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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 30 January 2024

CONTENTS Supreme Court to Address BSF Jurisdiction Expansion Dispute in PunjabNHRC Urges Implementation of Idate Commission Report for Nomadic and De-Notified TribesPulsarNitrogen hypoxiaWestern Equine Encephalitis VirusDogri Folk Dance Supreme Court to Address BSF Jurisdiction Expansion Dispute in Punjab Context: The Supreme Court is scheduled to hear the dispute regarding the 2021 notification by the Ministry of Home Affairs, which expanded the jurisdiction of the Border Security Force (BSF) in Punjab, West Bengal, and Assam. The move was contested by the Punjab government. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: About the BSFCentre’s Notification on BSF’s Jurisdiction ExtensionDifferent Issues in the Extension of JurisdictionEnhancing Border Management Without Compromising State Jurisdiction: Key RecommendationsConstitutional Viewpoint on Deployment of Armed Forces in States About the BSF The Border Security Force (BSF) was established in 1965, following the India-Pakistan war.It is one of the seven Central Armed Police Forces of India and operates under the administrative control of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).The other Central Armed Police Forces include the Assam Rifles (AR), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), National Security Guards (NSG), and Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB).The BSF, with a strength of approximately 2.65 lakhs, is deployed along the borders with Pakistan and Bangladesh.It is responsible for guarding the Indo-Pakistan International Border, Indo-Bangladesh International Border, and the Line of Control (LoC) in coordination with the Indian Army. The BSF also plays a role in anti-Naxal operations.Additionally, the BSF is responsible for defending areas like Sir Creek in the Arabian Sea and the Sundarban delta in the Bay of Bengal, using a modern fleet of watercraft.The BSF also contributes a substantial contingent of trained personnel to UN peacekeeping missions on an annual basis. Centre’s Notification on BSF’s Jurisdiction Extension Notification Replacing Previous Order: The Centre has issued a new notification to extend the jurisdiction of the Border Security Force (BSF), replacing a 2014 order under the BSF Act, 1968.The previous order covered states like Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Nagaland, and Meghalaya.The new notification also explicitly mentions the two newly created Union Territories, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K;) and Ladakh, along with Assam, West Bengal, and Punjab. Violations Under BSF’s Purview: The BSF is empowered to carry out search and seizure operations for various violations, including: Smuggling of narcotics and other prohibited items.Illegal entry of foreigners.Offenses punishable under other Central Acts, among others. Handling of Suspects and Detained Individuals: After the BSF detains a suspect or seizes a consignment within its specified area of jurisdiction, it is authorized to conduct “preliminary questioning.”However, the BSF is required to hand over the suspect to the local police within 24 hours.It’s important to note that the BSF does not possess the authority to prosecute crime suspects. Special Powers of BSF: The BSF Act, 1968, grants the BSF special powers in border states, allowing for the extension of its jurisdiction concerning offenses.The extent of this jurisdiction has evolved over the years; for instance, Gujarat had an 80-kilometer jurisdiction since 1969.Currently, this jurisdiction has been standardized to 50 kilometers.This means that the BSF also has jurisdiction over certain offenses under laws like the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973, Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920, and Passport Act, 1967.Local police authorities retain their jurisdiction alongside the concurrent jurisdiction granted to the BSF. Different Issues in the Extension of Jurisdiction Division of Responsibilities: Public order and policing, which encompass maintaining public peace, safety, and tranquility, are primarily the responsibilities of State Governments, as indicated in Entry 1 and Entry 2 of the State list, respectively. Concern for National Security: However, when a situation of serious public disorder arises, threatening the security or defense of the State or the country itself (as per Entry 1 of the Union list), it becomes a matter of concern for the Union Government. Encroachment on State Powers: The extension of jurisdiction by the Union Government without obtaining the concurrence of the state government may be viewed as encroachment on the powers of the states. Punjab’s Perspective: In the case of Punjab, the state government has asserted that this notification represents the Centre’s encroachment under the guise of security or development. Policing Roles: Policing in the hinterland, which is not the primary role of a border guarding force like the BSF, could potentially weaken the capacity of the BSF in fulfilling its primary duty of guarding the international border. Issues Specific to Punjab: For a 50-kilometer jurisdiction, the BSF would have concurrent powers, along with the state police, to handle all cognizable offenses under the Indian Penal Code (IPC).In Punjab, extending the jurisdiction from 15 to 50 kilometers encompasses all major cities, raising concerns about the impact on policing and governance.In contrast, states like Gujarat, with substantial marshland, and Rajasthan, with vast desert areas, may have different considerations due to the geographical layout. Enhancing Border Management Without Compromising State Jurisdiction: Key Recommendations Collaboration between Central and State Agencies: Foster collaboration between central and state law enforcement agencies for joint border security management.Framework for Information Sharing: Establish a comprehensive framework for information sharing and coordination among various security forces operating at the borders.Joint Task Forces: Create joint task forces comprising both central and state police personnel for specific border regions to enhance effectiveness.Involvement of State Police in Surveillance: Involve units of state police in border surveillance to complement the efforts of central forces, adopting a collaborative model similar to Coast Guard and Indian Navy arrangements.Investment in Surveillance Technologies: Invest in advanced surveillance technologies such as drones, sensors, and communication systems to bolster border monitoring capabilities.Centralized Information-Sharing Platform: Establish a centralized information-sharing platform integrating data from diverse sources for real-time analysis and decision-making.Legal Framework Development: Develop a clear legal framework delineating roles, responsibilities, and jurisdiction of both central and state forces in border areas.Protocols for Cross-Border Incidents: Formulate protocols for addressing cross-border incidents and conducting joint investigations when necessary.Regular Consultations and Meetings: Conduct regular consultations and meetings between central and state authorities to address concerns and challenges related to border management.Continuous Dialogue Platform: Establish a platform for continuous dialogue to adapt strategies based on evolving security dynamics and enhance coordination.Diplomatic Initiatives with Neighbours: Engage in diplomatic initiatives to enhance cooperation with neighbouring countries on border security matters.Joint Initiatives and Coordinated Patrols: Explore joint initiatives, information sharing, and coordinated patrols with neighbouring countries to address transnational security challenges effectively. Constitutional Viewpoint on Deployment of Armed Forces in States Article 355 of the Indian Constitution empowers the Centre to deploy its armed forces to protect a state against “external aggression and internal disturbance,” even when the concerned state does not request the Centre’s assistance and is unwilling to receive central forces.In situations where a state opposes the deployment of the Union’s armed forces, the appropriate course of action for the Centre is to issue directives to the concerned state under Article 355.If the state fails to comply with the Central government’s directive, the Centre can take further action under Article 356, which deals with the imposition of President’s Rule in the state. -Source: Hindustan Times NHRC Urges Implementation of Idate Commission Report for Nomadic and De-Notified Tribes Context: The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) highlights the significance of implementing the Idate Commission report’s recommendations for Nomadic, Semi-Nomadic, and De-Notified Tribes (NTs, SNTs, and DNTs) in India. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Major Recommendations of the Idate CommissionWho are de-notified, nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes?What is the history of deprivation faced by these communities?Policy measures for DNTs Major Recommendations of the Idate Commission The Idate Commission, established in 2014 under Bhiku Ramji Idate’s leadership, aimed to compile a comprehensive catalog of Denotified, Nomadic, and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (DNTs) in the state. The major recommendations include: Identification and Inclusion:Assign individuals not identified in the SCs/STs/OBCs list to the OBC category for inclusive welfare measures.Legal Safeguards Enhancement:Enhance legal and constitutional safeguards by incorporating a third schedule into the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989. This aims to prevent atrocities and restore a sense of security among community members.Permanent Commission:Advocate the establishment of a permanent commission with legal standing specifically for Denotified, Semi-Nomadic, and Nomadic Tribes (DNTs, SNTs, and NTs).Dedicated Department:Recommend the formation of a dedicated department to address the welfare of these communities, especially in states with significant population concentrations.Thorough Survey:Undertake a comprehensive survey of DNT families to accurately determine their estimated numbers and distribution for informed policymaking. Who are de-notified, nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes? These are communities who are the most vulnerable and deprived. Denotified tribes (DNTs): Communities that were ‘notified’ as being ‘born criminal’ during the British regime under a series of laws starting with the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871.Nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes:  Communities are defined as those who move from one place to another rather than living at one place all the time. What is the history of deprivation faced by these communities? This has a long history, first during colonial rule, and then in independent India.The Renke Commission said this is partly because these communities are largely politically ‘quiet’ — they do not place their demands concretely before the government for they lack vocal leadership and also lack the patronage of a national leader.Many commissions and committees constituted since Independence have referred to the problems of these communities. These includeCriminal Tribes Inquiry Committee, 1947 constituted in the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh),Ananthasayanam Ayyangar Committee in 1949 (it was based on the report of this committee the Criminal Tribes Act was repealed),Kaka Kalelkar Commission (also called first OBC Commission) constituted in 1953.In 1965, an Advisory Committee constituted for revision of the SC and ST list under the chairmanship of B N Lokur referred to denotified tribes.The B P Mandal Commission constituted in 1980 also made some recommendations on the issue. Challenges Faced by Nomadic Tribes The communities lack access to amenities including drinking water, shelter, and sanitary facilities. Additionally lacking are amenities for healthcare and education.Because they were once stigmatised as criminals, the local government and police still treat them as such and torture them.Because they move about a lot, they do not have a permanent residence. As a result, they are not covered by social security, are not given ration cards or adhar cards, etc., and are therefore not eligible for government welfare programmes’ benefits.The caste categorization is not very clear for these communities, in some states some of the communities are included under the SC category, in some other states they are included under OBCs. Policy measures for DNTs: The Government had constituted National Commission for Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (NCDNT) to prepare a State-wise list of castes belonging to Denotified and Nomadic Tribes and to suggest appropriate measures in respect of Denotified and Nomadic Tribes that may be undertaken by the Central Government or the State Government.The Renke commission estimated their population at around 10.74 crore based on Census 2001.The Idate Commission submitted its report in January 2018. It mentioned that a permanent commission for Denotified, Semi Nomadic, and Nomadic Tribes should have a prominent community leader as its chairperson, and a senior Union government bureaucrat, an anthropologist, and a sociologist as members.A Development and Welfare Board for De-Notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Communities (DWBDNCs) has been constituted and a Committee has also been set up by the NITI Aayog to complete the process of identification of the De-Notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Communities (DNCs).The survey work of identification of DNT Communities and placing them in a category of SC/ST/OBC is also under process in NITI Ayog and Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI). -Source: The Hindu Pulsar Context: In 1967, two astronomers at the University of Cambridge discovered the First Pulsar, later named PSR B1919+21, setting the stage for a journey into the depths of neutron stars and their enigmatic pulsar counterparts. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Pulsars: Rapidly Rotating Neutron StarsFormation of Pulsars: Stellar Evolution UnveiledExploring Pulsar Glitches Pulsars: Rapidly Rotating Neutron Stars Pulsars Defined: Pulsars are neutron stars rotating at high speeds, emitting regular pulses of radiation, ranging from seconds to milliseconds.Strong magnetic fields of pulsars accelerate particles along magnetic poles, creating powerful beams of light. Pulsar Periodicity: Periodicity arises as beams of light cross the Earth’s line of sight, causing the pulsar to appear ‘on’ or ‘off’ as the beams face or move away from Earth.The time between pulses is termed the ‘period’ of the pulsar. Theories Related to Discovery and Behavior: Link with Neutron Discovery:Discovery tied to James Chadwick’s 1932 finding of neutrons.Neutron stars form when heavy stars collapse into a ball of neutrons after implosion.Pulsars as Rotating Neutron Stars:Pulsar signals’ small, repetitive pattern led to identification as rotating neutron stars.Radio signals emitted near poles form a sweeping cone, akin to a lighthouse beam.Unexpected Glitches:Neutron stars experience rotational slowing over time.Glitches, abrupt changes in rotation rate followed by gradual relaxation, observed in pulsar PSR 0833-45 in 1969.Glitches, observed in over 3,000 pulsars, introduced complexity and prompted further study. Scientific Intrigue: Glitches, characterized by changes in rotation rate, sparked scientific curiosity, leading to in-depth exploration of underlying mechanisms governing pulsar dynamics. Formation of Pulsars: Stellar Evolution Unveiled Supernova Explosion: Pulsars originate from remnants of massive stars, typically with 1.4 to 3.2 times the Sun’s mass, culminating in a supernova explosion. Neutron Star Creation: Supernova aftermath involves the ejection of outer layers, leading the core to contract under gravity’s pull.Intense gravitational pressure surpasses electron degeneracy, causing electrons and protons to merge into neutrons. Characteristics of Neutron Stars: Neutron stars result from this process, exhibiting extreme density and a powerful gravitational field (approximately 2 x 10^11 times Earth’s gravity). Angular Momentum Conservation: During collapse, the star conserves its angular momentum, resulting in a much smaller size and a significant increase in rotational speed. Pulsar Emission Mechanism: Rapidly rotating neutron stars emit electromagnetic radiation beams along magnetic field lines.If Earth intercepts these beams during the neutron star’s rotation, astronomers detect periodic pulses of radiation, defining the object as a pulsar. Exploring Pulsar Glitches Distinct Neutron Star Composition: Neutron stars showcase a distinctive composition, featuring a solid crust and a superfluid core, offering a unique celestial stage for dynamic forces to interact. Crucial Interplay in Cosmic Dynamics: The interplay between the decelerating crust and the sustained vortex speed in the superfluid core becomes a pivotal factor in understanding glitches’ origins. Post-Glitch Insights: Observations of post-glitch behavior strongly indicate the existence of a superfluid state within these cosmic entities. Neutron Star Anatomy: Neutron stars, compact with a mere 20-km width, consist of a solid crust and a core. The core, devoid of solid components, is predominantly occupied by the superfluid. Perpetual Motion in Superfluids: Superfluids, exemplified by perpetual motion without friction when set in motion, play a critical role in deciphering the behavior of the superfluid core within neutron stars. -Source: The Hindu Nitrogen Hypoxia Context: Recently, Alabama successfully executed a man who spent decades on death row using a new method called nitrogen hypoxia. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Nitrogen HypoxiaKey Facts about Nitrogen Nitrogen Hypoxia: Hypoxia refers to insufficient oxygen in the body.Nitrogen hypoxia involves inhaling lethal concentrations of nitrogen gas, causing asphyxiation.It’s a recent method of capital punishment, replacing traditional methods like lethal injection or electrocution.In this process, a respirator mask is used to administer pure nitrogen, inducing unconsciousness and eventual death. Key Facts about Nitrogen Nitrogen is a colorless, odorless gas.Constitutes a significant part of the atmosphere.Essential for plant growth and utilized in fertilizers.Plays a vital role in the chemical industry, used in manufacturing fertilizers, nitric acid, nylon, dyes, and explosives.Used to create an unreactive atmosphere, preserving foods and in the electronics industry.Widely employed in annealing stainless steel and as a refrigerant.Liquid nitrogen is utilized to freeze foods rapidly, maintaining their quality. -Source: The Hindu Western Equine Encephalitis Virus Context: Recently, the International Health Regulations National Focal Point (IHR NFP) in Argentina alerted the World Health Organization of a human case of Western Equine Encephalitis Virus (WEEV) infection. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Western Equine Encephalitis Virus (WEEV) Western Equine Encephalitis Virus (WEEV) Virus Characteristics WEEV is a mosquito-borne infection belonging to the Togaviridae virus family.It possesses a single-stranded RNA genome with a length of approximately 11.5 kilobases.The virus is a recombinant of the eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) and a Sindbis-like virus. Reservoir and Transmission Passerine birds are believed to be the reservoir of WEEV.Equine species serve as intermediate hosts.Mosquitoes act as vectors, facilitating the transmission of the virus to humans. Symptoms While many infections are asymptomatic, some cases may result in severe consequences.Approximately 4-5% of cases can lead to inflammation of the brain, causing neurological symptoms and potential sequelae. Treatment No specific antiviral treatment is available for WEEV.Symptomatic care is essential, particularly for managing neurological symptoms. -Source: The Hindu Dogri Folk Dance Context: Recently, the Union Government of India conferred Padma Shri award to Jammu’s Dogri folk dancer Romalo Ram. Relevance: GS I: History Dogri Folk Dance: Dogri folk dance is native to the Duggar region of Jammu. Performance Dynamics Typically, a group of artists participates in the dance.The main leader performs the dual role of singing and dancing, while others, in a sitting position, contribute beats using Drums and Chimta. Occasions and Settings Often showcased during functions and social gatherings. Varieties Different variations exist, involving men and women or exclusively women performing in groups.Performers adorn colorful traditional dresses, enhancing the visual appeal. Significance Dogra folk dances play a crucial role in worship, ceremonies, and serve as a pastime.Celebratory occasions strongly influence the essence of these folk dances. Other Dance Forms in Jammu Region Dheku, Phummani, Jagran, Chakki, Chhajja, Kuddha, Hirana, among others, contribute to the vibrant dance culture.Notable folk-drama styles include Bhagtan, Raas, and Chandrauli. -Source: The Hindu

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 29 January 2024

CONTENTS Revamping Higher Education Accreditation: Transition to Binary SystemKashi Vishwanath-Gyanvapi Mosque MatterSri Sri Auniati Satra Vaishnavite MonasteryNavigating Challenges: Reforms Needed in India’s Geographical Indication (GI) Tags JourneyFree Movement Regime to end at Myanmar borderMarket Access Initiative (MAI) SchemeChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Revamping Higher Education Accreditation: Transition to Binary System Context: The Central government plans to overhaul the accreditation system for higher educational institutes by the end of the year. It aims to replace the current practice of assigning a score and corresponding grade with a binary system. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: About National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)What is the difference between assessment and accreditation?Advantages of NAAC AccreditationOverhaul of Higher Education Accreditation System in India About National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) The University Grants Commission established the NAAC as an autonomous body (UGC).It was founded in 1994 as a result of recommendations made under the National Education Policy (1986).The Karnataka Societies Registration Act of 1960 governs its registration.Vision: To make quality the distinguishing feature of higher education in India through a combination of internal and external quality evaluation, promotion, and sustainability initiatives.Bengaluru is the headquarters. NAAC’s objectives are as follows To arrange for periodic evaluation and accreditation of institutions of higher education or units thereof, as well as specific academic programmes or projects;To stimulate the academic environment in higher education institutions in order to promote the quality of teaching-learning and research;In higher education, to promote self-evaluation, accountability, autonomy, and innovation;To conduct quality-related research, consulting, and training programmes. What is the difference between assessment and accreditation? The performance of an institution or its units is evaluated using predetermined criteria.Accreditation is quality certification for a set period of time, which in the case of NAAC is five years.The University Grants Commission (UGC) made accreditation mandatory for Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) in a gazette notification in January 2013. How the Accreditation Process Works: The Assessment and Accreditation process entails the following steps: online submission of Institutional Information for Quality Assessment (IIQA) and Self-Study Report (SSR).NAAC Data Validation and Verification (DVV).NAAC Student Satisfaction Survey (SSS).Visit by a Peer Team.Institutional Evaluation. Advantages of NAAC Accreditation A higher education institution learns whether it meets certain quality standards set by the evaluator in terms of curriculum, faculty, infrastructure, research, and financial well-being through a multi-layered process steered by the NAAC.The NAAC assigns institutions grades ranging from A++ to C based on these parameters. If an institution receives a D, it is not accredited.Apart from recognition, accreditation assists institutions in attracting capital because funding agencies seek objective data for performance funding.Through an informed review process, it assists an institution in determining its strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities.NAAC accreditation benefits students pursuing higher education abroad because many global higher education authorities insist on the institution where the student has studied being recognised and accredited. Overhaul of Higher Education Accreditation System in India Government’s Plan: The Central government aims to revamp the accreditation system for higher education institutes by the end of the year. Binary System Proposal: The proposed shift involves replacing the current scoring and grading system with a binary system.Institutions will be categorized as either accredited or unaccredited, eliminating specific scores or grades. Committee Recommendations: Recommendations by the committee, led by former ISRO chairman Dr. K Radhakrishnan, have been accepted by the Education Ministry. Inclusion of IITs: The committee proposes bringing Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) under the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), replacing their internal evaluation systems. Binary Accreditation System Details: The current eight-point grading system will be replaced by a binary system: Accredited or Not Accredited.A sub-category, “Awaiting Accreditation,” will cover institutes close to the threshold level.The accreditation process will involve “crowdsourcing” feedback from various stakeholders, reducing dependence on expert inspections. Formation of National Accreditation Council (NAAC): The committee suggests creating a single overarching agency, the National Accreditation Council (NAAC), integrating the accreditation of institutes and courses.NAAC will also subsume the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF). Implementation of Binary Accreditation: Higher education institutions will receive either an “Accredited” or “Not Accredited” tag.“Not Accredited” will have two sub-categories: “Awaiting Accreditation” for institutes needing improvement and “Not Accredited” for those far below standards. Maturity-Based Graded Accreditation: NAAC introduces “Maturity-Based Graded Accreditation” alongside the binary system.Recognizes institutions from “level one” to “level five,” incentivizing improvement up to “Institution of Global Excellence for Multi-Disciplinary Research and Education.” Uncertainty Regarding IIT Participation: It remains unclear whether Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) will be mandated to participate in the new accreditation system. -Source: The Hindu Kashi Vishwanath-Gyanvapi Mosque Matter Context: The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in its scientific survey report on the Gyanvapi mosque complex has concluded that “there existed a Hindu temple prior to the construction of the existing structure” at the site. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Kashi Vishwanath-Gyanvapi Mosque Matter: Unraveling the Legal HistoryKey Findings from the ASI Report on Kashi Vishwanath-Gyanvapi Mosque: Unveiling Historical InsightsKey Takeaways from the ASI Report on Kashi Vishwanath-Gyanvapi Mosque: Navigating Complex Realities Kashi Vishwanath-Gyanvapi Mosque Matter: Unraveling the Legal History Origin of the Legal Tussle: Dates back to a 1991 petition filed in Varanasi district court, seeking the restoration of Gyanvapi land to the Kashi Vishwanath temple.Alleges that the mosque was constructed under Aurangzeb’s orders, involving the destruction of a part of the temple in the 16th century. Revival of the Case: In 2019, a petition was filed after the Supreme Court’s Babri Masjid-Ram Janmabhoomi dispute verdict.Varanasi district court directed the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to conduct a scientific survey, leading to a series of legal actions. Interruption by Allahabad High Court: In 2021, Allahabad High Court halted proceedings in the Varanasi court, citing the Places of Worship Act 1991.The Act prevents changes in the religious character of a place of worship as of August 15, 1947. Recent Developments – ASI Survey: In July 2023, Varanasi district court tasked the ASI to conduct a scientific survey of the mosque.The objective was to ascertain if the mosque was constructed over a pre-existing structure of a Hindu temple.The Supreme Court temporarily paused the survey, which was eventually initiated by the ASI in August 2023. Key Findings from the ASI Report on Kashi Vishwanath-Gyanvapi Mosque: Unveiling Historical Insights Destruction Under Aurangzeb’s Reign: The pre-existing structure, likely a Hindu temple, was likely destroyed during the 17th century, under Aurangzeb’s rule. Aurangzeb’s Inscription: An engraved loose stone recorded the mosque’s construction during Aurangzeb’s reign, specifically between 1676 and 1677. Historical Documentation: Maasir-i-Alamgiri (1947) by Sir Jadunath Sarkar supports the destruction of the pre-existing structure, following Aurangzeb’s orders to demolish schools and temples. Demolition of Vishwanath Temple: Aurangzeb’s officers reportedly demolished the Vishwanath temple at Kashi on September 2, 1669. Multilingual Inscriptions: A total of 34 inscriptions found during the survey, in Devanagari, Grantha, Telugu, and Kannada scripts. Deities’ Names and Significance: Inscriptions revealed names of deities like Janardhana (Vishnu), Rudra (Shiva), and “Umesvara.”Significance attached to terms like Maha-muktimandapa mentioned in three inscriptions. Mutilation of Vyala Figures: Vyala figures, Hindu mythological creatures, mutilated for reuse, along with floral designs, indicating repurposing of the pre-existing temple. Integration of Central Chamber: The central chamber and main entrance of the pre-existing temple are part of the current structure.The central chamber now serves as the central hall, while the original entrance is blocked. Architectural Decorations: Original entrance adorned with carvings of animals, birds, and an ornamental torana (gateway). Sculptural Remains and Cellars: Sculptures of Hindu deities and architectural members found in cellars, providing evidence of a large Hindu temple. Reuse of Pillars: Pillars from the pre-existing temple repurposed to create cellars in the eastern part of the platform. Ongoing Legal Battle: The report adds significant historical depth to the ongoing legal dispute surrounding the Kashi Vishwanath-Gyanvapi Mosque case. Key Takeaways from the ASI Report on Kashi Vishwanath-Gyanvapi Mosque: Navigating Complex Realities Complicated Legal Battle: The Gyanvapi Masjid case remains entangled in a complex legal battle with profound historical and religious implications. Transparency through ASI Report: The Varanasi court’s decision to disclose the ASI report is a significant move toward transparency in addressing the longstanding dispute. Opposition’s Silence: The Opposition has maintained silence on the matter, indicating a cautious approach or a strategic wait-and-watch stance. RSS and BJP’s Approach: The RSS and BJP expressed no urgency in delving into the issue, preferring to let the courts lead the way in resolving the matter. Comparisons with Ayodhya Ram Temple Issue: An RSS functionary highlighted the mobilizational aspect of the Ayodhya Ram temple issue in the 1980s, positioning it as a means to address concerns and reach out to the public. Evolution of Societal Awareness: Unlike the past, where society was less attuned to cultural concerns, the current scenario sees society actively embracing these concerns collectively. Cultural Concerns in Mainstream Discourse: Cultural concerns, once taken up by the Sangh as mobilizational issues, have now become collective concerns embedded in mainstream societal discourse. -Source: Indian Express Sri Sri Auniati Satra Vaishnavite Monastery Context: Sri Sri Auniati Satra is a more than 350-year-old Vaishnavite monastery in Assam’s Majuli district. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Key Facts about Sri Sri Auniati Satra Vaishnavite MonasteryVaishnavism Key Facts about Sri Sri Auniati Satra Vaishnavite Monastery Establishment and Historical Significance: Founded in 1653 in Majuli, Assam.Boasts a rich history of over 350 years, making it one of the oldest Satras in the region. Vaishnavism and Satra: A Satra serves as an institutional center for Assamese Vaishnavism, a bhakti movement originating in the 15th century. Geographical Location: Located in Majuli, the world’s largest inhabited river island, situated in the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India. Religious Significance: Center for Assamese Vaishnavism, focusing on the worship of Lord Krishna.The idol of Lord Krishna (Govinda) is believed to have originated from the Lord Jagannath Temple at Puri. Cultural Heritage Preservation: Beyond worship, Vaishnavite monasteries like Auniati Satra play a pivotal role in preserving traditional art forms, literature, and cultural practices.Serve as vital hubs for the promotion and sustenance of the region’s cultural heritage. Educational and Spiritual Activities: Traditionally functions as a center for learning and spiritual activities.Monks and disciples engage in religious studies, meditation, and community service. Bhaona and Traditional Arts: Bhaona, a traditional art form, is a significant cultural practice at the Satra.Involves a blend of acting, music, and musical instruments.Aims to convey religious messages to villagers through entertaining performances.Typically, the main drama is preceded by the musical performance called the Gayan-Bayan. Vaishnavism: Definition: Vaishnavism is a prominent bhakti (devotional) movement within Hinduism, focusing on deep devotion and love towards the god Vishnu and his various incarnations. Key Features: Central Focus on Devotion to Vishnu:Emphasizes devotion (bhakti) to Vishnu, considered the Supreme Being and sustainer of the universe.Vaishnavas cultivate a personal relationship with Vishnu, expressing love, reverence, and devotion.Incarnations of Vishnu:Vishnu is believed to have incarnated on Earth in various forms, known as avatars, to restore cosmic order and righteousness.The ten primary avatars, called Dashavatara, include popular incarnations like Rama and Krishna.Goal of Liberation (Moksha):Vaishnavism places a strong emphasis on the path of bhakti for liberation (moksha) from the cycle of birth and death (samsara) and union with Vishnu.Variety of Sects:Vaishnavism encompasses different sects and groups with varying interpretations of the relationship between the individual soul (jiva) and God. Major Vaishnavite Sects: Srivaishnava Sect:Emphasizes qualified nondualism (vishishtadvaita) based on the teachings of Ramanuja.Madhva Sect:Professes dualism, asserting the separate existence of God and the soul, following the philosophy of Madhva.Pushtimarg Sect:Maintains pure nondualism according to Vallabhacharya’s teachings.Gaudiya Sect:Founded by Chaitanya, teaches inconceivable duality and nonduality. -Source: The Hindu Navigating Challenges: Reforms Needed in India’s Geographical Indication (GI) Tags Journey Context: India’s Geographical Indication (GI) tags journey of over two decades faces challenges, with limited outcomes indicating the need for reforms in the registration processes. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Geographical Indications (GI) TagConcerns Regarding GI Tags in IndiaRealizing the Potential of GI-based Products Geographical Indications (GI) Tag Definition and Importance: Geographical Indications of Goods indicate the country or place of origin of a product.They assure consumers of the product’s quality and distinctiveness derived from its specific geographical locality.GI tags are an essential component of intellectual property rights (IPRs) and are protected under international agreements like the Paris Convention and TRIPS. Administration and Registration: Geographical Indications registration in India is governed by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.The registration and protection are administered by the Geographical Indication Registry under the Department of Industry Promotion and Internal Trade (DIPIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.The registration is valid for 10 years, and it can be renewed for further periods of 10 years each. Significance and Examples: GI tags provide a unique identity and reputation to products based on their geographical origin.The first product in India to receive a GI tag was Darjeeling tea.Karnataka has the highest number of GI tags with 47 registered products, followed by Tamil Nadu with 39. Ownership and Proprietorship: Any association, organization, or authority established by law can be a registered proprietor of a GI tag.The registered proprietor’s name is entered in the Register of Geographical Indication for the applied product.Protection and Enforcement:Geographical Indications protect the interests of producers and prevent unauthorized use of the product’s name or origin.Enforcement of GI rights helps maintain the quality and reputation of the products associated with their specific geographical regions. Location of the Geographical Indications Registry: The Geographical Indications Registry is located in Chennai, India. Concerns Regarding GI Tags in India: Outdated Legislation: The GI Act of 1999, framed over two decades ago, requires timely amendments to align with current challenges and realities.Complex Application Processes: Registration forms and application processing times need simplification for easier compliance by producers seeking Geographical Indication (GI) tags.Low Application Acceptance Ratio: The current application acceptance ratio in India is only about 46%, raising concerns about the effectiveness of the GI registration process.Institutional Development Deficiency: Lack of suitable institutional development hampers the effective implementation of GI protection mechanisms, affecting the overall success of the GI system.Post-Registration Challenges: Producers often face challenges post-GI registration due to a lack of guidance and support, hindering them from fully realizing the benefits of the GI tag.Undefined “Producers” and Intermediaries: Lack of clarity in defining “producers” in the GI Act of 1999 leads to the involvement of intermediaries, potentially diluting the intended advantages for genuine producers.Intermediary Benefit Concerns: Intermediaries benefit from GIs, posing a challenge to ensuring that the advantages of GI protection primarily go to authentic producers.Neglected Attention Compared to Other IP Protections: Disputes, especially in products like Darjeeling tea and Basmati rice, highlight that GIs receive less attention compared to patents, trademarks, and copyrights.Limited Academic Focus: Limited academic focus on GIs is evident, with only seven publications from India, indicating a gap in scholarly research on geographical indications.Growing Academic Interest Abroad: A recent surge in publications, with 35 articles published in 2021, indicates growing academic interest in GIs; however, European nations, such as Italy, Spain, and France, lead in GI-related academic publications. Realizing the Potential of GI-based Products: Incentivize Grassroots Producers: Government initiatives should incentivize producers at the grassroots level, encouraging more producers to seek Geographical Indication (GI) status.Exclude “Non-Producers” from Benefits: Laws should be structured to exclude “non-producers” from benefiting, ensuring that the direct advantages of GI protection go to genuine producers.Technology and Skill-building: Promote technology adoption, skill-building, and digital literacy among GI stakeholders to facilitate modernization and enhance competitiveness.Collaboration with Trade Associations: Government agencies should collaborate with trade associations to organize exhibitions and leverage various media channels for promoting GI-based products.International Promotion by Embassies: Indian embassies should actively promote GI-based products to encourage growth in foreign markets, enhancing global visibility.Favorable International Tariffs and WTO Focus: Advocate for favorable international tariff regimes and emphasize GI products at the World Trade Organization (WTO) to boost their global presence.Integration with One District One Product Scheme: Integrate Geographical Indications with the One District One Product scheme to enhance promotion and expand market reach.Market Outlet Schemes, Especially in Rural Areas: Develop market outlet schemes, particularly in rural markets (gramin haats), to enhance the visibility and accessibility of GI products.Establish Testing Laboratories at Marketplaces: Establish testing laboratories at marketplaces to ensure consumer confidence in the quality of GI products, contributing to market trust.Align Startups with GIs and SDGs: Encourage startups to align with Geographical Indications and link their performance with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to contribute to social and economic development. -Source: The Hindu Free Movement Regime To End At Myanmar Border Context: The Home Minister recently said the Free Movement Regime (FMR) agreement with Myanmar would be reconsidered to stop border residents from moving into each other’s country without any paperwork. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Free Movement Regime (FMR) between India and Myanmar: A Shift in PolicyIndo-Myanmar Border Dynamics: Security and Border Management Free Movement Regime (FMR) between India and Myanmar: A Shift in Policy Introduction to FMR: The Free Movement Regime (FMR) is a bilateral agreement between India and Myanmar allowing border tribes to travel up to 16 km inside the other country without a visa.Launched in 2018 as part of the Act East policy, it aimed to promote movement, trade, and cultural exchange among ethnically similar communities along the border. Historical Context: The boundary demarcated by the British in 1826 divided ethnically similar communities into two nations.FMR intended to address this by enabling free movement without visas, fostering local trade and business. Current Status: FMR has been defunct since 2020, initially due to the COVID-19 pandemic.Post the military coup in Myanmar (2021), and escalating refugee crises, India suspended FMR in September 2022.Concerns arose over unintended consequences, such as illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and gun-running. New Development: The Indian government has decided to conclude the Free Movement Regime with Myanmar.Initiatives include initiating tenders for an advanced smart fencing system along the entire India-Myanmar border. Rationale for the Shift: Insurgent groups exploit FMR to conduct attacks on the Indian side and escape to Myanmar.The move aims to curb illegal immigration, drug smuggling, and gold trafficking.In September 2023, Manipur’s Chief Minister advocated winding up FMR to address concerns related to illegal immigration. Challenges: Potential opposition from states like Nagaland and Mizoram.While acknowledging state concerns, border security and management fall under the Centre’s jurisdiction. Indo-Myanmar Border Dynamics: Security and Border Management Border Characteristics: The Indo-Myanmar border spans 1,643 km, with states like Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, and Mizoram sharing this boundary.The demarcation of 1,472 km out of the total length has been completed, leaving two un-demarcated portions in Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur. Security Concerns: Secessionist Movements:Greater Nagaland movement destabilizes the border, aspiring to include areas from both India and Myanmar.Support to Insurgents and Terrorism:Insurgents in India’s North Eastern states maintain ties with groups in Myanmar, receiving political, economic, logistic, and military support.The porous border facilitates insurgent safe havens.Narcotics Smuggling:India’s proximity to the Golden Triangle results in rampant drug trafficking, especially synthetic drugs to and from Myanmar. Border Management Measures: Security Forces:The Assam Rifles, known as “Friends of the North East People,” is deployed along the Indo-Myanmar border.Modern Surveillance and Security Tools:Deployment of modern weapons and equipment like UAVs, BFSRs, and Laser Range Finders for effective border security.Border Fencing:Initiatives to fence the border to curb infiltration, smuggling, and illegal activities.Comprehensive Border Infrastructure Project:Undertaking a comprehensive project to enhance infrastructure along the India-Myanmar border.Integrated Check Posts (ICPs):Setting up ICPs at major entry points on land borders for streamlined cross-border movements.Border Area Development Programme (BADP):MHA’s developmental initiatives under BADP contribute to a holistic approach to border management. -Source: The Hindu Market Access Initiative (MAI) Scheme Context: Ahead of the interim Budget 2024, exporters have urged the government to allocate funds worth $3.88 billion for the Market Access Initiative (MAI) scheme. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Market Access Initiative (MAI) Scheme Market Access Initiative (MAI) Scheme: Export Promotion Catalyst: MAI Scheme designed as an export promotion initiative aimed at consistently boosting India’s exports. Focus on Specific Products and Markets: Adopts a focus product-focus country approach, strategically targeting specific markets and products identified through market studies and surveys. Target Beneficiaries: Export Promotion Organizations, Trade Promotion Organizations, National Level Institutions, Research Institutions, Universities, Laboratories, and Exporters eligible for assistance. Scope of Assistance: Assistance extended for activities like Marketing Projects Abroad, Capacity Building, Support for Statutory Compliances, Studies, Project Development, Developing Foreign Trade Facilitation Web Portal, and supporting Cottage and Handicrafts units. Eligible Agencies: Departments of Central Government, Central/State Government Organizations, Indian Missions abroad, Export Promotion Councils, Trade Promotion Organizations, Commodity Boards, Recognized Apex Trade Bodies, Industrial & Artisan Clusters, and Individual Exporters for specific purposes. Financial Assistance Structure: Fixed level of assistance for each eligible activity under the scheme.Funding on a cost-sharing basis, with a sharing pattern ranging from 65% to 50% at the minimum. Activities Covered: Marketing Projects Abroad to enhance market presence.Capacity Building initiatives for stakeholders.Support for Statutory Compliances.Conducting Studies for informed decision-making.Project Development for export-oriented projects.Developing Foreign Trade Facilitation Web Portal for streamlined processes.Support for Cottage and Handicrafts units to boost their exports. Administrative Authority: Administered by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India, through the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT). -Source: Business Standards Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Context: Health experts list the causes of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease beyond smoking, including environmental toxins, genetic predispositions, and occupational hazards. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Chronic inflammatory lung disease causing obstructed airflow from the lungs.Two Main Forms:Chronic bronchitis: Involves persistent cough with mucus.Emphysema: Involves gradual lung damage.Most COPD cases involve a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Causes of COPD: Primarily caused by prolonged exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter.Mainly linked to tobacco smoke; over 70% of cases in high-income countries result from smoking.Global Variation in Causes:In low- and middle-income countries, 30–40% of COPD cases are due to tobacco smoking, and household air pollution is a significant risk factor. Signs and Symptoms: Primary symptoms include difficulty breathing, chronic cough (often with phlegm), and fatigue.Flare-ups, exacerbating symptoms, can occur and may necessitate additional medications. Associated Risks: Individuals with COPD face an elevated risk of heart disease, lung cancer, and various other health conditions. Treatment Approach: COPD is incurable, but lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and avoiding air pollution can improve the condition.Treatment involves medications, oxygen therapy, and pulmonary rehabilitation. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 29 January 2024

CONTENTS Fostering Global Collaborations: DST Unveils VAIBHAV Scheme CohortPM Young Achievers Scholarship Award Scheme (PM YASASVI) Fostering Global Collaborations: DST Unveils VAIBHAV Scheme Cohort Context: The Department of Science and Technology (DST) introduces the first cohort of fellows under the Vaishvik Bhartiya Vaigyanik (VAIBHAV) scheme, mirroring similarities with the 2018-initiated Visiting Advanced Joint Research Faculty (Vajra) scheme. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: VAIBHAV Scheme: Facilitating Global Collaboration in STEMM FieldsVisiting Advanced Joint Research Faculty (VAJRA) Scheme: Fostering International Collaboration VAIBHAV Scheme: Facilitating Global Collaboration in STEMM Fields Program Overview: Launched by the Government in 2023.Aims to connect the Indian STEMM diaspora with Indian academic and R&D; institutions for collaborative research. Fellowship Structure: VAIBHAV Fellow identifies an Indian institution for collaboration.Allows spending up to two months per year for a maximum of 3 years at the chosen institution. Collaborative Research: VAIBHAV Fellows collaborate with Indian counterparts.Focus on initiating research activities in cutting-edge areas of Science and Technology. Fellowship Benefits: Includes a fellowship grant of INR 4,00,000 per month.Covers international and domestic travel, accommodation, and contingencies. Support for Host Institutions: Host institutions receive research grants to support collaborative efforts. Significance of the Scheme: Strengthens global collaboration in scientific research.Facilitates knowledge exchange and expertise infusion in Indian academic and research institutions. Implementing Authority: The VAIBHAV fellowships program is under the purview of the DST, Ministry of Science and Technology. Eligibility Criteria: Awarded to outstanding scientists/technologists of Indian origin (NRI/PIO/OCI) engaged in research activities in their respective countries. Visiting Advanced Joint Research Faculty (VAJRA) Scheme: Fostering International Collaboration Exclusive Program for Overseas Scientists: The VAJRA Faculty Scheme is designed for overseas scientists and academicians, with a focus on NRI and PIO/OCI, to serve as adjunct/visiting faculty in Indian public-funded academic and research institutions. Emphasis on Collaborative Research: Recognizes the value of collaborative research for information sharing among researchers.Aims to update and acquire knowledge and skills, drawing different perspectives to solve shared problems. Research Areas of Interest: The research undertaken by the Faculty should be of interest to India, including the translation of science into practice. Teaching/Mentoring Opportunity: Faculty members can teach/mentor during their stay, contributing to academic and research activities. Duration of Engagement: Faculty works for a minimum of 1 month and a maximum of 3 months per year in an Indian institution.The host institution may engage the faculty for a longer duration beyond the assignment period. Part-Time Position Renewal: The part-time position is initially offered for 1 year and can be renewed annually. Financial Support: VAJRA Faculty receives USD 15,000 in the first month and USD 10,000 per month for the next two months to cover travel and honorarium.No separate support for accommodation, medical/personal insurance, etc., although the host institute may consider providing additional assistance. Currency and Implementation Authority: Payment to the faculty is made in Indian Rupees.The VAJRA Faculty Scheme is implemented by the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB). SERB: Implementing Authority: SERB, a statutory body of the Department of Science and Technology, was established in 2008 to promote basic research in science and engineering and provide financial assistance to researchers, academic institutions, and other agencies. PM Young Achievers Scholarship Award Scheme (PM YASASVI) Context: A total of ₹32.44 Crore has been released for Pre-matric Scholarships and ₹387.27 Crore for Post-Matric Scholarships to States/Union Territories (UTs) under the PM YASASVI scheme in 2023. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions PM Young Achievers Scholarship Award Scheme (PM YASASVI): Empowering Students for Academic Excellence Scholarship Target Groups: Aimed at students from Other Backward Class (OBC), Economically Backward Class (EBC), and Denotified Nomadic Tribes (DNT) backgrounds. Scholarship Phases: Covers Pre-Matric Scholarships for Classes 9 to 10 and Post-Matric Scholarships for higher education at the post-matriculation or post-secondary level. Opportunity for Exceptional Students: Exceptional students can avail scholarships for enrollment in top-tier schools and colleges. Hostel Facilities for OBC Students: OBC students benefit from hostel facilities provided through a dedicated construction scheme. Eligibility Criteria: Open to students from OBC, EBC, and DNT categories.Parents or guardians’ annual income should not exceed Rs. 2.50 Lakhs.Applicable to students studying in Class 9 or 11 in Top Class Schools. Geographical Scope: Scholarships available for studies within India.Awards granted by the Government of the respective State/Union Territory to which the applicant belongs permanently. Entitlement and Coverage: Up to Rs. 75,000 per annum for Class 9/10.Rs. 1,25,000 per annum for Class 11/12, covering school tuition and hostel fees. Implementing Agency: Administered by the Department of Social Justice and Empowerment, falling under the purview of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 25 January 2024

CONTENTS Police Reform in IndiaImpact of Winter Storms in the U.S.National Monetisation PipelineForeign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA)Design-Linked Incentive schemeInsat-3DSElection Seizure Management System Police Reform in India Context: The Supreme Court recently observed that the 2022 incident of 4 Gujarat Police officers publicly flogging Muslim men after tying them to a pole in Kheda district for allegedly disrupting a garba event amounted to an “atrocity”. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: SC Observations on Kheda Flogging Incident: Upholding Human Rights in PolicingPolice Reforms in India: Navigating ChallengesIssues Associated with Police ForcesRecommendations for Police Reforms SC Observations on Kheda Flogging Incident: Upholding Human Rights in Policing Background: Legal Challenge: Police officers appealed to the Supreme Court (SC) challenging a Gujarat High Court order that sentenced them to 14 days’ imprisonment for contempt of court.Contempt Ruling: The officers’ actions were deemed contemptuous, violating the SC’s 1996 D.K. Basu judgement, which addresses police abuse and custodial violence. D.K. Basu Verdict (1996): Legal Foundation: The D.K. Basu judgement underscored the imperative to shield individuals from torture and abuse by law enforcement agencies. SC’s Stance on Kheda Flogging: Legitimate Police Duties: The SC acknowledged the police’s legal duty to arrest and interrogate criminals during investigations.Human Rights Imperative: However, the SC emphasized that the law strictly prohibits the use of third-degree methods or torture on individuals in custody during interrogations, emphasizing the commitment to protecting human rights in policing. Police Reforms in India: Navigating Challenges Historical Perspective: Long-Standing Issue: Police reforms have been a persistent subject on the governmental agenda since India’s independence.Challenges: Over the decades, the police force has faced criticism for being selectively efficient, exhibiting a lack of empathy toward the underprivileged, and experiencing issues related to politicization and criminalization.Legacy Framework: The foundational framework for policing in India dates back to 1861, with limited modifications since then. Contemporary Realities: Dynamic Society: Significant societal transformations have occurred since the enactment of the original police framework.Multiplying Expectations: Evolving public expectations demand a police force that is responsive, efficient, and capable of addressing emerging challenges, including newer forms of crime such as cybercrimes. Need for Reform: Adaptation: The existing policing system requires comprehensive reforms to align with present-day scenarios.Modernization: Upgrading the police force is essential for effectively dealing with contemporary forms of crime and criminals, ensuring the protection of human rights, and safeguarding the legitimate interests of all citizens. Issues Associated with Police Forces: Custodial Deaths:Refers to fatalities occurring while a person is in police custody.Despite a decline in previous years, a sharp rise to 175 custodial deaths was reported in 2021-22.Excessive Use of Force:Instances of police using excessive force leading to injuries and fatalities.Lack of proper training and oversight contributes to misuse of force.Corruption and Misconduct:Corruption within the police force, including bribery and misconduct, erodes public trust.High-ranking officials and lower-ranking officers implicated in corrupt practices.Legal Framework and Corruption:Laws creating conditions for police corruption, particularly in relation to banned substances like alcohol.Increased profitability and law enforcement discretion contribute to corrupt practices.Trust Deficit:Significant trust deficit between police and the community affecting cooperation and information sharing.High-profile cases of police misconduct contribute to public skepticism and mistrust.Extrajudicial Killings (‘Encounter’):Instances of extrajudicial killings by the police, commonly known as ‘encounter.’No legal provisions in Indian law legalize encounter killings.Increased cases, with 151 reported in 2021-2022 compared to 82 in 2020-2021. Recommendations for Police Reforms: Police Complaint Authority:Establishment directed by the Supreme Court in the Prakash Singh v/s Union of India case (2006).Authorized to investigate misconduct by police officials of various ranks.Separation of Functions:Supreme Court directive for the separation of investigation and law and order functions in police.Creation of State Security Commissions (SSC) with civil society members for improved policing.National Security Commission:Recommendation by the Supreme Court for the formation of a National Security Commission.National Police Commission (1977-1981):Made recommendations for police reforms, emphasizing functional autonomy and accountability.Ribero Committee (1998):Constituted on Supreme Court’s directions to review police reform actions.Endorsed major recommendations of the National Police Commission with modifications.Malimath Committee (2000):Made 158 recommendations for criminal justice system reforms.Suggested the establishment of a central law enforcement agency.Model Police Act (2006):Mandates the establishment of an authority in each state.Comprising retired High Court judges, civil society members, retired police officers, and public administrators from another state.Focuses on functional autonomy, professionalism, and accountability in police agencies. -Source: The Hindu Impact of Winter Storms in the U.S. Context: The recent winter storms in the United States have brought about a series of challenges, impacting multiple states with sub-freezing temperatures, heavy snowfall, and icy conditions. The adverse weather conditions have led to a significant toll, resulting in at least 72 deaths across the country in January 2024. The fatalities are primarily attributed to hypothermia, emphasizing the life-threatening consequences of prolonged exposure to extreme cold, as well as road accidents exacerbated by slippery road conditions. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Factors Behind Severe Winter Storms in the USUnderstanding Winter StormsHypothermia Factors Behind Severe Winter Storms in the US: Polar Vortex Dynamics: The Polar Vortex, characterized by low pressure and cold air around Earth’s poles, maintains a counterclockwise flow that retains cold air near the Poles.Disruptions in the polar vortex, occasional in winter, can lead to the southward movement of cold air into the United States, causing frigid temperatures. Arctic Amplification and Climate Change: Climate change induces Arctic amplification, resulting in accelerated warming in the Arctic compared to the global average.This amplified warming weakens the polar vortex, making it more susceptible to disruptions such as stretching or splitting, allowing Arctic cold air to extend southward. Intrusion of Arctic Air Masses: Arctic air masses, originating in the Arctic region, can intrude into the United States, causing a swift temperature drop and bringing exceptionally cold conditions to regions unaccustomed to such extremes. Jet Stream Influence: The jet stream, a high-altitude, fast-flowing air current, guides weather systems across the globe.Changes in the jet stream pattern can facilitate the southward movement of cold Arctic air, affecting extensive areas of the United States. Understanding Winter Storms: Definition: Winter storms are meteorological events characterized by extreme cold temperatures, precipitation in the form of snow, sleet, or freezing rain, often accompanied by strong winds.These events can disrupt daily activities, impact transportation, and pose various hazards to communities. Formation Mechanism: Winter storms initiate as moist air ascends into the atmosphere, commonly occurring at cold fronts or when air moves over elevated terrain.Moisture for cloud formation is sourced from air passing over large water bodies, such as lakes or oceans.The crucial element distinguishing winter storms is the presence of cold air, causing precipitation in the form of snow or ice. Types of Winter Storms: Snowstorms:Precipitation primarily falls as snow, with the air temperature determining whether it manifests as snow, rain, or freezing rain.Blizzards:Characterized by strong winds (≥35 MPH), blizzards create blowing snow conditions, reducing visibility and forming snowdrifts.Lake Effect Storms:Occur due to moisture from the Great Lakes, leading to heavy snowstorms in regions south and east of the lakes.Ice Storms:Feature an accumulation of at least 0.25 inches of ice on outdoor surfaces, creating hazardous conditions for travel and causing damage to branches and powerlines. Hypothermia: Hypothermia is a critical medical condition where the body loses heat faster than it can generate, resulting in an alarmingly low body temperature.The standard body temperature is approximately 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius), and hypothermia typically occurs when it drops below 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius).Cold exposure contributes to hypothermia, disrupting the body’s ability to maintain its core temperature. Causes and Body’s Response: Cold conditions prompt the body to generate heat and conserve warmth, a process primarily regulated by the hypothalamus in the brain. Symptoms: Shivering: Initial response to cold, serving as a sign of active heat regulation systems.Slow, Shallow Breathing: As hypothermia progresses, breathing may become slower and shallower.Confusion and Memory Loss: Cognitive functions may be impaired.Drowsiness or Exhaustion: Individuals may experience increased fatigue and lethargy. Considerations: Hypothermia is a medical emergency requiring prompt attention.Protective measures, such as insulation and warming strategies, are crucial to prevent and manage hypothermia in cold environments. -Source: The Hindu National Monetisation Pipeline Context: Recently, the Centre has decided to conduct an Asset Recycling Drive under the National Monetization Pipeline (NMP), aiming to generate resources for new investments in infrastructure. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP)Need and Significance of National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP)Challenges Associated with National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP) National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP): The NMP outlines a comprehensive plan to leverage core assets of the Central government through leasing in various sectors, including roads, railways, power, oil and gas pipelines, telecom, and civil aviation.The primary objective is to unlock a total monetisation potential of Rs 6-lakh crore over a four-year period (FY 2022-25). Scope and Inclusions: Monetisation focuses solely on core assets, excluding non-core assets disinvestment.Currently encompasses assets from central government line ministries and Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) in infrastructure sectors. Expansion Plans: The government is actively working on expanding the scope of the NMP by coordinating with states to include assets at both central and state levels.The process involves transferring the monetisation of non-core assets, including land, real estate, and infrastructure, from the Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (DIPAM) to the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) within the Ministry of Finance. Strategic Alignment: The NMP aligns strategically with the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP), which aims at investments totaling Rs 111 trillion in six years through FY25.The timeline for the NMP is synchronized with the remaining period under the NIP, ensuring cohesive infrastructure development. Need and Significance of National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP): Need for NMP: Overcapitalisation Challenges: Some projects experience time overruns and increased costs, making them financially unviable at launch.Inefficient Resource Utilization: Government infrastructure projects often lack optimal input-output ratios, leading to overcapitalisation.Resource Optimization Through NMP: Aims to introduce private sector efficiency and market-driven approaches for better resource alignment.Coordination Challenges: Inter-ministerial and inter-departmental coordination issues contribute to delays and inefficiencies.Private-Public Collaboration: Encourages collaboration between the public and private sectors for streamlined infrastructure development.Addressing Governance Issues: Targets issues like reluctance to implement labour reforms, poor decision-making, and ineffective governance. Significance of NMP: Economic Boost and Employment: A groundbreaking initiative expected to boost the economy, generate employment, and enhance competitiveness.Integration with PM Gati Shakti: Aligned with PM Gati Shakti, fostering holistic and integrated infrastructure development in India.Synergy Between Initiatives: Mutual reinforcement between NMP and PM Gati Shakti contributes to overall economic growth.Unlocking Idle Capital: Advocates unlocking capital from underperforming government assets, promoting financial efficiency.Reinvestment in Infrastructure: Envisages reinvesting funds from monetisation into new projects and asset augmentation, including greenfield infrastructure. Challenges Associated with National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP): Double Charges Concerns: Taxpayers express worry about facing additional costs for utilizing assets after funding their creation.Balancing Public and Private Involvement: Navigating perceived duplication of charges, a challenge in balancing public investment and private asset management.Vicious Cycle of Asset Monetization: Concerns about creating assets and subsequently monetizing them when they become government liabilities.Capacity Underutilization in Infrastructure: Challenges include low capacity utilization in gas and petroleum pipeline networks and regulated tariffs in the power sector.Investor Interest and Stakeholder Complexity: Low investor interest in national highways below four lanes and complexity arising from multiple stakeholders in entities.Monopolization Risks: Potential for monopolization, especially in highways and railway lines, raising concerns about reduced competition and increased costs. -Source: The Hindu Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA) Context: The Foreign Contribution Regulation Act, 2010 (FCRA) registration of two prominent NGOs — Centre for Policy Research (CPR) and World Vision India (WVI) have been cancelled this month. Relevance: GS-II: Polity and Governance (Government Policies & Interventions, Non-Governmental Organisations -NGOs), GS-III: Indian Economy (External Sector, Mobilization of Resources) Dimensions of the Article: What is the FCRA? Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Act, 2020Issues Related to FCRANon-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in India What is the FCRA? The FCRA was enacted during the Emergency in 1976 amid apprehensions that foreign powers were interfering in India’s affairs by pumping money into the country through independent organisations.These concerns were, in fact, even older — they had been expressed in Parliament as early as in 1969.The law sought to regulate foreign donations to individuals and associations so that they functioned “in a manner consistent with the values of a sovereign democratic republic”. Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010 The Foreign Contribution (regulation) Act, 2010 is a consolidating act whose scope is to regulate the acceptance and utilisation of foreign contribution or foreign hospitality by certain individuals or associations or companies and to prohibit acceptance and utilisation of foreign contribution or foreign hospitality for any activities detrimental to the national interest and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. Key Points regarding FCRA Foreign funding of voluntary organizations in India is regulated under FCRA act and is implemented by the Ministry of Home Affairs.The FCRA regulates the receipt of funding from sources outside of India to NGOs working in India.It prohibits the receipt of foreign contribution “for any activities detrimental to the national interest”.The Act held that the government can refuse permission if it believes that the donation to the NGO will adversely affect “public interest” or the “economic interest of the state”. However, there is no clear guidance on what constitutes “public interest”.The Acts ensures that the recipients of foreign contributions adhere to the stated purpose for which such contribution has been obtained.Under the Act, organisations require to register themselves every five years. Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Act, 2020 The Act bars public servants from receiving foreign contributions. Public servant includes any person who is in service or pay of the government, or remunerated by the government for the performance of any public duty.The Act prohibits the transfer of foreign contribution to any other person not registered to accept foreign contributions.The Act makes Aadhaar number mandatory for all office bearers, directors or key functionaries of a person receiving foreign contribution, as an identification document.The Act states that foreign contribution must be received only in an account designated by the bank as FCRA account in such branches of the State Bank of India, New Delhi.The Act proposes that not more than 20% of the total foreign funds received could be defrayed for administrative expenses. In FCRA 2010 the limit was 50%.The Act allows the central government to permit a person to surrender their registration certificate. Issues Related to FCRA The Act also held that the government can refuse permission if it believes that the donation to the NGO will adversely affect “public interest” or the “economic interest of the state” – however, there is no clear guidance on what constitutes “public interest”.By allowing only some political groups to receive foreign donations and disallowing some others, can induce biases in favour of the government. NGOs need to tread carefully when they criticise the regime, knowing that too much criticism could cost their survival. FCRA norms can reduce critical voices by declaring them to be against the public interest – Hence, it can be said that FCRA restrictions have serious consequences on both the rights to free speech and freedom of association under Articles 19(1)(a) and 19(1)(c) of the Constitution.In 2016, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association undertook a legal analysis of the FCRA and stated that restrictions in the name of “public interest” and “economic interest” failed the test of “legitimate restrictions” as they were too vague and gave the state excessive discretionary powers to apply the provision in an arbitrary manner. Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in India Worldwide, the term ‘NGO’ is used to describe a body that is neither part of a government nor a conventional for-profit business organisation.NGOs are groups of ordinary citizens that are involved in a wide range of activities that may have charitable, social, political, religious or other interests.In India, NGOs can be registered under a plethora of Acts such as the Indian Societies Registration Act, 1860, Religious Endowments Act,1863, Indian Trusts Act, etc.India has possibly the largest number of active NGOs in the world.Ministries such as Health and Family Welfare, Human Resource Department, etc., provide funding to NGOs, but only a handful of NGOs get hefty government funds.NGOs also receive funds from abroad, if they are registered with the Home Ministry under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA). There are more than 22,500 FCRA-registered NGOs.Registered NGOs can receive foreign contribution under five purposes — social, educational, religious, economic and cultural. -Source: The Hindu Design-Linked Incentive scheme Context: Since announcement, the Design-Linked Incentive scheme (DLI) scheme has approved only seven start-ups, markedly short of its target of supporting 100 over five years. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Design-Linked Incentive Scheme Overview: The scheme is geared towards providing financial incentives and design infrastructure support throughout the development and deployment phases of semiconductor designs, including Integrated Circuits (ICs), Chipsets, System on Chips (SoCs), Systems & IP Cores and semiconductor linked design(s) over a period of 5 years. Objectives of the Scheme: Nurturing Growth: Facilitating and nurturing the growth of domestic companies, startups, and MSMEs in the semiconductor design sector.Indigenization Goals: Achieving significant indigenization in semiconductor content and IPs for electronic products, promoting import substitution and adding value to the electronics sector.Access Facilitation: Strengthening and facilitating access to semiconductor design infrastructure for startups and MSMEs. Duration and Components: Scheme Duration: Initially spanning three years from January 1, 2022.Chip Design Infrastructure Support: C-DAC will establish the India Chip Centre, hosting cutting-edge design infrastructure (EDA Tools, IP Cores, MPW support, and post-silicon validation) accessible to supported companies.Product Design Linked Incentive: Reimbursing up to 50% of eligible expenditure, capped at ₹15 Crore per application, providing fiscal support to approved applicants engaged in semiconductor design.Deployment Linked Incentive: Offering incentives of 6% to 4% of net sales turnover over 5 years, capped at ₹30 Crore per application, for approved applicants deploying semiconductor designs in electronic products. Nodal Agency: C-DAC: The Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) will serve as the nodal agency overseeing the implementation of the scheme. -Source: The Times of India Insat-3DS Context: Indian Space Research Organisation has completed all key tests on Insat-3DS satellite before the final review which will be followed by its shipping to the spaceport in Srihari Kota, Andhra Pradesh. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: About Insat-3DSGSLV-F14 OverviewKey Facts about INSAT-3DR About Insat-3DS: Collaborative Initiative: Developed through collaboration between ISRO and the India Meteorological Organisation (IMD).Climate Observatory Series: Forms part of a series of climate observatory satellites designed to enhance climate services, joining the ranks of dedicated Earth observation satellites like INSAT-3D and INSAT-3DR already in operation.Launch Method: Scheduled to be launched using the Geosynchronous Launch Vehicle (GSLV-F14). GSLV-F14 Overview: Advanced Rocket Technology: GSLV-F14 represents a more advanced rocket employing liquid propellant for its operation.Enhanced Capacity: Distinguished by its higher capacity and utilization of cryogenic liquid propellants across all three stages, presenting a more intricate engineering challenge but allowing for a significantly increased lift-off weight capacity. Key Facts about INSAT-3DR: Advanced Meteorological Satellite: INSAT-3DR stands as an advanced meteorological satellite for India, equipped with an imaging system and an Atmospheric Sounder.Noteworthy Improvements: Significant enhancements in INSAT-3DR include imaging in the Middle Infrared band for night-time pictures of low clouds and fog, imaging in two Thermal Infrared bands for more accurate Sea Surface Temperature (SST) estimation, and higher spatial resolution in the Visible and Thermal Infrared bands.Payloads: Features a multi-spectral imager, 19-channel sounder, data relay transponder, and search and rescue transponder. -Source: The Hindu Election Seizure Management System Context: Recently, the Election Commission of India (ECI) has conducted a training programme in virtual mode on the recently introduced Election Seizure Management System (ESMS) for the officers concerned from Andhra Pradesh. Relevance: GS  II: Polity and Governance About Election Seizure Management System: Dedicated Technology Platform: Tailored technology platform aimed at the digitization of data related to intercepted or seized items, including cash, liquor, drugs, precious metals, freebies, and other items. The data is collected directly from the field through a mobile app.QR Code-Based Receipts: Enables banks to generate QR code-based receipts for the movement of cases, adding a layer of transparency and traceability to cash transfers. Key Features: Automated Reporting: Streamlines the process of generating desired reports in the required format for all stakeholders involved.Dashboard Analytics: Provides a comprehensive dashboard for analytics, aggregating data received from multiple agencies.Elimination of Duplicate Entry: Prevents duplication of data entry by different enforcement agencies.QR Code-Based Receipts by Banks: Allows banks to generate receipts in PDF format, incorporating QR codes for legal cash transfers. Operational Mechanism: Real-Time Information Sharing: Facilitates real-time information sharing among various enforcement agencies, including police, transportation authorities, and central tax agencies.Seamless Coordination: Ensures seamless coordination and intelligence sharing, enhancing the overall effectiveness of enforcement efforts.Comprehensive Onboarding: Serves as a platform where central and state enforcement agencies are onboarded, contributing to a unified system for recording and reporting movements and seizures of illicit items such as cash, liquor, and drugs. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 25 January 2024

CONTENTS Bharat RatnaNational Girl Child Day Bharat Ratna To Karpoori Thakur Context: Karpoori Thakur, a prominent Gandhian socialist leader and former Bihar chief minister will be awarded the ‘Bharat Ratna’ posthumously.  Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Bharat Ratna: Highest Civilian Award: Bharat Ratna, instituted in 1954, stands as the highest civilian award in India. Eligibility: Inclusive Criteria: The award is open to any individual without distinction of race, occupation, position, or gender. While predominantly awarded to India-born citizens, exceptions include the naturalized citizen Mother Teresa and non-Indians such as Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Nelson Mandela. Special Considerations: Posthumous Awards: Originally, posthumous awards were not permitted, but the statutes were amended in 1955 to allow them. Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first posthumous recipient. Recognition Criteria: Exceptional Service: Conferred in recognition of exceptional service or performance of the highest order across any field of human endeavor. Nomination Process: Prime Minister’s Recommendation: The Prime Minister recommends the awardees to the President, and no formal recommendations are required. Limitations: Annual Cap: The number of awards is capped at a maximum of three per year. Award Components: Recognition: Recipients receive a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a medallion. However, the award does not carry any monetary grant. National Girl Child Day Focus: GS II- Vulnerable sections. Why in News? Nation Celebrates National Girl Child Day every year on 24th of January. About National Girl Child Day: National Girl Child Day is celebrated in the country on January 24 every yearIt was first initiated in 2008 by the Ministry of Women and Child Development.Gender discrimination is a major problem that girls or women face throughout their life. Objective: To provide support and opportunities to the girls of India.To support the girl child of the nation and remove gender-based biases.To promote awareness about the inequalities that a girl child faces and educate people about girl’s education.The main focus is on changing society’s attitude towards girls, decrease female feticide and create awareness about the decreasing sex ratio. Aim: To promote awareness about the rights of the girl childTo increase awareness on the importance of girl education, and their health and nutrition

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 24 January 2024

CONTENTS Exercise KhanjarArogya Maitri Cube Exercise Khanjar Context: Recently, India-Kyrgyzstan Joint Special Forces Exercise KHANJAR has commenced at the Special Forces Training School in Bakloh, Himachal Pradesh. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Exercise Khanjar: Inception: Exercise Khanjar had its inaugural edition in December 2011, marking the initiation of a collaborative venture between India and Kyrgyzstan in the realm of Special Forces training.11th Edition: The current iteration represents the 11th edition of the India-Kyrgyzstan Joint Special Forces Exercise, highlighting the enduring nature of this annual event. Participant Details: Indian Army Contingent: Comprising 20 personnel, the Indian Army contingent is represented by elite troops from The Parachute Regiment (Special Forces).Kyrgyzstan Contingent: Also consisting of 20 personnel, the Kyrgyzstan contingent is represented by troops from the Scorpion Brigade. Objective: Focus Areas: The primary aim of Exercise Khanjar is to facilitate the exchange of experiences and best practices specifically in Counter-Terrorism and Special Forces Operations. These operations will be conducted in both Built-up Areas and Mountainous Terrain.United Nations Charter: The exercise operates within the framework of Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, underscoring its commitment to addressing global challenges. Training Emphasis: Skill Development: The exercise places a strong emphasis on developing Special Forces skills, including the mastery of advanced techniques related to insertion and extraction in diverse terrains. Strategic Significance: Bilateral Ties: By providing a platform for joint training and cooperation, Exercise Khanjar serves as an opportunity to strengthen the defence ties between India and Kyrgyzstan.Addressing Common Concerns: The exercise enables both nations to address shared concerns related to international terrorism and extremism. Showcasing Capabilities: Indigenous Defence Equipment: Exercise Khanjar also serves as a showcase for cutting-edge indigenous defence equipment, demonstrating the technological prowess of the participating nations. Bilateral Relations: Shared Security Objectives: The exercise not only aligns with shared security objectives but also contributes to fostering positive bilateral relations between India and Kyrgyzstan. Arogya Maitri Cube Context: Recently, Arogya Maitri Disaster Management Cube has been deployed in Ayodhya to bolster medical readiness and response capabilities during the upcoming ‘Pran Pratishtha’ ceremony. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Arogya Maitri Cube Project BHISHM: Initiative: The Arogya Maitri Cube is a crucial component of “Project BHISHM” – Bharat Health Initiative for Sahyog, Hita, and Maitri, showcasing India’s commitment to innovative healthcare solutions. Key Features: Capacity: Tailored to efficiently treat up to 200 casualties, the Arogya Maitri Cube prioritizes rapid response and comprehensive care during emergencies.Technology Integration: The mobile hospital integrates cutting-edge technology, including Artificial Intelligence (AI) and data analytics, facilitating real-time monitoring, effective coordination, and efficient management of medical services in the field.Transportability: Comprising 72 easily transportable components, the cube’s design allows for convenient carrying by hand, cycle, or even drone, ensuring unmatched flexibility.Deployment Speed: In mass casualty incidents (MCIs), the Arogya Maitri Cube stands out with its remarkable deployment speed – an astonishing 12 minutes for it to be fully operational.Adaptability: Robust, waterproof, and lightweight, the cube’s adaptable configurations make it suitable for diverse emergency scenarios, from airdrops to ground transportation. Advanced Medical Equipment: Comprehensive Aid: Equipped with advanced medical equipment, RFID-tagged for efficient repacking and redeployment, the cube ensures immediate response capabilities in critical situations.Efficient Tracking: The BHISHM software system, integrated into a provided tablet, empowers operators to swiftly locate items, monitor their usage and expiry, ensuring readiness for subsequent deployments. Versatility in Deployment: Transport Modes: The Arogya Maitri Cube is designed for various transportation modes, including airdrops and ground transportation, ensuring rapid deployment anywhere it is needed. Overall Impact: Revolutionizing Emergency Response: The Arogya Maitri Cube, as part of Project BHISHM, revolutionizes emergency medical response with its technological sophistication, adaptability, and rapid deployment capabilities, contributing significantly to disaster management and healthcare during crises.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 24 January 2024

CONTENTS Inaugural Meeting of Social Audit Advisory Body (SAAB) in New DelhiIndia-Bangladesh RelationGreat Indian BustardStrategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition (SIGHT) ProgrammeRoDTEP schemeMadhika languageAndrographis theniensis Inaugural Meeting of Social Audit Advisory Body (SAAB) in New Delhi Context: The inaugural meeting of the Social Audit Advisory Body (SAAB) occurred at the Dr. Ambedkar International Centre in New Delhi. SAAB, established as a pioneering advisory body, holds the objective of providing guidance to the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment. The primary focus is on the systematic institutionalization of social audits across the diverse schemes operated by the Ministry. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Social Audits: Overview and TypesChallenges and Solutions in Social Audits in India Social Audits: Overview and Types What is a Social Audit? A social audit involves a methodical and independent evaluation of an organization’s or program’s social impact and ethical performance.It scrutinizes the alignment of actions and policies with stated values and goals, particularly concerning their effects on communities, employees, and the environment.Coined by Howard Bowen in 1953, it delves into the social responsibilities of businesses. Key Features: Fact finding rather than fault finding.Facilitating dialogue among diverse stakeholders.Ensuring timely grievance redressal.Strengthening democratic processes and institutions.Mobilizing public pressure for improved program implementation. Types: Organisational: Evaluates a company’s overall social responsibility efforts.Program-Specific: Focuses on the impact and effectiveness of a particular program.Financial: Reviews social and environmental implications of financial decisions.Stakeholder-Driven: Involves various stakeholders in the auditing process. Framework Associated with Social Audit in India: MGNREGA 2005: Mandates social audits for monitoring work execution, emphasizing community-driven verification.Meghalaya Community Participation and Public Services Social Audit Act, 2017: First state-level legislation in India, making social audits mandatory.BOCW Act Implementation Framework: Issued by the Ministry of Labour & Employment for conducting social audits under the Building and Other Construction Workers Act, 2013.Right to Information Act, 2005: Enhances transparency, crucial for effective social audits by providing access to relevant documents.National Resource Cell for Social Audit (NRCSA): Established by the Department of Social Justice and Empowerment, ensuring social audits through dedicated units at the state level. Challenges and Solutions in Social Audits in India Challenges: Lack of Standardised Procedures:Absence of standardized procedures leads to variations in methodologies and reporting, hindering result comparison.Limited Awareness:Stakeholders, including local communities, often lack awareness and understanding of social audit processes, impacting effective implementation.Incomplete Participation:Limited involvement of marginalized groups in the audit process results in incomplete or biased assessments.Political Interference:Political interference can compromise the independence and objectivity of social audits, influenced by local authorities or figures.Resource Constraints:Insufficient financial and human resources in many local bodies limit their ability to conduct comprehensive social audits.Struggling Audit Units:Social audit units, designed to detect malpractice, suffer from a lack of funds and trained professionals. Way Forward: Blockchain Technology: Explore blockchain technology to enhance transparency and integrity, providing a secure platform for storing tamper-proof audit information. Simplify Processes: Simplify audit processes and present information in local languages and formats for broader accessibility. Diverse Participation: Ensure diverse participation from marginalized groups, women, and youth through targeted incentives and outreach. Uniform Guidelines: Develop clear and uniform guidelines for conducting social audits across various programs and states. Legal Safeguards: Enact strong legal safeguards to protect individuals reporting irregularities, ensuring a safe reporting environment. -Source: The Hindu India-Bangladesh Relation Context: Recently, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina returned to power in Bangladesh for a historic fourth straight term. India was among the first countries to congratulate, illustrating the close bilateral relationship between the two countries. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Flourishing Ties Between India and BangladeshPoints of Tensions Between India and BangladeshWay Forward Flourishing Ties Between India and Bangladesh Historical Foundation: The relationship began during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, where India played a crucial role in supporting Bangladesh’s fight for independence. Periods of Strain: Relations faced challenges in the mid-1970s, marked by anti-India sentiment, boundary disputes, and insurgency issues. Revival under Sheikh Hasina: Since Sheikh Hasina came to power in 1996, bilateral ties improved, highlighted by a Ganga water-sharing treaty. Areas of Cooperation: Trade Growth:Bilateral trade reached USD 18 billion in 2021-22, making Bangladesh India’s largest trade partner in South Asia.Economic Agreements:A joint feasibility study on a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) was concluded in 2022.Lines of Credit:India extended over USD 7 billion in Lines of Credit to Bangladesh since 2010.Infrastructure Development:Joint projects like the Akhaura-Agartala Rail Link and the BIMSTEC Master Plan for Transport Connectivity.Energy Collaboration:Bangladesh imports nearly 2,000 MW of electricity from India, and both countries collaborate on the Rooppur Nuclear power plant project.Border Relations:Shared borders of 4096.7 km, the longest land boundary India has with any neighbor, leading to joint exercises and cooperation.Regional and Multilateral Engagement:Participation in regional forums such as SAARC, BIMSTEC, and Indian Ocean Rim Association enhances regional cooperation. Points of Tensions Between India and Bangladesh River Water Sharing:Despite sharing 54 common rivers, only two treaties (Ganga Waters Treaty and Kushiyara River Treaty) have been signed, leaving issues concerning major rivers like Teesta and Feni unresolved.Illegal Migration:The persistent issue of illegal migration from Bangladesh to India, including refugees and economic migrants, creates strain in Indian border states, impacting resources and security.Rohingya Crisis:Rohingya refugees entering India through Bangladesh pose a challenge, leading to concerns over resources and security in Indian border states. The National Register of Citizens (NRC) in India has raised apprehensions in Bangladesh.Cross-Border Issues:Incidents of cross-border drug smuggling, human trafficking, and poaching of animal and bird species are significant challenges.Belt and Road Initiative (BRI):Bangladesh’s active participation in China’s Belt and Road Initiative, while India abstains, creates a potential source of tension as China’s influence in the region could affect India’s strategic standing. Way Forward: Joint Task Forces:Establish joint task forces with law enforcement agencies from both countries to combat cross-border drug smuggling and human trafficking effectively.Intelligence Sharing:Promote shared intelligence and coordinated operations to disrupt illegal networks operating across borders.Smart Border Management:Implement smart border management solutions utilizing Artificial Intelligence (AI) and data analytics to streamline cross-border movements, ensuring both security and efficiency.Digital Connectivity Corridor:Establish a digital connectivity corridor focusing on high-speed internet connectivity, digital services, and e-commerce to create new avenues for trade, collaboration, and technological exchange between India and Bangladesh. -Source: The Hindu Great Indian Bustard Context: The Supreme Court recently directed the Centre to come clean on its plans to save the critically endangered Great Indian Bustard. Relevance: Prelims, GS-III: Environment and Ecology (Species in News, Conservation of Biodiversity) Dimensions of the Article: About the Great Indian BustardAbout the Habitat of Great Indian BustardOn the brink of extinctionProject Tiger About the Great Indian Bustard The Great Indian Bustard is one of the heaviest flying birds in the world often found associated in the same habitat as blackbuck.GIBs are the largest among the four bustard species found in India, the other three being MacQueen’s bustard, lesser florican and the Bengal florican.The GIB is Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and comes under the Appendix I of CITES, and Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.Threats to the GIB include widespread hunting for sport and food, and activities such as mining, stone quarrying, excess use of pesticides, grassland conversion and power projects along with the expansion of roads and infrastructures such as wind-turbines and power cables. About the Habitat of Great Indian Bustard The Great Indian Bustard’s habitat includes Arid and semi-arid grasslands with scattered short scrub, bushes and low intensity cultivation in flat or gently undulating terrain. It avoids irrigated areas.GIBs’ historic range included much of the Indian sub-continent but it has now shrunken to just 10 per cent of it.Among the heaviest birds with flight, GIBs prefer grasslands as their habitats. Being terrestrial birds, they spend most of their time on the ground with occasional flights to go from one part of their habitat to the other.GIBs are considered the flagship bird species of grassland and hence barometers of the health of grassland ecosystems.They feed on insects, lizards, grass seeds etc. On the brink of extinction In 2020, the Central government had told the 13th Conference of Parties to the United Nations Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) held in Gandhinagar, that the GIB population in India had fallen to just 150.Of the 150 birds in 2020, over 120 birds were in Rajasthan, some were in Kutch district of Gujarat and a few in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.Pakistan is also believed to host a few GIBs.Due to the species’ smaller population size, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has categorised GIBs as critically endangered, thus on the brink of extinction from the wild.Scientists of Wildlife Institute of India (WII) have been pointing out overhead power transmission lines as the biggest threat to the GIBs. Project Tiger Project Tiger is a tiger conservation programme launched in April 1973 by the Government of India.The project aims at ensuring a viable population of Bengal tigers in their natural habitats, protecting them from extinction, and preserving areas of biological importance as a natural heritage forever represented as close as possible the diversity of ecosystems across the distribution of tigers in the country.The project’s task force visualized these tiger reserves as breeding nuclei, from which surplus animals would migrate to adjacent forests. Funds and commitment were mastered to support the intensive program of habitat protection and rehabilitation under the project.The government has set up a Tiger Protection Force to combat poachers and funded relocation of villagers to minimize human-tiger conflicts. -Source: The Hindu Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition (SIGHT) Programme Context: Rs 17,490 crore has been set aside for the Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition (SIGHT) programme, to bolster domestic electrolyser manufacturing, green hydrogen production. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition (SIGHT) ProgrammeWhat is the National Green Hydrogen Mission?What is Green hydrogen? Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition (SIGHT) Programme Subcomponent of National Green Hydrogen Mission: The SIGHT Programme operates as a vital subcomponent of the broader National Green Hydrogen Mission in India.Objective: The primary aim is to strengthen the domestic manufacturing of electrolysers and enhance green hydrogen production capacity within the country. Financial Incentives: Two Incentive Mechanisms: In its initial stage, the SIGHT Programme proposes two distinct financial incentive mechanisms.Incentive for Electrolyser Manufacturing: This incentive is designed to boost the manufacturing of electrolysers within the country.Incentive for Green Hydrogen Production: The second mechanism focuses on providing incentives for the actual production of green hydrogen.Financial Outlay: The programme is allocated a substantial outlay of ₹17,490 crore up to the fiscal year 2029-30. Evolution of Incentive Schemes: Adaptability: Recognizing the dynamic nature of markets and technology advancements, the SIGHT Programme emphasizes the continuous evolution of specific incentive schemes and programs. These adaptations will align with the progress and changing landscape of the National Green Hydrogen Mission. Implementation: Implementing Agency: The Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) has been designated as the implementing agency responsible for executing the SIGHT Programme. SECI’s role encompasses overseeing the effective implementation and realization of the mission’s objectives. What is the National Green Hydrogen Mission? The intent of the mission is to incentivise the commercial production of green hydrogen and make India a net exporter of the fuel. The mission has laid out a target to develop green hydrogen production capacity of at least 5 MMT (Million Metric Tonne) per annum.This is alongside adding renewable energy capacity of about 125 GW (gigawatt) in the country.This will entail the decarbonisation of the industrial, mobility and energy sectors; reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels and feedstock; developing indigenous manufacturing capabilities; creating employment opportunities; and developing new technologies such as efficient fuel cells.By 2030, the Centre hopes its investments will bring in investments worth ₹8 trillion and create over six lakh jobs. Moreover, about 50 MMT per annum of CO2 emissions are expected to be averted by 2030.As per its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement, India has committed to reduce emissions intensity of its GDP by 45% by 2030, from 2005 levels. Advantages: The National Green Hydrogen Mission will make India a leading producer and supplier of Green Hydrogen in the world.It would result in attractive investment and business opportunities for the industry.Will contribute significantly to India’s efforts for decarbonization and energy independence.Will create opportunities for employment and economic development.The Mission will drive the development of the Green Hydrogen ecosystem in the country. The targeted production capacity will bring over ₹8 lakh crore in total investments and will result in creation of over 6 lakh clean jobs.The Mission will support pilot projects in other hard-to-abate sectors. The Mission will also support R&D; projects. What is Green hydrogen? A colourless, odourless, tasteless, non-toxic and highly combustible gaseous substance, hydrogen is the lightest, simplest and most abundant member of the family of chemical elements in the universe.But a colour — green — prefixed to it makes hydrogen the “fuel of the future”.The ‘green’ depends on how the electricity is generated to obtain the hydrogen, which does not emit greenhouse gas when burned.Green hydrogen is produced through electrolysis using renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind or hydel power.Hydrogen can be ‘grey’ and ‘blue’ too.Grey hydrogen is generated through fossil fuels such as coal and gas and currently accounts for 95% of the total production in South Asia.Blue hydrogen, too, is produced using electricity generated by burning fossil fuels but with technologies to prevent the carbon released in the process from entering the atmosphere. Green Hydrogen Importance Hydrogen is being used across the United States, Russia, China, France and Germany. Countries like Japan desire to become a hydrogen economy in future.Green hydrogen can in future be used forElectricity and drinking water generation, energy storage, transportation etc. Green hydrogen can be used to provide water to the crew members in space stations.Energy storage- Compressed hydrogen tanks can store the energy longer and are easier to handle than lithium-ion batteries as they are lighter.Transport and mobility- Hydrogen can be used in heavy transport, aviation and maritime transport. -Source: Down To Earth RoDTEP Scheme Context: The Centre has no plans of re-working the popular Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) scheme for exporters, despite the US government imposing anti-subsidy duties against it. Relevance: GS-III: Indian Economy (Growth and Development of Indian Economy, Taxation) Dimensions of the Article: Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) SchemeRoDTEP Benefits Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) Scheme The RoDTEP Scheme allows exporters to receive refunds on taxes and duties that are not exempted or refunded under any other scheme.Under the scheme, exporters receive refunds on the embedded taxes and duties previously non-recoverable.The chief aim of the scheme is to boost the export of goods that were poor in volume.The scheme basically replaces the Merchandise Export from India Scheme (MEIS).The scheme provides for rebates of Central, State and Local duties/taxes/ levies which are not refunded under any other duty remission schemes.The RoDTEP scheme can be said to be a combination of the MEIS and the Rebate of State and Central Taxes and Levies (RoSCTL).Under this scheme, refund would be claimed as a percentage of the Freight On Board (FOB) value of exports.  Features of RoDTEP Scheme It covers duties and taxes levied at the central, state and local levels that are not reimbursed under any other mechanism. Items that were under the MEIS and the RoSCTL are shifted to the RoDTEP.Refunds will be issued to exporters as transferable duty credit/electronic scrips and maintained in an electronic ledger. This is keeping in line with the Digital India mission. This can be used to pay basic customs duty on imported goods. The credits can also be transferred to other importers.Faster clearance through a digital platform will be facilitated through a monitoring & audit mechanism, with an IT-based risk management system that would physically verify the exporters’ records.The scheme is applicable across all sectors. RoDTEP Benefits Being WTO-compliant, the RoDTEP scheme can make available from the government benefits to the exporters seamlessly.The scheme is more exhaustive in that certain taxes that were not covered under the previous scheme are also included in the list, for example, education cess, state taxes on oil, power and water.It will add more competitiveness in the foreign markets, with assured duty benefits by the Indian Government.It will also help exporters meet international standards and promote business growth.Also under RoDTEP, tax assessment is set to become fully automatic for exporters, hence, Businesses will get access to their refunds for GST via an automatic refund-route. -Source: The Hindu Madhika Language Context: In the remote colony of Kookanam, near Karivellur grama panchayat in Kerala, the Chakaliya community is grappling with the imminent loss of its unique language Madhika. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Madhika Language and Chakaliya CommunityGovernment Initiative to Preserve Languages Madhika Language and Chakaliya Community Madhika Language: Spoken by Chakaliya Community: Madhika is a language spoken by the Chakaliya community, known for its unique linguistic characteristics.Script Absence: This language lacks a script, making it distinct from many other languages.Diverse Influences: Despite sounding similar to Kannada, Madhika can be perplexing due to its diverse influences. It is a linguistic blend incorporating Telugu, Tulu, Kannada, Malayalam, and is notably influenced by Havyaka Kannada, an ancient form of Kannada.Endangerment: Madhika is facing the risk of extinction as younger generations are increasingly opting for Malayalam, contributing to the decline of this unique linguistic heritage. Chakaliya Community: Nomadic Origin: The Chakaliya community, initially nomadic, migrated from the hilly regions of Karnataka to northern Malabar centuries ago.Religious Practices: Traditionally worshippers of Thiruvenkatramana and Mariamma, the community’s religious practices are integral to its identity.Socio-Economic Classification: Initially recognized as a Scheduled Tribe, the community was later included in the Scheduled Caste category in Kerala. Government Initiative to Preserve Languages: Scheme for Protection and Preservation of Endangered Languages of India (SPPEL): The Government of India has launched the SPPEL to protect, preserve, and document endangered languages spoken by less than 10,000 people.Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL): CIIL, located in Mysore, works on the protection and preservation of endangered languages, contributing to the documentation of India’s linguistic diversity. -Source: The Hindu Andrographis Theniensis Context: A new plant species has been discovered in Theni district of Tamil Nadu in the Western Ghats by a research student from Wanaparthy. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Andrographis theniensis: Newly Discovered Plant in Theni Botanical Discovery: Origin: Named after its location, Andrographis theniensis is a newly discovered plant found in Theni.Resemblance: The plant shares similarities with Andrographis megamalayana, featuring glabrous leaves and stems, a distinctive nine-veined lower lip, sparse hair on the middle lobe of the lower lip, and yellow anther. Genus Overview: Tropical Origin: Andrographis is a genus native to tropical Asia, with distribution in Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and the West Himalaya.Concentration: While the genus is widespread, the majority of Andrographis taxa are concentrated in southern India and Sri Lanka, particularly in the Western and Eastern Ghats.Species Count: India hosts nearly 25 Andrographis species, contributing to the rich biodiversity of the region. Traditional Uses: Medicinal Significance: Andrographis species have been traditionally utilized for their medicinal properties, offering remedies for various ailments such as cold, cough, fever, jaundice, diarrhoea, and cardiovascular and hepatic diseases. These applications are observed in both codified and non-codified medicinal systems. -Source: The Times of India

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 23 January 2024

Contents: Exercise CYCLONEPradhan Mantri Suryodaya Yojana Exercise CYCLONE Focus: GS III: Security Challenges Why in News? The 2nd edition of India-Egypt Joint Special Forces Exercise CYCLONE will be conducted at Anshas, Egypt from 22nd January to 1st February 2024.  The first edition of the exercise was conducted last year in India. ###h3 Aim: To acquaint both the sides with each other’s operating procedures in the backdrop of Special Operations in desert/ semi desert terrainIt is designed to develop bilateral military cooperation and strengthen bond between two armies through conduct of discussions and rehearsal of tactical military drills.The Exercise will involve planning and execution of special operations in sub conventional domain.Phases: It will be conducted in three phases:Phase I:  It will include Military Exhibitions and Tactical Interactions.Phase II: It will focus on training on Improvised Explosive Device (IED), counter IED and Combat First Aid.Phase III: It will encompass Joint Tactical Exercise based on Fighting in Built-up Area and Hostage Rescue Scenarios.Significance:The Exercise will provide an opportunity to both the contingents to strengthen their bond and share best practices.It will also act as a platform to achieve shared security objectives and foster bilateral relations between two friendly nations. Egypt – India Background of Bilateral Relationship: India and Egypt, two of the world’s oldest civilizations, have had a long history of close contact.The edicts of Ashoka refer to his relations with Egypt under Ptolemy II.In modern times, the countries’ relationship flourished under President Nasser and Prime Minister Nehru, who were close friends; both countries signed a Friendship Treaty in 1955.Relations PoliticalBoth countries have worked closely together in multilateral fora and are founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement.The year 2023 marks the 76th anniversary of India-Egypt diplomatic relations. Pradhan Mantri Suryodaya Yojana Focus: GS III- Indian Economy (Energy) Why in News? The Prime Minister of India recently chaired a meeting to launch “Pradhanmantri Suryodaya Yojana” with the target of installing rooftop solar on 1 crore houses. The mission aims to harness solar energy by every household with a roof to reduce their electricity bills. About Pradhan Mantri Suryodaya Yojana: Aim:To provide electricity to low and middle-income individuals through solar rooftop installations, along with offering additional income for surplus electricity generation.Target:Under the scheme, around 1 crore households will get rooftop solar.Energy Self-reliance:By installing rooftop solar systems, the scheme aims to decrease India’s dependency on traditional energy sources and move towards sustainable energy practices.The scheme is in line with Atmanirbhar Bharat.Market Implications:The initiative is expected to benefit companies involved in solar panel installation and related infrastructure, potentially leading to long-term investment opportunities.Implementation of the scheme:Awareness Campaigns: To educate potential beneficiaries about the scheme and its benefits.Collaboration with Local Bodies: Involving panchayats, municipalities, or local NGOs for effective reach.Monitoring and Feedback: Ensuring the scheme’s effectiveness and making necessary adjustments.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 23 January 2024

Contents: Concern over deployment of Chinese vessels in the Indian Ocean RegionPM launches new rooftop solar power schemePoaching of One horned Rhino in KazirangaParakram DiwasNambian Cheetah gives birth to three cubs in Kuna national parkLadakh’s demands Concern Over Deployment of Chinese Vessels in the Indian Ocean Region Context: India has raised concern over the steady rise in the deployment of Chinese research vessels in the Indian Ocean Region. Relevance: GS-II: International Relations (India’s Neighbours, Foreign Policies Affecting India’s interests) Dimensions of the Article: Chinese Vessel heading to MaldivesIncreasing footprint of China in IORImportance of the IOR for ChinaChallenges for IndiaRecent Developments between Maldives and China Chinese Vessel heading to Maldives: The entry of Chinese research vessel in the Indian Ocean region, displaying its destination as Male has raised concern in India. The vessel is expected to run an ocean survey operation in the Indian Ocean Region.The research or survey vessels have powerful equipment for snooping and gathering a range of data.This gains significance in the backdrop of on-going conflict between India and Maldives.The ship was scheduled to be deployed at a Sri Lankan port this year. There was also concerns raised by India and the U.S with Sri Lankan authorities over the visits of Chinese vessels to the island’s ports for research purposes. Increasing footprint of China in IOR: Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean began in 2008 under the garb of anti-piracy operations in the Gulf of Aden and the country has since maintained continuous presence in the region, even deploying nuclear attack submarines (SSNs) on occasion.In the last few years, there has been steady rise in the deployment of Chinese research vessels in the IOR and the general area of deployment has been observed around the Ninety Degree East Ridge and Southwest Indian Ridge.As per the latest data from the Indian Navy, China has grown from having 250 to more than 350 navy ships becoming the largest navy in the world. Along with their numbers, they have also expanded their operations in the Indian Ocean region which has serious security implications. Importance of the IOR for China: The Indian Ocean is once again at the centre of major geopolitical competition. China’s growing footprint and influence in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) has made the contest for power and control in the region between China and the US and its partners significant. The Indian Ocean sea lines of communication (SLOCs) are important for many Asian countries because it is both an energy and trade corridor, making these countries sensitive to any vulnerabilities.India’s stakes in the IOR are obvious, despite India’s lack of attention to the maritime front. From a security perspective, since independence, India has not faced any significant maritime threat. Much of the Indian maritime security focus was in terms of the relatively minor naval threat from Pakistan and non-traditional threats including piracy and terrorism. While these concerns remain, they have been overtaken by worries about China as an emerging IOR power, with a growing footprint in the region. Challenges for India: Trade: India, which has strengthened trade and initiated various projects since President Solih took office in 2018, may face hurdles in maintaining warm ties.Critical areas affected by the shift in dynamics include the uncertain future of Sea Lanes of Communication (SLOCs), which are vital for India’s maritime trade flow between the Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Hormuz, and the Strait of Malacca.Additionally, India’s exports to the Maldives, valued at over USD 476.75 million in 2022-23, may be impacted, and the tourism sector, which constitutes 23% of the Maldives’ tourist source market and 74% of its GDP, could face challenges. Defense: This poses a significant challenge for India, as Muizzu’s campaign rhetoric emphasized a pro-China stance and advocated for reducing Indian military presence.The implications for India include the potential jeopardy of the Maldives-India defense cooperation agreement aimed at monitoring Chinese maritime activities.China’s expanding influence in the Maldives aligns with its broader strategy, particularly considering the geopolitical significance of the Maldives in the Indian Ocean. Recent Developments between Maldives and China: The existing policy agreements between China and the Maldives may see advancements, as evidenced by the five agreements signed during the Chinese foreign minister’s visit in January 2022.Muizzu is expected to prioritize their implementation, potentially accelerating the execution of agreements covering mutual visa exemption, economic and technical cooperation, and development in key areas.However, the Maldives, burdened with USD 1.4 billion in loans from China, may seek restructuring to alleviate pressure on its fragile economy. -Source: The Hindu PM launches New Rooftop Solar Power Scheme Context: Prime Minister of India announced the launch of a new government scheme, ‘Pradhan Mantri Suryodaya Yojana’ under which one crore households will get rooftop solar power systems. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Intervention Dimensions of the Article: About Pradhan Mantri Suryodaya YojanaIndia’s current solar capacityImportance for expansion of solar energy in India:India’s solar policyHow critical is solar power to India’s commitment to mitigate climate change? About Pradhan Mantri Suryodaya Yojana Aim:To provide electricity to low and middle-income individuals through solar rooftop installations, along with offering additional income for surplus electricity generation.The scheme seems to be a new attempt to help reach the target of 40 GW rooftop solar capacity.Target:Under the scheme, around 1 crore households will get rooftop solar.Energy Self-reliance:By installing rooftop solar systems, the scheme aims to decrease India’s dependency on traditional energy sources and move towards sustainable energy practices.The scheme is in line with Atmanirbhar Bharat.Market Implications:The initiative is expected to benefit companies involved in solar panel installation and related infrastructure, potentially leading to long-term investment opportunities.Implementation of the scheme:Awareness Campaigns: To educate potential beneficiaries about the scheme and its benefits.Collaboration with Local Bodies: Involving panchayats, municipalities, or local NGOs for effective reach.Monitoring and Feedback: Ensuring the scheme’s effectiveness and making necessary adjustments.  India’s current solar capacity: Solar power has a major share in the country’s current renewable energy capacity, which stands at around 180 GW.According to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy’s website, solar power installed capacity in India has reached around 73.31 GW as of December 2023.The rooftop solar installed capacity is around 11.08 GW as of December 2023.In terms of total solar capacity, Rajasthan is at the top with 18.7 GW. Gujarat is at the second position with 10.5 GW. When it comes to rooftop solar capacity, Gujarat tops the list with 2.8 GW, followed by Maharashtra by 1.7 GW. Importance for expansion of solar energy in India: According to the latest World Energy Outlook by the International Energy Agency (IEA), India is expected to witness the largest energy demand growth of any country or region in the world over the next 30 years.To meet this demand, the country would need a reliable source of energy and it can’t be just coal plants.Although India has doubled down on its coal production in recent years, it also aims to reach 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030.Therefore, it is essential to expand solar power capacity. India’s solar policy: Since 2011, India’s solar sector has grown at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 59% from 0.5GW in 2011 to 55GW in 2021. National Solar Mission (NSM): The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM), also known as the National Solar Mission (NSM), which commenced in January 2010, marked the first time the government focussed on promoting and developing solar power in India.Under the scheme, the total installed capacity target was set as 20GW by 2022.In 2015, the target was revised to 100GW and in August 2021, the government set a solar target of 300GW by 2030.India currently ranks fifth after China, U.S., Japan and Germany in terms of installed solar power capacity.As of December 2021, the cumulative solar installed capacity of India is 55GW, which is roughly half the renewable energy (RE) capacity (excluding large hydro power) and 14% of the overall power generation capacity of India.Within the 55GW, grid-connected utility-scale projects contribute 77% and the rest comes from grid-connected rooftop and off-grid projects. Grid-Connected Rooftop Solar Scheme (Phase II): In a rooftop or small solar photovoltaic (SPV) system that is connected to the grid, the power conditioning unit converts the DC power generated by the SPV panel to AC electricity, which is then delivered to the grid.The scheme aimed to achieve a cumulative installed capacity of 40,000 megawatts (MW) or  40 gigawatts (GW) by 2022.However, this target couldn’t be achieved. As a result, the government extended the deadline from 2022 to 2026. Major objective of the programme includes:To promote the grid-connected SPV rooftop and small SPV power generating plants among the residential, community, institutional, industrial and commercial establishments.To mitigate the dependence on fossil fuel based electricity generation and encourage environment-friendly Solar electricity generation.To create an enabling environment for investment in the solar energy sector by the private sector, state government and the individuals.To create an enabling environment for the supply of solar power from rooftop and small plants to the grid.This scheme is being implemented in the state by distribution companies (DISCOMs).Under this scheme the Ministry is providing a 40% subsidy for the first 3 kW and 20% subsidy beyond 3 kW and upto 10 kW of solar panel capacity.The residential consumer has to pay the cost of rooftop solar plant by reducing the subsidy amount given by the Ministry as per the prescribed rate to the vendor. How critical is solar power to India’s commitment to mitigate climate change? Solar power is a major prong of India’s commitment to address global warming according to the terms of the Paris Agreement, as well as achieving net zero, or no net carbon emissions, by 2070.Prime Minister at the United Nations Conference of Parties meeting in Glasgow, in November 2021, said India would be reaching a non-fossil fuel energy capacity of 500 GW by 2030 and meet half its energy requirements via renewable energy by 2030.To boost the renewable energy installation drive in the long term, the Centre in 2020 set a target of 450GW of RE-based installed capacity to be achieved by 2030, within which the target for solar was 300GW.Given the challenge of integrating variable renewable energy into the grid, most of the RE capacity installed in the latter half of this decade is likely to be based on wind solar hybrid (WSH), RE-plus-storage and round-the-clock RE projects rather than traditional solar/wind projects, according to the report.On the current trajectory, the report finds, India’s solar target of 300GW by 2030 will be off the mark by about 86GW, or nearly a third. -Source: The Indian Express Poaching of One Horned Rhino in Kaziranga Context: Poachers kill rhino in Kaziranga. The adult female Rhino was shot and its horn was sawn off. Relevance: Prelims, GS-III: Environment and Ecology (Conservation of Environment and Ecology, Protected Areas, Species in news) Dimensions of the Article: About Indian rhinocerosStatus of Rhinoceros in IndiaIndian Rhino Vision (IRV) 2020 programmeOther efforts to conserve rhinoceros in IndiaKaziranga National Park About Indian rhinoceros The Indian rhinoceros also called the Indian rhino, greater one-horned rhinoceros or great Indian rhinoceros, is a rhinoceros species native to the Indian subcontinent.It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, as populations are fragmented and restricted to less than 20,000 square kilometers.Moreover, the extent and quality of the rhino’s most important habitat, the alluvial Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands and riverine forest, is considered to be in decline due to human and livestock encroachment.The Census of Rhinoceros is undertaken at the State-level by the respective State Governments periodically. Status of Rhinoceros in India The population of Greater One-horned Rhinoceros reached to the brink of extinction by the end of the 20th century with fewer than 200 animals in wild.The Indian rhinoceros once ranged throughout the entire stretch of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, but excessive hunting and agricultural development reduced its range drastically to 11 sites in northern India and southern Nepal.Nearly 85% of the global Indian rhinoceros population is concentrated in Assam, where Kaziranga National Park contains 70% of rhino population.Kaziranga National Park alone had an estimated population of more than 2,000 rhinos in 2009.Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary in Assam has the highest density of Indian rhinos in the world.Although poaching remains a continuous threat (more than 150 rhinos were killed in Assam by poachers between 2000 and 2006), their numbers have increased due to conservation measures taken by the government. Indian Rhino Vision (IRV) 2020 programme The WHO-India launched Indian Rhino Vision (IRV) 2020 programme to protect and increase the population of the one-horned rhinoceros.It is an ambitious effort to attain a wild population of at least 3,000 greater one-horned rhinos spread over seven protected areas in the Indian state of Assam by the year 2020. IVR 2020 is a partnership among: Government of Assam,International Rhino Foundation,World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF),Bodoland Territorial Council, andU.S. Fish & World Wildlife foundation. Procedure followed The horns of rhinos will be trimmed (in a way that any damage is not done to their internal organs and the trimmed horns will grow back to their original shape within a few months) before their translocation to protect them from the poachers, who hunt them just to take away their horns.Manas National Park was the first to receive translocated rhinos.One of the biggest challenges turned out to be the difficulty in obtaining etorphine — a major component of the tranquilizing drug used to sedate large wild animals like rhinos and elephants.In partnership with local NGO’s and the State Agriculture Department, the livelihood options of the communities living on the fringes of the park are being developed by undertaking agriculture support programs. Other efforts to conserve rhinoceros in India National Conservation Strategy for the Indian One-Horned Rhinoceros It was launched in 2019 to conserve the greater one-horned rhinoceros.It is a first of its kind for the species in India which aims to work for the conservation of the species under five objectives which include strengthening protection, expanding the distribution range, research and monitoring, and adequate and sustained funding.Its goal is to repopulate Rhinoceros population in those areas also which used to hold the Rhinoceros earlier by augmenting the existing conservation efforts and strengthening them through scientific and administrative measures. New Delhi Declaration on Asian Rhinos 2019 India and four rhino range nations have signed a declaration ‘The New Delhi Declaration on Asian Rhinos 2019’ for the conservation and protection of the species.India will collaborate with Bhutan, Nepal, Indonesia and Malaysia to increase the population of three species of Asian rhinos, including the Greater one-horned rhinoceros found in the Indian sub-continent.The declaration was signed to conserve and review the population of the Greater one-horned, Javan and Sumatran rhinos every four years to reassess the need for joint actions to secure their future. Kaziranga National Park Kaziranga National Park is a national park in the Golaghat, Karbi Anglong and Nagaon districts of the state of Assam.It is a World Heritage Site and hosts two-thirds of the world’s great one-horned rhinoceroses.Kaziranga is recognized as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International for conservation of avifaunal species.Along with the iconic Greater one-horned rhinoceros, the park is the breeding ground of elephants, wild water buffalo, and swamp deer.Over the time, the tiger population has also increased in Kaziranga, and that’s the reason why Kaziranga was declared as Tiger Reserve in 2006.Due to the difference in altitude between the eastern and western areas of the park, here one can see mainly four types of vegetation’ like alluvial inundated grasslands, alluvial savanna woodlands, tropical moist mixed deciduous forests, and tropical semi-evergreen forests.Kaziranga is a vast expanse of tall elephant grass, marshland, and dense tropical moist broadleaf forests, criss-crossed by four major rivers, including the Brahmaputra, and the park includes numerous small bodies of water.Kaziranga has flat expanses of fertile, alluvial soil, formed by erosion and silt deposition by the River Brahmaputra.The history of Kaziranga as a protected area can be traced back to 1904 when the wife of the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon visited the area and persuaded to take measures to protect rhinoceros in the area. -Source: the Hindu Parakram Diwas Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose on his birth anniversary celebrated on January 23, which is observed as Parakram Diwas. Relevance: GS III: History Dimensions of the Article: Subhas Chandra Bose’s early lifeBose’s Disagreements with GandhiThe rift within the CongressA dramatic escapeThe INA and World War II Subhas Chandra Bose’s early life Parents: Born to an upper-class Bengali family in 1897 in Cuttack, Subhas Chandra Bose was the ninth child of Janakinath and Prabhavati Bose.A well-known lawyer, Janakinath sent his sons to an English-medium school where Bengali was not taught, so that they could learn perfect English which he considered essential for assimilating into English society.Prabhavati, on the other hand, was a devout Hindu and observed Bengali Hindu customs and pujas which all her children had to attend. Education: In 1909, Subhas Chandra Bose moved to Ravenshaw Collegiate School, where he completed his secondary education.Here, he was taught Bengali and Sanskrit, as well as the Vedas and Upanishads.While he continued his European education throughout his life, he became less drawn to Anglicized ways than his family members during his schooling, and according to historian Leonard Gordon, “began to make his own synthesis of the cultures of the West and India”.Influenced by the teachings of Ramakrishna and his disciple Swami Vivekananda, as well as the themes of Bengali novelist Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in his novel Ananda Math, Gordon notes that Subhas found what he was looking for: “his Motherland’s freedom and revival”After school, he entered the Presidency College in Calcutta in 1913, where he studied philosophy. Earliest battle with British: His earliest battle with British authority occurred while he was a student, against Professor of History E F Oaten, who had once in class spoken about England’s civilizing mission in India.The students felt insulted by his remarks and their anger later boiled over after a run-in with the teacher, leading him to be beaten with sandals by Bose and his friends.Expelled for his actions, he resumed his studies at the Scottish Church College in Calcutta. Bose’s Disagreements with Gandhi Afterwards, Bose went to Cambridge University to prepare for the Indian Civil Services (ICS) exam in 1920.But later, determined to join the struggle for India’s freedom, he abandoned the project and resigned from the ICS to join the Mahatma Gandhi-led national movement.After reaching Bombay, now Mumbai, in 1921, he obtained an audience with Gandhi to get a better understanding of his plan of action.While he had great respect for the Mahatma, Bose left the meeting dissatisfied with the answers he received. About the ideological divide between the two leaders: Gandhi was willing to wait a long time for Independence, Bose wanted immediate action, if not immediate results.Gandhi was anti-materialistic and hostile to modern technology, Bose saw technology and mass production as essential to survival and dignity.Gandhi wanted a decentralized society and disliked the modern state; Bose wanted a strong central government and saw the modern state as the only solution to India’s problems.And finally, Bose did not share Gandhi’s dedication to non-violence.Despite tensions between the two, Bose was well aware of the significance of a leader like Gandhi.Bose was the first to call him the “father of the nation” during an address from the Azad Hind Radio from Singapore in July 1944. The rift within the Congress Over the next two decades, Bose devoted his life to the nationalist movement, gaining considerable political influence and becoming one of the most powerful leaders in the Congress party.In 1938, he was elected Congress president in the Haripura session, where he tried to push for swaraj as a “National Demand” and opposed the idea of an Indian federation under British rule.He stood for re-election in 1939 and defeated Dr Pattabhi Sitaramayya, the Gandhi-backed candidate.Gandhi took this as a “personal defeat” and 12 of the 15 members of the Working Committee resigned from their roles. These included Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel and Rajendra Prasad.Bose tried to set up another working committee, but after being unable to do so, was forced to resign and was replaced by Prasad.Within a week, he proposed the creation of the “Forward Bloc” within the Congress Party, in order to bring the radical-left elements of the party together. A dramatic escape Bose was arrested in 1940 before he could launch a campaign to remove the monument dedicated to the victims of the Black Hole of Calcutta, an incident when a number of European soldiers died while imprisoned in 1756.After going on a hunger strike, he was released from jail in December.He soon began his escape from India, travelling by road, rail, air and foot in various disguises to avoid British surveillance.He entered Soviet-controlled Kabul via the northwest of India and finally reached Nazi Germany, where he remained for two years.He was provided assistance to defeat the British, and Bose was allowed to start the Azad Hind Radio and was provided with a few thousand Indian prisoners of war captured by Germany.Bose soon turned his focus to South East Asia, specifically Singapore, a British stronghold that had been taken over by Japan.However, leaving Europe at the peak of World War II was no easy task. In February 1943, he left Germany with his aide Abid Hasan in a submarine and travelled down the Atlantic Ocean, crossing the Cape of Good Hope in Africa before entering the Indian Ocean past Madagascar.Here, Bose and Hasan were taken on a small rubber boat provided by the Japanese, before taking them to Sumatra and finally arriving in Tokyo by air, marking the end of a gruelling and dangerous 90-day journey. The INA and World War II The Indian National Army was formed in 1942, consisting of thousands of Indian prisoners of war captured by the Japanese, and supported by Japanese troops.After his arrival in Singapore, Bose announced the formation of the provisional government of the Azad Hind in October 1943.The headquarters of the provisional government was moved to Rangoon in January 1944, and after fighting at the Arakan Front, the INA crossed the Indo-Burma border and marched towards Imphal and Kohima in March.The Chalo Delhi campaign ended at Imphal however, as the British and British Indian armies, along with American air support were able to defeat the Japanese forces and the INA and push them out of Kohima as well.In April-May 1945, Bose, along with the INA soldiers as well as women he had recruited for the Rani of Jhansi regiment was forced to retreat on foot to Thailand, while facing incessant enemy fire.After the atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, the war came to an end.After the Japanese surrendered on August 16, Bose left South East Asia on a Japanese plane and headed toward China. The plane, however, crashed, leaving Bose badly burned, but still alive, according to historians. -Source: The Indian Express, The Hindu Nambian Cheetah Gives Birth to Three Cubs in Kuna National Park Context: A Namibian cheetah ‘Jwala’ gave birth to three cubs at the Kuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Thriving wildlife in KunoWhat caused the extinction of cheetahs in India?India’s Cheetah Translocation ProjectHow was Kuno National Park chosen for the translocation?What are the future plans to increase cheetah population in India?About Cheetah Thriving wildlife in Kuno: The birth of three cubs at the Kuno National Park was just weeks after another Namibian cheetah, Aasha, gave birth to three cubs.In March 2023, four cubs wer born, but only one of them (a female) survived.Currently, there are a total of seven cubs being looked after by the Kuno park officials.It was over a year ago, on September 17, 2022, that 20 cheetahs from Namibia and South Africa were relocated to Kuno National Park under Project Cheetah.  What caused the extinction of cheetahs in India? The cheetah in India has been recorded in history from before the Common Era. It was taken from the wild for coursing blackbuck for centuries, which is a major contributor to the depletion of its numbers through the ages.However, the final phase of its extinction coincided with British colonial rule. The British added to the woes of the species by declaring a bounty for killing it in 1871.Major reasons for the extinction of the Asiatic cheetah in India.The consistent and widespread capture of cheetahs from the wild (both male and female) over centuriesIts reduced levels of genetic heterogeneity due to a historical genetic bottleneck resulting in reduced fecundity and high infant mortality in the wild.Its inability to breed in captivity.Sport hunting.Bounty killings.It is reported that the Mughal Emperor Akbar had kept 1,000 cheetahs in his menagerie and collected as many as 9,000 cats during his half century reign from 1556 to 1605.As late as 1799, Tipu Sultan of Mysore is reported to have had 16 cheetahs as part of his menagerie.It is recorded that the last cheetahs were shot in India in 1947, but there are credible reports of sightings of the cat till about 1967. India’s Cheetah Translocation Project: The aim behind the translocation is not only to restore India’s ‘historic evolutionary balance’, but also to develop a cheetah ‘metapopulation’ that will help in the global conservation of the animal.While attempts to relocate cheetahs to India began in 2009, it was only in 2020 that the Supreme Court of India finally gave the green signal for such efforts.As it is a flagship species, the conservation of the cheetah will revive grassland-forests and its biome and habitat, much like Project Tiger has done for forests and all the species found in these forests.Project Tiger has also resulted in the conservation of 250 water bodies found in India’s 52 Tiger Reserves.The Cheetah Project is likely to have a similar impact.The translocation project has also helped conservation efforts in Africa, in particular South Africa. South African cheetah: The South African cheetah population had dwindled two decades ago, before the conservation programme ensured that the numbers increased – of the global cheetah population of 7,000, 4,500 belong to South Africa.The cheetah is believed to have originated in South Africa and spread across the world through land connectivity.In the Kalahari, the cheetah was once critically endangered due to poaching and hunting. But now, with healthy female cheetahs producing five to six cubs each, South Africa is rapidly running out of space for its cheetah population. How was Kuno National Park chosen for the translocation? Lion relocation project Six sites, which had been previously assessed in 2010 for the translocation of the Asiatic Lion, were re-assessed by WII in 2020.Of these six sites, Kuno, which had been monitored since 2006, was found to be ready to receive the cheetah immediately, as it had already been prepared for the Asiatic Lion. Both animals share the same habitat – semi-arid grasslands and forests that stretch across Gujarat, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.The upgradation of sites required investment on a large scale in terms of reducing anthropogenic pressures through relocation of villages, mitigating infrastructure (roadways and railway) and prey augmentation for the cheetah through translocation of blackbuck, chital, chinkara and wild boar, among other animals.In Kuno National Park, because of the lion relocation project, the Madhya Pradesh Forest Department had already relocated 24 of the 25 villages and declared it a national park, which led to “remarkable recovery in its habitat, prey abundance and reduction of human impact”, according to the assessment carried out by WII in 2020.Only one village – Bagcha, with a population of 148 – remains on the fringes of the forest. Climatic conditions In Sheopur district, where Kuno is located, rainfall levels, temperatures, altitude, and conditions are similar to conditions in both South Africa and Namibia.The leopard and striped hyena are currently the only larger carnivores within the national park, the single lone tiger having returned to Ranthambore in 2019-20. What are the future plans to increase cheetah population in India? Over the coming 15 years, the Indian government will acquire two to four cheetahs from Africa, with the process undertaken at an interval of one to four years, to establish a breeding cheetah metapopulation of 35-40 in the country.Once the population in Kuno National Park has adapted and is flourishing, the Indian government will expand the efforts to reserves in other parts of the country as well.Cheetah can also live in a wide range of habitats, which includes the most prominent semi-arid grassland, but also coastal scrubs, wooded savannah, Montane habitat, snow deserts and rugged semi-arid areas. About Cheetah: The cheetah is one of the oldest of the big cat species, with ancestors that can be traced back more than five million years to the Miocene era.The cheetah is also the world’s fastest land mammal that lives in Africa and Asia. African Cheetah IUCN status – VulnerableCITES status – Appendix-I of the List. This List comprises of migratory species that have been assessed as being in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of their range.Habitat – Around 6,500-7,000 African cheetahs present in the wild.Physical Characteristics – Bigger in size as compared to Asiatic Cheetah. Asian Cheetah IUCN Status – Critically Endangered.CITES – Appendix 1 of the listHabitat – 40-50 found only in Iran.Physical Characteristics – Smaller and paler than the African cheetah. Has more fur, a smaller head and a longer neck. Usually have red eyes and they have a more cat-like appearance. -Source: Indian Express, Hindustan Times Ladakh Demands Context: The representative bodies from Ladakh have submitted a detailed draft of demands to the Ministry of Home Affairs seeking statehood and sixth schedule for the newly formed union territory. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Details of the draft submittedBackgroundAbout Sixth schedule of the Indian ConstitutionWhy Ladakh wants to be included in the sixth schedule?Ladakh may be added to the sixth scheduleConclusion Details of the draft submitted: The representative bodies from Ladakh have presented a comprehensive set of demands to the Ministry of Home Affairs, urging for statehood and inclusion under the Sixth Schedule for the newly-formed Union territory.The Apex Body of Leh and Kargil Democratic Alliance (ABL and KDA), a coalition of political, religious, and social organisations in Ladakh submitted the detailed draft.It also highlights the need to enhance political representation, empower locals to manifest their aspirations within the democratic framework, and foster a sense of belonging and participation in the nation-building process.The ABL and KDA have demanded two seats in the Lok Sabha and one seat in the Rajya Sabha for Ladakh, when legislative assembly is granted to the region. Background: In 2020, Leh’s political and religious institutions established the Leh Apex Body (LAB). In November 2020, the National Conference, the Congress, and seminaries affiliated with Shia Muslims in the Kargil district came together to form the Kargil Democratic Alliance (KDA).Despite having different political stances, the LAB and the KDA are now working together to achieve shared objectives.They have presented the Centre with four key demands, which they describe as essential to safeguarding Ladakh’s identity, culture, and delicate environment:  Restoration of full-fledged Statehood; Constitutional safeguards under the Sixth Schedule; Separate Lok Sabha seats for Leh and Kargil districts; and Job reservation for locals. About Sixth schedule of the Indian Constitution: The Indian Constitution’s Sixth Schedule, Article 244, allows for the creation of autonomous administrative regions known as Autonomous District Councils (ADCs). These within a state have some autonomy in terms of legislative, judicial, and administrative issues.ADCs can enact laws, rules, and regulations pertaining to land, forests, water, agriculture, village councils, health, sanitation, village- and town-level policing, etc. ADCs can have up to 30 members and have terms of five years.It currently applies to the North-eastern states of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram (three Councils each), and Tripura. The Bodoland Territorial Council in Assam is an exception with more than 40 members and the authority to make laws on 39 issues (one Council). Why Ladakh wants to be included in the sixth schedule? Following the decisions that created two new Union Territories on August 5, 2019, there was initially a lot of excitement, primarily in Leh.The Leh district, which is primarily populated by Buddhists, has long demanded UT status because it felt ignored by the previous state government, which was presided over by politicians from Kashmir and Jammu.The excitement diminished as it became clear that, in contrast to the UT of Ladakh, the UT of J&K; would not have a legislature.The region’s administration is now entirely in the hands of bureaucrats; there had been four MLAs from the region in the previous J&K; Assembly.Many people in Ladakh now perceive the government as being even further away than Srinagar. In Jammu and Kashmir, the altered domicile policy has also stoked concerns about the region’s own land, employment, demographics, and cultural identity.The two Hill councils in the UT are located in Leh and Kargil, but neither is subject to the Sixth Schedule. Their authority is restricted to the collection of a few local taxes, like parking fees, as well as the allocation and use of land granted by the Center. Ladakh may be added to the sixth schedule: The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes recommended the inclusion of Ladakh under the Sixth Schedule in September 2019, noting that the new UT was primarily tribal (more than 97%), that outsiders had been prohibited from buying or acquiring land there, and that its unique cultural heritage needed to be preserved.It should be noted that the Sixth Schedule does not include any regions besides the Northeast.The autonomous councils in Manipur, a state with a majority of tribal people in some areas, as well as Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh, states with entirely tribal populations, are not included in the Sixth Schedule.Inclusion of Ladakh in the Sixth Schedule would be challenging. The Sixth Schedule is for the Northeast, the Constitution makes this very clear. However, it remains the government’s prerogative — it can, if it so chooses, bring a Bill to amend the Constitution for this purpose. For tribal areas in the rest of the country, there is the Fifth Schedule. Conclusion In conclusion, the region will only remain troubled to the benefit of those looking to cause trouble unless drastic measures are taken to appease the locals by satisfying their legitimate demands.In light of Ladakh’s strategic importance and geographic location, the government should establish an all-inclusive committee with participation from all relevant parties to discuss measures to protect the region’s “unique culture and language”.It is important to have in-depth discussions so that the demands can be met with an accurate assessment and the appropriate actions can be taken. -Source: Economic Times

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 22 January 2024

Contents: 1. Termination of Pregnancy 2. Japan’s successful Lunar Landing 3. Left Wing Extremism in Chhattisgarh 4. Minor apprehended for harbouring terrorists in Dhangri attack 5. Ayodya Ram temple consecration Termination of Pregnancy Context: The Rajasthan High Court has declined a plea of a 11-year-old rape survivor to terminate her 31-week pregnancy, saying a fully developed foetus also has the right to life and live a healthy life without any abnormalities. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key pointsThe Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971Medical Termination of Pregnancy Amendment Act, 2021Who falls in the category of women allowed to terminate pregnancy between 20-24 weeks?Have there been judicial interventions in cases of abortions? Key points: A plea to terminate pregnancy by a 11 year old was turned down by the Rajasthan High Court recently. The survivor was allegedly raped by her father.The plea stated that the girl does not wish to give birth to such a child as it would be a constant reminder of the atrocities committed on her and would not be good for her mental health and social well being.In this case, the medical board is in the opinion that abortion at such an advanced stage would endanger the life of the child.Consequently, the  Court held that any attempt to terminate the pregnancy at this advanced stage is likely to lead to a premature delivery and the same may affect the neurotic development of the unborn child. The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, 1971 provides the legal framework for making CAC services available in India.Termination of pregnancy is permitted for a broad range of conditions up to 20 weeks of gestation as detailed below:When continuation of pregnancy is a risk to the life of a pregnant woman or could cause grave injury to her physical or mental health;When there is substantial risk that the child, if born, would be seriously handicapped due to physical or mental abnormalities;When pregnancy is caused due to rape (presumed to cause grave injury to the mental health of the woman);When pregnancy is caused due to failure of contraceptives used by a married woman or her husband (presumed to constitute grave injury to mental health of the woman). The MTP Act specifies who can terminate a pregnancy;till when a pregnancy can be terminated; andwhere can a pregnancy be terminated. Medical Termination of Pregnancy Amendment Act, 2021 The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act allows termination of pregnancy by a medical practitioner in two stages.After a crucial amendment in 2021, for pregnancies up to 20 weeks, termination is allowed under the opinion of one registered medical practitioner.For pregnancies between 20-24 weeks, the Rules attached to the law prescribe certain criteria in terms of who can avail termination. It also requires the opinion of two registered medical practitioners in this case.For pregnancies within 20 weeks, termination can be allowed if:the continuance of the pregnancy would involve a risk to the life of the pregnant woman or of grave injury to her physical or mental health; orthere is a substantial risk that if the child was born, it would suffer from any serious physical or mental abnormality.The explanation to the provision states that termination within 20 weeks is allowed “where any pregnancy occurs as a result of failure of any device or method used by any woman or her partner for the purpose of limiting the number of children or preventing pregnancy, the anguish caused by such pregnancy may be presumed to constitute a grave injury to the mental health of the pregnant woman”.The phrase “any woman or her partner” was also introduced in 2021 in place of the earlier “married woman or her husband”. By eliminating the word “married woman or her husband” from the scheme of the MTP Act, the legislature intended to clarify the scope of Section 3 and bring pregnancies which occur outside the institution of marriage within the protective umbrella of the law.For both stages — within 20 weeks and between 20-24 weeks — termination is allowed “where any pregnancy is alleged by the pregnant woman to have been caused by rape, the anguish caused by the pregnancy shall be presumed to constitute a grave injury to the mental health of the pregnant woman”. Who falls in the category of women allowed to terminate pregnancy between 20-24 weeks? For pregnancies between 20-24 weeks, Section 3B of the Rules under the MTP Act lists seven categories of women:Survivors of sexual assault or rape or incest;Minors;Change of marital status during the ongoing pregnancy (widowhood and divorce);Women with physical disabilities (major disability as per criteria laid down under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016);Mentally ill women including mental retardation;The foetal malformation that has substantial risk of being incompatible with life or if the child is born it may suffer from such physical or mental abnormalities to be seriously handicapped;Women with pregnancy in humanitarian settings or disaster or emergency situations as may be declared by the Government. Have there been judicial interventions in cases of abortions? Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India:Despite the fact that existing laws do not permit unconditional abortion in the country, in the landmark 2017 Right to Privacy judgement in the Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India and others, the Supreme Court had held that the decision by a pregnant person on whether to continue a pregnancy or not is part of such a person’s right to privacy as well and, therefore, the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 of the Constitution.Foetal abnormality:Several women annually approach the apex court and High Courts, when medical boards reject their application to access MTP beyond the gestational upper limit (now 24 weeks), seeking permission to abort a pregnancy, mostly in cases where it is a result of sexual assault or when there is a foetal abnormality.Recently, the Calcutta High Court allowed a 37-year-old woman, who was 34 weeks into her pregnancy, to get a medical abortion as the foetus was diagnosed with an incurable spinal condition. This judgment allowed abortion for the furthest gestational in the country so far. -Source: The Hindu Japan’s successful Lunar Landing Context: Recently, Japanese agency Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA) landed the smart Lander for Investigating Moon (Slim) on the lunar surface near an equatorial crater becoming only the fifth country to land a spacecraft on the moon. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Japan’s Lunar MissionSLIM’s Lunar Mission ObjectivesIndia’s Moon Missions:SLIM’s Impact on Chandrayaan 4 Mission Japan’s Lunar Mission Japan landed a spacecraft on the moon on 20 January 2024, an attempt at the world’s first “pinpoint lunar landing.” The milestone puts Japan in a club previously occupied by only the United States, the Soviet Union, India and China. Overview of SLIM Developed and launched by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) on September 7, 2023.Weighs 590 kg at launch, significantly lighter than Chandrayaan 3.Launched alongside XRISM, a next-gen X-ray space telescope, onboard an H-2A rocket.Entered an elliptical orbit around the moon on December 25. Comparison with Chandrayaan 3 SLIM’s launch closely follows the success of Chandrayaan 3’s surface component and Luna 25’s failure.SLIM marks Japan’s second attempt in 2023 for a lunar soft landing. Journey to the Moon SLIM’s lighter weight is attributed to carrying less fuel.Utilized a longer but fuel-thrifty route based on weak-stability boundary theory.Built up kinetic energy around Earth through multiple swings, allowing for a more fuel-efficient journey.Sacrificed time for fuel efficiency, reaching lunar orbit after four months.December 25 marked SLIM’s orbital capture around the moon. Innovative Approach SLIM’s deflection toward the moon, rather than slowing down, utilized the combined forces of Earth and lunar gravity.Physicists developed this approach in the late 1980s during the ‘Hiten’ mission.SLIM’s unique trajectory prioritized fuel efficiency over a faster journey to the moon. SLIM’s Lunar Mission Objectives Precision in Lunar Landing SLIM is known as the “moon sniper” for its remarkable precision in landing.Scheduled to attempt a landing within 100 meters of its chosen site on the moon. Historical Context Past moon-landing missions had more lenient area tolerances for landing spots.For example, the Vikram lander of Chandrayaan 3 had a 4 km x 2.5 km area tolerance.China’s Chang’e 3 holds the record for the most precise moon landing, 89 meters away from its chosen spot within a 6 km x 6 km ellipse. Landing Site and Data Utilization SLIM’s landing site is near the Shioli Crater at 13.3º S and 25.2º E.Similar to Chandrayaan 3, SLIM will use data from JAXA’s SELENE orbiter to guide its descent.  Technical Specifications SLIM’s lower mass, only 120 kg excluding fuel, contributes to its maneuverability.Its small size tests the efficiency of its design. Additional Exploration Before landing, SLIM will deploy two small rovers, Lunar Excursion Vehicle (LEV) 1 and 2.LEV-1, LEV-2, and SLIM will collectively study the lunar surface, gather temperature and radiation readings, and attempt to explore the moon’s mantle. India’s Moon Missions: Chandrayaan-1: Confirmed presence of lunar waterEvidence of lunar caves formed by an ancient lunar lava flowPast tectonic activity were found on the lunar surface.The faults and fractures discovered could be features of past interior tectonic activity coupled with meteorite impacts. Chandrayaan-2: Chandrayaan-2 is an integrated 3-in-1 spacecraft of around 3,877 kg comprising of an Orbiter of the Moon, Vikram (after Vikram Sarabhai) the lander and Pragyan (wisdom) the rover, all equipped with scientific instruments to study the moon.The Orbiter will orbit from 100 km away, while the Lander and Rover modules will separate and make a soft-landing on the surface. Chandrayaan-3 Mission: Chandrayaan-3 is the third lunar exploration mission by ISRO.It aims to demonstrate capabilities in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface.Safe landing (through the lander Vikram – after Vikram Sarabhai, the father of the Indian space programme) andRoving (through the rover Pragyan) on the lunar surface.Unlike Chandrayaan-2, it will not have an orbiter and the propulsion module will act as a communications relay satellite. SLIM’s Impact on Chandrayaan 4 Mission Targeting Moon’s South Pole Scientists aim for the moon’s south pole region due to perpetually shadowed craters containing water-ice.Chandrayaan 3’s success marked the conclusion of the second phase of India’s lunar exploration program. Lunar Polar Exploration (LUPEX) Mission LUPEX, or Chandrayaan 4, is the first mission of the third phase.Joint venture with Japan (pending Indian approval) and scheduled for a potential launch in 2026.LUPEX will explore an area closer to the moon’s south pole compared to Chandrayaan 3. Challenges and Technologies Moon’s polar terrain is rocky with craters and steep slopes, requiring precise landing.Downrange and cross-range limits for LUPEX will be lower, demanding advanced navigation systems.SLIM’s tested technologies, including a feature-matching algorithm, are crucial for LUPEX’s success. Collaboration Details JAXA expected to provide the launch vehicle and lunar rover; India contributes the lander module.The landing site for LUPEX is yet to be determined. JAXA’s SLIM Mission Timing SLIM’s mission launch closely follows Chandrayaan 3’s success and precedes Russia’s Luna 25 spacecraft failure.SLIM’s success on January 19 sets a record for the smallest-ever area tolerance in a moon landing. -Source: The Hindu Left Wing Extremism in Chhattisgarh Context: Recently, the Union Home Minister Amit Shah chaired a review meeting on Left Wing Extremism (LWE) in Chhattisgarh during which he underlined the need to rid the state of Maoist menace in three years.   Relevance: GS3- Internal Security- Left Wing Extremism Dimensions of the Article: Key PointsLeft-wing ExtremismDemocracy in Maoist AreasFostering the Well-being of Tribals- Way ForwardConclusion Key Points: The Maoist insurgency, currently prevalent in the country, is particularly concentrated in the tribal regions of Chhattisgarh, notably in Bastar, where tribals are a crucial base for the movement.The recent Assembly elections in Chhattisgarh have concluded, and the tribal vote dynamics played a significant role for each political party, considering the substantial tribal population in the state. The tribal voters constitute 34% of the total vote share.The Home Minister in the review meeting emphasised the importance for a combined efforts of the security agencies, Central as well as from the state.He stressed the need for saturation coverage of the Central and state government schemes in LWE-affected districts.He also highlighted the need for a proactive and sensitive handling of all local grievances about bonafide entitlements.Left-wing Extremism: Left-wing extremists, commonly known globally as Maoists and in India as Naxalites, take their name from the village of Naxalbari in West Bengal.Naxalism originated as a revolt against local landlords who assaulted a peasant during a land dispute.Initiated in 1967, the rebellion aimed at the just redistribution of land to working peasants and was led by Kanu Sanyal and Jagan Santhal.The movement has expanded across Eastern India, particularly in less developed areas of states like Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh.Naxals are believed to align with Maoist political sentiments and ideology. Maoism, developed by Mao Tse Tung, is a form of communism advocating the capture of state power through a combination of armed insurgency, mass mobilization, and strategic alliances. Democracy in Maoist Areas: About the Recent Election: Elections in these Maoist strongholds, designated as Schedule Five areas, have historically been marred by violence, often influenced by Maoist boycott calls. This year’s elections followed a similar pattern in this context.Commencing with the data provided by the media, voter turnout in Maoist-affected regions such as Bijapur and Konta reportedly reached an extremely low range of 3% to 4%.Interpreting this dismal participation could be seen as indicative of an underlying reality, depending on our willingness to recognize it. Idea of Democracy: For the tribal population residing in areas grappling with the ongoing Maoist insurgency, the concept of democracy holds diverse meanings. From the Maoists’ standpoint of advocating boycotts, it should be noted that these insurgents, who claim to fight on behalf of the people, paradoxically compel these very individuals to forsake their most potent means of empowerment—participation in the democratic process. This proclamation is crucial in exposing the hypocrisy that underlies the assertion that ‘Maoists are fighting for the people’s cause.’ Parallel Government: In the current situation, the Maoists’ pursuit of their self-proclaimed parallel government, known as ‘jantana sarkar,’ seems unsustainable in both the medium and long term.While the local tribal population tends to recognize this reality to some extent, the state has, for various reasons, failed to sufficiently inspire them.This lack of inspiration has resulted in a discouragingly low level of mass participation in the democratic process. This shift is particularly noticeable compared to past trends where the local population often disregarded boycott calls. Fostering the Well-being of Tribals- Way Forward: The Maoists have constructed a false narrative, portraying themselves as advocates for the tribal cause. It is crucial to debunk this narrative convincingly by strengthening grassroots democracy.Acknowledging and providing a voice to tribal leadership, currently absent and leading to political disengagement, is imperative where it truly matters.Addressing the challenge posed by the Maoists goes beyond mere security and development concerns; it involves a forward-looking approach that empowers democracy at the grassroots. Conclusion: Hence, the desired approach should recognize tribal aspirations and expose the hidden motives of the Maoists. Failure to do so will result in continued short-term attention to the Maoist challenge only when they choose to act at their discretion. Given its significant potential, the PESA Act could serve as a powerful tool to integrate the tribal community by accommodating their aspirations. Its determined implementation is feasible in the medium and long term. -Source: The Indian Express Minor Apprehended For Harbouring Terrorists in Dhangri Attack Context: Recently, the National Investigation Agency (NIA) claimed to have apprehended a juvenile for “harbouring terrorists involved in the killing of seven civilians in Jammu and Kashmir’s Dhangri village in January last year. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: BackgroundJuvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Amendment Bill, 2021About Juvenile Justice BoardProcess for Trying a Child as an Adult in CourtResponsibilities of the Board in the Preliminary Assessment Process Background: Five civilians were killed and several others seriously injured in the terrorist attack that took place in Rajouri district’s Dhangri on January 1, 2023 followed by two more casualties on the next day.The case was consequently taken up by NIA.Investigations by the agency had revealed that the apprehended minor, along with two other people arrested earlier were involved in harbouring the terrorists who had carried out the attack. Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 replaced the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 to comprehensively address children in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection.The Act changes the nomenclature from ‘juvenile’ to ‘child’ or ‘child in conflict with law’.Also, it removes the negative connotation associated with the word “juvenile”.It also includes several new and clear definitions such as orphaned, abandoned and surrendered children; and petty, serious and heinous offences committed by children.The 2015 law also included special provisions to tackle child offenders committing heinous offences in the age group of 16-18 years.It mandates setting up Juvenile Justice Boards and Child Welfare Committees in every district. Both must have at least one-woman member each.A separate new chapter on Adoption to streamline adoption procedures for an orphan, abandoned and surrendered children,Also, the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) was granted the status of a statutory body to enable it to perform its function more effectively.All Child Care Institutions, whether run by State Government or by voluntary or non-governmental organisations are to be mandatorily registered under the Act within 6 months from the date of commencement of the Act. Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Amendment Bill, 2021 Now, “Serious offences” will also include offences for which maximum punishment is imprisonment of more than seven years, and minimum punishment is not prescribed or is of less than seven years. [Serious offences are those for which the punishment under the Indian Penal Code or any other law for the time being is imprisonment between three and seven years.]The Juvenile Justice Board inquiries about a child who is accused of a serious offence.The Bill amends the present act to provide that an offence which is punishable with imprisonment between three to seven years to be non-cognizable (non-cognizable where arrest is allowed without warrant).Presently, the adoption order issued by the court establishes that the child belongs to the adoptive parents. The Bill provides that instead of the court, the District Magistrate (including Additional District Magistrate) will issue such adoption orders.The Bill provides that any person aggrieved by an adoption order passed by the District Magistrate may file an appeal before the Divisional Commissioner, within 30 days from the date of passage of such order. About Juvenile Justice Board: Juveniles accused of a crime or detained for a crime are brought before the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2000 (amended in 2006).The aim of JJB is to hold a child culpable for their criminal activity, not through punishment, but counselling the child to understand their actions and persuade them away from criminal activities in the future.        Structure: The JJB consists of judicial magistrate of the first class and two social workers, at least one of whom should be a woman.JJB are meant to resolve cases within a four month period.Most circumstances the juvenile can be released on bail by the JJB.The JJB is a child-friendly space that should not be intimidating or overwhelming for the child. Process for Trying a Child as an Adult in Court Offence categorization: The JJ Act classifies offenses committed by children into petty, serious, and heinous offenses.Preliminary assessment: Section 15 of the JJ Act mandates a preliminary assessment by the Board if a child above 16 years of age is alleged to have committed a heinous offense. The assessment covers the child’s mental and physical capacity to commit the crime, their ability to understand the consequences of their actions, and the circumstances surrounding the offense.Board order: If the Board decides, after the preliminary assessment, that the child should be tried as an adult, Section 18 (3) of the Act permits the transfer of the case to the Children’s Court with jurisdiction over such offenses.Objective: The primary purpose of the preliminary assessment is to determine whether a child between the ages of 16 and 18 should be tried as an adult in cases involving heinous offenses. Responsibilities of the Board in the Preliminary Assessment Process Conduct preliminary assessment: The Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) is responsible for conducting the preliminary assessment to determine whether a child between the ages of 16 and 18 should be tried as an adult in cases involving heinous offenses.Provide order copy: The JJB must provide a copy of the order to the child, their family, and their counsel.Seek expert assistance: If the JJB does not have a member with a degree in child psychology or psychiatry, the Board must take the assistance of psychologists or experts who have experience working with children.Provide legal aid counsel: The child must be provided with a legal aid counsel through the District Legal Services Authority, who should be present during the preliminary assessment.Mandate expert training: Experts who assist the JJB must undergo training related to Section 15 of the JJ Act, 2015.Analyze social reports: During the preliminary assessment, the Board and experts must analyze the Social Investigation Report (SIR) prepared by the Probation officer or Child Welfare Officer or any social worker, or a Social Background Report (SBR) prepared after interaction with the child or their family. -Source: The Indian Express Ayodya Ram Temple Consecration Context: The Ram temple in Ayodhya was inaugurated on January 22, 2024. The beautiful complex of the temple architecture is designed by Chanrakant Sompura and his son Ashish. The style of the temple architecture is known as the “Nagara” style. Relevance: GS-1 Art and Culture Dimensions of the Article: Nagara ArchitectureBackground of Ayodhya Ram Temple Nagara Architecture: The style of temple architecture that became popular in northern India is known as nagara.The architecture emerged sometime in the fifth century CE, during the late Gupta period, in northern India.It is seen in juxtaposition with the Dravida style of southern India, which too emerged in the same period.Further, unlike Dravidian style, it does not usually have elaborate boundary walls or gateways. However, Ayodhya’s Ram temple has hybrid features- 732m long wall runs around the temple compound.While the earliest temples had just one tower, or shikhara, later temples had several. The garbhagriha is always located directly under the tallest tower.Towering over the garbha griha is the shikhara, the most distinguishable aspect of Nagara style temples.Nagara temples are built on a raised plinth, with the garbha griha (sanctum sanctorum) — where the idol of the deity rests — the most sacred part of the temple.A typical Nagara style temple also comprises a circumambulatory passage around the garbha griha, and one or more mandapas (halls) on the same axis as it. Elaborate murals and reliefs often adorn its walls.Depending on the period and geography, there is a large variation when it comes to what a shikhara looks like, or how it is used in a temple’s design. On this basis, Hardy identifies five modes of Nagara temple architecture — Valabhi, Phamsana, Latina, Shekhari, and Bhumija. Background of Ayodhya Ram Temple: Babri Masjid-Ram Janmabhoomi Dispute: The dispute involves a religious site in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, where the Babri Masjid, a mosque, was built in the 16th century. Hindus believe that the site is the birthplace of Lord Ram and claim that a temple existed there before the mosque was built. Demolition of the Babri Masjid in 1992: The mosque was attacked and demolished by a Hindu nationalist mob in 1992, which ignited communal violence across the world. SC on Ram Temple Construction: In November 2019, a five-judge bench of the Supreme Court ordered the disputed land to be handed over to a trust to build the Ram Janmabhoomi temple. The court also directed the government to give the Sunni Waqf Board five acres of land in another location to build a mosque.  -Source: The Indian Express

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