution.Phizo, Isak Swu, and Muivah opposed the accord. Subsequently, Isak Swu and Muivah formed the “National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN)” in January 1980.NSCN later divided into two factions: NSCN (I-M) led by Isak & Muivah, and NSCN (K) led by Khaplang. Demands of NSCN-IM: NSCN-IM has been advocating for:‘Greater Nagaland,’ which entails expanding Nagaland’s boundaries to incorporate Naga-dominated regions in neighboring Assam, Manipur, and Arunachal Pradesh, aiming to unify over 1.2 million Nagas.A separate flag and constitution. 2015 Framework Agreement (FA): The Central Government signed a framework agreement with NSCN (I-M) on August 3, 2015, to address the Naga conflict.This agreement served as a framework, with several details yet to be finalized.Talks continued to refine the specifics of the FA.However, discussions hit a roadblock in June 2022 after NSCN accused the appointed interlocutor of omitting three crucial political points. -Source: The Hindu, Indian Express HPV Vaccine Reduces Cervical Cancer Cases Across Socio-Economic Groups Context: A major study funded by Cancer Research UK reveals that the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is effectively reducing cases of cervical cancer across all socio-economic groups. Conducted by researchers at Queen Mary University of London, the study provides the longest follow-up on the effectiveness of England’s HPV vaccination program. The most significant prevention of cases is observed in more deprived groups, indicating the vaccine’s positive impact on public health outcomes. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: HPV Vaccine and Cervical CancerUnderstanding Cervical Cancer HPV Vaccine and Cervical Cancer: The study reveals that the HPV vaccine is effectively reducing cases of cervical cancer across all socio-economic groups, with a greater impact observed in more deprived communities.Due to the higher incidence of cervical cancer in deprived groups, the vaccine prevented more cases in these groups compared to less deprived ones. Success of School-Based Vaccination: The study underscores the significant success of the school-based vaccination program, indicating that well-implemented public health interventions can help mitigate health inequalities. Reduction in Cervical Cancer Rates: Over a span of 12 years, the HPV vaccine led to a nearly 90% reduction in cervical cancer rates.Additionally, it decreased pre-cancerous conditions by approximately 95% among women vaccinated at 12-13 years old in England. Effectiveness of Early Vaccination: The study emphasizes that the HPV vaccine is much more effective when administered to children at 12-13 years old than later in life.England introduced the HPV vaccination program in 2008, and the findings underscore the importance of early vaccination in preventing cervical cancer and pre-cancerous conditions. Understanding Cervical Cancer HPV Linkage and Persistence: Nearly all cervical cancer cases are associated with specific strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus transmitted through sexual contact.While the body typically clears HPV infections within two years, in some cases, the virus persists, leading to the transformation of normal cells into cancerous ones. Global Impact: Cervical cancer ranks as the second most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women aged 15-44 worldwide.India shoulders a significant burden, contributing to about one-fifth of the global caseload, with approximately 1.23 lakh new cases and 67,000 deaths annually. Preventive Measures: Screening and vaccination are effective preventive measures against cervical cancer.Despite this, there remains limited awareness among women, with less than 10% of Indian women undergoing screening.It is recommended that all women aged 30-49 undergo cervical cancer screening, and adolescent girls receive the HPV vaccine. Indigenous Vaccine Development: CERVAVAC, India’s first domestically developed cervical cancer vaccine by Serum Institute of India (SII), offers promising solutions.It is a quadrivalent vaccine effective against four cancer-causing HPV variants.Based on virus-like particles (VLP), it triggers the production of antibodies against HPV proteins, akin to the hepatitis B vaccine.Additionally, globally licensed vaccines, Gardasil and Cervarix, are available in India but are financially inaccessible to many. Inclusion in Immunization Programs: The development of an affordable and indigenous HPV vaccine positions it for inclusion in the government’s universal immunization program.This move aims to enhance accessibility to cervical cancer prevention measures, contributing to reducing the disease burden in India. -Source: The Hindu MATES Migration Scheme Context: The Australian Federal Budget Document, released recently, announced the start date for the Mobility Arrangement for Talented Early-professionals Scheme (MATES) for Indian Nationals. Relevance: GS II: International Relations About MATES Migration Scheme: Introduction: On May 23, 2023, Australia and India established a Migration and Mobility Partnership Arrangement (MMPA) to facilitate two-way migration and mobility while addressing issues related to illegal migration.MATES Scheme Overview:The Mobility Arrangement for Talented Early-Professionals Scheme (MATES) is a component of the MMPA aimed at fostering temporary mobility for Indian university graduates and early career professionals.MATES facilitates skills and knowledge transfer between Australia and India for mutual benefit. Eligibility Criteria: Indian nationals aged 30 years or younger at the time of application, proficient in English, and holding a Bachelor’s degree or higher in specified fields of study from an eligible educational institution within the past two years are eligible.Previous participation in MATES is not allowed. Sponsorship Requirement: Unlike traditional visa schemes, MATES does not necessitate sponsorship by an Australian employer for visa eligibility. Permitted Activities: MATES participants can reside and work in Australia for up to two years.While there’s no strict requirement to work in their field of study, the scheme encourages participants to expand their skills and networks, particularly within specified sectors. Program Capacity: Initially, MATES will offer 3,000 places annually for primary applicants.Participants can apply to bring dependents (spouses and dependent children) who will have work rights in Australia and will not be counted towards the annual cap. -Source: Times of India Iberian lynx Context: Recently, the Spanish government said the number of endangered Iberian lynx in the wild in Spain and Portugal has nearly doubled since 2020. Relevance: GS III: Species in News About the Iberian Lynx: Endemic Carnivore: The Iberian lynx is one of two carnivore species native to Europe, alongside the European mink (Mustela lutreola). Endangered Status: It holds the title of being the world’s most endangered feline species, recognized for its distinctive pointy ears, long legs, and leopard-like spotted fur. Sexual Dimorphism: Like many other cat species, the Iberian lynx displays sexual dimorphism, with males typically being heavier and longer than females. Nocturnal Behavior: Generally nocturnal, the lynx’s activity patterns are synchronized with those of its primary prey, the rabbit.Habitat Requirements:Thriving in variable terrain below 1300 meters, the lynx prefers habitats featuring a mix of closed Mediterranean scrubland with interspersed open patches of grassland, often bordered by marsh ecotones. Distribution: Although once widespread across the Iberian Peninsula, the species is now sparsely distributed in Spain and Portugal. Threats: Human activities pose significant threats to the Iberian lynx, including poaching, habitat destruction, illegal hunting, and a declining food base due to factors such as rabbit population declines. Conservation Status: As per the IUCN Red List, the Iberian lynx is classified as Endangered, while it is listed under Appendix II of CITES, highlighting the urgent need for conservation efforts to protect this vulnerable species. -Source: The Hindu World Lupus Day Context: World Lupus Day, observed on May 10th each year, serves as a platform to raise awareness about lupus, an autoimmune disease that affects millions globally. The day emphasizes the need for support and understanding for individuals living with lupus and highlights the challenges they face. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Lupus: Lupus causes the immune system to mistakenly attack the body’s own tissues and organs, leading to symptoms such as joint pain, rashes, fever, and fatigue. It can also result in severe complications like osteoporosis and cardiovascular issues. Risk Factors: Factors such as genetics, smoking, hormones, environmental influences, and stress can increase the risk of developing lupus. World Lupus Day: Established in 2004 by the World Lupus Federation, World Lupus Day aims to raise awareness and garner global support for lupus patients.With nearly 5 million sufferers worldwide, this day underscores the necessity for improved healthcare, enhanced research, early diagnosis, and advanced treatments for lupus. It also seeks to unite organizations and individuals in alleviating the suffering caused by this potentially fatal disease. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 18 May 2024

CONTENT Swachhata Pakhwada Swachhata Pakhwada Context: Recently, the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (MDoNER) has taken a significant step towards promoting cleanliness and environmental sustainability with the launch of Swachhata Pakhwada and it will run from 16th May to 31st May 2024. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: About Swachhata PakhwadaSwachh Bharat Mission About Swachhata Pakhwada: Overview: Swachhata Pakhwada is an initiative launched in April 2016 under the Swachh Bharat Mission. Objective: The primary objective of Swachhata Pakhwada is to bring a fortnight of concentrated focus on Swachhata (cleanliness) issues and practices by engaging central government ministries/departments. Aim: The initiative aims to involve all ministries and departments in a common program to contribute to the Swachh Bharat Mission. Planning: An annual calendar is circulated among the ministries in advance to assist them in planning activities for the Pakhwada. Monitoring: Ministries observing Swachhata Pakhwada are closely monitored using the online monitoring system of Swachhata Samiksha. This system facilitates the uploading and sharing of action plans, images, and videos related to Swachhata activities. Implementation: During the Pakhwada fortnight, participating ministries are designated as ‘Swachhata Ministries’ and are expected to implement qualitative cleanliness improvements within their jurisdictions. Swachh Bharat Mission: On October 2, 2014, the Prime Minister of India inaugurated the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) with the primary goal of eradicating open defecation throughout the country by 2019.The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan initiative signifies a crucial and long-overdue endeavor to improve sanitation conditions in India.Globally, India’s record in terms of open defecation was even worse than in some economically disadvantaged regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa, Haiti, and Ghana.This campaign aims to tackle this issue and elevate India’s sanitation standards to meet international norms. Two distinct phases of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: The first phase of the mission extended until October 2019, and the second phase extends from 2020-21 to 2024-25.The objectives of these phases were rooted in completing the foundational work laid out in Phase 1. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Grameen Phase I: In the initial phase, launched in 2014, the rural sanitation coverage in the country stood at 38.7%.Since the initiation of this effort, more than 100 million individual toilets have been constructed. Rural areas across all states declared themselves Open Defecation Free (ODF) by October 2, 2019. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Grameen Phase II: The emphasis of Phase-II is on ensuring the lasting success of the accomplishments achieved in Phase-I.This phase places significant importance on establishing effective infrastructure for the management of Solid/Liquid & Plastic Waste (SLWM) in rural India.Implemented from 2020-21 to 2024-25 in a mission mode, this phase is allocated a comprehensive budget of Rs. 1,40,881 crores. Under the ODF Plus category, SLWM is monitored using four outcome indicators: Plastic waste management,Biodegradable solid waste management (including animal waste),Greywater (Household Wastewater) managementFaecal sludge management. Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban (SBM-U): The Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban (SBM-U), initiated in 2014, by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, it is a national mission aimed at promoting cleanliness, sanitation, and effective waste management in the urban areas of India.The program’s primary goal is to cleanse and eliminate open defecation from cities and towns across the country, and its implementation is divided into distinct phases. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Urban Phase I: In the initial phase, SBM-U 1.0, the pivotal goal was achieving Open Defecation Free (ODF) status across urban India. This involved providing access to sanitary facilities and encouraging a shift in behavioral norms. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Urban Phase II: SBM-U 2.0 (2021-2026), building upon the accomplishments of the initial phase, aimed not only for ODF+ and ODF++ standards but also for garbage-free urban regions.Central to SBM-U 2.0 were sustainable sanitation practices, efficient waste management strategies, and the promotion of a circular economy model, focusing on harnessing waste as a resource and minimizing waste generation.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 May 2024

CONTENTS WHO Releases Global Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) 2024Landowner Rights Upheld by Supreme Court VerdictCollegium SystemPREFIRE Polar MissionDigital ArrestInvasion of Armoured Sailfin Catfish Threatens Eastern Ghats Ecosystem WHO Releases Global Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) 2024 Context: In preparation for the 77th session of the World Health Assembly, the World Health Organization (WHO) has published its Global Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) for the year 2024. This report offers an overview of the advancements achieved in 2023 concerning the execution of the Road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021-2030, providing insights into the ongoing efforts to combat these debilitating illnesses on a global scale. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the WHO ReportWhat are Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD)? Key Highlights of the WHO Report: Global Status for 2023: 50 countries have eliminated at least one neglected tropical disease (NTD) as of December 2023, marking halfway progress towards the 2030 target of 100 countries.5 countries were recognized for eliminating one NTD, and 1 country for eliminating two NTDs.Iraq became the 50th country to eliminate at least one NTD in July 2023, signaling halfway achievement towards the 2030 goal.Noma was added to the list of NTDs in 2023.Bangladesh was validated by WHO in October 2023 for eliminating visceral leishmaniasis as a public health problem. Global Status for 2022: In 2022, 1.62 billion people needed interventions against NTDs, showing a 26% decrease from 2010, but further efforts are required to achieve the 90% reduction target by 2030.Approximately 848 million people received treatment for at least one NTD through preventive chemotherapy interventions in 2022, 49 million fewer than in 2021 but 50 million more than in 2020.Reported deaths from vector-borne NTDs increased by 22% compared to 2016 by the end of 2022. India: India was certified free of NTDs like dracunculiasis and yaws.In 2022, India treated about 117 million fewer people for lymphatic filariasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis compared to 2021.40.56% of India’s population needed interventions against NTDs in 2022. Key Challenges: Slow post-COVID-19 recovery, funding uncertainties, geopolitical disruptions, and climate change were highlighted as key challenges.Gaps in knowledge and tools, along with insufficient data, remain significant hurdles in addressing NTDs. What are Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD)? Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs)– a diverse group of communicable diseases that prevail in tropical and subtropical conditions in 149 countries – affect more than one billion people and cost developing economies billions of dollars every year.Populations living in poverty, without adequate sanitation and in close contact with infectious vectors and domestic animals and livestock are those worst affected.Seven of the most common NTDs can be found in a number of countries—primarily in low- and middle-income countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.Controlling the vectors (e.g., mosquitoes, black flies) that transmit these diseases and improving basic water, sanitation, and hygiene are highly effective strategies against these NTDs. The NTD Crisis NTDs such as dengue, lymphatic filariasis and visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar) afflict 1 billion people worldwide, and yet, are not prioritised in the public health narrative in many parts of the world.India bears the largest burden of NTDs in the world, accounting for 40 per cent of the global lymphatic filariasis disease burden and almost a quarter of the world’s visceral leishmaniasis cases. Government’s efforts regarding NTD In recent years, the government has made concerted efforts to address the nation’s NTD burden, especially visceral leishmaniasis and lymphatic filariasis which were slated to be eliminated by 2020 and 2021 respectively.India has already eliminated several other NTDs, including guinea worm, trachoma, and yaws.Measures taken include Mass Drug Administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis prevention in endemic districts and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) to control the breeding of sandflies that transmit visceral leishmaniasis.The Accelerated Plan for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (APELF) was launched in 2018, as part of intensifying efforts towards the elimination of NTDs.A WHO-supported regional alliance established by the governments of India, Bangladesh, and Nepal in 2005 to expedite early diagnosis and treatment of the most vulnerable populations and improve disease surveillance and control of sandfly populations (Kala-azar). -Source: The Hindu Landowner Rights Upheld by Supreme Court Verdict Context: In a significant decision aimed at safeguarding the rights of landowners, the Supreme Court of India has ruled that all government acquisitions must adhere to the provisions outlined in Article 300A. This landmark verdict was delivered in response to a case involving the Kolkata Municipal Corporation’s attempt to acquire private land for the construction of a public park, a move deemed unlawful by the court. The ruling underscores the importance of upholding constitutional protections against arbitrary land acquisitions by government entities. Relevance GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Observations Made by the Supreme Court in the Recent CaseThe Evolution of the Right to Property in India Observations Made by the Supreme Court in the Recent Case: Protection of Right to Property: The right to property is protected as a constitutional right and interpreted as a human right under the current constitutional scheme. Seven Basic Rights Under Article 300A: Article 300A confers seven basic procedural rights to landowners and corresponding duties upon the state for any valid acquisition:Right to notice: Duty of the State to inform owners about its intention to acquire their property.Right to be heard: Duty of the State to hear objections from landowners.Right to a reasoned decision: Duty of the State to inform its decision on acquisition.Acquisition only for public purpose: Duty of the State to demonstrate that acquisition serves a public cause.Right to fair compensation: Duty of the State to provide restitution and rehabilitation, ensuring fair compensation.Right to efficient conduct: Duty of the State to conduct the acquisition process efficiently and within prescribed timelines.Right of conclusion: Landowners have the right to a final conclusion of the acquisition proceedings. Significance of Procedural Justice: Procedural safeguards mandated by Article 300A are crucial for protecting the right to property as they ensure fairness, transparency, natural justice, and prevent arbitrary exercise of power in the acquisition process. The Evolution of the Right to Property in India: Pre-44th Constitutional Amendment (Before 1978): Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31 of Part III of the Indian Constitution guaranteed the right to purchase, possess, and dispose of property, and safeguarded against deprivation of property.Article 31 provided an absolute right against deprivation of property, limiting the state’s ability to acquire movable property in the public interest due to its status as a fundamental right. The 44th Constitutional Amendment: Abolished Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31, replacing them with a modified version, Article 300-A.This transformed the right to property from a fundamental right to a legal/constitutional right. Provisions of Article 300-A: Article 300-A states that “no person shall be deprived of his property except by authority of law,” granting the government authority to seize property for the general welfare. Court Interpretations of Article 300-A: The Madhya Pradesh High Court (2022) emphasized that property acquisition laws must be legitimate, and state acquisition must benefit the public.In Vidya Devi v. the State of Himachal Pradesh (2022), the Supreme Court ruled that even government authorities in a welfare state cannot seize property without following legal procedures.In Vimlaben Ajitbhai Patel vs. Vatslaben Ashokbhai Patel, the Supreme Court affirmed that while no longer a fundamental right, the right to property remains a human right. -Source: Times of India Collegium System Context: Recently, two senior-most district judges moved to the Supreme Court alleging that the Himachal Pradesh HC collegium overlooked their merit and seniority in the selection process of judges, and have taken their grievances to the Supreme Court. Relevance: GS-II: Polity and Governance (Constitutional Provisions, Indian Judiciary) Dimensions of the Article: What is the Collegium System?Working of the Collegium System and NJACAppointment procedure of HC JudgesTransfer procedure of HC Judges What is the Collegium System? The Collegium System is a system under which appointments/elevation of judges/lawyers to Supreme Court and transfers of judges of High Courts and Apex Court are decided by a forum of the Chief Justice of India and the four senior-most judges of the Supreme Court.’ There is no mention of the Collegium either in the original Constitution of India or in successive amendments.The recommendations of the Collegium are binding on the Central Government; if the Collegium sends the names of the judges/lawyers to the government for the second time. Evolution of the Collegium system In the First Judges case (1982), the Court held that consultation does not mean concurrence and it only implies an exchange of views.In the Second Judges case (1993), the Court reversed its earlier ruling and changed the meaning of the word consultation to concurrence. Third Judges Case, 1998: In the Third Judges case (1998), the Court opined that the consultation process to be adopted by the Chief Justice of India requires “consultation of a plurality of judges”.The sole opinion of the CJI does not constitute the consultation process. He should consult a collegium of four senior-most judges of the Supreme Court and even if two judges give an adverse opinion, he should not send the recommendation to the government.The court held that the recommendation made by the Chief Justice of India (CJI) without complying with the norms and requirements of the consultation process is not binding on the government.The Collegium system was born through the “Third Judges case” and it is in practice since 1998. It is used for appointments and transfers of judges in High courts and Supreme Courts.There is no mention of the Collegium either in the original Constitution of India or in successive amendments. Working of the Collegium System and NJAC The collegium recommends the names of lawyers or judges to the Central Government. Similarly, the Central Government also sends some of its proposed names to the Collegium.Collegium considers the names or suggestions made by the Central Government and resends the file to the government for final approval.If the Collegium resends the same name again then the government has to give its assent to the names. But the time limit is not fixed to reply. This is the reason that appointment of judges takes a long time.Through the 99th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2014 the National Judicial Commission Act (NJAC) was established to replace the collegium system for the appointment of judges.However, the Supreme Court upheld the collegium system and struck down the NJAC as unconstitutional on the grounds that the involvement of Political Executive in judicial appointment was against the “Principles of Basic Structure”. i.e., the “Independence of Judiciary”. Issues involved in appointment Cumbersome Process: There are inordinate delays in the appointment of High Court judges and it leads to the pendency of cases.Lack of Transparency: There is no objective criteria for selection and people come to know about judges only after selection. It also promotes nepotism in the judiciary. The consultations of the Collegium are also not discussed in any public platform.Instances of Politicisation: In many cases, there is indication that due to the unfavorable judgments of certain judges the political executive hinders their appointments, elevation, or transfer. This reflects poorly on the concept of independence of the judiciary.Improper Representation: Certain sections of societies have higher representation whereas many vulnerable sections have nil representation. Appointment procedure of HC Judges Article 217 of the Constitution: It states that the Judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the President in consultation with the Chief Justice of India (CJI), the Governor of the State.In the case of appointment of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High Court is consulted.Consultation Process: High Court judges are recommended by a Collegium comprising the CJI and two senior-most judges.The proposal, however, is initiated by the Chief Justice of the High Court concerned in consultation with two senior-most colleagues.The recommendation is sent to the Chief Minister, who advises the Governor to send the proposal to the Union Law Minister. Transfer procedure of HC Judges Article 222 of the Constitution makes provision for the transfer of a Judge (including Chief Justice) from one High Court to any other High Court. The initiation of the proposal for the transfer of a Judge should be made by the Chief Justice of India whose opinion in this regard is determinative.Consent of a Judge for his first or subsequent transfer would not be required.All transfers are to be made in public interest i.e., for promoting better administration of justice throughout the country. -Source: The Hindu PREFIRE Polar Mission Context: A NASA PREFIRE polar mission is set to be launched from New Zealand on May 22. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology The PREFIRE Polar Mission Explained: Overview: The PREFIRE (Polar Radiant Energy in the Far-InfraRed Experiment) polar mission comprises twin satellites, each equipped with an instrument, tasked with measuring the poles approximately six hours apart. Objective: The primary goal of the mission is to unveil the complete spectrum of heat loss from Earth’s polar regions, thereby enhancing the accuracy of climate models. Aim: The PREFIRE mission aims to fill knowledge gaps and furnish data to refine predictions related to climate change and sea level rise.It seeks to offer fresh insights into how Earth’s atmosphere and ice impact the radiation of heat from the Arctic and Antarctic into space. Satellite Operation: Cube satellites, akin to the size of a shoebox, will be launched aboard an Electron launch vehicle.Equipped with Mars-tested technology, these satellites will measure an underexplored portion of Earth’s radiant energy.Twin satellites housing a thermal infrared spectrometer will orbit near-polar asynchronously, covering overlapping areas near the poles every few hours.Weighing less than 6 pounds (3 kilograms) each, the instruments will employ thermocouples, similar to those found in household thermostats, for data collection. Mission Objectives: Understand the disproportionate warming of the Arctic compared to the rest of the planet since the 1970s.Gain insights into the efficiency of far-infrared heat emission by substances like snow and sea ice, and the influence of clouds on far-infrared radiation escaping to space.Enable researchers to forecast changes in heat exchange between Earth and space, and their repercussions on phenomena such as ice sheet melting, atmospheric temperatures, and global weather patterns. -Source: Indian Express Digital Arrest Context: Following increasing reports of “digital arrests” by cybercriminals the central government has collaborated with Microsoft to block more than 1,000 Skype IDs used for online intimidation, blackmail, and extortion. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Dimensions of the Article: Understanding Digital ArrestPreventive Measures Understanding Digital Arrest: Overview: Digital arrest is an emerging cybercrime tactic utilized by fraudsters to deceive unsuspecting individuals and extort money through digital means. Modus Operandi: Cybercriminals impersonate law enforcement officials, such as police, Enforcement Directorate, or CBI, tricking victims into believing they have committed a serious offense.Victims are coerced into believing they are under “digital arrest” and must remain visible on platforms like Skype until demands are met.Fraudsters threaten prosecution unless victims pay a significant sum of money.Victims may be manipulated into self-arrest or self-quarantine, believing they cannot leave their homes without paying. Preventive Measures: Cyber Hygiene: Regularly update passwords and software, and enable two-factor authentication to thwart unauthorized access.Avoid Phishing Attempts: Refrain from clicking on suspicious links or downloading attachments from unknown sources. Verify the legitimacy of emails and messages before sharing personal information.Secure Devices: Install reputable antivirus and anti-malware solutions, and keep operating systems and applications updated with the latest security protocols.Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): Utilize VPNs to encrypt internet connections for enhanced privacy and security. Be cautious of free VPN services and opt for trustworthy providers.Secure Communication Channels: Employ encryption for sensitive information protection. Exercise caution when sharing passwords and other details, especially in public forums.Awareness: Promote preventive measures and increase public awareness about digital arrest and other cyber threats. -Source: Indian Express Invasion of Armoured Sailfin Catfish Threatens Eastern Ghats Ecosystem Context: Scientists from CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) have revealed alarming findings regarding the proliferation of invasive armoured sailfin catfish in the Eastern Ghats. Their research indicates that these catfish now inhabit 60% of the region’s water bodies, posing significant threats to the local ecosystem. The presence of these invasive species has led to damage to fishing nets and disturbances in the delicate balance of the aquatic environment. Relevance: GS III: Species in News Key Facts About Sailfin Catfish: Overview: The sailfin armoured catfish belongs to the genus Pterygoplichthys of the Loricariidae family and is native to South America. However, it has been introduced to freshwater environments worldwide, leading to serious ecological impacts. Invasive Species: Sailfin catfish is considered one of the most serious invasive species due to its wide distribution and negative effects on local ecosystems. Introduction in India: Originally introduced in India for its distinctive appearance and algae-eating capacity in tanks and aquariums, the sailfin catfish population has significantly increased over time. Physical Characteristics: Sailfin catfish feature worm-like dark markings on a dark-golden background, stout pectoral fins with rough surfaces, and a disc-like, protrusible mouth used for suction feeding on algae.Female sailfin catfish are typically smaller, while males larger than 18 inches are common. Habitat and Behavior: Sailfin catfish inhabit various slow-moving water bodies, primarily near the shore and in shallow waters.They are known to create spawning burrows along shorelines, which can undermine canal banks and lake shorelines. Size: Sailfin catfish can grow to lengths exceeding 20 inches and weigh up to 3.0 pounds. -Source: The Hind

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 17 May 2024

CONTENTS RoDTEP scheme RoDTEP Scheme Context: The government is setting up a system to verify that only taxes paid on materials used (input duties) are refunded under the RoDTEP scheme. Relevance: GS-III: Indian Economy (Growth and Development of Indian Economy, Taxation) Dimensions of the Article: Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) SchemeRoDTEP Benefits Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) Scheme The RoDTEP Scheme allows exporters to receive refunds on taxes and duties that are not exempted or refunded under any other scheme.Under the scheme, exporters receive refunds on the embedded taxes and duties previously non-recoverable.The chief aim of the scheme is to boost the export of goods that were poor in volume.The scheme basically replaces the Merchandise Export from India Scheme (MEIS).The scheme provides for rebates of Central, State and Local duties/taxes/ levies which are not refunded under any other duty remission schemes.The RoDTEP scheme can be said to be a combination of the MEIS and the Rebate of State and Central Taxes and Levies (RoSCTL).Under this scheme, refund would be claimed as a percentage of the Freight On Board (FOB) value of exports.  Features of RoDTEP Scheme It covers duties and taxes levied at the central, state and local levels that are not reimbursed under any other mechanism. Items that were under the MEIS and the RoSCTL are shifted to the RoDTEP.Refunds will be issued to exporters as transferable duty credit/electronic scrips and maintained in an electronic ledger. This is keeping in line with the Digital India mission. This can be used to pay basic customs duty on imported goods. The credits can also be transferred to other importers.Faster clearance through a digital platform will be facilitated through a monitoring & audit mechanism, with an IT-based risk management system that would physically verify the exporters’ records.The scheme is applicable across all sectors. RoDTEP Benefits Being WTO-compliant, the RoDTEP scheme can make available from the government benefits to the exporters seamlessly.The scheme is more exhaustive in that certain taxes that were not covered under the previous scheme are also included in the list, for example, education cess, state taxes on oil, power and water.It will add more competitiveness in the foreign markets, with assured duty benefits by the Indian Government.It will also help exporters meet international standards and promote business growth.Also under RoDTEP, tax assessment is set to become fully automatic for exporters, hence, Businesses will get access to their refunds for GST via an automatic refund-route.

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