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Apr 10, 2024 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 10 April 2024

CONTENTS Constitutional MoralitySupreme Court’s 9-Judge Constitution Bench Examines State Authority on Excise Duty on Industrial AlcoholPreventive DetentionAnnular Solar EclipseGlycaemic IndexPredicate OffenceElectronic Trading PlatformsLavender Cultivation Constitutional Morality Context: The recent arrest of a serving chief minister on corruption charges raises legal, political, and constitutional concerns and poses questions about its consistency with constitutional morality, especially in a parliamentary democracy like India. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Constitutional Morality: An OverviewLandmark Judgments Upholding Constitutional MoralityChallenges to Constitutional Morality in IndiaDo Chief Ministers in India Lack Immunity from Arrests? Constitutional Morality: An Overview Definition Constitutional morality refers to the foundational principles and values that guide both the government and citizens according to a constitution. Origins The concept was first introduced by the British Classicist George Grote in the 19th century, emphasizing “paramount reverence for the forms of the Constitution.”In India, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was among the first to use the term. Key Pillars Upholding core constitutional values such as justice, liberty, equality, fraternity, secularism, and individual dignity.Ensuring supremacy of the law, making everyone, including government officials, accountable under it.Promoting representative democracy and citizen participation in decision-making.Protecting fundamental rights guaranteed by the constitution.Maintaining a balance of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.Implementing checks and balances against abuse of power.Interpreting the constitution to reflect its underlying principles while adapting to societal changes.Ensuring ethical conduct, transparency, accountability, and integrity in governance. Role in Indian Constitution Although not explicitly mentioned, the concept is inherent in the Indian Constitution’s core principles, including justice, equality, and liberty.These principles are evident in the Preamble, Fundamental Rights, and Directive Principles of State Policy.Constitutional morality is also reflected in various Supreme Court judgments. Landmark Judgments Upholding Constitutional Morality Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, 1973Established the “basic structure doctrine” limiting Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution, safeguarding its core principles.SP Gupta Case (First Judges Case), 1982Supreme Court emphasized that constitutional breaches are severe violations of constitutional morality.Naz Foundation v. Government of NCT of Delhi, 2009Decriminalized consensual same-sex relationships, prioritizing “constitutional morality” over societal morality.Manoj Narula v. Union of India, 2014Defined “Constitutional Morality” as adhering to constitutional norms and avoiding arbitrary actions violating the rule of law.Indian Young Lawyers Association v. State of Kerala (Sabarimala Case), 2018Struck down the practice of barring women from Sabarimala temple, emphasizing principles of justice, equality, and liberty over religious customs.Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India, 2018Read down Section 377 of IPC, decriminalizing homosexuality and affirming individual rights in line with constitutional morality. Challenges to Constitutional Morality in India Political Interference Political meddling in the functioning of constitutional bodies and institutions can erode their autonomy and impartiality.Recent changes to the appointment committee for the Election Commission of India and the amended IT Rules 2023 have faced criticism for potentially compromising institutional independence. Judicial Activism vs. Judicial Restraint The balance between judicial activism and restraint is crucial.While judicial activism can protect rights and enforce constitutional values, excessive activism may infringe upon the domains of the executive and legislature. Enforcement and Compliance Despite a robust constitutional framework, there are challenges in ensuring effective enforcement and compliance.Implementation gaps, delays in justice delivery, and limited awareness about constitutional rights among the public contribute to these challenges. Do Chief Ministers in India Lack Immunity from Arrests? Constitutional Immunity As per Article 361 of the Constitution, only the President of India and Governors of states are granted immunity from civil and criminal proceedings during their terms.This immunity covers acts performed in the discharge of their official duties. No Immunity for Prime Ministers and Chief Ministers Prime Ministers and Chief Ministers do not enjoy similar constitutional immunity and are subject to the principle of equality before the law. Arrest vs. Disqualification Being arrested does not automatically lead to disqualification from holding office for Prime Ministers or Chief Ministers. -Source: The Hindu Supreme Court’s 9-Judge Constitution Bench Examines State Authority on Excise Duty on Industrial Alcohol Context: The Supreme Court, under the guidance of the Chief Justice of India (CJI), is presently hearing a case involving a 9-judge Constitution Bench. The central issue under consideration is whether states possess the authority to regulate and levy excise duty on industrial alcohol. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Constitutional Aspects of the Industrial Alcohol DebateArguments Presented by the StatesUnderstanding Excise Duty Constitutional Aspects of the Industrial Alcohol Debate State List (Entry 8) – Seventh SchedulePertains to the state governments’ authority to legislate on intoxicating liquors, covering production, manufacture, possession, transport, purchase, and sale.Union List (Entry 52)Grants Parliament the power to legislate on industries considered beneficial in the public interest.Concurrent List (Entry 33)Allows both state and central governments to legislate on specific industries, ensuring state laws do not contradict central legislation.Regulation under IDRA, 1951Industrial alcohol is categorized under the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 (IDRA), giving the central government regulatory power over it. Key Concern in the Debate Autonomy of State Regulation The primary issue revolves around whether states possess the authority to regulate industrial alcohol independently or if the Centre retains exclusive control. Legal Interpretation of the Debate Concurrent List DynamicsBoth state and central governments can legislate on Concurrent List subjects; however, state laws must align with central legislation to avoid contradictions.Implication of IDRA, 1951The IDRA, 1951, which categorizes industrial alcohol, suggests predominant central control over the regulatory framework. Arguments Presented by the States Interpretation of Entry 8 States argue that “intoxicating liquors” in Entry 8 of the State List covers all alcohol-containing liquids.Historical references from pre-constitutional excise laws using terms like ‘liquor’, ‘spirit’, and ‘intoxicant’ are highlighted to support this view. Scope of Union’s Power The states contend that Union List’s Entry 52 doesn’t encompass the regulation of “finished products” such as industrial alcohol after denaturation.Control over industrial alcohol, post-denaturation, is claimed to be under the Concurrent List’s Entry 33.The exclusive authority of the Centre over industrial alcohol can only be established through an order under Section 18-G of the IDRA. Without such an order, states maintain jurisdiction.‘Denatured alcohol’ refers to alcohol mixed with harmful additives to make it unfit for human consumption. Preservation of States’ Powers States emphasize the significance of not reducing their authority, drawing from the ITC Ltd v Agricultural Produce Market Committee Case, 2002, which underlines the non-subordination of states to the Centre.The focus is on safeguarding states’ constitutional powers and preventing interpretations that could undermine their autonomy. Understanding Excise Duty Definition Excise duty is an indirect tax levied on goods during their production, licensing, and sale. Producers pay this tax to the Government of India. Types of Excise Duties Before the implementation of Goods and Services Tax (GST) in July 2017, there were various central excise duties like Central Excise Duty, Additional Excise Duty, etc.GST’s introduction merged several types of excise duties. Currently, excise duty is applicable mainly to petroleum and liquor. Application and Collection Excise duty on alcohol serves as a significant revenue source for states. To increase their revenue, states often augment excise duty on alcohol consumption.In a recent example, Karnataka increased the Additional Excise Duty (AED) on Indian Made Liquor (IML) by 20% in 2023. -Source: The Hindu Preventive Detention Context: Recently, the Supreme Court has held that advisory boards under preventive detention laws should not behave like mere “rubber-stamping authorities” for the government Relevance: GS-II: Polity and Governance (Constitutional Provisions, Fundamental Rights), GS-II: Governance (Government Policies and Interventions) Dimensions of the Article: About Preventive Detention in IndiaCriticisms of Preventive detentionThe argument in favour of Preventive detention About Preventive Detention in India As the term suggests – Preventive detention helps to prevent a person from committing a crime.Article 22 deals with 2 kinds of detentions:PreventivePunitiveArticle 22 (3) (b) of the Constitution allows for preventive detention and restriction on personal liberty for reasons of state security and public order.According to Article 22 (4)– in case of preventive detention as well, the person being detained should be informed of the grounds of arrest, however, in case the authorities consider that it is against the public interest to disclose certain facts, they need not reveal them.The person cannot be detained under preventive detention for more than 3 months unless permission to do so has been granted by an advisory board consisting of 3 judges of the Supreme Court.The other way by which the period of detention can be extended beyond 3 months is if the Parliament prescribes a law for it.Acts by the Parliament which provide for extension of Preventive detention period beyond 3 months:National Security Act (NSA) 1980;Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act (COFEPOSA) 1974;Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA) 1967, etc.Many State legislatures have enacted similar laws that authorize preventive detention. Criticisms of Preventive detention Preventive detention becomes a human rights concern as there have been various incidents of misuse of such laws in India.Preventive detention represents the police power of the State.No other democratic country mentions preventive detention in its constitution and such laws come into effect only under emergency conditions in democratic countries. The argument in favour of Preventive detention Arbitrary action the State is prevented in India as the areas in the context of which Preventive detention laws can be made are laid down in the 7th Schedule of the Constitution itself.In the Union list – laws for Preventive detention can be enacted only for reasons connected with Defence, Foreign Affairs, or the Security of India.In the Concurrent list – laws for Preventive detention can be enacted only for reasons connected with Security of a State, the Maintenance of Public Order, or the Maintenance of Essential Supplies and Services. -Source: The Hindu Annular Solar Eclipse Context: Recently, a total solar eclipse crossed North America, passing over Mexico, the United States, and Canada. Relevance: GS-I Geography Dimensions of the Article: Solar eclipseTypes of Solar EclipseSignificant observations during solar eclipses Solar eclipse A solar eclipse occurs when a portion of the Earth is covered in a shadow cast by the Moon which fully or partially blocks sunlight.This occurs when the Sun, Moon and Earth are aligned.Such alignment coincides with a new moon (syzygy) indicating the Moon is closest to the ecliptic plane.The Sun’s distance from Earth is about 400 times the Moon’s distance, and the Sun’s diameter is about 400 times the Moon’s diameter. Because these ratios are approximately the same, the Sun and the Moon as seen from Earth appear to be approximately the same size: about 0.5 degree of arc in angular measure. Types of Solar Eclipse Total Solar Eclipse: During a total solar eclipse, the Moon completely covers the Sun from view as seen from a specific location on Earth.The sky darkens significantly, and the Sun’s outer atmosphere, known as the solar corona, becomes visible as a bright halo around the obscured Sun.Total solar eclipses are rare and can only be observed from a limited geographic area along the eclipse’s path of totality. Partial Solar Eclipse: In a partial solar eclipse, the Moon partially covers the Sun, obscuring only a portion of the Sun’s disk.This type of eclipse is visible over a broader geographic region than a total eclipse since it occurs when the Moon partially passes in front of the Sun. Annular Solar Eclipse: An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon is near its apogee (farthest from Earth) in its elliptical orbit, causing it to appear smaller than the Sun.As a result, the Moon does not completely cover the Sun, and a ring of the Sun’s outer edge, known as the “ring of fire” or annulus, remains visible around the Moon.Annular eclipses create a unique and visually striking spectacle. Hybrid Solar Eclipse (Annular-Total Eclipse): A hybrid eclipse is a rare event where an eclipse appears as a total eclipse from some locations on Earth’s surface and as an annular eclipse from others.The type of eclipse experienced depends on the viewer’s location within the eclipse’s path. Why does the Solar Eclipse not occur during every new moon? If the Moon were in a perfectly circular orbit, a little closer to the Earth, and in the same orbital plane, there would be total solar eclipses every new moon.However, since the Moon’s orbit is tilted at more than 5 degrees to the Earth’s orbit around the Sun, its shadow usually misses Earth. What are the factors that affect the duration of the eclipse? The Moon being almost exactly at perigee (making its angular diameter as large as possible).The Earth being very near aphelion (furthest away from the Sun in its elliptical orbit, making its angular diameter nearly as small as possible).The midpoint of the eclipse being very close to the Earth’s equator, where the rotational velocity is greatest.The vector of the eclipse path at the midpoint of the eclipse aligning with the vector of the Earth’s rotation (i.e. not diagonal but due east).The midpoint of the eclipse being near the subsolar point (the part of the Earth closest to the Sun). Significant observations during solar eclipses A total solar eclipse provides a rare opportunity to observe the corona (the outer layer of the Sun’s atmosphere). Normally this is not visible because the photosphere is much brighter than the corona.Eclipses may cause the temperature to decrease by up to 3 °C.There is a long history of observations of gravity-related phenomena during solar eclipses, especially during the period of totality.Confirmation of Einstein’s theory: The observation of a total solar eclipse of 1919, helped to confirm Einstein’s theory of general relativity. By comparing the apparent distance between stars in the constellation Taurus, with and without the Sun between them, Arthur Eddington stated that the theoretical predictions about gravitational lenses were confirmed. Precautions to take while viewing Solar eclipse Looking directly at the photosphere of the Sun (the bright disk of the Sun itself), even for just a few seconds, can cause permanent damage to the retina of the eye, because of the intense visible and invisible radiation that the photosphere emits.This damage can result in impairment of vision, up to and including blindness.The retina has no sensitivity to pain, and the effects of retinal damage may not appear for hours, so there is no warning that injury is occurring.Under normal conditions, the Sun is so bright that it is difficult to stare at it directly, however, during an eclipse, with so much of the Sun covered, it is easier and more tempting to stare at it.Special eye protection or indirect viewing techniques are used when viewing a solar eclipse.It is safe to view only the total phase of a total solar eclipse with the unaided eye and without protection. -Source: The Hindu Glycaemic Index Context: The findings of an international study suggest that consuming low glycaemic index and low glycaemic load diets might prevent the development of type 2 diabetes. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Understanding Glycaemic Index (GI)What is Diabetes? Understanding Glycaemic Index (GI) Definition Glycaemic Index (GI) is a ranking system for carbohydrate-containing foods based on their post-meal blood glucose response. A higher GI indicates a greater increase in blood sugar levels post-consumption. Measurement It measures how swiftly each food impacts blood glucose levels when consumed individually. Scoring System Foods are scored on a scale from 0 to 100. Pure glucose (sugar) serves as the reference point with a GI value of 100. Interpretation A lower GI signifies a slower rise in blood sugar after consuming the food. Typically, processed foods have a higher GI, while foods rich in fiber or fat tend to have a lower GI. What is Glycaemic Load (GL)? Definition Glycaemic Load (GL) represents both the quality and quantity of carbohydrates in a particular food item. It is derived from multiplying the GI of a food by the amount of available carbohydrates in a serving. Calculation GL = GI x Amount of Carbohydrate (in grams) / 100 What is Diabetes? Chronic Disease: Diabetes is a chronic condition characterized by elevated blood sugar levels, resulting from the pancreas’s inability to produce insulin or the body’s ineffective use of the insulin it produces.Role of Insulin: Insulin is a hormone responsible for regulating blood glucose levels.Consequences of Insufficient Insulin: Inadequate insulin production or utilization leads to hyperglycemia, or high glucose levels in the blood, which can cause long-term damage to various organs and tissues.Health Complications: Diabetes is associated with severe health complications, including blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke, and lower limb amputation. Different Types of Diabetes: Type 1 Diabetes: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks and destroys cells in the pancreas responsible for insulin production.It affects about 10 percent of people with diabetes, and the exact cause of this autoimmune attack is unclear. Type 2 Diabetes: Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin, leading to the accumulation of sugar in the blood.It is influenced by a combination of genetic predisposition and lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity. Pre-diabetes: Pre-diabetes is a condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.It serves as a warning sign for the development of diabetes if lifestyle changes are not made. Gestational Diabetes: Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar levels that occur during pregnancy.Insulin-blocking hormones produced by the placenta cause this type of diabetes, which usually resolves after childbirth. -Source: The Hindu Predicate Offence Context: The Supreme Court recently quashed a money laundering case after noting that there was no predicate offence in the case and no proceeds of crime. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Predicate Offence Definition A predicate offence refers to a foundational criminal act that is part of a more intricate criminal scheme, often linked with money laundering or organized crime. Role It acts as the primary criminal act that generates funds or proceeds for subsequent illegal activities. Context The term “predicate offence” is primarily associated with activities related to money laundering or terrorist financing. Predicate Offence in the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) Legislative Intent The aim behind establishing predicate offences under PMLA is to combat not only wealth acquired through illicit means but also income that is legally earned but concealed from public authorities. Classification in PMLA Predicate offences in PMLA are categorized through a Schedule, divided into three parts: Part A, Part B, and Part C. Part A: Offences under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) This section lists various offences under the IPC that are considered as predicate offences.It covers a wide range of crimes including criminal conspiracy, waging war against the government, counterfeiting, extortion, robbery, forgery, cheating, and more. Part B: Offences under the Customs Act Offences under the Customs Act are classified as predicate offences if their value surpasses one crore rupees.This section concentrates on violations related to customs duties and regulations. Part C: Cross-border and Other Offences This segment includes offences with cross-border implications, encompassing both Part A offences and property-related offences under Chapter XVII of the IPC.It also includes the intentional evasion of taxes, penalties, or interest as per the Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015. Legal Perspective The Supreme Court has clarified that without a predicate offence, there cannot be proceeds of crime, and consequently, no money laundering can take place. -Source: Times of India Electronic Trading Platforms Context: Recently, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Governor raised concerns over unauthorised forex trading platforms and asked banks to maintain vigil against such illegal activities. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Electronic Trading Platforms (ETPs) Definition ETPs are electronic systems, distinct from recognised stock exchanges, facilitating transactions in eligible instruments such as securities, money market instruments, foreign exchange instruments, and derivatives. Regulatory Framework in India Operation of an ETP in India requires prior authorisation from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as per The Electronic Trading Platforms (Reserve Bank) Directions, 2018.Unauthorized operation of ETPs by resident entities, along with collecting and remitting payments outside India, can lead to penalties under the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999, and the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002. Guidelines for Authorized ETPs ETPs sanctioned by RBI can facilitate transactions solely in instruments endorsed by the Reserve Bank. Criteria for ETP Authorization Entity RequirementThe entity must be a company registered in India.Financial RequirementsAn aspiring ETP operator should maintain a minimum net-worth of Rs.5 crore and uphold this net-worth threshold consistently.Existing ETP operators with a net-worth below the mandated amount must reach the Rs.5 crore minimum within one year from receiving RBI authorization.Banking EntitiesBanks intending to run ETPs must allocate a minimum capital of Rs.5 crore specifically for this purpose. -Source: Indian Express Lavender Cultivation Context: According to officials, more than 700 acres of farmland has been brought under lavender cultivation in the Jammu and Kashmir area since 2017, and another 100 acres is set to be added. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Lavender Cultivation Origin and Introduction Lavender is originally native to Europe. However, it was introduced to the temperate regions of Jammu & Kashmir by the CSIR Aroma Mission. Plant Description Lavender is a small, perennial aromatic herbaceous shrub utilized in various industries, including fragrance, specialty foods, and alternative medicine. Propagation Methods Lavender can be propagated through various methods such as seeds, rooted cuttings, tissue culture, and layering. Climatic and Soil Requirements Soil ConditionsLavender thrives in light, well-aerated soil enriched with organic matter.It prefers neutral to alkaline soil that is free-draining. While it’s sensitive to waterlogging, it can adapt to poor or eroded soils.RainfallLavender can grow well with an annual rainfall ranging from 300 to 1400 mm.ClimateBeing a hardy and temperate plant, lavender can tolerate drought and frost.Ideal climatic conditions include cool winters, cool summers, and ample sunlight.It’s also suitable for regions with snowfall and hilly terrains. -Source: Indian Express

Apr 8, 2024 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 08 April 2024

CONTENTS Kodaikanal Solar ObservatoryWorld Health Day 2024 Kodaikanal Solar Observatory Context: Recently, Kodaikanal Solar Observatory celebrated its 125th birth anniversary. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Solar Observatory: An OverviewKodaikanal Solar Observatory (KoSO) Solar Observatory: An Overview Definition and Purpose A solar observatory is an institution or facility focused on observing and studying the Sun.Utilizes specialized telescopes and instruments to study phenomena on the Sun’s surface, atmosphere, and surrounding space. Significance The Sun is the primary energy source for life on Earth; changes in its surface or surrounding areas can impact Earth’s atmosphere.Solar storms and flares can jeopardize satellite operations, power grids, and navigation systems.Solar observatories enable scientists to monitor and predict these events affecting Earth’s atmosphere. Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KoSO) Introduction and Location Owned and operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, established in 1899.Located on the southern tip of the Palani Hills in Tamil Nadu. Notable Discoveries First detection of the Evershed effect in January 1909, which is the apparent radial flow of gas in the penumbra (outer region) of sunspots. Historical Context and Establishment Motivated by the need to explore the connection between solar activity and monsoons, particularly after the Great Drought of 1875-1877 in India.During 1876-1878, concurrent multi-year droughts affected India, China, Egypt, Morocco, Ethiopia, southern Africa, Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela, resulting in a global famine that claimed nearly 50 million lives.The Famine Commission recommended establishing a solar observatory for systematic solar observations.Charles Michie Smith was tasked with locating an appropriate site, choosing Kodaikanal for its clear skies, low humidity, and minimal fog. Historical Predecessor: Madras Observatory Established by the British East India Company in Chennai in 1792, it was the first of its kind in the region.Recorded astronomical observations of the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets from 1812-1825.Merged with KoSO during the reorganization of Indian observatories in April 1899. World Health Day 2024 Context: World Health Day 2024 is celebrated every year on April 7. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About World Health Day Objective World Health Day aims to raise awareness about global health issues and promote healthier living among individuals. History Origins:World Health Day traces its roots back to 1948 during the First Health Assembly organized by the World Health Organization (WHO).The assembly decided to mark April 7th as World Health Day, which was officially launched in 1950.Evolution:Throughout the years, World Health Day celebrations have consistently focused on raising awareness around a specific health theme.These themes highlight priority areas of concern identified by the World Health Organization. 2024 Theme: ‘My Health, My Rights’ Purpose:The theme underscores the universal right of every individual to:Access quality health services, education, and information.Enjoy safe drinking water, clean air, and good nutrition.Have quality housing, decent working conditions, and a safe environment.Live free from discrimination.Significance:The theme emphasizes the importance of health rights and promotes equitable access to essential health services and conditions for everyone, everywhere.

Apr 8, 2024 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 08 April 2024

CONTENTS Extension of AFSPA in Nagaland and Arunachal PradeshRBI Monetary Policy UpdateSevere Water Crisis Grips Southern States of IndiaGreen Credit ProgrammeIndia’s Abstention on Human Rights Council’s Resolution on Gaza CeasefireWorld Anti-Doping AgencyArrokoth Extension of AFSPA in Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh Context: The Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has recently extended the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA) in certain regions of Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh for an additional six months. In Nagaland, the AFSPA extension encompasses eight districts and 21 police stations. Similarly, specific areas in Arunachal Pradesh will also come under the purview of this extended act. The decision to prolong the AFSPA in these regions aims to maintain security and address ongoing concerns related to insurgency and internal disturbances. Relevance: GS III- Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA)AFSPA Acts in forcePowers Given to an officer of the Armed Forces in a “disturbed” area under AFSPAWhy was AFSPA imposed on the Northeast in the first place?Arguments Against AFSPAArguments in Favour of AFSPAImportant Criticisms of AFSPA and commissions regarding AFSPASupreme Court judgment on AFSPA Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA), 1958 is an act of the Parliament of India that grant special powers to the Indian Armed Forces the power to maintain public order in “disturbed areas”.AFSPA is invoked when a case of militancy or insurgency takes place and the territorial integrity of India is at risk.Security forces can “arrest a person without warrant”, who has committed or even “about to commit a cognizable offence” even based on “reasonable suspicion”.It also provides security forces with legal immunity for their actions in disturbed areas.While the armed forces and the government justify its need in order to combat militancy and insurgency, critics have pointed out cases of possible human rights violations linked to the act.According to The Disturbed Areas (Special Courts) Act, 1976 once declared ‘disturbed’, the area has to maintain status quo for a minimum of 3 months.The Acts have received criticism from several sections for alleged concerns about human rights violations in the regions of its enforcement alleged to have happened. AFSPA Acts in force It is effective in the whole of Jammu and Kashmir, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur (excluding seven assembly constituencies of Imphal) and parts of Arunachal Pradesh. History of AFSPA Acts An AFSPA Act passed in 1958 was applicable to the Naga Hills, then part of Assam.In the following decades it spread, one by one, to the other Seven Sister States in India’s northeast (at present, it is in force in the States of Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Changlang, Longding and Tirap districts of Arunachal Pradesh, and areas falling within the jurisdiction of the eight police stations of districts in Arunachal Pradesh bordering the State of Assam).Another one passed in 1983 and applicable to Punjab and Chandigarh was withdrawn in 1997, roughly 14 years after it came to force.An Act passed in 1990 was applied to Jammu and Kashmir and has been in force since. Powers Given to an officer of the Armed Forces in a “disturbed” area under AFSPA After giving such due warning, Fire upon or use other kinds of force even if it causes death, against the person who is acting against law or order in the disturbed area for the maintenance of public order,Destroy any arms dump, hide-outs, prepared or fortified position or shelter or training camp from which armed attacks are made by the armed volunteers or armed gangs or absconders wanted for any offence.To arrest without a warrant anyone who has committed cognizable offences or is reasonably suspected of having done so and may use force if needed for the arrest.To enter and search any premise in order to make such arrests, or to recover any person wrongfully restrained or any arms, ammunition or explosive substances and seize it.Stop and search any vehicle or vessel reasonably suspected to be carrying such person or weapons.Any person arrested and taken into custody under this Act shall be made present over to the officer in charge of the nearest police station with least possible delay, together with a report of the circumstances occasioning the arrest.Army officers have legal immunity for their actions. There can be no prosecution, suit or any other legal proceeding against anyone acting under that law. Nor is the government’s judgment on why an area is found to be disturbed subject to judicial review.Protection of persons acting in good faith under this Act from prosecution, suit or other legal proceedings, except with the sanction of the Central Government, in exercise of the powers conferred by this Act. Why was AFSPA imposed on the Northeast in the first place? When the Naga nationalist movement kicked off in the 1950s with the setting up of the Naga National Council — the predecessor of the NSCN — Assam police forces allegedly used force to quell the movement.As an armed movement took root in Nagaland, AFSPA was passed in Parliament, and subsequently imposed on the entire state.In Manipur, too, it was imposed in 1958 in the three Naga-dominated districts of Senapati, Tamenglong and Ukhrul, where the NNC was active.It was imposed in the 1960s in the Kuki-Zomi dominated Manipur district of Churachandpur, which was under the sway of the Mizo insurgent movement, and extended to the rest of the state in 1979, when groups in the Meitei-dominated Imphal Valley groups began an armed insurgency.As secessionist and nationalist movements started sprouting in other Northeastern states, AFSPA started being extended and imposed. Arguments Against AFSPA Symbol of Hatred: The Jeevan Reddy Committee, which was founded in 2004, criticised AFSPA as a symbol of hatred, persecution, and a tool of oppression.Immunity to Security Forces: AFSPA has been dubbed a “draconian Act” for the unrestricted authority it grants the military forces and the impunity that security officers have for their acts performed under the law. Under AFSPA, the “armed forces” have the authority to shoot to kill or demolish a structure based solely on suspicion.Human Rights Issue: The AFSPA’s activities have been criticised because people have died as a result of them. It’s been a contentious issue, with human rights organisations condemning it as being too forceful.Prolonged continuation: Despite a nearly 25-year ceasefire accord, the Union Government has been chastised for renewing the “disturbed region” tag on Nagaland every year to keep the AFSPA alive.Concerns of AFSPA in Manipur: Many protests over suspected extrajudicial executions by the security forces have taken place in Manipur throughout the years. The bullet-riddled body of Thangjam Manorama, who was reportedly raped and killed by a group of Assam Rifles troops in 2004 sparked outrage across the state. Irom Sharmila, often known as the Iron Lady of Manipur, is a towering figure who is well-known for her 16-year hunger strike in protest of AFSPA atrocities. Arguments in Favour of AFSPA The AFSPA is described as a law that takes a straightforward approach to control criminal activity in disturbed areas.Fascist techniques and all groups, private and public, that engage in violence and attempt to pressure the government by organised violence must be controlled. As a result, the AFSPA is vital. Important Criticisms of AFSPA and commissions regarding AFSPA When India presented its second periodic report to the United Nations Human Rights Committee in 1991, members of the UNHRC asked numerous questions about the validity of the AFSPA.They questioned the constitutionality of the AFSPA under Indian law and asked how it could be justified in light of Article 4 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, ICCPR.In 2012, the UN asked India to revoke AFSPA saying it had no place in Indian democracy.The Act has been criticized by Human Rights Watch as a “tool of state abuse, oppression and discrimination”. Supreme Court judgment on AFSPA 1997 judgment on AFSPA In Naga People’s Movement for Human Rights vs Union of India 1997, a Constitution Bench ruled that the ability to use deadly force under Section 4(a) of the AFSPA should only be used in “certain circumstances.”A 1997 Supreme Court judgment advocated “caution and use of minimum force against our own people” in AFSPA regions. Extra-Judicial Execution Victim Families Association (EEVFAM) case 2017 The Supreme Court addressed the extrajudicial executions in 2016, clarifying that the bar under Section 6 of the AFSPA does not offer officers “complete immunity” from any investigation into their alleged misconduct.The government received severe criticism from the Supreme Court in 2016 for the continuance of AFSPA. Reactions to the killing of 14 civilians by security forces in Nagaland Lok Sabha members condemned the killing of 14 civilians by security forces in Nagaland with some Opposition MPs calling for the repeal of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) as well.Nagaland Chief Minister has also called for scrapping the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act.Human rights bodies in India and beyond are debating the contentious AFSPA that gives unbridled powers to the security forces.Nagaland Chief Minister also criticised the Centre for extending the “disturbed area” tag on Nagaland every year to prolong the AFSPA despite a ceasefire agreement for almost 25 years.In the northeast, the AFSPA is in force in Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, the Tirap, Changlang and Longding districts of Arunachal Pradesh and areas falling within the jurisdiction of eight police stations of the State bordering Assam.For Jammu and Kashmir, the Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act, 1990, is in force. -Source: The Hindu RBI Monetary Policy Update Context: The recent Monetary Policy Committee meeting of the RBI Friday kept the repo rate unchanged for the seventh consecutive time at 6.5 per cent. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Recent Monetary Policy and RBI DecisionsInstruments of Monetary PolicyAbout Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) Key Highlights of the MPC Meeting Repo Rate Status The repo rate remains unchanged at 6.5%.The repo rate signifies the interest rate at which commercial banks borrow money from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Policy Stance Retention The RBI maintains its policy stance as the “withdrawal of accommodation,” despite recent liquidity deficits.“Withdrawal of accommodation” implies reducing the money supply to manage inflation. GDP Growth and Inflation Forecast GDP growth projection for fiscal 2024-25 is maintained at 7%.Retail inflation is projected at 4.5% for the same period.February’s CPI inflation was recorded at 5.09%, slightly lower than January’s 5.1%.Food inflation continues to be volatile, hindering the disinflation process. Investment Activity Outlook Prospects for investment activity appear promising due to:A rising private capex cycle.Consistent and robust government capital expenditure.Healthy financial positions of banks and corporates.Increasing capacity utilization.However, geopolitical tensions and trade route disruptions present potential risks. Rupee Performance The rupee exhibited stability against currencies from both emerging markets and certain advanced economies throughout 2023-24.This stability indicates India’s economy is robust, financially sound, and has strengthened its position in the global market. Instruments of Monetary Policy There are several direct and indirect instruments that are used for implementing monetary policy. Repo Rate: The (fixed) interest rate at which the Reserve Bank provides overnight liquidity to banks against the collateral of government and other approved securities under the liquidity adjustment facility (LAF).Reverse Repo Rate: The (fixed) interest rate at which the Reserve Bank absorbs liquidity, on an overnight basis, from banks against the collateral of eligible government securities under the LAF.Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF): The LAF consists of overnight as well as term repo auctions. Progressively, the Reserve Bank has increased the proportion of liquidity injected under fine-tuning variable rate repo auctions of range of tenors. The aim of term repo is to help develop the inter-bank term money market, which in turn can set market based benchmarks for pricing of loans and deposits, and hence improve transmission of monetary policy. The Reserve Bank also conducts variable interest rate reverse repo auctions, as necessitated under the market conditions.Marginal Standing Facility (MSF): A facility under which scheduled commercial banks can borrow additional amount of overnight money from the Reserve Bank by dipping into their Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) portfolio up to a limit at a penal rate of interest. This provides a safety valve against unanticipated liquidity shocks to the banking system.Corridor: The MSF rate and reverse repo rate determine the corridor for the daily movement in the weighted average call money rate.Bank Rate: It is the rate at which the Reserve Bank is ready to buy or rediscount bills of exchange or other commercial papers. The Bank Rate is published under Section 49 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. This rate has been aligned to the MSF rate and, therefore, changes automatically as and when the MSF rate changes alongside policy repo rate changes.Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR): The average daily balance that a bank is required to maintain with the Reserve Bank as a share of such per cent of its Net demand and time liabilities (NDTL) that the Reserve Bank may notify from time to time in the Gazette of India.Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR): The share of NDTL that a bank is required to maintain in safe and liquid assets, such as, unencumbered government securities, cash and gold. Changes in SLR often influence the availability of resources in the banking system for lending to the private sector.Open Market Operations (OMOs): These include both, outright purchase and sale of government securities, for injection and absorption of durable liquidity, respectively.Market Stabilisation Scheme (MSS): This instrument for monetary management was introduced in 2004. Surplus liquidity of a more enduring nature arising from large capital inflows is absorbed through sale of short-dated government securities and treasury bills. The cash so mobilised is held in a separate government account with the Reserve Bank. About Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is the body of the RBI, headed by the Governor, responsible for taking the important monetary policy decisions about setting the repo rate.Repo rate is ‘the policy instrument’ in monetary policy that helps to realize the set inflation target by the RBI (at present 4%). Membership of the MPC The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is formed under the RBI with six members.Three of the members are from the RBI while the other three members are appointed by the government.Members from the RBI are the Governor who is the chairman of the MPC, a Deputy Governor and one officer of the RBI.The government members are appointed by the Centre on the recommendations of a search-cum-selection committee which is to be headed by the Cabinet Secretary. Objectives of the MPC Monetary Policy was implemented with an initiative to provide reasonable price stability, high employment, and a faster economic growth rate. The major four objectives of the Monetary Policy are mentioned below: To stabilize the business cycle.To provide reasonable price stability.To provide faster economic growth.Exchange Rate Stability. -Source: Indian Express Severe Water Crisis Grips Southern States of India Context: The southern states of India, including Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana, are currently grappling with a severe water crisis. This situation has arisen due to alarmingly low water levels in major reservoirs across these regions. The dwindling water reserves pose serious challenges for agricultural activities, drinking water supply, and overall livelihoods of the residents. Urgent measures and sustainable water management strategies are crucially needed to address this pressing issue and ensure water security for the affected states. Relevance: GS I: Water Resources Dimensions of the Article: Current Water Crisis Situation in Southern StatesReasons for Water Crisis in South IndiaImplications of the Water Crisis in India Current Water Crisis Situation in Southern States Reservoir Levels Central Water Commission reports:Most major reservoirs in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana are filled to 25% or less of capacity.Dams like Tungabhadra and Nagarjuna Sagar are at 5% or less.Mettur dam and Srisailam are below 30% capacity.Southern region specifics:Overall reservoirs are at 23% capacity.This is notably lower than last year and the 10-year average.Exception in Kerala:Major dams in Kerala are at least 50% filled.Reservoirs like Idukki, Idamalayar, Kallada, and Kakki have better water levels. Reasons for Water Crisis in South India Rainfall Deficiency and El Niño Effect El Niño Impact:Warming of Pacific Ocean disrupts weather globally.Leads to reduced rainfall in specific regions.Monsoon and Post-Monsoon:Lower rainfall, delayed onset of monsoon.Post-monsoon (Oct-Dec 2023): Over 50% of regions had rainfall deficiency. Global Warming and Temperature Rise Accelerates water evaporation rates.Increases drought conditions, raising water demand for various uses. Groundwater Extraction Excessive use for irrigation in regions lacking surface water sources.Crops like rice, sugarcane, and cotton require high water amounts. Water Pollution Industrial discharge, sewage, and waste dumping contaminate water sources.EMPRI study findings:85% of Bengaluru’s water bodies are polluted by industrial and waste contaminants. Inefficient Water Management Practices such as wastage, leakage, and unequal distribution worsen water scarcity. Implications of the Water Crisis in India Health Consequences Lack of safe drinking water leads to health issues like dehydration, infections, and diseases.Approximately 2 lakh people in India die annually due to insufficient water supply, as reported by NITI Aayog. Population and Water Resources India comprises 18% of the global population but possesses water resources adequate for only 4% of its people, according to the World Bank.By 2023, an estimated 91 million Indians will lack access to safe water. Environmental Impact Water scarcity threatens wildlife and disrupts natural habitats, impacting biodiversity and ecological balance.Wild animals often encroach upon human settlements seeking water, leading to conflicts and endangerment. Agricultural Sector Agriculture, consuming about 80% of India’s water, faces challenges due to water scarcity.Reduced crop yields, compromised food security, and increased poverty among farmers are consequences. Industrial and Economic Ramifications Water scarcity hampers industrial production, diminishes energy generation, and escalates water supply and treatment costs.Tourism, trade, and social welfare can also be negatively impacted.The World Bank’s 2016 report, ‘Climate Change, Water and Economy’, suggests that water-deficient countries could experience significant economic growth setbacks by 2050. -Source: The Hindu Green Credit Programme Context: The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has recently issued the Green Credit Rules 2023, which formally established the Green Credit Programme (GCP) for India. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Green Credit ProgrammeGreen Credit Rules, 2023: OverviewCompensatory Afforestation: Overview Green Credit Programme: The Green Credit Programme introduces a system of incentives, known as “Green Credits,” for activities that have a positive impact on the environment.It complements the domestic Carbon Market in India, expanding beyond CO2 emission reductions to incentivize a wider range of sustainable actions. Objectives: The Green Credit System aims to meet various environmental obligations, encouraging companies, individuals, and local bodies to undertake sustainable initiatives.Unlike the carbon market’s focus on CO2 emissions, the Green Credit Programme promotes broader environmental goals. Tradable Credits: Green credits earned through sustainable activities will be tradable, allowing participants to sell them on a proposed domestic market platform.This creates a market-based approach to incentivize and reward environmentally beneficial actions. Program Administrator: The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) will serve as the administrator of the Green Credit Programme.ICFRE will develop guidelines, processes, and procedures for the implementation of the programme, ensuring its effectiveness and integrity. Green Credit Activities: The programme promotes a range of activities that contribute to environmental sustainability, including: Increasing Green Cover: Promoting tree plantation and related activities to enhance the green cover across the country.Water Conservation: Encouraging water conservation, water harvesting, and efficient water use, including the treatment and reuse of wastewater.Regenerative Agriculture: Promoting natural and regenerative agricultural practices and land restoration to improve productivity, soil health, and the nutritional value of food produced.Waste Management: Supporting sustainable waste management practices, including collection, segregation, and treatment.Air Pollution Reduction: Encouraging measures to reduce air pollution and other pollution abatement activities.Mangrove Conservation: Promoting the conservation and restoration of mangroves, important ecosystems for coastal areas.Ecomark Label: Encouraging manufacturers to obtain the “Ecomark” label for their goods and services, signifying their environmental sustainability.Sustainable Infrastructure: Encouraging the construction of buildings and infrastructure using sustainable technologies and materials.Setting Thresholds and Benchmarks: The Green Credit Programme will establish thresholds and benchmarks for each specific Green Credit activity, ensuring clear standards and targets for participants to achieve. Green Credit Rules, 2023: Overview Notification and Legal Basis Introduced on 12th October 2023 under the Environment Protection Act of 1986. Objective Establish a mechanism promoting voluntary environmental actions leading to the issuance of green credits.Initial focus on voluntary tree plantation on degraded land, waste land, watershed areas, etc., managed by Forest departments. Implementation of the Green Credit Program (GCP) Afforestation Financing Registered and approved entities can finance afforestation projects in designated degraded forest and wasteland areas.Afforestation activities will be executed by State Forest departments. Green Credit Valuation Two years post-planting, each tree undergoes evaluation by the International Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE).Each planted tree can potentially earn one ‘green credit’. Utilization of Green Credits Companies that have converted forest land for non-forest uses and removed numerous trees can use green credits to fulfill obligations under India’s compensatory afforestation laws. Available Land for Green Credit Projects 10 States have identified approximately 3,853 hectares of degraded forest land for individuals, groups, and public/private sector units to earn and potentially trade green credits.Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh (MP) together represent about 40% of the available forest land. Compensatory Afforestation: Overview Definition Compensatory afforestation mandates industries or institutions, permitted to clear forest land for non-forestry purposes,Provide equivalent non-forest land to forest authorities, andFund afforestation on the provided land.Land must ideally be near the cleared forest tracts.If unavailable, twice the amount of ‘degraded’ forest land can be used for afforestation. Additional Compensation Companies must compensate for the lost forest ecosystem’s value, known as the ‘net present value’, due to land diversion. Issues with Compensatory Afforestation and the Green Credit Program (GCP) Challenges Obtaining contiguous non-forest land for compensatory afforestation, particularly in States like Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh with historical land diversions for mining.The Compensatory Afforestation Fund, funded by environmental compensation from companies, has substantial unspent funds due to land availability issues. Green Credit Challenges Assigning a monetary value to green credits is problematic.Linking green credits to compensatory afforestation activities is complex. -Source: The Hindu India’s Abstention on Human Rights Council’s Resolution on Gaza Ceasefire Context: India opted to abstain from voting on a resolution at the Human Rights Council that urged Israel to implement an immediate ceasefire in Gaza and encouraged states to impose an arms embargo. The resolution was ultimately adopted by the 47-member Human Rights Council. India’s decision to abstain signifies a balanced approach to the complex and sensitive issue, reflecting its commitment to dialogue and diplomacy while maintaining its strategic relationships with both Israel and Palestine. Relevance: GS II- International Relations (Bilateral Groupings & Agreements) Dimensions of the Article: About UN Human Rights CouncilIndia’s Voting Behaviour at UNHRC on the Issue of Israel About UN Human Rights Council: The Human Rights Council is an inter-governmental body within the United Nations system responsible for strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around the globe and for addressing situations of human rights violations and make recommendations on them.It has the ability to discuss all thematic human rights issues and situations that require its attention throughout the year.It meets at the UN Office at Geneva. Working of the Council The Human Rights Council replaced the former UN Commission on Human Rights.It was created by the UNGA on March 15, 2006, and the body met in its first session from June 19-30, 2006.In 2007, the Council adopted an “institution-building package” to set up its procedures and mechanisms.Among these were the mechanism of Universal Periodic Review to assess the human rights situations in all UN Member States, the Advisory Committee that serves as the Council’s think tank providing it with expertise and advice on thematic human rights issues, and the Complaint Procedure, which allows individuals and organisations to bring human rights violations to the Council’s attention.The Council also works with the UN Special Procedures established by the former Commission on Human Rights, consisting of special rapporteurs, special representatives, independent experts, and working groups that monitor, examine, advise and report on thematic issues or human rights situations in specific countries. Membership The Council is made of 47 Member States, which are elected by the majority of members of the General Assembly of the United Nations through direct and secret ballot.The General Assembly takes into account the candidate States’ contribution to the promotion and protection of human rights, as well as their voluntary pledges and commitments in this regard. The Council’s Membership is based on equitable geographical distribution. Seats are distributed as follows: African States: 13 seatsAsia-Pacific States: 13 seatsLatin American and Caribbean States: 8 seatsWestern European and other States: 7 seatsEastern European States: 6 seats Members of the Council serve for a period of three years and are not eligible for immediate re-election after serving two consecutive terms. Issues: A key concern for some critics has been the composition of Council membership, which sometimes includes countries widely perceived as human rights abusers.China, Cuba, Eritrea, Russia and Venezuela, all of which have been accused of human rights abuses.US pulled out of the Agency in 2018 due to its disproportionate focus on Israel, which has received by far the largest number of critical council resolutions against any country.The US has joined the organization again. India’s Voting Behaviour at UNHRC on the Issue of Israel India’s Supportive Votes India previously voted in favour of three resolutions critical of Israel for:Human rights violations against Palestinians,Israel’s occupation of Syrian Golan, andAdvocating for Palestinian right to self-determination. Abstention from Fourth Resolution Recent Context:Following the killing of seven international aid workers in Gaza due to Israeli airstrikes and a military strike by Israel on the Iranian Embassy in Damascus, which India expressed concerns about.UNHRC Resolution Vote:India abstained from voting on a UNHRC resolution that called for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza.The resolution also sought an arms embargo on Israel, marking the first time such a call was made.Reason for Abstention:The HRC resolution did not condemn Hamas while criticizing Israel.India believes in condemning both parties and holding them accountable based on their actions. -Source: The Hindu World Anti-Doping Agency Context: India has emerged as the country with the highest percentage of doping offenders, according to the 2022 testing figures released by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Relevance: GS II: International Relations About World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Establishment and Purpose Founded in 1999 as an independent international agency.Aims to spearhead a global movement promoting doping-free sports. Governance and Funding Operates on an equal partnership model between the global sports movement and governments. Primary Role Develops, harmonizes, and coordinates anti-doping rules and policies globally across sports and countries. Key Activities Conducts scientific research.Offers education initiatives.Develops anti-doping capacities.Monitors the World Anti-Doping Code (Code), which standardizes anti-doping policies worldwide. Formation Background Triggered by doping scandals in cycling in 1998.The International Olympic Committee (IOC) convened the First World Conference on Doping in Sport in Lausanne, Switzerland, from February 2-4, 1999.This conference led to the Lausanne Declaration on Doping in Sport, which paved the way for WADA’s creation.WADA was officially established on November 10, 1999, in Lausanne, in preparation for the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Legal Structure and Location Operates as a Swiss private law, not-for-profit foundation.Headquarters located in Montreal, Canada, with its seat in Lausanne, Switzerland. Governance Structure Foundation Board (Board):Comprises 42 members.Represents the Olympic Movement (IOC, National Olympic Committees, International Sports Federations, and athletes) and government representatives from five continents.Executive Committee (ExCo):Consists of 16 members.Responsible for the management, activities, and asset administration of WADA, acting on behalf of the Board. -Source: Business Standards Arrokoth Context: Recently, scientists proposed a model to explain Arrokoth’s ice core. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Arrokoth Location and Name Arrokoth is located in the Kuiper Belt, the outer region of the solar system beyond Neptune.Its name originates from the Powhatan tribe’s language, meaning “sky.” Discovery and Exploration Discovered in 2014 using the Hubble Space Telescope.It holds the distinction of being the farthest object in space explored by a human spacecraft. Physical Characteristics Arrokoth has a unique double-lobed shape, resembling a snowman.It is believed to contain ancient “gaseous ice” from its formation billions of years ago. Key Facts about Kuiper Belt Name and Origin Also known as the Edgeworth-Kuiper belt, named after Gerard Kuiper, a Dutch-American astronomer who proposed its existence in the 1950s. Size and Population The Kuiper Belt contains millions of icy objects, collectively known as Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) or trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs). Composition Primarily consists of small icy bodies, including dwarf planets, asteroids, and comets, orbiting the Sun beyond Neptune’s orbit. -Source: The Hindu

Apr 6, 2024 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 06 April 2024

CONTENT Army Medical Corps (AMC) 260th Raising Day Army Medical Corps (AMC) 260th Raising Day Context: Army Medical Corps celebrated its 260th Raising Day on 03rd April 2024. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Army Medical Corps (AMC) 260th Raising Day: A Tribute to Dedication and Service Historical Background: Foundation: The Army Medical Corps was established in 1764, and since its inception, it has been an epitome of dedication, commitment, and sacrifice in serving the nation.Motto: The Corps adheres to the motto ‘Sarve Santu Niramaya’, which translates to ‘let all be free from disease’, underscoring its commitment to ensuring the health and well-being of the armed forces and the nation. Celebration of 260th Raising Day: Distinguished Presence: Chief of Army Staff Gen Manoj Pande and Chief of Air Staff Air Chief Marshal VR Chaudhari graced the event in New Delhi, commemorating the remarkable journey of the AMC.Screening of Video: A video highlighting the commendable achievements of the Armed Forces Medical Services was showcased, reflecting the Corps’ unwavering commitment to service and excellence.Dignitary Attendance: The event witnessed participation from over 700 veterans of AFMS, along with esteemed civil and service dignitaries. Significant Contributions and Achievements: Impactful Service: The AMC has significantly impacted the lives of Armed Forces personnel, their families, and veterans through its exemplary medical care and services.International Endeavours: The Corps has consistently showcased excellence in medical care during UN Peacekeeping Missions and Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) operations on foreign soil. Vision for the Future: Benchmark of Excellence: In its 260th year, the AMC has set new standards in professionalism, courage, and compassion, going beyond the call of duty to ensure optimal Combat Medical Care and state-of-the-art peace-time medical services.Ultimate Goal: The AMC remains steadfast in its mission towards achieving a ‘Swastha Bharat, Viksit Bharat’, reflecting its commitment to fostering a healthy and developed India.

Apr 6, 2024 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 06 April 2024

CONTENTS Agricultural Transformation in West Bengal: Embracing Crop DiversificationIndia’s Economic Status and Roadmap to DevelopmentSteel Ministry’s Initiative Towards Green Steel Policy and DecarbonizationGroundbreaking 3D Map of the Universe Unveiled by International ResearchersShallowfakesSannati Buddhist sitePaira Cropping System Agricultural Transformation in West Bengal: Embracing Crop Diversification Context: West Bengal has been undergoing a notable transformation in its agricultural sector, especially in districts bordering Bangladesh. Farmers in these regions are increasingly diversifying away from traditional wheat cultivation. Instead, they are embracing alternative crops such as bananas, lentils, maize, and other varieties. This shift towards crop diversification not only reflects changing agricultural practices but also signifies efforts to enhance productivity, sustainability, and adaptability in response to evolving market demands and climatic conditions. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Reasons Behind the Shift from Wheat ProductionWhy India Needs to Focus on Crop DiversificationBenefits of Crop DiversificationConcerns and ChallengesConclusion Reasons Behind the Shift from Wheat Production: Wheat Blast Disease Outbreak: The emergence of the wheat blast disease in Bangladesh in 2016 prompted a two-year ban on wheat cultivation in border areas of West Bengal, including Murshidabad and Nadia districts.The disease is caused by the fungal infection Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum (MoT), which affects wheat crops by causing dark lesions on wheat spikes, leaves, and stems, leading to significant yield losses. Economic Advantages of Alternative Crops: Farmers have found economic benefits in cultivating alternative crops like bananas. The profitability of banana cultivation during peak seasons has outweighed the benefits of growing wheat, especially considering stagnant wheat prices. Concerns over Water Consumption: Wheat cultivation is water-intensive. With increasing concerns over water scarcity and efficient water management, farmers are opting for crops that require less water. Shift to Maize Cultivation: Maize cultivation has witnessed a substantial increase in the region, with production rising eightfold from 2011 to 2023.Although maize prices might be lower per quintal compared to wheat, the higher per-hectare output and the demand from poultry and food processing industries have made maize a more lucrative alternative. Increase in Pulses and Oilseeds Production: Alongside maize, there has been a notable surge in the production of pulses and oilseeds in the area.Diversifying crops not only offers economic benefits but also helps in soil health and nutrient management. Why India Needs to Focus on Crop Diversification: Crop Diversification refers to cultivating a variety of crops on a farm instead of concentrating on a single crop.The Green Revolution in India, marked by the introduction of high-yielding varieties of rice and wheat, significantly boosted food production, addressing hunger and malnutrition challenges.However, this emphasis on monoculture led to reduced crop diversity, resulting in the decline of traditional, region-specific crop varieties and a consequent loss of genetic diversity.India has witnessed a decline of over 100,000 traditional rice varieties since the onset of the Green Revolution in the 1970s. Benefits of Crop Diversification: Mitigating Drought Risks: In drought-prone regions, cultivating a mix of drought-tolerant crops (e.g., millets, sorghum) alongside water-intensive crops (e.g., rice, vegetables) ensures some level of harvest even under water scarcity. Soil Health and Nutrient Management: Planting leguminous crops like soybeans or peanuts can enrich the soil with nitrogen, benefiting subsequent crops such as maize or wheat. Market Opportunities: Crop diversification can help farmers tap into niche markets or emerging trends, like the rising demand for organic produce, which often fetches higher prices than conventionally grown crops. Pest and Disease Management: Intercropping or mixed cropping practices can deter pests naturally. For example, planting marigold alongside vegetable crops can reduce the reliance on chemical pesticides. Biofuel Production: Crops like Jatropha and Pongamia can be harnessed for biofuel production, offering additional income avenues for farmers and contributing to India’s energy needs. Concerns and Challenges: Market Dynamics: Farmers are reluctant to shift from traditional crops like rice and wheat due to fluctuating prices of alternative crops and limited market demand. Financial Constraints: Crop diversification demands additional investments in seeds, equipment, and knowledge, which smallholder farmers, constituting a significant portion of India’s agriculture sector, might find challenging. Infrastructure Limitations: Diversified and perishable crops often require specialized storage and transportation facilities, which are lacking in many rural areas, leading to post-harvest losses. Disruption of Established Markets: In regions where rice and wheat dominate consumption patterns, introducing crop diversification could potentially disrupt established market dynamics. Conclusion: While crop diversification offers numerous benefits, including improved resilience, soil health, and market opportunities, addressing the associated challenges is crucial. Ensuring financial support, enhancing infrastructure, and fostering awareness about the long-term benefits of diversification can encourage farmers to adopt diversified cropping systems, promoting sustainable and resilient agriculture in India. -Source: The Hindu India’s Economic Status and Roadmap to Development Context: Currently, India is classified as a “lower-middle income” country with a per capita GDP ranging between $1,136 and $4,465. In contrast, China stands as an “upper-middle income” nation with a per capita GDP between $4,466 and $13,845. Looking ahead, even with a modest annual GDP growth rate of 6%, India is projected to become the world’s third-largest economy by 2028. To achieve its vision of a “Viksit Bharat” or developed India by 2047, India should aim to significantly boost its per capita GDP to levels between $13,000 and $14,000. This focus on economic growth and development will be crucial in elevating India’s global stature and improving the standard of living for its citizens. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: China’s Growth StoryWhy India’s Focus Must be on Per Capita? China’s Growth Story: Historical Perspective: Starting from similar economic levels in 1990, China rapidly outpaced India in economic growth.In 1990, China’s economy was marginally larger than India’s by 1.2 times. However, by 2010 and 2022, this gap widened significantly to 3.6 times and 5.3 times respectively. Growth Trajectory: China experienced sustained double-digit growth rates during the 1990s and 2000s, which propelled its per capita GDP beyond the $10,000 mark by 2019.Despite a slight moderation in growth to an average of 7% since 2010 and 5.3% in the five years leading up to 2022, China remains on a robust growth trajectory. Future Projections: With an economic size of $18 trillion in 2022, China is poised to potentially overtake the US ($25.4 trillion GDP in 2022) as the world’s largest economy by the early to mid-2030s, based on current growth rates. Where India Stands? Economic Performance: India’s real GDP growth in dollar terms has decelerated, averaging 5.9% between 2010-22 and further dropping to 5.7% over the nine years from 2014.Despite its nominal GDP reaching $3.4 trillion in 2022, which is close to China’s 2007 levels, India has lagged in economic growth compared to its eastern neighbor. Global Ranking: While India has improved its global GDP ranking from No. 10 to No. 5 between 2013 and 2022, this ascent has been driven by a relatively modest average annual growth rate of 5.7%.For context, Japan and Germany, with nominal GDPs of $4.3 trillion and $4.1 trillion respectively in 2022, surpass India’s economic output. Future Potential: To attain the position of the world’s No. 3 economy by 2028, India would need to sustain a growth rate of 6% in current dollars. In comparison, for Japan and Germany to maintain their positions, they would only need a growth rate of 2%. Why India’s Focus Must be on Per Capita? Geopolitical Weight vs. Economic Well-being: While aggregate GDP is crucial for determining a country’s geopolitical influence on the global stage, it may not necessarily reflect the economic well-being of its citizens.For instance, Monaco, Liechtenstein, and Bermuda may have the highest per capita GDPs globally, but their small populations and unique economic structures do not equate to superpower status. Relevance of Per Capita GDP for India: Given India’s vast population and its current developmental stage, per capita GDP is equally significant as aggregate GDP.It serves as an indicator of the average economic prosperity and living standards of the population. Components of GDP Growth: GDP growth is influenced by two primary factors: population growth and growth in per capita output.Population growth is demographic in nature, whereas growth in per capita output reflects improvements in the overall standard of living. Chinese Growth Story – A Case in Point: China’s economic growth has been exceptional, witnessing a nearly 46-fold expansion in its economy from 1990 to 2022.More importantly, this growth has been accompanied by a significant rise in its per capita GDP, which surged from $348 (slightly lower than India’s $369) to an impressive $12,720 (significantly higher than India’s $2,411) during the same period. Path to Development – A Target for India: To be classified as a “high-income” country by the World Bank, a nation must achieve a per capita GNI (gross national income) threshold of $13,846.For India to realize its vision of becoming a “Viksit Bharat” or a developed nation by 2047, it is imperative to strive towards reaching this per capita income benchmark. -Source: Indian Express Steel Ministry’s Initiative Towards Green Steel Policy and Decarbonization Context: The Steel Ministry is in the process of formulating a comprehensive green steel policy aimed at complete decarbonization of the steel industry. This holistic approach will cover various aspects including the manufacturing process, necessary skill sets, and financial support mechanisms. By focusing on green steel production, the ministry aims to reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainable practices within the steel sector. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Green Steel: An OverviewSignificance of Green Steel for the Indian Steel IndustryStatus of Steel Production in IndiaGlobal and India’s Initiatives Towards Green Steel Production Green Steel: An Overview Definition: Green steel refers to the sustainable and environmentally friendly production of steel, aiming to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while potentially improving cost-efficiency and product quality compared to conventional steel production methods. Need for Green Steel: Environmental Impact of Traditional Steel Production: The conventional steel manufacturing process involves various methods such as blast furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces, and electric arc furnaces, which are significant contributors to global carbon emissions.The primary environmental concern arises from the high consumption of coal and coke in blast furnace operations, leading to substantial greenhouse gas emissions. Growing Steel Demand and Environmental Concerns: With the global demand for steel expected to increase significantly throughout the 21st century, there is a pressing need to adopt more sustainable and low greenhouse gas (GHG) emission alternatives for steel production.India’s steel sector, for instance, accounts for 12% of the country’s total greenhouse gas emissions, with an emission intensity of 2.55 tonnes of CO2 per tonne of crude steel, surpassing the global average of 1.9 tonnes of CO2. Green Steel Production Methods: Low-Grade Carbon Production Techniques: Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Involves capturing carbon dioxide emissions at the source and storing them underground or utilizing them in other industrial processes to prevent their release into the atmosphere.Green/Blue Hydrogen: Green hydrogen is produced using renewable energy sources through water electrolysis, while blue hydrogen is derived from natural gas with carbon capture technology. Both can serve as clean energy sources in steel production, reducing carbon emissions significantly.High Biomass Utilization: Utilizing biomass, such as agricultural residues and waste wood, as a renewable source of carbon in the steel production process to replace fossil fuels and reduce carbon emissions.Artificial Iron Units (AIUs): Involves the use of alternative iron units derived from sustainable sources, such as direct reduced iron (DRI) produced using hydrogen-based processes, to produce high-grade steel with lower carbon footprint. Significance of Green Steel for the Indian Steel Industry The steel industry in India is a major contributor to carbon emissions due to its intensive energy and resource use.As per the commitments made at the COP26 climate change conference, the Indian steel industry needs to substantially reduce its emissions by 2030 and achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2070.Green Steel production can play a crucial role in achieving these targets. Status of Steel Production in India India is currently the second-largest producer of crude steel in the world, producing 120 Million Tonnes (MT) crude steel during the financial year 2021-2022.More than 80% of the country’s reserves are in the states of Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, and the northern regions of Andhra Pradesh. Important steel-producing centers are Bhilai (Chhattisgarh), Durgapur (West Bengal), Burnpur (West Bengal), Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), Rourkela (Odisha), and Bokaro (Jharkhand).India is also the second-largest consumer of finished steel in the world, consuming 106.23 MT of finished steel in 2021, preceded by China as the largest steel consumer, as per the World Steel Association. Global and India’s Initiatives Towards Green Steel Production Global Initiatives: First Movers Coalition: Objective: Decarbonization of industrial sectors, including steel.Progress: The Coalition has expanded to include 55 companies and nine countries, all committed to sourcing a portion of their industrial materials and transportation from suppliers using near-zero or zero-carbon solutions. Industrial Deep Decarbonization Initiative (IDDI): Objective: Encourage governments to report environmental data and promote the use of low-emission and near-zero emissions cement/concrete and steel in construction projects.Progress: Nine countries, including the U.S., have joined the initiative and are expected to declare their pledges soon. SteelZero and ConcreteZero by The Climate Group: Objective: Corporate partnerships aiming for net-zero steel and low- and net-zero emission concrete production.Progress: SteelZero has 25 company partnerships, while ConcreteZero has 22, with commitments to sustainable production practices. European Union: Objective: Host nearly 50 green and low-carbon steel projects by 2030.Progress: Driven by policies like the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, the EU is on track to achieve its green steel production goals. Sweden: Initiatives:Hybrit: Supplied Volvo with the first coal-free “green steel.”H2 Green Steel: Constructing a fossil fuel-free steel plant with a sustainable hydrogen facility.Progress: Both initiatives are making significant strides in promoting environmentally friendly steel production. India’s Initiatives: Green Steel Policy Development: Objective: Achieve complete decarbonization in the steel sector.Progress: The Steel Ministry is formulating a green steel policy that includes process definitions, required skills, and funding mechanisms. Thirteen task forces have been established to determine the modalities around green steel-making. Exploring Biochar and Biomass in Steel-making: Objective: Reduce carbon emissions during steel manufacturing.Progress: The 14th task force has been set up to investigate the use of biochar or biomass as alternatives in blast furnaces. Hydrogen-Based DRI Technology: Objective: Develop pure-hydrogen-based Direct Reduction of Iron (DRI) technology.Progress: A project report on hydrogen-based DRI technology is under scrutiny, and plans for a consortium-based pilot for a hydrogen-based DRI facility are being considered. Funding and Support: Objective: Promote hydrogen usage in steel production.Progress: The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has allocated ₹455 crore for piloting the use of hydrogen in steel-making, indicating a strong commitment to advancing green steel production in India. -Source: The Hindu Groundbreaking 3D Map of the Universe Unveiled by International Researchers Context: An international team of scientists has unveiled the most comprehensive three-dimensional map of the universe to date. This monumental achievement could potentially provide valuable insights into the mysterious nature of dark energy, a force believed to be driving the accelerated expansion of the universe. By mapping the vast cosmic structures in unprecedented detail, researchers hope to unravel the secrets of dark energy and further our understanding of the fundamental dynamics shaping the cosmos. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Ordinary Matter vs. Dark MatterUnderstanding Dark Energy in the UniverseNew Map of the Universe Using DESI Ordinary Matter vs. Dark Matter Normal Matter: Definition: Normal matter encompasses everything we can directly observe, from the vast galaxies to the smallest particles. Characteristics: Visibility: Observable in visible light using our eyes or specialized telescopes that can detect other light spectrums like ultraviolet or infrared.Composition: Predominantly consists of atomic particles such as protons, neutrons, and electrons.States: Can exist in various states – gas, solid, liquid, or plasma (charged particles). Presence: Despite being omnipresent in our daily lives, normal matter constitutes less than 5% of the universe’s total mass-energy content. Dark Matter: Definition: Dark matter is a mysterious form of matter that doesn’t emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it invisible to current detection methods. Characteristics: Visibility: Lacks visibility due to its non-reflective nature, making it undetectable by conventional telescopes.Composition: Despite comprising 27% of the universe’s content, its exact composition remains elusive. Scientific Theories and Observations: Gravitational Effects: Scientists have inferred its existence through its gravitational effects on visible matter. Dark matter forms a vast, web-like structure known as the cosmic web, which exerts gravitational influence, pulling galaxies and other cosmic structures towards it.Unknown Particles: Current understanding suggests that dark matter isn’t composed of the known particles of ordinary matter. The ongoing quest involves identifying the elusive particles or entities that constitute dark matter. Understanding Dark Energy in the Universe Definition and Significance: Dark energy is a mysterious and elusive form of energy constituting a substantial portion of the total energy content in the universe.It is believed to drive the observed accelerated expansion of the cosmos. Energy Distribution: Approximately 68% of the universe is composed of dark energy, while dark matter makes up about 27%.All observable normal matter on Earth, using various instruments, contributes to less than 5% of the universe. Key Points on Dark Energy: Acts as an unseen force responsible for the universe’s accelerated expansion, contrary to gravity, which pulls objects together.Presents a new perspective on space, defining it as a dynamic and stretchable medium responsive to energy presence.Different forms of energy, including matter, radiation, and dark energy, uniquely contribute to the non-uniform expansion of the universe.Dominates the universe’s energy budget, determining the overall rate of space expansion and maintaining balance with other energy forms. Implications of Dark Energy Amount: The quantity of dark energy holds significant consequences for the observable universe.Excessive positive energy could result in galaxies moving away faster than light, limiting visibility to nearby regions.Excessive negative energy might lead to the universe collapsing to a tiny point. Characteristics and Diluteness: Despite dominance, dark energy is incredibly dilute across the vast universe, comparable to a single sugar crystal in a cubic kilometer.The diluteness raises questions about the nature and distribution of this enigmatic force. Possible Explanations of Dark Energy Einstein’s Cosmological Constant: Albert Einstein was the first to propose that empty space possesses its own energy.The cosmological constant in Einstein’s gravity theory suggests that the energy of “empty space” remains constant, not diluted with the expansion of space.This energy-of-space contributes to the accelerating expansion of the universe as more space is created. Quantum Theory of Matter: According to the quantum theory of matter, “empty space” is filled with temporary (“virtual”) particles that continuously form and disappear. Fifth Force Hypothesis: There are four fundamental forces in the universe, and some speculative theories propose the existence of a fifth force.To explain this fifth force, various models for dark energy incorporate special mechanisms.Some theorists refer to this hypothetical force as “quintessence,” drawing inspiration from the fifth element in Greek philosophy.None of these theories have been conclusively proven, leading to the characterization of dark energy as “the most profound mystery in all of science.” New Map of the Universe Using DESI About the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI): Functionality: DESI is an advanced instrument designed to capture the light from an astonishing 5,000 galaxies simultaneously. Collaboration: Over 900 researchers from various global institutions are part of the DESI collaboration. Notably, the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) in India is the sole participating institution from the country. Location: DESI is mounted on the Mayall 4-Meter Telescope located in Arizona, United States. Achievements: With DESI, scientists have managed to measure light emissions from an impressive six million galaxies. Some of these galaxies are remnants from an epoch as ancient as 11 billion years ago. Key Highlights of the DESI Study: 3-D Map of the Universe: Leveraging the vast data collected by DESI, researchers achieved unprecedented accuracy in measuring the distances between galaxies.This meticulous data collection and analysis enabled the creation of the most detailed 3D map of the universe to date. Expansion Rate of the Universe: One of the significant findings from the DESI collaboration is the determination of the universe’s expansion rate.The study reveals that the universe’s expansion is accelerating at a rate of 68.5 km per second for every 3.26 million light-years of distance, termed as a megaparsec by astronomers. -Source: The Hindu Shallowfakes Context: With the Lok Sabha elections scheduled to start on April 19, social media platforms are abuzz with misinformation, mostly in the form of shallow fakes. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Understanding ShallowfakesWhat is a deepfake?Measures to address the threats related to deepfakes Understanding Shallowfakes What are Shallowfakes? Definition: Shallowfakes involve the manipulation of images or videos using basic editing tools, unlike deepfakes which utilize sophisticated artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms for creation. Creation Methods: Instead of employing advanced AI technology, shallowfakes are produced using simpler editing techniques. This can include basic photo editing, slowing down video footage to alter speech patterns, or mis-captioning and mis-contextualizing existing content. Quality and Authenticity: Shallowfakes are generally of lower quality compared to deepfakes, making them somewhat easier to identify upon closer examination. Threat Perception: Despite their lower quality, shallowfakes are often perceived as more significant threats than deepfakes. This is primarily due to their ease of creation and dissemination, as well as the potential for misleading a larger audience. Usage of Shallowfakes: False Identity Creation: Shallowfakes can be employed to forge proof of identity or address, including the production of counterfeit photo ID documents such as passports and driver’s licenses. Creation of Fake Supporting Evidence: They are also utilized to fabricate supporting evidence to bolster a claim or transaction. This can include generating fake contracts, agreements, invoices for services, no claims discount certificates, and more. What is a deepfake? Deepfakes are a compilation of artificial images and audio put together with machine-learning algorithms to spread misinformation and replace a real person’s appearance, voice, or both with similar artificial likenesses or voices.It can create people who do not exist and it can fake real people saying and doing things they did not say or do. Background: The term deepfake originated in 2017, when an anonymous Reddit user called himself “Deepfakes.”This user manipulated Google’s open-source, deep-learning technology to create and post pornographic videos.The videos were doctored with a technique known as face-swapping.The user “Deepfakes” replaced real faces with celebrity faces. Where can it be used? It is used to generate celebrity porn videos, produce fake news, and commit financial fraud among other wrongdoings.It is now being used for nefarious purposes like scams and hoaxes,election manipulation, social engineering, automated disinformation attacks, identity theft and financial fraud.Deepfake technology has been used to impersonate former U.S. Presidents Barack Obama and Donald Trump, India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Facebook chief Mark Zuckerberg and Hollywood celebrity Tom Cruise. Measures to address the threats related to deepfakes: Collaborative actions and collective techniques across legislative regulations, platform policies, technology intervention, and media literacy can provide effective and ethical countermeasures to mitigate the threat of malicious deepfakes. Media literacy: Media literacy for consumers and journalists is the most effective tool to combat disinformation and deepfakes.Media literacy efforts must be enhanced to cultivate a discerning public. As consumers of media, we must have the ability to decipher, understand, translate, and use the information we encounter.Even a short intervention with media understanding, learning the motivations and context, can lessen the damage. Improving media literacy is a precursor to addressing the challenges presented by deepfakes Legislative regulations: Meaningful regulations with a collaborative discussion with the technology industry, civil society, and policymakers can facilitate disincentivising the creation and distribution of malicious deepfakes. Technological solutions: We also need easy-to-use and accessible technology solutions to detect deepfakes, authenticate media, and amplify authoritative sources. -Source: Indian Express Sannati Buddhist site Context: The Sannati Bhddhist site, left neglected for many years after it came to light through the ASI excavations in the 1990s, got a restoration project in 2022. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Sannati Buddhist Site: A Historical Overview Location and Importance: Geographical Context: The Sannati Buddhist site is situated on the banks of the Bhima river near Kanaganahalli, which is part of the larger Sannati archaeological complex in the Kalaburagi district of Karnataka.Apart from its historical significance, the site also attracts tourists due to the nearby Chandrala Parameshwari Temple. Historical Significance and Findings: Phases of Development: The site is believed to have evolved over three distinct constructional phases: Maurya, Early Satavahana, and Later Satavahana periods, spanning from the 3rd Century B.C. to the 3rd Century A.D. Ranamandala Area: The Ranamandala region of Sannati provides a unique chronological scale, offering insights into both prehistoric and early historic times. Inscriptions and Artifacts: An inscription discovered at the site, written in Prakrit language using the Brahmi script, sheds light on the linguistic and scriptural practices of the era.A notable discovery includes a stone sculpture depicting Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, showcasing him alongside his queens and female attendants. The sculpture bears the inscription “Raya Asoko” in Brahmi script, confirming the identity of the depicted figure.The archaeological excavations at the site have also unearthed approximately 60 dome slabs featuring sculptural depictions of Jataka stories, significant events in Buddha’s life, portraits of Shatavahana monarchs, and unique representations of Buddhist missionaries dispatched by Emperor Ashoka to various regions. Nearby Historical Sites: Nagavi Ghatikasthana: Situated around 40 km from Sannati, the ancient Nagavi Ghatikasthana is often referred to as the “Takshashila of the South” by historians.This Ghatikasthana, akin to a modern-day university, emerged as a prominent educational center during the reigns of the Rashtrakuta and Kalyana Chalukya dynasties between the 10th and 12th centuries. -Source: The Hindu Paira Cropping System Context: A unique conservation agricultural practice, Paira cropping system has dwindled in recent years due to climate change. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Paira Cropping System: An Overview Geographical Distribution and Practice: Regions: The Paira cropping system is predominantly practiced in several states including Bihar, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha. Cropping Technique: Paira cropping represents a relay method of sowing, wherein seeds of lentil, lathyrus, urdbean, or mungbean are broadcasted into the standing rice crop approximately two weeks prior to its harvest. Agronomic Features: Unlike conventional cropping systems, the Paira method restricts agronomic interventions such as tillage, weeding, irrigation, and fertilizer application.The productivity of the pulses in this system is significantly influenced by the rice variety cultivated. Advantages of Paira Cropping System: Optimal Resource Utilization: The Paira cropping system capitalizes on the available soil moisture during the rice harvest, preventing its rapid loss. Enhanced Yield: Empirical studies have indicated that Paira cropping yields a higher lentil output compared to traditional cultivation methods involving tillage post rice harvest. Sustainable Crop Intensification: Paira cropping exemplifies an efficient approach to sustainable agricultural intensification, facilitating enhanced land productivity while conserving resources. Relay Cropping Method: A General Overview Concept: Relay cropping is a form of multiple cropping wherein a secondary crop is sown into a standing primary crop well before the primary crop’s harvest. Benefits: Resource Optimization: Relay cropping addresses challenges related to inefficient resource utilization, enabling optimal use of land, water, and nutrients.Sowing Time and Fertilizer Management: This method mitigates conflicts arising from conflicting sowing times and facilitates synchronized fertilizer application.Soil Health: Relay cropping aids in soil conservation and minimizes degradation, ensuring sustained agricultural productivity. -Source: Down To Earth

Apr 5, 2024 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 05 April 2024

CONTENTS Sainik SchoolsMarine Products Export Development Authority Sainik Schools Context: Recently, the Defence Ministry said that the scheme for new Sainik Schools is “well thought out” and the “political or ideological affiliation or otherwise” of the applicant institution does not influence the selection process. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Sainik Schools Overview Nature and Affiliation Type: Residential schoolsEducation Affiliation: Provide Public School Education and are affiliated with the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), New Delhi. Funding Source: Funded jointly by the Central and State governments. Establishment and Objective Inception: The scheme to establish Sainik Schools was introduced in 1961.Primary Aim: To prepare students academically, physically, and mentally for entry into the National Defence Academy (NDA). Governance Authority: Under the overall governance of the Sainik Schools Society, which is registered under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860.Ministry: Operates under the Ministry of Defence, with a focus on preparing students for NDA admission. Geographical Presence Current Schools: As of now, there are 33 Sainik Schools located across various regions of India.Admission Policy: Starting from the academic session 2021-22, girls cadets have also been granted admission to Sainik Schools. Recent Developments and Initiatives Expansion Plan:The Government of India has sanctioned the establishment of 100 new Sainik Schools.This initiative, led by the Sainik Schools Society under the Ministry of Defence, aims to collaborate with NGOs, private schools, and state governments.Objective of Expansion: To cultivate an academically proficient, culturally conscious, intellectually skilled, confident, patriotic, self-reliant youth community.Leadership Focus: The initiative emphasizes nurturing leadership qualities and instilling a sense of utmost priority towards the nation among the students. Marine Products Export Development Authority Context: Recently, officials asserted that the entire value chain for India’s shrimp exports is certified by the Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) and there is no scope for abusive conditions at shrimp farms. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About the Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA): MPEDA is a statutory organization mandated with the principal responsibility of promoting the export of marine products.Historical Background: Established through an act of Parliament in 1972, MPEDA emerged from the amalgamation of the erstwhile Marine Products Export Promotion Council, which was set up by the Government of India in September 1961. This merger took place on 24th August 1972.Functions:Overseeing and regulating offshore and deep-sea fishing, along with implementing conservation and management strategies for offshore and deep-sea fisheries;Enlisting fishing vessels, processing facilities, storage units for marine products, and transportation means used for marine product conveyance. Additionally, setting standards and specifications for marine products destined for export;Supervising the export of marine products and enrolling marine product exporters upon payment of stipulated fees.MPEDA operates five comprehensive Quality Control Laboratories located in Kochi, Nellore, Bhimavaram, Bhubaneshwar, and Porbandar. Moreover, MPEDA has established fifteen ELISA Screening Laboratories across maritime states.To cater to exporters across the country, MPEDA has instituted 18 Regional/Sub-Regional Divisions/Desk offices.Headquarters: Located in Kochi, Kerala.Trade Promotion offices are situated in New Delhi, Tokyo, and New York.Nodal Ministry overseeing MPEDA’s operations: Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

Apr 5, 2024 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 05 April 2024

CONTENTS Major Earthquake Strikes Taiwan: Strongest in 25 YearsKallakkadalKatchatheevu IslandIndia’s Growing Solar Waste Crisis Highlighted in Recent ReportUttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004Punnett squarePRATUSH TelescopeIndian laurel tree Major Earthquake Strikes Taiwan: Strongest in 25 Years Context: Taiwan experienced a powerful 7.2 magnitude earthquake, marking the strongest seismic event in the region in the last 25 years. The quake’s epicentre was situated a mere 18 kilometres south-southwest of Hualien County in eastern Taiwan. Being located along the Pacific “Ring of Fire,” where 90% of the world’s earthquakes occur, Taiwan remains susceptible to such natural disasters, highlighting the importance of preparedness and resilient infrastructure in the region. Relevance: GS-I: Geography (Geomorphology, Important Geographical Phenomenon, Earthquakes), GS-III: Disaster Management Dimensions of the Article: EarthquakeEarthquake WavesEarthquake zones of IndiaMeasurement of earthquakesAbout the Ring of Fire Earthquake An earthquake is shaking of the earth. It is a natural event. It is caused due to release of energy, which generates waves that travel in all directions.The release of energy occurs along a fault. Rocks along a fault tend to move in opposite directions. This causes a release of energy, and the energy waves travel in all directions.The point where the energy is released is called the focus of an earthquake, alternatively, it is called the hypocentre.The point on the surface, nearest to the focus, is called epicentre. It is the first one to experience the waves. It is a point directly above the focus. Earthquake Waves All-natural earthquakes take place in the lithosphere.Earthquake waves are basically of two types body waves and surface waves. Body Waves Body waves are generated due to the release of energy at the focus and move in all directions travelling through the body of the earth. There are 2 types of body waves and they are, Primary waves [P] and Secondary [S] waves Primary waves [P]: Primary waves are the first to appear on the surface and hence the name P waves.P-waves vibrate parallel to the direction of the wave.This exerts pressure on the material in the direction of the propagationP waves can travel through gaseous, liquid and solid materials. Secondary waves [S]: Secondary waves or S waves appear after P waves. The direction of vibrations of S-waves is perpendicular to the wave direction in the vertical plane.Hence, they create troughs and crests in the material through which they pass Surface waves The body waves interact with the surface rocks and generate new set of waves called surface waves. These waves move along the surface.The velocity of waves changes as they travel through materials with different densities. The denser the material, the higher is the velocity.Their direction also changes as they reflect or refract when coming across materials with different densities.Surface waves are considered to be the most damaging waves. Earthquake zones of India The major reason for the high frequency and intensity of the earthquakes is that the Indian plate is driving into Asia at a rate of approximately 47 mm/year.Geographical statistics of India show that more than 50% of the land is vulnerable to earthquakes.The latest version of seismic zoning map of India divides India into 4 seismic zones (Zone 2, 3, 4 and 5). Zones of Seismicity Zone 1: Currently the Division does not include a Zone 1. NO area of India is classed as Zone 1.Zone 2: This region is liable to MSK VI or less and is classified as the Low Damage Risk Zone.Zone 3: This zone is classified as Moderate Damage Risk Zone which is liable to MSK VII.Zone 4: This zone is called the High Damage Risk Zone and covers areas liable to MSK VIII. Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, the parts of Indo-Gangetic plains (North Punjab, Chandigarh, Western Uttar Pradesh, Terai, North Bengal, Sundarbans) and the capital of the country Delhi fall in Zone 4.Zone 5: Zone 5 covers the areas with the highest risks zone that suffers earthquakes of intensity MSK IX or greater. The region of Kashmir, the Western and Central Himalayas, North and Middle Bihar, the North-East Indian region, the Rann of Kutch and the Andaman and Nicobar group of islands fall in this zone. Measurement of earthquakes The earthquake events are scaled either according to the magnitude or intensity of the shock. Richter scale – The magnitude scale is known as the Richter scale. The magnitude relates to the energy released during the quake. The magnitude is expressed in absolute numbers, 0-10.Mercalli scale – The intensity scale is named after Mercalli, an Italian seismologist. The intensity scale takes into account the visible damage caused by the event. The range of intensity scale is from 1-12.Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale – This is a macroseismic intensity scale used to evaluate the severity of ground shaking on the basis of observed effects in an area of the earthquake occurrence. About the Ring of Fire Many volcanoes in the Ring of Fire were created through a process of subduction. And most of the planet’s subduction zones happen to be located in the Ring of FireIt is a string of at least 450 active and dormant volcanoes that form a semi-circle, or horse shoe, around the Philippine Sea plate, the Pacific Plate, Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates, and the Nazca Plate.There is a lot of seismic activity in the area.90 per cent of all earthquakes strike within the Ring of Fire -Source: The Hindu Kallakkadal Context: Recent high sea waves, commonly referred to as swell waves or Kallakkadal in Malayalam, have caused extensive flooding in coastal areas of Kerala. Hundreds of houses in regions like Alappuzha, Kollam, and Thiruvananthapuram districts have been affected by these swell surges. The flooding highlights the vulnerability of Kerala’s coastal communities to natural events and emphasizes the need for effective disaster preparedness and response measures. Relevance: GS III: Disaster Management Dimensions of the Article: KallakkadalChallenges in Early Preparedness for KallakkadalDifferences Between Kallakkadal and Tsunami Kallakkadal Definition and Origin Kallakkadal refers to coastal flooding occurring during the pre-monsoon season (April-May) due to swell waves on the southwest coast of India.The term “Kallakkadal” originates from two Malayalam words: “Kallan,” meaning thief, and “Kadal,” meaning sea, translating to “ocean that arrives as a thief.”In 2012, UNESCO formally approved the term, acknowledging its significance among local fishermen. Causes of Kallakkadal Formation of Swell Waves Kallakkadal is primarily caused by waves formed through ocean swells, hence the name “swell surge.”These ocean swells are not generated by local winds but are a result of distant storms such as hurricanes or prolonged periods of intense gale winds.During these storms, a significant transfer of energy occurs from the air to the water, leading to the creation of exceptionally high waves.These waves can travel vast distances from the storm center until they reach the coastline. Role of Southern Indian Ocean Winds Kallakkadal results from the powerful winds in the southern part of the Indian Ocean, generating ocean swells.These waves then travel northward, reaching the coast within two to three days.A recent instance occurred when a low atmospheric pressure system moved over the region around March 25, originating from the South Atlantic Ocean approximately 10,000 kilometers away from the Indian coast.This atmospheric pressure system caused strong winds, resulting in the formation of swell waves reaching heights of up to 11 meters. Challenges in Early Preparedness for Kallakkadal Lack of Precursors Kallakkadal often occurs without any precursors or local wind activity, making it challenging for coastal communities to receive advance warnings. Swell Surge Forecast System Despite the inherent difficulties in predicting Kallakkadal, the Swell Surge Forecast System offers early warnings up to seven days in advance.Launched by the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) in 2020, this system aids in providing timely alerts to coastal populations, enhancing preparedness and response measures. Differences Between Kallakkadal and Tsunami Nature of Occurrence Kallakkadal: It is a flash flood event that occurs suddenly without any noticeable change in local winds.Tsunami: Tsunami is a series of massive waves generated by underwater disturbances, typically earthquakes. Cause Kallakkadal: It is primarily caused by strong winds.Tsunami: Tsunamis are predominantly caused by earthquakes, although they can also result from volcanic eruptions, landslides, or meteorite impacts. Wave Characteristics Kallakkadal:Wave height varies based on the strength of the wind causing the swell.Originates due to ocean swells formed by distant storms or prolonged periods of intense gale winds.Tsunami:While tsunamis have a relatively small wave height offshore, they can gain enormous height as they approach the coast.Tsunamis are characterized by their long wavelength, often extending hundreds of kilometers, which distinguishes them from regular ocean waves with wavelengths of only 30 to 40 meters. -Source: Indian Express Katchatheevu Island Context: Katchatheevu Island has emerged as a focal point in the India-Sri Lanka relationship, particularly due to the contentious issue of fishing rights in the surrounding waters. This small but significant island exemplifies the complexities associated with maritime boundary disputes and the competing claims over fishing resources in the region. The unresolved issues concerning Katchatheevu underscore the challenges faced by both countries in managing their maritime boundaries and ensuring sustainable fishing practices. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Dispute Related to Katchatheevu Island: A Comprehensive OverviewStakeholder Positions on the Katchatheevu Issue: An OverviewMaritime Disputes of India with Neighbouring Nations: An Overview Dispute Related to Katchatheevu Island: A Comprehensive Overview Basic Facts: Location: Katchatheevu is a 285-acre uninhabited island situated in the Palk Strait between India and Sri Lanka.Geographical Position: It is located approximately 33 km northeast of Rameswaram (India) and 62 km southwest of Jaffna (Sri Lanka).Significance: Despite its uninhabited nature, the island hosts St. Anthony’s church, an early 20th-century Catholic shrine that attracts devotees from both India and Sri Lanka. Historical Background: Formation: The island was formed due to a volcanic eruption in the 14th century.Early Rulers: Initially under the Jaffna kingdom of Sri Lanka, the island came under the control of the Ramnad zamindari, governed by the Nayak dynasty of Madurai in the 17th century. Ownership Dispute: India’s Claim: India and Sri Lanka disputed the ownership of Katchatheevu, which was part of the Madras Presidency during British rule.Sri Lanka’s Claim: Sri Lanka based its sovereignty claim on the Portuguese occupation of the island from 1505 to 1658 CE.1974 Agreement: The Indo-Sri Lankan Maritime Agreement of 1974 transferred the island’s ownership to Sri Lanka.1976 Agreement: An additional accord prohibited both countries from fishing in each other’s Exclusive Economic Zones, but it failed to clarify fishing rights around Katchatheevu due to its ambiguous positioning at the boundary of these zones.Post-2009 Tensions: The end of Sri Lanka’s civil war in 2009 led to increased tensions over Indian fishermen entering Sri Lankan waters, resulting in arrests, allegations of custodial torture, and renewed demands by India to retrieve Katchatheevu. Contentious Issues: Fishing Rights: The 1974 agreement allowed Indian fishermen to access Katchatheevu, but differing interpretations have led to ongoing disputes. Sri Lanka restricts Indian fishermen from engaging in activities like resting, drying nets, and visiting the shrine without a visa. Stakeholder Positions on the Katchatheevu Issue: An Overview 1970s-1990s: Tamil Nadu’s Assertive Stance 1973: The then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu urged the central government to retain Katchatheevu, emphasizing that the island belonged to India as a whole, not just Tamil Nadu.1991: The issue gained renewed attention when another Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu called for the retrieval of Katchatheevu. The demand was later modified to seek a perpetual lease of the island. Both the Chief Minister and the Leader of the Opposition approached the Supreme Court with this demand. 2010s-2020s: Central Government’s Evolving Stance 2013: The Union government informed the Supreme Court that reclaiming Katchatheevu from Sri Lanka was not relevant, as no Indian territory was relinquished. The government cited historical agreements from 1974 and 1976 as settling the dispute.2022: In a shift from its previous stance, the Union government, while referencing the 1974 and 1976 agreements, clarified in its reply to the Rajya Sabha that Katchatheevu “lies on the Sri Lankan side of the India-Sri Lanka International Maritime Boundary Line.” Current Status: Sub Judice: The matter remains under judicial review in the Supreme Court, indicating that a final resolution to the Katchatheevu dispute is yet to be determined. Maritime Disputes of India with Neighbouring Nations: An Overview India-Pakistan: Sir Creek Dispute Nature of Dispute: The maritime boundary along Sir Creek, a 96-km tidal estuary in the Rann of Kutch region, remains a contentious issue between India and Pakistan.Background: The dispute stems from ambiguities in the demarcation of the boundary, particularly the issue of whether the boundary should follow the course of the creek’s main channel or its western flank.Status: Despite numerous bilateral discussions and attempts to resolve the issue, including joint surveys and talks by respective border security agencies, a mutually acceptable resolution remains elusive. India-Bangladesh: New Moore Island (South Talpatti) Nature of Dispute: The dispute centered on New Moore Island (also known as South Talpatti) in the Bay of Bengal, claimed by both India and Bangladesh.Background: The island emerged in the Bay of Bengal in the aftermath of a cyclone in the 1970s, leading to competing claims based on territorial waters and continental shelf boundaries.Resolution: In 2014, the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) ruled in favour of Bangladesh, settling the maritime boundary dispute and delineating the territorial waters, exclusive economic zones, and the continental shelf between the two nations. -Source: The Hindu India’s Growing Solar Waste Crisis Highlighted in Recent Report Context: A report titled ‘Enabling a Circular Economy in India’s Solar Industry – Assessing the Solar Waste Quantum’ has drawn attention to India’s increasing solar waste issue. The study was undertaken by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) in partnership with experts from the Council on Energy, Environment and Water, a prominent not-for-profit policy research institution in Asia. This report underscores the need for sustainable solutions to manage and recycle solar waste in India’s burgeoning solar industry. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the ReportWhat is Solar Waste?Challenges of Solar Waste Recycling in India Key Highlights of the Report Solar Capacity and Waste Generation India’s solar capacity as of FY23 has produced approximately 100 kilotonnes (kt) of cumulative waste.By 2030, this waste is projected to rise to 340 kt.A 32-fold increase is expected by 2050, leading to around 19,000 kt of cumulative waste.77% of the waste anticipated by 2050 will stem from new capacities. State-wise Waste Production Five states, namely Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh, are predicted to account for about 67% of the projected waste by 2030.Rajasthan is set to generate 24% of the waste by 2030, with Gujarat contributing 16%, and Karnataka 12%. Minerals in Discarded Solar Modules Discarded solar modules contain crucial minerals vital for India’s economic growth and national security.These minerals include silicon, copper, tellurium, and cadmium.The estimated 340 kt of waste by 2030 is expected to include 10 kt of silicon, 12-18 tonnes of silver, and 16 tonnes of cadmium and tellurium. Recommendations MNRE Database Maintenance The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) should establish and routinely update a database detailing the installed solar capacity.This database should encompass information like module technology, manufacturer, commissioning date, etc., to accurately pinpoint potential waste generation hubs. Guidelines for Solar Waste Management The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change should formulate and release guidelines for the collection and storage of solar waste.Additionally, efforts should be made to promote the safe and efficient processing of this stored waste. Responsibility of Solar Producers Solar cell and module manufacturers should initiate the development of waste collection and storage centers.This action is necessary to comply with the obligations set forth in the Electronic Waste Management Rules 2022. What is Solar Waste? Definition and Origin Solar waste encompasses waste generated during the manufacturing of solar modules and includes discarded modules and scrap from the manufacturing process.Modules are typically discarded either at the end of their operational life or due to damages incurred during transportation, handling, or installation. Importance of Proper Handling Improper handling and disposal methods for solar waste should be avoided.Proper treatment is crucial to recover valuable minerals and prevent the leaching of toxic substances like lead and cadmium. Recyclability of Solar Waste According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), approximately 80% of solar panel components, including materials like glass and metal frames, are recyclable.Solar waste can be recycled to reclaim materials such as glass, aluminium, copper, silicon, and silver.Recycling methods can be categorized into mechanical, thermal, and chemical processes, each aiding in the recovery of specific minerals with varying purity grades. Challenges of Solar Waste Recycling in India Lack of Comprehensive Laws The absence of specific and comprehensive laws addressing solar waste management in India impedes the establishment of standardized recycling practices.This may lead to inconsistent recycling efforts across the country. Complex Composition of Solar Panels Solar panels comprise diverse materials, including silicon, glass, and aluminium, along with hazardous elements like lead and cadmium.Effective recycling requires the separation of these components, which demands specialized technology that is often costly and not readily available in India. Informal Recycling Practices A significant portion of solar waste in India is handled by informal recyclers.These informal sectors often lack proper safety measures and may engage in environmentally detrimental practices. Economic Feasibility Concerns The insufficient demand for recycled materials, such as silicon wafers or glass cullet from solar panels, undermines the economic viability of recycling initiatives in India. -Source: Indian Express Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004 Context: The Allahabad High Court (HC) has struck down the Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004, as unconstitutional. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004 Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004 Purpose and Objectives The Act was introduced to regulate and oversee the operations of madrasas (Islamic educational institutions) within Uttar Pradesh.It established a structured framework for the establishment, recognition, curriculum, and administration of these madrasas across the state.The Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education was set up under this Act to supervise and monitor the activities of madrasas in Uttar Pradesh. Concerns and Criticisms Regarding the Act Constitutional Concerns The Allahabad High Court (HC) has declared the Act unconstitutional, asserting that it promotes education based on religious segregation.Such a provision contradicts the secular principles enshrined in the Indian Constitution and fundamental rights. Quality of Education Criticisms were raised about the Act’s failure to guarantee compulsory education up to the age of 14 years, as stipulated by Article 21 A of the Constitution.Madrasas being excluded from the Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009 raised concerns about potentially depriving students of universal and quality school education. Curriculum Focus Examination of the madrasa syllabi revealed a heavy emphasis on Islamic studies, with modern subjects receiving limited attention.Students were obligated to study Islamic doctrines to progress, whereas modern subjects were either optional or offered minimally. Compatibility with Higher Education Standards The Act was found to be in conflict with Section 22 of the University Grants Commission (UGC) Act, 1956, raising doubts about its alignment with higher education standards. Court’s Verdict and Recommendations The Allahabad HC declared the Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004 unconstitutional due to its violations of secular principles and fundamental rights.The court directed the state government to accommodate madrasa students in recognized regular schools and expressed concerns about the limited focus on Islamic studies in the curriculum.This ruling underscored potential negative impacts on students’ access to quality education and spurred legal discussions about constitutional infringements. -Source: Indian Express Punnett Square Context: Punnett squares are a way to predict the possible genetic outcomes of the offspring when two individuals with known genotypes are crossed. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Punnett Square: An Overview Introduction: Origin: The Punnett Square is named after British geneticist Reginald Punnett, who devised this simple yet effective tool for understanding genetic inheritance. How Does It Work? Setup: List the possible genetic traits of one parent along the top of the grid and the other parent’s traits along the side.Combination: Fill in the squares by pairing each trait from one parent with the corresponding trait from the other parent.Outcome: Each square represents a potential combination of traits that the offspring could inherit from their parents. Application: Education: Punnett Squares are frequently used in biology education to teach students about dominant and recessive genes and inheritance patterns.Predictive Tool: They serve as a predictive tool for determining the likelihood of specific traits appearing in offspring resulting from cross-breeding.Research: Researchers use Punnett Squares in conjunction with Mendelian inheritance principles to study and understand genetic traits in various organisms, including humans and animals. -Source: The Hindu PRATUSH Telescope Context: Astronomers are looking forward to opening a new window on the universe by posting high-resolution telescopes on the moon, and in orbit around it, including one from India called PRATUSH. Relevance: Facts for Prelims PRATUSH Telescope Overview Project Name and Objective Name: Probing ReionizATion of the Universe using Signal from Hydrogen (PRATUSH) TelescopeObjective: PRATUSH aims to investigate the reionization era of the universe by capturing signals from hydrogen, shedding light on the early stages of cosmic evolution. Development and Collaboration Lead Institution: The telescope is being constructed by the Raman Research Institute (RRI) located in Bengaluru.Collaboration: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is actively collaborating with RRI in the development and launch of PRATUSH. Launch Plan Initial Phase: ISRO will first position PRATUSH into an orbit around the Earth for initial adjustments and fine-tuning.Final Destination: After the necessary calibrations, ISRO plans to launch PRATUSH towards the moon to be stationed on its far side. Primary Roles and Objectives Signal Detection: PRATUSH is designed to detect signals emitted by the first stars and galaxies, offering insights into the cosmic dawn phase of the universe.Key Questions: It aims to answer fundamental questions such as when the first stars formed, the characteristics of these early stars, and the nature of the light emitted by them. Technical Specifications Antenna: PRATUSH will feature a wideband frequency-independent antenna capable of capturing a broad range of signals.Receiver: The telescope will be equipped with a self-calibrating analog receiver to enhance signal detection accuracy.Correlator: A digital correlator will be integrated into the system to analyze and interpret radio noise, particularly focusing on signals from the Dark Ages of the universe.Sensitivity: The target sensitivity of PRATUSH is set at a few millikelvin, aiming to achieve high precision in signal detection without being constrained by systematic features. -Source: The Hindu Indian laurel Tree Context: Recently, forest department authorities in Andhra Pradesh’s Alluri Sitharama Raju district cut the bark of an Indian laurel tree, with water gushing out. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Indian Laurel Tree Overview Scientific Classification Scientific Name: Terminalia ellipticaSynonyms: T. tomentosa Common and Regional Names Common Names: Indian laurel, Asna, Saj or SaajRegional Names:Marutham (Tamil)Matti (Kannada)Ain (Marathi)Taukkyan (Burma)Asana (Sri Lanka)Nickname: Crocodile bark, due to its distinctive bark pattern resembling crocodile skin. Natural Habitat Type: Found in both dry and moist deciduous forests.Geographical Range: Primarily located in southern India, extending up to elevations of 1000 meters. Distribution Native Range: Southern and Southeast Asia, including countries like India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Applications and Uses Wood Usage:Used in furniture making, cabinetry, joinery, paneling, specialty items, boat-building, and railroad cross-ties (when treated).Also employed in decorative veneers and for crafting musical instruments, such as guitar fretboards.Leaf Application:The leaves serve as a food source for Antheraea paphia (silkworms), which produce tussar silk (Tussah) – a commercially valuable form of wild silk.Medicinal Properties:The bark is utilized medicinally to treat diarrhoea.It also contains oxalic acid extractable for various applications.Industrial Uses:Both the bark and the fruit yield pyrogallol and catechol, which are used in leather tanning and dyeing processes. -Source: The Hindu

Apr 4, 2024 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 04 April 2024

CONTENTS India’s Defence Exports Surge to Record High in FY 2023-24OptiDrop Platform India’s Defence Exports Surge to Record High in FY 2023-24 Context: India’s defence exports have reached a historic milestone, amounting to Rs 21,083 crore (approximately USD 2.63 billion) in the fiscal year 2023-24. This represents a significant increase of 32.5% compared to the previous fiscal year. Recent data also reveals an impressive 31-fold growth in defence exports over the past decade, when compared to figures from FY 2013-14. This surge underscores India’s growing prowess and competitiveness in the global defence market. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Key Statistics on Defense Exports Growth Over Two Decades: A 21-fold increase in defense exports was observed when comparing the periods from 2004-05 to 2013-14 and 2014-15 to 2023-24. Contribution by Sector: The private sector accounted for approximately 60% of defense exports.Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs) contributed to around 40% of the total. Export Authorisations: The number of export authorisations issued to defense exporters saw an uptick in FY 2023-24 compared to FY 2022-23. Key Drivers Behind the Growth Policy Reforms: Reforms in defense policies have played a pivotal role in fostering growth. Ease of Doing Business Initiatives: Initiatives aimed at simplifying business processes and reducing bureaucratic hurdles have contributed to the sector’s expansion. Digital Solutions: Comprehensive digital solutions have been implemented, enhancing efficiency and transparency within the defense industry. Global Acceptance: The rising global acceptance of Indian defense products and technologies has bolstered the growth of defense exports. OptiDrop Platform Context: Recently, the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms (C-CAMP) in Bengaluru has developed a new platform called OptiDrop. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About OptiDrop Platform Description: The OptiDrop Platform is a groundbreaking microfluidic chip-based system designed to streamline and cut down the costs associated with studying individual cells.Methodology: It utilizes an innovative technique for accurate and cost-efficient examination of single cells encapsulated within droplets.Unique Features:Real-time data visualization capabilities.Reduced data storage requirements.‘Closed’ system architecture to safeguard against external contaminants.Support: The development of this platform received backing from the Biotechnology Industry Research Council (BIRAC), the Department of Science and Technology (DST), and the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD). Applications of OptiDrop Platform Diagnostics: Potential for advanced diagnostic procedures.Therapeutics: Helps in understanding the effects on individual cells during drug screening.Agriculture: Useful in environmental control, specifically for detecting water contamination.Animal Health: Assists in the detection and sorting of CAR-T cells in immuno-oncotherapeutics.Genomics: Aids in the selection of CRISPR-modified single cells and high-efficiency clones in single-cell genomics studies. What is C-CAMP? Overview: C-CAMP, supported by the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, has been a driving force behind cutting-edge research and innovation in life sciences since its inception in 2009.Mandate: Its primary objective is to encourage entrepreneurship and innovation within the life sciences sector.Entrepreneurial Culture: C-CAMP has actively nurtured an entrepreneurial-friendly atmosphere in the academic and research community, notably through its involvement in Seed Funding Schemes for Startups.

Apr 4, 2024 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 04 April 2024

CONTENTS New Study Advocates for Category 6 Hurricane ClassificationJobs for Resilience ReportUNEP and WRAP Release Food Waste Index Report 2024Ukraine Reports Russian Use of Hypersonic Missiles in Kyiv AttacksHavana SyndromeDeadly Tornado Hits Mainaguri, West Bengal: Five Dead and Over 100 InjuredSwell Waves New Study Advocates for Category 6 Hurricane Classification Context: A recent study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences proposes the addition of a Category 6 to the existing hurricane wind scale. Researchers assert that hurricane wind speeds can exceed 309 km/hour, suggesting that the current scale’s highest category, Category 5, may not adequately represent the extreme wind speeds experienced in the most powerful hurricanes. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the Study on the Saffir-Simpson (SS) Hurricane Wind Scale Key Highlights of the Study on the Saffir-Simpson (SS) Hurricane Wind Scale Concerns with the SS Hurricane Wind Scale: There are concerns regarding the adequacy of the SS Hurricane Wind Scale, used for over 50 years, which communicates hurricane risk based solely on wind speed. SS Scale Categories: The scale comprises five categories, ranging from category 1 to category 5, with category 5 having wind speeds exceeding 252 km/hour.A category 5 hurricane, with combined effects of wind, storm surge, and rainfall, would completely destroy any structure. Need for a Category 6 Cyclone: Due to global warming, there’s a proposal to introduce a category 6 to the SS Wind Scale to better represent the increasing risk of hurricane damage.Category 6 would have wind speeds above 309 km/hour. Impact of Global Warming on Cyclones: Warming has not only affected the sea surface but also increased ocean depths’ temperatures, intensifying tropical cyclones.Earth has warmed by approximately 1.10 degrees Celsius since pre-industrial times.With every degree of warming, the strongest cyclones become 12% stronger, making them 40% more destructive.Warmer oceans lead to cyclones strengthening faster and spending more time over oceans. For instance, tropical cyclone Freddy in 2023 spent a record 37 days over the oceans. Revising Risk Messaging: The study emphasizes the necessity of updating risk communication to reflect the increased risk of major hurricanes due to global warming.The SS Scale falls short in addressing issues like inland flooding and storm surge, crucial components of hurricane risk.There’s a need for more comprehensive messaging beyond wind-based scales to convey the full range of hurricane hazards. What are Tropical Cyclones? The Tropical Cyclones are violent storms that originate over oceans in tropical areas and move over to coastal areas bringing about large-scale destruction caused by violent winds, very heavy rainfall and storm surges.These are low pressure weather systems in which winds equal or exceed speeds of 62kmph.Winds circulate around in anti-clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and in clockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere.“Tropical” refers to the geographical origin of these systems, which form almost exclusively over tropical seas.“Cyclone” refers to their winds moving in a circle, whirling round their central clear eye, with their winds blowing counter clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.The opposite direction of circulation is due to the Coriolis effect. Tropical Cyclones in India Tropical cyclones striking India generally originate in the eastern side of India.Bay of Bengal is more prone to cyclone than Arabian Sea because it gets high sea surface temperature, low vertical shear winds and has enough moisture in middle layers of its atmosphere.The frequency of cyclones in this region is bi-modal, i.e., Cyclones occur in the months of May–June and October–November. Conditions for cyclone formation: A warm sea surface (temperature in excess of 26o –27o C) and associated warming extending up to a depth of 60m with abundant water vapour.High relative humidity in the atmosphere up to a height of about 5,000 metres.Atmospheric instability that encourages the formation of cumulus clouds.Low vertical wind between the lower and higher levels of the atmosphere that do not allow the heat generated and released by the clouds to get transported from the area.The presence of cyclonic vorticity (rate of rotation of air) that initiates and favours rotation of the air cyclonically.Location over the ocean, at least 4–5 o latitude away from the equator. How are Tropical Cyclones Formed? Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water. Warm water > Evaporation > Rising up of air > Low Pressure area.They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface, which ultimately re-condenses into clouds and rain when moist air rises and cools to saturation.Water takes up heat from the atmosphere to change into vapour.When water vapour changes back to liquid form as raindrops, this heat is released to the atmosphere.The heat released to the atmosphere warms the air around.The air tends to rise and causes a drop in the pressure.More air rushes to the centre of the storm.This cycle is repeated. Why tropical cyclones don’t form in the eastern tropical oceans? The depth of warm water (26-27°C) should extend for 60-70 m from surface of the ocean/sea, so that deep convection currents within the water do not churn and mix the cooler water below with the warmer water near the surface.The above condition occurs only in western tropical oceans because of warm ocean currents (easterly trade winds pushes ocean waters towards west) that flow from east towards west forming a thick layer of water with temperatures greater than 27°C. This supplies enough moisture to the storm.The cold currents lower the surface temperatures of the eastern parts of the tropical oceans making them unfit for the breeding of cyclonic storms.ONE EXCEPTION: During strong El Nino years, strong hurricanes occur in the eastern Pacific. This is due to the accumulation of warm waters in the eastern Pacific due to weak Walker Cell. Names of Tropical Cyclones Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is referred to by different names: Cyclones in the Indian OceanHurricanes in the AtlanticTyphoons in the Western Pacific and the South China SeaWilly-willies in Western Australia Structure of the tropical cyclone Tropical cyclones are compact, circular storms, generally some 320 km (200 miles) in diameter, whose winds swirl around a central region of low atmospheric pressure. The winds are driven by this low-pressure core and by the rotation of Earth, which deflects the path of the wind through a phenomenon known as the Coriolis force. As a result, tropical cyclones rotate in a counter clockwise (or cyclonic) direction in the Northern Hemisphere and in a clockwise (or anticyclonic) direction in the Southern Hemisphere. The Eye: A characteristic feature of tropical cyclones is the eye, a central region of clear skies, warm temperatures, and low atmospheric pressure. Typically, atmospheric pressure at the surface of Earth is about 1,000 millibars.The Eyewall: The most dangerous and destructive part of a tropical cyclone is the eyewall. Here winds are strongest, rainfall is heaviest, and deep convective clouds rise from close to Earth’s surface to a height of 15,000 metres.Rainbands: These bands, commonly called rainbands, spiral into the centre of the storm. In some cases the rainbands are stationary relative to the centre of the moving storm, and in other cases they seem to rotate around the centre. Landfall, what happens when a Cyclone reaches land from the ocean? Tropical cyclones dissipate when they can no longer extract sufficient energy from warm ocean water.A storm that moves over land will abruptly lose its fuel source and quickly lose intensity.A tropical cyclone can contribute to its own demise by stirring up deeper, cooler ocean waters. tropical cyclone can contribute to its own demise by stirring up deeper, cooler ocean waters. Cyclone Management in India India is highly vulnerable to natural disasters especially cyclones, earthquakes, floods, landslides, and drought. Natural disasters cause a loss of 2% of GDP every year in India. According to the Home ministry, 8% of total area in India is prone to cyclones. India has a coastline of 7,516 km, of which 5,700 km are prone to cyclones of various degrees. Loss due to cyclones: Loss of lives, livelihood opportunities, damage to public and private property and severe damage to infrastructure are the resultant consequences, which can disrupt the process of developmentIndian Meteorological Department (IMD) is the nodal agency for early warning of cyclones and floods.Natural Disaster Management Authority is mandated to deal with the disaster management in India. It has prepared National Guidelines on Management of Cyclone.National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) was launched by Home ministry to upgrade the forecasting, tracking and warning about cyclones in states.National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) has done a commendable performance in rescuing and managing relief work.National Disaster Response Reserve (NDRR)– a fund of 250 crores operated by NDRF for maintaining inventory for an emergency situation.In 2016, a blueprint of National Disaster Management Plan was unveiled to tackle disaster. It provides a framework to deal with prevention, mitigation, response and recovery during a disaster. According to the plan, Ministry of earth science will be responsible for disaster management of cyclone. By this plan, India joined the list of countries which follow the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.Due to increased awareness and tracking of Cyclone, the death toll has been reduced substantially. For example, Very severe cyclone Hudhud and Phailin claimed lives of around 138 and 45 people respectively, which might have been more. It was reduced due to the early warning and relocation of the population from the cyclone-hit areas. Very severe cyclone Ockhi claimed many lives of people in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. This was due to the unprecedented change in the direction of the cyclone.But the destruction of infrastructure due to cyclonic hit is not been reduced which leads to increase in poverty due to the economic weakening of the affected population. -Source: The Hindu Jobs for Resilience Report Context: The World Bank’s ‘South Asia Regional Update: Jobs for Resilience report’ raises concerns over the South Asia region, including India, failing to capitalize on its demographic dividend. Despite projecting a robust growth rate of 6.0-6.1% for 2024-25, the report indicates that the pace of job creation in the region is insufficient compared to the growth in the working-age population. This mismatch suggests a missed opportunity to fully leverage the potential economic benefits of a youthful and growing workforce in South Asia. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights from the Jobs for Resilience ReportRisks Highlighted in the ReportCase of IndiaWay Ahead Suggested in the Jobs for Resilience Report for India Key Highlights from the Jobs for Resilience Report: Economic Growth: South Asia’s output growth is projected at 6.0-6.1% for 2024-25, surpassing other emerging markets and developing economies (EMDE).Strong growth is primarily driven by India, while growth in the rest of the region remains below pre-pandemic levels.The public sector is the main growth driver in South Asia, with weak private investment. Vulnerabilities and Risks: Despite growth, South Asia faces underlying vulnerabilities leading to potential downside risks.Private investment growth has slowed significantly across all South Asian countries, hindering development and climate goals.South Asia’s fiscal limitations constrain public policies for climate change adaptation.This results in increased burdens on firms, farmers, and vulnerable households due to climate shocks. Labour Market: South Asia’s labour market challenges are notable among EMDEs.Employment ratios are declining, and there’s a low share of women in employment.The agriculture sector has reduced labour, while non-agriculture sectors struggle to create jobs.Challenges in the economic and institutional environments have restrained firm growth.The region’s output growth is now heavily reliant on labour productivity and population growth, both of which are decelerating. Risks Highlighted in the Report: Debt and Fiscal Deficits: Efforts to reduce debt, borrowing costs, and fiscal deficits might constrain growth and limit responses to climate-related shocks. Climate Adaptation: Providing public goods is crucial for effective climate adaptation.Households and farms, especially those shifting to non-agricultural jobs, benefit significantly from these public goods.Limited opportunities to shift from agriculture make certain adaptation strategies less effective. Employment Trends: Employment challenges are more pronounced in non-agricultural sectors.Despite a growing working-age population, employment growth lags, preventing the region from fully utilizing its demographic potential.South Asia’s output growth could increase by 16% if its employment rate matched that of other EMDEs. Case of India: Employment Growth: From 2000 to 2023, India’s employment growth lagged behind its working-age population growth.India witnessed a significant decline in its employment ratio up to 2022, second only to Nepal in the region.Preliminary data for 2023 showed a 3-percentage point improvement, partially offsetting the previous decline. Economic Growth: With an expected robust growth rate of 7.5% in FY23/24, India is a key driver of the strong economic performance in the South Asian region, alongside recoveries in Sri Lanka and Pakistan. Way Ahead Suggested in the Jobs for Resilience Report for India: Boosting Growth and Investment: Emphasize stronger job creation and relax financial market restrictions to enhance growth, private investment, and government revenues. Conditions for Investment: Private investment is likely to increase when there’s strong institutional quality, competitive real exchange rate, and openness to trade and capital flows. Effective Adaptation Strategies: Publicly supported adaptations are generally more effective.Policy guidance should focus on:Implementing comprehensive policy packages.Prioritizing policies with dual benefits.Designing policies that don’t compromise climate goals while achieving other objectives. Sustaining Growth and Employment: Increase employment ratios, particularly in non-agricultural sectors and among women, by:Removing growth impediments for businesses.Enhancing openness to international trade.Relaxing labour and product market restrictions.Investing in human capital.Promoting equality and women’s rights. -Source: Down To Earth UNEP and WRAP Release Food Waste Index Report 2024 Context: The Food Waste Index Report 2024, a collaborative effort between the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the UK-based non-profit organization WRAP (Waste and Resources Action Programme), highlights the critical need for enhancing and fortifying data infrastructure. The report emphasizes the importance of robust tracking and monitoring systems to effectively address and reduce food waste on a global scale. Relevance: GS III: Food Security Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the Food Waste Index ReportKey Recommendations of the Food Waste Index Report 2024 Key Highlights of the Food Waste Index Report Objective of the Report: The report tracks country-level progress towards halving food waste by 2030, aligning with SDG 12.3 which targets sustainable consumption and production patterns. Scale of Food Waste in 2022: Globally, 1.05 billion tonnes of food were wasted in 2022.This constitutes 19% of the food available to consumers at the retail, food service, and household levels.An additional 13% of food is lost in the supply chain, from post-harvest up to but excluding retail, as estimated by FAO. Environmental and Social Impact: Food loss and waste account for 8-10% of Global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, nearly five times the emissions from the aviation sector.This occurs while one-third of the global population faces food insecurity. Data Trends and Disparities: Since the 2021 report, data coverage has expanded, leading to reduced disparities in average per capita household food waste.Across different income groups (high-income, upper-middle income, lower-middle income countries), household food waste levels differ by merely 7 kg per capita annually. Factors Influencing Food Waste: Countries with hotter climates tend to have higher household food waste, possibly due to increased consumption of fresh foods with inedible parts and insufficient cold chain infrastructure.Extreme heat events, higher temperatures, and droughts complicate food storage, transportation, and sales, leading to increased wastage. Urban vs. Rural Trends: Middle-income countries show differences in food waste between urban and rural areas, with rural areas generally wasting less.Possible reasons include better diversion of food scraps in rural settings for purposes like pet food, animal feed, and home composting. Tracking Progress towards SDG 12.3: Many low- and middle-income countries lack systems to monitor progress towards halving food waste by 2030, especially in retail and food services.Currently, only four G-20 countries (Australia, Japan, UK, US) along with the European Union possess suitable food waste estimates for tracking progress. Data Gaps in Key Countries: Countries such as India, Indonesia, and South Korea have only subnational estimates for food waste, emphasizing the need for comprehensive national data.The report underscores the importance of inclusive studies to gain a clearer understanding of the global food waste scenario. Key Recommendations of the Food Waste Index Report 2024 Leadership and Cooperation: G20 countries should lead in international cooperation and policy development to achieve SDG 12.3.They should leverage their influence on global consumer trends to enhance awareness and education about food waste both domestically and globally. Public Private Partnerships (PPPs): Foster the adoption of PPPs to mitigate food waste and its environmental impacts, including climate change and water stress.Governments, regional bodies, and industry groups should collaborate using a Target-Measure-Act approach to achieve shared objectives. Standardized Measurement with Food Waste Index: Countries should employ the Food Waste Index as a consistent tool to measure food waste.Develop robust national baselines and continuously track progress towards achieving SDG 12.3.Address the current data gaps, particularly in the retail and food service sectors. National Food Waste Studies: Prioritize conducting representative national food waste studies in key countries like India, China, South Africa, Indonesia, and Mexico.Address data discrepancies to effectively address food waste at both individual and systemic levels. Collaborative Efforts: Encourage governments, cities, food businesses, and researchers to unite in reducing food waste.Stress the importance of precise measurement, innovative solutions, and collective action to halve global food waste by 2030 in line with SDG 12.3. -Source: The Hindu Ukraine Reports Russian Use of Hypersonic Missiles in Kyiv Attacks Context: According to Ukraine’s military administration, Russia has deployed five of its new hypersonic Zircon missiles in attacks on Kyiv since the beginning of the year. Additionally, Russia has launched 11 Kinzhal missiles, another type of hypersonic weapon known for traveling at speeds several times faster than sound. These reports underscore the increasing use and potency of advanced hypersonic weaponry in the ongoing conflict. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Hypersonic Weapon OverviewKinzhal OverviewZircon Overview Hypersonic Weapon Overview: Definition: Hypersonic weapons are fast, low-flying, and highly manoeuvrable, making them challenging for traditional missile defence systems to detect and intercept. Characteristics: They do not follow a fixed, arched trajectory like ballistic missiles.Can manoeuvre unpredictably during flight.Operate at speeds faster than five times the speed of sound, approximately 760 miles (1,220 km) per hour at sea level.The extreme speeds cause ionization of the air molecules around the missile, subjecting it to high atmospheric stresses. Types of Hypersonic Weapons: Glide Vehicles: Launched using rockets, they glide towards their targets due to the difficulties of achieving sustained hypersonic propulsion.Cruise Missiles: Equipped with scramjet engines, these missiles use atmospheric oxygen to generate thrust, enabling them to maintain a constant speed and altitude. Countries with Hypersonic Capabilities: Advanced Capabilities: US, China, and Russia.Research & Development: India, Japan, Australia, and France.Claims: North Korea has claimed successful tests of hypersonic missiles. India’s Hypersonic Weapon Development: Current Status:India is progressing towards integrating hypersonic weapons into its military arsenal.Milestones:In 2020, India conducted a successful test of its Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV) powered by a scramjet engine.Future Outlook:The HSTDV serves as a foundational step in developing long-range hypersonic weapons.Anticipated timeline: Four to five years for operational deployment of advanced hypersonic weapons. Kinzhal Overview: Type:Air-launched hypersonic missile.Specifications:Range: 1,500-2,000 km.Speed:Rapidly accelerates to Mach 4 (4,900 km/h) post-launch.Potential speeds up to Mach 10 (12,350 km/h).Payload:Capable of carrying a nuclear payload weighing 480 kg, which is 33 times the yield of the Hiroshima atomic bomb.Capabilities:Designed to overcome air-defence systems due to its high speed, erratic flight trajectory, and manoeuvrability.Its hypersonic speed and trajectory make interception challenging. Zircon Overview: Type:Sea-launched hypersonic cruise missile.Specifications:Range: 1,000 km.Speed:Travels at nine times the speed of sound, making it exceptionally fast.Engine:Powered by a scramjet engine.The scramjet utilizes the supersonic airflow and its compression to generate forward thrust.Capabilities:If Russian claims are accurate, Zircon could potentially bypass advanced air defence systems like the US Patriot due to its hypersonic speed, which reduces reaction time for defence systems.Carries a warhead weighing approximately 300 kg. -Source: Indian Express Havana Syndrome Context: Recently, there has been a noticeable surge in interest in the Havana Syndrome, particularly concerning its occurrence among US diplomats. Relevance: Facts for prelims Key Points on the Havana Syndrome and Microwave Weapons Havana Syndrome Incident: In late 2016, US diplomats and their employees in Havana, Cuba, reported unusual symptoms during their stay.Symptoms included odd physical sensations, hearing peculiar sounds, leading to sickness.The US accused Cuba of sonic attacks, but Cuba denied any involvement or knowledge of such illness. Research and Symptoms: Multiple institutions have researched the Havana syndrome’s cause.Symptoms include nausea, severe headaches, fatigue, dizziness, sleep problems, and hearing loss.Some affected individuals experienced chronic issues like vestibular processing and cognitive problems. Microwave Weapons and DEW: Direct Energy Weapons (DEW) are direct energy weapons focusing highly concentrated energy, like sonic, laser, or microwaves, at a target.They emit electromagnetic radiations causing sensations in the human body.The radiation heats the water in the human body, leading to dizziness and nausea. Countries with Microwave Weapons: Several countries are believed to possess these weapons targeting both humans and electronic systems.China showcased its microwave weapon, Poly WB-1, at an air show in 2014.The US developed the “Active Denial System,” a prototype microwave-style weapon, described as the first non-lethal, directed-energy, counter-personnel system with an extended range. India’s Directed Energy Weapons Plans: The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) announced plans to develop DEWs using high-energy lasers and microwaves.The development is crucial considering India’s deteriorating security environment, especially concerning its relationship with China. Concerns: Microwave weapons pose a threat as they can harm both machines and humans.They can inflict long-term damage without leaving visible marks on the human body. -Source: The Hindu Deadly Tornado Hits Mainaguri, West Bengal: Five Dead and Over 100 Injured Context: A devastating tornado recently hit the Mainaguri area in the Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal, lasting for approximately 10 minutes. The natural disaster resulted in the tragic loss of five lives, with more than 100 people sustaining injuries. The event highlights the destructive power of tornadoes and underscores the urgent need for preparedness and response measures in vulnerable regions. Relevance: GS I: Geography About Tornado Definition: A tornado is a terrestrial vertical column of intensely rotating air that originates from a thunderstorm and extends to the ground. It can reach wind speeds ranging from 105 to 322 kilometres per hour.Appearance: The rotating column is typically connected to the cloud base or wall cloud, often manifesting as a cloud-filled “condensation funnel”. In drier conditions, tornadoes may only be visible as ground-level dirt swirls without a clear link to the overhead cloud.Sea Counterpart: A tornado occurring over the sea is termed as a waterspout.Formation: Thunderstorms and tornadoes are generated when warm, moist air collides with dry, cooler air within the context of a low-pressure system, such as a trough. Geographical Distribution of Tornadoes Primary Regions: Tornadoes are most prevalent on continents within the mid-latitudes, which span between 20 and 60 degrees north and south. These occurrences are often linked to thunderstorms forming at the convergence of cold polar and warm tropical air masses.Hotspots: The United States, Argentina, and Bangladesh experience the highest frequency of tornadoes globally. Measurement of Tornado Strength Enhanced Fujita Scale: This scale is employed to gauge the intensity of tornadoes. It assigns a ‘rating’ to each tornado based on estimated wind speeds and the resulting damage. -Source: Indian Express Swell Waves Context: Recently, swell waves inundated coastal areas in central and southern districts of Kerala. Relevance: GS I: Geography About Swell Waves Definition: Swell waves are long-wavelength waves that form on the ocean surface, comprised of a sequence of surface gravity waves. Formation of Swell Waves Cause: Swell waves are not generated by local winds. Instead, they are formed due to distant weather phenomena such as hurricanes or prolonged periods of strong gale winds.Energy Transfer: During these distant storms, significant energy is transferred from the atmosphere to the ocean, resulting in the creation of exceptionally high waves. These waves can travel vast distances, sometimes thousands of kilometres from the storm’s epicentre, until they reach the shoreline. Characteristics of Swell Waves Frequency and Direction: Swells exhibit a narrower range of frequencies and directions compared to wind waves generated locally. This is because swell waves disperse from their origin, lose some randomness, and assume a more defined shape and direction.Propagation: Swell waves can travel in directions that are distinct from the wind’s direction, unlike wind-generated waves.Wavelength: The typical wavelength of swell waves is under 150 metres, but it can vary between different events. In extreme cases, swell waves from the most intense storms can have wavelengths exceeding 700 metres.Precursors: Swell waves can occur without any precursors or local wind activity, making them distinct from other wave types. Early Warning Systems in India Swell Surge Forecast System: Launched by the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) in 2020, this system provides a seven-day advance warning about swell surges, helping to mitigate potential risks and prepare coastal communities in India. -Source: The Hindu

Apr 3, 2024 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 03 April 2024

CONTENTS Recognition of Matabari Pera and Pachra with GI TagsSKOCH ESG Award 2024 Recognition of Matabari Pera and Pachra with GI Tags Context: The Tripura Chief Minister announced that two traditional items from the state, Matabari Pera and Pachra, have been honoured with the Geographical Indication (GI) tag marking a significant milestone for local artisans and weavers. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Recognition of Matabari Pera and Pachra with GI TagsGeographical Indications (GI) Tag Recognition of Matabari Pera and Pachra with GI Tags Matabari Pera: A dairy-based confectionery traditionally served as prasad at the Tripurasundari temple. Pachra: A handwoven cloth used by Indigenous communities. Significance of GI Tag: Ensures legal protection against unauthorized imitation or misuse of the product.Safeguards the product’s authenticity and preserves the cultural heritage it represents. Benefits of GI Recognition: Facilitates market access and promotion, both within India and internationally.Creates economic opportunities for local communities engaged in the production of these products. Previous GI Recognitions from Northeast: Tripura’s queen pineapple and 13 other products from the Northeast have previously received the GI tag, underscoring the region’s diverse and unique offerings. Geographical Indications (GI) Tag Definition and Importance: Geographical Indications of Goods indicate the country or place of origin of a product.They assure consumers of the product’s quality and distinctiveness derived from its specific geographical locality.GI tags are an essential component of intellectual property rights (IPRs) and are protected under international agreements like the Paris Convention and TRIPS. Administration and Registration: Geographical Indications registration in India is governed by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.The registration and protection are administered by the Geographical Indication Registry under the Department of Industry Promotion and Internal Trade (DIPIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.The registration is valid for 10 years, and it can be renewed for further periods of 10 years each. Significance and Examples: GI tags provide a unique identity and reputation to products based on their geographical origin.The first product in India to receive a GI tag was Darjeeling tea.Karnataka has the highest number of GI tags with 47 registered products, followed by Tamil Nadu with 39. Ownership and Proprietorship: Any association, organization, or authority established by law can be a registered proprietor of a GI tag.The registered proprietor’s name is entered in the Register of Geographical Indication for the applied product.Protection and Enforcement:Geographical Indications protect the interests of producers and prevent unauthorized use of the product’s name or origin.Enforcement of GI rights helps maintain the quality and reputation of the products associated with their specific geographical regions. Location of the Geographical Indications Registry: The Geographical Indications Registry is located in Chennai, India. SKOCH ESG Award 2024 Context: REC Limited won the SKOCH ESG Award 2024 for ‘Renewable Energy Financing’. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Overview of REC (formerly Rural Electrification Corporation Limited) Profile: A ‘Maharatna’ Central Public Sector Enterprise under the Ministry of Power.Registered with RBI as a Non-Banking Finance Company (NBFC) and Infrastructure Financing Company (IFC). Scope of Funding: Funds various infrastructure projects, both power and non-power.Projects span from power generation to transportation and communication.Supports sectors like renewables, electric vehicles, and green technologies. SKOCH ESG Awards and Significance Award Description: SKOCH ESG Awards recognize organizations excelling in Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) practices. Benchmark for Sustainable Business: The Award and Assessment serve as a vital benchmark.Highlights organizations’ commitment to India 2047 by emphasizing sustainable investments and processes for a sustainable business future. About SKOCH Group Established in 1997, the SKOCH Group is a leading Indian think tank. Focus Areas: Specializes in socio-economic issues.Engages with a diverse spectrum of entities, ranging from Fortune 500 companies to community-based organizations.

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