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Current Affairs 04 December 2023
CONTENTS World Malaria Report 2023Union Cabinet Approves Terms of Reference for Sixteenth Finance CommissionPLFS Data for July-September 2023: Unemployment in Urban IndiaFast Radio Bursts (FRB)Voice over 5G (Vo5G)Global Initiative of Academic Networks World Malaria Report 2023 Context: The World Health Organisation (WHO) published a report titled ‘World Malaria Report 2023’. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: MalariaWorld Malaria Report 2023: Key InsightsIndia in the World Malaria ReportGovernment of India’s Efforts to Control Malaria Malaria: Malaria is a disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite. Transmission through Mosquito Bites: The Plasmodium parasite is primarily transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.These Anopheles mosquitoes are often referred to as “night-biting” mosquitoes because they are more active and likely to bite between dusk and dawn. Variety of Parasites: While there are many types of Plasmodium parasites, only five of them cause malaria in humans: Plasmodium falciparum: Predominant in Africa, responsible for most malaria-related deaths worldwide.Plasmodium vivax: Mainly found in Asia and South America, causing milder symptoms but capable of remaining dormant in the liver, leading to relapses.Plasmodium ovale: Less common, usually found in West Africa, can stay in the liver for several years without causing symptoms.Plasmodium malariae: Rare and primarily found in Africa.Plasmodium knowlesi: Extremely rare, found in parts of Southeast Asia. Transmission Process: When an infected mosquito bites a person, the Plasmodium parasite enters the bloodstream and eventually travels to the liver.The infection develops in the liver, and then the parasites re-enter the bloodstream and invade red blood cells (RBCs).Within RBCs, the parasites grow and multiply. Periodically, the infected RBCs burst, releasing more parasites into the bloodstream.If another mosquito bites a person already infected with malaria, it can become infected and subsequently spread the parasite to other individuals.Notably, malaria does not transmit directly from person to person. It relies on the mosquito vector for transmission between humans. World Malaria Report 2023: Key Insights Annual Assessment: Each year, the World Health Organization (WHO) releases the World Malaria Report, offering a comprehensive and up-to-date evaluation of global trends in malaria control and elimination efforts. Trends in Global Malaria Burden: Despite advancements in providing insecticide-treated nets and antimalarial medicines, the report highlights an alarming increase in malaria cases.In 2022, there were an estimated 249 million malaria cases worldwide, surpassing the pre-pandemic level of 233 million recorded in 2019. Climate Change Threat: A notable addition to this year’s report is a dedicated chapter addressing the intersection of climate change and malaria.Climate variables like temperature, humidity, and rainfall can affect the behavior and survival of malaria-carrying Anopheles mosquitoes.Extreme weather events, such as heatwaves and flooding, can directly impact malaria transmission and disease burden.An example is the five-fold increase in malaria cases in Pakistan in 2022 due to catastrophic flooding. Challenges Persist: Beyond climate change, challenges like conflict, humanitarian crises, resource limitations, and issues like drug and insecticide resistance continue to hinder progress in malaria control. Positive Developments: The report highlights positive achievements, including the phased introduction of the first WHO-recommended malaria vaccine, RTS, S/AS01, in three African countries.In October 2023, WHO recommended a second safe and effective malaria vaccine, R21/Matrix-M, further enhancing malaria prevention efforts.Availability of two vaccines is expected to improve supply and enable widespread deployment in Africa.Many countries with a low malaria burden have made progress toward malaria elimination. In 2022, 34 countries reported fewer than 1000 cases, compared to only 13 in 2000. India in the World Malaria Report: The World Malaria Report indicates that India was responsible for a significant portion of malaria cases in the World Health Organization’s South-East Asia region in 2022, accounting for 66% of the cases.Furthermore, India, along with Indonesia, accounted for approximately 94% of all malaria-related deaths in the same region in the preceding year.The report highlights that nearly 46% of all cases in the region were attributed to Plasmodium vivax, a protozoal parasite causing malaria in humans. Government of India’s Efforts to Control Malaria: India has made substantial strides in malaria control efforts. Since the year 2000, the country has successfully reduced malaria cases by over 50% and decreased malaria-related deaths by more than 66%.In 2016, India introduced its inaugural National Framework for Malaria Elimination (2016-2030), with a vision to achieve a malaria-free country by 2027 and complete elimination by 2030.In 2019, the Government of India took additional measures by increasing funding for the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme by more than 25%. India also enhanced its support as a donor to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, further reinforcing its commitment to combat malaria. -Source: The Hindu Union Cabinet Approves Terms of Reference for Sixteenth Finance Commission Context: In a significant development, the Union Cabinet has granted approval for the Terms of Reference (ToR) of the Sixteenth Finance Commission. The commission’s primary mandate is to propose a revenue distribution formula between the Central and State governments for the upcoming five-year period, commencing on April 1, 2026. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Major Terms of Reference for 16th Finance CommissionFinance Commission: An Overview Major Terms of Reference for 16th Finance Commission The 16th Finance Commission has been tasked with several crucial Terms of Reference: Tax Distribution Recommendation: Proposing the distribution of taxes between the Union Government and the States as per Chapter I, Part XII of the Constitution.Allocation of Tax Shares: Determining the allocation of tax proceeds among the States.Principles for Grants-in-Aid: Establishing principles governing grants-in-aid to the States from the Consolidated Fund of India.Grants-in-Aid Amounts: Specifying the amounts to be provided to the States as grants-in-aid, particularly under Article 275 of the Constitution, for purposes beyond those outlined in the provisos to clause (1) of that article.Enhancing State Funds: Identifying measures to enhance the Consolidated Fund of a State, with the aim of supplementing resources available to Panchayats and Municipalities within the State, based on recommendations made by the State’s own Finance Commission.Review of Disaster Management Financing: Reviewing the current financing structures related to Disaster Management initiatives, including examining funds created under the Disaster Management Act, 2005, and proposing suitable recommendations for improvements or alterations. Finance Commission: An Overview Purpose: The Finance Commission is a constitutional body responsible for providing recommendations on the distribution of tax revenues among the Union (Central) and State governments, as well as among the States themselves. Constitution: It is constituted by the President of India under Article 280 of the Constitution. The Commission is established at the end of every fifth year, or earlier if deemed necessary by the President. Legislation: Parliament has the authority to determine the qualifications for Commission members and the procedure for their selection. The Finance Commission (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1951, was enacted to address these aspects. Mandate: The Commission’s main duties include: Recommending the distribution of tax proceeds between the Union and States and among States.Formulating principles for grants-in-aid to States from the Consolidated Fund of India.Identifying measures to enhance the Consolidated Fund of a State to support Panchayats and Municipalities based on State Finance Commission recommendations.Addressing any other matters referred by the President in the interest of sound finance. Composition: The Commission comprises a Chairman and four other members appointed by the President. Qualifications: Members of the Commission have specific qualifications, including: Experience in public affairs (for the Chairman).Qualifications to be appointed as Judges of a High Court.Special knowledge of government finances and accounts.Wide experience in financial matters and administration.Specialized knowledge in economics. Tenure: Members serve for a duration specified by the President’s order and are eligible for reappointment. Non-Binding Recommendations: It’s important to note that the recommendations made by the Finance Commission are not binding on the government, but they play a significant role in shaping fiscal policies and resource allocation in India. -Source: The Hindu PLFS Data for July-September 2023: Unemployment in Urban India Context: The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), recently released data for July-September 2023, shedding light on India’s unemployment rate in urban areas. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Recent PLFS Highlights: Urban Unemployment, Worker Population Ratio, and LFPRPeriodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) OverviewTypes of Unemployment in IndiaCauses of Unemployment in India Recent PLFS Highlights: Urban Unemployment, Worker Population Ratio, and LFPR Urban Unemployment: The urban unemployment rate showed improvement, declining from 7.2% (July–September 2022) to 6.6% (July–September 2023).Among males, the unemployment rate decreased from 6.6% to 6% during the same period.Females witnessed a more positive trend, with the unemployment rate decreasing from 9.4% to 8.6% over the given time frame. Worker Population Ratio (WPR): The percentage of employed individuals in the population (aged 15 years and above) in urban areas increased from 44.5% (July-September 2022) to 46% (July-September 2023).Among males, the WPR increased from 68.6% to 69.4% during the same period.For females, there was a more substantial increase, rising from 19.7% to 21.9%. Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): The LFPR in urban areas exhibited growth, rising from 47.9% (July-September 2022) to 49.3% (July-September 2023).Among males, there was a marginal uptick from 73.4% to 73.8% during this period.Females showed a more significant increase, with the LFPR increasing from 21.7% to 24.0%. Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) Overview: The Periodic Labour Force Survey was launched by the National Statistical Office (NSO) in April 2017.The survey was initiated to address the need for more frequent and timely availability of labor force data. Objectives: To estimate key employment and unemployment indicators within a short time interval of three months specifically for urban areas using the “Current Weekly Status” (CWS) approach.To estimate employment and unemployment indicators annually using both the “Usual Status” (ps+ss) and CWS approaches for both rural and urban areas. Indicators: The PLFS focuses on estimating the following indicators: Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): It represents the percentage of individuals in the population who are part of the labor force, which includes those who are employed, seeking work, or available for work.Worker Population Ratio (WPR): This indicator represents the percentage of employed individuals in the population.Unemployment Rate (UR): The UR indicates the percentage of individuals who are unemployed among those in the labor force. Current Weekly Status (CWS): CWS refers to the activity status of individuals based on their activities during the preceding seven days before the survey. Conducting Authority: The Periodic Labour Force Survey is conducted by the National Sample Survey (NSO), which operates under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). Types of Unemployment in India Disguised Unemployment: This is a situation in which more people are employed than are required. It is mostly seen in India’s agricultural and unorganised sectors.Seasonal unemployment: Unemployment that happens only during particular seasons of the year. In India, agricultural labourers rarely work throughout the year.Structural Unemployment: This is a type of unemployment that occurs when there is a mismatch between the jobs available and the abilities of the available workers.Cyclical unemployment: Unemployment that rises during recessions and falls with economic expansion. It is mostly a phenomenon of capitalist economies.Frictional Unemployment: It is also known as Search Unemployment, is the time lag between jobs when someone is looking for a new job or moving jobs. Causes of Unemployment in India Jobs in the capitalist world have become highly specialised but India’s education system does not provide the right training and specialisation needed for these jobs.In India nearly half of the workforce is dependent on Agriculture – even though agriculture is underdeveloped in India and only provides seasonal employment.Mobility of labour in India is low due to factors like language, religion, and climate.The industrial development had adverse effects on cottage and small industries – as the cottage industries fall, many artisans become unemployed.Constant increase in population has been a big problem and one of the main causes of unemployment.Certain work is prohibited for specific castes in some areas and this also contributes to unemployment. -Source: Indian Express Fast Radio Bursts (FRB) Context: Recently, scientists are trying to understand a new aspect of Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs), which are mysterious radio signals coming from distant galaxies. Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), which is scheduled to launch in the early 2030s, will aid in studying FRBs and mysterious radio signals. Relevance: GS III- Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: What is an FRB?Why are they significant?Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA): An Overview What is an FRB? Since the first FRB was spotted in 2007, researchers have been trying to determine where they came from.FRBs are essentially brilliant radio wave bursts (radio waves can be produced by astronomical objects with changing magnetic fields).The X-ray component of the simultaneous bursts was detected by several satellites, including NASA’s Wind mission; in addition, a NASA-funded project called Survey for Transient Astronomical Radio Emission 2 (STARE2) also detected the radio burst;However, because of their millisecond durations, it is challenging to detect them and determine their position in the sky. Why are they significant? First noticed in 2018 by the Canadian observatory the waves have created ripples across the globe for one reason — they arrive in a pattern.This gave birth to theories that they could be from an alien civilization.Initially, it was believed that the collision of black holes or neutron stars triggers them.But the discovery of repeating FRBs debunked the theory of colliding objects. Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA): An Overview Definition: LISA stands for Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, and it is a collaborative project led by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).Purpose: LISA is designed to serve as a space-based gravitational wave observatory, with the primary objective of detecting and studying gravitational waves.Detection Method: LISA achieves this by measuring the tiny variations in the distances between three spacecraft positioned in a triangular formation. These variations are caused by the passage of gravitational waves through space.Cosmic Insights: This space-based observatory is expected to provide valuable insights into various cosmic events, including the mergers of massive black holes and other astrophysical phenomena.Contribution to Understanding: The data and observations from LISA are poised to significantly contribute to our understanding of the universe, shedding light on the fundamental forces and events that shape our cosmos. -Source: Indian Express Voice over 5G (Vo5G) Context: Reports indicate Reliance Jio, India’s largest mobile carrier, has been testing Voice over New Radio (VoNR) behind the scenes. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Voice over 5G (VoNR): An OverviewAdvantages of VoNR Over VoLTE (Voice over LTE) Voice over 5G (VoNR): An Overview Alternate Name: Voice over 5G is also known as Voice over New Radio (VoNR).Upgrade from 4G: VoNR is a standard that facilitates voice calls over 5G networks, replacing the existing standard that relies on 4G networks.Leveraging 5G: VoNR takes advantage of the improvements offered by 5G, including increased speed, capacity, and responsiveness, and applies them specifically to voice communication.Infrastructure Preparedness: The goal of VoNR is to ensure that the necessary infrastructure and interoperability are in place well before its widespread implementation.Requirements: To use VoNR, three key elements are necessary: a phone that supports VoNR, a carrier that offers VoNR services, and access to a 5G signal in the user’s area. Advantages of VoNR Over VoLTE (Voice over LTE): Enhanced Bandwidth and Lower Latency: VoNR benefits from 5G’s significantly higher bandwidth and reduced latency compared to 4G LTE.Advanced Audio Codecs: It employs more advanced audio codecs, resulting in superior voice clarity and fidelity, enabled by 5G’s increased data capacity.Faster Call Connection: VoNR promises quicker call connection times, ensuring a seamless and prompt user experience.Reduced Call Drops: VoNR aims to address the problem of call drops, particularly during transitions between 5G and 4G networks.Improved Reliability: Lower packet loss contributes to better call reliability, minimizing instances of voice interruptions during calls. -Source: Indian Express Global Initiative of Academic Networks Context: Eight years after its inception, the Ministry of Education is gearing up to restart the fourth phase of the Global Initiative of Academic Networks (GIAN). Relevance: GS II: Education Dimensions of the Article: Global Initiative of Academic Networks (GIAN) in Higher EducationSignificance of GIAN Programme Global Initiative of Academic Networks (GIAN) in Higher Education GIAN, the Global Initiative of Academic Networks in Higher Education, was launched in 2015 and is a program under the Ministry of Education in India. Aim: The primary aim of GIAN is to tap into the global talent pool of scientists and entrepreneurs, encouraging their active involvement with higher education institutions in India.This engagement is intended to enhance India’s existing academic resources, accelerate the pace of quality reform, and elevate the nation’s scientific and technological capabilities to global excellence. Objectives: GIAN has several key objectives, including:Enhancing the quality of higher education through international collaboration.Increasing the presence of esteemed international faculty members in Indian academic institutions.Infusing international academic excellence into India’s higher education establishments.Augmenting India’s existing academic resources and boosting the country’s scientific and technological prowess to attain global eminence.Nodal Agency:IIT Kharagpur serves as the nodal agency for the implementation of GIAN. Salient Features: GIAN offers an honorarium to foreign experts, covering their travel and associated expenses.Short-term courses are conducted by these international experts or faculties in Indian educational institutions.While initially focused on collaboration between India and the United States of America, the program’s scope has since expanded.The duration of GIAN courses varies, with a minimum duration of one week and a maximum duration of three weeks.Foreign experts can receive a lump-sum amount, ranging up to US$ 8,000 for 12 to 14 hours of contact and up to US$ 12,000 for 20 to 28 hours of contact, covering their travel and honorarium expenses. Significance of GIAN Programme The Global Initiative of Academic Networks (GIAN) programme has significant importance due to several key factors: International Expertise: GIAN allows Indian educational institutions to access a wealth of international expertise by bringing in foreign faculty members. These experts contribute to enhancing the quality of education and research in India.Global Collaboration: The programme fosters international collaboration between Indian institutions and universities and experts from various countries, promoting academic exchange and knowledge sharing.Diverse Course Offerings: GIAN offers a wide range of courses delivered by foreign faculty, covering diverse fields of study. This diversity enriches the educational experience for Indian students.Exposure to Global Perspectives: Indian students benefit from exposure to different teaching methodologies, perspectives, and global best practices, which can enhance their academic and professional development.Financial Investment: The significant financial investment made by the Central government, amounting to ₹126 crore, demonstrates the commitment to improving the quality of education in India through international engagement.Broad Reach: GIAN has reached a large number of educational institutions and students across the country. A substantial number of courses were conducted in prestigious institutions like IITs and NITs, ensuring a broad impact.Benefit for Indian Students: The programme directly benefits Indian students, as approximately 72,000 students have gained knowledge and insights from the foreign faculty members, enriching their educational experience. -Source: Indian Express
PIB Summaries 04 December 2023
CONTENTS Peace Agreement Between Government of India, Government of Manipur, and UNLFNational Human Rights Commission Peace Agreement Between Government of India, Government of Manipur, and UNLF Context: Recently, The Government of India and Government of Manipur signed a Peace Agreement with United National Liberation Front (UNLF) , which is oldest valley-based insurgent group of Manipur. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: United National Liberation Front (UNLF): OverviewPurpose of the Peace Agreement United National Liberation Front (UNLF): Overview Formation: Established in 1964, UNLF is the oldest valley-based insurgent group in Manipur. It operates separately from insurgent groups in the Naga-dominated and Kuki-Zomi dominated hills of the state.Banned Organization: UNLF is categorized as one of the seven “Meitei Extremist Organizations” banned by the Indian government under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act, 1967.Operational Scope: UNLF operates within and outside Indian territory, with initial training believed to have been received from NSCN (IM), the largest insurgent group among the Naga factions.Geographic Reach: The group operates in the valley areas of Manipur and some villages in the Kuki-Zomi hill districts. It primarily operates from camps and training bases in Myanmar’s Sagaing Region, Chin State, and Rakhine State, often with support from the Myanmar military. Purpose of the Peace Agreement: Peaceful Transition: The agreement is expected to usher in an era of peace, particularly in Manipur and the Northeast region.Mainstream Integration: It represents the first instance where a Manipuri armed group from the valley has opted to renounce violence and return to mainstream society. UNLF commits to respecting the Constitution of India and abiding by the country’s laws.Ending Hostilities: The agreement will halt hostilities between UNLF and security forces, putting an end to conflicts that have claimed lives on both sides over more than half a century.Addressing Community Concerns: It provides an opportunity to address long-standing concerns of the community affected by the conflict.Encouraging Participation: UNLF’s return to mainstream activities is expected to inspire other valley-based armed groups to engage in the peace process.Peace Monitoring Committee: A Peace Monitoring Committee (PMC) will be established to oversee the enforcement of agreed-upon ground rules, ensuring the sustainability of peace efforts. National Human Rights Commission Context: The Central Government recently appointed seven people, including a former Delhi police commissioner, as ‘special monitors’ of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC). Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)Functions and Powers of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) Establishment and Legal Basis: NHRC is a statutory body established on October 12, 1993, under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. Watchdog of Human Rights: NHRC serves as the watchdog of human rights in India, overseeing the protection and promotion of human rights across the country. Conformity with Paris Principles: NHRC’s establishment aligns with the Paris Principles (1991), which were adopted at the first international workshop on national institutions for the protection of human rights. Objectives: NHRC has several key objectives, including: Strengthening institutional arrangements for addressing human rights issues comprehensively and effectively.Investigating allegations of human rights violations independently of the government, thus emphasizing the government’s commitment to safeguarding human rights. Composition: NHRC consists of a chairperson and eight other members.The chairperson of NHRC is a retired Chief Justice of India.Among the eight members, four are full-time members, while the other four are deemed members.Full-time members include a retired Judge of the Supreme Court, a retired Chief Justice of a High Court, and two members selected for their experience and knowledge of human rights.Deemed members are the chairpersons of the National Commission for Minorities, the National Commission for Scheduled Castes, the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, and the National Commission for Women. Appointment Process: The chairperson and members are appointed by the President of India based on the recommendations of a six-member committee. This committee comprises: Prime Minister (as the head)Speaker of the Lok SabhaDeputy Chairman of the Rajya SabhaLeaders of the Opposition in both the Houses of ParliamentUnion Home Minister Functions and Powers of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) Functions: Complaint Investigation: NHRC can inquire into complaints of human rights violations, either on its own initiative or through petitions filed by victims or their representatives. These complaints may involve violations by public servants or negligence in preventing such violations.Intervention in Court Proceedings: The Commission has the authority to intervene in any legal proceedings related to human rights violations pending before a court, subject to the approval of the respective court.Visitations and Recommendations: NHRC can conduct visits to correctional facilities and institutions under state government control where individuals are detained or housed for purposes of treatment, reformation, or protection. During these visits, it examines the living conditions of inmates and offers recommendations for improvement.Human Rights Education: NHRC plays a role in spreading human rights literacy among various segments of society, promoting awareness and understanding of human rights principles.International Treaties and Instruments: The Commission is responsible for studying international treaties and other instruments related to human rights and making recommendations for their effective implementation in India. Powers: Civil Court Powers: While investigating complaints, NHRC possesses the same powers as a civil court trying a suit under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. This includes the authority to summon and enforce the attendance of witnesses and examine them under oath.Compensation: NHRC can grant compensation to victims of police brutality or other forms of human rights violations, providing redress for the harm suffered.Legal Action: When necessary, NHRC has the authority to approach the Supreme Court or the High Court to enforce human rights protections and safeguard the rights of individuals or groups.Suo Motu Cognizance: NHRC can take “suo motu” cognizance of human rights violations, meaning it can initiate investigations and proceedings on its own accord, even without a formal complaint being filed.
Current Affairs 02 December 2023
CONTENTS Green Credits Initiative by Prime Minister Modi at COP28Utilizing Pressmud for Green Energy: India’s Approach to Compressed Biogas (CBG) ProductionPolitical FundingDecline in Higher Education Enrollment among Muslim Students: UDISE+ and AISHE DataHistoric Appointment in the Indian Navy: First Woman Commanding OfficerKalbeliya Dance Green Credits Initiative by Prime Minister Modi at COP28 Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched an initiative at COP28 in Dubai, focusing on generating Green Credits through plantation on degraded wasteland. The initiative, highlighted during a high-level event, is emphasized to surpass the commercial nature of traditional carbon credits. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Understanding Carbon CreditsGreen Credit ProgrammeSignificance of the Green Credit ProgrammeConcerns Regarding the Green Credit Mechanism Understanding Carbon Credits: Carbon credits, also known as carbon offsets, are permits that grant the holder the right to emit a specific amount of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases. Measurement: Each credit corresponds to the allowance for emitting one ton of carbon dioxide or its equivalent in other greenhouse gases. Awarding and Limitation: Companies that engage in polluting activities are awarded credits, permitting them to emit up to a certain limit.This emission limit is periodically reduced to encourage emissions reduction. Transferability: Companies with excess credits can sell them to other companies in need, creating a market for carbon credits. Incentives for Emission Reduction: Companies have dual incentives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions:They must spend money on additional credits if their emissions surpass the set cap.They can generate revenue by reducing emissions and selling surplus allowances. Financial Incentives: The financial aspect creates a system where companies are motivated to both limit their emissions and trade any unused credits, fostering a market-driven approach to emission reduction. Green Credit Programme: The Green Credit Programme introduces a system of incentives, known as “Green Credits,” for activities that have a positive impact on the environment.It complements the domestic Carbon Market in India, expanding beyond CO2 emission reductions to incentivize a wider range of sustainable actions. Objectives: The Green Credit System aims to meet various environmental obligations, encouraging companies, individuals, and local bodies to undertake sustainable initiatives.Unlike the carbon market’s focus on CO2 emissions, the Green Credit Programme promotes broader environmental goals. Tradable Credits: Green credits earned through sustainable activities will be tradable, allowing participants to sell them on a proposed domestic market platform.This creates a market-based approach to incentivize and reward environmentally beneficial actions. Program Administrator: The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) will serve as the administrator of the Green Credit Programme.ICFRE will develop guidelines, processes, and procedures for the implementation of the programme, ensuring its effectiveness and integrity. Green Credit Activities: The programme promotes a range of activities that contribute to environmental sustainability, including: Increasing Green Cover: Promoting tree plantation and related activities to enhance the green cover across the country.Water Conservation: Encouraging water conservation, water harvesting, and efficient water use, including the treatment and reuse of wastewater.Regenerative Agriculture: Promoting natural and regenerative agricultural practices and land restoration to improve productivity, soil health, and the nutritional value of food produced.Waste Management: Supporting sustainable waste management practices, including collection, segregation, and treatment.Air Pollution Reduction: Encouraging measures to reduce air pollution and other pollution abatement activities.Mangrove Conservation: Promoting the conservation and restoration of mangroves, important ecosystems for coastal areas.Ecomark Label: Encouraging manufacturers to obtain the “Ecomark” label for their goods and services, signifying their environmental sustainability.Sustainable Infrastructure: Encouraging the construction of buildings and infrastructure using sustainable technologies and materials.Setting Thresholds and Benchmarks: The Green Credit Programme will establish thresholds and benchmarks for each specific Green Credit activity, ensuring clear standards and targets for participants to achieve. Significance of the Green Credit Programme: Encouraging Compliance and Synergy: The programme incentivizes private sector industries and entities to fulfill their existing obligations by aligning their actions with those generating or purchasing green credits.It promotes convergence between different legal frameworks and encourages a comprehensive approach to environmental sustainability. Support for Ecosystem Services: The guidelines of the programme integrate mechanisms to quantify and support ecosystem services.This benefits organic farmers and Farmers Producer Organizations (FPOs) by recognizing and rewarding their contributions to ecosystem conservation. Valuing Multiple Ecosystem Services: The Green Credit Programme introduces a unique instrument that values and rewards multiple ecosystem services.It goes beyond carbon mitigation and allows green projects to achieve optimal returns by considering a broader range of environmental benefits. Concerns Regarding the Green Credit Mechanism: Risk of Greenwashing: Experts express concerns that the market-based nature of green credits may lead to greenwashing practices.There is a risk of entities making false or exaggerated claims about environmental sustainability without delivering substantial environmental benefits. Tokenistic Activities: Some fear that companies or entities may engage in superficial activities solely to generate green credits, without making meaningful efforts to address environmental issues.This raises concerns about the genuineness and effectiveness of the actions taken. Need for Urgent Emissions Reductions: Critics question the effectiveness of market mechanisms, such as green credits, in achieving the necessary and urgent emissions reductions required to combat climate change.They argue that more transformative efforts guided by government policies and regulations are essential. Resource Allocation and Fraud Prevention: There are concerns about the allocation of resources for monitoring and preventing fraud within the green credit mechanism.Critics argue that these resources could be better directed towards initiatives with more significant transformative impacts on sustainability. -Source: The Hindu Utilizing Pressmud for Green Energy: India’s Approach to Compressed Biogas (CBG) Production Context: India is exploring the potential of Pressmud, a residual byproduct of sugar production, as a valuable resource for generating green energy. The focus is on creating Compressed Biogas (CBG) from Pressmud, aligning with sustainable energy practices and contributing to India’s efforts in renewable energy production. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Understanding Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG)Pressmud: A Valuable Resource for CBG ProductionIndia’s Pressmud Production Landscape: Fiscal Year 2022-23 Understanding Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG) Renewable and Environmentally Friendly Fuel: CBG is a gaseous fuel derived from the anaerobic decomposition of organic materials.It is produced through Biomethanation or anaerobic digestion, breaking down various organic sources like agricultural waste, animal manure, food waste, sewage sludge, and other biomass materials. Composition of Biogas: The resulting biogas consists mainly of methane (usually exceeding 90%), along with carbon dioxide, traces of hydrogen sulfide, and moisture. Conversion to Compressed Biogas: Purification steps are employed to eliminate impurities like carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and moisture from the biogas.The purified methane gas is then compressed to a high pressure, typically around 250 bar or higher. Significance of “Compressed” in CBG: The term “Compressed Biogas” reflects the compression of purified methane to high pressures, enhancing its energy density and making it a more practical and efficient fuel source. Pressmud: A Valuable Resource for CBG Production Pressmud, also known as filter cake or press cake, is a residual byproduct in the sugar industry. Recognition in Green Energy Production: Acknowledged as a valuable resource for generating green energy, particularly through the production of Compressed Biogas (CBG). Production Process: Generated through anaerobic digestion, a process where bacteria break down organic matter in the absence of oxygen.Yield of pressmud typically ranges from 3-4% by weight, based on the sugarcane processed in a unit. Advantages of Pressmud Utilization for CBG: Consistent Quality and Simplicity: Offers consistent quality and is simpler to source compared to other feedstocks.Supply Chain Simplification: Eliminates complexities associated with feedstock supply chains, particularly in comparison to agricultural residue.Lower Feedstock Quantity and Cost: Requires less feedstock quantity for higher conversion efficiency, and the cost is lower (Rs 0.4-0.6 per kilogramme) compared to alternatives like agricultural residue and cattle dung. Challenges in Pressmud Utilization: Escalating Prices and Competition: Faces challenges such as rising prices and competition for usage in various industries.Storage Complexities: Gradual decomposition poses storage challenges, necessitating innovative solutions.Competition in Other Sectors: Sought after in sectors like animal feed, bioenergy production, and agricultural soil amendments, leading to availability constraints or increased costs for specific applications. India’s Pressmud Production Landscape: Fiscal Year 2022-23 Total Sugar Production: In the fiscal year 2022-23, India’s sugar production amounted to 32.74 million tonnes. Pressmud Generation: This sugar production resulted in the generation of approximately 11.4 million tonnes of pressmud. Sugarcane Growing States: Major Contributors: Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra stand out as the primary sugarcane-growing states, collectively contributing around 65% of India’s total sugarcane cultivation area.Key States: Other significant sugarcane-producing states include Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Bihar, all playing a vital role in shaping India’s sugarcane production landscape. Geographic Distribution: Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra, with their substantial sugarcane cultivation, play a pivotal role in the overall sugar and pressmud production scenario, reflecting the geographical concentration of these industries. -Source: Down To Earth Political Funding Context: In light of the current political circumstances and concerns regarding donations, the conclusion of the Supreme Court hearings on the challenge to electoral bonds prompts a critical examination of the potential impact this challenge’s resolution may have on democracy and the rule of law in India. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Political FundingImportance of Disclosure in Political FundingReforms Needed in Political Funding Political Funding Political funding encompasses financial contributions provided to political parties or candidates, supporting their activities, campaigns, and overall functioning. Statutory Provisions in India: Representation of the People Act, 1951 (RPA Act):Outlines rules regarding elections, including provisions on election expenses, contributions, and account maintenance.Income Tax Act, 1961:Governs tax treatment of political parties and donors, with compliance requirements and potential tax benefits for contributors.Companies Act, 2013:Regulates corporate donations to political parties, specifying contribution limits and mandating disclosure in financial statements. Methods of Raising Political Funding: Section 29B of RPA:Allows political parties to receive individual donations with taxpayers eligible for a 100% deduction.State Funding:Direct Funding: Prohibited; government funds provided directly to political parties.Indirect Funding: Permitted in a regulated manner, including media access, public places for rallies, and subsidized transport.Corporate Funding:Governed by section 182 of the Companies Act, 2013. Electoral Bonds Scheme: Introduced in 2017, implemented in 2018, allowing anonymous donations to registered political parties. Electoral Trusts Scheme, 2013: Notified by the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT).Electoral Trusts distribute contributions from companies and individuals to political parties. Importance of Disclosure in Political Funding Amendments to Representation of the People Act 1951: The introduction of electoral bonds in India has brought complete anonymity for political donors. Contrast with International Practices: Internationally, full disclosure of political donations is a prevailing requirement.In the United States, regulations mandate transparency in political funding dating back to 1910.The European Union, in 2014, enacted regulations on funding European political parties, emphasizing limits, disclosure mandates, and immediate reporting for large contributions. Global Convergence on Fundamental Requirements: Worldwide, legal regulations converge on two fundamental requirements:Comprehensive disclosure of donors above specific minimal amounts.Imposition of limits or caps on donations.These measures aim to ensure transparency, prevent corruption, and maintain public confidence in the political system and democracy. Foundation of Representative Democracy: Political parties serve as the foundation of representative democracy.Public disclosure of political funding is imperative for upholding citizens’ trust in parties and politicians. Role in Safeguarding Democracy: Transparent financial accounts play a crucial role in safeguarding the rule of law and combating corruption within electoral and political processes.This transparency ensures accountability, reinforcing democratic principles based on openness and fairness. Preventing Undue Influence: Without disclosure, money can become a tool for unduly influencing the political process.Disclosure helps prevent the co-optation of politics by business interests and widespread vote buying. Ensuring Equitable Playing Field: Disclosure is essential for maintaining an equitable playing field, preventing one party from having indomitable access to excess campaign finance.It ensures that all parties have equal opportunities, reinforcing democratic ideals. Reforms Needed in Political Funding Importance of Electoral Justice:Electoral justice is crucial for upholding democracy, ensuring that all aspects of the electoral process align with the law and protect the enjoyment of electoral rights.Challenges with Electoral Bonds:Electoral bonds, allowing for undisclosed donor details, pose a threat to democratic transparency and the integrity of free and fair elections.Comprehensive Approach for Reform:Reforms need to go beyond legality and focus on preserving the democratic essence of transparency in the electoral process. Key Components of Reform: Donor Identification:Identify donors above a specified nominal limit.Immediate Reporting:Mandate immediate reporting of significant donations to the election commission.Publicizing Political Party Accounts:Ensure transparency by publicizing political party accounts.Independent Auditing:Implement independent auditing of party accounts to ensure financial integrity.Establishing Limits:Set limits on funding and expenditure to prevent disproportionate influence. State Funding of Elections: State funding involves the government providing financial support to political parties and candidates, derived from public resources.Aims to reduce reliance on private donations, minimizing potential influence from vested interests in political campaigns. Holistic Approach: Reforms should not only address legal aspects but also focus on preserving democratic values, ensuring fair elections, and minimizing the impact of money on the political process. -Source: The Hindu Decline in Higher Education Enrollment among Muslim Students: UDISE+ and AISHE Data Context: A report based on the analysis of data from the Unified District Information System for Education Plus (UDISE+) and the All India Survey of Higher Education (AISHE) reveals a notable decline in the enrollment of Muslim students in higher education. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key Findings on Dropout Among Muslims: A Report AnalysisRecommendations for Addressing Dropout Among Muslim StudentsUDISE Plus ReportAll India Survey for Higher Education (AISHE) Key Findings on Dropout Among Muslims: A Report Analysis Overall Enrollment Trends: Significant drop of over 8.5% in the enrollment of Muslim students (age group 18-23) in higher education for the academic year 2020-21.Enrollment decreased from 21 lakh students in 2019-20 to 19.21 lakh in 2020-21.Despite an overall increase in enrollment from 2016-17 to 2020-21, there was a decline in the latest year, marking a decrease of 1,79,147 students from 2019-20 to 2020-21. Percentage Comparison: The percentage of Muslim students enrolled in higher education compared to the total student population slightly decreased from 4.87% in 2016-17 to 4.64% in 2020-21. Educational Stage Trends: Across States and Union Territories, a consistent trend is observed where Muslim student representation gradually declines from Class 6 onwards, reaching its lowest in Classes 11 and 12.Enrollment percentage of Muslim students drops from 14.42% in upper primary (Class 6-8) to 10.76% in higher secondary (Class 11-12). State-wise Disparities: States like Bihar and Madhya Pradesh exhibit relatively low Gross Enrolment Ratio for Muslim students, indicating that many Muslim children in these States are still out of the education system.Assam (29.52%) and West Bengal (23.22%) record high dropout rates among Muslim students, while Jammu and Kashmir records 5.1%, and Kerala records 11.91%. Recommendations for Addressing Dropout Among Muslim Students Enhance Scholarships, Grants, and Financial Aid:Increase the availability of scholarships, grants, and financial aid specifically designed for Muslim students.Alleviate financial burdens to enhance access to higher education.Tailored Support for Low-Income Families:Recognize the financial challenges faced by many Muslim students from low-income families.Tailor support programs to address the unique economic circumstances of these students.Inclusive Policies for Equal Opportunities:Implement inclusive policies that ensure equal opportunities for all students, regardless of religious background or economic status.Bridge the education gap by fostering an environment that promotes diversity and inclusivity.Targeted Support Programs:Develop targeted support programs to address the specific needs of Muslim students in higher education.Focus on creating a supportive ecosystem that fosters academic success and overall well-being. UDISE Plus Report: Comprehensive Study:A comprehensive study providing information on enrollment and dropout rates of school students, number of teachers, and other infrastructural facilities like toilets, buildings, and electricity.Initiation and Launch:Launched in the academic year 2018-2019.Aims to speed up data entry, reduce errors, improve data quality, and ease the verification process.Data Collection Application:An application designed to collect school details, focusing on factors related to a school and its resources.An updated and improved version of UDISE, which was initiated in 2012-13 by the Ministry of Education. All India Survey for Higher Education (AISHE): Initiative by the Ministry of Education:AISHE is an initiative by the Ministry of Education in India.Annual Web-Based Survey:Conducted annually, the survey is web-based and aims to assess the state of higher educational institutions in India.Objectives:Determine the overall condition of higher education institutions.Identify areas for improvement in the higher education sector.Student Involvement:Students enrolled in higher educational institutions actively participate in the AISHE survey.Rating System:Allows students to rate their colleges on various categories such as teachers, exam results, education finance, programs, student enrollment, and infrastructure.Utilization of Data:The data collected in the AISHE survey is used to make informed policy decisions and conduct research in higher education.Contributes to enhancing the quality and efficiency of higher education in India. -Source: The Hindu Historic Appointment in the Indian Navy: First Woman Commanding Officer Context: In a groundbreaking move aligning with the Indian Navy’s philosophy of “all roles-all ranks,” Lieutenant Commander Shaliza Dhami has been appointed as the first woman commanding officer in a naval ship. She will lead INS Trinkat, a fast attack craft stationed in the western seaboard, marking a significant step in deploying women in various roles within the naval service. Relevance: GS III: Defence and Security Dimensions of the Article: About INS TrinkatAbout Shaliza DhamiWomen in the Indian Armed Forces About INS Trinkat: Design and Construction: INS Trinkat is a patrol vessel of the Indian Navy.It was designed and constructed by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers in Kolkata, West Bengal. Operational Roles: The patrol vessel is dedicated to various operational roles, including fisheries protection, anti-poaching, counter-insurgency, and search-and-rescue operations.Its operational area covers coastal regions and the exclusive economic zone. Naming Convention: Vessels of this class are named after Trinkat Island, one of the 24 islands constituting the Nicobar Islands chain in the northeast Indian Ocean. About Shaliza Dhami: Group Captain Shaliza Dhami is an officer in the Indian Air Force (IAF). Pioneer Achievements: She is the first woman officer in the IAF to receive a permanent commission.Additionally, she holds the distinction of being the first woman to become a Flight Commander in the IAF.Shaliza Dhami is the first woman IAF officer to be selected in a front-line combat unit. Navigation Expertise: She is a qualified navigation instructor.Her role has involved training observers inducted into the Navy. Maritime Experience: Shaliza Dhami is noted as the first woman officer who served as an observer in the Navy’s Tupolev Tu-142 maritime patrol aircraft.Her appointment as the commanding officer of INS Trinkat marks a historic moment as the first woman to assume command of a naval ship. Women in the Indian Armed Forces: Total Women Officers:There are 10,493 women officers serving in the Indian Armed Forces, which includes its medical services.Distribution Across Services:The Army, being the largest of the three services, has the highest number of women officers at 1,705.The Indian Air Force (IAF) follows with 1,640 women officers, and the Navy has 559 women officers.Commanding Positions:Several women officers in the Army hold commanding positions, leading various units across the country.Inclusion in the Navy’s Submarine Arm:The Navy’s submarine arm is open to women, allowing them to volunteer, clear an aptitude test, and undergo rigorous training before deployment.Growing Strength:The overall strength of women in the armed forces, referred to as Agniveers, has surpassed the 1,000 mark.These statistics reflect the commitment to the philosophy of ‘all roles, all ranks,’ emphasizing the inclusive deployment of women in various capacities within the service. -Source: The Hindu Kalbeliya Dance Context: Recently, during the Rajasthan International Folk Festival, artists performed the Kalbeliya dance. Relevance: GS I: Art and Culture Kalbeliya Dance: Origin:Folk dance originating from Rajasthan, India.Alternate Names:Also known as ‘Sapera Dance’ or ‘Snake Charmer Dance.’Performed by Kalbelia Tribe:Particularly performed by the Kalbelia tribe, a Rajasthani community.UNESCO Recognition:Included in UNESCO’s representative list of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity since 2010.Performance Dynamics:Features male musicians playing traditional instruments.Female dancers are the main performers, showcasing one of the most sensuous dances in Rajasthan.Mimicking Serpent Movements:Female dancers replicate the movements of a serpent through their dance and swirling.Costumes and Jewellery:Dancers wear brightly colored skirts, blouses, and heavy traditional jewellery.Instruments:Male musicians play various instruments, including the dhol (drum), pungi (snake charmer’s pipe), and khanjari (tambourine). -Source: The Hindu
PIB Summaries 02 December 2023
CONTENTS World AIDS Day 2023Exercise Milan World AIDS Day 2023 Context: World AIDS Day is observed every year on December 1. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: World AIDS DayHIV/AIDS World AIDS Day: Observance Date:Observed every year on December 1.Purpose:Aims to spread awareness about HIV/AIDS.Objectives:Provides an opportunity to combat stigmas associated with the disease.Honors individuals who lost their lives to AIDS.Encourages support for HIV/AIDS research and advanced treatment.Inception:First observed in 1988 when the World Health Organization (WHO) officially recognized the day.Theme for 2023:“Let Communities Lead” HIV/AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV’s Impact: HIV attacks the body’s immune system, increasing vulnerability to other infections and diseases. Progression to AIDS: If HIV is not treated, it can progress to AIDS. Transmission: Sexually transmitted infection (STI).Spread by contact with infected blood, illicit injection drug use, or needle sharing.Can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. Treatment: No effective cure currently exists; HIV is a lifelong condition.Proper medical care, specifically Antiretroviral Therapy (ART), can control HIV.Individuals with effective HIV treatment can lead long, healthy lives and protect their partners. Exercise Milan Context: The next edition of Exercise MILAN is scheduled to be held in February 2024. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Dimensions of the Article: Exercise Milan Exercise Milan: Inception:Began in 1995 as a biennial multilateral naval exercise.Expansion:Significantly expanded in scope and scale over the years.Evolution:Originally involved only four countries: Indonesia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.Transitioned and expanded in terms of participants and complexity of exercises.Policy Alignment:Aligned with India’s ‘Look East Policy’ initially.Later expanded in line with the ‘Act East Policy’ and the ‘Security And Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR)’ initiative.Participants:Became the largest exercise held by India.Includes participation from Friendly Foreign Countries (FFCs).Recent Edition:The last edition, Milan-24, saw participation from over 40 countries.Held off the coast of Visakhapatnam.
PIB Summaries 01 December 2023
CONTENTS GOBARdhan SchemePradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan GOBARdhan Scheme Context: In order to accelerate Compressed Biogas (CBG) sector through cross-sectoral linkages and promote dialogue and knowledge exchange among all stakeholders, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) is organising a conference ‘SBM-GOBARdhan Biogas Conference: Accelerating Waste to Wealth & Circular Economy’ Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: GOBARdhan SchemeCircular Economy: A Sustainable Model of Production and Consumption GOBARdhan Scheme: The GOBARdhan Scheme, which stands for Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources Dhan, is a significant initiative of the Government of India.It was launched in 2018 as a national priority project under the Swachh Bharat Mission Grameen-Phase II program.The aim of the scheme is to convert cattle dung, agricultural residue, and other organic waste into Biogas, CBG, and bio-fertilizers to generate wealth and energy.The scheme adopts a comprehensive approach involving various government departments to promote a circular economy by transforming waste into valuable resources.The Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti, is the nodal ministry responsible for the implementation of the GOBARdhan Scheme. Circular Economy: A Sustainable Model of Production and Consumption The circular economy is a production and consumption model that aims to minimize waste and maximize resource efficiency. It involves various practices, such as sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing, and recycling existing materials and products throughout their life cycle. The key characteristics of the circular economy model are: Extending Product Life Cycle: By promoting sharing, reusing, and recycling, the circular economy model extends the life cycle of products, reducing waste and minimizing environmental impact.Recycling for Resource Retention: When products reach the end of their life, materials are kept within the economy through recycling, ensuring that valuable resources are used productively again and again. Benefits of the Circular Economy Model: Environmental Impact: Reusing and recycling products reduce the consumption of natural resources, decrease landscape and habitat disruption, and help limit biodiversity loss. The circular economy contributes to lower greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change mitigation.Resource Security: Recycling raw materials mitigates risks associated with resource supply, such as price volatility, availability, and import dependency. This becomes especially crucial as the world’s population grows and demands for raw materials increase.Economic Growth and Competitiveness: Transitioning to a circular economy can stimulate innovation, increase competitiveness, and lead to economic growth. Redesigning materials and products for circular use fosters innovation across different sectors.Improved Quality of Life: Consumers benefit from durable and innovative products that save money in the long run. A circular economy offers more reliable and long-lasting products, enhancing the overall quality of life. Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan Context: Recently, the Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister of India approved Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN) with a total outlay of Rs. 24,104 crores. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN): Empowering Tribal Communities Comprehensive Scheme: PM JANMAN, comprising Central Sector and Centrally Sponsored Schemes, is a holistic initiative targeting 11 critical interventions through nine ministries, with a particular focus on the Ministry of Tribal Affairs. Key Interventions: Aims to address 11 critical interventions, including permanent housing, road connectivity, piped water supply, mobile medical units, hostel construction, ‘Anganwadi’ facilities, and skill development centers. Additional Ministries’ Involvement: Beyond the 11 critical interventions, other ministries contribute to the mission’s success.Ministry of Ayush:Establishes Ayush Wellness Centres based on existing norms.Extends Ayush facilities to Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) habitations through Mobile Medical Units.Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship:Facilitates skill and vocational training in PVTG habitations, multipurpose centers, and hostels, aligning with the specific skills of these communities.
PIB Summaries 01 December 2023
CONTENTS GOBARdhan SchemePradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan GOBARdhan Scheme Context: In order to accelerate Compressed Biogas (CBG) sector through cross-sectoral linkages and promote dialogue and knowledge exchange among all stakeholders, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) is organising a conference ‘SBM-GOBARdhan Biogas Conference: Accelerating Waste to Wealth & Circular Economy’ Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: GOBARdhan SchemeCircular Economy: A Sustainable Model of Production and Consumption GOBARdhan Scheme: The GOBARdhan Scheme, which stands for Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources Dhan, is a significant initiative of the Government of India.It was launched in 2018 as a national priority project under the Swachh Bharat Mission Grameen-Phase II program.The aim of the scheme is to convert cattle dung, agricultural residue, and other organic waste into Biogas, CBG, and bio-fertilizers to generate wealth and energy.The scheme adopts a comprehensive approach involving various government departments to promote a circular economy by transforming waste into valuable resources.The Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti, is the nodal ministry responsible for the implementation of the GOBARdhan Scheme. Circular Economy: A Sustainable Model of Production and Consumption The circular economy is a production and consumption model that aims to minimize waste and maximize resource efficiency. It involves various practices, such as sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing, and recycling existing materials and products throughout their life cycle. The key characteristics of the circular economy model are: Extending Product Life Cycle: By promoting sharing, reusing, and recycling, the circular economy model extends the life cycle of products, reducing waste and minimizing environmental impact.Recycling for Resource Retention: When products reach the end of their life, materials are kept within the economy through recycling, ensuring that valuable resources are used productively again and again. Benefits of the Circular Economy Model: Environmental Impact: Reusing and recycling products reduce the consumption of natural resources, decrease landscape and habitat disruption, and help limit biodiversity loss. The circular economy contributes to lower greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change mitigation.Resource Security: Recycling raw materials mitigates risks associated with resource supply, such as price volatility, availability, and import dependency. This becomes especially crucial as the world’s population grows and demands for raw materials increase.Economic Growth and Competitiveness: Transitioning to a circular economy can stimulate innovation, increase competitiveness, and lead to economic growth. Redesigning materials and products for circular use fosters innovation across different sectors.Improved Quality of Life: Consumers benefit from durable and innovative products that save money in the long run. A circular economy offers more reliable and long-lasting products, enhancing the overall quality of life. Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan Context: Recently, the Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister of India approved Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN) with a total outlay of Rs. 24,104 crores. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN): Empowering Tribal Communities Comprehensive Scheme: PM JANMAN, comprising Central Sector and Centrally Sponsored Schemes, is a holistic initiative targeting 11 critical interventions through nine ministries, with a particular focus on the Ministry of Tribal Affairs. Key Interventions: Aims to address 11 critical interventions, including permanent housing, road connectivity, piped water supply, mobile medical units, hostel construction, ‘Anganwadi’ facilities, and skill development centers. Additional Ministries’ Involvement: Beyond the 11 critical interventions, other ministries contribute to the mission’s success.Ministry of Ayush:Establishes Ayush Wellness Centres based on existing norms.Extends Ayush facilities to Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) habitations through Mobile Medical Units.Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship:Facilitates skill and vocational training in PVTG habitations, multipurpose centers, and hostels, aligning with the specific skills of these communities.