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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 06 March 2024

CONTENTS India’s 3-Stage Nuclear ProgramRare Disease DayRajya Sabha ElectionsWorld’s Largest Grain Storage PlanCarbon Capture and StorageWomen, Business and Law IndexHuman Papillomavirus India’s 3-Stage Nuclear Program Context: Recently, the Indian PM witnessed the start of the process of core-loading the indigenous prototype fast breeder reactor (PFBR) at the Madras Atomic Power Station in Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu. This is a historic milestone, marking entry into the vital second stage of India’s three stage nuclear program. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: India’s Three-Stage Nuclear Program: A Strategic OverviewFunctioning of PFBR (Stage II) – A Breeder ReactorReasons for PFBR (Stage II) DelayChallenges for Stage II in India’s Nuclear Program: India’s Three-Stage Nuclear Program: A Strategic Overview Conceptualized by physicist Homi Bhabha in the 1950s, India’s nuclear program aims at ensuring long-term energy security, independence, and sustainable development.The program focuses on utilizing uranium and abundant thorium reserves. The Three Stages: Natural Uranium-PHWRs: Initial phase involves Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) using natural uranium fuel.Heavy water (deuterium) slows neutron reactions, producing plutonium-239 (Pu-239) and energy.Addresses India’s limited global uranium reserves (~1-2%). Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs): Second stage employs Fast Breeder Reactors using Pu-239 and U-238 to generate energy, U-233, and additional Pu-239.Special-purpose vehicle BHAVINI, established in 2003, oversees stage II implementation. Thorium Utilization: Third phase integrates Pu-239 with thorium-232 (Th-232) to produce energy and U-233.Thorium crucial for India with substantial global reserves (~25%). Thorium Challenges: Thorium utilization is complex, requiring breeding, and faces economic challenges due to low global uranium prices. Department of Atomic Energy (DAE): Conducts indigenous R&D; aligned with the three-stage nuclear power program. Outcome: Aims for complete self-sufficiency in nuclear energy, leveraging India’s thorium resources. Functioning of PFBR (Stage II) – A Breeder Reactor: Breeder Reactor Concept: A breeder reactor generates more fissile material than it consumes.In a ‘fast’ breeder reactor, neutrons remain fast, enabling specific fission reactions. PHWRs and Pu-239 Production: PHWRs utilize natural or low-enriched U-238 as fissile material.Pu-239 is produced as a byproduct. Mixed Oxide Formation: Pu-239 is combined with additional U-238, forming a mixed oxide.Loaded into the new reactor’s core along with a blanket. Fission Reaction in the Core: Core’s fission products react with the mixed oxide, producing more Pu-239. Coolant System with Liquid Sodium: PFBR employs liquid sodium as a highly reactive coolant in two circuits.First circuit absorbs heat and radioactivity from the reactor.Heat-exchangers transfer only the heat to the coolant in the secondary circuit.The latter transfers heat to generators, generating electricity. Thorium-232 Utilization: Thorium-232, a non-fissile material, acts as a blanket in this stage.Through transmutation, Thorium produces fissile Uranium-233 for use in the third stage. Role as a Stepping Stone: FBR serves as a crucial intermediary stage, paving the way for full utilization of India’s abundant thorium reserves. Capacity and Expansion Plans: PFBR operates with a 500 MWe capacity.DAE proposed constructing four more FBRs with 600 MWe capacity each in 2019.Two FBRs planned in Kalpakkam from 2021, and two from 2025, with sites yet to be determined. Reasons for PFBR (Stage II) Delay: FBTR Construction and Sanctions: FBTR at Kalpakkam served as a PFBR technology testing ground.Built by 1977, sanctions post-India’s ‘Smiling Buddha’ nuclear test led to using mixed carbide fuel instead of enriched uranium from France, affecting power output and operating conditions. Ageing Workforce and Audit Findings: Commencing PFBR in 2003, many FBTR personnel nearing retirement.2014 CAG audit revealed BHAVINI’s improper handling of PFBR component purchases, heavy reliance on NPCIL, and technical challenges in reactor coolant. Cost Escalation: PFBR costs surged to Rs 6,800 crore (2019) from the initial Rs 3,492 crore, with multiple deadline extensions. Challenges for Stage II in India’s Nuclear Program: FBR Handling Challenges: FBRs pose handling difficulties compared to other reactor designs.Thorium fuel cycle produces radioactive materials complicating handling and storage. Regulatory Framework and Public Perception: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) urged India for an independent statutory atomic regulator.Nuclear Safety Regulatory Authority (NSRA) bill aimed to replace Atomic Energy Regulatory Body (AERB) but faced criticism for central government control.Public concerns heightened globally post-2011 Fukushima Daiichi disaster, affecting nuclear power projects. Economic Viability: Solar electricity costs less than nuclear electricity (Rs 2.5/kWh vs. Rs 4/kWh). Global and Domestic Shifts: Fukushima disaster impacted public opinion against nuclear power.Despite challenges, India’s push for decarbonization and reduced fossil fuel imports is revitalizing the nuclear power sector.NPCIL aims to commission a nuclear power reactor annually from 2024 to support India’s energy goals. -Source: The Hindu Rare Disease Day Context: Recently, Rare Disease Day was observed on the last day of February. This international awareness day is dedicated to raising awareness of rare diseases and their significant impact on patients and their families. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Rare Disease DayUnderstanding Rare DiseasesRare Disease Landscape in IndiaProvisions of the National Rare Disease Policy 2021 Rare Disease Day: Global Advocacy Movement: Objective: Advocate for equity in social opportunities, healthcare, and access to diagnosis and therapies for individuals with rare diseases.Coordination: Established in 2008, coordinated globally by the European Organisation for Rare Diseases (EURORDIS) and involves over 65 national alliance patient organization partners. Annual Observance: Date: Annually observed on 28th February (or 29th in leap years).Theme (2024): “Share Your Colours” – Emphasizes collaboration, support, and inclusivity. Focal Point for Advocacy: Engagement: Serves as a focal point for advocacy work at local, national, and international levels.Participants: Engages individuals, families, caregivers, healthcare professionals, researchers, policymakers, industry representatives, and the general public. Collaborative Approach: Theme Emphasis: Encourages collaboration and sharing of experiences and perspectives.Symbolism: “Share Your Colours” signifies unity and collective efforts in addressing challenges related to rare diseases. Promoting Awareness: Purpose: Raise awareness about rare diseases, their impact, and the need for collective action.Impact: Promotes understanding, empathy, and support for individuals and families affected by rare diseases. Advancing Global Efforts: International Reach: Brings together a diverse range of stakeholders worldwide to contribute to global initiatives in the field of rare diseases.Comprehensive Approach: Addresses challenges in healthcare, social opportunities, and research for rare diseases. Understanding Rare Diseases: Definition and Prevalence: Loose Definition: Infrequently occurring conditions in the population, with varying prevalence between nations.WHO Definition: Often debilitating lifelong conditions with a prevalence of 1 or less per 1000 population.Global Variances: Definitions differ globally; e.g., the US considers diseases affecting fewer than 200,000 patients rare. Indian Perspective: ORDI Suggestion: Organisation of Rare Diseases India (ORDI) proposes a disease as rare if it affects 1 in 5,000 people or less.Current Status: India lacks a standardized definition for rare diseases. Global Burden of Rare Diseases: Affected Population: 300 million people worldwide are impacted by rare diseases.Prevalence: Rare diseases affect approximately 3.5% to 5.9% of the global population.Genetic Nature: 72% of rare diseases are genetic, with over 7000 characterized by diverse disorders. Impact and Characteristics: Diversity: Present with diverse disorders and symptoms, varying between diseases and even among patients with the same disease.Nature: Chronic, progressive, degenerative, and often life-threatening, significantly affecting patients’ quality of life.Cure Challenges: Lack of effective cures intensifies patient and family suffering. Challenges Faced by Patients: Delayed Diagnosis: Lack of scientific knowledge and information leads to delayed diagnoses.Inequalities in Care: Disparities in access to treatment and care result in social and financial burdens.Misdiagnosis Risks: Common symptoms may mask underlying rare diseases, leading to initial misdiagnosis. Diagnostic Challenges: Diagnostic Duration: On average, rare disease patients take 5 years to get a diagnosis (EURORDIS).Physician Awareness: Lack of awareness and training among physicians contributes to diagnostic challenges.Waiting Period: 70% of rare disease patients wait over a year for a confirmed diagnosis after seeking medical attention. Rare Disease Landscape in India: Prevalence and Impact: Global Share: India constitutes one-third of global rare disease cases, with 450 identified diseases.Overlooked Status: Despite high prevalence, rare diseases lack adequate attention, awareness, diagnosis, and drug development in India.Population Affected: Over 8 to 10 crore Indians, primarily children, estimated to suffer from rare diseases. Policy Challenges: National Policy: The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare formulated a national policy for rare diseases (NPRD) in 2017 but withdrew it in 2018 due to implementation challenges.Revised Policy (2021): Announced in 2021, faces challenges, including the absence of a clear definition for rare diseases. Treatment and Accessibility: Treatable Cases: Less than 50% of identified rare diseases in India are treatable.Approved Treatments: Available for only about 20 diseases.Centres of Excellence (CoEs): Limited and unevenly distributed; only 12 exist.Financial Assistance: NPRD guidelines provide limited financial aid per patient, insufficient for lifelong management of chronic rare diseases. Challenges in Fund Utilization: Budget Allocation (2023-2024): Rs 93 crore allocated, highlighting low funding.Disparities and Inefficiencies: 51.3% of allocated funds remain unutilized, leading to unequal access.CoEs Struggles: Discrepancies in fund utilization; Mumbai exhausted funds treating 20 out of 107 patients, Delhi used <20%.Patient Burden: Funding responsibility falls on patients and families, with government support falling short.Advocacy for Sustainable Funding: Patients and advocacy groups call for sustainable funding from both central and state governments. Critical Need for Sustainable Funding: Patient Struggles: Crucial for patients facing exhausted funds, ensuring continued treatment.Advocacy Emphasis: Calls for sustainable funding from both central and state governments to support rare disease treatment. Provisions of the National Rare Disease Policy 2021 Patients of rare diseases will be eligible for a one-tIme treatment under the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY).Financial support up to Rs20 lakh under the Umbrella Scheme of Rashtriya Arogaya Nidhi shall be provided by the central government for treatment of those rare diseases that require a one-time treatment (diseases listed under Group 1) for their treatment in Government tertiary hospitals only. – (NOT be limited to below poverty line (BPL) families, but extended to about 40% of the population as eligible under the norms of Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY))The policy has categorised rare diseases in three groups:Disorders amenable to one-time curative treatment;Those requiring long term or lifelong treatment; andDiseases for which definitive treatment is available but challenges are to make optimal patient selection for benefit.The government has said that it will also assist in voluntary crowd-funding for treatment as it will be difficult to fully finance treatment of high-cost rare diseases. -Source: The Hindu Rajya Sabha Elections Context: The Rajya Sabha elections in the States of Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Karnataka witnessed cross-voting by MLAs (Mmeber of Legislative Assembly) belonging to different parties. This has once again raised concerns about the sanctity of the election process. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Rajya Sabha ElectionsCross Voting in Indian Elections: Implications and ConsiderationsExclusion of Anti-Defection Law in Rajya Sabha Elections Rajya Sabha Elections: Constitutional Framework: The election of representatives to the Rajya Sabha, in accordance with Article 80 of the Constitution, operates through an indirect electoral process. Elected members of each State’s Legislative Assembly hold the responsibility of selecting these representatives. Contesting Elections: Rajya Sabha polls become necessary only when the number of candidates surpasses the available vacancies. Historically, these elections often lacked competition, with candidates from the majority party in the state assembly winning unopposed. Cross-Voting Challenge: The landscape changed in June 1998 when Maharashtra witnessed cross-voting, leading to the unexpected loss of a Congress party candidate. Responding to this, the Representation of the People Act, 1951 underwent an amendment in 2003. Open Ballot System: The amendment mandated an open ballot system for Rajya Sabha elections. Political party MLAs were required to display their ballot papers to the authorized party agent. Failure to do so would invalidate the vote. Independent MLAs, however, were barred from showing their ballots. Election Process Overview: Seat Allocation: Rajya Sabha comprises 250 members, including those nominated by the President. States and Union Territories, based on their population, receive allocated seats.Out of the total, 12 are directly nominated by the President from the fields of art, literature, sports, science, etc.Rajya Sabha seats are distributed among states based on their population. For example, Uttar Pradesh has a quota of 31 Rajya Sabha seats while Goa has just one.Indirect Election System: Through an indirect election system, state legislative assembly members utilize the Single Transferable Vote (STV) for proportional representation. The voting power aligns with the population of their respective constituencies. Quotas: To be elected, a candidate must secure a specific number of votes known as quotas. The quota is determined by dividing the total valid votes by the number of seats available plus one. In states with multiple seats, the initial quota is calculated by multiplying the number of MLAs by 100, as each MLA’s vote is valued at 100. Preferences and Surplus: When filling out the ballot paper with names of candidates from various parties, MLAs rank their preferences against each candidate — with 1 indicating the top preference (the first preferential vote), 2 for the next, and so forth. If a candidate receives enough first preferential votes to meet or exceed the quota, they are elected.If a winning candidate has surplus votes, those votes are transferred to their second choice (marked as numberIf multiple candidates have surpluses, the largest surplus is transferred first. Elimination of Fewer Votes: To prevent wasted votes, if the required number of candidates are not elected after surplus transfers, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated, and their unexhausted ballot papers are redistributed among the remaining candidates. An “exhausted paper” refers to a ballot paper with no further preferences recorded for continuing candidates.This process of surplus vote transfers and eliminations continues until enough candidates reach the quota to fill all available seats. Cross Voting in Indian Elections: Implications and Considerations About Cross Voting: Example in Bihar (1967): An illustrative instance of cross-voting occurred in Bihar in 1967 when Rajendra Prasad Jain secured a seat through Congress MLAs engaging in cross-voting, allegedly driven by bribes.Subsequently, the Supreme Court declared Jain’s election void. Definition: Cross voting pertains to a scenario wherein a legislator, be it a Member of Parliament or a Member of a Legislative Assembly, affiliated with a particular political party, casts a vote for a candidate or party different from their own during an election or voting process. Rajya Sabha Elections Context: Specifically in the context of Rajya Sabha elections in India, cross voting manifests when members of a political party deviate from voting for their party’s nominated candidates, opting instead for candidates from other political entities.Various factors can contribute to cross voting, encompassing disagreement with the party’s candidate selection, external pressures, inducements, personal relationships, or ideological disparities. Implications of Cross Voting: Negative Implications: Cross voting can potentially undermine the fidelity of representation, as legislators are anticipated to align their votes with their party’s interests or their constituents’ preferences.Instances of cross voting, often linked to bribery or corrupt practices, can compromise the integrity of the electoral process, eroding public trust in democratic mechanisms.Reflecting internal party divisions, cross voting weakens party cohesion and stability, impeding coherent policy pursuits.Contravening democratic principles of accountability, cross voting prioritizes personal gain or party politics over the broader public good. Potential Positive Implications: In contrast, cross voting may denote a level of independence among elected representatives, enabling them to vote in accordance with their conscience or their constituents’ interests, transcending strict party allegiances.Genuine instances of cross voting, motivated by differences in opinion or ideology, can act as a check on the dominance of a single party or faction, fostering a more balanced representation of diverse viewpoints.Cross voting, when driven by dissatisfaction with party leadership or policies, could prompt parties to introspect, addressing internal concerns and enhancing accountability. Exclusion of Anti-Defection Law in Rajya Sabha Elections Tenth Schedule and “Anti-Defection” Law: The Tenth Schedule, incorporated through the 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1985, houses the provisions commonly known as the “anti-defection” law.It explicitly states that a member of Parliament or a state legislature who voluntarily relinquishes their party membership or votes against party instructions is subject to disqualification.The instructions are typically issued by the party whip. Applicability of Tenth Schedule: Despite its comprehensive reach, the Election Commission clarified a significant distinction in July 2017 regarding the Tenth Schedule’s application.In a specific exclusion, the provisions of the Tenth Schedule, including the anti-defection law, do not extend to Rajya Sabha elections.Consequently, parties lack the authority to issue whips, and members participating in Rajya Sabha elections are not obligated to adhere to party directives. -Source: The Hindu World’s Largest Grain Storage Plan Context: Recently, the Indian Prime Minister inaugurated the pilot project of World’s Largest Grain Storage Plan, which is currently launched in 11 Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) across 11 states. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Grain Storage Plan: Enhancing Agricultural InfrastructureAbout Primary agricultural credit societies Grain Storage Plan: Enhancing Agricultural Infrastructure Objective: The Grain Storage Plan aims to establish a storage capacity of 700 lakh tonnes within the next 5 years, involving a substantial investment of ₹1.25 lakh crore.The plan focuses on creating robust agricultural infrastructure at the Primary Agricultural Cooperative Society (PACS) level, encompassing decentralized godowns, custom hiring centers, processing units, Fair Price Shops, etc.Integration of existing Government of India schemes is integral to the plan’s implementation. Expected Outcomes: Facilitating Farmer Storage:Farmers will be empowered to store their produce in PACS godowns, providing them with the option to secure bridge finance for the subsequent crop cycle or sell their produce at Minimum Support Price (MSP), mitigating distress sales.Reduction of Post-Harvest Losses:A significant outcome of the Grain Storage Plan is the anticipated reduction in post-harvest losses.This reduction contributes to enhanced farmer earnings, ensuring improved economic conditions for farmers and fostering food security at the grassroots level.Benefiting Consumers:The plan’s ripple effect extends to consumers by stabilizing food prices and ensuring a more reliable and sustainable supply of grains.Enhanced storage capacity translates to better availability of food, thereby positively impacting the overall well-being of consumers. About Primary agricultural credit societies: PACS is the smallest cooperative credit institution in India and a basic unit.The initial Primary Agricultural Credit Society (PACS) was founded in 1904.It has a grassroots effect (gram panchayat and village level).PACS serves as the last point of contact between the primary borrowers, or rural residents, and the higher agencies, such as the Central Cooperative Bank, State Cooperative Bank, and Reserve Bank of India.PACS are governed by the RBI and registered under the Co-operative Societies Act.The “Banking Regulation Act-1949” and the “Banking Laws (Co-operative societies) Act 1965” are in charge of them. Objectives of PACS To raise capital for the purpose of making loans and supporting members’ essential activities.To collect deposits from members with the goal of improving their savings habit.To supply agricultural inputs and services to members at reasonable prices,To arrange for the supply and development of improved breeds of livestock for members.To make all necessary arrangements for improving irrigation on land owned by members.To encourage various income-generating activities through supply of necessary inputs and services. Functions of PACS PACS typically offer the following services to their members:Input facilities in the form of a monetary or in-kind componentAgriculture implements for hireStorage space Carbon Capture and Storage Context: Germany recently announced that it would allow carbon capture and off-shore storage for certain industrial sectors. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Mitigating CO2 Emissions CCS encompasses diverse technologies designed to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from major sources like power plants and refineries, storing them underground.It differs from carbon dioxide removal (CDR), which involves extracting CO2 from the atmosphere.The three-step CCS process involves capturing CO2 from industrial activities, transporting it, and securely storing it underground.Three techniques for capturing carbon in CCS are post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxyfuel combustion.In post-combustion, CO2 is separated from exhaust gases after burning fossil fuels.Pre-combustion involves removing CO2 before burning fossil fuels, generating hydrogen as a byproduct.Oxyfuel combustion burns fossil fuels with pure oxygen, producing CO2 and water vapor.Oxyfuel combustion is the most efficient method, although it requires substantial energy for the oxygen-burning process.After capture, CO2 is compressed into a liquid and transported to suitable storage sites like saline aquifers or depleted oil and gas reservoirs.Despite decades of promotion, there are few operational CCS projects globally.As of 2023, the International Energy Agency (IEA) reported 40 operational CCS projects, capturing over 45 metric tonnes (Mt) of CO2 annually. -Source: Indian Express Women, Business and Law Index Context: India’s ranking improved to 113 out of 190 countries in the World Bank’s Women, Business and Law index. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Women, Business, and Law Index: Advancing Gender Equality in Economies The Women, Business, and Law Index is a World Bank initiative assessing the regulatory environment for women’s economic opportunities in 190 economies.The index rates the impact of laws and regulations on women’s economic prospects on a 0 to 100 scale, where 100 signifies equal legal rights for both genders.Evaluation areas include mobility, workplace regulations, pay, marriage laws, parenthood considerations, entrepreneurship support, asset rights, and pension entitlements.Providing objective benchmarks, the index measures global progress toward legal gender equality.The 10th edition of the report highlights the achievements and remaining challenges for achieving economic empowerment for women worldwide.Key findings from the 2024 Index include:No country received a perfect score, indicating the absence of complete legal gender equality globally.India’s ranking improved to 113 out of 190 countries.Indian women were found to have 60% of the legal rights granted to men, below the global average of 64.2%. -Source: Economic Times Human Papillomavirus Context: March 4 is observed as International HPV Awareness Day every year. Relevance: GS II: Health Human Papillomavirus (HPV) HPV is a family of over 200 viruses, with 40 transmitted through direct sexual contact.Two types cause genital warts, while about a dozen can lead to various cancers, with over 95% of cervical cancers attributed to HPV.It is the most common sexually transmitted infection globally and spreads through skin-to-skin contact.Most infections are asymptomatic, and the body often clears the virus, but persistent infections can lead to cancer.HPV vaccination is crucial for cancer prevention in both men and women.HPV Vaccine Overview:Administered through a series of shots, the vaccine guards against HPV infections causing cancer or genital warts.Most effective when given between ages 9-26; its efficacy decreases after HPV exposure.Ineffective during pregnancy; the vaccine isn’t administered at that time.Key focus on preventing HPV before exposure, as the vaccine may not be as effective post-infection. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 05 March 2024

CONTENTS National Commission for Protection of Child RightsInnovations for Defence Excellence-Defence Innovation Organisation (iDEX-DIO) National Commission for Protection of Child Rights Context: The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights has sought action against an app for allegedly disseminating explicit and objectionable material, including content targeted at children. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: About NCPCRFunctions the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR)Power of the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) About NCPCR It is an Indian statutory body that was established in 2007 under an Act of Parliament – the Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005 – and works under the auspices of the Union Ministry of Women and Child Development (WCD).Its mandate is to ensure that all laws, policies, programmes, and administrative systems conform to the vision of children’s rights (ages 0 to 18 years) as enunciated in the Indian Constitution and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.The Commission envisions a rights-based approach that pervades national-state-local policies and programmes.As a result, the Commission envisions the state playing an indispensable role in ensuring o Children and their well-being, o Strong institution-building processes, o Respect for local bodies and decentralisation at the community level, and greater social concern in this direction. Composition of NCPCR The commission consists of the following members:A ChairpersonSix other members Functions the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR): The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) carries out the following functions: Safeguards: Examines and reviews safeguards provided by or under any law and recommends measures for their effective implementation.Reports on the operation of those safeguards to the Central Government on an annual basis and at any other times deemed appropriate. Investigation and Study: Investigates child rights violations and suggests legal action when necessary.Studies treaties and other international instruments and reviews existing policies, programs, and provides recommendations on child rights.Promotes research in the field of child rights. Public Education and Advocacy: Educates the public about children’s rights and raises knowledge of the safeguards that can be used to defend these rights through publications, the media, and other available channels.Promotes, respects, and gives children’s opinions significant attention in its work and in the work of other government departments and organizations working with children.Creates and distributes information on children’s rights.Compiles and examines child data.Encourages the inclusion of child rights in the school curriculum, teacher preparation programs, and training for other professionals who work with children.Examines all barriers preventing children from exercising their rights in the wake of terrorism, intergroup conflict, riots, natural disasters, domestic violence, HIV/AIDS, trafficking, maltreatment, torture, and exploitation, as well as pornography and prostitution, and recommends appropriate corrective measures. Complaints and Suo Moto Actions: Inquires into complaints or takes suo moto notice of matters related to deprivation and violation of child rights, non-implementation of laws providing for the protection and development of children, non-compliance with decisions, instructions, or policies intended to lessen hardships for children, ensure their wellbeing, and offer relief to such children, or takes up the issues arising out of such matters with appropriate authorities. Power of the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR): The commission has all the powers of a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 while inquiring into any matter that falls under the CPCR Act, 2005. The commission is authorized to exercise the following powers:Summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person.Discovery and production of any document.Receiving evidence on affidavits.Requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office.Issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents. The Commission is authorized to forward any case to a Magistrate having jurisdiction to try the same. Innovations for Defence Excellence-Defence Innovation Organisation (iDEX-DIO) Context: The Innovations for Defence Excellence-Defence Innovation Organisation (iDEX-DIO), under the aegis of Department of Defence Production, Ministry of Defence, is organising DefConnect 2024 at Manekshaw Centre, New Delhi on March 04, 2024. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Innovations for Defence Excellence-Defence Innovation Organisation (iDEX-DIO): Launch and Affiliation: Launched in 2018, iDEX-DIO is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Defence, Government of India. Objective: Aims to foster an innovation ecosystem in the Defence and Aerospace sector.Collaborates with startups, innovators, MSMEs, incubators, and academia. Funding and Management: Funded and managed by the ‘Defence Innovation Organization (DIO),’ established as a not-for-profit company under the Companies Act 2013.HAL (Hindustan Aeronautics Limited) and BEL (Bharat Electronics Limited) are the two founder members, forming DIO for this purpose. Functioning: Serves as the executive arm of DIO, responsible for executing all necessary activities.DIO provides high-level policy guidance to iDEX. Support Offered: Provides grants and support for Research and Development (R&D;) projects with substantial potential for future adoption in the Indian defence and aerospace sectors. Engagement: Currently engaged with over 400 startups and MSMEs, fostering collaboration and innovation in the defence and aerospace industry.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 05 March 2024

CONTENTS Double Burden in India: Obesity and UndernutritionAssam Government Repeals 1935 Muslim Marriage and Divorce Registration ActKarnataka Hindu Religious Institutions and Charitable Endowments (Amendment) Bill, 2024Status of Leopards in India 2022: Ministry ReportDrugs and Magic Remedies(Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954Lahore Resolution Double Burden in India: Obesity and Undernutrition Context: According to a new study published by the Lancet, India has become one of the countries with a high “double burden,” of Obesity and Undernutrition. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Meaning of Obesity & UndernutritionKey Highlights of the Study Published by the LancetImpact of Socio-economic Conditions on Obesity and UndernutritionImpact of Obesity & Undernutrition on Health Meaning of Obesity & Undernutrition Obesity: Defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as an abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat posing health risks.In adults (20 years and above), obesity is identified if the Body Mass Index (BMI) is 30 kg/m² or more.BMI is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters.School-aged children and adolescents (5 to 19 years) are considered obese if their BMI is two standard deviations above the mean. Underweight: One of the four broad sub-forms of undernutrition.An adult is considered underweight if their BMI is less than 18 kg/m².School-aged children and adolescents are considered underweight if their BMI is two standard deviations below the mean. Key Highlights of the Study Published by the Lancet: Obesity in India: Obesity in women increased from 1.2% in 1990 to 9.8% in 2022, with 44 million women living with obesity.Obesity in men increased by 4.9 percentage points during the same period, with 26 million men living with obesity in 2022.Significant increase in childhood obesity, with a 3 percentage point spike in girls and 3.7 percentage points in boys.In 2022, 3.1% of girls and 3.9% of boys were obese. Underweight in India: Despite a decline, underweight prevalence remains high, with 13.7% of women and 12.5% of men.Thinness in Indian girls is the highest globally, with a prevalence of 20.3%.Thinness in Indian boys is the second-highest globally, with a prevalence of 21.7%. Why Women are more Obese than Men: Women’s vulnerability to weight gain is attributed to limited access or time for physical activities.Prioritizing family nutrition over personal health contributes to weight gain in women.Considering central obesity, rates could be as high as 40% to 50% in various parts of the country.Central obesity, an excess accumulation of fat in the abdominal area, is a better predictor of future disease risks like diabetes and hypertension. Impact of Socio-economic Conditions on Obesity and Undernutrition: Obesity in India is no longer limited to the affluent; affordability and convenience of junk food contribute to its widespread prevalence.Example: Cheaper and tastier options like samosas and pakoras are more accessible than nutritious fruits and vegetables.Despite affecting a larger population, a rural-urban divide persists in obesity rates.National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5) data reveals obesity prevalence of 31.7% in urban women and 19% in rural women.For men, it is 28.6% in urban areas and 18.8% in rural areas.Undernutrition prevails in extremely remote and impoverished areas of states like Bihar, Jharkhand, or Odisha, where access to food is limited, and some might consume only one meal a day. Impact of Obesity & Undernutrition on Health: Obesity’s health consequences are evident, leading to increased risks of diabetes, hypertension, heart attacks, and strokes, particularly in children.The effects of undernutrition may not be as apparent but are likely to contribute to a higher burden of non-communicable diseases.Non-communicable diseases result from unhealthy behaviors rather than infections. -Source: The Hindu Assam Government Repeals 1935 Muslim Marriage and Divorce Registration Act Context: The Assam Government has recently approved the Assam Repealing Ordinance 2024, leading to the repeal of the Assam Muslim Marriage and Divorce Registration Act of 1935. Consequently, Muslim marriage or divorce registration in the state will now be governed by the Special Marriage Act of 1954. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Assam Muslim Marriage and Divorce Registration Act, 1935Reasons for Repealing Assam Muslim Marriage and Divorce Registration Act, 1935Arguments Against the Repeal of Assam Muslim Marriage and Divorce Registration Act, 1935Muslim Personal Law Assam Muslim Marriage and Divorce Registration Act, 1935: Enacted under Muslim Personal Law in 1935.Defines the process for registering Muslim marriages and divorces.2010 amendment mandates compulsory registration in Assam, replacing ‘voluntary.’Authorizes the state to grant licenses to any Muslim for marriage and divorce registration.Muslim registrars are recognized as public servants.Specifies the application process and outlines procedures for registration. Reasons for Repealing Assam Muslim Marriage and Divorce Registration Act, 1935: Outdated and Non-Compliance with Modern Norms: Viewed as outdated, not aligning with contemporary societal norms.Permitted marriage registration below legal age standards (18 and 21 for bride and groom), contradicting current norms. Combatting Child Marriage: Government’s decision linked to ongoing efforts against child marriage.Repealing aimed at eliminating provisions allowing underage marriages to be registered, contributing to the eradication of child marriage in Assam. Informal Registration Mechanism and Potential Misuse: Act facilitated an informal mechanism for marriage registration.Potential misuse by kazis, government-registered officials overseeing marriages, identified as a concern. Allegations of Underage Marriages and Divorces: Reports of underage marriages and divorces without proper grounds surfaced.Highlighted the need for reform in the existing system. Towards a Uniform Civil Code (UCC): Repealing seen as a step towards implementing a Uniform Civil Code in Assam.Reflects a similar move by Uttarakhand.Aims to streamline marriage laws, creating a common legal framework for diverse communities. Arguments Against the Repeal of Assam Muslim Marriage and Divorce Registration Act, 1935: Simple and Decentralized Process: The Act offered a straightforward and decentralized marriage registration process.94 kazis distributed across the state facilitated accessibility.The complexities associated with the Special Marriage Act might discourage registration, especially among the poor and illiterate. Criticism and Legal Challenges: The Act faced criticism from various quarters, including advocates and political parties.Legal challenges were mounted against the Act. Concerns about Increased Unregistered Marriages: Complete repeal raises concerns about potential consequences.There are apprehensions about an upsurge in unregistered marriages.The existing Act’s elimination may create a regulatory vacuum. Muslim Personal Law: Definition: Governs personal matters for individuals adhering to the Islamic faith.Encompasses aspects such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, and family relationships. Sources of Muslim Personal Law: Derived primarily from the Quran, Hadith (Prophet Muhammad’s sayings and actions), and Islamic jurisprudence. Issues with Muslim Personal Laws: Polygamy: Permits men to practice polygamy, allowing up to four wives simultaneously.Nikah Halala: Requires a woman to marry and divorce another person before remarrying her divorced husband.Talaq Practices: Talaq-e-Hasan involves a man divorcing his wife by uttering Talaq once for three months.Triple Talaq: Allows a husband to divorce his wife by repeating “talaq” three times in any form.Talaq and Khula: Terms for divorce for men and women, respectively. Application in India: Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act (1937):Formulated an Islamic law code for Indian Muslims.Established during British rule, aiming to govern Indians according to cultural norms.Quran writings hold utmost importance for Muslims.Regulates aspects of Muslim social life, including marriage, divorce, inheritance, and family relations.Declares that, in personal disputes, the state shall not interfere. -Source: Indian Express Karnataka Hindu Religious Institutions and Charitable Endowments (Amendment) Bill, 2024 Context: The Karnataka Hindu Religious Institutions and Charitable Endowments (Amendment) Bill, 2024, has been approved by the State Legislative Assembly and Council. The proposed amendments aim to modify various provisions within the existing Karnataka Hindu Religious Institutions and Charitable Endowments Act of 1997. The next step involves sending the Bill for approval to the Governor. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the Karnataka Hindu Religious Institutions BillConcerns Regarding the Karnataka Hindu Religious Institutions BillManagement of Religious Institutions in India Key Highlights of the Karnataka Hindu Religious Institutions Bill: Taxation Modification: The Bill aimed to modify the taxation structure for Hindu temples. Revenue Diversion for Temple Maintenance: Proposed diverting 10% of gross income from temples earning over Rs 1 crore annually.Previous allocation was 10% of the net income for temples earning over Rs 10 lakh annually. Income Calculation Clarification: Net income calculated based on temple profits after deducting expenses.Gross income refers to the total amount of money the temple generates. Additional Allocation for Intermediate Income Temples: Suggested allocating 5% of income from temples earning between Rs 10 lakh and Rs 1 crore to the common pool. Financial Impact: Projected additional Rs 60 crore from 87 temples with income over Rs 1 crore and 311 temples exceeding Rs 10 lakh. Utilization of Common Pool: Common fund for purposes such as religious studies, temple maintenance, and charitable causes. Creation and Background of Common Fund Pool: Common fund pool established in 2011 through an amendment to the 1997 Act. Committee of Management Modification: Suggested adding a member skilled in Vishwakarma Hindu temple architecture and sculpture to the “committee of management.” Committee of Management Composition: Under Section 25 of the KHRI& CE 1997 Act, mandates a nine-member committee of management.Composition includes a priest, at least one Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe member, two women, and one local member. Empowerment of Rajya Dharmika Parishat: Empowered Rajya Dharmika Parishat to appoint committee chairpersons.Given authority over religious disputes, temple statuses, and trustee appointments. Creation of Oversight Committees: Mandated the creation of district and state committees for overseeing infrastructure projects for temples earning over Rs 25 lakh annually. Concerns Regarding the Karnataka Hindu Religious Institutions Bill: Potential Discrimination: The Bill may face challenges for being perceived as discriminatory, applying only to Hindu temples and not to other religious institutions. Scrutiny Under Article 14: Potential scrutiny under Article 14 of the Constitution, ensuring equality before the law and equal protection, questioning arbitrary state actions. Constitutional Rights Under Article 25: Critics argue that interference may infringe on constitutional rights granted under Article 25.Article 25 ensures freedom of religion, subject to public order, morality, and health.Article 25(2)(a) allows the State to regulate activities with economic, political, or secular nature. Violation of Rights Under Article 26: Concerns raised about potential violation of rights granted under Article 26.Article 26 grants autonomy to religious denominations for managing religious affairs and establishing institutions. Risk of Corruption and Mismanagement: Fear that the Bill may lead to corruption and mismanagement of temple funds and assets by the government-appointed Rajya Dharmika Parishath. Opposition Allegations: Criticism from the opposition, alleging governmental overreach and financial exploitation of temples. Management of Religious Institutions in India: Places of Worship Act, 1991: Enacted to freeze the status of religious places as of 15th August 1947.Prohibits the conversion of any place of worship, ensuring the maintenance of their religious character.Excludes ancient monuments and archaeological sites governed by the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.Does not cover settled cases, resolved disputes, or conversions before its implementation.Excludes the Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid in Ayodhya and associated legal proceedings. Constitution of India (Article 26): Guarantees the right of religious groups to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes.Allows them to manage their own affairs in religious matters and own, acquire, and administer property.Various religious denominations, including Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, utilize these constitutional guarantees. Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC): Manages Sikh Gurdwaras in India and abroad.Directly elected through elections by Sikh voters registered under the Sikh Gurdwaras Act, 1925. Waqf Act of 1954: Established the Central Waqf Council advising the Central Government on waqf administration.State Waqf Boards exercise control over mosques, graveyards, and religious waqfs in their respective states.Manages properties and revenues to ensure proper utilization for religious, pious, or charitable purposes according to Muslim Law.Waqf is a permanent dedication of movable or immovable properties. -Source: Indian Express Status of Leopards in India 2022: Ministry Report Context: The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has released a report on the Status of Leopards in India 2022. The comprehensive survey covered 20 states, focusing on approximately 70% of the leopards’ expected habitat. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Establishment of International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)Key Highlights of the Report on Leopard Status in India 2022 Establishment of International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) In commemoration of the 50th anniversary of Project Tiger, the Union Government has approved the establishment of the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA). The headquarters will be in India, receiving a one-time budgetary support of Rs.150 crore for a five-year period from 2023-24 to 2027-28. About International Big Cat Alliance: It aims to strengthen global cooperation and efforts for conservation of seven big cat species and their habitats. Objective: IBCA aims for mutual cooperation among countries for mutual benefit in furthering the conservation agenda. IBCA would have a multipronged approach in broad basing and establishing linkages manifold in several areas and help in knowledge sharing, capacity building, networking, advocacy, finance and resources support, research and technical support, education and awareness. Members: The International Big Cat Alliance has been conceived as a multi-country, multi-agency coalition of 96 big cat range countries,Non-range countries interested in big cat conservationConservation partners and scientific organizations working in the field of big cat conservationBusiness groups and corporates willing to contribute to the cause of big catsSeven big cats include Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Puma, Jaguar and the Cheetah out of these five big cats viz. Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard and Cheetah are found in India. Key Highlights of the Report on Leopard Status in India 2022: Population Growth: India’s leopard population increased by 8% from 12,852 in 2018 to 13,874 in 2022. Distribution Outside Protected Areas: Approximately 65% of leopards are found outside protected areas in the Shivalik landscape.Only one-third of leopards reside within protected areas. Shivalik Landscape Decline: Shivalik hills and Gangetic plains experienced a decline from 1,253 in 2018 to 1,109 in 2022.The region faces a 3.4% annual decline, contrasting with Central India and Eastern Ghats, which showed a 1.5% growth rate. Regional Leopard Population: Madhya Pradesh has the highest leopard count (3,907), followed by Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.Odisha and Uttarakhand experienced declines from 2018 to 2022. Population Declines: Kerala, Telangana, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, and Goa reported leopard population declines. Landscape Impact on Population: Central India and Eastern Ghats landscape houses the largest growing leopard population due to tiger conservation efforts. Density Variation: Leopard densities are higher in Tiger Reserves compared to areas outside Protected Areas, despite tiger regulatory pressure. Common Threats: Poaching threats for bush meat and tiger/leopard skins.Habitat loss due to mining and human activities. Incidents in Odisha: Seizure of 59 leopard skins from wildlife smugglers in Odisha between 2018 and 2023. Road Accidents: Road accidents significantly contribute to leopard fatalities. -Source: Indian Express Drugs and Magic Remedies(Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954 Context: Recently, the Supreme Court has prohibited Patanjali Ayurved from disseminating advertisements that claim to treat medical conditions such as BP, diabetes, fevers, epilepsy, and lupus, as outlined in the Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act of 1954. Relevance: GS II: Health Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954: Legislative Framework: Established as a legislative framework to control the advertisement of drugs and prohibit claims of magical qualities in remedies. Scope of Advertisements: Encompasses various forms of advertisements, including written, oral, and visual mediums. Definition of “Drug”: Under the Act, “drug” refers to medicines intended for human or animal use, substances for diagnosis or treatment of diseases, and articles affecting the body’s functions. “Magic Remedy” Definition: Extends beyond consumables to include talismans, mantras, and charms claiming miraculous powers for healing or influencing bodily functions. Regulations on Drug Advertisements: Imposes strict regulations on the publication of drug-related advertisements. Prohibited Advertisements: Prohibits advertisements that give false impressions, make false claims, or are otherwise misleading. Penalties for Violations: Violations can result in penalties, including imprisonment or fines, upon conviction. Definition of “Advertisement”: Extends to all notices, labels, wrappers, and oral announcements. Applicability: Applies to all individuals and entities involved in the publication of advertisements, including manufacturers, distributors, and advertisers.Holds both individuals and companies accountable for contraventions. Liability of Individuals: Individuals in charge of business operations may be deemed guilty unless they can prove lack of knowledge or demonstrate due diligence.Directors, managers, or officers of a company may be held liable if they consented to or neglected the offense. Punishment: Violations can result in imprisonment, fines, or both.First conviction may lead to up to six months in prison, fines, or both.Subsequent convictions may result in imprisonment up to one year, fines, or both.The Act does not specify limits for fines imposed on individuals or organizations. -Source: The Hindu Lahore Resolution Context: Pakistan has decided to hold its National Day celebrations in New Delhi again this year, which is observed on March 23, the day the Lahore Resolution was adopted in 1940 by the Muslim League. Relevance: GS I: History Lahore Resolution: Adoption:Adopted by the All-India Muslim League during its general session in Lahore from March 22 to March 24, 1940.Objective:Formally called for the creation of an independent state for India’s Muslims.Notable Absence:The resolution does not explicitly mention the term ‘Pakistan.’Criticism:Criticized by some Indian Muslims, including Abul Kalam Azad and the Deoband ulema led by Husain Ahmad Madani, who advocated for a united India.Resolution Contents:Geographically contiguous Muslim-majority areas, particularly in the North-Western and Eastern Zones, should be grouped to form “Independent States” with autonomous and sovereign constituent units.In regions where Muslims are a minority, the constitution should provide mandatory safeguards for their religious, cultural, economic, political, administrative, and other rights in consultation with them. Lead-up to the Lahore Resolution: Early 1930s Agitation: Until the early 1930s, many Muslims had been advocating for better representation and protection of their rights within the Indian Union.The separate electorate granted to them in the Government of India Act, 1935, was seen as a step in that direction. Khaksar Tragedy Influence: The Muslim League session occurred shortly after the Khaksar tragedy, where members of the Khaksar, a Muslim group fighting for India’s independence, were shot by the British in Lahore on March 19, 1940, resulting in casualties. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 04 March 2024

CONTENTS NITI Aayog GROW Report and PortalOrganization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries NITI Aayog GROW Report and Portal Context: Recently, the Greening and Restoration of Wasteland with Agroforestry (GROW) report and portal was launched by NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India). Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the GROW Report: Facilitating Land Restoration and AgroforestryGROW Portal: Enhancing Access to Agroforestry DataAgroforestry: A Holistic Land Use ApproachImpacts of Agroforestry: Nurturing Prosperity and Sustainability Key Highlights of the GROW Report: Facilitating Land Restoration and Agroforestry The GROW report is designed to support restoration initiatives, aligning with national goals of Land Degradation Neutrality and the restoration of 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030. National Commitments: Aims to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent. Wasteland Assessment: India has approximately 55.76 million hectares of wastelands, constituting 16.96% of the total geographical area.Degraded lands have experienced reduced productivity and biodiversity due to natural and human-induced factors. Agroforestry Solutions: Proposes greening and restoring wastelands through agroforestry. Current Agroforestry Status: Agroforestry covers 8.65% of India’s total geographical area, equivalent to about 28.42 million hectares.Approximately 6.18% and 4.91% of India’s land are highly and moderately suitable for agroforestry, respectively. State-wise Suitability: Top large-sized states for agroforestry suitability: Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Telangana.Top medium-sized states: Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur, and Nagaland (as per ISRO). Policy and Institutional Support: Identifies the need for policy and institutional backing to scale up agroforestry interventions in wastelands. Alignment with Policies: Emphasizes India’s National Agroforestry Policy of 2014, aligning with global commitments such as the Paris Agreement, Bonn Challenge, UN Sustainable Development Goals, UNCCD, Green India Mission, and more. GROW Portal: Enhancing Access to Agroforestry Data Platform Hosting:The GROW portal is seamlessly integrated into the Bhuvan platform, ensuring universal accessibility.Data Accessibility:Provides access to state and district-level data concerning agroforestry suitability across India.Technological Foundation:Leverages remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies to derive thematic datasets.Offers in-depth information on various factors influencing agroforestry suitability.Agroforestry Suitability Index (ASI):Introduces the ASI, a standardized index aiding in the prioritization of agroforestry interventions nationally.Key Insights:Delivers comprehensive insights into the existing extent of agroforestry in India.Highlights geographical distribution and overall coverage of agroforestry practices.User-Friendly Interface:Users can explore detailed maps and assessments through the portal, facilitating informed decision-making.Promoting Informed Interventions:The GROW portal acts as a valuable resource for individuals and organizations involved in agroforestry planning and implementation. Agroforestry: A Holistic Land Use Approach Definition: Agroforestry is a sustainable land-use management system that integrates trees and shrubs with agricultural crops and livestock. Traditional Significance in India: An integral part of Indian agriculture meeting diverse needs like wood, fuelwood, fodder, and subsistence requirements.Practiced across varied farming scales, from small and marginal farmers in rainfed conditions to large farmers under irrigated settings. Evolution of Policies: The All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Agroforestry in 1983 marked formal integration into research agendas.Key policy initiatives, including the National Forest Policy 1988, National Agriculture Policy 2000, National Bamboo Mission 2002, National Policy on Farmers 2007, and Green India Mission 2010, emphasized agroforestry.Momentum increased with the adoption of the National Agroforestry Policy (NAP) in 2014.India became the world’s first country to embrace a comprehensive agroforestry policy. National Agroforestry Policy (NAP) 2014: A policy framework enhancing agricultural livelihoods by integrating trees, crops, and livestock on the same land plot.Launched in February 2014 during the World Congress on Agroforestry in Delhi. Sub-Mission on Agroforestry (SMAF): Launched in 2016-17 under the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA).Aims to encourage and expand tree plantation on farmland with the motto “Har Medh Par Ped,” in conjunction with crops and cropping systems. Impacts of Agroforestry: Nurturing Prosperity and Sustainability Positive Yield Growth: Agroforestry systems yield positive growth for fruits, timber, and crops, elevating overall agricultural productivity.Economic Viability: Economically sustainable, agroforestry introduces additional income streams through diverse sources like timber, fuelwood, and fodder.Nutritional and Health Benefits: Systems focusing on fruit crops contribute to improved nutrition and health, positively impacting community well-being.Gender Dynamics and Women’s Empowerment: Despite significant women’s participation, further research is essential to understand agroforestry’s impact on gender dynamics and women’s empowerment.Enhanced Soil Health: Agroforestry enhances soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and soil organic carbon, fostering sustainable land management practices.Water-Use Efficiency and Conservation: Improves water-use efficiency, mitigates soil erosion, and actively contributes to watershed management and conservation endeavors.Climate Change Mitigation: Serves as a vital biomass energy source and carbon sequestration contributor, aiding in climate change mitigation efforts.Biodiversity Conservation: Promotes biodiversity conservation by providing habitats, supporting species movement, and mitigating deforestation rates. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Context: OPEC+ members led by Saudi Arabia and Russia recently agreed to extend voluntary oil output cuts first announced in 2023 as part of an agreement among oil producers to boost prices following economic uncertainty. Relevance: GS II- International Relations Dimensions of the Article: About Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)What is OPEC+? About Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries is an intergovernmental organization of 14 nations, founded in 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela), and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna, Austria.As of 2018, the 14 member countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and almost 82% of the world’s “proven” oil reserves, giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by the so-called “Seven Sisters” grouping of multinational oil companies.The stated mission of the organization is to “coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets, in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers, a steady income to producers, and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry.” What is OPEC+? OPEC + countries are non-OPEC countries that export crude oil alongside the 14 OPEC countries.Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, Oman, Russia, South Sudan, and Sudan are among the OPEC plus countries. What are their goals? The OPEC and non OPEC producers first formed the alliance at a historic meeting in Algiers in 2016.The aim was to undertake production restrictions to help resuscitate a flailing market.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 04 March 2024

CONTENTS Supreme Court Directs Compensation: Wrongful Release of Military Nursing Service OfficerIndia’s First Indigenous Hydrogen Fuel Cell Ferry Boat LaunchLokpalGenerative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI)National Urban Cooperative Finance and Development Corporation Limited (NUCFDC)Melanochlamys droupadiGrey Zone WarfareYars Missile Supreme Court Directs Compensation: Wrongful Release of Military Nursing Service Officer Context: Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) has directed the Ministry of Defence to pay Rs 60 lakh in compensation to a former permanent commissioned officer in the Military Nursing Service (MNS). It is ruled that the officer was “wrongly” released from service in 1988 on grounds of her marriage. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key Facts of the Case: Challenging Wrongful ReleasePolicy Framework for Recruiting Women Military OfficersSupreme Court’s Support for Women Officers in Armed ForcesSignificance of Increasing Women’s Representation in the Armed Forces Key Facts of the Case: Challenging Wrongful Release Background: Former permanent commissioned officer in the Military Nursing Service (MNS) faced release in 1988 based on marriage grounds, in accordance with Army Instruction No. 61 of 1977. This instruction governed MNS terms and conditions but was later withdrawn in 1995. Termination Grounds: Clause 11 of the instruction outlined grounds for termination, including marriage, misconduct, breach of contract, or unsatisfactory service. Legal Recourse: In 2016, seeking justice, she approached the Armed Forces Tribunal (AFT), which deemed her termination illegal and directed her reinstatement with back wages. Central Government’s Challenge: The Central government contested the AFT ruling, leading to the case ‘Union of India & Others vs. Ex. Lt. Selina John’ in the Supreme Court. Supreme Court’s Observations: The SC declared her release as “wrong and illegal,” rejecting the Centre’s argument based on the rule in force at the time.The court criticized the rule as manifestly arbitrary, highlighting that terminating employment due to marriage represents a clear case of gender discrimination and inequality. Policy Framework for Recruiting Women Military Officers Introduction of Women Special Entry Scheme (WSES) – 1992:Women officers were first inducted into the Indian Army through WSES in 1992.WSES Service Terms:Under WSES, women officers served for five-year periods.They served in specific streams, including the Army Education Corps and the Corps of Engineers.Restrictions on Roles:Despite entry, restrictions were imposed on certain roles, such as infantry and armored corps.Transition to Short Service Commission (SSC) – 2006:In 2006, WSES was replaced by the Short Service Commission scheme.SSC Option for Women Officers:The new scheme allowed women officers the option to switch from WSES to SSC.SSC Terms for Men:Men under SSC were commissioned for ten years initially, with the option to extend up to fourteen years.Men in SSC had the choice to opt for a Permanent Commission (PC). Supreme Court’s Support for Women Officers in Armed Forces Union of India v. Lt Cdr Annie Nagaraja Case, 2015: In 2015, seventeen women officers filed writ petitions before the Delhi High Court.These officers, who served as Short Service Commissioned (SSC) officers in various cadres, completed fourteen years of service but were not considered for Permanent Commissions (PCs).In 2020, the SC ruled that women SSC Officers in the Indian Navy were entitled to PC at par with their male counterparts. Secretary, Ministry of Defence vs. Babita Puniya Case, 2020: In February 2020, the SC upheld the demands of women in the SSC, justifying their pursuit of PC or a full-length career.Before this ruling, only male officers on SSC could opt for PC after 10 years, leaving women without government pension eligibility.The decision brought women officers in 10 Army streams at par with men. Government’s Arguments: The Centre argued that the issue was a matter of policy, citing Article 33 of the Constitution, allowing restrictions on fundamental rights for the armed forces.Arguments included the perceived dangers of army service, including privacy issues, maternity concerns, and childcare challenges.The case was first filed in 2003, and Permanent Commissions for women officers in all branches were awarded by the Delhi HC in 2010. Post-2020 Ruling: The Army constituted the Number 5 Selection Board post-2020, instructing the induction of all eligible female officers as PC officers.Effective from September 2020, the board, led by a senior general officer, includes a woman officer of the rank of brigadier.Women officers meeting screening criteria will be granted PC status, contingent on an acceptable medical category. Permanent Commission for Women in Indian Coast Guard: In Priyanka Tyagi v. Union of India Case, 2024, the SC emphasized the need for the Central government to ensure eligible women officers receive permanent commissions in the Indian Coast Guard.The Attorney General cited operational challenges, but the Court dismissed these arguments in 2024.The SC urged the Centre to develop a gender-neutral policy, highlighting the ongoing struggle for gender equality and the need for proactive measures in all societal spheres, including the armed forces. Significance of Increasing Women’s Representation in the Armed Forces Gender Neutrality in Qualifications: Qualification, not gender, should determine suitability for military roles.In the modern battlefield, technical expertise and decision-making skills surpass physical strength. Strengthening Military Force: Increasing gender diversity addresses falling retention and recruitment rates.A mixed-gender force contributes to a stronger military. Optimal Personnel Selection: Blanket restrictions limit commanders’ ability to choose the most capable person for a role.Allowing women in combat roles ensures optimal personnel selection. Training for Integration: Training is essential for seamless integration of women into combat units.Cultural shifts over time, including the evolution of the masculine subculture. Global Trends: The US allowed women in combat positions in 2013, signaling progress towards gender equality.In 2018, the UK military lifted a ban on women serving in close combat ground roles, expanding opportunities, including elite special forces service. -Source: Indian Express India’s First Indigenous Hydrogen Fuel Cell Ferry Boat Launch Context: Prime Minister of India virtually flags off the hydrogen cell-powered ferry boat, a milestone under the Harit Nauka initiative. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Other Notable Features of the Hydrogen Fuel Cell FerryHarit Nauka Initiative: Unveiling Sustainable Inland Waterway GuidelinesUnderstanding Hydrogen Fuel Cells Other Notable Features of the Hydrogen Fuel Cell Ferry The ferry’s inauguration was part of a broader initiative, involving the commencement of a ₹17,300-crore project, encompassing the development of the outer harbor at the V.O. Chidambaranar Port.The Cochin Shipyard is the construction site for the vessel. Significance:The ferry is a catalyst for streamlined urban mobility along inland water routes, marking a pivotal move towards adopting eco-friendly energy solutions and supporting the country’s net-zero aspirations. Harit Nauka Initiative: Unveiling Sustainable Inland Waterway Guidelines The Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways introduced the Harit Nauka guidelines for inland vessels in January 2024. Guidelines:States are mandated, under the guidelines, to strive for the use of eco-friendly fuels in 50% of their inland waterways-oriented passenger fleets within the next decade, reaching 100% by 2045.This initiative aligns with the Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047, aiming to curtail greenhouse gas emissions.On a global scale, the maritime industry is increasingly embracing green fuels, driven by environmental regulations, sustainability objectives, and advancements in green fuel technologies.Hydrogen and its derivatives are emerging as key players in the pursuit of zero-emission fuels for the shipping industry. Understanding Hydrogen Fuel Cells Hydrogen fuel cells stand out as a clean, dependable, silent, and efficient source of high-quality electric power.Operating on hydrogen fuel, these cells facilitate an electrochemical process, generating electricity while producing only water and heat as by-products.Hydrogen, abundantly available on Earth, serves as a cleaner alternative fuel. Significance:Among the top Zero Emission solutions, hydrogen fuel cells are entirely environmentally friendly, emitting only water as a by-product.The minimal noise produced by fuel cells allows their application in challenging environments, such as within hospital buildings.The Union Budget for 2021-22 has introduced the National Hydrogen Energy Mission (NHM), outlining a strategic plan for utilizing hydrogen as a prominent energy source. -Source: The Hindu Lokpal Context: Recently, the former Supreme Court Justice Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar was appointed as the chairperson of Lokpal. This came nearly two years after the post was vacant. Relevance: GS-II: Polity and Governance (Constitutional and Non-Constitutional Bodies, Policies and Interventions on Transparency and Accountability in governance) Dimensions of the Article: About LokpalOther Important Points regarding the LokpalException for Prime Minister About Lokpal The Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013 establishes Lokpal for the Union and Lokayukta for States (Statutory Bodies) to inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries.Composition: Lokpal will consist of a chairperson and a maximum of eight members, of which 50% shall be judicial members and 50% shall be from SC/ST/OBCs, minorities and women.Appointment process: It is a two-stage process.A search committee which recommends a panel of names to the high-power selection committee.The selection committee comprises the Prime Minister, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Leader of the Opposition, the Chief Justice of India (or his nominee) and an eminent jurist (nominated by President based on the recommendation of other members of the panel).President will appoint the recommended names.The jurisdiction of Lokpal extends to:Anyone who is or has been Prime Minister, or a Minister in the Union government, or a Member of Parliament, as well as officials of the Union government under Groups A, B, C and D.The chairpersons, members, officers and directors of any board, corporation, society, trust or autonomous body either established by an Act of Parliament or wholly or partly funded by the Centre.Any society or trust or body that receives foreign contribution above Rs. 10 lakhs. Other Important Points regarding the Lokpal Salaries, allowances and service conditions: Salaries, allowances and other perks of the Lokpal chairperson will be the same as those for the Chief Justice of India; those for other members will be the same as those for a judge of the Supreme Court.Inquiry wing and prosecution wing: Inquiry Wing for conducting preliminary inquiry and Prosecution Wing for the purpose of prosecution of public servants in relation to any complaint by the Lokpal under this Act.Power with respect to CBI: Power of superintendence and direction over any investigation agency including CBI for cases referred to them by Lokpal. Transfer of officers of CBI investigating cases referred by Lokpal would need approval of Lokpal.Timelines for enquiry, investigation: Act specifies a time limit of 60 days for completion of inquiry and 6 months for completion of investigation by the CBI. This period of 6 months can be extended by the Lokpal on a written request from CBI.Suspension, removal of Chairperson and member of Lokpal: The Chairperson or any Member shall be removed from his office by order of the President on grounds of misbehaviour after the Supreme Court report. For that a petition has to be signed by at least one hundred Members of Parliament. Special Court shall be setup to hear and decide the cases referred by the Lokpal. Exception for Prime Minister The Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013 does not allow a Lokpal inquiry if the allegation against the PM relates to international relations, external and internal security, public order, atomic energy and space.Complaints against the PM are not to be probed unless the full Lokpal bench considers the initiation of inquiry and at least 2/3rds of the members approve it.Such an inquiry against the PM (if conducted) is to be held in camera and if the Lokpal comes to the conclusion that the complaint deserves to be dismissed, the records of the inquiry are not to be published or made available to anyone. -Source: The Hindu Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) Context: The Central government issued an advisory to all intermediaries and generative AI platforms using artificial intelligence (AI) models, software or algorithms. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Government of India Introduces Unprecedented Regulations on AI Models: A Global FirstUnderstanding Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI)Impact of Generative AI on 2024 Elections: Navigating Challenges and Opportunities Government of India Introduces Unprecedented Regulations on AI Models: A Global First The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) issues an advisory mandating explicit government permission for the deployment of AI models, large-language models (LLMs), and generative AI on the Indian internet.Aimed at preventing bias, discrimination, and safeguarding electoral integrity, the advisory instructs platforms to ensure responsible use of algorithms.Prompted by recent concerns, notably a user claiming bias in Google’s AI model Gemini, accusing it of being “malicious” in responses related to political figures.Google responds by acknowledging the issues, pledging to address them, and temporarily halting Gemini’s image generation. Understanding Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) Definition: Generative AI refers to advanced deep-learning models capable of autonomously producing statistically probable outputs when given raw data.Foundation Models: Powered by large AI models, known as foundation models, which exhibit multitasking capabilities, handling tasks like summarization, Q&A;, and classification.Adaptability: Foundation models require minimal training and can be customized for specific use cases with minimal example data. How Generative AI Operates Learning Patterns: Utilizes Machine Learning to understand patterns and relationships within a dataset of human-generated content.Content Generation: Applies learned patterns to create new content resembling the human-generated dataset.Training Approach: Commonly employs supervised learning, receiving a set of human-created content with corresponding labels to generate similar labeled content. Applications of Generative AI Enhanced Customer Interactions: Improves chat and search experiences, providing insightful responses.Data Exploration: Processes vast unstructured data through conversational interfaces and summarizations.Task Automation: Assists in repetitive tasks such as proposal replies, multilingual marketing content localization, and contract compliance checks. Impact of Generative AI on 2024 Elections: Navigating Challenges and Opportunities Global Landscape of High-Stakes Elections Scope: Over 50 countries, including India, the US, the UK, Indonesia, Russia, Taiwan, and South Africa, face crucial elections in 2024.Persistent Challenge: Prevailing issue of fake news amplifies as AI advancements facilitate its creation and dissemination. AI-Related Risks According to World Economic Forum (WEF) Top 10 Risks: AI-derived misinformation and its potential for societal polarization recognized as a significant risk in the WEF 2024 Global Risk Report.Amplified Disinformation: Generative AI tools empower individuals with limited technical expertise to spread fake content across diverse languages and digital platforms. Challenges Posed by AI in Elections Deep-Fake Generation: AI’s capability to create deep-fakes and generate voice-cloned audio poses substantial challenges for governments and organizations.Intimate Persuasion: AI, proficient in language mastery, can establish intimate connections to personalize messages, influencing individuals’ worldviews. Political Use of AI in India Rural Outreach: Politicians in India leverage AI tools, like real-time translation, to connect with rural populations.Example: Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s speech translated from Hindi to Tamil using AI during a December 2023 event in Uttar Pradesh. Ethical Dilemmas Surrounding AI Dual Perceptions: AI’s potential is viewed with both alarm and optimism, sparking debates on its responsible use and potential misuse in elections and beyond. -Source: The Hindu National Urban Cooperative Finance and Development Corporation Limited (NUCFDC) Context: The Union Cooperation Minister inaugurated an umbrella organisation for urban cooperative banks (UCB) – the National Urban Cooperative Finance and Development Corporation Limited (NUCFDC). Relevance: GS-III: Indian Economy (Banking) Dimensions of the Article: National Urban Cooperative Finance and Development Corporation (NUCFDC): Empowering Urban Cooperative BanksWhat are Cooperative Banks?Structure of co-operative banks in IndiaImportance of Cooperative BanksConcerns Associated with Urban Co-operative Bank National Urban Cooperative Finance and Development Corporation (NUCFDC): Empowering Urban Cooperative Banks Operational Status Regulatory Approval: Certified by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as a Non-Banking Finance Company (NBFC), NUCFDC operates as the umbrella organization for the urban cooperative banking sector.Additional Role: Granted the status of a Self-Regulatory Organisation (SRO) for the sector, highlighting its regulatory responsibilities. Financial Objectives Capital Raising: Aims to accumulate a capital base of Rs.300 crores to support and uplift Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs).Utilization: Capital to be utilized for assisting UCBs, fostering a shared technology platform, enhancing services, and reducing operational costs. Enhancing UCB Services Technology Platform: NUCFDC plans to establish a shared technology platform benefiting UCBs, enabling expanded service offerings and cost reduction.Comprehensive Support: Offers liquidity, capital support, fund management, consultancy services, and facilitates dialogue between banks and regulators. Significance Inclusive Economic Development: Aligns with the vision of inclusive and comprehensive economic development, fostering the establishment of UCBs in every city.National Goals: Contributes to ‘Sahakar se Samriddhi’ and ‘Aatma Nirbhar’ Bharat, modernizing and strengthening UCBs in India.Depositor Confidence: Acts as a security shield for small banks, bolstering the confidence of depositors and ensuring financial stability. What are Cooperative Banks? Co-operative banks are financial entities established on a co-operative basis and belonging to their members. This means that the customers of a co-operative bank are also its owners.Cooperative Banks continue to be important and the ideal organisations even in the changing economic environment, as participation and inclusion are central to poverty reduction. Important Details with respect to Urban Cooperative Banks Co-operative banks in India are registered under the State’s Cooperative Societies Act.The Co-operative banks are also regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and governed by the Banking Regulations Act 1949 and Banking Laws (Co-operative Societies) Act, 1955.The Registrar of Cooperative Societies (RCS) is in control of management elections and many administrative issues as well as auditing, and the RBI brought them under the Banking Regulation Act as applicable to cooperative societies.Urban cooperative banks have been under the radar of the RBI, but because of dual regulation either of them did not have as much control over these banks in terms of supersession of boards or removal of directors. Structure of co-operative banks in India Broadly, co-operative banks in India are divided into two categories – urban and rural.Rural cooperative credit institutions could either be short-term or long-term in nature.Short-term cooperative credit institutions are further sub-divided into State Co-operative Banks, District Central Co-operative Banks, Primary Agricultural Credit Societies.Long-term institutions are either State Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks (SCARDBs) or Primary Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks (PCARDBs). Importance of Cooperative Banks The cooperative banking system has to play a critical role in promoting rural finance and is especially suited to Indian conditions. Various advantages of cooperative credit institutions are given below: Alternative Credit Source:  The main objective of the cooperative credit movement is to provide an effective alternative to the traditional defective credit system of the village moneylender.Cheap Rural Credit: Cooperative credit system has cheapened the rural credit by charging comparatively low-interest rates, and has broken the money lender’s monopoly.Productive Borrowing:  The cultivators used to borrow for consumption and other unproductive purposes. But, now, they mostly borrow for productive purposes.Encouragement to Saving and Investment: Instead of hoarding money the rural people tend to deposit their savings in cooperative or other banking institutions.Improvement in Farming Methods: Cooperative credit is available for purchasing improved seeds, chemical fertilizers, modern implements, etc.Financial Inclusion: They have played a significant role in the financial inclusion of unbanked rural masses. They provide cheap credit to the masses in rural areas. Concerns Associated with Urban Co-operative Bank The uncovering of large-scale financial irregularities has taken urban cooperative banks off guard.Low capital basis, weak corporate governance, inability to detect fraud, delayed adoption of new technologies, and insufficient system of checks and balances are difficulties confronting urban cooperative banks (UCBs).The latest Banking Regulation (Amendment) Act 2020 empowers the RBI with all powers, including those formerly reserved for the registrar of cooperative organizations.The RBI’s control was limited, and it shared it with the registrar of cooperative societies of states, resulting in the much-discussed dual control and the issues it posed to the central bank.The cooperative sector has two challenges:first, increased competition from not just Scheduled Commercial Banks, but also from minor financing banks and payments banks;second, vulnerability caused by internal shortcomings, such as the inability to detect and prevent fraud. -Source: The Hindu Melanochlamys droupadi Context: The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) has identified a novel marine species of head-shield sea slug. Relevance: GS III: Species in News Dimensions of the Article: Discovery of Melanochlamys droupadi: A New Marine Species Discovery of Melanochlamys droupadi: A New Marine Species The species, named Melanochlamys droupadi, was discovered along the coasts of West Bengal and Odisha. Morphological Characteristics of Melanochlamys Species: Genus Melanochlamys exhibits distinctive features, including a short, blunt, and cylindrical body.The dorsal surface features two shields, namely the anterior cephalic and posterior shield. Unique Attributes of Melanochlamys droupadi: The species is small, brownish-black, with a distinct ruby red spot at the hind end.It is classified as a hermaphrodite.Reproduction occurs in the period between November and January. Defensive Mechanism: Melanochlamys droupadi secretes transparent mucus, serving as a shield against sand grains while navigating beneath smooth sand.This defensive mechanism renders its body seldom visible. Geographic Distribution: While species within this group are typically found in temperate regions of the Indo-Pacific Oceanic realm, Melanochlamys droupadi is among the three truly tropical species.Other tropical counterparts include Melanochlamys papillata from the Gulf of Thailand and Melanochlamys bengalensis from the coasts of West Bengal and Odisha. -Source: The Hindu Grey Zone Warfare Context: In commentaries on China and Taiwan, ‘grey zone warfare’ crops up in descriptions of Chinese actions around the island that it claims as its own. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Understanding Grey Zone Warfare: Navigating the Ambiguous Realm Definition Middle Ground: Grey zone warfare occupies the space between peace and direct conflict in international relations.Coercive Actions: Involves exploiting operational space through actions below the threshold that would trigger a conventional military response. Activities and Methods Diverse Tactics: Spans from proxy use and territorial coercion to cyberattacks, economic pressure, disinformation, election meddling, and weaponization of migrants. Typical Aspects: Threshold Management: Operates below the threshold warranting military response, often using non-military tools.Gradual Unfolding: Progresses incrementally over time rather than through bold, immediate actions.Attributability Challenges: Often involves actions with plausible deniability, making attribution challenging.Legal and Political Justification: Open actions justified using legal and political arguments, sometimes garnering support from other nations.Targeted Vulnerabilities: Focuses on exploiting specific vulnerabilities in targeted countries. Characteristics Incremental Approach: Gradual unfolding and progression over time distinguish grey zone activities.Attribution Complexity: Aggressors aim for plausible deniability or use extensive legal and political arguments when attribution is clear.International Influence: Recruits support from other nations to bolster their perspective.Targeted Vulnerabilities: Exploits specific weaknesses within targeted countries. -Source: Indian Express Yars Missile Context: Russia’s defence ministry recently announced a successful test fire of Yars intercontinental ballistic nuclear missile. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Yars Missile: Russia’s Advanced ICBM Name: Yars (RS-24 or SS-29)Type: Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)Warhead Capability: Multiple Independently Targetable Warheads (MIRVs) Features Propellant: Three-stage, solid propellant system.Origin: Modified version of the Topol-M missile system.Launch Options: Can be launched from silos or mobile launchers.Dimensions: 23 meters in length; Launch weight of 49,600 kg.Range: Capable of reaching distances up to 10,500 km.MIRVs: Can be armed with up to 10 MIRVs, each carrying a 300-kiloton thermonuclear warhead.Manoeuvrability: Possesses the ability to manoeuvre during flight and deploy both active and passive decoys, enhancing its defense evasion capabilities. Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) Definition: Guided missile designed for delivering nuclear warheads, but versatile for other payloads.Range: Minimum of 5,500 km, with maximum ranges varying from 7,000 to 16,000 km.Speed and Range: ICBMs surpass other ballistic missiles in terms of speed and range.Example: Agni-V, an Indian ICBM, boasts a range exceeding 5,000 km. -Source: Hindustan Times

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 02 March 2024

CONTENTS Exercise MILAN 2024Exercise Samudra Laksamana Exercise MILAN 2024 Context: Exercise MILAN 2024 recently concluded with the closing ceremony held aboard the INS Vikrant, marking the end of the Sea Phase off Visakhapatnam. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges MILAN 2024: 12th Edition of Multilateral Naval Exercise Introduction: MILAN 2024 marks the 12th edition of the biennial Multilateral Naval Exercise held in Visakhapatnam, under the Eastern Naval Command’s supervision. Objective: The primary goal of MILAN is to enhance professional interaction among friendly navies and to gain experience in multilateral large-force operations at sea. Historical Background: MILAN had its inception in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in 1995, with the participation of navies from Indonesia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Participating Nations: The 2024 edition saw the involvement of various nations, fostering collaboration and synergy among friendly navies. Two-Phase Structure: Harbour Phase:Features activities such as the International Maritime Seminar, city parades, tech exhibitions, expert exchanges, youth officer gatherings, and sports events.The International Maritime Seminar was themed ‘Partners across Oceans: Collaboration, Synergy, Growth.’Sea Phase:Involves the active participation of ships and aircraft from friendly nations, including units from the Indian Navy, such as carriers and other naval assets. Exercise Samudra Laksamana Context: The third edition of Exercise Samudra Laksamana is currently underway from February 28 to March 2, 2024, at/off the coast of Visakhapatnam. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Exercise Samudra Laksamana 2024: Fostering Naval Collaboration Participating Naval Ships:Indian Naval Ship Kiltan and Royal Malaysian Ship KD Lekir are actively engaged in this joint exercise. Phases of Exercise: Harbour Phase:Crews from both ships partake in diverse professional interactions, including Subject Matter Expert Exchanges, sports fixtures, and other engagements, fostering mutual understanding and cooperation.Operational Phase at Sea:The sea phase involves joint operations, where units from both navies collaborate to enhance their skills and execute various maritime operations. Objectives: Knowledge Enhancement:Harbour interactions aim to broaden the knowledge base through professional exchanges and the sharing of best practices.Cooperation on Maritime Aspects:The exercise serves as a platform for sharing expertise and insights, further strengthening cooperation on crucial maritime aspects. Interoperability and Bonds: Enhancing Interoperability:The exercise is designed to improve interoperability between the Indian and Royal Malaysian Navy, fostering seamless collaboration in naval operations.Strengthening Bonds:By jointly honing skills and conducting operations at sea, the participating navies aim to build stronger bonds and camaraderie.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 02 March 2024

CONTENTS Ensuring Sustainable Support for Research and Development FundingChallenges in Regulating Coal Mining in Nagaland due to Article 371AFinancial Action Task ForceHouthi Attacks on Red Sea Shipping and Global Supply Chain VulnerabilitiesBioTRIGVery Short-Range Air Defence SystemJacaranda Bloom Ensuring Sustainable Support for Research and Development Funding Context: National Science Day, observed on 8th February each year, commemorates the discovery of the Raman Effect and recognizes the invaluable contributions of scientists to India’s progress. The day emphasizes the pivotal role of science in fostering sustainable development. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: National Science DayIndia’s Research and Development (R&D;) Spending: A Concerning DeclineChallenges in Sustainable Funding for Research and Development (R&D;)Strategies to Enhance R&D; Spending in India National Science Day Origin of the Day: National Science Day is commemorated on the day of the discovery of the Raman Effect by Indian Physicist Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman.The Raman Effect involves the scattering of light through transparent materials, causing alterations in wavelength and energy. Discovery and Recognition: In 1928, on 28th February, CV Raman made the groundbreaking discovery of the Raman Effect.For his significant contributions to Physics, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930. Theme of the Day: The theme for National Science Day is “Indigenous Technologies for Viksit Bharat.” Significance: Raises awareness about the practical applications of science in daily life.Acknowledges and celebrates scientists’ efforts and achievements in advancing human welfare. Observing the Day: Understanding the progress of science and technology.Identifying areas that require additional efforts for improvement. India’s Research and Development (R&D;) Spending: A Concerning Decline Current Expenditure Trends: In 2020-21, India’s R&D; spending stands at 0.64% of the GDP, a decrease from 0.8% in 2008-2009 and 0.7% in 2017-2018. Government Calls and Policy Goals: Despite government agencies urging a doubling of R&D; spending, the current trend shows a decline.The 2013 Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy aimed for 2% of GDP for Gross Expenditure on R&D; (GERD), a goal reiterated in the 2017-2018 Economic Survey. Uncertain Factors Impacting R&D; Spending: The reasons for the reduction in R&D; spending are unclear.Possible factors include insufficient coordination among government agencies and a lack of strong political will to prioritize R&D; expenses. Global Comparisons: Developed nations allocate between 2% and 4% of their GDP to R&D.;In 2021, OECD member countries averaged 2.7% of GDP on R&D;, with the U.S. and the U.K. consistently exceeding 2% over the past decade. Advocating for Increased Allocation: Experts recommend that India should allocate at least 1%, ideally 3%, of its GDP annually to R&D; until 2047 to drive meaningful development through science. Challenges in Sustainable Funding for Research and Development (R&D;) Underutilization of Budget Allocations: Departments like the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Department of Science and Technology (DST), and Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) consistently under-utilize their budget allocations.In 2022-2023, DBT, DST, and DSIR used only 72%, 61%, and 69% of their estimated budget allocations, respectively. Capacity Issues and Delays: Insufficient capacity leads to delays in grant and salary disbursements, adversely affecting the progress of scientific research and development projects. Broader Under-Spending Issue: India’s overall under-spending on research and development exacerbates the impact of under-utilization, necessitating both increased funding and enhanced spending efficiency. Uncertain Government Funding: Government funding for science is uncertain, susceptible to changes in political priorities, economic conditions, and competing demands across sectors.Non-prioritization of R&D; funding within government budgets results in inadequate allocations compared to other sectors, reflecting a lack of recognition of its importance for national development and innovation. Private Sector Hesitancy: In 2020-2021, the private sector contributed 36.4% of Gross Expenditure on R&D; (GERD), while the Union government’s share was 43.7%.In economically developed countries, around 70% of R&D; investment comes from the private sector.Hesitancy in private-sector funding may stem from challenges in evaluating R&D; in India, ambiguous regulatory roadmaps deterring investors, a lack of clear exit options in certain sectors, such as biotechnology, and concerns about intellectual property rights theft. Strategies to Enhance R&D; Spending in India Scaling Investment for Development: Recognize that sustained, substantial investment in science is crucial for progress. India needs to outspend developed countries in R&D; to achieve ‘developed nation’ status. Philanthropic Contributions: Encourage wealthy individuals, corporations, and foundations to invest in R&D; through philanthropy. Establish dedicated funds or grants for scientific research to attract donations from those committed to societal progress. Academia-Industry Partnerships: Facilitate collaborations between academia and industry to harness resources and expertise from both sectors.Industry can provide funding, equipment, and real-world problems, while academic institutions offer scientific knowledge and talent. Government incentives or tax breaks can encourage such partnerships. Private Investment Initiatives: Encourage venture capital firms and angel investors to invest in R&D; projects with high potential for commercialization.Recognize the role of startups and small enterprises in driving innovation and provide them with the necessary private investment to scale their research efforts. Implementation of National Research Foundation: Expedite the implementation of initiatives like the Anusandhan National Research Foundation.Ensure adequate funding and efficient utilization to support R&D; activities and promote scientific advancements. -Source: The Hindu Challenges in Regulating Coal Mining in Nagaland due to Article 371A Context: The regulation of coal mining in Nagaland faces a significant hurdle due to Article 371A of the Indian Constitution. This constitutional provision, which upholds Naga customary law, creates complications for government oversight of small-scale mining, particularly in the aftermath of recent fatalities resulting from a rat-hole mine explosion. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Article 371A of the Indian Constitution: Special Provisions for NagalandRegulation of Rat-Hole Mining in Nagaland: Challenges and Policies Article 371A of the Indian Constitution: Special Provisions for Nagaland Introduction and Background: Article 371A became part of the Constitution in 1962 through the 13th Amendment, providing special provisions for Nagaland (formerly Naga Hills and Tuensang Area). Scope of Article 371A: States that no act of Parliament shall apply to Nagaland concerning:Religious or social practices of the Nagas.Naga customary law and procedure.Administration of civil and criminal justice following Naga customary law.Ownership and transfer of land and its resources. Legislative Authority: Specifies that the Nagaland Legislative Assembly can alter these provisions through a resolution, indicating a level of autonomy in decision-making. Impact on State Government Authority: Results in limited authority and jurisdiction for the state government over land and resources.Local communities own and control these resources, governed by their customary laws and practices. Regulation of Rat-Hole Mining in Nagaland: Challenges and Policies Coal Reserves in Nagaland: Nagaland possesses substantial coal reserves totaling 492.68 million tonnes, but these are dispersed irregularly in small pockets across a vast area. Mining Policy and Rat-Hole Mining: The Nagaland Coal mining policy, established in 2006, permits rat-hole mining due to the scattered nature of coal deposits, making large-scale operations impractical. Characteristics of Rat-Hole Mining: Rat-hole mining involves extracting coal from narrow horizontal tunnels, often dug by hand, posing risks of accidents and environmental hazards. Licensing for Rat-Hole Mining: Rat-hole mining licenses, known as small pocket deposit licenses, are exclusively granted to individual landowners for limited durations and under specific conditions.Section 6.4(ii) of the Nagaland Coal Policy (First Amendment) of 2014 sets restrictions on mining areas, annual production, and prohibits heavy machinery usage. Compliance and Clearances: Rat-hole mining operations require consent from relevant departments, including Forest and Environment, to ensure compliance with environmental regulations. Challenges in Regulation: Despite clearances and defined mining plans, instances of illegal rat-hole mining persist, complicating regulatory efforts. Impact of Article 371A: Article 371A grants Nagaland special rights over its land and resources, making it challenging for the government to impose regulations that might be perceived as infringing on these rights. Struggles in Small-Scale Mining Regulation: The Nagaland government faces difficulties in effectively regulating small-scale mining, particularly those conducted by individual landowners, due to limitations posed by Article 371A. Safety Concerns and Urgency for Regulations: Recent deaths in a rat-hole mine underscore the safety risks associated with unregulated mining practices, emphasizing the need for effective regulations and proper safety measures. -Source: The Hindu Financial Action Task Force Context: The recent removal of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) from the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) grey list has sparked optimism for investment landscapes, particularly in India’s Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs). Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Impact of UAE’s Exit from FATF Grey List on Investments in Indian NBFCsFinancial Action Task Force (FATF) Impact of UAE’s Exit from FATF Grey List on Investments in Indian NBFCs RBI Regulations in 2021: A 2021 RBI circular delineated investment regulations for Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs), categorizing investments from compliant and non-compliant FATF jurisdictions. Restrictions on Non-Compliant Investments: Investments from non-compliant jurisdictions faced restrictions, particularly in acquiring significant influence in Indian NBFCs. UAE’s Removal from FATF Grey List: The UAE’s exit from the FATF grey list simplifies investment pathways for UAE-based investors in Indian NBFCs. Encouraging Cross-Border Investments: The eased restrictions promote cross-border investments between India and the UAE, fostering growth in both countries’ financial sectors. Reduced KYC Requirements for FPIs: The UAE’s removal may lead to reduced Know Your Customer (KYC) requirements for Foreign Portfolio Investments (FPIs), potentially doubling FPI inflows into India. Economic Growth and FDI: The exit of the UAE from the grey list may attract increased Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), contributing to economic growth in both regions. Competition, Innovation, and Increased Investments: The heightened competition between the two regions could drive innovation, attracting more investments and creating a conducive environment for economic development. Financial Action Task Force (FATF) The Financial Action Task Force (on Money Laundering) (FATF) is an intergovernmental organisation founded in 1989 on the initiative of the G7 to develop policies to combat money laundering.In 2001, its mandate was expanded to include terrorism financing.FATF is a “policy-making body” that works to generate the necessary political will to bring about national legislative and regulatory reforms in these areas.FATF monitors progress in implementing its Recommendations through “peer reviews” (“mutual evaluations”) of member countries.Since 2000, FATF has maintained the FATF blacklist (formally called the “Call for action”) and the FATF greylist (formally called the “Other monitored jurisdictions”).The objectives of FATF are to set standards and promote effective implementation of legal, regulatory and operational measures for combating money laundering, terrorist financing and other related threats to the integrity of the international financial system. FATF Greylists FATF greylist is officially referred to as Jurisdictions Under Increased Monitoring.FATF grey list represent a much higher risk of money laundering and terrorism financing but have formally committed to working with the FATF to develop action plans that will address their AML/CFT deficiencies.The countries on the grey list are subject to increased monitoring by the FATF, which either assesses them directly or uses FATF-style regional bodies (FSRBs) to report on the progress they are making towards their AML/CFT goals.While grey-list classification is not as negative as the blacklist, countries on the list may still face economic sanctions from institutions like the IMF and the World Bank and experience adverse effects on trade.Unlike the next level “blacklist”, greylisting carries no legal sanctions, but it attracts economic strictures and restricts a country’s access to international loans FATF Blacklists FATF Blacklists is Officially known as High-Risk Jurisdictions subject to a Call for Action.FATF blacklist sets out the countries that are considered deficient in their anti-money laundering and counter-financing of terrorism regulatory regimes.The list is intended to serve not only as a way of negatively highlighting these countries on the world stage, but as a warning of the high money laundering and terror financing risk that they present.It is extremely likely that blacklisted countries will be subject to economic sanctions and other prohibitive measures by FATF member states and other international organizations. -Source: The Hindu Houthi Attacks on Red Sea Shipping and Global Supply Chain Vulnerabilities Context: Ongoing Houthi Assaults on Commercial Vessels in the Red Sea underscore Global Supply Chain Vulnerabilities, prompting a reassessment of alternative routes for international trade. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: The Red Sea and its Impact on Global TradeIndia-Middle East Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)Impact of Israel-Palestine Conflict on IMEC ProjectMaking IMEC Project Viable The Red Sea and its Impact on Global Trade About the Red Sea: Geographical Significance:The Red Sea, positioned between Africa and Asia, is a crucial seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean.Strategic Importance:Owes its strategic relevance to the Bab el-Mandab Strait, located between Yemen and Djibouti.Trade Volume:One of the busiest transit points globally, facilitating almost 12% of international merchandise trade.Consequences of Conflict:Ongoing conflicts in the Red Sea have compelled major carriers to re-route shipments via the Cape of Good Hope.Impact on Shipping:Resulted in elevated ocean freight, increased insurance expenses, and extended voyage times, causing delays and product shortages.Economic Ramifications:The re-routing has driven up transportation costs, and these increased shipping costs are likely to translate into higher commodity prices for consumers. Effects on India: Trade Routes:India heavily relies on the Red Sea route for trade with European and North African countries, constituting around 24% of exports and 14% of imports.Bilateral Trade:In the fiscal year 2022-23, India’s bilateral trade with Europe and North Africa amounted to $189 billion and $15 billion, respectively.Impact on Indian Shipments:Rising threats in the region have led Indian exporters to withhold approximately 25% of their cargo ships passing through the Red Sea, as reported by the Federation of Indian Export Organisations (FIEO).Global Alternatives:China is actively promoting China-Europe freight trains, part of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), as an alternative route amid the disruptions in the Red Sea.Underutilized Corridor:The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), introduced during the G-20 summit in 2023, remains an overlooked alternative despite the challenges faced by traditional trade routes. India-Middle East Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC): MoU Signing and Project Components: G20 Summit Initiative:An MoU was endorsed during the G20 Summit in September 2023 in New Delhi, including key nations like India, the United States, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, France, Germany, Italy, and the European Union.Comprehensive Infrastructure:IMEC envisions a holistic development plan involving rail connectivity, shipping lines, high-speed data cables, and energy pipelines.Complementing Existing Networks:These components will complement the existing maritime and road networks, aiming to enhance the smooth movement of trade and services among India, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Israel, and Europe. Significance of IMEC Project: Infrastructure and Connectivity Emphasis:IMEC holds significance not only for its infrastructure and connectivity aspects but also from a geopolitical standpoint.Dual Corridors:The project introduces two distinctive corridors – the East Corridor linking India to the Arabian Gulf and the Northern Corridor connecting the Arabian Gulf to Europe.Economic Stimulation:The MoU asserts that IMEC is anticipated to stimulate economic development by fostering enhanced connectivity and economic integration among Asia, the Arabian Gulf, and Europe.Additional Dimensions:Beyond connectivity, IMEC emphasizes reliable and secure regional supply chains, improved trade accessibility, and facilitation.Geopolitical Counter to BRI:In geopolitical terms, IMEC is positioned as a strategic counter to China’s Belt & Road Initiative (BRI).Concerns about BRI:India has long voiced objections to the BRI, particularly the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, citing territorial claims as a primary concern. Impact of Israel-Palestine Conflict on IMEC Project: Complicated Diplomacy:The intensification of the Israel-Hamas conflict complicates the diplomatic cooperation required for a project of IMEC’s magnitude.Potential Hindrance to Peace Deal:The Saudi Arabia-Israel peace deal might face delays due to mounting anger in the Arab world over Israel’s actions in northern Gaza.Geopolitical Tensions:Recent events, including the cancellation of President Joe Biden’s visit to Jordan and attacks in the Middle East, contribute to heightened geopolitical tensions.Regional War’s Global Repercussions:While the direct impact of the conflict remains regional, its geopolitical consequences extend far beyond, potentially affecting the proposed IMEC corridor. Making IMEC Project Viable: Economic Logic Persists:Despite challenges, the economic rationale of the IMEC corridor remains, encouraging stakeholders to persist in their efforts.Empirical Economic Study:Conducting an empirical study on the corridor’s economic benefits is crucial, with estimates suggesting a 40% reduction in journey time from India to Europe and a 30% cut in transit costs.Financial Framework Establishment:A robust financial framework needs to be established, attracting investments from governments, international organizations, and private sector entities.Multi-Nation Operational Framework:Creating a comprehensive multi-national operational framework is essential, considering the involvement of different legal systems in facilitating trade.Constituting a Forum:Establishing a dedicated forum for the corridor is necessary to coordinate and undertake the mentioned activities for its successful development. -Source: The Hindu BioTRIG Context: A recent study has claimed that BioTRIG, a new waste management technology could help rural Indians. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: BioTRIG: Revolutionizing Waste Management through PyrolysisUnderstanding Pyrolysis BioTRIG: Revolutionizing Waste Management through Pyrolysis Innovative Waste Management Technology:BioTRIG stands as a pioneering waste management technology centered on the pyrolysis system, introducing advanced methods for sustainable waste disposal.Operational Mechanism:The process involves encapsulating waste within an oxygen-free chamber and subjecting it to temperatures exceeding 400 degrees Celsius. This results in the production of valuable chemicals.Products of Pyrolysis:The study emphasizes three key products derived from pyrolysis – bio-oil, syngas, and biochar fertilizer, each carrying potential benefits for rural communities in India. Significance of BioTRIG: Energy Sustainability:Syngas and bio-oil generated in the pyrolysis process contribute to heat and power the system in subsequent cycles. Surplus electricity is redirected to power local homes and businesses.Clean-Burning Fuels:Bio-oil, known for its clean-burning properties, presents an eco-friendly alternative to conventional cooking fuels, reducing indoor air pollution in households.Carbon Storage and Soil Improvement:Biochar, another byproduct, serves the dual purpose of storing carbon and enhancing soil fertility, promoting sustainable agricultural practices.Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction:Computer simulations suggest that BioTRIG has the potential to significantly decrease greenhouse gas emissions from communities, making an estimated reduction of nearly 350 kg of CO2-eq per capita per annum.Holistic Benefits:The implementation of BioTRIG could contribute to a multitude of positive outcomes, including the reduction of indoor air pollution, improved soil health, and the generation of clean power. Understanding Pyrolysis: Chemical Recycling Process: Pyrolysis is a form of chemical recycling that transforms residual organic materials into their elemental molecules. Operational Procedure: It involves enclosing waste within an oxygen-deprived chamber and subjecting it to temperatures surpassing 400 degrees Celsius, resulting in the creation of valuable chemicals. -Source: Down To Earth Very Short-Range Air Defence System Context: The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully conducted two flight tests of the Very Short-Range Air Defence System (VSHORADS) missile. Relevance: GS III: Defence Dimensions of the Article: Very Short-Range Air Defence System (VSHORADS): Safeguarding Low-Altitude Spaces Very Short-Range Air Defence System (VSHORADS): Safeguarding Low-Altitude Spaces Strategic Overview: VSHORADS stands as a fourth-generation Man Portable Air Defence System (MANPAD), meticulously crafted to counter low-altitude aerial threats across short distances. Characteristics: Short-Range and Lightweight:These systems are characterized by their short-range nature, lightweight construction, and portability, allowing them to be operated by individuals or small groups. Indigenous Development: DRDO’s Innovation Hub:Developed domestically, VSHORADS is a product of the Research Centre Imarat (RCI) in Hyderabad, under the umbrella of the Defense Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). Collaboration with various DRDO laboratories and Indian industry partners contributed to its creation. Key Features: Defensive Capabilities:Designed with a focus on short-range air defense, VSHORADS serves to protect ground forces and critical assets from low-altitude threats, encompassing helicopters and low-flying aircraft.Effective Range:Boasting a range of up to 6 kilometers, this system provides a robust shield against aerial intrusions.Cutting-Edge Technologies:Equipped with advanced features, the missile incorporates a Dual-band IIR Seeker, a miniaturized Reaction Control System, and integrated avionics.Propulsion System:The missile’s propulsion is facilitated by a dual-thrust solid motor, enhancing its operational efficiency.Portability and Quick Deployment:A key design aspect is the portability of both the missile and its launcher, ensuring swift deployment even in challenging terrains. -Source:  India Today Jacaranda Bloom Context: The early onset bloom of jacaranda set off alarm bells among residents and scientists in Mexico City. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Jacaranda Bloom: A Lavender Spectacle Scientific Identification: Also recognized by its synonym Jacaranda acutifolia, the Jacaranda bloom is associated with the deciduous tree Jacaranda mimosifolia from the Bignoniaceae family. Native Habitat: Native to Brazil and North West Argentina, the blue jacaranda thrives in tropical climates, demanding well-drained soil and ample sunlight to unveil its captivating lavender touch. Growing Characteristics: These hardy trees are extensively cultivated in warm regions and greenhouses, celebrated for their striking blue or violet flowers and visually appealing, oppositely paired, compound leaves. Cultural Uses: In Brazil, the wood of the Jacaranda is employed in crafting guitars. While it holds no edible utility, its bark and roots offer medicinal benefits. Wood Carving Potential: Recognized as a viable wood carving tree species, particularly in Kenya, the Jacaranda serves as an alternative for artistic endeavors. Ecological Importance: The trees play a vital ecological role by attracting a significant number of hummingbirds and bees, contributing to biodiversity. A shift in flowering patterns could potentially impact these populations. Concerns: An unusual occurrence has been observed, with some Jacarandas blooming in early January instead of their usual spring awakening, raising concerns about potential environmental changes. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 01 March 2024

Contents: International Big Cat AllianceIndia Semiconductor Mission International Big Cat Alliance Focus: GS III- Environment and Ecology Why in News? The Union Cabinet approved the establishment of International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) with headquarters in India. The initiative is supported with a one-time budgetary support of Rs.150 crore for a period of five years from 2023-24 to 2027-28. ###h3Aim:It aims to strengthen global cooperation and efforts for conservation of seven big cat species and their habitats.Objective:IBCA aims for mutual cooperation among countries for mutual benefit in furthering the conservation agenda. IBCA would have a multipronged approach in broad basing and establishing linkages manifold in several areas and help in knowledge sharing, capacity building, networking, advocacy, finance and resources support, research and technical support, education and awareness.Members:The International Big Cat Alliance has been conceived as a multi-country, multi-agency coalition of 96 big cat range countries,Non-range countries interested in big cat conservationConservation partners and scientific organizations working in the field of big cat conservationBusiness groups and corporates willing to contribute to the cause of big catsSeven big cats include Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Puma, Jaguar and the Cheetah out of these five big cats viz. Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard and Cheetah are found in India. India Semiconductor Mission Focus: GS III- Science and Technology Why in News? The Union Cabinet has approved the establishment of three semiconductor units under ‘Development of Semiconductors and Display Manufacturing Ecosystems in India.  All three units will start construction within next 100 days. What are Semiconductors? Any of a class of crystalline solids intermediate in electrical conductivity between a conductor and an insulator.Semiconductors are employed in the manufacture of various kinds of electronic devices, including diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits. Such devices have found wide application because of their compactness, reliability, power efficiency, and low cost.As discrete components, they have found use in power devices, optical sensors, and light emitters, including solid-state lasers. About India Semiconductor Mission Under the administration of the Ministry of Electronics and IT, the ISM was launched in 2021 with a total budgetary commitment of Rs76,000 crore.It’s part of the country’s overall strategy for developing a sustainable semiconductor and display ecosystem.The program’s goal is to help companies invest in semiconductors, display production, and the design ecosystem.ISM will serve as the nodal agency for effective, coherent, and easy implementation of the schemes, and will be led by worldwide professionals in the Semiconductor and Display industry. Vision: To build a vibrant semiconductor and display design and innovation ecosystem to enable India’s emergence as a global hub for electronics manufacturing and design. Significance: ISM is critical for organising efforts to promote the semiconductor and display industries in a more systematic, focused, and comprehensive way.It will develop a long-term strategy for developing the country’s semiconductor and display production capabilities, as well as the semiconductor design ecosystem.Secure semiconductors and display supply chains, including raw materials, speciality chemicals, gases, and manufacturing equipment, will help to accelerate the adoption of trusted electronics.It will help the Indian semiconductor design sector flourish in multiple ways by providing necessary support in the form of EDA tools, foundry services, and other appropriate methods for early-stage businesses.It will also promote and facilitate indigenous Intellectual Property (IP) generation and encourage, enable and incentivize Transfer of Technologies (ToT).ISM will enable collaborations and partnership programs with national and international agencies, industries and institutions for catalyzing collaborative research, commercialization and skill development.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 01 March 2024

Contents: India to build its first Semiconductor fabrication unitIndia likely to face obesity epidemicGovernment auctions critical and strategic mineral blocksIndian manufacturing sectorArchaeological Survey of IndiaWindfall tax increased on domestically produced crude oil India to Build Its First Semiconductor Fabrication Unit Context: The Union Cabinet has recently approved three semiconductor proposals amounting to ₹1,25,600 crore in value in Gujarat and Assam. The Tata Electronics Pvt. Ltd. will build a full-fledged fabrication unit producing 50,000 ‘wafer starts,’ the initial form of silicon chips, per month. Relevance: GS Paper 3: Semiconductor Industries Dimensions of the Article: Semiconductor chips: what are they?Previous Attempts:Challenges in Chip Warfare:Main factors to take into account while establishing a fab:Logical, memory, and analogue fabrication choicesDrawing Lessons from China:The Steps taken by Indian GovernmentISM (India Semiconductor Mission) Semiconductor chips: what are they? Semiconductors are substances with conductivity that is between that of conductors and insulators. They could be compounds like gallium, arsenide, or cadmium selenide or pure elements like silicon or germanium.Semiconductor chips are essential components that act as the brain and heart of all contemporary electronics and information and communications technology goods.These chips are now a standard component of modern cars, household appliances, and crucial medical equipment like ECG machines. Previous Attempts: In 2007, a Special Incentive Package (SIP) was launched in an effort to start a fab in India, but this effort was unsuccessful.The Modified SIP, a further effort that was made in 2012, showed more potential. India came very near to realising a fab after considerable outreach attempts with key fab businesses worldwide.The Cabinet approved two consortia, one led by Jaiprakash Associates in collaboration with IBM and TowerJazz, and the other by Hindustan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation in partnership with ST Microelectronics. These two fabs required a combined investment of $10 billion, with the government providing nearly $5 billion in incentives. Land was granted when the decision was made on the fab locations. Both consortia, however, ultimately failed because they were unable to gather the required funding. Challenges in Chip Warfare: The manufacture of semiconductors is at the bleeding edge of modern technology. The number of transistors doubles every 18 months, as per Moore’s Law, although miniaturisation has increased complexity and expense. As a result, the number of players in the industry has decreased.China, despite its late entry into the semiconductor fabrication industry, has seen substantial success thanks to the acquisition of multiple loss-making fabs across the globe and significant investment in the industry.China has become a significant chip producer thanks to decreasing manufacturing costs, a booming electronics manufacturing sector, and a strategic hold on the rare earths needed for chip production.Aware of the potential repercussions, the US and its allies have put restrictions on technology transfer to China in place. The CHIPS and Science Act, passed by the US, provided significant subsidies, and the European Union approved funding for a new fab in France. As a result, India now faces fierce rivalry from these nations in the ongoing chip war. The following are the main factors to take into account while establishing a fab: Investing in a semiconductor fab is inherently risky since vast sums of money must be made back before the technology becomes outdated. Relying simply on the home market is insufficient for a fab’s success because economic sustainability often requires significant output volumes to satisfy global demand.Additionally, it is advantageous to manufacture chips in a single site for international sales due to the low freight-to-price ratio and zero-custom duty regime under the Information Technology Agreement. These reasons provide an explanation for why businesses are cautious to build greenfield fabs.Building a chip manufacturing ecosystem in a new site is extremely difficult. It needs a wide range of chemicals, gases, staff training, and access to plenty of clean water. Additionally, the art of chip manufacturing is essential since low yields and subpar quality can result in fab failures. Logical, memory, and analogue fabrication choices Selecting the right kind of fab to build is another crucial factor. Advanced technologies are needed for logic/processor fabs, which create chips with the highest strategic value and profitability.Analogue fabs can be less advanced but greater in size, whereas memory fabs concentrate on advanced feature nodes. Analogue fabs are more widely available and less expensive than logic fabs.Establishing Assembly, Testing, Packaging, and Marking (ATMP) facilities to build the fab ecosystem before establishing a full-fledged fab is an alternative strategy. However, ATMPs are not very useful for making chips. Drawing Lessons from China: India’s current plan is focused on establishing a new logic fabrication facility. But China’s achievement in acquiring existing fabs teaches us important lessons. This approach enables India to develop the fab ecosystem, train skilled resources, and allocate saved funds for advanced R&D; in fab technologies.Acquiring established fabs offers benefits such as reasonable pricing, stabilised technology, an existing supply chain ecosystem, established product lines, and an established market.Another plausible approach would involve setting up ATMPs, as Tessolve, which the Tatas now own, has shown by successfully packaging chips with a 7 nm feature size. Over 100 ATMPs exist in China, demonstrating their significance in the fab journey. The Steps taken by Indian Government A 10 billion dollar production-linked incentive (PLI) programme will be implemented by the Indian government in 2021 to promote the nation’s semiconductor and display industry.Financial assistance for a design-linked initiative (DLI) programme to promote domestic and international investment in design software, intellectual property rights, etc.The Union Cabinet has authorised a uniform incentive of 50% of the project cost for building up semiconductor, display, and compound semiconductor manufacturing units. This is part of the “Programme for Development of Semiconductors and Display Manufacturing Ecosystem in India.” ISM (India Semiconductor Mission) Compound Semiconductors Facilities Establishment PlanA semiconductor manufacturing facility worth 1,54,000 crores will be built in Gujarat by Vedanta and Taiwanese chipmaker Foxconn. -Source: The Indian Express, The Hindu           India Likely to Face Obesity Epidemic Context: The new Lancet study finds out that India is sitting on obesity curve. Relevance: GS-2- Health Dimensions of the Article: DetailsRelevance of the study to IndiaBackground: Non-Communicable Diseases in IndiaFactors that have led to an Increase in Non-communicable Diseases: Details: The Lancet study shows that India could be facing an obesity epidemic particularly among the younger population.Obesity among children:This global analysis found that around 12.5 million children (7.3 million boys and 5.2 million girls) in the country, aged between five and 19, were grossly overweight in 2022. This figure is up from 0.4 million in 1990.The report also showed that the prevalence among children and teens is more than three per cent , an increase of over three percentage points from 1990.Obesity among adults:The study finds that the obesity prevalence among female is increasing sharply. TheWomen had a 9.8 per cent prevalence, an increase of 8.6 percentage points from 1990.Among men, this number stood at 5.4 per cent, an increase of 4.9 percentage points. Relevance of the study to India: The study gains significance as India is already having a high burden of non-communicable diseases such as heart disease, strokes and diabetes.It reveals that 44 million women and 26 million men aged above 20 in India were found to be obese, this figure being 2.4 million women and 1.1 million men in 1990.India ranks 182 among 197 countries for the prevalence of obesity in women and 180 for men in 2022.India ranked 174 in the world for both girls and boys. Obesity is a major risk factor and a trigger for early onset of diseases like heart disease, strokes, diabetes, and even Type 2 diabetes among teens. Background: Non-Communicable Diseases in India Non-Communicable Diseases, also recognized as chronic diseases, typically have prolonged durations and result from a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioral factors.The primary categories of NCDs encompass cardiovascular diseases (such as heart attacks and strokes), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), and diabetes. A recent collaborative study conducted by the Madras Diabetes Research Foundation in partnership with the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare sheds light on the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in India. This study marks the first comprehensive epidemiological research paper encompassing participants from all 31 states and Union Territories.By incorporating data from diverse regions, the research offers valuable insights into the prevalence and impact of NCDs, particularly diabetes, across the nation. Key Findings: Goa, Puducherry, and Kerala exhibit the highest prevalence of diabetes, ranging between 25-26.4%.India is now home to 101 million individuals diagnosed with diabetes.The study identifies 136 million people with prediabetes.Hypertension affects 315 million individuals.Generally obese individuals number 254 million, while 351 million have abdominal obesity.Generalized obesity is prevalent in 28.6% of the population, and abdominal obesity affects 39.5% of Indians, with a notably high rate of 50% in females.Hypercholesterolemia, characterized by fat accumulation in arteries, is observed in 213 million individuals, posing an increased risk of heart attacks and strokes.24% of Indians suffer from hypercholesterolemia.Elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, often referred to as “bad cholesterol,” are present in 185 million individuals. LDL cholesterol can contribute to arterial plaque buildup, leading to various health risks.Cholesterol circulates through the blood on proteins called “lipoproteins.” Factors that have led to an Increase in Non-communicable Diseases: Consumption of Processed or Unhealthy Diet: Over the last three decades, the increased consumption of processed or unhealthy diets, defined as the Nutrition transition, has resulted in reduced intake of coarse cereals, pulses, fruits, and vegetables, and an increased consumption of meat products and salt. This has led to a 6% rise in energy derived from fats and a 7% decrease in energy derived from carbohydrates. Reduced Physical Activity: The Nutrition transition, coupled with reduced physical activity due to rapid urbanization, has contributed to a rise in obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, subclinical inflammation, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and coronary heart disease in Indians. Prevalence of Malnutrition: Additionally, the increased prevalence of malnutrition is characterized by an uptick in the intake of Western-style diets, decreased physical activity, and high consumption of tobacco and alcohol among fathers and mothers. -Source: The Indian Express Government Auctions Critical and Strategic Mineral Blocks Context: The Government of India launches the auction of 18 critical and strategic mineral blocks valued at around 30 lakh crore. The initiative is in-line with the country’s ambition to generate 50 percent of its electric power from non-fossil sources by 2030.These efforts are also aligned with global sustainability goals, emphasizing responsible exploration and extraction of critical minerals.These minerals are crucial for sectors like renewable energy, defense, pharmaceuticals, and high-tech electronics. Relevance: GS III- Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: What are Critical Minerals?Why is this resource critical?What is China ‘threat’?Challenges Faced by India in Assuring Resilient Critical Minerals Supply ChainsWay Forward for India’s Critical Minerals StrategyWhat are countries around the world doing about it? What are Critical Minerals? Critical minerals are elements that are the building blocks of essential modern-day technologies, and are at risk of supply chain disruptions.These minerals are now used everywhere from making mobile phones, computers to batteries, electric vehicles and green technologies like solar panels and wind turbines.Based on their individual needs and strategic considerations, different countries create their own lists.However, such lists mostly include graphite, lithium and cobalt, which are used for making EV batteries; rare earths that are used for making magnets and silicon which is a key mineral for making computer chips and solar panels.Aerospace, communications and defence industries also rely on several such minerals as they are used in manufacturing fighter jets, drones, radio sets and other critical equipment. Why is this resource critical? As countries around the world scale up their transition towards clean energy and digital economy, these critical resources are key to the ecosystem that fuels this change.Any supply shock can severely imperil the economy and strategic autonomy of a country over-dependent on others to procure critical minerals.But these supply risks exist due to rare availability, growing demand and complex processing value chain.Many times the complex supply chain can be disrupted by hostile regimes, or due to politically unstable regions.They are critical as the world is fast shifting from a fossil fuel-intensive to a mineral-intensive energy system. What is China ‘threat’? China is the world’s largest producer of 16 critical minerals.China alone is responsible for some 70% and 60% of global production of cobalt and rare earth elements, respectively, in 2019.The level of concentration is even higher for processing operations, where China has a strong presence across the board.China’s share of refining is around 35% for nickel, 50-70% for lithium and cobalt, and nearly 90% for rare earth elements.It also controls cobalt mines in the Democratic Republic of Congo, from where 70% of this mineral is sourced.In 2010, China suspended rare earth exports to Japan for two months over a territorial dispute. Challenges Faced by India in Assuring Resilient Critical Minerals Supply Chains: China’s struggle with Covid-19-related lockdowns poses a risk of slowdown in the extraction, processing, and exports of critical minerals, as it is the most dominant player in critical mineral supply chains.The war between Russia and Ukraine has implications for critical mineral supply chains, as Russia is one of the significant producers of nickel, palladium, titanium sponge metal, and the rare earth element scandium, while Ukraine is a major producer of titanium and has reserves of other critical minerals.The strategic partnership between China and Russia may affect critical mineral supply chains as the balance of power shifts across continents and countries.Manufacturing renewable energy technologies and transitioning to electric vehicles would require increasing quantities of critical minerals, many of which India does not have sufficient reserves, necessitating reliance on foreign partners to meet domestic needs. Way Forward for India’s Critical Minerals Strategy India has geological potential for mining, but there are significant challenges to enable sustainable extraction.Four challenges include:Atomic minerals reserved only for public sector undertakings,Imperative need to create a new list of critical and strategic minerals,Encouraging reconnaissance and exploration of minerals, particularly deep-seated minerals, andInnovative regime to allocate critical mineral mining assets.India needs to determine how and where processing of minerals and assembly of critical minerals-embedded equipment will occur, as domestic sources are limited.India requires a critical minerals strategy to make the country self-reliant in critical minerals needed for sustainable economic growth and green technologies.The strategy should prioritize supply risks, domestic policy regimes, and sustainability, and engage in bilateral and plurilateral arrangements for building assured and resilient critical mineral supply chains.The assessment of critical minerals for India needs to be updated every three years to keep pace with changing domestic and global scenarios. What are countries around the world doing about it? US has shifted its focus on expanding domestic mining, production, processing, and recycling of critical minerals and materials.India has set up KABIL or the Khanij Bidesh India Limited, a joint venture of three public sector companies, to “ensure a consistent supply of critical and strategic minerals to the Indian domestic market”.Australia’s Critical Minerals Facilitation Office (CMFO) and KABIL had recently signed an MoU aimed at ensuring reliable supply of critical minerals to India.The UK has unveiled its new Critical Minerals Intelligence Centre to study the future demand for and supply of these minerals. -Source: The Indian Express, The Hindu           Indian Manufacturing Sector Context: India’s manufacturing activity hit a five-month high in February 2024. This id mainly driven by a sharp uptick in orders and lower input costs. Relevance: GS-2: Government Policies and Interventions GS-3: Industrial Growth, Industrial Policy Dimensions of the Article: India’s Manufacturing SectorConnection between Faster Economic Growth, Manufacturing, and MSMEsPersisting ChallengesGovernment Policies for the Manufacturing Sector and MSMEs India’s Manufacturing Sector: The manufacturing industry comprises enterprises involved in the mechanical, physical, or chemical alteration of raw materials, substances, or components to produce finalized goods.India’s manufacturing sector is a pivotal driver of the nation’s economic growth, employing approximately 12% of the workforce and contributing around 15% to the country’s GDP. This diverse sector encompasses various businesses, including those in textiles, pharmaceuticals, automotive, and consumer durables. Connection between Faster Economic Growth, Manufacturing, and MSMEs: Job Creation: Manufacturing, especially in the MSME sector, has the potential to generate significant employment opportunities. MSMEs employ around 110 million people in India, a testament to their importance in the job market.Exports: MSMEs contribute to around 45% of India’s total exports. An efficient and thriving MSME sector can help improve the balance of payments.Local Production: MSMEs play a pivotal role in localizing production, reducing import dependency, and strengthening domestic supply chains. Persisting Challenges: Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) constitute 36 percent of India’s manufacturing output but face challenges like limited market reach, financial constraints, and technological gaps.Despite the era of liberalization, privatization, and globalization, India has yet to fully capitalize on the manufacturing industry’s benefits.While India’s goods exports have shown significant growth, reaching $453 billion in 2022 from $9.1 billion in 1985, the gap with China’s exponential growth in goods exports highlights the need for strategic improvements.India’s failure to achieve desired levels of skilling and its inadequate infrastructure, utilizing only 3 percent of GDP for construction compared to China’s 20 percent, hinder its manufacturing efficiency. Government Policies for the Manufacturing Sector and MSMEs: Make in India: Launched in 2014, this initiative aims to make India a global manufacturing hub by attracting investments from across the globe. It focuses on 25 sectors of the economy, with many of them being MSME-intensive.MSME Samadhaan: To address the issue of delayed payments, this portal allows MSMEs to file complaints against defaulting entities.MSME Sambandh: This portal helps monitor the implementation of the Public Procurement Policy for MSMEs, ensuring that they get their due share in government procurement.Credit Guarantee Scheme: To encourage MSME growth, the government offers credit support without the need for collaterals through the Credit Guarantee Trust Fund for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE).Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan: Amid the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the government announced a comprehensive package emphasizing self-reliance, with significant components aimed at aiding MSMEs, including collateral-free loans and equity infusion. Examples and Facts: Investment Clearance Cell: As part of the Union Budget 2020-21, an Investment Clearance Cell was proposed to offer end-to-end facilitation support, including pre-investment advisory, which will be beneficial for MSMEs.Definition Change: The government revised the MSME definition in 2020. Investment and annual turnover criteria were revised upwards, ensuring a wider range of businesses could benefit from MSME-specific policies.PLI Scheme: The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme aims to boost domestic manufacturing in specific sectors, potentially benefiting numerous MSMEs in those sectors. -Source: Livemint Archaeological Survey of India Context: The customs department handed over a total of 101 seized antiquities  to the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). These articles included a 206-year-old tracker telescope used by the British East India Company. Relevance: GS I: History, Art and Culture Dimensions of the Article: About Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)What is the AMASR Act? About Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) Nodal: Ministry of Culture It administers more than 3650 ancient monuments, archaeological sites and remains of national importance.Its activities include carrying out surveys of antiquarian remains, exploration and excavation of archaeological sites, conservation and maintenance of protected monuments etc.The Survey also maintains ancient mounds and other similar sites which represent the remains of ancient habitation.It was founded in 1861 by Alexander Cunningham- the first Director-General of ASI. Alexander Cunningham is also known as the “Father of Indian Archaeology”. What is the AMASR Act? It is an Act to provide for the preservation of ancient and historical monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance, for the regulation of archaeological excavations and for the protection of sculptures, carvings and other like objects.It extends to the whole of India.The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) functions under the provisions of this act.The rules stipulate that area in the vicinity of the monument, within 100 metres is prohibited area.The area within 200 meters of the monument is regulated category. Any repair or modifications of buildings in this area requires prior permission. -Source: The Hindu           Windfall Tax Increases on Domestically Produced Crude Oil Context: The Government of India has increased the windfall tax on domestically produced crude oil to Rs 4,600 per tonne from Rs 3,300 per tonne. The tax is levied in the form of Special Additional Excise Duty (SAED). Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: What is a windfall tax?Why are countries levying windfall taxes now?What are the issues with imposing such taxes? What is a windfall tax? Windfall taxes are designed to tax the profits a company derives from an external, sometimes unprecedented event — for instance, the energy price-rise as a result of the Russia-Ukraine conflict.These are profits that cannot be attributed to something the firm actively did, like an investment strategy or an expansion of business.The U.S. Congressional Research Service (CRS) defines a windfall as an “unearned, unanticipated gain in income through no additional effort or expense”.Governments typically levy this as a one-off tax retrospectively over and above the normal rates of tax.One area where such taxes have routinely been discussed is oil markets, where price fluctuation leads to volatile or erratic profits for the industry.There have been varying rationales for governments worldwide to introduce windfall taxes, from redistribution of unexpected gains when high prices benefit producers at the expense of consumers, to funding social welfare schemes, and as a supplementary revenue stream for the government. Why are countries levying windfall taxes now? Prices of oil, gas, and coal have seen sharp increases since last year and in the first two quarters of the current year, although they have reduced recently.Pandemic recovery and supply issues resulting from the Russia-Ukraine conflict shored up energy demands, which in turn have driven up global prices.The rising prices meant huge and record profits for energy companies while resulting in hefty gas and electricity bills for households in major and smaller economies. Since the gains stemmed partly from external change, multiple analysts have called them windfall profits. What are the issues with imposing such taxes? Brew uncertainty in the market about future taxes: Analysts say that companies are confident in investing in a sector if there is certainty and stability in a tax regime. Since windfall taxes are imposed retrospectively and are often influenced by unexpected events, they can brew uncertainty in the market about future taxes. IMF’s Advice Note: The International Monetary Fund (IMF), which released an advice note on how windfall taxes need to be levied also said that taxes in response to price surges may suffer from design problems—given their expedient and political nature.It added that “introducing a temporary windfall profit tax reduces future investment because prospective investors will internalise the likelihood of potential taxes when making investment decisions”. CRS report: There is another argument about what exactly constitutes true windfall profits; how can it be determined and what level of profit is normal or excessive. A CRS report, for instance, argues that if rapid increases in prices lead to higher profits, in one sense it can be called true windfalls as they are unforeseeable but on the other hand, companies may argue that it is the profit they earned as a reward for the industry’s risk-taking to provide the end user with the petroleum product. Another issue is who should be taxed: Only the big companies responsible for the bulk of high-priced sales or smaller companies as well— raising the question of whether producers with revenues or profits below a certain threshold should be exempt. -Source: The Indian Express, The Hindu          

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 29 February 2024

Contents: Sangeet Natak Akademi AwardsNational Commission for Backward Classes Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards Focus: GS-1: History, Art and Culture Why in News? The General Council of Sangeet Natak Akademi unanimously elected six (6) eminent personalities in the field of performing arts as Akademi Fellows (Akademi Ratna).  The Fellowship of the Akademi is a most prestigious and rare honour, which is restricted to 40 at any given time.It also selected 92 artists from the field of Music, Dance, Theatre, Traditional/Folk/Tribal Music/Dance/ Theatre, Puppetry and Overall contribution/scholarship in the Performing Arts for the Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards for the years 2022 & 2023.  Around 80 young artists were selected for Sangeet Natak Akademi Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar for the years 2022 and 2023. About Sangeet Natak Akademi: Sangeet Natak Akademi is the apex body in the field of performing arts in the country set up in 1953 .It is an autonomous body of the Ministry of Culture.Purpose:For the preservation and promotion of the vast intangible heritage of India’s diverse culture expressed in forms of music, dance and drama.Chairman:The Chairman of the Akademi is appointed by the President of India for a term of five years.Awards:Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards:These are the highest national recognition conferred on practising artists.The Akademi Awards have been conferred since 1952.These honours not only symbolize the highest standard of excellence and achievement, but also recognize sustained individual work and contribution.The honour of Akademi Award carries a purse money of Rs. 1,00,000/- (Rupees one lakh), besides a Tamrapatra and Angavastram.The Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowships and Awards will be conferred by the President of IndiaThe Akademi also confers Fellowships on eminent artists and scholars of music, dance and drama.The honour of Akademi Fellow carries a purse money of Rs.3, 00, 000/- (Rupees three lakhs)Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar:It is an annual Indian award given by the Sangeet Natak Akademi to outstanding artists under 40 who have demonstrated talent in the fields of music, dance and drama.Sangeet Natak Akademi also works with international organizations like UNESCO to preserve India’s cultural legacy. National Commission for Backward Classes Focus: GS II: Polity and Governance Why in News? Recently, a review meeting of the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) was held with the Governments of Punjab, Karnataka and Chandigarh. The meeting focussed on the subject of welfare measures undertaken to secure representation of OBCs in employment and admission in various Departments, Boards, Corporations, Educational Institutions & Medical Institutes. About National Commission for Backward Classes 102nd Constitution Amendment Act, 2018 provides constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC).It has the power to look into welfare claims and programmes for socially and academically disadvantaged groups.Prior to this, the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment was responsible for the NCBC as a statutory organisation. Background of NCBC Two Backward Class Commissions were appointed in 1950s and 1970s under Kaka Kalelkar and B.P. Mandal respectively.Kaka Kalelkar commission is also known as the First Backward Classes Commission.The Supreme Court ordered the government to establish a permanent committee to consider, investigate, and recommend the inclusion and exclusion of various Backward Classes for the purpose of benefits and protection in the Indra Sawhney case of 1992.The National Commission for Backward Classes Act, passed by parliament in 1993 in accordance with these directives, established the NCBC.The 123rd Constitution Amendment bill of 2017 was presented in Parliament in order to better protect the interests of underprivileged groups.The National Commission for Backward Classes Act, 1993, was repealed by a different law that was approved by Parliament, making the 1993 Act obsolete.The bill got the President assent in August 2018 and provided the constitutional status to NCBC. Composition: The Commission consists of:ChairpersonVice-ChairpersonThree other Members in the rank and pay of Secretary to the Govt of India.Their condition of service and tenure of office has been notified by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.NCBC is headquartered in Delhi. Constitutional Provisions Article 340 deals with the need to, inter alia, identify those “socially and educationally backward classes”, understand the conditions of their backwardness, and make recommendations to remove the difficulties they face.102nd Constitution Amendment Act inserted new Articles 338 B and 342 A.The amendment also brings about changes in Article 366. will be required if the list of backward classes is to be amended. NCBC- Powers and Functions The commission investigates and monitors all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the socially and educationally backward classes under the Constitution or under any other law to evaluate the working of such safeguards.It participates and advises on the socio-economic development of the socially and educationally backward classes and to evaluate the progress of their development under the Union and any State.It presents to the President, annually and at such other times as the Commission may deem fit, reports upon the working of those safeguards. The President laid such reports before each House of Parliament.Where any such report or any part thereof, relates to any matter with which any State Government is concerned, a copy of such report shall be forwarded to the State Government.NCBC has to discharge such other functions in relation to the protection, welfare and development and advancement of the socially and educationally backward classes as the President may, subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament, by rule specify.It has all the powers of a civil court while trying a suit.

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