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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 01 May 2025

Content: Cabinet decides to include caste count in next Census Digital access a part of fundamental right to life and liberty: SC Is natural hydrogen the fuel of the future? Ex-RAW chief appointed head of reconstituted NSAB Study highlights lack of access to right antibiotics in eight countries Cabinet decides to include caste count in next Census Context : Key Decision Cabinet approval: Union Cabinet has approved caste enumeration in the next decennial Census. Announcement: Made by Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw on Wednesday. First time post-Independence: First full caste count since 1931, marking a major policy shift. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Background Context Previous Census: The last Census was held in 2011; the 2021 Census has been delayed indefinitely, initially due to COVID-19. Historic gap: Since 1931, only Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) have been counted in official Census data. 2011 SECC: The Socio-Economic Caste Census was conducted separately from the regular Census and did not mandate caste disclosure. Implementation Details Statutory backing: Caste count to be part of the second and final phase of the upcoming Census with legal support. Digital format: Next Census to be conducted digitally via a mobile app. App to include a dropdown directory of castes in an “other” column. Software for this feature is under testing. Potential Implications Data-driven policy: Will provide authentic data for OBC and caste-based welfare schemes. Wider debates: May spark fresh debates on reservation, social justice, and affirmative action frameworks. Administrative challenge: Managing caste enumeration accurately across India’s diverse social landscape. Digital access a part of fundamental right to life and liberty: SC Context : Key Verdict Supreme Court ruling: Digital access is now recognized as an integral part of the fundamental right to life and liberty under Article 21. Judgment authored by: Justice R. Mahadevan, with Justice J.B. Pardiwala on the Bench. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Fundamental Rights, Judiciary) Context of the Case Petition focus: Highlighted the digital exclusion of persons with disabilities during mandatory procedures like digital KYC (Know Your Customer). Barrier to access: Many marginalised individuals struggle to navigate digital platforms, affecting their access to governance and welfare services. Key Observations by the Court Inclusivity emphasized: Court underscored that digital transformation must include the disabled, underprivileged, and historically excluded. State’s obligation: The government is constitutionally bound to create an inclusive digital ecosystem. Warning against exclusion: Highlighted the risk that rapid digitization without accessibility measures could entrench social inequalities. Broader Constitutional Implication Article 21 expanded: The judgment reinforces that right to life and liberty includes dignified, equitable digital access. Link to welfare state: Digital exclusion undermines access to benefits, violating the spirit of social justice. Impact and Way Forward Policy reform push: Urges the government to redesign digital platforms to be disability-friendly and universally accessible. Tech with empathy: Reinforces that tech-led governance must not leave behind the most vulnerable. Legal precedent: Sets a significant benchmark for future digital rights and accessibility jurisprudence in India. Is natural hydrogen the fuel of the future? What is Natural Hydrogen? Occurs naturally in the Earth’s crust — unlike manufactured hydrogen (gray, blue, green). Formed via serpentinisation, radiolysis of water, and organic matter breakdown at depth. Known to be 98% pure in some locations (e.g., Bourakébougou, Mali). Relevance : GS 3(Technology ,Energy Security) Why Was It Previously Overlooked? Considered a geological curiosity for decades. Belief: Hydrogen’s small size and reactivity prevent large underground accumulations. Not part of traditional oil & gas exploration frameworks. What Changed Recently? Accidental discovery in Mali (1987) confirmed large pure hydrogen seeps. Studies and models (e.g., USGS 2022) now indicate huge potential reserves globally. Scientific recognition that certain tectonic and hydrothermal zones can store hydrogen. Global Reserve Potential USGS estimate: Even if 2% of natural reserves are exploitable, they could meet global hydrogen demand for 200 years. Notable deposits found in France, Australia, U.S., Albania, Canada, etc. 92 million tonnes estimated in France’s Lorraine and Moselle regions alone. India’s Potential India has favourable geology for natural hydrogen: Ultramafic/mafic rocks, ophiolite complexes, volcanic-sedimentary cratons (e.g., Dharwar, Singhbhum). Basement rock fractures, sedimentary basins, and hot springs as potential sites. Still largely unexplored but promising. Industry Trends Growing interest: 40+ companies exploring by 2023 (vs. 10 in 2020). Companies claim low extraction cost (~$1/kg) — cheaper than green hydrogen. Major players: Koloma (U.S.): $245M raised from Amazon and Gates’ Breakthrough Energy. BP, Rio Tinto: Investing in UK-based hydrogen start-up Snowfox Discovery. American Association of Petroleum Geologists formed its first natural hydrogen committee. Benefits of Natural Hydrogen Low carbon emissions and minimal environmental disruption (if harvested sustainably). Abundant, cheap, and naturally renewable. Could significantly help in decarbonising global energy systems. Challenges & Uncertainties Exploration methods still evolving — no dedicated frameworks like hydrocarbons yet. Economic feasibility is site-specific; many deposits may be too scattered or deep. Still in nascent stages of development and global policy recognition. Conclusion Natural hydrogen holds enormous promise as a clean, cost-effective fuel. While still underexplored, it may become a game-changer in the global shift toward renewable energy — including for India, if proactive exploration and policy support follow. Ex-RAW chief appointed head of reconstituted NSAB Context and Timing: The reconstitution of NSAB comes in the wake of the Pahalgam terror attack (April 22) that killed 26 people, escalating tensions with Pakistan. It coincides with high-level Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) meetings chaired by PM Narendra Modi. The PM has given the armed forces “complete operational freedom” regarding India’s response to the terror attack. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security, Defence) Key Appointment: Alok Joshi, former RAW Chief (2012) and 1976 batch IPS officer from the Haryana cadre, is appointed as the Chairman of the NSAB. His extensive experience in external and internal intelligence (RAW & IB) suggests a shift towards strengthening counter-terrorism and strategic foresight. Composition and Continuity: Total strength remains at 16 members, with nearly 50% reconstituted. Rotation is termed “standard practice” to maintain fresh perspectives while ensuring institutional continuity. Role and Significance of NSAB: Formed in December 1998, NSAB is part of the National Security Council (NSC) structure. It comprises experts outside government—from civil society, industry, military, media, etc. Functions: Conduct long-term strategic analysis. Offer policy options and recommendations on national security matters referred by NSC. Acts as a think tank to inform India’s strategic and security posture. Study highlights lack of access to right antibiotics in eight countries Key Findings: Only 7.8% of patients in India with carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative (CRGN) infections received appropriate antibiotics. Average appropriate treatment rate across eight LMICs: 6.9%. Countries studied: India, Bangladesh, Brazil, Egypt, Kenya, Mexico, Pakistan, South Africa. In India (2019), out of ~10 lakh CRGN infections, less than 1 lakh received proper treatment. Estimated ~3.5 lakh deaths in India due to lack of appropriate treatment. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Research Body: Conducted by Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership (GARDP). Data sources: The Lancet’s GRAM study and IQVIA data for 2019. Study Objectives: Evaluate access gap to appropriate antibiotics. Map the cascade of care using better data. Identify effective antibiotic stewardship programmes or innovations in LMICs. Implications: High morbidity & mortality due to untreated drug-resistant infections. Increased healthcare costs and prolonged hospital stays. Contradiction in India’s case: Overuse and misuse of high-end antibiotics driving resistance. Inadequate access to those same antibiotics for patients who truly need them. Expert View: Dr. Abdul Ghafur calls it a “paradox of access”: Irrational overuse of critical antibiotics. Simultaneously, denial of access to needy patients in critical condition. Highlights the urgent need for antibiotic access policies, rational prescribing, and regulatory reforms. Broader Significance: Demonstrates structural gaps in public health systems in LMICs. Emphasises need for: Equitable drug distribution systems. Diagnostic infrastructure to guide targeted antibiotic use. International funding and support for antibiotic R&D and access.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 30 April 2025

Content: Unique Success of the Namami Gange Mission The Holy Buddha Relic of Sarnath for Exposition to Vietnam will arrive at National Museum Unique Success of the Namami Gange Mission: The Return of the Red-Crowned Roofed Turtle to the Ganga After Three Decades Context The Red-Crowned Roofed Turtle is critically endangered and among the rarest freshwater turtles in Northern India. Its return to the mainstream Ganga marks a positive ecological shift after 30 years of absence. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Role of Namami Gange Mission The Namami Gange Mission supported the TSAFI project to conduct assessments in: 2020: Turtle diversity in Haiderpur Wetland Complex (HWC). 2022: Habitat Evaluation for a new turtle sanctuary near Prayagraj. Previous studies found no viable population of RRTs in the Ganga in decades. Turtle Reintroduction Efforts On April 26, 2025, 20 Red-Crowned Roofed Turtles were released from the Garhaita Turtle Conservation Center into HWC. Turtles were tagged with sonic devices to track their movement and survival. Two-pronged release approach: Group A: Released above the Haiderpur barrage. Group B: Released into the main channel of the Ganga. Hydrological Advantage During monsoon, HWC connects fully to the Ganga, aiding natural dispersal of turtles. Promotes a “soft release” strategy with gradual integration into the wild. Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Marks first-ever attempt to reintroduce RRT into the Ganga. Monitoring to continue over two years to assess success and survival. Aims at stable population recovery with UP Forest Department’s collaboration. Symbolic and Strategic Importance Demonstrates holistic river rejuvenation—beyond pollution control to biodiversity revival. Reinforces inter-agency cooperation and scientific conservation methods. Strengthens India’s commitment to Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-15: Life on Land). Key Takeaway The return of the Red-Crowned Roofed Turtle is a beacon of hope for Ganga’s ecological revival. Namami Gange has evolved from a cleaning mission to a comprehensive ecosystem restoration program. The Holy Buddha Relic of Sarnath for Exposition to Vietnam will arrive at National Museum Context: India is sending a very sacred relic of Lord Buddha to Vietnam for public exposition and worship. The relic is from Sarnath (Mulagandha Kuti Vihara) and will be displayed in Vietnam during UN Vesak Day 2025 celebrations, a global Buddhist festival. It will first be moved from Sarnath to Delhi (April 30), then flown by special Air Force aircraft to Ho Chi Minh City (May 1). Relevance : GS 1(Culture ,Heritage) , GS 2(International Relations) Cultural Diplomacy & Soft Power The event showcases India’s Buddhist heritage as a diplomatic bridge with Vietnam and the wider Buddhist world. Strengthens India-Vietnam spiritual ties, cultural continuity, and shared civilizational legacy. Enhances India’s soft power projection through spiritual diplomacy, aligned with Act East Policy. Significance of the Holy Relic The relic, excavated from Nagarjuna Konda (Andhra Pradesh), connects to Mahayana Buddhism and Acharya Nagarjuna (2nd century CE). Currently housed in Mulagandha Kuti Vihara, Sarnath, built by Angarika Dharmapala (founder of Mahabodhi Society). Represents continuity of Buddhist reverence from ancient India to contemporary global contexts. Religious and Ritual Importance Transported with monastic rituals, chanting, and sanctity — reflecting Buddhist traditions of veneration. Scheduled veneration at major Vietnamese Buddhist centers: Ho Chi Minh City, Tây Ninh, Hanoi, and Tam Chúc. Coincides with UN Day of Vesak 2025, aligning spiritual rituals with global Buddhist commemorations. Historical & Archaeological Context Excavated by A.H. Longhurst (ASI) between 1927–31; relics presented to Mahabodhi Society in 1932. Nagarjuna Konda was a prominent Mahayana Buddhist learning center, housing over 30 Buddhist sites. Enriches the understanding of India’s archaeological contribution to global Buddhist heritage. UN Day of Vesak 2025 Context Celebrated since UNGA resolution (1999) marking Buddha’s birth, enlightenment, Mahaparinirvana. International delegates from 100+ countries expected to participate. Theme: “Buddhist Approach to Unity and Inclusivity for Human Dignity”, linking Buddhism to world peace and sustainable development. Academic & Cultural Exhibitions IBC hosting 3 key exhibitions: Digital Jataka tales Sculptures and iconography of the Buddha Comparative Buddhist artefacts: India & Vietnam Ajanta Cave murals digitally restored (Bodhisattva Padmapani, Cave 1) presented with 8-panel TV exhibits. Promotes academic exchange and cultural continuity between Indian and Southeast Asian Buddhist art. Institutional Collaboration Coordinated by Ministry of Culture (GoI) and International Buddhist Confederation (IBC). Reflects multilateral and interfaith cooperation in spiritual diplomacy. Global Buddhist Connect Strengthens India’s role as the land of Buddha, the custodian of relics, and a spiritual home for global Buddhists. Reinforces the idea of “Shared Buddhist Heritage” under India’s cultural outreach strategy.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 30 April 2025

Content: Growth pangs A powerful judicial remedy for waste management Growth pangs Context: Current Industrial Output Scenario IIP growth slowdown: FY25 average at 4%, the lowest in four years, down from 5.9% in FY24. March 2025 IIP rose marginally to 3% (from 2.7% in Feb), driven largely by seasonal surge in electricity demand. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Practice Question : India’s industrial sector, especially MSMEs, is facing headwinds from global trade turbulence and weak domestic demand. Critically examine the structural and cyclical factors affecting industrial growth in India. Suggest a roadmap for reviving industrial output and ensuring sustainable growth.(250 words) Sector-Wise Analysis Mining: Sharp fall from 7.5% (FY24) → 2.9% (FY25). Manufacturing: Moderated to 4% (FY25) from 5.5% (FY24). Electricity: Slowed to 5.1% from 7%, despite March seasonal rise. Consumer Non-Durables: Degrowth of -1.6% in FY25 (vs +4.1% in FY24) → indicates rural distress. Consumer Durables: Growth doubled from 3.6% to 8% → suggests urban consumption recovery. Demand Side Concerns Rural consumption weakened: Due to high food inflation in Oct–Dec FY24 and falling farm incomes post vegetable price crash. Urban consumption stable: Boost in consumer durables shows resilient middle-class demand. Retail inflation: At 4.6% in FY25, lowest in 6 years → masks rural distress. Investment and Lending Trends RBI policy rate cut: From 6.5% (Jan) to 6% (April) → Lower lending rates. Private Capex still weak: Despite cheaper credit, uncertain global trade outlook deters investment. Domestic consumption push needed: Government stimulus required to fill demand gap. External Sector & MSMEs Flat goods export growth: Reflects global slowdown + strained U.S.-India trade ties. MSMEs under pressure: Contribute 45.8% to exports. Grew from ₹4 lakh cr (FY21) → ₹12 lakh cr (FY25). Employ ~250 million, mostly in micro enterprises. Policy need: Fast-track Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) with U.S. to secure MSME resilience and job security. Key Policy Imperatives Targeted rural stimulus: To revive non-durables consumption and restore farm incomes. Accelerate BTA with U.S.: To insulate MSMEs from global turbulence. Boost public capex: To offset private sector hesitancy. Ease of Doing Business reforms: Especially for micro and small manufacturers. Export diversification strategy: Reduce dependence on a few large markets. A powerful judicial remedy for waste management Context :Plastic Waste Crisis in India India = World’s largest plastic polluter: Emits 9.3 million tonnes/year, ~20% of global plastic emissions (Nature study). Emission definition: Includes plastic debris & open burning transitioning from managed to unmanaged systems. Plastic waste generation underestimated: Official figure: 0.12 kg/person/day. Study estimates actual: 0.54 kg/person/day. Waste collection overestimated: Claims 95% coverage, but excludes: Rural areas Informal recycling Open burning Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology ) Practice Question :“India’s waste management challenge is not only a governance issue but also a constitutional and judicial concern.” Examine the role of data, local governance, and the judiciary in ensuring effective waste management in India. (250 words) Himalayan States: Underestimated Risk Severe plastic pollution in Indian Himalayan Region. Lack of baselinedata on: Waste quantity & quality Local capacity for waste management Data Deficiency & Accountability Gaps CPCB reports rely on SPCB/PCC → Municipal bodies → often unverified, inconsistent data. No disclosed methodology for data collection or waste audit. Rural India & areas outside urban local bodies → entirely unaccounted in waste data. Urges transparent, auditable waste data across all jurisdictions. Judicial Imperative & Constitutional Duty SC observation: Environmental protection is a constitutional mandate and linked to fundamental rights. Courts must ensure: Time-bound compliance with environmental orders Justice for affected individuals through real-world impact, not just paper schemes Infrastructure Deficit & the Role of Local Bodies Local governments = primary stakeholders in waste management. Needs: Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) Sanitary landfills Linkages to EPR kiosks Use of geotagging to map and monitor infrastructure. Strengthening EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) PIBOs(Producers, Importers, and Brand Owners.) must collectively create accessible EPR kiosks for: Urban + Rural bodies Segregation & recovery at source Tailor kiosk locations by: Waste volume Geography Accessibility Operationalisation of EPR must be planned & mandatory. Supreme Court’s ‘Continuing Mandamus’ – A Game-Changer Tannery Case (Jan 2024): SC ordered cleanup in Vellore, TN → landmark use of continuing mandamus. Ensures: Remediation Regular monitoring Accountability for non-compliance SC: Govt schemes often fail on ground → Courts must ensure real enforcement. Polluter Pays Principle Reaffirmed Absolute liability: Compensation for victims Restoration of ecology Violation triggers liability: Direct pollution, negligence, licence breaches, or ecological damage. Govt Pay Principle: Government must pay first → recover from polluters later. Way Forward Mandamus-based judicial oversight on waste management → crucial for: Enforcing accountability Real-time compliance Environmental justice Judicial push + data transparency + tech integration → India can lead global waste solutions.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 30 April 2025

Content: Expanding Tree Cover is Crucial High temperatures and mango production Ax-4 mission: Indian astronaut Shukla to fly to ISS on May 29 Insufficient support for deep tech start-ups in India: study Changes in monsoon affect marine productivity in Bay of Bengal: study U.S. puts India back on IPR watch list New Model Finds Locusts Making Complex Decisions in Deadly Swarms Expanding tree cover is crucial Introduction :Expanding tree cover in India is crucial for mitigating climate change, supporting industrial growth, and enhancing rural livelihoods through afforestation and carbon sequestration efforts. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Climate Change Mitigation: Tree plantations and carbon sequestration essential for reducing atmospheric CO₂. Expanding tree cover crucial for India’s climate strategy amidst industrial growth. India’s Current Forest Cover: Forest and tree cover in India at 25.17%, falling short of the 33% target from the 1988 National Forest Policy. Deforestation, urbanisation, and industrial emissions continue to degrade ecosystems. Afforestation Efforts: Tree plantations act as carbon sinks, improving soil health, groundwater recharge, erosion control, and climate resilience. Large-scale afforestation needed to enhance carbon sequestration potential. Government Initiatives: National Agroforestry Policy (2014) and Trees Outside Forests Program promote private sector involvement. Green India Mission (GIM) has helped increase forest cover by 0.56% from 2017-2021. Corporate Role: Corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives contribute to large-scale tree plantations. Industries integrate afforestation with carbon offset strategies, earning carbon credits to meet emissions reduction targets. Global Market Pressure: Stricter global regulations, like the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, force industries to reduce carbon footprints. Indian companies must invest in carbon-offset projects, including tree plantations, to remain competitive. Economic and Social Benefits: Afforestation creates millions of jobs, especially in rural areas through agroforestry and forest conservation. Agroforestry increases farm incomes by 20-30% through improved soil fertility and additional income from timber and crops. Government Support: Financial incentives, training, and market linkages provided to support community-led afforestation. Empowerment of rural communities through ownership of afforestation projects. Challenges and Policy Recommendations: Rising costs of carbon credits push businesses to prefer afforestation for cost-effectiveness. Need for a robust carbon trading policy in India to tap into global carbon markets. Recommendations include establishing a national carbon credit registry and providing financial incentives for private-sector investment. Long-Term Vision: Tree plantations and carbon sequestration are critical to India’s net-zero emissions goal by 2070. Inaction poses significant risks to environmental sustainability and economic growth. High temperatures and mango production Context: India is the world’s largest producer of mangoes, known for its rich genetic diversity and vast cultivation across tropical and subtropical regions. Despite rising temperatures, India’s mango productivity has remained resilient due to adaptive traits and large-scale cultivation efforts. The country produces iconic varieties like Alphonso, Dasheri, Kesar, and Banganapalli, and maintains a strong export presence. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture ,Environment and Ecology) High Temperatures and Mango Production Record Heat: 2024 was India’s warmest year since 1901, with +0.65°C above average temperatures (IMD, 2024). Anecdotal Concerns: Farmers report early flowering, reduced sweetness, lower yield, and shorter pickle shelf-life—pointing to climate stress. Productivity Trend: Despite heat concerns, mango productivity remains strong—9.4 MT/ha (2024-25) vs average 7.9 MT/ha over 25 years. Global Comparison: India outperforms China (8.74 MT/ha) and Thailand (8.36 MT/ha) in mango productivity. States leading in production: Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Bihar, Gujarat. Cultivation Expansion: Area under mango cultivation rose by 2.34% in 2023–24, reaching 24.01 lakh hectares. Heatwave Effects on Trees: Higher temperatures can cause fruit drop, early maturity, sun scalding, and spongy tissue (esp. in Alphonso). Climate Sensitivity: Mango plants require stable pollination conditions—extreme rain, hail, or wind during budding/flowering disrupt yields. Role of Genetic Diversity: Mango’s genetic variability enhances resilience, supporting adaptation to drought and heat. Physiological Adaptability: Mango trees exhibit built-in mechanisms to adjust to environmental stress—key for future climate resilience. Breeding Potential: Rich genetic diversity enables modern breeding interventions to improve climate tolerance and productivity. Conclusion: While climate change poses risks, India’s mango sector remains robust due to increased acreage, adaptive traits, and genetic diversity. Ax-4 mission: Indian astronaut Shukla to fly to ISS on May 29 Context : Indian Air Force Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla is set to make history as the first Indian astronaut to visit the International Space Station (ISS). He will serve as the pilot for Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4), scheduled to launch on May 29, 2025, from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The mission, operated by Axiom Space in collaboration with SpaceX and NASA, will utilize the new Crew Dragon C213 spacecraft and is expected to last up to 14 days in low Earth orbit. Relevance : GS 3(Space ,Science and Technology) Mission Highlights Crew Composition: Shukla will be joined by Commander Peggy Whitson (USA), Mission Specialist Sławosz Uznański (Poland/ESA), and Mission Specialist Tibor Kapu (Hungary). Scientific Objectives: The crew will conduct approximately 60 scientific studies, including seven experiments from India focusing on: Microalgae growth Cyanobacteria behavior Muscle loss in microgravity Cognitive effects of screen use Salad seed cultivation Water bear (tardigrade) resilience Microbial adaptation Significance for India: This mission marks India’s return to human spaceflight after more than four decades, following Rakesh Sharma’s 1984 mission aboard a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft. It also serves as a precursor to ISRO’s upcoming Gaganyaan mission, for which Shukla is one of the designated astronauts. International Collaboration: Ax-4 exemplifies global cooperation in space exploration, with astronauts from India, the USA, Poland, and Hungary participating. The mission aims to advance scientific research and foster international partnerships in space endeavors. Conclusion : Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla’s participation in Ax-4 not only represents a significant achievement for India’s space program but also contributes to the broader goals of international collaboration and scientific advancement in human spaceflight. Insufficient support for deep tech start-ups in India: study Introduction Deep tech start-ups—working in cutting-edge fields like artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and advanced manufacturing—are vital for India’s ambition to become a global innovation hub. However, a recent study highlights significant gaps in institutional support from public-funded research and development (R&D) organisations, impeding deep tech incubation and scaling. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Key Findings of the Study Source: A study commissioned by the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) to the Government of India and conducted by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and the Centre for Technology, Innovation, and Economic Research (CTIER). Limited Support to Start-ups: Only 25% of public-funded R&D organisations offer incubation support to start-ups. A mere 16% support deep tech start-ups (advanced technologies like AI, quantum tech, etc.). Low Industry Collaboration: Only 15% of the organisations collaborated with overseas industries. Restricted Access to Infrastructure: Only 50% of labs opened their facilities to external researchers or students. Expenditure on R&D: 25% of institutions reported spending 75%-100% of their budget on R&D. Median spending on R&D was relatively low in ICAR, CSIR, ICMR, AYUSH, and DST labs. Strategic Sectors Excluded: Defence, Space, and Atomic Energy labs (major contributors to India’s R&D spend) were excluded due to sensitivity. Government Spending Overview: Total Union govt. R&D expenditure in 2020-21: ₹55,685 crore. Excluding strategic sectors: ₹24,587 crore by key scientific agencies. Human Resource Trends Staffing Patterns: Many labs reported a decline in permanent staff and growing dependence on contractual workers. Youth Participation: Share of young researchers rose to 58% in 2022-23 from 54% in 2021-22. Gender and Mission Contributions: Labs were asked to report on women scientists and their roles in national missions (e.g., Deep Ocean Mission, National Quantum Mission). Institutional Behaviour and Orientation Shift observed from being pure research centres to innovation hubs, blending academia and product innovation. Dr. Ajay Sood emphasized need for data-driven institutional introspection to identify gaps and realign mandates. Recommendations All labs should be mandated to review their existing mandates for better alignment with current innovation needs. Changes in monsoon affect marine productivity in Bay of Bengal: study Introduction Source: Study published in Nature Geoscience, led by scientists from India, China, Europe, and the U.S., including researchers from the University of Texas at Austin and Rutgers University. The Indian Summer Monsoon significantly influences marine productivity in the Bay of Bengal (BoB). The study reconstructs 22,000 years of monsoon variability and its link with plankton growth, a key indicator of marine ecosystem health. BoB, despite covering <1% of global ocean area, contributes nearly 8% to global fishery production. Relevance : GS3 (Environment ,Food Security and Climate Change) Key Findings of the Study Marine Productivity Fluctuates with Monsoon Intensity: Both strong and weak monsoon events disrupt vertical ocean mixing. Result: Up to 50% reduction in plankton food availability in surface waters. Mechanism of Disruption: Monsoon extremes hamper nutrient upwelling from deeper ocean layers. This affects phytoplankton, which forms the base of the marine food web. Historical Climate Evidence: Marine sediments were chemically analysed to reconstruct past ocean temperatures, monsoon strength, and biological productivity. Climate Models and Modern Parallels: Present-day observations show alarming similarities with past extreme disruptions. Suggests human-induced climate change could destabilise BoB’s marine ecosystem in the coming decades. Socio-Economic & Ecological Implications Food Security Threat: Millions living along BoB coasts depend on fisheries for protein and livelihood. Productivity decline could severely impact coastal economies and nutrition security. High Output, High Vulnerability: BoB’s disproportionate share in global fisheries makes it uniquely productive yet fragile. U.S. puts India back on IPR watch list Introduction India has been re-added to the U.S. ‘Priority Watch List’ for inadequate IP protection and enforcement. The Special 301 Report assesses global IPR protection impacting U.S. trade interests. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations),GS 3(Indian Economy) Key Concerns Highlighted by USTR Inconsistency in IP Enforcement: Despite some progress, India’s overall enforcement of IPR is termed inadequate. Patent-Related Issues: Persistent complaints about ambiguity in the Indian Patents Act. Stakeholders are concerned about vague interpretations and delayed approvals. Weak Trade Secret Protection: Limited legal mechanisms to safeguard trade secrets in India. High Customs Dutieson IP-intensive goods: Affects products like ICT goods, solar equipment, medical devices, pharma, and capital goods. Piracy & Unauthorised Use: Ongoing issues with: Video game piracy Signal theft by cable operators Commercial photocopying of academic content Unauthorised reprints Technological protection circumvention Other Countries on the List Alongside India: China, Indonesia, Russia, Argentina, Venezuela On regular watch list: 25 countries, including Pakistan and Turkey Economic and Strategic Implications Could impact foreign investment and trade relations, especially in sectors reliant on IP like pharma and tech. May influence ongoing tariff and non-tariff negotiations with the U.S. New model finds locusts making complex decisions in deadly swarms Background: Locust Swarms Locusts are a type of grasshopper that undergo “gregarisation” — transitioning from solitary to swarm behaviour under specific environmental triggers. Swarms can travel vast distances and cause large-scale agricultural devastation. The 2019–2022 outbreak severely affected East Africa, the Middle East, and India — destroying over 2 lakh hectares of crops. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Shift in Scientific Understanding Old model: Locusts were modeled like self-propelled particles, similar to gas molecules, aligning with nearest neighbors. New model: Proposes that locusts make cognitive decisions based on visual perception of motion, not just physical alignment  Key Findings of the New Study Conducted by researchers from Max Planck Institute and University of Konstanz. Field observations in Kenya revealed: Locusts do not align simply with neighbors. Vision, not touch or smell, plays the dominant role in swarm movement. Use of holographic virtual reality showed: Even in sparse swarms, motion coherence (not crowd density) drives alignment. Locusts are capable of integrating multiple visual inputs to decide direction. New Model: Neural Ring Attractor Network Adopts a neuroscience-based model over physics-based ones. Locusts are seen as decision-making agents, not random particles. Swarm motion is an emergent phenomenon — large-scale coordination arises from individual decisions without central control. Climate Change Link Unusual rainfall and cyclones in desert regions (e.g., Mekunu and Luban in 2018) enhanced breeding conditions. Climate variability, especially stronger monsoons, made swarms larger and more unpredictable. 2019–2022 outbreak was among the worst in decades, showing the urgency of updated models. Implications and Next Steps Old models failed to predict swarm behavior accurately. Understanding initial direction selection and decision maintenance is the next frontier. Future research needs to be multidisciplinary — involving climate scientists and ecologists. Improved predictive models are essential to manage future outbreaks in a warming world.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 29 April 2025

Content: National Supercomputing Mission Aadhaar authentication surges past 2,707 crore in 2024-25; UIDAI’s face authentication gains momentum  National Supercomputing Mission Overview and Objectives Launched in 2015 as a flagship initiative to enhance High-Performance Computing (HPC) capability in India. Aims for Atmanirbharta (self-reliance) in supercomputing by indigenously developing critical hardware and software. Supports academic institutions, R&D labs, industries, and government departments via access to supercomputing resources. Connected through the National Knowledge Network (NKN) to enable high-speed, collaborative research. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) Key Features Three-phase mission structure focusing on: Phase I: Basic supercomputing infrastructure, mostly imported components, domestic assembly. Phase II: Indigenous software stack and increased Indian value addition (up to 40%). Phase III: Complete indigenization – design, development, manufacturing within India. Jointly steered by DST and MeitY; implemented by C-DAC and IISc. Achievements (as of March 2025) 34 supercomputers deployed with combined capacity of 35 Petaflops. Over 85% utilization, with many systems exceeding 95% usage. Supported 10,000+ researchers, including 1,700+ PhD scholars from 200+ institutions. Enabled completion of 1 crore+ compute jobs and 1,500+ publications in leading journals. 22,000+ individuals trained in HPC and AI. Start-ups and MSMEs using HPC for innovation and development. Notable Installations and Innovations Param Pravega at IISc Bengaluru (3.3 Petaflops) – India’s most powerful academic supercomputer. Param Shivay at IIT BHU (2019) – first indigenous supercomputer under NSM. Param Rudra Series (2024): Pune, Delhi, Kolkata – built using indigenous Rudra servers and software stack. Deployment of 45 Petaflops additional capacity using domestic technologies in 2024-25. Trinetra Network – Indigenous HPC Interconnect Developed by C-DAC for high-speed data transfer between computing nodes. Phased development: Trinetra-POC (proof of concept) Trinetra-A (100 Gbps, deployed in 1PF PARAM Rudra) Trinetra-B (200 Gbps, upcoming in 20PF PARAM Rudra) AIRAWAT – AI Supercomputing Initiative Aims to create common AI compute platform for academia, research hubs, and industry. POC: 200 AI Petaflops; scalable to 790 AI Petaflops. Secured 75th rank in the Top 500 Global Supercomputing List (ISC 2023). Budget and Expansion Plans Budget allocation/utilization: ₹1874 crore for infrastructure, R&D, HRD, and mission operations. Future plan: Install more 20 PetaFlop systems at IITs and major institutions. Synergy with India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) ISM to enable domestic manufacturing of HPC-critical components like processors, accelerators, memory chips. Reduces dependency on imports and enhances affordability, customization, and performance of supercomputers. Helps NSM achieve complete self-reliance and global competitiveness. Societal and Scientific Impact Facilitated R&D in Drug Discovery, Climate Modeling, Disaster Management, Energy Security, etc. Bridged regional disparity by empowering Tier-II & Tier-III institutions. Strengthened India’s research base, innovation ecosystem, and global HPC ranking. Conclusion NSM is a game-changer in India’s digital and scientific ecosystem. Supports research excellence, technological self-reliance, and global supercomputing leadership. Combined with ISM and AIRAWAT, NSM prepares India for the next generation of scientific and industrial challenges. Aadhaar authentication surges past 2,707 crore in 2024-25; UIDAI’s face authentication gains momentum Context: Aadhaar authentication and e-KYC usage have surged to record levels in FY 2024–25, driven by AI-powered face authentication, expanding digital access and ease of service delivery across sectors. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Technology) Key Highlights (2024–25) 2,707 crore Aadhaar authentication transactions in FY 2024–25; 247 crore in March 2025 alone. Cumulative Aadhaar authentications cross 14,800 crore since inception. 15 crore face authentications in March 2025 — showing sharp adoption. Aadhaar e-KYC crossed 44.63 crore in March 2025 (6% YoY growth). Prime Minister’s Award conferred to UIDAI for Face Authentication innovation. 100+ public and private entities actively using Aadhaar Face Authentication. 1.91 crore Aadhaar updates and 20 lakh new Aadhaar issuances in March 2025. Foundational Drivers Digital India push: Aadhaar is a critical infrastructure for e-Governance and public service delivery. Legislative and policy support: Aadhaar Act 2016 and subsequent SC judgments have provided regulated backing. ICT growth: Proliferation of smartphones, internet, and AI/ML capabilities enabling facial biometric authentication. Banking/Telecom reforms: Aadhaar e-KYC has been a game changer for onboarding and verification processes. Data architecture: Aadhaar database is now integrated with multiple service delivery mechanisms (e.g., DBT, PDS, LPG). Impact and Future Potential Ease of Doing Business: Quick customer verification in BFSI, NBFCs, fintech, and telecom. Welfare Delivery: Seamless, leak-proof access to subsidies, pensions, scholarships, and food rations. Facial Authentication Scalability: Expected to become mainstream in contactless public authentication, especially post-COVID. AI-powered Governance: Face Authentication showcases how AI/ML can streamline public services with low friction. Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): Aadhaar remains the backbone for India Stack, ONDC, Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, and more. Financial Inclusion: Aadhaar-linked bank accounts and e-KYC push help expand access to formal credit. Interoperability Boost: UIDAI’s systems set global benchmarks for population-scale authentication. Strategic Implications Strengthens India’s global image as a leader in Digital Public Goods (DPGs). Bridges the inclusion divide, enabling Tier II/III cities and rural areas to access formal systems. Enhances data-driven policymaking by tracking service usage in real time. Raises need for robust data protection and privacy frameworks amid rising digital footprint.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 29 April 2025

Content: The post of Deputy Speaker is not symbolic or optional India’s urban future is at a crossroads The post of Deputy Speaker is not symbolic or optional Constitutional Mandate The office of Deputy Speaker is mandated under Article 93 of the Constitution. The phrase “as soon as may be” implies urgency, not discretion, in electing both Speaker and Deputy Speaker. Article 94 ensures the Deputy Speaker remains until resignation, removal, or disqualification. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Constitution) Practice Question : “The Office of the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha is not merely symbolic but a constitutional necessity.” In the light of recent developments, critically examine the significance of this office and the implications of its prolonged vacancy.(250 Words) Not Merely Ceremonial The Deputy Speaker’s role is not symbolic or optional; it ensures continuity and stability in Lok Sabha proceedings. Acts as second-in-command, especially crucial during the Speaker’s absence or emergencies. Historical and Institutional Importance The post evolved from the colonial-era Deputy President of the Central Legislative Assembly (first held by Sachidanand Sinha in 1921). Institutionalised even before the Constitution came into force; M.A. Ayyangar was the first elected Deputy Speaker post-independence. Played a key role during Speaker G.V. Mavalankar’s death (1956), proving its necessity. Functional Relevance Ensures uninterrupted proceedings when Speaker is unavailable. Can preside over important committees and sensitive debates. Expected to act with neutrality and impartiality, like the Speaker. Tradition of Bipartisanship Conventionally offered to the Opposition, fostering cross-party cooperation. Reinforces the non-partisan ethos of the legislative process. This convention, though unwritten, is central to democratic consensus. Constitutional Neglect and Anomaly Office has been vacant for entire 17th Lok Sabha (2019–2024) and remains so even in the 18th Lok Sabha (2024–present). This prolonged vacancy is unprecedented in Indian parliamentary history. The delay violates constitutional spirit and centralises power in the ruling party via the Speaker. Risks and Implications Absence of Deputy Speaker may lead to leadership vacuum in emergencies. Undermines institutional checks and balances. Erodes public trust in parliamentary norms and practices. Need for Reform Suggests amending Article 93 to include a fixed timeline (e.g., within 60 days of first sitting). Alternatively, a statutory mechanism empowering the President to act on advice could ensure compliance. Reform is essential to prevent executive overreach and promote rule-based governance. Conclusion The Deputy Speaker’s role is constitutionally essential for legislative integrity and democratic resilience. The current vacancy is not passive delay but active sidelining of consensus politics. Parliament must act to restore institutional credibility and uphold constitutional obligations. India’s urban future is at a crossroads Context & Current Urban Crisis Indian cities face acute water shortages and rising electricity demands amid increasing summer temperatures. Examples: Bengaluru and Hyderabad witnessing spikes in water tanker bookings; power outages due to surging AC usage. Highlights urban vulnerability to climate extremes and infrastructural inadequacy. Relevance : GS 1(Urbanisation) Practice Question: Urbanisation in India has led to growth and opportunities but also poses significant challenges, including environmental degradation, pollution, and inadequate infrastructure. With more than 30% of India’s population living in cities, it is crucial to assess whether Indian cities are prepared to tackle climate extremes and sustainable urbanisation.(250 Words) Urbanisation: Opportunities & Threats Urbanisation promotes growth and development but also worsens: Pollution Congestion Environmental degradation Impacts disproportionately affect the urban poor, worsening inequality. SDG-11 and India’s Urban Readiness SDG-11: “Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable” by 2030. India is far from this target due to: Inadequate planning for climate resilience Poor handling of the urban heat island effect Limited institutional preparedness Limitations of Current Indices NITI Aayog’s SDG Urban Index: Covers 56 cities but SDG-11 based on only 4 indicators. Ease of Living Index: Broader coverage (111 cities) but lacks focused SDG-11 assessment. Global indices (Mercer, Economist): Miss India-specific urban ground realities. New Research-Based Index Approach Developed four SDG-11 indices for 10 major Indian cities: Safety (9 indicators) Inclusivity (19 indicators) Sustainability (15 indicators) Resilience Used Shannon Entropy Weighting for objectivity. Data Sources: Census 2011, NCRB, NFHS-5, PLFS, IMD, etc. Key Findings from the Indices Inclusivity: Best: Ahmedabad Worst: Jaipur Safety: Best: Bengaluru Worst: Kolkata Sustainability: Best: Surat Worst: Kolkata Resilience: Best: Chennai Worst: Jaipur Contrast with NITI Aayog rankings: Cities labelled as “front-runners” performed poorly in new indices. Insights and Gaps Identified Inclusivity gaps: Unequal access to jobs, housing, mobility. Safety disparities: Variations in law enforcement effectiveness. Sustainability deficits: Poor waste, pollution, and environmental planning. Resilience shortfalls: Only 16 cities have city sustainability plans. Only 17 have city resilience strategies. Policy Recommendations & Way Forward Empower Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) for localized data collection and planning. Utilize Smart Cities Mission’s ICCCs for real-time urban governance. Introduce Urban Poor Quality of Living Surveys to update outdated poverty data (still based on Census 2011). Move towards city-specific, data-driven planning acknowledging regional uniqueness. Prioritise resilience-building and climate adaptation strategies in city budgets and planning. Conclusion India’s urban transition is at a critical inflection point. Without bold, data-backed, localised interventions, cities risk becoming more unlivable and unequal. Achieving SDG-11 requires systemic reforms, sustained political will, and empowered city-level institutions.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 29 April 2025

Content: India and France Finalise Agreement for 26 Rafale-Ms Role in a Risk Society: How Women Bear a Disproportionate Burden In 2024, India’s Military Expenditure Was 9 Times That of Pakistan: SIPRI UN Statement a ‘Strong Win’ Despite ‘Dilution’: Officials New Initiative Launched to Revive Oceans Through Community-Led Protection India and France finalise agreement for 26 Rafale-Ms Agreement Details: India and France have finalized an Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) for the procurement of 26 Rafale-M fighter jets for the Indian Navy. The total value of the agreement is approximately₹64,000 crore. Deliveries are expected to start from mid-2028 and will be completed by 2030. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security , Defence) Key Components of the Deal: Aircraft Package: 22 single-seater jets for aircraft carrier operations and 4 twin-seater trainer jets (not carrier-compatible). Additional Equipment: Includes weapons, simulator, performance-based logistics, and associated equipment for the existing Indian Air Force Rafale fleet. Training: Crew training will take place both in France and India. Transfer of Technology: The deal includes transferring technology for integrating indigenous weapons, such as the Astra missile, onto the Rafale aircraft. Economic and Employment Impact: Job Creation: The deal is expected to generate thousands of jobs, including for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in India. Local Manufacturing: The establishment of a production facility for Rafale fuselage and Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) facilities in India for aircraft engines, sensors, and weapons. Defense and Strategic Importance: Navy Capability: The Rafale-M jets will enhance the operational capabilities of the Indian Navy, particularly in terms of air superiority and defense on aircraft carriers. Aircraft Carrier Operations: The deal includes 22 jets capable of operating from aircraft carriers, strengthening India’s naval aviation. Strategic Indo-French Ties: The IGA strengthens the defense relationship between India and France, with both nations investing in long-term defense cooperation. Several government-to-business agreements were concluded alongside the IGA. Operational Considerations: Timeline: Deliveries will begin 37 months after the signing of the contract, with completion within 66 months. Existing Fleet Integration: The deal also aims to enhance the capabilities of the existing Rafale fleet of the Indian Air Force, ensuring better interoperability and operational flexibility. Significance for Indian Navy’s Future: With the INS Vikramaditya and INS Vikrant currently in operation, the addition of Rafale-M jets will significantly boost the Indian Navy’s air capabilities, particularly in terms of modernizing its aircraft carrier-based aviation fleet. Role in a risk society: how women bear a disproportionate burden Risk Society Concept: Coined by Ulrich Beck, describes a shift from industrial society to one shaped by uncertainty and risks created by modern technological and environmental developments. Focus on managing risks like health crises, pollution, and environmental degradation instead of wealth distribution. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) ,GS 2(Social Issues) Technological and Environmental Risks: Examples like Chernobyl, Fukushima, and COVID-19 highlight how modernisation can amplify risks with devastating consequences. Modernisation introduces new risks, including pollution, depletion of natural resources, and global-scale technological hazards. Stages of Modernity: Pre-industrial Society: Risks were natural and localised (e.g., famine, epidemics) managed through social order. Industrial Society: Introduced new risks such as pollution and resource depletion from technological advances. Risk Society: Risks are no longer external but generated by the very systems meant to ensure security and development. Natural vs. Manufactured Risks: Natural Risks: Unpredictable, localised (e.g., earthquakes, floods). Manufactured Risks: Arise from human activities (e.g., nuclear accidents, environmental degradation, pandemics), often global and difficult to predict or control. Global Impact of Manufactured Risks: Risks like climate change disproportionately affect poorer nations, making them more vulnerable due to limited resources. Gendered Dimension of Risk: Women, especially in developing countries, are disproportionately burdened by risks due to gender roles (e.g., caregiving, water collection). Unpaid domestic labour and informal sector roles contribute to women’s vulnerability. Women are more susceptible to health risks (e.g., water pollution, air quality) due to their roles in household management. Health and Economic Inequality: Women face worse health outcomes due to environmental risks (e.g., respiratory diseases, food scarcity). Economic vulnerability: Limited access to resources, land, and property further exacerbates their ability to recover from environmental or economic disasters. Gendered caregiving roles contribute to the emotional and physical burden women face in managing risks. Conclusion: Beck’s theory of a risk society highlights the unequal distribution of risks and their gendered impacts, showing how women bear a disproportionate burden of modern risks and crises. In 2024, India’s military expenditure was 9 times that of Pakistan: SIPRI Context : India’s Military Expenditure In 2024, India spent $86.1 billion on its military. This marked a 1.6% increase from the previous year. India ranked as the 5th largest military spender globally. Its spending was almost 9 times higher than Pakistan’s. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security , Defence) Pakistan’s Military Expenditure Pakistan’s military spending stood at $10.2 billion. Despite regional tensions, Pakistan’s defence budget remained far below India’s. Highlights the asymmetry in military capability and funding between the two nations. Global Trends (as per SIPRI) Top 5 spenders: United States, China, Russia, Germany, and India — together accounting for 60% of global military spending. Total spending by these countries: $1,635 billion. China’s Position China’s military spending reached $314 billion (7% increase). 30th consecutive year of increase. Makes up 50% of all military expenditure in Asia and Oceania. Focus: Military modernisation, cyberwarfare, and nuclear arsenal expansion. Russia and Ukraine Russia: $149 billion (↑38% from 2023), 7.1% of GDP, 19% of government spending. Ukraine: $64.7 billion (↑2.9%), equivalent to 34% of GDP, the highest military burden globally. Reflects the sustained and escalating nature of the Ukraine-Russia conflict. European Military Spending Military expenditure in Europe (incl. Russia): $693 billion (↑17%). Driven by the war in Ukraine and regional insecurity. Surpassed Cold War levels of spending. Strategic Implications for India India remains focused on military parity with regional powers like China. Growing defence budget indicates concern over regional instability, including: Border tensions with China. Terror threats from across the Pakistan border (e.g., Pahalgam attack). Despite being 5th globally, India faces dual-front threats, necessitating sustained investment. UN statement a ‘strong win’ despite ‘dilution’: officials Context : UNSC Statement on Pahalgam Attack The UN Security Council condemned the Pahalgam terror attack. However, the final statement omitted any mention of: The Resistance Front (TRF) – a proxy terror group. Cross-border linkages to Pakistan. The language was diluted due to objections by China and Pakistan, citing the “disputed nature” of Kashmir. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) India’s Position Directly blamed Pakistan for the attack, citing cross-border terrorism. Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri briefed over 20 envoys, including China’s ambassador, with evidence including digital communications. Indian officials called the statement a “strong win”, as: It was issued despite Pakistan’s UNSC membership. It overcame China’s efforts to block/modify language. Majority of UNSC members supported the original U.S.-drafted condemnation. China’s Role and Response China supported diluting references to TRF and cross-border terrorism. Publicly stated it “welcomes any steps to cool down the situation”. Reaffirmed its support for Pakistan as an “ironclad friend” and backed an “impartial investigation”. China is aligning strategically with Pakistan, particularly on security issues. Pakistan’s Reaction Called for an international investigation (possibly by China and Russia). Continued to deny direct involvement, despite India’s claims and evidence. Pakistani Defence Minister Khawaja Asif earlier admitted to Pakistan’s history of sponsoring terror, strengthening India’s case globally. Diplomatic Implications UNSC language compromise shows persistent international division on Kashmir. India’s aggressive diplomacy signals intent to globalise the issue of cross-border terrorism. China’s actions underscore its strategic shielding of Pakistan at multilateral platforms. India’s Strategic Gains Despite dilution, international condemnation was secured. Raised awareness of Pakistan’s terror links at global platforms. Positioned Pakistan as a “rogue state”, citing even internal confessions. Reinforced India’s narrative on state-sponsored terrorism and need for accountability. New initiative launched to revive oceans through community-led protection Overview and Goals Launched on April 24, 2025, the Revive Our Ocean initiative aims to scale up community-led Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Its core mission: end destructive fishing practices (especially bottom trawling) and empower coastal communities to protect ocean ecosystems. Aligns with the 30×30 target of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework: protect 30% of oceans by 2030. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Geographical Focus Initial implementation in seven countries: UK, Portugal, Greece, Turkey, Philippines, Indonesia, and Mexico. Builds on successful community-led conservation models across these regions. Need for Community-led MPAs Globally, only 3% of oceans are under full protection, despite 16,000+ MPAs being established. Many MPAs are poorly managed or permit harmful activities like bottom trawling. Community governance leads to better ecological and economic outcomes. Success Stories Medes Island, Spain: €16 million annual revenue from diving tourism vs. low returns from fishing. Isle of Arran, Scotland: Marine biodiversity doubled after establishing no-fishing zones. RARE’s Fish Forever (Philippines): 2,000+ communities created zones where fish stocks doubled in 5 years. Coastal 500 network: 350+ local leaders advocating marine protection and policy reforms. Key Barriers Identified Lack of awareness about community benefits of MPAs. Restrictive national policies that limit local authority. Limited access to tools, funding, and capacity-building. Revive Our Ocean Collective A support network bringing together proven local leaders and conservation practitioners. Focuses on knowledge-sharing, policy advocacy, and training. Led by Kristin Rechberger (Dynamic Planet) and Enric Sala (Pristine Seas, National Geographic). Financing and Sustainability Plans to launch a microfinance program for community-led MPAs. Aims to prove that MPAs are financially self-sustaining: via tourism, sustainable fishing, and carbon capture. Example: Spain’s reserve costs €2 million annually but yields €16 million in returns. Environmental and Climate Benefits MPAs restore biodiversity, improve fisheries, and enhance food security. Capture carbon and help mitigate climate change. Combat practices like bottom trawling, which causes €11 billion losses/year in Europe and disturbs oceanic carbon beds.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 28 April 2025

Content: UDAN Scheme India’s Triumph in Combating Poverty UDAN Scheme Introduction UDAN (“Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik”) launched on 21 October 2016 under National Civil Aviation Policy (NCAP) 2016. Aims to democratize air travel by making it affordable and accessible. Implemented by the Ministry of Civil Aviation. First UDAN flight: Shimla to Delhi, on 27 April 2017. Relevance :GS 2(Schemes) , GS 3(Infrastructure) Achievements 625 UDAN routes operationalized connecting 90 airports (including 2 water aerodromes and 15 heliports). Over 1.49 crore passengers benefitted through affordable air travel. Airport network expanded from 74 airports (2014) to 159 airports (2024). ₹4,023.37 crore disbursed as Viability Gap Funding (VGF) to support airlines. Boosted regional tourism, healthcare access, trade, and economic growth in Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities. Key Components Viability Gap Funding (VGF): Financial assistance to airlines to maintain affordable fares. Airfare Caps: Upper limits on ticket pricing to ensure affordability. Collaborative Governance: Centre, States, AAI, and private operators working together. Stakeholder Incentives: Airport Operators: Waiver of landing, parking charges, TNLC exemption, reduced RNFC. Central Government: Excise duty on ATF capped at 2% for 3 years; code-sharing encouraged. State Governments: VAT on ATF reduced to 1% or less; provision of essential services at lower cost. Evolution of UDAN Scheme UDAN 1.0 (2017): 128 routes awarded to 5 airlines. Connected 70 airports, including 36 new ones. UDAN 2.0 (2018): Included 73 underserved/unserved airports. Added heliports into the network. UDAN 3.0 (2019): Launched Tourism Routes and Seaplane operations. Focused on North-East connectivity. UDAN 4.0 (2020): Special focus on hilly areas, NE states, and island territories. Increased emphasis on helicopter and seaplane services. Key Innovations and Future Plans UDAN Yatri Cafes: Affordable food outlets at airports (e.g., Kolkata, Chennai). Seaplane Operations: New guidelines released; Round 5.5 bids invited for 50+ water bodies. Revamped UDAN Initiative: Plan to add 120 new destinations. Aim to serve 4 crore more passengers over the next decade. Focus on remote, hilly, aspirational districts. Krishi UDAN Scheme: Supports farmers by providing air logistics for agri-produce. Covers 58 airports (25 priority airports + 33 others). Airport Infrastructure Development: 50 new airports planned over 5 years (e.g., new airports in Bihar, expansion of Patna Airport). Conclusion UDAN is a transformative movement, not just a policy. Successfully connected Bharat and India through affordable air travel. Boosted local economies, tourism, trade, and employment. Symbolizes inclusive growth, visionary governance, and India’s march towards becoming a global aviation hub. India’s Triumph in Combating Poverty Introduction India lifted 171 million people out of extreme poverty over the last decade. Extreme poverty rate fell from 16.2% (2011-12) to 2.3% (2022-23). Recognized by the World Bank’s Spring 2025 Poverty and Equity Brief. Achievement driven by targeted welfare schemes, economic reforms, and improved access to services. Relevance : GS 2(Poverty, Schemes, Governance) About World Bank’s Poverty and Equity Briefs (PEBs) PEBs provide snapshots of poverty, shared prosperity, and inequality for 100+ countries. Published twice a year during World Bank and IMF meetings. Indicators include: Extreme poverty ($2.15/day), Lower-middle-income poverty ($3.65/day), Upper-middle-income poverty ($6.85/day), Multidimensional Poverty and Gini Index for inequality. Rural and Urban Poverty Reduction Rural extreme poverty: Fell from 18.4% to 2.8% (2011-12 to 2022-23). Urban extreme poverty: Reduced from 10.7% to 1.1%. Rural-urban poverty gap: Narrowed from 7.7% points to 1.7% points. Annual decline rate: Around 16% between 2011-12 and 2022-23. Gains at Lower-Middle-Income Poverty Line ($3.65/day) Poverty rate fell from 61.8% to 28.1%. 378 million people lifted from poverty. Rural poverty: Dropped from 69% to 32.5%. Urban poverty: Dropped from 43.5% to 17.2%. Rural-urban gap: Reduced from 25% to 15% points. Annual decline: About 7% between 2011-12 and 2022-23. Key States Leading Poverty Reduction Five states — Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh — had 65% of extreme poor in 2011-12. These states contributed to two-thirds of the overall decline by 2022-23. Multidimensional Poverty and Revised Estimates MPI (Multidimensional Poverty Index) declined from 53.8% (2005-06) to 16.4% (2019-21). World Bank’s Multidimensional Poverty estimate at 15.5% in 2022-23. New revised poverty rates (after updating PPP 2021): Extreme poverty: Estimated at 5.3%. Lower-middle-income poverty: Estimated at 23.9%. Gini Index (income inequality): Improved from 28.8 to 25.5. Employment Growth and Workforce Shifts Employment growth outpaced working-age population since 2021-22. Urban unemployment dropped to 6.6% in Q1 FY24/25 (lowest since 2017-18). Male workers moving from rural to urban areas; female employment in rural agriculture rising. Increase in self-employment, especially among rural women. Conclusion India’s decade-long poverty reduction is one of the largest globally. Achievements reflect inclusive development strategies and effective governance. Positive trends in employment, gender participation, and inequality reduction offer a strong foundation for further progress.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 28 April 2025

Content: The ‘political trilemma’ and the crisis in the West The real Indian arbitrator needs to stand up Clean AI Gender and space The ‘political trilemma’ and the crisis in the West Context of Crisis Western democracies are facing crises marked by deepening polarisation, mistrust in democratic institutions, and rising populism. Countries are becoming more insular and protectionist. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Critically examine the relevance of Dani Rodrik’s political trilemma in the context of the current political crisis in the West. How does it impact democratic institutions and national sovereignty?” Rodrik’s Political Trilemma (2000) Dani Rodrik’s Political Trilemma explains the inherent conflict between three key objectives in global politics:Countries can only simultaneously achieve two of three goals: Democracy: The right of people to self-govern and make decisions through political processes. National Sovereignty: The ability of countries to independently manage their own economic policies and control their borders. Globalization: The increasing integration of global markets, international trade, and capital flows. Reality vs Theory The trilemma is no longer theoretical — it is actively playing out in the real world, especially in the West. First Combination: Democracy + Globalisation (EU Example) Sacrifice sovereignty to integrate economically (e.g., EU member nations). Led to economic success but also resentment over perceived loss of control and unequal economic gains. Rise of nationalism and far-right movements (e.g., Brexit). Second Combination: Globalisation + Sovereignty (Technocratic Governance) Sacrifice mass democracy by insulating economic policy from popular pressures (e.g., independent central banks, IMF interventions). Example: Kenya facing backlash against IMF-mandated fiscal reforms. Result: Erosion of both democracy and sovereignty, with limited benefits from globalisation. Third Combination: Democracy + Sovereignty (Restrict Globalisation) Limit globalisation while protecting national democracy and sovereignty. Example: India, China, and East Asian Tigers using selective globalisation with domestic control. Success in economic growth but often at the cost of political freedoms and openness. Backlash in the West Globalisation created winners and losers; many workers lost jobs to outsourcing. Populist leaders (e.g., Trump, Orbán, Wilders) have capitalised on economic grievances. Protectionism, immigration controls, and withdrawal from global initiatives have intensified. Current Relevance of Trilemma Countries cannot achieve all three — must make tough choices and trade-offs. Without careful navigation, risks include social unrest, weakened democracies, and economic decline. Conclusion A balanced approach is needed: spreading economic gains more equally and strengthening democratic responsiveness. Populism and dismantling institutions are not sustainable solutions. The real Indian arbitrator needs to stand up India’s growing economic prominence has led to a surge in domestic and cross-border commercial disputes, necessitating an effective mechanism for dispute resolution. While the country has adopted arbitration as a key alternative to overburdened judicial systems, the effectiveness of Indian arbitration remains largely dependent on the quality and expertise of its arbitrators. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ,Dispute Resolution ) , GS 3(Economic Development) Practice Question:“India has the potential to become a global hub for arbitration. Discuss the role of skilled arbitrators in achieving this goal and the challenges faced in developing a competent arbitration ecosystem in India.”(250 words) Economic Growth and Arbitration: India’s growing economy has resulted in more domestic and cross-border commerce, increasing the likelihood of commercial disputes. With an overburdened judicial system, arbitration becomes a vital alternative for resolving complex, time-sensitive disputes. The Role of Arbitrators: Arbitrators are central to the success of any arbitration system, as they influence procedural frameworks, timelines, and the quality of the final award. Arbitrators’ decisions are pivotal, as they can be contested in courts, making their credibility and efficiency key to India’s arbitration reputation. Overlooked Aspect: Development of Indian Arbitrators: While discussions about improving Indian arbitration usually focus on legislative reforms and judicial intervention, the focus on developing skilled arbitrators is missing. Indian arbitration is still underrepresented in international disputes, particularly those without any domestic element. Problematic Appointment Practices: India predominantly appoints retired Supreme Court or High Court judges as arbitrators, assuming their judicial experience will enhance arbitration quality. However, this practice has led to lengthy, expensive procedures that resemble court proceedings, resulting in poorly reasoned awards that are often overturned. Need for Specialized Arbitrators: Arbitrators must possess skills beyond legal knowledge, including dispute management, global best practices, and soft skills for cross-cultural deliberations. Training in arbitration-specific techniques, such as financial analysis and handling evidence, is essential to differentiate arbitration from traditional judicial proceedings. Improvements Needed in Indian Arbitration Ecosystem: Diversification: The pool of Indian arbitrators should include professionals from diverse fields (e.g., finance, technology, etc.), not just legal experts or retired judges. Rigorous Training: Arbitrators should undergo specialized training programs to enhance their skills and understanding of global arbitration standards. Cultural Shift: There is a need to elevate arbitration from being a secondary option to litigation, positioning it as a primary dispute resolution mechanism. Conclusion: For India to become a global arbitration hub, it must develop a strong, diverse, and well-trained community of arbitrators, who can deliver efficient and credible dispute resolutions. Only then can India secure its place in the international arbitration community. Clean AI The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in India promises significant economic benefits, but it also brings environmental challenges, particularly related to energy consumption. To harness AI’s potential sustainably, India must integrate renewable energy into its infrastructure and manufacturing practices. Relevance : GS Paper 3 (Technology, Economic Development) Practice Question:“Discuss the environmental challenges posed by the rapid expansion of Artificial Intelligence in India and suggest sustainable solutions to mitigate these impacts while pursuing technological growth.”(250 Words) Economic Gains vs. Environmental Costs: AI applications hold the potential to deliver significant economic benefits that may outweigh their environmental costs, primarily due to the increased energy demand from AI data centers. The IMF’s report emphasizes that AI’s benefits do not necessarily conflict with global sustainability efforts if renewable energy is used effectively. Renewable Energy as a Solution: Countries with advanced renewable energy infrastructure are better positioned to pursue AI ambitions with lower social and environmental costs. For India, it is essential to focus on incorporating renewable energy specifically for powering AI infrastructure, aligning with the government’s broader sustainability goals. IndiaAI Mission and Infrastructure: India’s AI infrastructure, supported by the IndiaAI Mission, has not yet reached a scale that significantly impacts the country’s energy mix. Nonetheless, there is a clear need for renewable energy adoption within India’s AI sector to ensure sustainable growth. Government Approach and Global Alignment: India has indicated its commitment to sustainable AI development through its AI Action Summit in Paris, which highlights the importance of renewable energy and eco-friendly practices in AI advancements. AI’s Energy Consumption and Global Impact: The United States’ AI infrastructure is already driving up electricity demand and prices; AI’s expansion could contribute to a 9% increase in electricity costs. Renewable energy sources can mitigate the rise in emissions caused by traditional energy methods, offering a solution to the growing energy demands of AI. Data Centers and Renewable Infrastructure: Data centers, which consume significant energy, can be designed with renewable energy infrastructure, such as solar cells, making them ideal candidates for sustainable energy practices. India has companies taking steps to integrate renewable energy into their data center operations, signaling a shift towards more sustainable AI growth. Nuclear Energy as a Complementary Source: Small modular reactors at data center clusters could further support sustainable energy use, complementing solar and other renewable sources, reducing emissions in the long term. Environmental Footprints Beyond Energy: AI’s environmental impact extends beyond electricity usage, including mineral mining, water consumption, and effluent production in electronics manufacturing. As India seeks to expand its electronics manufacturing sector, it must also address these environmental challenges to ensure sustainability. India’s Net Zero Target and AI: India’s net zero target by 2070 necessitates reducing emissions from conventional energy sources and managing the rise of energy-intensive industries like AI. Scaling up renewable energy in the AI sector will be critical to achieving this target while pursuing global competitiveness in technology. Gender and space The recent U.K. Supreme Court ruling on the definition of “woman” under the Equality Act 2010 has stirred a global debate on the rights of transgender individuals. It has raised important questions about the inclusion of transwomen in gender-specific spaces and the legal recognition of their identity. Relevance : GS Paper 2 (Governance, Social Justice) Practice Question :Critically analyze the implications of the recent U.K. Supreme Court ruling which excludes transwomen from the definition of “woman” under the Equality Act 2010. How can India’s legal framework better address the rights of transgender individuals while ensuring gender equality in public spaces?(250 Words) Rising Polarization on Gender Issues: The U.K. Supreme Court ruling has further polarized the debate on gender rights, particularly concerning transgender individuals. It restricts the definition of “woman” to biological females, excluding transwomen, even if they have undergone gender reassignment surgery and hold a gender recognition certificate. Legal Interpretations and Gender Recognition: The ruling limits the scope of the Equality Act 2010 by not recognizing transwomen as women, despite legal recognition of transgender individuals’ rights under the Gender Recognition Act 2004 for issues like marriage and social security. The court upheld that trans individuals are protected against discrimination but refused to extend the same rights for issues like participation in women’s-only spaces or events. Impact on Transgender Rights: Transgender advocates and supporters see this ruling as a setback for inclusion and equality, particularly in the context of gender-specific spaces like bathrooms, changing rooms, and sports. The debate is fueled further by the case of a trans woman being placed in a female prison after committing crimes before transitioning. Need for Inclusive Spaces: The judgment calls for unisex or neutral spaces to be provided for transgender individuals in various public and private institutions, including schools, hospitals, and offices. A clear mandate for such inclusive spaces needs to be established by bodies like the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) to protect transgender rights. Sports and Public Facilities: The ruling’s impact is significant in sports, where transwomen are banned from participating in women’s events in athletics, cycling, and aquatics. The ruling reinforces the exclusion of transgender women from certain competitions and facilities designated for biological women. Lessons from India’s Transgender Protection Law: India’s Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2019 highlights the importance of incorporating basic rights for trans people in legal frameworks to avoid more stringent restrictions or discrimination. India’s approach should factor in equal rights for transgender people without infringing on the rights of biological women. Broader Global Context: This ruling is part of a larger, ongoing global conversation on the rights of transgender individuals, particularly in terms of gender-specific spaces and protections under the law. It reflects the increasing tension between gender equality advocates and those emphasizing biological distinctions in law and policy.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 28 April 2025

Content: India’s AI compute conundrum Govt. brings cybercrime centre I4C under PMLA ISRO’s second short hot test of semicryogenic engine a success Philippines and U.S. test air defences as China seizes reef RNA-based antiviral offers strong defence against deadly agri virus  India’s AI compute conundrum Current Challenges in the IndiaAI Compute Mission Bureaucratic Hurdles: The ongoing empanelment process for AI compute providers creates administrative delays and obstacles for both providers and users. Qualification criteria for users, including the need for registration with government bodies and meeting revenue requirements, limit access for many potential users, especially startups. Bidding Process and Price Undercutting: The low-price bidding mechanism (up to 89% lower than the market rate) leads to compromises on quality and operational costs. Vendors are forced to operate with slim margins, restricting their ability to invest in R&D and innovate. Government Subsidies: Subsidies (up to 40%) stimulate demand but may create a false sense of market strength. The reduced prices could cap private demand for AI compute, leading to long-term inefficiencies. Relevance :GS 3(Science and Technology) Concerns with Sustainability of the Model Low Private Market Demand: The low demand for AI compute, particularly for Nvidia chips, is highlighted by the fact that only 25% of the demand for these chips comes from India. The current intervention may distort the market and limit the growth of private-sector demand for AI compute, leading to dependency on subsidies. Incentives for Compromising Quality: The bidding process encourages providers to cut corners, impacting the overall quality of services offered, which is not sustainable for long-term growth or innovation. Potential for Innovation and Market Growth Alternative Approaches: Startups like DeepSeek have succeeded without relying on government intervention, by avoiding bureaucratic hurdles and focusing on R&D. This shows that agility and independence in market functioning can lead to innovation and cost-effective solutions. Challenges to Innovation: Bureaucratic processes stifle innovation, as seen in the case of DeepSeek’s success, where operational freedom allowed them to create competitive AI models without facing delays or restrictions. Considerations for Building Sovereign Compute Infrastructure Short-Term vs Long-Term Sustainability: While the IndiaAI initiative aims to foster sovereign computing infrastructure, it is more focused on addressing India-specific use cases rather than developing globally competitive AI models. The lack of sufficient compute resources (19,000 GPUs) compared to global leaders like the US and China suggests a focus on domestic needs rather than becoming a leader in AI innovation. Potential Budget Utilization: There is concern that the ₹4,500 crore allocated to the IndiaAI compute mission over five years may remain underutilized if demand does not meet the subsidy criteria. Future Directions and Priorities Scaling Energy Infrastructure: As the demand for AI compute grows, the energy infrastructure must be scaled up to support this. Adapting to Market Shifts: The shift from training to inference in AI compute, which requires different types of chips, should be a priority. The market needs to remain agile, and interventions should not stifle this adaptability. Private Sector Role: Allowing the private sector to function freely and competitively is essential for innovation and ensuring the sustainability of the market post-IndiaAI mission. Conclusion Sovereign Computing Infrastructure: Building a sovereign compute infrastructure is a valid short-term goal, but its execution through subsidies and bureaucratic processes may hinder long-term market dynamics. Market Flexibility: To ensure sustainable growth and innovation, the government should reduce bureaucratic barriers and allow the private sector to compete freely, especially as the AI chip market evolves and competition increases Govt. brings cybercrime centre I4C under PMLA Objective of the Move Enhancing Cybercrime Detection: The inclusion of the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) will facilitate better coordination between I4C and the Enforcement Directorate (ED) in detecting the financial trail of cyberfrauds. Combating Cyberfrauds: The primary goal is to strengthen the government’s ability to detect, investigate, and prosecute cybercrimes, particularly those involving money laundering and financial frauds. Relevance :GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Technology) Implications of I4C’s Inclusion under PMLA Information Sharing: I4C can now share and receive vital information from the Enforcement Directorate and other law enforcement agencies, which enhances the collaborative efforts in tracking cybercrime networks. Targeting Masterminds: This move aims at not only identifying the perpetrators but also tracing the masterminds behind cyberfrauds by following the financial trail, which can often be the key to uncovering the full scope of the crime. Benefits of the Inclusion Stronger Legal Framework: By bringing I4C under the PMLA, the government ensures that the Centre can operate within a robust legal framework, strengthening its ability to act against cybercriminals. Improved Accountability: The enforcement of anti-money laundering laws ensures that cybercrime operations are dealt with severely, improving accountability among cybercriminals and potentially reducing the frequency of such crimes. Potential Challenges Coordination Between Agencies: While this move enhances information sharing, effective coordination between I4C, ED, and other law enforcement agencies is critical to prevent delays and ensure smooth operations. Overburdening Enforcement Agencies: The inclusion of I4C could potentially increase the workload of agencies like the Enforcement Directorate, requiring additional resources for tracking and investigating cyberfraud-related money laundering activities. Conclusion Strengthened Cybercrime Combat Mechanism: The government’s decision to bring I4C under PMLA is a positive step towards combating cybercrimes, particularly those related to financial fraud, by creating a more integrated and legally empowered cybercrime detection system. Need for Continued Monitoring: For the initiative to be fully effective, there needs to be continuous monitoring of inter-agency cooperation and timely resolution of cases, along with the necessary resource allocation to avoid overburdening the agencies involved. ISRO’s second short hot test of semicryogenic engine a success Significance of the Achievement Second Milestone: The successful completion of the second short-duration hot test on April 24 is a significant progression in ISRO’s semicryogenic engine development, following the first successful hot test conducted on March 28. Breakthrough: These tests mark a major step in ISRO’s ongoing efforts to develop and validate the semicryogenic engine, a crucial component for future space missions. Relevance : GS 3(Science,Technology ,Space) Details of the Test Test Duration and Conditions: The engine underwent a 3.5-second hot test, focusing on validating the engine’s start-up sequence. The test confirmed stable performance, operating the engine up to 60% of its rated power level. Critical Subsystems Evaluated: The test evaluated key subsystems, including low-pressure and high-pressure turbo pumps, pre-burner, and associated control systems, which are essential for the engine’s overall functioning. Outcomes and Next Steps Design Integrity Validation: The test provided crucial data on the design integrity of the engine systems, which is necessary for fine-tuning the operational sequencing for the full semicryogenic engine. Planned Future Tests: Further qualification tests are planned to comprehensively validate the engine’s performance, bringing it closer to being inducted into ISRO’s launch vehicles. Importance for ISRO’s Future Missions Semicryogenic Engine Development: The success of this hot test paves the way for the semicryogenic engine’s inclusion in ISRO’s upcoming missions, potentially enhancing the performance and capabilities of future launch vehicles. Induction into Launch Vehicles: Once fully validated, the semicryogenic engine will be a critical part of ISRO’s launch vehicles, offering greater efficiency and reliability for space missions. Parallel Launch Activities NISAR Satellite Launch: While the semicryogenic engine tests are ongoing, ISRO is also preparing for the launch of the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) satellite aboard the GSLV-F16. This demonstrates ISRO’s ability to handle multiple high-profile projects simultaneously, reinforcing its capability in space technology development. Conclusion Strategic Milestone: The successful test of the semicryogenic engine reinforces ISRO’s commitment to advancing its propulsion technology, ensuring it remains at the forefront of space exploration. Future Prospects: As qualification tests progress, the engine’s eventual integration into ISRO’s launch vehicles will enhance the country’s space mission capabilities, particularly for heavier payloads and more complex missions. Philippines and U.S. test air defences as China seizes reef Context of the Drills Integrated Defence Exercises: The Philippines and the U.S. conducted their first integrated defense drills, involving live-fire exercises, off the coast of northern Philippines, marking a significant step in their military cooperation. Balikatan Exercises: As many as 17,000 personnel participated in the annual “Balikatan” exercises, simulating a “full-scale battle scenario” aimed at enhancing the readiness and interoperability of both forces to deter external threats. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) China’s Assertive Action Seizure of Tiexian Reef: China’s coast guard reportedly seized control of Tiexian Reef (also known as Sandy Cay) in the Spratly Islands, a strategic location near Philippine-held Thitu Island (Pag-asa), which houses a Philippine military facility. Ongoing Confrontations: The Philippines and China have been in a prolonged confrontation over territorial claims in the South China Sea. China asserts nearly the entire area, despite an international ruling declaring its claim unlawful. Geopolitical Tensions Philippine- China Disputes: The seizure of the reef follows months of rising tensions, where Chinese military and civilian ships have been frequently spotted near Philippine-controlled territories. U.S.-Philippines Alliance: The U.S. continues to support the Philippines, emphasizing its commitment to defending Philippine territories under their mutual defense treaty, underscoring the strategic importance of the region in countering China’s expanding influence. Military Preparations and Reactions Live Fire Exercise: The live-fire drills conducted by the U.S. and Filipino forces demonstrated their readiness to defend against threats in the South China Sea, including potential Chinese aggression. Philippine Navy’s Monitoring: The Philippine Navy has been actively monitoring Chinese activities, including the sighting of Chinese warships near Philippine waters during the Balikatan exercises, signaling a heightened security alert. Strategic Significance of Tiexian Reef Geopolitical Importance: Tiexian Reef’s strategic location near Thitu Island gives China a foothold in the Spratly Islands, which is rich in natural resources and serves as a crucial maritime route. Risk of Escalation: China’s actions in the area risk escalating tensions further, especially with the Philippines’ military presence on nearby islands and growing support from the U.S. Philippine Government’s Response Delayed Official Reaction: While the Chinese claim over the reef was made public, the Philippine government has yet to issue a formal response, suggesting possible internal deliberations or diplomatic efforts to resolve the issue without direct confrontation. Chinese Presence and Military Strategy Continuous Chinese Military Presence: Chinese warships have been consistently spotted near Philippine-controlled areas, reflecting China’s ongoing military and strategic interests in asserting dominance over the South China Sea. Potential Implications for Regional Stability: The presence of Chinese forces near Philippine territory, coupled with the military drills, may heighten regional instability, with implications for other countries’ interests in the area. Broader Implications U.S. Commitment to Regional Security: The U.S. continues to demonstrate its commitment to defending its allies, particularly in light of growing Chinese assertiveness in the South China Sea. Tensions with China: The combination of China’s recent actions and the U.S.-Philippines defense cooperation signals a potential flashpoint for broader geopolitical and military tensions in the region, with global implications. Conclusion Escalating Tensions: The integration of U.S. and Filipino forces in defense drills is a clear message of resistance against Chinese expansion, while the seizure of Tiexian Reef adds another layer of complexity to the South China Sea dispute. Regional Stability at Risk: The evolving military dynamics, with heightened naval activity and defense drills, indicate a precarious balance of power in the South China Sea, threatening further instability in the region. RNA-based antiviral offers strong defence against deadly agri virus Impact of Plant Viruses on Agriculture Global Losses: Plant pests and diseases, including viruses, destroy nearly 40% of global crops annually, leading to over $220 billion in losses, with plant viruses contributing $30 billion each year. CMV’s Devastating Effect: Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) affects over 1,200 plant species, including key crops like cucumbers, pumpkins, and bananas, with infection rates reaching 70% in some crops. In India, CMV causes significant yield losses, particularly in banana plantations (25-30%). Relevance :GS 3(Science and Technology) Traditional Challenges in Virus Control Limited Control Options: Unlike bacterial or fungal infections, plant viruses cannot be controlled through traditional pesticides or fungicides. This creates a major challenge for farmers in protecting their crops from viral infections. Introduction of RNA-Based Technology RNA Silencing Mechanism: Plants have a natural defense mechanism called RNA silencing, where the plant’s immune system recognizes and destroys viral RNA. However, this process is not always effective due to rapid viral mutations. RNA-based Solutions: Researchers have been exploring RNA-based techniques, such as Host-Induced Gene Silencing (HIGS) and Spray-Induced Gene Silencing (SIGS), to enhance plant immunity against viruses. Development of “Effective dsRNA” Enhanced RNA Silencing: Researchers at Martin Luther University in Germany have developed a novel approach to RNA silencing by creating “effective dsRNA,” genetically engineered to be enriched with highly functional small interfering RNA (siRNA). This enhances the plant’s ability to target and destroy the viral RNA. Improved Targeting: This method provides a more precise and effective defense, focusing on the virus’s most vulnerable genetic regions, making it harder for the virus to mutate and evade the defense system. Field Trial Potential Lab Success: In laboratory tests, the effective dsRNA formulation showed an almost 80% reduction in viral load, with some plants achieving complete protection. The new method outperformed traditional dsRNA treatments, offering stronger, more durable immunity. Real-World Application: Researchers are working to translate their lab results into practical field applications by developing spray-based solutions and preparing for field trials to assess their performance under natural conditions. Challenges and Limitations Stability in Outdoor Conditions: RNA molecules degrade quickly in sunlight, rain, and soil microbes, which presents a significant challenge for outdoor use. Researchers are focusing on nanoparticle-based delivery systems to improve RNA stability. Cost and Scalability: While production costs are decreasing, large-scale application remains expensive. More innovation is needed to make RNA-based crop protection economically viable for farmers. Regulatory Hurdles: Regulatory approval is a key obstacle, with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency granting the first RNA-based crop protection product approval only in 2023. Approval processes in other countries, including India, may take longer. Broader Implications Cross-Disease Application: The principles of effective dsRNA technology can be extended to other plant viruses, such as tomato yellow leaf curl virus and potato virus Y. Additionally, researchers believe RNA-based methods could be used to target fungal, bacterial diseases, and insect pests. Future Potential: While RNA-based crop protection shows great promise, further development and testing are necessary to address the challenges of stability, cost, and regulatory approval before it becomes widely accessible to farmers. Conclusion Promising Solution: The development of RNA-based antiviral treatments, particularly the effective dsRNA (double-stranded RNA) approach, offers a significant step forward in plant virus protection, potentially revolutionizing how crops are safeguarded from viruses like CMV. Ongoing Research: Despite challenges, continued research and innovation in RNA delivery systems, scalability, and regulatory approvals are crucial to make these solutions practical for widespread agricultural use.

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