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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 04 May 2024

CONTENTS H5N1 Outbreak Highlights Animal Welfare Concerns in IndiaILO Report Urges Climate-Proofing of Labour ConditionsUS Federal Reserve Holds Rates Amid Inflation ConcernsINCOIS Study Explores Indian Ocean Floor MappingDiplomatic PassportNew Marine Tardigrade Species Named After Chandrayaan-3 Mission H5N1 Outbreak Highlights Animal Welfare Concerns in India Context: The recent H5N1 outbreak has shed light on significant vulnerabilities in India’s industrial livestock sector, emphasizing the urgent need for a comprehensive reassessment of animal welfare within the country’s environmental and legal frameworks. This outbreak underscores the importance of the One Health principle, which integrates public health, ecosystem health, and biodiversity conservation. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Issues Faced by the Indian Poultry IndustryIssue of H5N1 Avian Influenza Steps Needed to Support the Poultry Industry Issues Faced by the Indian Poultry Industry Avian Diseases and Biosecurity Outbreaks of Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease disrupt production and necessitate bird culling, impacting consumption and market stability.Inadequate biosecurity measures in farms and live bird markets contribute to disease spread. Concerns in Farming Practices Overcrowding and stress in ‘battery cages’ lead to poor air quality, waste accumulation, and environmental pollution.Antibiotic overuse raises concerns about antibiotic resistance and public health risks. Feed Ingredient Prices and Import Dependency Volatile prices of crucial feed ingredients like corn and soybean meal affect production costs and exacerbate import dependency. Market Stability and Consumer Perception Rumors and misinformation during disease outbreaks reduce consumption and affect market stability.Limited cold chain infrastructure leads to spoilage and wastage during peak production periods. Supply Chain Challenges Fragmented supply chains with multiple intermediaries raise transaction costs and hinder farmer profits.Poor transportation infrastructure affects product movement and delivery times. Regulatory and Financial Issues Overlapping regulations create confusion and compliance challenges for poultry farmers.Limited access to formal credit hampers growth, while finding skilled labor is difficult. Environmental Impact and Animal Welfare Poultry farming contributes to water pollution and air quality issues without proper waste management.Ensuring animal welfare standards across the industry remains a challenge. Industry Transition Challenges Exiting the industry is challenging due to contract farming arrangements, accumulated debts, and specialized skills required. Issue of H5N1 Avian Influenza The outbreak of H5N1 avian influenza underscores the urgent need to address animal welfare.Originating in chickens, the first human infection of H5N1 occurred in 1997 in Hong Kong.India reported its first H5N1 case in Maharashtra in 2006, with subsequent outbreaks spreading across 15 states in December 2020 and early 2021.H5N1 has shown the ability to cross species barriers, causing mortality among polar bears in the Arctic and seals and seagulls in Antarctica, indicating its global impact.The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the fatality rate for H5N1 at 52% since 2003, highlighting its severe threat to human health. Various Provisions Related to the Poultry Sector in India Status of Poultry Birds in India India has 851.8 million poultry birds, with 30% categorized as ‘backyard poultry’ belonging to small and marginal farmers.Poultry birds such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese are reared for meat and eggs, with Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and West Bengal among the states with the highest poultry populations. Legal Status of Poultry Units in India Guidelines for Poultry Farmers, 2021 New definitions categorize poultry farmers based on bird count: Small (5,000-25,000 birds), Medium (more than 25,000 and less than 1,00,000 birds), and Large (more than 1,00,000 birds).Medium-sized poultry farms require a Certificate of Consent from the State Pollution Control Board or Committee under the Water Act, 1974, and the Air Act, 1981, for establishment and operation, with permission granted for 15 years.Implementation of guidelines falls under the Animal Husbandry Department at the state and district levels. Other Provisions Poultry units with over 5,000 birds are classified as polluting industries by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act, 1960, prohibits intensive confinement of animals, including chickens, emphasizing animal welfare.The 269th Law Commission of India Report in 2017 proposed draft rules for chicken welfare in meat and egg industries, aiming for improved animal welfare and safer food production.However, the Draft Rules for the egg industry released by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare in 2019 are considered inadequate despite recommendations.  Steps Needed to Support the Poultry Industry Infrastructure Development: Invest in infrastructure such as poultry farms, hatcheries, processing plants, and transportation facilities to enhance the efficiency and capacity of the poultry industry.Research and Development: Support research and development initiatives focused on improving poultry genetics, feed efficiency, disease management, and environmental sustainability.Training and Education: Provide training programs and educational resources for poultry farmers to enhance their knowledge and skills in areas such as animal husbandry, biosecurity, and sustainable farming practices.Access to Finance: Facilitate access to financing options and credit facilities for poultry farmers to invest in modernization, expansion, and technology adoption.Regulatory Support: Implement supportive regulatory frameworks that ensure food safety, animal welfare, environmental protection, and fair competition within the poultry industry.Market Access: Facilitate market access for poultry products through trade agreements, export promotion initiatives, and market development efforts to enhance competitiveness and profitability.Technology Adoption: Encourage the adoption of modern technologies and best practices in poultry farming, including automation, data analytics, precision farming, and renewable energy solutions.Sustainability Initiatives: Promote sustainable practices such as organic farming, pasture-raised systems, waste management, and renewable energy integration to reduce environmental impact and enhance long-term viability.Risk Management: Provide risk management tools and insurance schemes to mitigate risks associated with disease outbreaks, market fluctuations, natural disasters, and other unforeseen challenges.Collaboration and Networking: Foster collaboration among stakeholders in the poultry value chain, including farmers, processors, suppliers, researchers, government agencies, and consumer groups, to address common challenges and seize opportunities for growth and innovation. -Source: The Hindu ILO Report Urges Climate-Proofing of Labour Conditions Context: The International Labour Organisation (ILO) recently released a report titled “Ensuring safety and health at work in a changing climate” to address the global health threats faced by workers. The report highlights the urgent need to climate-proof the future of labour and adapt to the evolving work environment due to climate change. It reveals that over a third of the world’s population is exposed to excessive heat annually, leading to nearly 23 million work-related injuries. The ILO emphasizes the necessity for an overhaul of existing Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) protections and laws to address the evolving risks posed by climate change, which have resulted in worker mortality and morbidity. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Emerging HazardsSectors Affected the MostLaws Addressing Workplace Safety Emerging Hazards The International Labour Organization (ILO) identifies six key impacts of climate change:Excessive heatUltraviolet (UV) radiationExtreme weather eventsWorkplace air pollutionVector-borne diseasesAgrochemicalsThese hazards can result in health issues such as stress, stroke, and exhaustion.Agriculture workers, construction workers, conservancy workers, and those in transport and tourism are most affected by climate change.Gig employment, a rapidly growing sector in India, is highly susceptible to heat-related hazards, comprising workers from ride-hailing apps, food and groceries delivery, home repair services, and courier services.Approximately 80% of India’s workforce of 600 million in 2023 is susceptible to heat-related hazards, surpassing the entire current population of South America. Sectors Affected the Most Agriculture Sector: Globally, agriculture is the most heat-susceptible sector, particularly in the developing world, where informal farm laborers lack adequate weather protection.About 45.76% of India’s workforce was engaged in the agriculture and allied sector in 2022-23, a decrease from three decades ago.Nearly 90% of Indian farmers own less than two hectares of land, earning modest incomes, with some in states like Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal earning as low as ₹4,895 per month.Many farmers are in debt and lack access to modern agricultural technology, hindering their ability to adapt to climate change.Communities have begun adjusting work timings to mitigate heat exposure, and the ILO recommends increasing hydration points, breaks, and rest shelters in plantations. Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) Sector: India’s MSME sector employs over 123 million workers, contributing significantly to exports and manufacturing output.Despite its size, the sector is largely informal, lacking oversight from State Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) departments, leaving workers vulnerable to heat hazards. Building & Construction Sector: With around 70 million workers, the building and construction sector comprises nearly 12% of India’s workforce.Workers in this sector face challenges from the urban heat island effect and are prone to physical injuries and air pollution-related health issues, especially in cities with high pollution levels. Laws Addressing Workplace Safety India has over 13 central laws regulating working conditions across various sectors, including:The Factories Act, 1948The Workmen Compensation Act, 1923The Building and Other Construction Workers Act, 1996The Plantations Labour Act, 1951The Mines Act, 1952The Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act, 1979These laws were consolidated and amended in September 2020 under the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 (OSH Code, 2020).Despite criticisms from unions regarding diluted safety and inspection standards, the Union government has not yet officially notified its enforcement, leading unions and the judiciary to continue relying on older laws for redress and accountability.The Factories Act defines a factory as an enterprise with “10 or more” workers, but the majority of India’s 64 million MSMEs are not registered under this law, thus evading governmental inspections. Provisions Regarding Heat Hazards The Factories Act broadly defines “ventilation and temperature,” leaving it to the states to determine optimal standards for specific industries.However, these regulations were formulated decades ago, with Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu setting rules in 1963 and 1950, respectively, mentioning a maximum wet bulb temperature of 30°C and requiring “adequate air movement of at least 30 meters per minute.” Provisions Regarding Other Climate Hazards The OSH 2020 Code attempts remediation, but a clause allowing online inspection of safety by enterprises raises concerns about compromising an already weakly implemented law. -Source: Indian Express US Federal Reserve Holds Rates Amid Inflation Concerns Context: The US Federal Reserve recently announced its decision to maintain its benchmark interest rate unchanged, citing a rise in inflation. The Fed indicated that it would closely monitor incoming price data before considering any rate cuts. This decision contrasts with earlier predictions by analysts, who anticipated a rate cut at the Fed’s May 1 meeting and three cuts in total for 2024. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Inflation in USImportance of Signals from the US FedImpact on Other Markets, including India Inflation in US The consumer price index in the US increased by 0.4% month-on-month and surged 3.5% year-on-year, according to data from the US Labour Department’s Bureau of Labour Statistics released on April 10.The US Fed Chair emphasized that inflation was still too high and ruled out rate cuts until price growth moves down towards its 2% target.There is uncertainty regarding making more progress in reducing inflation and the future course. Importance of Signals from the US Fed Monetary Policy and Its Impact Similar to other central banks like the RBI, the US Federal Reserve uses monetary policy to influence employment and inflation.Policy tools control the availability and cost of credit in the economy, with the federal funds rate being the main tool. Changes in this rate affect other interest rates. Impact on Borrowing Costs Lower interest rates make borrowing cheaper for households and businesses.Reduced borrowing costs encourage households to spend more on goods and services.Businesses are prompted to borrow for expansion and investment projects.By adjusting interest rates, the Federal Reserve aims to stimulate or slow economic activity, impacting employment levels and inflation. Impact on Growth Cycle Increased demand for goods and services leads to higher wages and stimulates the growth cycle.While the link between monetary policy, inflation, and employment is not immediate, it plays a crucial role in controlling prices and fostering growth. Significance for Emerging Market Economies A signal to cut policy rates in the US is positive for emerging market economies, particularly from a debt market perspective.Emerging economies like India typically have higher inflation and interest rates compared to developed countries.Investors borrow at lower US interest rates in dollars and invest in bonds of countries like India in rupee terms to earn higher interest rates. Impact on Other Markets, including India Currency Carry Trade Potential: A US Federal Reserve rate cut could widen the interest rate differential between the US and other countries.This enhances the appeal of countries like India for currency carry trade.Currency carry trade involves borrowing from a low-interest currency to purchase a high-interest currency.Goal: Profit from the interest rate difference, which can be significant with leverage. Boost for Global Economic Expansion: Lower US rates signal a push for growth in the US economy.Positive outlook for US growth is beneficial for global economic expansion.Particularly important amid concerns over China’s real estate crisis and slowing growth.Reduced returns in US debt markets may lead investors to shift towards emerging market equities, boosting foreign investor sentiment. Currency Market Dynamics: Inflows of funds driven by lower US rates can influence currency markets.Changes in currency valuations may occur, impacting global trade dynamics and financial markets. Impact on RBI’s Policy Decisions: Likelihood of future rate cuts by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) partly depends on US Fed’s rate decisions.RBI recently kept the repo rate unchanged at 6.5% for the seventh consecutive time on April 5.Expectations of a rate cut later this year are raised, contingent upon the US Fed’s benchmark rate cuts. -Source: Indian Express INCOIS Study Explores Indian Ocean Floor Mapping Context: Scientists at the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) have recently undertaken a study aimed at mapping the Indian Ocean floor. This endeavor seeks to gain deeper insights into ocean currents and dynamics. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Key Highlights of the Study: Influence of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Maldives: Significantly influence direction and speed of Indian Ocean currents.Create deep-swirling patterns opposite to surface currents. Improvements in Ocean Modelling: Previous systems underestimated coastal currents around India. Incorporating accurate bathymetry data resulted in: Better predictions of upper ocean salinity, temperature, and currents near the coast.Realistic estimation of the East India Coastal Current (EICC) flow at deeper depths (1,000 and 2,000 meters). East India Coastal Current (EICC): Western boundary current of the Bay of Bengal.Reverses direction twice a year.Flows northeastward along the Indian coast from February to September.Reverses southward along Indian and Sri Lankan coasts from October to January. Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Maldives Impact: Identification of a boundary current along the Andaman and Nicobar Islands coast at 2,000 meters depth.Understanding Maldives Islands’ influence on the Equatorial Under Current (EUC). Importance of Accurate Oceanographic Forecasting: Vital for the maritime industry and economic benefits.Crucial for weather, climate, and maritime industry.Improved observations and models essential for precision predictions. Need for Accurate Bathymetry Data: Essential for incorporating into ocean circulation models.Aids in forecasting for the Indian subcontinent and nearby regions. -Source: Indian Express Diplomatic Passport Context: Recently, embroiled in a sex abuse case, one of the Indian political Party’s Member of Parliament (MP) fled to Germany on a diplomatic passport. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Diplomatic Passport Overview Appearance and Validity:Maroon cover.Valid for five years or less.Privileges and Immunities:Holders entitled to privileges and immunities under international law.Includes immunity from arrest, detention, and certain legal proceedings in host country. Issuing Authority Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) Consular, Passport & Visa DivisionIssues diplomatic passports (‘Type D’ passports) to individuals falling into five categories:Diplomatic status holders.Government-appointed individuals for official business.Officers of Indian Foreign Service (IFS) branches A and B, typically Joint Secretary rank and above.Relatives and immediate family of IFS and MEA officers.Select individuals authorized for official government travel. Revocation of Passport Passport Act 1967 governs revocation.Passport authority may cancel passport with Central government approval.Grounds for revocation include wrongful possession, suppression of information, court orders prohibiting departure from India, or criminal court proceedings. Operational Visa Exemption Agreement India’s Agreements: Operational visa exemption agreements for diplomatic passport holders with 34 countries, including Germany.Reciprocal deal with Germany since 2011 exempts Indian diplomatic passport holders from visa requirement for stays up to 90 days. Similar Agreements: India has similar agreements with countries like France, Austria, Afghanistan, Czech Republic, Italy, Greece, Iran, and Switzerland.Additionally, agreements with 99 other countries provide visa exemption for stays up to 90 days for diplomatic, service, and official passport holders. -Source: Indian Express New Marine Tardigrade Species Named After Chandrayaan-3 Mission Context: Researchers at the Cochin University of Science and Technology (Cusat) have discovered a new species of marine tardigrade along the southeast coast of Tamil Nadu. Named Batillipes chandrayaani, the species pays homage to the Chandrayaan-3 moon mission. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Batillipes Chandrayaani Discovery: Found in intertidal beach sediments at Mandapam, Tamil Nadu. Features: Size: 0.15 millimeters in length, 0.04 millimeters in width.Trapezoid-shaped head.Four pairs of legs with sharp-tipped sensory spines.Both sexes similar in morphology and size.39th species described under the genus Batillipes. Tardigrades: Commonly known as ‘water bears.’Microscopic marvels found in diverse environments.Marine tardigrades make up 17% of all known species, found in oceans worldwide. Hardiness: Despite their small size, tardigrades are incredibly resilient.Endure mass extinctions and extreme environmental conditions.Highly regarded for their survival skills and ability to withstand harsh environments. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 03 May 2024

CONTENTS DRDO Tests Long-Range Supersonic Missile Assisted Torpedo (SMART) DRDO Tests Long-Range Supersonic Missile Assisted Torpedo (SMART) Context: The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has achieved a significant milestone with the successful testing of the long-range Supersonic Missile Assisted Torpedo (SMART). This development is geared towards enhancing the Navy’s anti-submarine warfare capabilities. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Supersonic Missile Assisted Torpedoes (SMART) system Supersonic Missile Assisted Torpedoes (SMART) system The Supersonic Missile Assisted Torpedoes (SMART) system is a significant advancement in underwater warfare technology. Here’s an overview: Background: Torpedoes Torpedoes are self-propelled weapons designed to travel underwater and hit a target. However, they are limited by their range. About SMART: SMART involves the modification of a supersonic missile system to launch torpedoes. This enables the torpedo to achieve a much longer range than it could on its own.For example, a torpedo with a range of only a few kilometers can be launched to distances of up to 1000 km using the SMART system. Institutions Involved: Several DRDO laboratories, including the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), Research Centre Imarat (RCI), Aerial Delivery Research and Development Establishment (ADRDE), and Naval Science and Technology Laboratory (NSTL) have developed the necessary technologies for SMART. Features: The SMART system can be launched from both coasts and warships, providing flexibility in deployment.It comprises a canister-based missile system with advanced subsystems such as two-stage solid propulsion and precision inertial navigation.Canisters are filled with inert gases to protect the missile during storage and transportation.The system carries an advanced lightweight torpedo missile as a payload, equipped with a parachute-based release mechanism. Significance: SMART significantly extends the range of lightweight torpedoes, allowing them to target submarines hundreds of kilometers away, beyond the conventional range.It provides a rapid response capability in detecting and neutralizing enemy submarines, particularly in situations where other assets may not be readily available.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 03 May 2024

CONTENTS Balanced FertilisationInterest in Inheritance Tax Legislation Grows Among Indian Opposition LeaderTenth Anniversary of the Street Vendors Act, 2014Significance of Carrier AviationShompen TribePatachitra PaintingGoldman Environmental Prize  Balanced Fertilisation Context: In a significant development, urea consumption reached a historic high of 35.8 million tonnes (mt) by the conclusion of the fiscal year ending in March 2024. This figure represents a notable 16.9% increase compared to the 30.6 mt recorded in 2013-14. Consequently, it is anticipated that achieving balanced fertilization will emerge as a pivotal policy objective for the incoming government post the Lok Sabha elections. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Balanced Fertilisation PolicyNutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) System Balanced Fertilisation Policy: Encourages farmers to avoid excessive application of urea, di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), or muriate of potash (MOP), which contain primary nutrients in high concentrations.Likely to be a key policy goal for the government post Lok Sabha elections. Urea Consumption Trends: Fiscal year ending March 2024 witnessed record urea consumption of 35.8 million tonnes (mt), a 16.9% increase from 2013-14’s 30.6 mt.Consumption of urea, containing 46% nitrogen (N), initially declined during 2016-17 and 2017-18.Decline attributed to mandatory neem oil coating of all urea since May 2015. Neem Coating Rationale: Aimed to curb illegal diversion of highly-subsidised urea for non-agricultural purposes.Non-agricultural uses include plywood, dye, cattle feed, and synthetic milk production.Neem oil acts as a mild nitrification inhibitor, facilitating gradual nitrogen release.Improved nitrogen use efficiency reduces urea bags required per acre.Despite compulsory neem-coating, and the government reducing the bag size from 50 to 45 kg in March 2018, the consumption of urea has only gone up during the last six years (see table). All-India Consumption of Fertiliser Products (in lakh tonnes)      UreaDAPMOP*NPKSSSP2003-04197.6756.2518.4147.5725.442009-10266.73104.9246.3480.2526.512011-12295.65101.9130.29103.9547.462013-14306.0073.5722.8072.6438.792014-15306.1076.2628.5382.7839.892015-16306.3591.0724.6788.2142.532016-17296.1489.6428.6384.1437.572017-18298.9492.9431.5885.9634.392018-19314.1892.1129.5790.2835.792019-20336.95101.0027.8798.5744.032020-21350.43119.1134.25118.1144.892021-22341.8092.7224.56114.7956.812022-23357.25104.1816.32100.7450.172023-24357.80108.1216.45110.7345.44*For direct application, excluding supply to complex fertiliser units.Source: Fertiliser Association of India.      Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) System: Instituted in April 2010 by the previous United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government.Aims to promote balanced fertilisation by fixing a per-kg subsidy for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulphur (S) in fertilisers.Links the subsidy on fertilisers to their nutrient content, encouraging the use of complex fertilisers with balanced proportions of nutrients. Challenges Associated with NBS: Excludes urea from subsidy, leading to increased consumption due to controlled maximum retail price (MRP).Restoration of price controls on non-urea fertilisers has worsened nutrient imbalances.Discrepancies in MRP among fertilisers incentivize over-application of urea and underutilization of other nutrients.Lack of proper pricing hierarchy among non-urea fertilisers exacerbates nutrient imbalances. Opportunities for Improvement: India’s heavy dependence on imported fertilisers necessitates measures to rationalize costs and reduce subsidy burdens.Recent drops in global prices of urea, DAP, and MOP provide an opportunity for the government to rationalize MRPs of fertilisers.Potential to mitigate the impact of urea price hikes by increasing subsidy rates on other nutrients and promoting balanced plant nutrition.Introduction of sulphur-coated urea presents an opportunity to address nutrient imbalances and promote balanced fertilisation.Expectation of further initiatives to promote balanced fertilisation in the coming months. -Source: Indian Express Interest in Inheritance Tax Legislation Grows Among Indian Opposition Leader Context: A prominent political leader from India’s opposition party has recently expressed interest in proposed legislation regarding Inheritance Tax. This move comes amidst ongoing discussions about utilizing inheritance tax as a means to address income inequality and facilitate wealth redistribution in the country. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Inheritance Tax: OverviewAdvantages of Implementing Inheritance Tax in IndiaChallenges in Implementing Inheritance Tax in India Inheritance Tax: Overview A tax paid on inheriting property or assets from a deceased person, levied on the value received by the beneficiary.Paid by the beneficiary, with rates varying by country, sometimes as high as 55%.Inheritance can be received under a Will or personal law of the deceased.In India, the concept of inheritance tax currently does not exist. Determination of Total Asset Value First step involves assessing the deceased’s assets: real estate, investments, bank accounts, vehicles, and personal belongings.Consideration of outstanding debts or liabilities.Applicability of inheritance tax depends on estate value and jurisdictional laws.Some beneficiaries may be exempt or receive reduced rates, such as spouses or children. Reasons for Abolishing Inheritance Tax Taxpayer harassment due to pre-death wealth tax and post-death estate duty.Inadequate impact on wealth distribution or state financing.Estate duty yielded low revenue compared to administration costs.High tax rates can lead to capital flight to tax havens or jurisdictions with favorable rates. Examples of Inheritance Tax Worldwide Widely levied in Europe, America, and Africa.Top nations with inheritance tax include France (60%), Germany (50%), UK (40%), Spain (33%), and Hungary (18%).Other countries with notable rates include Japan (55%), South Korea (50%), Ecuador (37%), Chile (25%), South Africa (25%), and Taiwan (20%). Advantages of Implementing Inheritance Tax in India Addresses staggering wealth inequality in India, where the top percentile holds a disproportionate share of national wealth.Promotes social mobility by redistributing excessive wealth and preventing its concentration within a few families.Generates additional revenue for the government to fund social sector programs and welfare schemes, aiding in public welfare initiatives.Acts as a progressive tax, placing a higher burden on wealthy individuals, contributing to a fairer tax system.Potential to reduce basic income tax liability for economically weaker sections, fostering entrepreneurship and economic participation. Challenges in Implementing Inheritance Tax in India India’s already complex tax system may face further complications with the introduction of inheritance tax, leading to compliance and enforcement challenges.Requires a robust administrative infrastructure for effective enforcement and administration, which may be lacking.Resistance from wealthy families who stand to lose a portion of their inherited wealth, posing political and social challenges for implementation.Implications for family-owned businesses, particularly in sectors reliant on succession planning.Collection of accurate wealth and asset data poses challenges, especially in rural areas with prevalent informal economies.Potential for tax avoidance or evasion by high net worth individuals through trusts, offshore accounts, or asset gifting.Agricultural land, culturally and economically significant, presents challenges in imposing inheritance tax due to resistance from agricultural communities and concerns about land fragmentation. -Source: The Hindu Tenth Anniversary of the Street Vendors Act, 2014 Context: The Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, 2014, recently marked its tenth anniversary. This milestone represents the culmination of four decades of legal evolution and advocacy by street vendor movements in India Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Street Vendors ActChallenges Faced by Street Vendors in India Street Vendors Act The Street Vendors Act is a significant legislation aimed at protecting and regulating street vending in Indian cities. Here are some key aspects of the Street Vendors Act and associated challenges: Street Vendors Act: Scope and Purpose: The Act is designed to protect and regulate street vending across Indian cities by involving local authorities in establishing designated vending zones. It recognizes the importance of street vendors in urban life, contributing to food distribution and cultural identity, and aims to secure their livelihoods and integrate their activities into formal urban planning.Town Vending Committees (TVCs): The Act establishes Town Vending Committees (TVCs), which include street vendor representatives, with women vendors constituting 33% of this group. These committees are responsible for the inclusion of vendors in designated zones and handling grievances through mechanisms like the Grievance Redressal Committee.Roles and Responsibilities: The Act clearly defines the roles and responsibilities of vendors and government at different levels. It requires States/Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) to conduct a survey to identify street vendors at least once every five years. Implementation Challenges: Despite the protections outlined in the Act, street vendors frequently face harassment and eviction, partly due to persistent bureaucratic views of vending as an illegal activity.TVCs often remain under the control of city authorities rather than representing the vendors themselves, with women’s representation often being tokenistic.The Act struggles to integrate with broader urban governance frameworks, such as those established by the 74th Constitutional Amendment. ULBs often lack the power and resources to effectively implement the Act.The prevailing vision of a ‘world-class city’ frequently excludes street vendors, affecting urban planning and policy, and leading to designs and regulations that marginalize vendors. Ways to Strengthen the Law: Effective implementation is crucial and may require initial top-down guidance from higher government levels, such as the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.Over time, a shift towards more decentralized governance is essential to tailor strategies to the diverse local contexts of vendors across the nation.Policies and urban planning guidelines must be revised to better incorporate street vending, enhancing the capacities of ULBs to include vendors in city planning.Creative use of the Act’s provisions is needed to address emerging issues such as climate change impacts, increased competition from e-commerce, and the proliferation of vendors.Leveraging components of national missions like the National Urban Livelihood Mission can help innovate and adapt to these changing realities. Challenges Faced by Street Vendors in India Street vendors in India face a myriad of challenges despite the existence of the Street Vendors Act. Here are some of the prominent challenges: Uneven Enforcement of Regulations: Many street vendors operate without licenses due to uneven enforcement of regulations. This makes them vulnerable to eviction and harassment by authorities and local intermediaries.Bribery and Corruption: Reports indicate that street vendors are often forced to pay bribes to police and local authorities, further impacting their already meagre earnings and perpetuating a cycle of corruption.Economic Insecurity: Saturation in certain areas and competition from established businesses lead to unpredictable income and economic insecurity among street vendors. Limited access to formal credit exacerbates this issue.Limited Licenses: The number of licenses issued for street vending is often insufficient to accommodate the actual number of vendors. For example, Mumbai has a ceiling of around 15,000 licenses, whereas there are an estimated 2.5 lakh vendors in the city.Lack of Infrastructure: Street vendors often lack access to basic infrastructure such as clean water, sanitation facilities, and waste disposal. This not only poses health hazards for vendors but also for customers.Livelihood Disruption: Urban development projects and road widening initiatives frequently lead to the displacement of street vendors, causing disruption to their livelihoods without providing adequate alternative arrangements.Occupational Hazards: Street vendors work in environments that are often hazardous to their health, such as exposure to vehicular pollution, extreme weather conditions, and physical strain from carrying heavy loads. -Source: The Hindu Significance of Carrier Aviation Context: In a remarkable display of naval capability, the Indian Navy’s two aircraft carriers, INS Vikramaditya and INS Vikrant, recently conducted “twin carrier operations.” This involved simultaneous take-offs of MiG-29K fighter jets from both carriers, followed by cross-deck landings. Such operations highlight a unique capability possessed by only a select few nations and underscore India’s naval prowess. Relevance: GS III: Indigenization of Technology Dimensions of the Article: Key Features of Indian Aircraft CarriersChallenges Associated with Indigenisation of Aircraft CarriersSignificance of Carrier Aviation for India in Modern Strategic Terms Key Features of Indian Aircraft Carriers INS Vikrant: First domestically built aircraft carrier with 76% indigenous content.Constructed at Cochin Shipyard Limited, showcasing India’s shipbuilding capabilities.Weighs around 43,000 tonnes, 262 meters long.Prioritizes manoeuvrability, with a top speed of 28 knots.Utilizes STOBAR method for precision operations in adverse conditions.Incorporates latest advancements in design, sensors, and electronics. INS Vikramaditya: Modified Kiev-class carrier, originally built for the Soviet Navy.Inducted into Indian Navy in 2013 after extensive refitting and modernization.Weighs around 44,500 tonnes, 284 meters long.Can reach speeds of up to 30 knots.Carries similar arsenal of aircraft as INS Vikrant.Still uses older technology compared to INS Vikrant. Future Plans and Expansion India plans to have four aircraft carrier battle groups (CBGs) to strengthen naval presence.Indian Navy’s 15-year plan includes four fleet carriers and two light fleet carriers.Indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vishal (IAC-3) to be built at Cochin Shipyard, similar to INS Vikrant. Debate on Aircraft Carriers vs Submarines Emerging debate among navies regarding focus on submarines or aircraft carriers due to technological developments.Concerns raised about vulnerability of aircraft carriers due to advancements in anti-ship and anti-aircraft systems.Economic costs of aircraft carriers are significant, limiting ability of countries to operate both submarines and carriers.Submarines seen as better alternative due to stealth advantage and relatively lower cost compared to aircraft carriers. Challenges Associated with Indigenisation of Aircraft Carriers: Integration of Advanced Technologies: Aircraft carrier construction involves integrating numerous advanced technologies across propulsion, combat management, and aviation systems. Switching Launch Systems: Initial plans for a catapult launch system (CATOBAR) were replaced with a ski-jump launch with arrested recovery (STOBAR) due to technological limitations.While STOBAR is proven, it limits operational capabilities of heavier, advanced aircraft. Time-Consuming Process: Designing, procuring materials, and constructing a complex warship like an aircraft carrier is time-consuming.Delays impact overall costs and strategic planning, as evidenced by the over two-decade delay in commissioning INS Vikrant (begun design work in 1999, commissioned in 2023). Technological Advancements and Obsolescence: Extended timelines may render some carrier aspects obsolete before completion due to rapid technological advancements. Financial Investment: Building an aircraft carrier is an expensive undertaking, requiring significant investment in materials, labor, and specialized technologies. Skilled Workforce: Construction necessitates a large pool of skilled workers proficient in various disciplines. Reliance on Foreign Expertise: India had to rely on foreign expertise and technology transfer for certain aspects of INS Vikrant’s construction, indicating the need for further development of the domestic shipbuilding industry. Reliance on Foreign Suppliers: Despite indigenous design, critical materials and components may still need to be imported, creating reliance on foreign suppliers. Vulnerabilities in Geopolitical Tensions: Dependence on imported materials like high-tensile steel and specialized electronics creates vulnerabilities in times of geopolitical tensions. Significance of Carrier Aviation for India in Modern Strategic Terms: Border Conflict Potential: Provides strategic advantage in potential border conflicts, emphasizing the importance of robust aircraft carriers. Historical Significance: Highlighted during the 1971 operations for the liberation of Bangladesh, showcasing the crucial role of INS Vikrant’s aircraft in supporting land battles. Protection of Merchant Shipping Routes: Acts as primary naval asset for protecting merchant shipping routes vital for carrying strategic commodities to India during military conflicts. Safeguarding Sea-Lines of Communication: Crucial for safeguarding sea-lines of communication, particularly in light of concerns about energy imports through the Strait of Hormuz and China’s strategic presence in Gwadar port. Asserting Influence in Indian Ocean Region (IOR): Enables India to assert its influence and deter potential threats from extra-regional powers in the Indian Ocean and surrounding littoral region. Protecting Overseas Interests: Provides capability to safeguard India’s strategic interests overseas, particularly in Afro-Asian states facing political, socio-economic, and ethnic instabilities. Defending Remote Island Territories: Essential for defending remote island territories like Andaman and Nicobar Islands against potential foreign military occupation or claims due to vulnerability. Enhanced Disaster Response: Expands operational capabilities to respond to natural disasters in regional seas or littoral areas, providing essential services and logistical support akin to a floating city. Versatility for Non-Military Missions: Incorporation of modular concepts enhances versatility for non-military missions, enabling rapid deployment of specialized resources for specific humanitarian missions. -Source: The Hindu Shompen Tribe Context: The Shompen tribe, one of the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), recently participated in the democratic process by casting their votes in the Andaman and Nicobar Lok Sabha constituency. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: About Shompen TribeParticularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG): Characteristics and Government Initiatives About Shompen Tribe Isolated Semi-Nomadic Lifestyle: The Shompen tribe is known for their highly isolated, semi-nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle. They reside in the Great Nicobar Island, where they have limited contact with the outside world.Population Size: According to the 2011 Census data, the estimated population of the Shompen tribe was 229 individuals. Their population size is relatively small compared to other tribal groups.Unique Language and Dialects: The Shompen tribe has a distinctive language consisting of various dialects. These dialects are understood only within specific bands or groups of the tribe.Patriarchal Social Structure: The social structure of the Shompen tribe is patriarchal, with the eldest male member typically overseeing family affairs. While monogamy is common within the tribe, polygamy is also permissible in certain cases.Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in Andamans: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are home to several Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), including the Great Andamanese, Jarwas, Onges, Shompens, and North Sentinelese.Origins of PVTGs: Originally labelled as Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) by the Dhebar Commission in 1973, these tribal groups were later renamed as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) by the Government of India in 2006. This designation highlights their unique cultural and socio-economic vulnerabilities, requiring special attention and protection from the government. Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG): Characteristics and Government Initiatives Vulnerability Within Tribal Groups: PVTGs are identified as the more vulnerable segments among tribal communities, facing distinct challenges that require special attention. Resource Allocation Disparities: As more developed and assertive tribal groups often receive a significant share of tribal development funds, PVTGs face the need for dedicated resources to address their unique developmental requirements. Declaration and Recommendation: In 1975, the Government of India, based on the recommendation of the Dhebar Commission, declared 52 tribal groups as PVTGs. Current Status: Presently, there are 75 PVTGs out of the total 705 Scheduled Tribes in India, spread across 18 states and one Union Territory according to the 2011 census. Characteristics of PVTGs: Population: Stagnant or decliningTechnology: Predominantly pre-agriculturalLiteracy Level: Extremely lowEconomy: Operates at a subsistence level Government Scheme for PVTGs: The Ministry of Tribal Affairs oversees the ‘Development of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)’ scheme.This Centrally Sponsored Scheme provides 100% Central assistance to 18 states and the Union Territory of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Objective of the Scheme: The scheme aims at comprehensive socio-economic development for PVTGs while preserving their distinct culture and heritage. Implementation and Projects: State Governments, as part of the scheme, undertake projects tailored to sectors such as education, health, and livelihoods specifically designed for the holistic development of PVTGs. -Source: The Hindu Patachitra Painting Context: The first-generation women patachitra artists of West Bengal’s village of Naya sell their work online and are recognised the world over, encouraging future generations to stay in the profession. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Patachitra Patachitra, also known as Pattachitra, is a traditional form of scroll painting originating from the eastern Indian states of Odisha and West Bengal. Here are some key points about Patachitra painting: Origin: Patachitra is believed to have originated as early as the 12th century. The term “Patta” means cloth, and “Chitra” means picture in Sanskrit, reflecting the medium and art form.Subject Matter: Patachitra paintings are known for their intricate details and typically depict mythological narratives, folktales, and stories of Hindu deities. They often serve as visual storytelling devices, conveying cultural and religious themes.Purpose: Originally, Patachitra paintings were created for ritual use and as souvenirs for pilgrims visiting temples in Odisha, particularly in Puri. In Bengal, they were used as visual aids during the performance of songs and stories.Materials and Technique:Patachitra paintings are made on a special canvas prepared by layering cotton sarees with tamarind paste and coating them with clay powder.Traditionally, cotton canvas was used, but now both cotton and silk canvas are employed.The artists fill colors directly onto the canvas without any initial sketches, following a tradition of completing the borders of the painting first.Natural materials such as lamp soot and powdered conch shells are used to obtain colors.Each painting can take weeks or even months to complete due to the meticulous detailing and intricate work involved. -Source: The Hindu Goldman Environmental Prize Context: Alok Shukla, convenor of the Chhattisgarh Bachao Andolan and founding member of the Hasdeo Aranya Bachao Sangharsh Samiti, has been awarded the 2024 Goldman Prize from Asia. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Goldman Environmental Prize The Goldman Environmental Prize, often referred to as the “Green Nobel,” is a prestigious award that recognizes individuals for their sustained and significant efforts to protect and enhance the natural environment, often at great personal risk. Here are some key points about the Goldman Environmental Prize: Recognition of Environmental Heroes: The Prize acknowledges grassroots environmental heroes from around the world who have made significant contributions to environmental conservation and activism.Scope: The Prize recognizes individuals from roughly the world’s six inhabited continental regions: Africa, Asia, Europe, Islands & Island Nations, North America, and South & Central America.Grassroots Leadership: The Goldman Prize places a strong emphasis on grassroots leadership, defining “grassroots” leaders as those involved in local efforts where positive change is brought about through community or citizen participation.Inception: The first Goldman Environmental Prize ceremony took place on April 16, 1990, timed to coincide with Earth Day. Since then, it has become an annual event celebrating environmental activism and conservation. Hasdeo Aranya region: Location and Characteristics: The Hasdeo Aranya region is a sprawling forest located in the northern part of Chhattisgarh, India. It is renowned for its rich biodiversity and also contains significant coal deposits.Geographical Coverage: The forest spans across Korba, Surajpur, and Sarguja districts of Chhattisgarh and is home to a sizable tribal population.River: The Hasdeo River, a tributary of the Mahanadi River, flows through the forest, contributing to its ecological significance.Forest Composition: The Hasdeo Aranya region is notable for being one of the largest unfragmented forests in Central India, consisting of pristine Sal (Shorea robusta) and teak forests. This makes it an important habitat for a diverse range of flora and fauna. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 02 May 2024

CONTENTS Vice Admiral Dinesh Kumar Tripathi Appointed as Next Chief of the Naval StaffPadma Awards Vice Admiral Dinesh Kumar Tripathi Appointed as Next Chief of the Naval Staff Context: Vice Admiral Dinesh Kumar Tripathi has been appointed as the next Chief of the Naval Staff by the government. Prior to this appointment, he served as the Vice Chief of the Naval Staff, bringing extensive experience and leadership to his new role. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Profile of Vice Admiral Tripathi Appointment: Assumed charge after Admiral R Hari Kumar’s retirement on April 30, 2024. Service Years: Nearly 39 years of service in the Indian Navy.Commissioned into the Executive Branch on July 1, 1985. Previous Commands and Roles: Served as the Flag Officer, Commanding-in-Chief, Western Naval Command.Specializes in Communication and Electronic Warfare.Commanded Indian Naval Ships Vinash, Kirch, and Trishul.Held various operational and staff appointments, including Fleet Operations Officer of the Western Fleet, Director of Naval Operations, and Principal Director, Naval Plans at New Delhi.Appointed as Commandant of the prestigious Indian Naval Academy at Ezhimala, Kerala. Education: Alumni of Sainik School Rewa.Graduated from the National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla. Padma Awards Context: Online nominations/recommendations for the Padma Awards 2025 to be announced on the occasion of Republic Day, 2025 have begun from today. The last date for nominations for Padma Awards is 15th September, 2024.  Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: The Padma AwardsAbout Bharat Ratna The Padma Awards The Padma Awards are announced annually on the eve of Republic Day (26th January).There are 3 Padma Awards:Padma Vibhushan (for exceptional and distinguished service),Padma Bhushan (distinguished service of higher-order) andPadma Shri (distinguished service).The Awards are given in various disciplines/ fields of activities, viz.- art, social work, public affairs, science and engineering, trade and industry, medicine, literature and education, sports, civil service, etc.The Awards are conferred on the recommendations made by the Padma Awards Committee, which is constituted by the Prime Minister every year.The total number of awards to be given in a year (excluding posthumous awards and to NRI/foreigners/OCIs) should not be more than 120. Is it a title? The award does not amount to a title and cannot be used as a suffix or prefix to the awardees’ name.Article 18 clause 1- Abolishes titles and makes four provisions in that regard: It prohibits the state from conferring any title (except a military or academic distinction) on anybody, whether a citizen or a foreigner. About Bharat Ratna Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of the country.Bharat Ratna is awarded in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order in any field of human endeavour.Recommendations for Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister to the President of India.Only 3 Bharat Ratna Awards can be given in a year. Therefore: Bharat Ratna- 1st degree of honourPadma Vibhushan- 2nd degree of honourPadma Bhushan- 3rd degree of honourPadma Shri- 4th degree of honour

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 02 May 2024

CONTENTS AstraZeneca Acknowledges Covishield Vaccine’s Potential Side EffectsIITM Study Shows Tenfold Increase in Marine Heatwaves, Heightening Cyclone IntensityIndia’s Food Inflation Remains High Despite Global Price DropsBombay High Court: PSBs Cannot Request Look Out Circulars for Loan DefaultersCISF Personnel Replace Delhi Police for Parliament SecurityIRDAI Proposes Rs 1,500 Price Tag for Bima Vistaar InsuranceMuria Tribe  AstraZeneca Acknowledges Covishield Vaccine’s Potential Side Effects Context: AstraZeneca, the manufacturer of the Covishield vaccine for the Covid-19 pandemic, has admitted that the inoculation carries potential side effects. This admission was made in a legal document presented before the High Court of Justice in London. The document conveys that the Covid vaccine can, in extremely rare cases, induce Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS). Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: AstraZeneca’s Position on Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS)Covishield: An OverviewThrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS) AstraZeneca’s Position on Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS) AstraZeneca’s statements regarding Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS) were made in court documents filed in the United Kingdom in response to a lawsuit against the company. Here’s a summary of their remarks:AstraZeneca is facing legal action over health claims related to the vaccine it developed with the University of Oxford during the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020.In the court documents, AstraZeneca denied that TTS is caused by the vaccine on a broad scale.However, the company acknowledged the possibility of TTS occurring as a result of its vaccination, albeit in “very rare cases.” Covishield: An Overview Development and Production Developed by AstraZeneca in collaboration with the University of Oxford.In India, marketed under the brand name Covishield, manufactured by the Serum Institute of India (SII) in Pune. Administration in India Vaccination commenced in India on January 16, 2021.Notable observations:Indian government issued a caution regarding its administration in individuals with thrombocytopenia.Thromboembolic events reported at a rate of 0.61 cases per million doses.Covishield continues to have a positive benefit-risk profile according to the Union Health Ministry. International Concerns and WHO Observations European countries temporarily paused the use of AstraZeneca vaccine due to reported cases of blood clotting.World Health Organization (WHO) noted cases of Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS) post-Covishield vaccinations.WHO stated that while TTS risk with Covishield vaccines appears low based on available data. Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS) Definition and Characteristics Rare condition characterized by blood clot formation (thrombosis) and low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia).Associated with certain COVID-19 vaccines, particularly those using adenovirus vectors like Covishield.Adenovirus vectors are non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA Virus that are commonly used for gene therapy, vaccination, and cancer gene therapy. They are considered the most efficient gene delivery vehicles due to their safety profile and expression. Mechanism and Hypotheses Mechanism not fully understood but hypothesized to involve vaccine-triggered immune response leading to platelet activation and clot formation.Resembles autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, involving heparin-triggered immune response. Symptoms and Complications Symptoms include breathlessness, chest or limb pain, skin bruising beyond the injection site, headaches, numbness, etc.Complications depend on clot location, including stroke, heart attack, and respiratory issues. Risk Factors Factors predisposing individuals to TTS include age, gender (more common in younger women), and potentially genetic factors. -Source: Indian Express, The Hindu IITM Study Shows Tenfold Increase in Marine Heatwaves, Heightening Cyclone Intensity Context: A recent study conducted by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) in Pune has revealed a significant surge in marine heatwaves, potentially leading to intensified cyclones. The study indicates a staggering tenfold increase in marine heatwave duration, escalating from 20 days to 220–250 days per year. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Key Findings of the ReportMarine Heatwave Key Findings of the Report: Temperature Rise in the Indian Ocean: Indian Ocean temperature rose by 1.2°C from 1950 to 2020.Projected increase by 1.7°C to 3.8°C from 2020 to 2100. Increase in Marine Heatwave Days: Predicted rise from 20 days/year to 220–250 days/year.Linked to quicker cyclone formation and potential permanent heatwave state. Impacts on Marine Ecosystems: Likely acceleration of coral bleaching, seagrass destruction, and loss of kelp forests.Significant implications for the fisheries sector. Escalation of Overall Heat Content: Increase extends to depths of 2,000 meters.Currently increasing at 4.5 zetta-joules per decade.Expected to grow at 16–22 zetta-joules per decade. Sea-Level Rise and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD): Thermal expansion contributes over half of the sea-level rise.IOD likely to experience increased extreme events and decreased moderate events.Positive phases of IOD favor the summer monsoon. Monsoon Prediction for 2024: Despite ongoing heatwaves, “above-normal” monsoon expected for June-September 2024 due in part to positive IOD phase. Impact of Rising Sea Levels on India: Sea Level Rise Trends: Sea level along the Indian coast rising at about 1.7 mm/year during 1900-2000.3 cm rise could intrude the sea inland by about 17 meters. Vulnerability of India: Most vulnerable to compounding impacts of sea level rise.Indian Ocean warming contributes significantly to sea level rise.Indian Ocean fastest-warming ocean in terms of surface warming. Compound Extreme Events and Cyclones: Cyclones intensifying rapidly due to ocean warming.Increased flooding due to compounding sea level rise and storm surges.Cyclones bringing more rain than before.Example: Super Cyclone Amphan (2020) causing extensive flooding and saline water intrusion. Long-term Implications: Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra rivers may shrink.Rising sea levels combined with saltwater intrusion making parts of deltas uninhabitable. Marine Heatwave: Marine heatwaves are prolonged periods of abnormally high Sea Surface Temperature (SST).These events can lead to coral bleaching, seagrass destruction, and loss of kelp forests, impacting the fisheries sector negatively.Common drivers of marine heatwaves include ocean currents that accumulate warm water and air-sea heat flux, which is warming from the atmosphere through the ocean surface.Winds can amplify or dampen the warming effects of a marine heatwave, and climate modes like El Niño can influence the occurrence of these events in specific regions. Impact of Marine Heatwave on Rainfall in Northwest India: The marine heatwave in the Bay of Bengal elevated sea surface temperatures, resulting in increased evaporation rates and a higher supply of moisture in the atmosphere.This surplus moisture contributed to above-average rainfall in northwest India.The marine heatwave likely influenced the formation and behavior of low-pressure systems called depressions in the Bay of Bengal.These depressions play a significant role in monsoon and rainfall patterns.The marine heatwave, along with changing timescales of depressions, affected the path and trajectory of these weather systems.Depressions were more inclined to move towards northwest India rather than north-central India, leading to a concentration of rainfall in the northwest region and resulting in above-average rainfall in that area. Impacts of Marine Heatwaves: Ecosystem Structure: Marine heatwaves can alter ecosystem structure by favoring certain species while suppressing others.Mass Mortality: Marine heatwaves have been associated with mass mortality events in marine invertebrates, leading to significant ecological disruptions.Behavioral Changes: Species may be forced to change their behavior in response to marine heatwaves, putting them at increased risk of harm.Habitat Range Shifts: Marine heatwaves can cause shifts in the habitat ranges of species, resulting in changes to ecosystem dynamics. For example, the expansion of spiny sea urchins into new areas can negatively impact kelp forests.Economic Losses: Marine heatwaves can have significant economic impacts, particularly on fisheries and aquaculture industries.Biodiversity Loss: Marine heatwaves can lead to drastic declines in biodiversity, affecting the overall health and functioning of marine ecosystems.Corals and Bleaching: Marine heatwaves can cause widespread coral bleaching, leading to coral mortality and ecosystem degradation.Interaction with Other Stressors: Marine heatwaves often occur alongside other stressors such as ocean acidification, deoxygenation, and overfishing. These combined stressors can further damage habitats and increase the risks of deoxygenation and acidification in affected areas. -Source: The Hindu India’s Food Inflation Remains High Despite Global Price Drops Context: In 2023, while world food prices experienced a significant decrease from their 2022 highs, India’s food inflation remained stubbornly high at 9.5% in December 2023. This contrasts starkly with the global trend of deflation, which stood at -10.1%. According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the food price index averaged 143.7 points in 2022 but plummeted to 124 points in 2023, marking a substantial decline of 13.7%. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Factors Contributing to the Drop in Global Food PricesReasons for High Food Inflation in India Despite Falling Global PricesCalculation of Food Inflation in IndiaStrategies to Address Food Inflation Effectively Factors Contributing to the Drop in Global Food Prices: Bumper Harvests: Abundant harvests of major crops, such as wheat, in 2023 led to a surplus in the global market, easing supply concerns.Continued Exports from Ukraine and Russia: Despite initial worries about supply disruptions due to the war in Ukraine, both Ukraine and Russia have managed to maintain wheat exports, alleviating supply anxieties.Improved Vegetable Oil Supplies: The UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization Vegetable Price Index saw a significant drop in 2023, attributed to improved vegetable oil supplies and reduced use for biofuel production.Decreased Consumer Demand: High inflation and economic recession fears have dampened consumer demand in many regions, reducing import demand for certain food commodities and exerting downward pressure on global prices. Reasons for High Food Inflation in India Despite Falling Global Prices: Limited Transmission of International Prices: India’s food prices remained elevated due to limited transmission of falling global prices to domestic markets.Import Dependence: While India is largely self-sufficient in most agri-commodities, it depends significantly on imports for edible oils (60% of consumption) and pulses.Government Interventions: The Indian government imposed bans on exports of certain food items and provided import duty waivers on others, reducing global market influences on domestic prices.Weather Conditions: Weather-related factors affecting crop yields, particularly for cereals, pulses, and sugar, contributed to supply shortages and higher prices domestically.Low Stock Levels: Low stock levels for commodities like wheat and sugar further exacerbated price pressures, contributing to high food inflation in India despite falling global prices. Calculation of Food Inflation in India: Consumer Price Index (CPI) for Food and Beverages: Food inflation in India is primarily measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for Food and Beverages. CPI tracks changes in the prices paid by typical consumers for a basket of goods and services over time.Weightage in CPI: Food has a weight of 45.9% in the consumer price index. However, its contribution to overall inflation has increased significantly, from 48% in April 2022 to 67% in November 2023.Household Consumption Survey: The government’s Household Consumption Survey revealed that food’s share of the rural consumption basket fell below 50% for the first time to 46% and to 39% for urban consumers.Factors Influencing Food Inflation: About 90% of food inflation is determined by non-cyclical factors such as weather conditions, supply conditions, international prices, and availability. However, demand factors also play a role, contributing to about 10% of food inflation with significant time variation. Strategies to Address Food Inflation Effectively: Investment in Agricultural Infrastructure and Technology: Improving agricultural infrastructure, adopting advanced technology, and investing in research can enhance crop yields and reduce production costs, boosting supply and stabilizing prices.Enhancing Logistics and Storage Facilities: Improving logistics, storage facilities, and distribution networks can reduce wastage and ensure a steady supply of food items to the market, mitigating price fluctuations.Promoting Crop Diversification: Encouraging the cultivation of a variety of crops and supporting alternative farming practices can reduce reliance on a few commodities, thereby balancing market dynamics and reducing price volatility.Regular Monitoring and Price Regulation: Regular monitoring of food prices and implementing effective price regulation mechanisms can prevent price manipulation and ensure fair pricing for consumers and producers.Addressing Climate Change Challenges: Implementing sustainable farming practices, efficient water management strategies, and promoting crop diversification can help mitigate the impact of climate change on agriculture, reducing production risks and enhancing long-term food security. -Source: Indian Express Bombay High Court: PSBs Cannot Request Look Out Circulars for Loan Defaulters Context: In a significant ruling, the Bombay High Court has declared that public sector banks (PSBs) are not permitted to request Look Out Circulars (LOCs) against loan defaulters. The court invalidated the central government’s Office Memoranda (OM) that authorized PSBs to issue LOCs, asserting that such actions violate fundamental rights guaranteed under the Constitution. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Reasons for High Court Ruling Against Banks Restricting Debtors’ TravelImplications of the VerdictLegal Rights of Defaulters Reasons for High Court Ruling Against Banks Restricting Debtors’ Travel: Legal Framework of LOCs: LOCs, issued by the Bureau of Immigration of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), were used to prevent individuals from travelling abroad if their departure was deemed harmful to the country’s “economic interest”.Amendments to Office Memoranda (OM): Amendments introduced in September 2018 allowed PSB officials to request immigration authorities to issue LOCs against default borrowers, including borrowers, guarantors, and directors of corporate entities in debt.Petitioners’ Arguments: Petitioners contended that the OMs violated fundamental rights, including the right to life with dignity under Article 21. They argued against the government’s classification between public and private banks, asserting that the “economic interest of India” cannot equate to the “financial interests” of a PSB.Government’s Defense: The MHA argued that the circulars contained necessary “checks and balances” for deprivation of life or personal liberty, meeting legal requirements.Court’s Ruling: Referring to previous cases, the court noted the failure of the government to prove debt recovery through the denial of travel permission. It criticized the use of LOCs as a means to bypass legal proceedings, emphasizing that the right to travel abroad cannot be curtailed by executive action without a government statute.Concerns Raised by the Court: The court expressed concern over PSBs being granted unilateral power in debt recovery, effectively acting as judge and executioner. It found the elevation of bank officials to the same status as high-ranking police officers incomprehensible and dismissed the differentiation between PSB and private bank borrowers as arbitrary under Article 14. Implications of the Verdict: Existing Restraint Orders: The ruling does not impact existing restraint orders issued by competent authorities.Limitation on Look Out Circulars (LOCs): Banks cannot request the issuance of LOCs from the central government but can still seek court orders or utilize provisions under the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018, for loan recovery.Future Legislation: The judgement does not prevent the central government from enacting laws consistent with Article 21 of the Constitution. Legal Rights of Defaulters: Guidelines from RBI: The RBI directed banks and finance companies to consider compromise settlements or technical write-offs for accounts categorized as wilful defaulters or fraud.Protection for Wilful Offenders: Wilful offenders or companies involved in fraud will no longer face prejudice from lenders due to ongoing criminal proceedings.Cooling Period for Fresh Loans: Borrowers who have settled their debts can apply for fresh loans after a minimum cooling period of 12 months, with regulated institutions having the flexibility to stipulate longer cooling periods.Legal Rights: Defaulters in India have legal rights, including the right to receive notices, fair debt collection practices, avenues for grievance redressal, access to legal assistance, and fair credit reporting. -Source: Indian Express CISF Personnel Replace Delhi Police for Parliament Security Context: Following a security breach in December 2023, the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) has taken over the security of the Parliament complex. The CISF personnel have replaced the 150 personnel of the Delhi Police, which included 54 women personnel, who were previously deployed for Parliament security. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Dimensions of the Article: Background on Security Breach at New Parliament BuildingOverview of Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)Overview of Existing Security System in Parliament Background on Security Breach at New Parliament Building Inauguration and Incident The new Parliament building was inaugurated on May 28, 2023, marking its first official use.On December 13, 2023, two individuals carrying colour spraying canisters breached security protocols by entering the Lok Sabha chamber during Zero Hour from the visitors’ gallery.The intrusion was reportedly a protest against rising unemployment, ethnic violence in Manipur, and farmers’ issues.Six individuals were subsequently arrested and booked under various sections, including terror charges. The police are yet to file a chargesheet in the case. Security Measures Following the breach, eight Delhi Police security personnel responsible for frisking and baggage scanning were suspended.The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) subsequently tasked the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) with conducting a survey of the Parliament premises for regular deployment. Overview of Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) Establishment and Purpose CISF was established in 1969 under the “Central Industrial Security Force Act, 1968,” initially to provide security cover to sensitive public sector undertakings.It has evolved into a premier multi-skilled organization with a current strength of 1,63,590 personnel. Administration CISF operates under the administrative control of the Ministry of Home Affairs, with its headquarters located in New Delhi. Operations and Mandate Security Coverage CISF provides security cover to 353 establishments across the country, including Atomic Power Plants, Space Installations, Defence Production Units, Mines, Oil Fields, and Refineries. VIP Protection It is mandated to provide protection to VIP protectees of Z+, Z, Y, and X category across the country. Airport Security CISF was assigned the task of airport security in 2000, following the hijacking of Indian Airlines Flight IC-814 to Kandahar. Private Sector Security The CISF Act was amended to allow the force to provide security, on payment basis, to private and joint venture industrial undertakings vital for the security and economy of the country.E.g. – The Infosys campuses in Mysuru, Bengaluru and Pune, the Patanjali Food and Herbal Park in Haridwar and the Reliance refinery in Gujarat’s Jamnagar International Deployments CISF contingents have been deployed at the United Nations Stabilizations Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). Public Interface CISF is the only Central Armed Police Force with a daily public interface, providing security services in airports, Delhi Metro, and iconic monuments. Overview of Existing Security System in Parliament Access Control Currently, access control measures, including frisking and baggage scanning, are overseen by the Delhi Police.In response to the security breach incident, eight Delhi Police security personnel responsible for frisking and baggage scanning were suspended. Armed Intervention The Parliament Duty Group (PDG), an armed component of the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), is deployed to handle situations requiring armed intervention. Overall Security Management The Parliament Security Service, under the authority of the Lok Sabha Speaker, serves as the overall in-charge of security within the Parliament premises. -Source: The Hindu IRDAI Proposes Rs 1,500 Price Tag for Bima Vistaar Insurance Context: The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) has recently proposed pricing its ambitious all-in-one affordable insurance mass product, Bima Vistaar, at Rs 1,500 per policy. Targeted at rural areas across the country, this proposal aims to make insurance accessible and affordable for rural communities. Relevance: GS III: Growth and Development Dimensions of the Article: Bima Vistaar: An OverviewAbout Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India   Bima Vistaar: An Overview Part of the Bima Trinity, Bima Vistaar introduces an innovative, all-in-one affordable insurance product covering life, health, and property.Designed to offer a basic social safety net with combined features of life, health, personal accident, and property insurance. Key Features Life cover premium: Rs 820Health cover: Rs 500Personal accident cover: Rs 100Property cover: Rs 80Family floater policy: Rs 2,420, with an additional Rs 900 for other family members.Sum assured for life, personal accident, and property covers: Rs 2 lakh each.Health cover (hospital cash): Rs 500 for 10 days, with a maximum of Rs 5,000 available without producing bills or documents.Agents receive a commission of 10%, encouraging wider distribution. Benefits for Broader Insurance Landscape in India Expected to provide reliable insurance at a reasonable cost, promoting financial inclusion.Safeguards individuals and families against various risks and uncertainties.A mass product aimed at increasing insurance penetration, anticipated to generate significant sales volume. Future Prospects IRDAI, along with the General Insurance Council (GIC) and Life Insurance Council (LIC), aims to establish a “Bima Trinity” comprising Bima Sugam (digital platform), Bima Vistaar (product), and Bima Vahak (women-centric distribution channel).Competitive pricing and comprehensive coverage position Bima Vistaar as a viable and sustainable insurance solution in the long run. About Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India: Establishment: IRDAI was founded in 1999 as a regulatory body to safeguard the interests of insurance customers.Statutory Body: It operates as a statutory body under the IRDA Act 1999 and falls under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Finance.Regulatory and Development Authority: IRDAI is responsible for regulating and fostering the development of the insurance industry in India.Monitoring Activities: The authority closely monitors insurance-related activities to ensure compliance with regulations and standards.Legal Framework: The powers and functions of IRDAI are defined by the IRDAI Act, 1999 and the Insurance Act, 1938. -Source: Indian Express Muria Tribe Context: Residing in border areas between Andhra Pradesh (AP) and Chhattisgarh, possessing voter cards from both states. One card for voting, the other for proving nativity. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Muria Tribe Settlement and Context Located within ‘India’s Red Corridor’ on the AP-Chhattisgarh border, affected by Naxalism.Settlement stands as an oasis within a reserved forest, protected by stringent laws against settlement and deforestation. Status as Internally Displaced People (IDPs) Muria settlements house around 6,600 IDPs in AP.Referred to as ‘Gutti Koyas’ by native tribes. Conflict and Displacement Displaced during conflicts between Maoists and Salwa Judum.Salwa Judum mobilized tribal resistance against outlawed armed Naxalites, reportedly with government support in Chhattisgarh. Cultural and Ethnic Identity Muria are indigenous Adivasi, scheduled tribe Dravidian community in Bastar district, Chhattisgarh.Part of the Gondi people, speaking Koya, a Dravidian language.Embrace progressive perspectives on marriage and life. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 01 May 2024

CONTENTS Poorvi LeharIndex of Eight Core Industries Poorvi Lehar Context: Recently, the Indian Navy conducted a Military Exercise named “Poorvi Lehar” on the Eastern Coast of India. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges About Poorvi Lehar: Objective: The exercise aimed to assess the Indian Navy’s preparedness to meet Maritime Security challenges in the region. Participants: Participation included ships, submarines, aircraft, and special forces from the Indian Air Force (IAF), Andaman & Nicobar Command, and Coast Guard, showcasing a high degree of interoperability among the services. Phases: Tactical Phase: Conducted combat training in realistic scenarios to enhance operational readiness.Weapon Phase: Successfully conducted various firings to test and validate weaponry capabilities. Maritime Domain Awareness: Continuous maritime domain awareness was maintained throughout the area of operations through the operation of aircraft from diverse locations, ensuring comprehensive surveillance and reconnaissance. Capability Demonstration: The exercise reaffirmed the Indian Navy’s capability to deliver ordnance on target, showcasing precision and effectiveness in military operations. Index of Eight Core Industries Context: The combined Index of Eight Core Industries (ICI) increased by 5.2 per cent (provisional) in March, 2024 as compared to the Index in March, 2023. The production of Cement, Coal, Electricity, Natural Gas, Steel and Crude Oil recorded positive growth in March 2024. Relevance: GS III- Indian Economy About Index of Eight Core Industries: The Eight Core Industries comprise 40.27% of the weight of items included in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP). Released by: The Office of the Economic Adviser, Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade Base year: 2011-12 Below image attached Eight Core Industries based on their weightage. Index of Industrial Production (IIP): The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is an index that shows the growth rates in different industry groups of the economy in a fixed period of time.It is compiled and published monthly by the Central Statistical Organization (CSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI).The Central Statistics Office (CSO) revised the base year of the all-India Index of Industrial Production (IIP) from 2004-05 to 2011-12 on 12 May 2017.IIP is a composite indicator that measures the growth rate of industry groups classified under broad sectors, namely, Mining, Manufacturing, and Electricity.Use-based sectors, namely Basic Goods, Capital Goods, and Intermediate Goods. Significance of IIP: IIP is the only measure on the physical volume of production.It is used by government agencies including the Ministry of Finance, the Reserve Bank of India, etc., for policy-making purposes.IIP remains extremely relevant for the calculation of the quarterly and advance GDP estimates.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 01 May 2024

CONTENTS Decline in Solar Radiation Raises Concerns Amid Climate ChangeBJP Candidate Declared Elected Unopposed in Surat Lok Sabha ConstituencyWhy are ‘Unclassed’ Forests MissingLightningKuchipudiGlobal Leaders Group on Antimicrobial ResistanceSalmonella Decline in Solar Radiation Raises Concerns Amid Climate Change Context: As concerns about climate change mount, the significance of renewable energy sources such as solar power becomes increasingly evident. However, a recent study by scientists at the India Meteorological Department (IMD) has unveiled a troubling trend. It suggests that the quantity of solar radiation available for conversion into electricity by solar panels is decreasing in various locations across India. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the StudyWhat are the Implications for India’s Solar Power Goals?Challenges and ImpedimentsPath Forward Key Highlights of the Study Impact of Aerosols and Clouding on Solar Radiation: Increased aerosol load from carbon emissions, fossil fuel burning, and dust, along with clouding, contribute to the decline in solar radiation.Aerosols absorb sunlight and deflect it away from the ground, while also precipitating the formation of dense clouds that block sunlight. Influence on Solar Panel Efficiency: The efficiency of solar panels is significantly influenced by the amount of sunlight incident on them.Decline in solar photovoltaic (SPV) potential is observed due to reduced solar radiation. Decline in Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) Potential: Analysis reveals a widespread decline in SPV potential across all monitored stations, including major cities like Ahmedabad, Chennai, and Mumbai.SPV potential showed a general decline in all stations, including those located in India’s largest solar parks in Gujarat and Rajasthan. Distribution of Global Solar Radiation (GR): GR is maximum over northwest India and inland peninsular India, while minimum over extreme north and northeast India.Reduction in GR is attributed to increased atmospheric turbidity and cloudiness, with monsoon clouds further reducing GR over most parts of India. Variations in Diffuse Radiation (DR): Diffuse radiation refers to solar radiation scattered by atmospheric particles, influenced by atmospheric conditions.Significant increase in DR observed in more than 50% of stations, especially in northwest and some parts of peninsular India, attributed to increased atmospheric turbidity and cloudiness. What are the Implications for India’s Solar Power Goals? Current Status of India’s Solar Power Capacity: India’s current installed solar power capacity stands at about 81 GW, which accounts for roughly 17% of the total installed electricity capacity.Globally, India ranks 5th in solar power capacity, highlighting its significant contribution to renewable energy. India’s Renewable Energy Goals: India aims to source about 500 GW, nearly half of its electricity requirement, from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030.This translates to a target of at least 280 GW of solar power capacity by 2030, requiring an addition of at least 40 GW annually until that year. Challenges and Impediments: Despite ambitious goals, India has struggled to meet its solar power targets, with annual additions barely crossing 13 GW in the last five years.Hindrances such as the Covid-19 pandemic have impacted progress, although the country was on track to add between 25-40 GW annually in the coming years.Other challenges include complexities in land acquisition, grid integration issues, slow growth of rooftop solar, limited availability of storage technology, and a need for more innovation in the sector. Path Forward: India needs to address these challenges effectively to accelerate the growth of its solar power sector and achieve its ambitious renewable energy targets.This may involve streamlining regulatory processes, incentivizing investment in solar infrastructure, enhancing grid infrastructure, promoting research and development in storage technology, and fostering innovation in the sector. -Source: The Hindu BJP Candidate Declared Elected Unopposed in Surat Lok Sabha Constituency Context: Recently, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) candidate from the Surat Lok Sabha constituency in Gujarat has been declared elected unopposed. This development comes after the rejection of nomination papers of other candidates and the withdrawal of nominations by other contestants. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Requirements for Valid NominationNomination Rejection in Surat Lok Sabha ConstituencyConcerns Regarding Declaring Results in Uncontested ElectionsWay Forward Requirements for Valid Nomination: Legal Basis: Section 33 of the Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951 outlines the requirements for a valid nomination. Candidate Eligibility: Any elector above 25 years of age can contest the Lok Sabha election from any constituency in India. Proposers: Proposers must be electors from the respective constituency where the nomination is being filed.Recognized party candidates require one proposer, while candidates from unrecognised parties and independents need ten proposers. Nomination Papers: A candidate can file up to four nomination papers with different sets of proposers to ensure acceptance, even if one set is in order. Scrutiny Process: Section 36 of the RP Act governs the scrutiny of nomination papers by the Returning Officer (RO).Nomination papers cannot be rejected for non-substantial defects, but genuine signature issues can lead to rejection. Nomination Rejection in Surat Lok Sabha Constituency: Incident Overview: The Congress candidate for the Surat constituency submitted three sets of nomination papers.A BJP worker objected, alleging the signatures of the proposers were not genuine.Affidavits from the proposers claiming non-signature were received, but they couldn’t appear before the RO within the deadline, leading to rejection of all nomination papers.The substitute candidate’s nomination was also rejected, leading to the BJP candidate’s uncontested victory. Uncontested Elections The ECI’s handbook for returning officers states that if only one candidate is contesting in a constituency, they should be declared elected immediately after the deadline for withdrawal of candidature, and a poll is not necessary in that case. This is called Uncontested Elections. Legal Recourse: Election Petition: Article 329(b) of the Constitution along with the RPA, 1951 allows challenging election results through an election petition filed before the concerned High Court.Improper rejection of nomination papers is one ground for filing such petitions. Process: Legal recourse entails filing an election petition in the Gujarat High Court.High Courts should aim to conclude trials within six months, although this hasn’t always been the case. Importance of Speedy Disposal: Swift resolution of election petitions is crucial for ensuring justice and maintaining public confidence in the electoral process. Concerns Regarding Declaring Results in Uncontested Elections: Democratic Legitimacy: Uncontested victories raise concerns about the legitimacy of declaring candidates elected without a competitive electoral process, potentially undermining the democratic principle of representation. Limited Voter Engagement: Uncontested elections limit voter engagement and choice, depriving constituents of the opportunity to express their preferences through the electoral process. Lack of Opposition: In uncontested elections, there is a victor but no “vanquished” party, denying others the chance to contest and limiting political diversity. Inadequacy of NOTA: The None of the Above (NOTA) option, while allowing voters to express dissatisfaction, has been criticized as ineffective and toothless, lacking meaningful impact on the election outcome. Rule 49-O vs. NOTA: There’s a difference between Rule 49-O, where voters refuse to vote, and NOTA, which lacks a substantial impact on the election process. There is a difference between an elector exercising Rule 49-O and one using the NOTA option.In the case of the former, the likelihood of such an elector compromising his or her secrecy is high, as there is a procedure to be followed manually at a polling booth. However, in the case of the latter, there is no such issue. Way Forward: Reform Electoral System: Consider introducing a minimum percentage of votes required for a winning candidate to ensure a more representative mandate. Exploration of Alternatives: Explore transferring uncontested seats to nominated individuals if no candidates offer themselves for elections, promoting political diversity. Enhance NOTA Impact: Explore ways to make the NOTA option more impactful, potentially by considering it as a valid vote and incorporating it into the electoral process meaningfully. Expedite Resolution of Election Petitions: Ensure prompt resolution of election petitions filed in cases of nomination rejections or electoral disputes, promoting timely justice delivery and accountability. -Source: The Hindu Why are ‘Unclassed’ Forests Missing Context: In accordance with a Supreme Court directive, the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has uploaded various State Expert Committee (SEC) reports on its website. This interim measure was prompted by a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) challenging the constitutionality of the Forest (Conservation) Act Amendment (FCAA) 2023. A primary concern raised in the petition was the status of unclassed forests, which were to be identified by the state SEC reports. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Unclassed ForestsReasons for Missing ‘Unclassed’ ForestsConsequences of Missing Forests and Way Ahead Unclassed Forests: Definition: Unclassed or deemed forests are areas that may belong to various government entities, community forests, or private ownership but have not been officially notified as forests. Legal Protection: Unclassed forests gained legal protection following the landmark case of T.N. Godavarman Thirumalpad (1996). This case stipulated that all categories of forests, regardless of ownership and notification status, fall under the ambit of the Forest (Conservation) Act 1980. Identification Process: Special Environment Committees (SECs) were tasked with identifying unclassed forests across the country through available records and physical identification, irrespective of ownership. Regulatory Stipulations: The Forest (Conservation) Act Amendment (FCAA) makes prior approval of the Central Government necessary for dereservation of reserved forests, use of forest land for non-forest purposes, assigning forest land to private entities, or clearing naturally grown trees for reafforestation. Applicability of FCAA: The FCAA applies to land notified as forest under the Indian Forest Act, 1927, or in government records after the 1980 Act came into effect. However, it excludes certain land categories, including those recorded as forest before October 25, 1980, but not notified, and land that changed from forest-use to non-forest-use before December 12, 1996. Concerns: This provision may contradict the 1996 Supreme Court judgment aimed at preventing deforestation, potentially leading to the loss of protection for unclassed forests and their eventual diversion. Reasons for Missing ‘Unclassed’ Forests: Lack of Data Verification: SEC reports on unclassed forests, as uploaded on the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) website, lack verifiable data on identification, status, and location of such forests. Non-Constitution of SECs: Several states and Union Territories (UTs), including Goa, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Lakshadweep, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal, appear not to have constituted SECs at all. Reliance on Questionable Data Sources: Many states have used existing forest and revenue department data, while some have quoted figures from the Forest Survey of India (FSI). However, the SEC reports question the accuracy of FSI data. Discrepancies in Reported Data: Discrepancies exist between SEC reports and FSI data, as seen in the case of Gujarat, where the reported area of unclassed forests differs significantly. Lack of Geographic Location Specification: Most states and UTs have not specified the geographic locations of forests in their SEC reports. Consequences of Missing Forests and Way Ahead: Environmental Degradation: The absence of on-ground verification by SECs may have led to widespread destruction of forests that should have been identified and protected following the 1996 verdict. Lack of Diligence by MoEFCC: Promulgating the Forest (Conservation) Act Amendment (FCAA) without examining SEC reports reflects a lack of diligence on the part of MoEFCC, with potential detrimental consequences for India’s ecosystems and ecological security. Accountability and Remedial Action: Those responsible for the oversight need to be held accountable, and the national government should take action to re-identify, retrieve, and protect forest areas as per the 1996 judgment. Missed Opportunity for Forest Cover Goals: Failure to address this issue represents a lost opportunity to fulfill the goals of the Indian Forest Policy, which aims for 33.3% forest cover in plains and 66.6% in hills. -Source: The Hindu Lightning Context: A new study of lightning-related deaths in Bihar has revealed that various districts of Bihar were vulnerable to this natural hazard, recording the highest casualty rate per million population. The study examined data from the 2017-2022 period and found that 1,624 people died and 286 were injured due to lightning. Relevance: GS I- Geography Dimensions of the Article: What is Lightning?More about Clouds that generate lightning and how they are formedWhat happens when lightning strikes Earth’s Surface?Which areas are lightning-prone?How can the effects of lightning strikes be mitigated? What is Lightning? Lightning is a natural ‘electrical discharge of very short duration and high voltage between a cloud and the ground or within a cloud’, accompanied by a bright flash and sound, and sometimes thunderstorms.In simple words, it is a very rapid and massive discharge of electricity in the atmosphere.It happens as a result of the difference in electrical charge between the top and bottom of a cloud, or between 2 clouds or between clouds and the ground.Inter cloud or intra cloud (IC) lightning are visible and harmless.Cloud to ground (CG) lightning is harmful as the ‘high electric voltage and electric current’ leads to electrocution. More about Clouds that generate lightning and how they are formed The lightning-generating clouds are typically about 10-12 km in height, with their base about 1-2 km from the Earth’s surface. The temperatures at the top range from -35°C to -45°C.As water vapour moves upwards in the cloud, it condenses into water due to decreasing temperatures. A huge amount of heat is generated in the process, pushing the water molecules further up.As they move to temperatures below zero, droplets change into small ice crystals. As they continue upwards, they gather mass, until they become so heavy that they start descending.It leads to a system where smaller ice crystals move upwards while larger ones come down. The resulting collisions trigger release of electrons, in a process very similar to the generation of electric sparks. The moving free electrons cause more collisions and more electrons leading to a chain reaction.The process results in a situation in which the top layer of the cloud gets positively charged while the middle layer is negatively charged.In little time, a huge current, of the order of lakhs to millions of amperes, starts to flow between the layers. What happens when lightning strikes Earth’s Surface? The Earth is a good conductor of electricity. While electrically neutral, it is relatively positively charged compared to the middle layer of the cloud. As a result, an estimated 20-25% of the current flow is directed towards the Earth. It is this current flow that results in damage to life and property.Lightning has a greater probability of striking raised objects on the ground, such as trees or buildings.Lightning Conductor is a device used to protect buildings from the effect of lightning. A metallic rod, taller than the building, is installed in the walls of the building during its construction.The most lightning activity on Earth is seen on the shore of Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela. Which areas are lightning-prone? A recently released annual report on lightning by the Climate Resilient Observing Systems Promotion Council (CROPC), which works closely with government agencies like the India Meteorological Department, includes a lightning atlas which maps vulnerability at the district level.According to the report, Madhya Pradesh has reported the largest number of cloud to ground lighting strikes, followed by Chhatisgarh, Maharashtra, Odisha and West Bengal.Other states with high strike rate include Bihar, UP, Karnataka, Jharkhand and Tamil Nadu.Lightning is fairly common, though it is not often realised in the urban centres.In India, well over one crore lightning strikes have been recorded in recent years. It is only over the last few years that lightning records have begun to be maintained, thanks to the efforts of CROPC and India Meteorological Department. How can the effects of lightning strikes be mitigated? Lightning is not classified as a natural disaster in India.But recent efforts have resulted in the setting up of an early warning system, that is already saving many lives. More than 96% of lightning deaths happen in rural areas.As such, most of the mitigation and public awareness programmes need to focus on these communities.Lightning protection devices are fairly unsophisticated and low-cost. Yet, their deployment in the rural areas, as of now, is extremely low.States are being encouraged to prepare and implement lightning action plans, on the lines of heat action plans.An international centre for excellence on lightning research to boost detection and early warning systems is also in the process of being set up. -Source: Indian Express Kuchipudi Context: Kuchipudi, one of the oldest dance forms of India, is now becoming obsolete among the younger generation. Relevance: GS I: Culture Dimensions of the Article: Introduction to KuchipudiConclusion Introduction to Kuchipudi: Kuchipudi, a classical Indian dance form, originates from the state of Andhra Pradesh, specifically from the village of Kuchipudi after which it is named.It is a unique art form that seamlessly blends elements of dance, drama, and music, captivating audiences with its grace, expression, and rhythm. History: The roots of Kuchipudi can be traced back to the 17th century, where it emerged as a traditional dance-drama art form in the temples of Andhra Pradesh.Initially, Kuchipudi was predominantly performed by men, known as Bhagavathalu, who enacted various roles, including female characters.Over time, women also began embracing the art form, enriching its repertoire and expression. Characteristics: Kuchipudi is characterized by its dynamic footwork (Tatkar), which is intricate and rhythmic, creating mesmerizing patterns on the stage.The movements are fluid and graceful, complemented by intricate hand gestures (Mudras) and facial expressions (Abhinaya), which convey a range of emotions and narratives.The dancers adorn elaborate costumes, often featuring vibrant colors and intricate designs, along with traditional jewelry and accessories, enhancing the visual appeal of the performance. Costumes and Makeup: The traditional attire for female Kuchipudi dancers typically includes brightly colored sarees adorned with embellishments and jewelry, while male dancers don dhotis along with traditional headgear.Makeup plays a crucial role in Kuchipudi, as it accentuates the facial expressions of the dancers.Bold eye makeup, defined eyebrows, and expressive lip colors enhance the emotive storytelling aspect of the performance. Music and Instruments: Kuchipudi performances are accompanied by classical Carnatic music, featuring a rich ensemble of instruments such as the mridangam (percussion), flute, veena, and violin.The musical compositions, sung by vocalists in languages like Telugu and Sanskrit, provide the melodic and rhythmic framework for the dancers to interpret and express through their movements. Global Recognition: Kuchipudi has gained recognition on the global stage, with performances and workshops held worldwide, introducing audiences to the beauty and intricacy of this classical art form.In 2008, UNESCO recognized Kuchipudi as an intangible cultural heritage of humanity, acknowledging its significance in preserving and promoting India’s cultural heritage on the world stage. Conclusion: Kuchipudi stands as a testament to the rich cultural heritage of India, embodying centuries of tradition, artistry, and expression.With its dynamic movements, emotive storytelling, and rhythmic precision, Kuchipudi continues to enchant audiences around the world, bridging cultural divides and fostering appreciation for the performing arts.As it evolves and adapts to contemporary influences, Kuchipudi remains a vibrant and cherished art form, ensuring its legacy for generations to come. -Source: The Hindu Global Leaders Group on Antimicrobial Resistance Context: Recently, the European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases and the Global Leaders Group (GLG) on AMR jointly organised a high-level event, ‘Forging partnerships between science and policy’, in Barcelona, Spain. Relevance: GS II: International Relations About Global Leaders Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): Composition: Comprises world leaders and experts from various sectors collaborating to accelerate political action on antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Objectives: Performs an independent global advisory and advocacy role.Aims to maintain urgency, public support, political momentum, and visibility of the AMR challenge on the global health and development agenda. Background: Established in November 2020 based on the recommendation of the Interagency Coordination Group (IACG) on Antimicrobial Resistance.The inaugural meeting occurred in January 2021, marking the commencement of collaborative efforts. Secretariat: Supported by the Quadripartite Joint Secretariat (QJS) on Antimicrobial Resistance.The QJS comprises the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), providing secretariat assistance for the Group’s activities. What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)? Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites to remain unaffected or survive antimicrobial drugs such as antibiotics, antivirals and antimalarials.AMR occurs when microorganisms exposed to antimicrobial drugs develop antimicrobial resistance resulting in standard treatments becoming ineffective leading to persistence of infections and spreading of infections.Microorganisms that develop antimicrobial resistance are sometimes referred to as “superbugs”.The misuse of antimicrobials in medicine and inappropriate use in agriculture is one of the major causes of spread of Antimicrobial Resistance.Contamination around pharmaceutical manufacturing sites where untreated waste releases large amounts of active antimicrobials into the environment also leads to spread of AMR. Basis of Antimicrobial Resistance Some bacteria due to the presence of resistance genes are intrinsically resistant and therefore survive on being exposed to antibiotics.Bacteria can also acquire resistance by sharing and transferring resistance genes present in the rest of the population, or by genetic mutations that help the bacteria survive antibiotic exposure. -Source: Down To Earth Salmonella Context: The United States has reportedly refused almost a third of shipments from Mahashian Di Hatti Pvt Ltd (MDH) since October 2023 due to salmonella contamination. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Salmonella: Bacterial Group: Salmonella is a group of bacteria known for causing gastrointestinal illness and fever, a condition called salmonellosis. Natural Habitat: These bacteria naturally reside in the intestines of animals and are commonly found in their feces (excrement). Transmission to Humans: Salmonella can spread to humans through contact with infected animals or contaminated items in their environment. Hardiness: Salmonella is a resilient bacterium capable of surviving for several weeks in dry environments and several months in water. Associated Risks: Symptoms: Infection with Salmonella may lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps.Severity: Certain individuals, particularly children under 5 years old, adults over 65 years old, and those with weakened immune systems, are at higher risk of experiencing more severe illness that may necessitate medical intervention or hospitalization. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 30 April 2024

CONTENTS ExoskeletonCritical Minerals Exoskeleton Context: Bengaluru hosted the inaugural international workshop on ‘Emerging Technologies & Challenges for Exoskeleton’ organised by the Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) on 15th April 2024. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Introduction to Exoskeletons: Exoskeletons are wearable devices designed to enhance fundamental human actions, utilized across various fields including Medical, Military, Rescue Operations, Industrial, and Consumer uses. Medical Applications: In the medical field, exoskeletons aid in occupational therapy, augmentation, and rehabilitation medicine, assisting individuals recovering from accidents to regain normal function.Paediatric exoskeletons cater to children with mobility issues like spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), spinal cord injuries, cerebral palsy, muscle atrophy, and muscular dystrophy. Industrial Uses: Exoskeletons find applications in industries where workers perform repetitive tasks such as paint spraying, welding, and assembly line material handling.They help reduce physical strain and enhance productivity by providing support and assistance during strenuous tasks. Military Utilization: Military personnel benefit from exoskeletons as they alleviate physical strain and augment strength, particularly useful for long-distance walking and carrying heavy loads.Exoskeletons enhance soldiers’ capabilities and endurance, improving operational effectiveness in challenging environments. Rescue Operations: Exoskeletons aid pre-fighters and rescue workers in surviving hazardous environments, providing support and protection against physical exertion and injuries.These devices enable individuals to navigate through dangerous conditions more effectively, enhancing their overall safety and efficiency. Critical Minerals Context: The ‘Critical Minerals Summit: Enhancing Beneficiation and Processing Capabilities’ commenced at the India Habitat Centre, New Delhi.  Relevance: GS III- Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: What are Critical Minerals?Why is this resource critical?What is China ‘threat’?What are countries around the world doing about it? What are Critical Minerals? Critical minerals are elements that are the building blocks of essential modern-day technologies, and are at risk of supply chain disruptions.These minerals are now used everywhere from making mobile phones, computers to batteries, electric vehicles and green technologies like solar panels and wind turbines.Based on their individual needs and strategic considerations, different countries create their own lists.However, such lists mostly include graphite, lithium and cobalt, which are used for making EV batteries; rare earths that are used for making magnets and silicon which is a key mineral for making computer chips and solar panels.Aerospace, communications and defence industries also rely on several such minerals as they are used in manufacturing fighter jets, drones, radio sets and other critical equipment. Why is this resource critical? As countries around the world scale up their transition towards clean energy and digital economy, these critical resources are key to the ecosystem that fuels this change.Any supply shock can severely imperil the economy and strategic autonomy of a country over-dependent on others to procure critical minerals.But these supply risks exist due to rare availability, growing demand and complex processing value chain.Many times the complex supply chain can be disrupted by hostile regimes, or due to politically unstable regions.They are critical as the world is fast shifting from a fossil fuel-intensive to a mineral-intensive energy system. What is China ‘threat’? China is the world’s largest producer of 16 critical minerals.China alone is responsible for some 70% and 60% of global production of cobalt and rare earth elements, respectively, in 2019.The level of concentration is even higher for processing operations, where China has a strong presence across the board.China’s share of refining is around 35% for nickel, 50-70% for lithium and cobalt, and nearly 90% for rare earth elements.It also controls cobalt mines in the Democratic Republic of Congo, from where 70% of this mineral is sourced.In 2010, China suspended rare earth exports to Japan for two months over a territorial dispute. What are countries around the world doing about it? US has shifted its focus on expanding domestic mining, production, processing, and recycling of critical minerals and materials.India has set up KABIL or the Khanij Bidesh India Limited, a joint venture of three public sector companies, to “ensure a consistent supply of critical and strategic minerals to the Indian domestic market”.Australia’s Critical Minerals Facilitation Office (CMFO) and KABIL had recently signed an MoU aimed at ensuring reliable supply of critical minerals to India.The UK has unveiled its new Critical Minerals Intelligence Centre to study the future demand for and supply of these minerals.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 30 April 2024

CONTENTS Rupee Depreciation Against US Dollar: A Comparative AnalysisControversy Surrounds FSSAI’s Decision to Increase Pesticide LimitsNHRC to Defend Human Rights Processes for Retaining “A Status” at Geneva MeetingVirtual Private NetworkAuthorised Economic Operator (AEO) ProgrammePayU Receives In-Principle Approval from RBI to Operate as Payment AggregatorUnveiling of First True Copy of Raja Ravi Varma’s “Indulekha” at Kilimanoor Palace Rupee Depreciation Against US Dollar: A Comparative Analysis Context: Between April-end 2014 and the present, the Indian rupee has depreciated by 27.6% against the US dollar, from Rs 60.34 to Rs 83.38. This depreciation is slightly higher than the 26.5% witnessed from April-end 2004 to April-end 2014, during which the rupee fell from 44.37 to 60.34 against the dollar. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: How is the Strength or Weakness of the Rupee Decided?Measures of EERConclusion How is the Strength or Weakness of the Rupee Decided? The strength or weakness of the rupee is determined by its exchange rate not only with the US dollar but also with other global currencies due to India’s diverse trade activities.The rupee’s effective exchange rate (EER) calculates its strength or weakness, which is an index similar to the consumer price index (CPI). Understanding the EER The EER is an index that measures the weighted average of the rupee’s exchange rates against the currencies of India’s major trading partners.Currency weights are determined based on the share of each country in India’s total foreign trade, similar to how commodities are weighted in the CPI. Measures of EER Nominal EER (NEER): NEER indices are constructed by the Reserve Bank of India against a basket of six or 40 currencies.The six-currency NEER covers major currencies like the US dollar, euro, Chinese yuan, etc., while the 40-currency NEER includes currencies from countries representing 88% of India’s annual trade.NEER indices are referenced to a base year value of 100 for 2015-16, where increases indicate rupee appreciation and decreases signify depreciation. Real EER (REER): REER is the NEER adjusted for inflation differentials between the home country and its trading partners.It reflects changes in the internal value of the rupee by considering inflation.If a country’s nominal exchange rate falls less than its domestic inflation rate, the currency has appreciated in “real” terms. Interpreting the Data Chart 1 illustrates the decline in the rupee’s NEER against major currencies over the last two decades, showing a lesser depreciation compared to the US dollar.Chart 2 depicts the rupee’s trade-weighted REER, indicating a strengthening trend over time, implying potential overvaluation.A higher REER signifies increased export costs relative to import prices, leading to a loss of trade competitiveness. Conclusion The rupee’s strength or weakness is evaluated based on its exchange rates against major currencies using EER indices.While NEER reflects external value changes, REER accounts for inflation differentials, providing a holistic view of the rupee’s performance in international trade. -Source: Indian Express Controversy Surrounds FSSAI’s Decision to Increase Pesticide Limits Context: The Food Safety Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) recently drew criticism from activists and scientists following its decision to raise the maximum residue limit (MRL) of pesticides. The FSSAI order increased the MRL of pesticides allowed in herbs and spices by tenfold, from 0.01 mg/kg to 0.1 mg/kg, sparking concerns over potential health risks and trade implications. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Issue Regarding the FSSAI OrderWhat is Pesticide Poisoning?What is the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)? Issue Regarding the FSSAI Order Contradiction with Previous Stance: The recent order by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) contradicts its stance from April 2022.Previously, FSSAI acknowledged the lack of field trial data for most Indian pesticides and advocated using Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) established by Codex Alimentarius. Deviation in Approach for Spices and Herbs: However, the latest order deviates from this approach specifically for spices and herbs, raising concerns and questions about the rationale behind this decision. Use of Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs): The maximum residue limit (MRL) of pesticides for food and commodities, including spices and culinary herbs, is specified under the Food Safety and Standards (Contaminants, Toxins and Residues) Regulation, 2011.These limits are based on field trial data received through the Central Insecticides Board and Registration Committee (CIBRC), Union Ministry of Agriculture and Family Welfare. Conflict of Interest: One issue is the potential conflict of interest, as the studies providing field trial data are often conducted or sponsored by the pesticide companies themselves. Lack of Comprehensive Data: Additionally, the Centre’s Monitoring of Pesticide Residues at the National Level (MPRNL) does not test spices and lacks comprehensive data, further complicating the situation. International Repercussions: Countries with stricter pesticide regulations, such as Europe, have rejected Indian products exceeding their MRLs, leading to recalls of Indian food products containing excessive pesticide residues.For instance, in April 2024, several popular Indian spice firms faced bans in Singapore and Hong Kong due to alleged contamination with the harmful pesticide ‘ethylene oxide’ beyond permissible limits. What is Pesticide Poisoning? Definition and Risks: Pesticide poisoning refers to the adverse effects of exposure to pesticides on humans or animals.Pesticides pose serious risks to human health and the environment, especially when misused, overused, or sold illegally. Regulation in India: Pesticides are regulated under the Insecticides Act, 1968 and the Insecticides Rules, 1971, administered by the Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. Types of Pesticides: Insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, bio-pesticides, and others are different types of pesticides used for various purposes in agriculture and beyond. Health Effects: Pesticide exposure can lead to adverse health effects, including cancer, reproductive issues, and damage to the immune or nervous systems.Acute poisoning occurs from high doses over a short period, while chronic poisoning results from prolonged exposure to lower doses. Global Impact: Pesticide poisoning is a significant cause of death among agricultural workers worldwide, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), highlighting its global impact and importance in regulatory oversight. What is the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)? Overview: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is a statutory body established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006.It operates under the purview of the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Legal Framework: Formed under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, which replaced earlier legislation such as the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954, the Fruit Products Order, 1955, and the Meat Food Products Order, 1973. Mandate: FSSAI regulates various aspects of food safety, including the manufacture, storage, distribution, sale, and import of food articles.It establishes standards to ensure the safety and quality of food consumed by the public. Composition: The authority consists of 22 members, including a Chairperson, with a requirement that one-third of the members must be women. Functions: Regulation Development: FSSAI has the authority to formulate regulations to enforce food safety standards across the country.Lab Accreditation: It establishes guidelines for accrediting food testing laboratories to ensure accurate and reliable testing of food samples.Inspection Authority: Food safety officers appointed by FSSAI have the power to enter and inspect any premises involved in the manufacturing, storage, or display of food products.Research and Development: The Research and Development division conducts research in food safety standards, with a focus on adopting international best practices.Data Collection: FSSAI collects data related to food consumption, contamination, emerging risks, and other relevant factors to inform its regulatory decisions. Continuous Improvement: FSSAI continuously strives to adopt and implement international food standards to enhance food safety and quality standards in India. -Source: The Hindu NHRC to Defend Human Rights Processes for Retaining “A Status” at Geneva Meeting Context: The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is gearing up to defend its human rights processes at an upcoming meeting in Geneva. Scheduled for May 1, the meeting of the Sub-Committee on Accreditation (SCA) of the Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI) will determine whether India’s human rights body retains its “A status,” recognized by the United Nations. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)Global Alliance for National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI)India’s Accreditation Review National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) Establishment and Legal Basis: NHRC is a statutory body established on October 12, 1993, under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. Watchdog of Human Rights: NHRC serves as the watchdog of human rights in India, overseeing the protection and promotion of human rights across the country. Conformity with Paris Principles: NHRC’s establishment aligns with the Paris Principles (1991), which were adopted at the first international workshop on national institutions for the protection of human rights. Objectives: NHRC has several key objectives, including: Strengthening institutional arrangements for addressing human rights issues comprehensively and effectively.Investigating allegations of human rights violations independently of the government, thus emphasizing the government’s commitment to safeguarding human rights. Composition: NHRC consists of a chairperson and eight other members.The chairperson of NHRC is a retired Chief Justice of India.Among the eight members, four are full-time members, while the other four are deemed members.Full-time members include a retired Judge of the Supreme Court, a retired Chief Justice of a High Court, and two members selected for their experience and knowledge of human rights.Deemed members are the chairpersons of the National Commission for Minorities, the National Commission for Scheduled Castes, the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, and the National Commission for Women. Appointment Process: The chairperson and members are appointed by the President of India based on the recommendations of a six-member committee. This committee comprises: Prime Minister (as the head)Speaker of the Lok SabhaDeputy Chairman of the Rajya SabhaLeaders of the Opposition in both the Houses of ParliamentUnion Home Minister Functions and Powers of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) Functions: Complaint Investigation: NHRC can inquire into complaints of human rights violations, either on its own initiative or through petitions filed by victims or their representatives. These complaints may involve violations by public servants or negligence in preventing such violations.Intervention in Court Proceedings: The Commission has the authority to intervene in any legal proceedings related to human rights violations pending before a court, subject to the approval of the respective court.Visitations and Recommendations: NHRC can conduct visits to correctional facilities and institutions under state government control where individuals are detained or housed for purposes of treatment, reformation, or protection. During these visits, it examines the living conditions of inmates and offers recommendations for improvement.Human Rights Education: NHRC plays a role in spreading human rights literacy among various segments of society, promoting awareness and understanding of human rights principles.International Treaties and Instruments: The Commission is responsible for studying international treaties and other instruments related to human rights and making recommendations for their effective implementation in India. Powers: Civil Court Powers: While investigating complaints, NHRC possesses the same powers as a civil court trying a suit under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. This includes the authority to summon and enforce the attendance of witnesses and examine them under oath.Compensation: NHRC can grant compensation to victims of police brutality or other forms of human rights violations, providing redress for the harm suffered.Legal Action: When necessary, NHRC has the authority to approach the Supreme Court or the High Court to enforce human rights protections and safeguard the rights of individuals or groups.Suo Motu Cognizance: NHRC can take “suo motu” cognizance of human rights violations, meaning it can initiate investigations and proceedings on its own accord, even without a formal complaint being filed. Global Alliance for National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI) About GANHRI: GANHRI is an organization affiliated with the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.It serves as a global network of national human rights institutions (NHRIs), representing 120 NHRIs worldwide.GANHRI aims to promote and protect human rights by uniting, promoting, and strengthening NHRIs in line with the UN Paris Principles. Accreditation Process by GANHRI: The Sub-Committee on Accreditation (SCA) conducts reviews of NHRIs every five years.The accreditation process ensures compliance with the internationally recognized Paris Principles, focusing on independence, pluralism, and accountability.NHRIs are assessed based on their adherence to the Paris Principles, with ‘A status’ for full compliance and ‘B status’ for partial compliance.Accreditation status impacts a country’s voting rights at the UN Human Rights Council and other UNGA bodies. India’s Accreditation Status: India’s NHRC attained ‘A status’ accreditation in 1999, reaffirmed in 2006, 2011, and 2017 after a deferred review.However, India’s accreditation status is currently under review due to concerns raised in 2023. India’s Accreditation Review: Background: The NHRC’s accreditation review was halted in 2023 due to concerns regarding its composition, police involvement in investigations, and gender and minority representation.The NHRC’s performance will be reassessed on May 1, 2024, to determine its accreditation status. Observations by the Review Committee (2023): The SCA highlighted concerns about the NHRC’s independence from government interference.Police involvement in investigations was criticized as a conflict of interest.Lack of gender and minority representation in the NHRC’s composition was noted.The committee emphasized the need for diversity in the NHRC’s membership to reflect society’s diversity, including representation of minority religions. -Source: The Hindu Virtual Private Network Context: Russia’s tightening grip on online content in recent years has led to a significant surge in Virtual Private Network (VPN) usage among citizens seeking unrestricted access to information and media platforms. Relevance: GS III- Science and Technology, Cyber Security Dimensions of the Article: What is a VPN?Why do people use VPN?Why is anonymity or privacy so important for VPN providers and users? What is a VPN ? Any and all devices connected to the internet are a part of a large network of computers, servers and other devices spread across the world.To identify each device connected to the internet, service providers globally assign a unique address to each such device called the internet protocol address or IP address.It is this IP address that helps websites, law enforcement agencies and even companies track down individual users and their accurate location.A virtual private network, when switched on, essentially creates a safe network within the larger global network of the internet and masks the IP address of the user by rerouting the data.Acting as a tunnel, a VPN takes data originating from one server and masks it in a different identity before delivering it to the destination server.In essence, a VPN creates several proxy identities for your data and delivers it safely without disturbing the content of the data. Why do people use VPN? Safe encryption: A VPN connection masks your internet data traffic and guards it against unauthorised access. Anyone with network access and the desire to examine it can access unencrypted data. Hackers and online criminals are unable to decode this data when using a VPN.Hiding your location: VPN servers essentially serve as your online proxies. Your precise location cannot be identified since the demographic location data originates from a server located in another nation.Data privacy is upheld: The majority of VPN providers don’t keep records of your online activity. On the other hand, some providers track your behaviour but do not disclose this information to outside parties. This ensures that any possible records of your user behaviour are kept secret at all times.Secure data transfer: If you work from home, you might need to access crucial files on the network of your business. This type of information needs a secure connection for security reasons. A VPN connection is frequently necessary to access the network. Why is anonymity or privacy so important for VPN providers and users? The main reason why privacy or anonymity is important for both VPN service providers and users is that it helps to avoid being tracked, mostly by websites and cybercriminals.Since VPN masks the location of a device from everyone, it also prevents government and law enforcement agencies from accurately identifying the location.VPN has also been of vital importance in countries that try to suppress dissent.By using VPNs, dissidents are able to spoof their location and stay safe. -Source: Indian Express Authorised Economic Operator (AEO) Programme Context: The Centre has extended Authorised Economic Operator (AEO) status to the gem and jewellery sector. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: About Authorised Economic Operator (AEO) ProgrammeAbout World Customs Organization About Authorised Economic Operator (AEO) Programme An AEO is a business entity engaged in international goods movement, requiring compliance with national customs law standards.Approval is granted by or on behalf of the national administration, adhering to the World Customs Organization (WCO) guidelines.The WCO adopted the SAFE Framework of Standards (WCO SAFE FoS) in June 2005 to enhance international supply chain security, with AEO being one of its foundational pillars.AEO fosters closer collaboration between customs departments and the trade industry.The Indian AEO programme is based on the WCO SAFE FoS. Overview of the AEO Programme Introduced in India by the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) in 2011, the AEO programme is voluntary and administered by CBIC.Aims to provide benefits such as simplified customs procedures and expedited customs clearances to business entities offering high security guarantees in the supply chain.Entities with AEO status are considered reliable and secure trading partners, allowing customs resources to focus on higher-risk businesses. Benefits of AEO Status Direct port delivery and port entry for imports and exports respectively.Special focus on small and medium-scale entities; entities handling up to 25 import and export documents annually are eligible.Expedited drawback amount disbursal, refunds, and adjudications.Paperless declaration without supporting documents.Site inspection or examination upon request.Recognition by partner government agencies and stakeholders. Eligibility for AEO Status Business entities engaged in customs-related activities in India can apply for AEO status regardless of size.Eligible entities include importers, exporters, Custom House Agents (CHA), Custodians or Terminal Operators, among others. About World Customs Organization The World Customs Organization is an inter-governmental organization headquartered in Brussels, Belgium.WPO is noted for its work in areas covering international conferences, equipment, and equipment development, commodity classification, evaluation, collection of rules of origin, customs revenue, and other topics.The WTO takes account of the naming of International Relevant System (HS) goods, the technical aspects of the Trade Organisation (WTO), customs assessment, and rules of origin.The WCO’s primary objective is to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of member customs administrations, thereby assisting them to contribute successfully to national development goals, particularly revenue collection, national security, trade facilitation, community protection, and collection of trade statistics. -Source: The Hindu PayU Receives In-Principle Approval from RBI to Operate as Payment Aggregator Context: Fintech firm PayU has announced that it has received in-principle approval from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to operate as a payment aggregator (PA) under the Payment and Settlement Systems (PSS) Act, 2007. This approval allows PayU to onboard new merchants, although the final approval process typically takes six months to a year. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Payment Aggregator (PA) Payment Aggregator (PA): Definition: A Payment Aggregator acts as a facilitator between businesses and financial institutions, managing payment processing operations on behalf of merchants. Simplifying Payment Acceptance: Payment Aggregators streamline the acceptance of electronic payments for businesses, simplifying the process and reducing administrative burdens. Streamlined Payment Process: They streamline payment acceptance by eliminating the need for businesses to establish direct relationships with multiple financial entities. Acceptance of Multiple Payment Methods: Payment Aggregators enable businesses to accept various payment methods, including credit cards, debit cards, e-wallets, and bank transfers, through a unified platform. Examples: Notable examples of Payment Aggregators include Google Pay, Amazon Pay, PhonePe, and PayPal. Regulatory Requirements: New Payment Aggregators must meet certain financial criteria, including a minimum net worth of Rs 15 crore upon application, increasing to Rs 25 crore by the end of the third financial year post-authorization. Regulatory Compliance: While banks incorporate Payment Aggregator services within their existing banking relationships, non-bank Payment Aggregators require authorization from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) under the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007 (PSS). Escrow Account Mandate: Non-bank Payment Aggregators are obligated to maintain collected funds in an escrow account with a scheduled commercial bank for enhanced security and regulatory compliance. Funds Settlement: Payment Aggregators must adhere to predefined timelines for settling funds with merchants, ensuring prompt and transparent transactions in accordance with the transaction lifecycle and agreed-upon terms. -Source: The Hindu Unveiling of First True Copy of Raja Ravi Varma’s “Indulekha” at Kilimanoor Palace Context: On the occasion of the 176th birth anniversary celebrations of Raja Ravi Varma, the first true copy of his painting “Indulekha” will be unveiled at the Kilimanoor Palace in Kerala. This event holds special significance as Kilimanoor Palace is the birthplace of the eminent artist, born in 1848. Relevance: GS I: History About Raja Ravi Varma: Background: Raja Ravi Varma was an eminent Indian painter and artist, widely regarded as one of the greatest in Indian art history.Born as Ravi Varma Koil Thampuran of Kilimanoor palace in the former princely state of Travancore (Thiruvithankur) in Kerala. Artistic Themes: Varma’s remarkable paintings primarily depict scenes from the Puranas (ancient mythological stories), as well as the Indian epics, Mahabharata and Ramayana.His repertoire also includes portraits of both Indian and British figures in India. Prolific Career: Varma is estimated to have created approximately 7,000 paintings during his lifetime before passing away at the age of 58.Some of his most renowned works include “Damayanti Talking to a Swan,” “Shakuntala Looking for Dushyanta,” “Nair Lady Adorning Her Hair,” and “Shantanu and Matsyagandha.” Distinctive Features of His Work: Varma’s paintings marked a departure from the Persian and Mughal schools that greatly influenced earlier Indian artists.He was the first Indian artist to integrate Western techniques of perspective and composition into Indian subjects, styles, and themes.His works exemplify the fusion of European academic art with Indian sensibilities and iconography.Varma was an early adopter of oil paints and mastered the art of lithographic reproduction, making his paintings more widely accessible to the public. Recognition and Achievements: Varma gained international acclaim after winning an award for his paintings at an exhibition in Vienna in 1873.His paintings were showcased at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, where he received two gold medals.In 1904, he was honored with the Kaisar-i-Hind Gold Medal by Viceroy Lord Curzon on behalf of the King Emperor, marking the first official mention of his name as “Raja Ravi Varma.” -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 29 April 2024

CONTENTS Indian Historical Records Commission Indian Historical Records Commission Context: Recently, the Indian Historical Records Commission (IHRC) has adopted a new logo and motto.  Relevance: Facts for Prelims IHRC (Indian Historical Records Commission): Logo: The logo design incorporates lotus petals, symbolizing purity and enlightenment. The depiction of the Sarnath pillar in the center signifies India’s rich ancient heritage. The brown color theme underscores IHRC’s mission of preserving, studying, and honoring India’s historical records. Motto: “Where history is preserved for the future,” encapsulates IHRC’s dedication to identifying, collecting, cataloging, and safeguarding historical documents and manuscripts, ensuring their availability for present and future generations. About IHRC: Established in 1919, IHRC is overseen by the Union Minister of Culture. It serves as a national platform for creators, custodians, and users of historical records, fostering collaboration and knowledge exchange in preserving India’s historical legacy. Functions and Responsibilities Preservation: Ensure the systematic maintenance and preservation of historical documents, manuscripts, and records.Cataloging: Establish guidelines and standards for the management and cataloging of historical records.Accessibility: Facilitate access to historical records for researchers, scholars, and the general public.Digitization: Coordinate efforts to digitize historical documents and make them available online for wider accessibility.Awareness: Organize seminars, conferences, and workshops to raise awareness about the importance of preserving historical records. Collaborations and Partnerships Work closely with archives, libraries, museums, and other institutions across the country.Collaborate with international organizations and agencies involved in historical preservation and research. Impact and Significance Promote historical research and scholarship by providing access to authentic and reliable historical sources.Enhance the accessibility of historical records for researchers, scholars, and the general public.Contribute to the preservation of India’s rich historical legacy for future generations.

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