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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 26 November 2024

CONTENTS 2024 Index Report Assesses Pharmaceutical Efforts in Expanding Access to Medicine Satyendra Nath Bose Global Negotiations in Busan Aim to Forge Treaty on Ending Plastic Pollution Kanhirapoil Megalithic Site Reang Tribe 2024 Index Report Assesses Pharmaceutical Efforts in Expanding Access to Medicine Context: The Access to Medicine Foundation recently released its 2024 Index Report, which evaluates the efforts of pharmaceutical companies to improve access to medicines in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). This assessment highlights the various strategies and initiatives pharmaceutical companies are undertaking to address health care disparities despite persistent challenges. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Highlights of the Access to Medicine Index Report 2024 Needs and Challenges in Accessing Medicines in LMICs Highlights of the Access to Medicine Index Report 2024 Clinical Trial Disparities: Limited Representation: Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), which house 80% of the world’s population, only conduct 43% of global clinical trials. This restricts LMIC populations from participating in the development of new medicines and delays their access to innovative treatments. Distribution of Technology and Licenses: Concentration in Few Countries: Voluntary licensing and technology transfers are largely concentrated in countries like Brazil, China, and India, leaving regions like sub-Saharan Africa with limited access to medicines. Inclusive Business Models: Lack of Strategic Focus: While some pharmaceutical companies adopt inclusive business models, over 61% of products assessed do not have specific strategies targeting low-income countries, emphasizing ongoing inequalities. Research and Development Trends: Shifting Priorities: There is a noticeable decline in R&D investments for diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, and neglected tropical diseases that predominantly affect LMICs. Equity in Access: Call for Improvement: The report underscores the urgent need for pharmaceutical companies to enhance their efforts and develop transparent strategies for equitable access to medicines. Needs and Challenges in Accessing Medicines in LMICs Health Burdens: Dual Disease Burden: LMICs grapple with both infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which overload their fragile healthcare systems. WHO reports show 86% of premature NCD deaths occur in LMICs. Essential Healthcare Supplies: Need for Affordable Solutions: There is a critical need for affordable, high-quality medicines, diagnostics, and vaccines to tackle these challenges and reduce preventable mortality. Local Manufacturing: Strengthening Capabilities: Enhancing local pharmaceutical manufacturing and distribution networks is vital for ensuring a reliable supply of essential medicines and reducing dependency on imports. Economic and Infrastructure Barriers: High Costs and Poor Infrastructure: Economic barriers, such as the high cost of medications and out-of-pocket healthcare expenses, significantly hinder access. Additionally, inadequate transportation and cold chain facilities impair efficient medicine distribution, especially in rural areas. Regulatory and Supply Chain Issues: Regulatory Weaknesses: Weak regulatory frameworks lead to the proliferation of substandard and counterfeit medicines, compromising treatment efficacy and safety. Supply chain disruptions during crises further exacerbate medicine shortages. Focus of Pharmaceutical Innovation: Neglected Diseases: Pharmaceutical innovation often overlooks diseases that are prevalent in LMICs, such as maternal health and childhood illnesses, focusing instead on conditions more common in high-income countries. Healthcare Professional Shortage: Limited Medical Staff: A shortage of trained healthcare professionals in LMICs restricts appropriate prescription and medication management, especially in rural areas. Cultural and Educational Barriers: Low Health Literacy: Cultural beliefs and low health literacy levels complicate adherence to prescribed treatments, challenging efforts to ensure equitable access to essential medicines. -Source: The Hindu Satyendra Nath Bose Context: Recently, the centenary of ‘Bose-Einstein’ statistics was celebrated, honouring Satyendra Nath Bose’s groundbreaking work on particle indistinguishability.  His contributions laid the foundation for key advancements in quantum mechanics, including the Bose-Einstein Condensate, and continue to shape modern physics.  Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: About Satyendra Nath Bose Association with Einstein Invention of Boson Return to India About Satyendra Nath Bose Born on January 1, 1894, Bose grew up and studied in Kolkata, where he solidified his position as an exemplary academician. His father, an accountant in the Executive Engineering Department of the East Indian Railways, gave him an arithmetic problem to solve every day before going to work, encouraging Bose’s interest in mathematics. By the age of 15, he began pursuing a Bachelor of Science degree at the Presidency College, and later finished his MSc in Mixed Mathematics in 1915. Bose topped his class for both degrees and at 22, he was appointed as a lecturer at Calcutta University, along with astrophysicist Meghnad Saha. During World war I: These were tough times for Indian researchers as World War I had broken out and, European scientific journals came to India quite infrequently. Not only this, most of the research papers weren’t available in English and both Bose and Saha had to learn scientific terms in German and French languages to read published works. However, the new skill came in handy for them in 1919, when they published English translations of Albert Einstein’s special and general relativity papers. Two years later, Bose was appointed to the position of Reader in Physics at the University of Dhaka. It was here that he made his most significant contributions to physics. Association with Einstein While teaching Planck’s formula for the distribution of energy from black body radiation, Bose began questioning the way particles were counted — his basic argument was that one photon of light is not distinguishable from another of the same colour — and came up with his own derivation, instead of relying on classical electrodynamics like his predecessors. Bose first sent his findings, recorded in a paper titled Planck’s Law and the Hypothesis of Light Quanta, to a famous science journal called The Philosophical Magazine. However, the paper was rejected. Bose didn’t lose hope and made the bold decision of sending his research to Einstein. Impressed by Bose’s findings, Einstein not only arranged for the publication of the paper but also translated it into German. The publication of the paper completely changed the Indian physicist’s life and career. He was soon granted study leave from his university for two years and allowed to visit Europe. During his trip, Bose got an opportunity to meet other famous scientists of that era, such as Paul Langevin and Madame Curie. Invention of Boson He went on to work with Einstein and together they developed what is now known as the Bose-Einstein statistics. Today, in honour of his legacy, any particle that obeys the Bose-Einstein statistics is called a boson. On his 129th birth anniversary, we take a look at the Indian physicist’s illustrious legacy and stellar achievements. Return to India After his two-year stay in Europe, Bose came back to India and was appointed professor of physics and then Head of Department at Dhaka University in 1927. Here, he completely devoted himself to teaching and guiding research. Bose designed equipment for setting up an X-ray crystallography laboratory at the university, and wrote several papers on a range of subjects, such as ‘D2 Statistics’, and ‘Total Reflection of Electromagnetic Waves in the Ionosphere’. In 1945, he left Dhaka to return to his alma mater, the University of Calcutta, as the Khaira Professor of Physics. He retired from the University of Calcutta in 1956 and spent a year as the Vice Chancellor at the Viswa-Bharati University. Bose was awarded Padma Vibhushan, one of the highest civilian awards in the country, by the Indian government in 1954 and five years later, was appointed as National Professor, the highest honour in India for scholars. He lived the remainder of his life in Kolkata, until his death in 1974. -Source: Indian Express Global Negotiations in Busan Aim to Forge Treaty on Ending Plastic Pollution Context: In a significant step toward global environmental governance, representatives from over 170 countries are convening in Busan, South Korea, for the fifth and final round of negotiations aimed at establishing a legally binding treaty to combat plastic pollution, including its detrimental effects on marine environments. This initiative follows a commitment made during the 2022 UN Environmental Assembly, which set a goal to finalize the treaty by the end of 2024. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Background on Global Plastic Treaty Efforts Urgency for a Global Plastic Treaty India’s Position on the Treaty Background on Global Plastic Treaty Efforts UNEA Resolution 2022: Initiated the process to combat plastic pollution globally, setting up an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) tasked with creating a legally binding instrument to regulate plastic production and usage. Global Agreement: By 2022, 175 nations committed to forging a legally binding agreement by 2024, aiming to mitigate the environmental impact of plastics. Urgency for a Global Plastic Treaty Rising Production: Plastic production has surged, with forecasts suggesting a jump to 700 million tonnes by 2040. Environmental Impact: With plastic taking up to 500 years to decompose and less than 10% currently recycled, waste is escalating, significantly harming ecosystems and human health. Emissions Concerns: Plastics contributed 3.6% to global emissions in 2020, a figure that could rise by 2050 under current trends. India’s Contribution: Notably, India leads with 20% of global plastic emissions. Negotiation Dynamics Scope of Negotiations: The focus is to develop comprehensive regulations that cover the entire lifecycle of plastics, from production to disposal. Key Proposals: Proposals include banning certain plastics, implementing binding recycling targets, and regulating chemical additives. Just Transition: There is a concerted effort to ensure that the transition impacts workers and communities fairly, supporting those affected by changes in the plastic production sector. Divergent National Views Production Cap Controversy: There is a divide among nations, with some oil and gas-rich countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran, Russia, and India opposing strict caps on production. They prefer focusing on enhancing waste management. Support for Stringent Measures: Countries like Rwanda, Peru, and the EU are pushing for ambitious targets to reduce pollution drastically. India’s Position on the Treaty Opposition to Production Limits: India contends that restrictions on polymer production go beyond the initial mandate set by the UNEA resolution. Advocacy for Support: India stresses the importance of financial aid, technology transfers, and technical support as central elements of the treaty. Regulatory Approach: India argues for a scientific basis in deciding on harmful chemicals in plastics, preferring to manage such issues domestically. Pragmatic Phase-Out: While India implemented a ban on certain single-use plastics in 2022, it advocates for a pragmatic, nationally-driven phase-out strategy in the treaty. Infrastructure and Financial Mechanisms: Emphasizes the need for a clear assessment of infrastructure needs and reliable funding for effective waste management. -Source: The Hindu Kanhirapoil Megalithic Site Context: A remarkable archaeological discovery has come to light at Kanhirapoil in Madikkai panchayat in Kerala state and experts believe these carvings date back to the Megalithic period. Relevance: GS I: History Kanhirapoil Megalithic Site in Kerala Location and Discovery: The Kanhirapoil megalithic site is situated in Kerala, where significant prehistoric carvings were discovered on private property. Major Archaeological Findings: Carved Footprints: Researchers have uncovered 24 pairs of footprints carved into rock, with sizes ranging from six to ten inches, indicating the presence of both children and adults. Human Figure and Pits: Alongside the footprints, a detailed human figure is etched, surrounded by four circular pits, suggesting a ceremonial or symbolic purpose. Tool Marks: The carvings were made using iron tools, pointing to sophisticated craftsmanship of the era. Similarities with Other Sites: The carvings show resemblances to prehistoric rock art at Avalakki Pera in Udupi district, Karnataka, highlighting cultural connections or common artistic traditions across regions. Insights into Megaliths Types of Megalithic Structures: Burial Sites: Often include dolmenoid cists (stone burial chambers), cairn circles (stone-built enclosures), and distinctive capstones (mushroom-shaped burial chambers prevalent in Kerala). Commemorative Memorials: Non-sepulchral megaliths such as menhirs, which are large upright stones. Historical Context and Distribution: Time Period: Most megaliths in India are dated to the Iron Age, roughly between 1500 BC and 500 BC. Geographical Spread: These ancient structures are primarily found in Maharashtra (Vidarbha region), Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana, indicating a widespread megalithic culture in peninsular India. -Source: The Hindu Reang Tribe Context: The ethnic Reang community has demanded that Tripura declare a holiday on Hojagiri Day, which celebrates the traditional Hojagiri dance. Relevance: GS I: History Reang Tribe Known locally as “Bru,” the Reang tribe is the second-largest tribal community in Tripura, following the old Tripuri clan. They are classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) in Tripura. Besides Tripura, Reangs are also present in neighboring Mizoram and parts of Assam. Historical Background Originating from the Shan State in Upper Burma (now Myanmar), the Reangs migrated in various waves to the Chittagang Hill Tracts and subsequently to southern Tripura. A distinct group migrated to Tripura via Assam and Mizoram in the 18th century. Ethnicity and Language: The Reangs belong to the Indo-Mongoloid racial stock. Their language, Kaubru, influences the Kuki language and is part of the broader Kok-Borok dialect within the Tibeto-Burmese linguistic family. Cultural and Social Structure Clan Division: Ethnically divided into two major clans, Meska and Molsoi. Governance: They maintain a rigid, well-ordered, and structured self-governing system. Economic Practices: Historically, they engaged in ‘Huk’ or Jhum cultivation, a form typical among Tripuri tribes, but have now transitioned to modern agricultural practices. Religious Beliefs and Practices Current Faith: The majority of Reangs in Tripura adhere to Hinduism, worshiping gods and goddesses similar to those in mainstream Hindu faith. Deities: They worship several local deities, including Buraha, Bonirao, Songragma, Jampira, and Lampra. Cultural Contributions Hojagiri Folk Dance: The Hojagiri folk dance of the Reang clan has gained significant acclaim globally, showcasing their rich cultural heritage. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 25 November 2024

CONTENTS Compressed Biogas Jobs at Your Doorstep Report  Compressed Biogas Context: India’s first modern, self-sufficient gaushala with a state-of-the-art Compressed Biogas (CBG) plant was launched in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. Relevance: GS III: Energy Overview of Compressed Biogas (CBG) Compressed Biogas primarily consists of methane and is a mixture of various hydrocarbon gases. It is produced through the anaerobic decomposition of organic materials such as animal and plant waste. The resultant biogas is then purified and compressed for practical applications. Applications and Benefits: Similarity to CNG: CBG possesses a calorific value and other properties akin to Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), making it a suitable alternative as a green, renewable automotive fuel. Substitute for CNG: Given the abundant availability of biomass in the country, CBG can effectively replace CNG in automotive, industrial, and commercial sectors. Commercial Scale Benefits: Reduction in Imports: Utilizing CBG can decrease the import dependency on natural gas and crude oil, promoting energy self-sufficiency. Waste to Wealth: The conversion of agricultural residues, cattle dung, and municipal solid waste (MSW) into CBG can significantly reduce emissions and pollution, transforming waste into a valuable resource. Climate Change Mitigation: This conversion supports national commitments to climate change goals by lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Economic and Social Benefits: The production of CBG can provide additional revenue sources for farmers, create rural employment opportunities, and improve the rural economy. Energy Security: Producing CBG locally provides a buffer against the volatility in crude oil and gas prices, enhancing national energy security. Support for Swachh Bharat Mission: CBG production aligns with the Swachh Bharat Mission by promoting responsible waste management and contributing to cleaner environments. Jobs at Your Doorstep Report Context: Recently, the Union Minister for Education along with the Minister of Labour and Employment and Youth Affairs launched a World Bank’s report titled Jobs at Your Doorstep: A Jobs Diagnostics for Young People in Six States, at an event in New Delhi. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Jobs at Your Doorstep Report Purpose and Scope: Diagnostic and Roadmap Tool: The “Jobs at Your Doorstep” report functions as both a diagnostic tool and a roadmap, aiming to create strategic linkages between education and India’s employment objectives. Focus on Six States: The report delves into the job landscape of six Indian states—Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, and Rajasthan. It identifies key sectors and roles with high employment potential for young individuals graduating from secondary schools. Key Findings and Strategies: Skills Gap Analysis: The report conducts a skills gap analysis to align the educational trades offered in schools with the industry-specific needs of the districts where these schools are located. Skill-Based Education Promotion: It emphasizes the substantial benefits of integrating skill-based education from classes 9 to 12, preparing students for diverse career paths using a bottom-up approach. Research and Implementation: Research-Driven Approach: Initiated to reimagine skill education, the study is based on comprehensive primary and secondary research across the six STARS states. About the STARS Scheme Implementation and Support: Duration and Management: The STARS scheme was activated in 2021 and is set to continue through the fiscal year 2024-25. It falls under the Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Education, with financial backing from the World Bank. Target States: Implementation is focused on the same six states mentioned in the report—Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Kerala. These states receive support for various interventions aimed at enhancing the quality of education. Origin and Focus: The STARS project is derived from the Samagra Shiksha initiative but focuses specifically on components of the scheme that most directly bolster school education quality.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 25 November 2024

Contents: India’s urban infrastructure financing, needs and reality Soak the Rich? Won’t Help the Poor India’s Urban Infrastructure Financing, Needs and Reality Relevance : GS 1 (Society ), GS 2 (Social Justice ) Practice question :What are the major financial challenges faced by India’s urban infrastructure development? Suggest key measures to address these challenges. (250 words ) Context: Urban Population Growth India’s urban population will double from 400 million to 800 million in three decades. This growth presents a chance to transform urban landscapes but also brings significant financial hurdles. Financial Requirements Estimated Need: ₹70 lakh crore by 2036 for urban infrastructure. Current Investment: ₹1.3 lakh crore annually (2018), only about 28% of the required ₹4.6 lakh crore per year. Allocation: 50% for basic urban services, 50% for urban transport. Issues at the Local Level Municipal Finance: Stagnant at 1% of GDP since 2002. Municipal bodies contribute 45% of urban investments; the rest managed by parastatal agencies. Increase in central and State transfers (37% to 44%) hasn’t significantly improved financial health. Decline in municipalities’ own revenue sources (51% to 43%). Collection Inefficiencies: ULBs like Bengaluru and Jaipur collect only 5%-20% of potential tax revenue. Property tax collection is very low (₹25,000 crore, 0.15% of GDP). Cost recovery for services is only 20%-50%. Low Absorptive Capacity: 23% of total municipal revenue unspent. Major cities like Hyderabad and Chennai spent only 50% of their capital expenditure budgets (2018-19). Central scheme fund utilization is low (AMRUT at 80%, Smart Cities Mission at 70%). Decline in Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) Trend: Significant decline from ₹8,353 crore in 2012 to ₹467 crore by 2018. Challenges: Viability depends on project-specific revenues, affecting commercial attractiveness. Recommendations for Reform Long-Term Measures Structural Reform: Strengthen State finance commissions. Enhance municipal governments’ financial and administrative autonomy. Attract private capital through debt borrowing and municipal bonds. Medium-Term Measures Project Pipeline Development: Create a pipeline of 600-800 projects to meet the ₹70 lakh crore investment requirement.Potentially 250-300 PPP projects annually. Decouple Project Preparation from Financial Assistance:Ensure financial, social, and environmental sustainability of projects. Leverage Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI):Modernise urban service delivery, especially in public transport. Capture Land Value in Transport Projects:Integrate metro and rail projects with urban development to bring jobs closer to transit hubs and improve city efficiency. Conclusion:  Addressing financial and structural challenges is critical for sustainable urban development. Soak the Rich? Won’t Help the Poor Relevance :GS 2 (Social Justice ),  GS 3 (Economy ) Practice Question : Discuss the effectiveness of investing in education and healthcare to promote economic growth compared to direct wealth redistribution. Use examples and data to support your argument. Redistribution of Wealth Won’t Solve Inequality Historical Evidence: Redistribution through land reforms or high taxes has not sustainably reduced inequality. Examples: Post-revolutionary France and Soviet Russia saw short-term upheavals without long-term stability or equality. Economic Participation is Key Broadening Participation: Access to education, healthcare, and employment creates sustainable growth. Examples: Post-WWII investments in South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan led to rapid economic growth and poverty reduction. South Korea: GDP per capita grew from $100 in 1960 to over $32,000 in 2020. Private Property and Economic Growth Investment and Innovation: Strong property rights drive prosperity. Data: Countries with strong property rights (e.g., Singapore, Switzerland) have higher incomes and lower inequality. Limited Relevance of Land Reform in Modern Economies Feudal Systems: Relevant in agrarian economies, but insufficient for modern economies. India: 1950s-1970s land reforms reduced landlessness but did not solve deeper inequality. 2022 Data: 27% of 170,000 suicides in India were related to debt and land distress. High Taxes on the Rich Discouraging Investment: May lead to capital flight and reduced growth. Example: France’s 75% wealth tax (2013-2017) caused exodus of high-net-worth individuals and reduced investment. Education, Healthcare, and Inclusive Growth Reducing Inequality: Investments in these areas increase productivity. South Korea: Universal education and public healthcare helped transform the economy. Vietnam: Investments since the 1980s reduced poverty from 75% (1988) to 6% (2020). Inequality and Poverty Statistics India (2022): 27% of suicides related to financial distress. China: Economic opportunities and education reforms lifted over 850 million people out of poverty since 1981. Global Poverty Rates: Declined from 36% (1990) to 9% (2021) due to growth-focused reforms. Conclusion Redistribution: Not a long-term solution to inequality. Economic Opportunities: Expanding education and healthcare are key drivers of prosperity and equality.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 25 November 2024

CONTENTS Diabetes Air quality index NASA Data Shows Significant Decline in Earth’s Freshwater Levels ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) Anti-Personnel Landmines Convention Diabetes Context: On International Diabetes Day (November 14), a paper published in The Lancet, based on a global study, recorded over 800 million adults living with diabetes, with more than half not receiving treatment. According to the study, the total number of adults living with either Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes in the world has surpassed 800 million — over four times the total number in 1990. Of this, over a quarter (212 million) live in India, with another 148 million in China. The estimate came as a bit of a shock, because the last scientific countrywide estimate by the Indian Council of Medical Research-INDIAB study last year had pegged the number at slightly over 100 million. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: What is Diabetes? Key Issues & Discrepancies in Diabetes Studies Major Concerns in India’s Diabetes Epidemic Strategies for Mitigating Diabetes Impact Role of Individual Actions Government Interventions Conclusion What is Diabetes? Chronic Disease: Diabetes is a chronic condition characterized by elevated blood sugar levels, resulting from the pancreas’s inability to produce insulin or the body’s ineffective use of the insulin it produces. Role of Insulin: Insulin is a hormone responsible for regulating blood glucose levels. Consequences of Insufficient Insulin: Inadequate insulin production or utilization leads to hyperglycemia, or high glucose levels in the blood, which can cause long-term damage to various organs and tissues. Health Complications: Diabetes is associated with severe health complications, including blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke, and lower limb amputation. Different Types of Diabetes: Type 1 Diabetes: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks and destroys cells in the pancreas responsible for insulin production. It affects about 10 percent of people with diabetes, and the exact cause of this autoimmune attack is unclear. Type 2 Diabetes: Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin, leading to the accumulation of sugar in the blood. It is influenced by a combination of genetic predisposition and lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity. Pre-diabetes: Pre-diabetes is a condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. It serves as a warning sign for the development of diabetes if lifestyle changes are not made. Gestational Diabetes: Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar levels that occur during pregnancy. Insulin-blocking hormones produced by the placenta cause this type of diabetes, which usually resolves after childbirth. Key Issues & Discrepancies in Diabetes Studies Testing Methodologies Lancet Study: Utilized HbA1C (glycated haemoglobin) values, recognized globally for diagnosing diabetes. ICMR Study: Employed fasting and post-prandial glucose tests, typically showing lower diabetes prevalence. Impact of HbA1C: This method may inflate diabetes statistics due to age and anemia affecting results. Variability in Data Sources Data Collection: Differences stem from varied data sources and methodologies across studies, influencing outcomes and interpretations. Major Concerns in India’s Diabetes Epidemic Increasing Prevalence Factors: Urbanization, dietary changes, and rising obesity levels contribute to growing diabetes cases. Health Risks: Diabetes heightens the risk of severe health issues, including heart disease, kidney failure, and vision loss. Treatment Inequity Access Issues: Diabetes care is disproportionately limited in low- and middle-income areas. Healthcare Strain: Without effective intervention, the burden on healthcare systems could overwhelm resources. Strategies for Mitigating Diabetes Impact Prevention Initiatives Public Awareness: Campaigns to encourage healthier lifestyles and diet choices. Regulatory Measures: Legislation to limit sugary drinks and unhealthy foods. Targeted Interventions: Tackling abdominal obesity, particularly prevalent in Indian populations. Support for Vulnerable Populations Education for Women: Focus on dietary and lifestyle adjustments post-pregnancy and during menopause. Improved Healthcare Access: Enhancing medical facilities in underserved areas. Role of Individual Actions Lifestyle Modifications Mindful Eating and Activity: Encouraging regular exercise and thoughtful dietary habits. Obesity Reduction: Emphasis on balanced diets and portion control. Dietary Awareness Education on Diet Impact: Understanding the role of diet in escalating diabetes prevalence. Government Interventions Policy and Infrastructure Nutritional Policies: Making healthy foods more accessible and affordable, including subsidizing nutritious options. Development of Public Amenities: Building parks, fitness centers, and promoting pedestrian-friendly urban spaces. Conclusion Collaborative Approach: Addressing India’s diabetes challenge requires concerted efforts from all sectors of society. Prevention Focus: Emphasizing preventive measures to curb the spread and impact of diabetes is crucial for sustainable health outcomes. -Source: The Hindu Air quality index Context: Air quality index (AQI), according to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), is a measure of the concentration of eight pollutants — particulate matter (PM)10, PM2.5, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), ammonia (NH3), and lead (Pb) — in the air at a monitoring location. A sub-index is calculated for each of these pollutants (not all may be measured at every station); and the worst among them is the AQI for that location. So, AQI transforms complex air quality data into an index we can understand. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: About Air Quality Index About National Ambient Air Quality Standards Delhi’s Uninhabitability Due to Air Pollution About Air Quality Index National Air Quality Index was launched by the Prime Minister in April, 2015 starting with 14 cities to disseminate air quality information. The AQI has six categories of air quality, viz Good, Satisfactory, Moderately Polluted, Poor, Very Poor and Severe with distinct colour scheme. Each of these categories is associated with likely health impacts. AQI considers eight pollutants (PM10, PM 2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3, NH3 and Pb) for which (up to 24-hourly averaging period) National Ambient Air Quality Standards are prescribed. About National Ambient Air Quality Standards: The mandate provided to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act empowers it to set standards for the quality of air. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) were notified in the year 1982, duly revised in 1994 based on health criteria and land uses. The NAAQS have been revisited and revised in November 2009 for 12 pollutants, which include Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Particulate matter having size less than 10 micron (PM10), Particulate matter having size less than 2.5 micron (PM2.5), Ozone, Lead, Carbon monoxide (CO), Arsenic, Nickel, Benzene, Ammonia, Benzopyrene Delhi’s Uninhabitability Due to Air Pollution Overview Problem Introduction: Delhi faces severe uninhabitability issues due to extreme air pollution in winter (October-February) and oppressive heat waves in summer (April-June). This analysis focuses on air pollution, specifically PM2.5 particles, which are detrimental as they penetrate deep into the lungs. Air Quality Analysis Data Presentation: Over seven years (2017-2023), Delhi experienced merely two days of “healthy” air annually, with over half the year marked by air quality unfit for breathing. Lockdown Observation: Even during the 2020 lockdown, air quality showed only marginal improvement, indicating systemic issues. Misconceptions and Realities Stubble Burning Impact: November data shows that even without stubble burning, Delhi’s air quality would still not meet the “very poor” standards. This points to stubble burning as a scapegoat used by political factions to avoid addressing core issues. Internal Pollution Sources Major Contributors: An extensive 2023 report identifies local sources as half of Delhi’s PM2.5 pollution during winter, with vehicles contributing 58% through exhaust and mechanical wear. Seasonal Worsening in Winters Meteorological Effects: Pollutant concentration is influenced by lower temperatures, reduced wind speed, and lack of rain in winter, trapping pollutants near the ground. Health Impacts WHO Findings: Air pollution impacts nearly every organ, with PM2.5 and PM10 causing systemic inflammation and potential carcinogenic effects. Local Death Rates: Studies indicate a higher rate of deaths due to ambient PM pollution in Delhi compared to the national average, highlighting severe health risks. Socioeconomic Disparities Class-Based Impact: The poorer communities, like children from less affluent neighborhoods, are exposed to significantly higher levels of PM2.5, potentially reducing life expectancy compared to their wealthier counterparts. -Source: The Hindu NASA Data Shows Significant Decline in Earth’s Freshwater Levels Context: Recent observations from NASA and the German Aerospace Center’s GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellites indicate a concerning trend: a significant decline in Earth’s total freshwater levels since 2014. This decline points to pressing global water security issues, highlighting the impacts of climate change and increased water usage on freshwater resources. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Status of Decline in Freshwater Reserves Causes for the Decline in Freshwater Levels Implications of Freshwater Decline Status of Decline in Freshwater Reserves Global Overview: Reduction in Freshwater Storage: Between 2015 and 2023, freshwater storage on land, including lakes, rivers, and groundwater, decreased by 1,200 cubic kilometers. Degrading Water Systems: Over half of all nations report deteriorating freshwater systems, with more than 400 river basins seeing reduced water flow, notably the Congo Basin. Historical Dryness: The year 2023 was recorded as the driest year in over three decades for rivers worldwide by the World Meteorological Organization, intensifying the global freshwater crisis. India’s Freshwater Challenges: Disproportionate Resource Distribution: Despite housing 18% of the world’s population, India controls only 4% of global freshwater resources and 2.4% of the Earth’s surface area. River Pollution and Reservoir Depletion: About half of India’s rivers are polluted, and over 150 main reservoirs operate at merely 38% capacity, contributing to a severe national water crisis. Water Stress: According to the 2018 Composite Water Management Index by NITI Aayog, around 600 million Indians face high to extreme water stress. Groundwater Depletion: Critical water table declines are prevalent in agricultural regions like Punjab and Haryana due to excessive groundwater use for irrigation and household needs. Drought Prone Areas: Regions such as Rajasthan, Maharashtra, and Gujarat frequently experience droughts, exacerbating the depletion of already strained water reserves. Causes for the Decline in Freshwater Levels Global Factors: El Niño Impact: The significant 2014-2016 El Niño event disrupted global rainfall patterns, influencing drought conditions. Climate Change Effects: Climate change has led to irregular and uneven rainfall, increased evaporation rates, and more intense drought conditions by altering atmospheric water-holding capacities. Soil and Ecosystem Degradation: Intense precipitation leading to surface runoff, soil compaction during dry periods, and the destruction of ecosystems like wetlands and forests diminish land’s water retention capacity. Deforestation Impact: Forest loss contributes to soil erosion, hindering the land’s ability to absorb rainwater and replenish water bodies. Regional and Sectoral Strains: Agricultural Demand: Agriculture uses 70% of the world’s accessible freshwater, but inefficient irrigation and water-intensive crops exacerbate water wastage. Groundwater Over-Extraction: In areas with scant rainfall, the heavy reliance on groundwater for irrigation leads to its rapid depletion as usage outpaces natural replenishment. Industrial and Urban Pressure: Industries and urban centers heavily reliant on groundwater further stress water resources. Pollution from Wastewater: Industrial waste and untreated wastewater contribute significantly to the pollution of water bodies, affecting both water quality and availability over the long term. Implications of Freshwater Decline Biodiversity and Ecosystems: Species Decline: According to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), there has been an 84% reduction in freshwater species since 1970 due to habitat loss, pollution, and barriers such as dams. Ecosystem Instability: These adverse factors disrupt ecosystems, endangering biodiversity and the critical services they provide. Social and Economic Impact: Increased Vulnerability: The 2024 UN report on water stress indicates that diminishing water availability places substantial stress on farmers and communities, potentially leading to famine, conflicts, poverty, and a heightened risk of waterborne diseases. Economic Constraints: Industries face operational challenges due to water scarcity, which stunts economic development and constrains job creation. By 2025, it’s projected that 1.8 billion people will face absolute water scarcity, exacerbated by rapid population growth, inefficient water use, and inadequate governance. Urban Water Crisis: Major Indian cities like Chennai and Bengaluru have experienced acute water shortages, disrupting daily life and inflating costs related to water transport and management. Environmental Services: Nutrient Cycling and Productivity: Freshwater ecosystems are crucial for nutrient cycling, which enhances agricultural productivity. Wetlands also play a key role in flood mitigation and bolstering climate resilience. Service Degradation: The deterioration of these ecosystems compromises vital environmental services, undermining both environmental and community stability. Geopolitical Tensions: International Disputes: Over 60% of the world’s freshwater is shared across international borders, making resource decline a potential catalyst for disputes over water rights and usage. Regional Conflicts: Water scarcity has fueled political tensions, such as the Nile River dispute involving Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia, centered around Ethiopia’s Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam which threatens Egypt’s water supply. Domestic Disputes: In India, water sharing disputes like those under the Indus Water Treaty with Pakistan and conflicts over the Cauvery and Krishna rivers contribute to sustained inter-state tensions. Technological Strain: Impact on AI Infrastructure: The decline in freshwater resources also affects Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, which require significant amounts of water for cooling data centers. It is estimated that by 2027, AI will consume between 4.2 to 6.6 billion cubic meters of water annually, further straining limited water supplies. -Source: Business Standards ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus Context: The Union Defence Minister engaged in a series of high-level discussions with counterparts from the United States, Japan, and the Philippines during the 11th ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus (ADMM-Plus) held in Vientiane, Laos. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus (ADMM-Plus) About Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus (ADMM-Plus) ADMM-Plus is a collaborative platform that includes ASEAN and its eight Dialogue Partners: Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Russia, and the United States. The forum was established to enhance security and defense cooperation to promote peace, stability, and development within the region.  The first ADMM-Plus meeting took place in Ha Noi, Vietnam, on October 12, 2010. Meeting Frequency and Context: Annual Meetings: Since 2017, the ADMM-Plus convenes annually, facilitating ongoing dialogue and cooperation amid an increasingly complex regional security landscape. Objectives of ADMM-Plus: Capacity Building: To assist ASEAN Member States in developing capabilities to address shared security challenges, taking into account the varying capacities across different members. Trust and Transparency: To foster mutual trust and confidence among defense establishments through enhanced dialogue and transparency. Regional Peace and Stability: To strengthen regional peace and stability by cooperating on defense and security matters, particularly in response to transnational security issues. ASEAN Security Community: To contribute toward the realization of an ASEAN Security Community, as envisioned in Bali Concord II, aiming for peace, stability, democracy, and prosperity in the region where ASEAN members coexist peacefully both internally and with the global community. Support for the Vientiane Action Programme: To help implement the Vientiane Action Programme which encourages ASEAN to cultivate a peaceful, secure, and prosperous environment and to pursue more extensive external relations with international partners. About Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a regional intergovernmental organization comprising Ten Countries in Southeast Asia. Members of ASEAN Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Brunei Vietnam Laos Myanmar Cambodia ASEAN’s Objectives: To promote intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic, political, security, military, educational, and sociocultural integration among its members and other countries in Asia. To maintain close and beneficial cooperation with existing international and regional organisations. To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter. To accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development for a prosperous and peaceful community of Southeast Asian Nations. A major partner of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, ASEAN maintains a global network of alliances and dialogue partners and is considered by many as the central union for cooperation in Asia-Pacific. The motto of ASEAN is “One Vision, One Identity, One Community”. ASEAN is headquartered in Jakarta, Indonesia. 8th August is observed as ASEAN Day. In 1967 ASEAN was established with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by its founding fathers: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Chairmanship of ASEAN rotates annually, based on the alphabetical order of the English names of Member States. ASEAN is the 3rd largest market in the world – larger than EU and North American markets. ASEAN Plus Three ASEAN Plus Three is a forum that functions as a coordinator of co-operation between the ASEAN and the three East Asian nations of China, South Korea, and Japan. ASEAN Plus Six further integration to improve existing ties of Southeast Asia was done by the larger East Asia Summit (EAS), which included ASEAN Plus Three as well as India, Australia, and New Zealand. The group became ASEAN Plus Six with Australia, New Zealand, and India, and stands as the linchpin of Asia Pacific’s economic, political, security, socio-cultural architecture, as well as the global economy. This group acted as a prerequisite for the planned East Asia Community which was supposedly patterned after the European Community (now transformed into the European Union). ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA) The ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement was signed and entered into force in 2010. Under the Agreement, ASEAN Member States and India have agreed to open their respective markets by progressively reducing and eliminating duties on more than 75% coverage of goods. ASEAN-India Trade in Services Agreement (AITISA) The ASEAN-India Trade in Services Agreement was signed in 2014. It contains provisions on transparency, domestic regulations, recognition, market access, national treatment and dispute settlement. ASEAN-India Investment Agreement (AIIA) The ASEAN-India Investment Agreement was signed in 2014. The Investment Agreement stipulates protection of investment to ensure fair and equitable treatment for investors, non-discriminatory treatment in expropriation or nationalisation as well as fair compensation. ASEAN-India Free Trade Area (AIFTA) The ASEAN–India Free Trade Area (AIFTA) is a free trade area among the ten member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and India. The free trade area came into effect in 2010. The ASEAN–India Free Area emerged from a mutual interest of both parties to expand their economic ties in the Asia-Pacific region. India’s Look East policy was reciprocated by similar interests of many ASEAN countries to expand their interactions westward. The signing of the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement paves the way for the creation of one of the world’s largest FTAs – a market of almost 1.8 billion people with a combined GDP of US $ 2.8 trillion. The AIFTA will see tariff liberalisation of over 90% of products traded between the two dynamic regions, including the so-called “special products,” such as palm oil (crude and refined), coffee, black tea and pepper. -Source: The Hindu Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) Context: India’s Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI), a major player in the country’s renewable energy sector, is currently facing bribery allegations. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) Ltd Establishment and Control: Central Public Sector Undertaking (CPSU): SECI is a premier CPSU focused on the development and expansion of Renewable Energy (RE) capacity in India. Foundational Purpose: It was established to facilitate the implementation of the National Solar Mission. Administrative Oversight: SECI operates under the administrative control of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). Incorporation Details: It was incorporated in 2011 as a not-for-profit company under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956, and transitioned to a commercial entity in 2015 under Section 3 of the Companies Act, 2013. Vision and Role: Vision: SECI aims to build a ‘Green India’ by harnessing the country’s abundant solar radiation and achieving energy security. Unique Position: It is the only CPSU dedicated entirely to the renewable energy sector. Project Implementation: SECI acts as an implementing agency for the development of Solar, Wind, and Hybrid Projects, contributing to the fulfillment of India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under global climate agreements. Operational Scope and Achievements: Project Development: SECI undertakes solar project development on a turnkey basis for various PSUs and government departments. Power Trading: The company holds a power trading license and engages in the trading of solar power generated from projects implemented under its schemes. Trading Model: SECI procures energy through competitive bidding from developers and sells it to electricity distribution companies (DISCOMs) via long-term Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) and Power Sale Agreements (PSAs). Miniratna Status: SECI has been awarded Miniratna Category-I status, recognizing its autonomy and performance in the renewable sector. Current Capacity and Future Outlook: Total Awarded Capacity: SECI currently oversees an impressive 65.3 GW of awarded generation capacity. Solar Energy: Over 60% of this capacity, amounting to more than 40 GW, is dedicated to solar energy projects. Wind and Hybrid Projects: The remaining capacity includes 16.3 GW of wind energy and approximately 9 GW of hybrid energy projects. -Source: Economic Times Anti-Personnel Landmines Convention Context: The United States has recently taken significant steps in its military support to Ukraine, including approving the supply of anti-personnel landmines, despite these being banned under the 1997 Anti-Personnel Landmines Convention. This move has raised concerns about the implications for international norms and agreements. Additionally, the U.S. has supplied Ukraine with the Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS), a long-range missile system capable of striking targets inside Russian territory. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Anti-Personnel Landmines Convention, 1997 Overview The Anti-Personnel Landmines Convention, also known as the Ottawa Convention or the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Treaty, is an international treaty aimed at eradicating the use, production, stockpiling, and transfer of anti-personnel landmines. This treaty was finalized at the Diplomatic Conference on an International Total Ban on Anti-Personnel Landmines held in Oslo on September 18, 1997, and it officially came into effect on March 1, 1999. Scope and Limitations: The convention specifically bans anti-personnel mines, which are designed to injure or kill people. It does not, however, prohibit anti-vehicle mines, which are intended to disable or destroy vehicles. Membership and Participation: Initially signed by 133 states, the convention now boasts 164 state parties that have ratified or acceded to the treaty. Notable countries such as the United States, Russia, and India are not parties to the convention. Ukraine, while a signatory, has not ratified the treaty. Understanding Anti-Personnel Landmines: Landmines are explosive devices concealed under or on the ground, designed to explode from the proximity, contact, or manipulation by enemy forces. Types of Mines: Anti-personnel mines target individual soldiers, causing injury or death, whereas anti-tank mines are engineered to destroy or incapacitate armored vehicles. -Source: Live Mint

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 23 November 2024

CONTENTS Global Soil Conference 2024 Artificial Intelligence data bank Global Soil Conference 2024 Context: Recently, the Global Soil Conference (GSC) 2024 was held in New Delhi, highlighting the importance of soil health for food security, climate change mitigation, and ecosystem services.  Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Global Soil Conference 2024 Hosted by the Indian Society of Soil Science (ISSS) and the International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS). The conference focuses on global challenges in sustainable soil and resource management. Theme: “Caring Soils Beyond Food Security: Climate Change Mitigation & Ecosystem Services.” Key Discussions Emphasis on the critical condition of soil health affecting productivity and its implications for global food security. Highlighted the alarming rate of soil degradation in India, with around 30% of soil affected by erosion, salinity, pollution, and organic carbon loss.  Stressed the need for global collaboration to address soil erosion, supporting Sustainable Development Goal 15 (SDG 15), which targets sustainable ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation. Concerns Regarding Soil Health in India Degradation and Its Impacts Extent of Risk: Over one-third of India’s land is threatened by degradation due to improper agricultural and soil management practices. Economic and Environmental Costs: Annual loss of 15.35 tonnes of soil per hectare leads to reduced crop productivity and exacerbates natural disasters like floods and droughts. This also contributes to a 1-2% yearly reduction in reservoir capacity. Specific Soil Health Issues Salinity: Affects water infiltration and nutrient uptake, diminishing crop yields and accelerating soil degradation. Organic Content: Extremely low organic matter in Indian soils (approximately 0.54%), leading to poor soil fertility and reduced agricultural output. Acidity and Alkalinity: Over 70% of soils face issues with acidity or alkalinity, disrupting nutrient cycles. Nutrient Deficiency: Common deficiencies in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, critical for plant growth, further stress soil health. Broader Environmental Concerns Desertification: Increases erosion, diminishes biodiversity, and renders land unfit for agriculture, heightening food insecurity. Land Use Change: Conversion of fertile agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes depletes valuable soil resources. Artificial Intelligence data bank Context: Recently, the Ministry of Science and Technology launched India’s first Artificial Intelligence (AI) data bank. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Artificial Intelligence Data Bank: The Artificial Intelligence Data Bank is a strategic initiative designed to foster innovation and strengthen national security across the country. Launched by the Minister of Science and Technology at the 7th Edition of the ASSOCHAM AI Leadership Meet 2024, this initiative offers researchers, startups, and developers access to high-quality, varied datasets. These resources are crucial for developing scalable and inclusive AI technologies. A key feature of the data bank is its enhancement of national security through the real-time analytics of data obtained from satellites, drones, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Additionally, the initiative supports the country’s ambitions to leverage AI for advanced predictive analytics, particularly in areas such as disaster management and cybersecurity, aligning with broader national objectives.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 23 November 2024

Content : Understanding the Changing Face of Extremist Violence Democratising AI needs a radically different approach Urgent deadline Understanding the Changing Face of Extremist Violence Relevance: GS 3 (Internal Security ) Practice Question: Explain the growing internal security challenges amid the Russia-Ukraine war. Suggest key measures to counter militancy tendencies. (250 words) Context: Three years of the Russia-Ukraine war have overshadowed other kinds of violence, especially by extremist groups. RAND STUDY: Title: “Changing Face of Hate: Domestic Extremist Violence” The study had special relevance for the U.S., but it also had lessons for other countries. There are constant and important changes among extremist groups. The RAND study also opined that law enforcement agencies need to understand the nature of these changes to be prepared for the future. India’s Post-Independence Challenges: India witnessed communal violence and communist movements in the initial years. The Tebhaga Movement and the Telangana Uprising were notable but unsuccessful. 20th Century: Naxalite Movement: Intended for a left-wing rebirth, it turned into huge violence. During their peak, they had a sizeable influence in West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala. Right-Wing Spread: Many countries in Europe are becoming increasingly xenophobic (dislike for people from other countries), for instance, Germany. Uncertainty about the right wing’s influence in French politics has damaged France’s image as a “middle-of-the-road nation.” The Brexit referendum of 2016 (in the United Kingdom) was an early indicator of a political shift toward the right. Right-Wing Extremism in the West: The post-2001 period saw a rise in right-wing extremist sympathisers in the West. Misinformation and the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated right-wing extremism. Law Enforcement’s Role: Law and order agencies need to focus on the rising threat of terror modules. There were protests in India regarding actions taken against extremist bodies. Understanding right-wing tendencies among various societal sections is crucial. Democratising AI Needs a Radically Different Approach Relevance: GS 3 (Science and Technology) Practice Question: Explain the impacts of biased AI, especially dominated by big firms. Suggest possible ways to make AI more democratic. (250 words) Big Tech’s Dominance: Big Tech’s influence over AI is a concern for global policymakers. Efforts by India and other countries to invest in sovereign cloud infrastructure and support local start-ups may inadvertently reinforce Big Tech’s dominance. Challenges: High Costs: Building deep learning models is expensive, making it hard for smaller players to compete. Big Tech companies push for deep learning, benefiting from its high costs. Public Compute Infrastructure: Proposals to invest in public compute infrastructure must be competitive with Big Tech offerings, which include comprehensive developer tools and access to the latest models. Data Monopoly: Big Tech’s continuous data stream across various domains gives them a significant competitive edge. Public data initiatives often fall short due to commercial capture. Shift to Deep Learning: Commercial firms, especially Big Tech, dominate AI research and academia’s role is diminishing. Proposed Approach: Theory of Change: Advocates a different AI development model focused on understanding causal mechanisms and developing hypotheses for change. Domain Expertise: Emphasises the importance of domain expertise and lived experience over Big Data alone. Small AI: Champions smaller, purpose-driven models for more democratic and effective AI development. Historical Context: Significant advancements in other fields relied on theory-driven models rather than sheer volumes of data. The current obsession with “bigger is better” has deviated from this approach. Call for Change: Urges a shift away from viewing Big Data and deep learning as the ultimate solutions. Criticises the Global Development Compact for falling into the same trap of assuming large data sets and computational power will address Big Tech monopolies and achieve Sustainable Development Goals. Urgent Deadline Relevance: GS 2 (Social Justice ), GS 3(Environment ) Practice Question: Explain the interrelation between poverty and climate change. Discuss the role of the Global South in the climate change-poverty battle. (250 words) Focus on Poverty and Climate Justice: The summit aimed to address global hunger and poverty and promote climate justice. Brazilian President’s Proposal: Lula Da Silva suggested taxing the ‘super-rich’ with a 2% wealth tax to generate significant revenue ($200 billion), but the G-20 declaration did not adopt this measure. India’s Standpoint: The Prime Minister emphasised that global issues impact the ‘Global South’ most, advocating for greater representation in global administration by countries representing the majority of the world’s population. Outcomes and Challenges G-20 Declarations: The declaration expressed concerns over the humanitarian crisis in Gaza but lacked concrete measures to end the conflicts, particularly with the ongoing Israel-Gaza and Russia-Ukraine conflicts. Diluted Focus: The summit’s timing, overlapping with other geopolitical crises, diluted its focus on poverty and climate change. COP29 Influence: The G-20 was timed closely with COP29, indicating an attempt to align climate issues between the two forums, but geopolitical tensions overshadowed these efforts. Implications Geopolitical Tensions: The polarisation due to the Israel-Hamas conflict and the Russia-Ukraine war made consensus difficult, weakening the effectiveness of the G-20 declaration. Climate Justice: There is a pressing need for developed nations, especially the U.S., to commit more significantly to climate action. Given potential future U.S. leadership, particularly under Donald Trump, there may be less emphasis on climate policies, which is worrying for the Global South. Moving Forward Global South’s Role: The next G-20 summit in South Africa and subsequent summits need to build on the concerns of the developing world and set clear, actionable paths for tackling poverty, hunger, and climate change. Urgent Action Required: As the G-20 will return to the U.S. in 2026, there is an urgent need for the Global South to ensure their priorities are not sidelined and that substantial progress is made in the interim

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 23 November 2024

CONTENTS India-CARICOM Summit: Strengthening Ties with Caribbean Nations Andhra Pradesh Repeals Two-Child Policy Amid Demographic Shifts International Criminal Court International Cooperative Alliance AroTrack India-CARICOM Summit: Strengthening Ties with Caribbean Nations Context: The Prime Minister of India recently chaired the 2nd India-CARICOM Summit in Georgetown, Guyana, marking a significant step in strengthening relations between India and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). The summit, which also involved the Prime Minister of Grenada, the current CARICOM Chair, builds on the momentum from the first India-CARICOM Summit held in 2019 in New York. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the 2nd India-CARICOM Summit About CARICOM Key Highlights of the 2nd India-CARICOM Summit Strengthening Cooperation through the Seven Pillars Capacity Building Expansion of ITEC Slots: India has pledged an additional 1000 ITEC slots specifically for CARICOM countries over the next five years, aiming to enhance professional and technical skills in the region. Agriculture and Food Security Sharing Expertise: India discussed its advancements in agriculture, focusing on modern technologies like drones, digital farming, and mechanization to bolster agricultural productivity in CARICOM countries. Renewable Energy and Climate Change Global Collaborations: The summit emphasized India’s call for greater cooperation under international frameworks such as the International Solar Alliance and Mission LiFE, targeting renewable energy expansion and sustainable practices. Innovation, Technology, and Trade Technological Assistance: India is keen on exporting its Digital Public Infrastructure model to improve efficiency in public service delivery across CARICOM nations, fostering economic and technological collaboration. Cricket and Culture Cultural Exchange: Plans to organize “Days of Indian Culture” in CARICOM countries and initiatives to train young female cricketers from the region underline the cultural and sporting ties. Ocean Economy and Maritime Security Maritime Collaboration: India proposed partnerships in maritime domain mapping and hydrography, crucial for enhancing maritime security and ocean economy management in the Caribbean Sea. Medicine and Healthcare Affordable Healthcare Models: Promotion of India’s affordable healthcare strategies, including the distribution of generic medicines and the integration of Yoga, aims to improve health standards in the Caribbean. Emphasis on Climate Justice Advocacy for SIDS: CARICOM leaders lauded India’s efforts in advocating for climate justice, recognizing the vulnerability of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) to climate change despite their minimal contribution to global emissions. Equitable Climate Approach: The concept of climate justice highlighted during the summit seeks to mitigate the disproportionate impacts of climate change on marginalized and vulnerable communities by promoting fair and just solutions. About CARICOM: CARICOM is the Caribbean Community, a regional organization of Caribbean countries and dependencies. Here are some key points: Purpose: To promote economic integration and cooperation among its members. To ensure that the benefits of integration are equitably shared. To coordinate foreign policy. Members: 15 member countries: Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. 5 associate member territories: Anguilla, Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, and the Turks and Caicos Islands. 6 observer states: Aruba, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela. Leadership: The Chairmanship of the Community rotates every six months among the member countries’ Heads. Secretariat: The CARICOM Secretariat in Georgetown, Guyana, is the principal administrative organ of the Community. It is headed by a Secretary General who is the Chief Executive Officer of the Community. Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ): In 2007, CARICOM officially inaugurated the CCJ. It serves as the final court of appeal for CARICOM members and handles regional trade disputes. -Source: The Hindu Andhra Pradesh Repeals Two-Child Policy Amid Demographic Shifts Context: Andhra Pradesh has recently repealed its longstanding two-child policy, a regulation in effect for nearly three decades that prevented individuals with more than two children from contesting local body elections as a measure to control population growth. The state government cited the challenges of a rapidly aging population and a declining fertility rate as key reasons for the reversal. Officials expressed concerns that these demographic trends could lead to serious long-term economic and social consequences, prompting a reevaluation of policies to better align with the current and future demographic realities. Relevance: GS I: Population related Issues Dimensions of the Article: Need of the New Population Strategy in India Way Forward Need of the New Population Strategy in India Declining Total Fertility Rate (TFR): India’s TFR has decreased to 2.0, below the replacement level of 2.1. This reduction indicates a future potential decrease in population size, particularly evident in states like Andhra Pradesh, where the TFR is significantly lower at 1.5. A population below replacement level could lead to a shrinking workforce, affecting economic dynamics and growth potential. Demographic Dividend: Currently, a substantial portion of India’s population is in the working-age group (15-64 years), with a significant younger segment (26% aged 10-24 years). This presents an opportunity to harness a demographic dividend. However, without strategic policies focusing on education, skill development, and job creation, this potential might not be fully realized, and the benefits of having a young population could be lost. Ageing Population: As per the India Ageing Report 2023 of the United Nations Population Fund, over 20% of India’s population will be aged 60 or above. This shift towards an ageing population requires a robust healthcare system geared towards chronic and geriatric care needs and policies that ensure healthy ageing and adequate elderly care. Resource Strain: India faces severe stress on natural resources, notably in urban areas like Delhi and Bangalore, where water scarcity is becoming increasingly acute. A new population policy is essential to manage resource allocation efficiently and ensure sustainable use amidst a growing population. Urbanization Challenges: High population growth has driven rapid and often unplanned urbanization, leading to overstretched infrastructure, environmental pollution, and the proliferation of slums. A comprehensive population policy can guide more balanced urban development and mitigate these adverse effects. Public Service Delivery: A rapidly growing population strains public services, limiting access to quality healthcare, education, and social welfare services. Strategic population management can help optimize resource distribution and improve service delivery. Regional Disparities: High fertility rates in impoverished regions can exacerbate economic inequality and hinder overall development. A new population strategy could address these disparities by integrating family planning with broader socio-economic development goals. Way Forward Policy and Planning Rights-Based Family Planning: Policies should focus on empowering individuals, particularly women, through education, health care, and economic opportunities. Regional Specificity: Tailored strategies are essential, with proactive measures in high fertility regions and supportive policies in areas with aging populations. Socioeconomic Integration Integrated Development: Linking family planning with broader socioeconomic strategies like education enhancement, job creation, and poverty reduction will foster sustainable growth. Healthcare and Elderly Care: Investment in healthcare infrastructure is crucial, especially for geriatric care, to support an aging demographic and alleviate the burden on the workforce. -Source: The Hindu International Criminal Court Context: The International Criminal Court (ICC) has issued arrest warrants for Israel Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, former defense minister Yoav Gallant, and Hamas leader Mohammed Diab Ibrahim Al-Masri for alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant About the International Criminal Court (ICC) ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant Accusations and Charges Specific Allegations: Benjamin Netanyahu and Yoav Gallant are accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity, including: Starvation: Intentional deprivation of essential resources such as food and water to Gaza’s civilians. Restricted Medical Supplies: Limiting access to crucial medical supplies, causing significant suffering. Violence and Torture: Alleged involvement in or responsibility for torture, killings, sexual violence, and property destruction by forces under their command. Mechanism and Implications of ICC Arrest Warrants Enforcement of Warrants: The International Criminal Court’s warrants require member states to arrest and extradite the accused if they enter their territories. Challenges in Execution: The enforcement depends largely on the cooperation of member states, which might be complicated by political alliances. Similar to the case with Russian President Vladimir Putin, travel restrictions can isolate the accused from international engagements, primarily in Western countries. Political and Diplomatic Repercussions: While arrest by countries like Germany, France, and the UK is unlikely due to their diplomatic relations with Israel, the issuance of the warrant places moral and international pressure on Israel. It symbolizes a significant victory for Palestine, potentially restricting Netanyahu’s international mobility and influencing global diplomatic relations. About the International Criminal Court (ICC): The ICC is a permanent judicial institution established by the Rome Statute in 1998 to investigate, prosecute, and try individuals accused of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and aggression. It can impose prison sentences on those found guilty. Background: The Rome Statute, the court’s founding treaty, was adopted in July 1998, and the ICC began its operations in 2003. Headquarters: The Hague, Netherlands. Members: 123 nations are parties to the Rome Statute and recognize the ICC’s authority. Notable exceptions include the US, China, Russia, and India. Funding: The ICC is funded by contributions from its member states and voluntary donations from governments, international organizations, individuals, corporations, and other entities. Composition: Judges: The ICC has 18 judges from different member countries, elected to non-renewable nine-year terms. The Presidency: Comprised of three judges (a President and two Vice-Presidents) elected from among the judges, the Presidency represents the Court externally and organizes the work of the judges. Judicial Divisions: There are three divisions with 18 judges: Pre-Trial, Trial, and Appeals. Office of the Prosecutor (OTP): The OTP receives referrals and credible information on crimes within the ICC’s jurisdiction, conducts investigations, and prosecutes cases before the Court. Registry: The Registry provides administrative and operational support to the Chambers and the OTP. Jurisdiction of the ICC: Unlike the International Court of Justice, which resolves disputes between states, the ICC prosecutes individuals. The ICC can hear a case if: The country where the offense occurred is a party to the Rome Statute, or The perpetrator’s home country is a party to the Rome Statute. The ICC steps in only if the national court is unable or unwilling to prosecute. The ICC’s jurisdiction covers offenses committed after July 1, 2002, the date when the Statute came into force. Relation with the United Nations (UN): The ICC is not a UN organization but has a cooperation agreement with the UN. The UN Security Council can refer situations outside the ICC’s jurisdiction to the Court, granting it the authority to act. -Source: Indian Express International Cooperative Alliance Context: India is all set to host the global conference of the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) for the first time. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Overview of the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA): The International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) is a non-profit international association dedicated to uniting, representing, and serving cooperatives globally. Established in 1895, the ICA is one of the oldest and largest non-governmental organizations, representing approximately one billion cooperative members worldwide. Serving as the apex organization for an estimated 3 million cooperatives, the ICA provides a global voice and a platform for sharing knowledge, expertise, and coordinated action for and about cooperatives. The ICA upholds the Statement on the Cooperative Identity, which encompasses a definition of cooperatives, 10 values, and 7 operational principles. This statement sets the foundational standards for cooperatives across all sectors and regions. Its membership includes both international and national cooperative organizations from various economic sectors. The ICA boasts over 306 member organizations from 105 countries. Headquartered in Brussels, Belgium, the ICA operates four regional offices covering Africa, the Americas, Asia-Pacific, and Europe. Additionally, the ICA includes sectoral organizations that address specific cooperative activities in agriculture, industry and services, consumer retail, banking, fisheries, health, housing, and insurance. -Source: The Hindu AroTrack Context: Recently, scientists at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay) have developed a water-pollutant detecting device called ‘AroTrack’. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Overview of AroTrack: AroTrack is a pioneering device designed to detect harmful aromatic xenobiotic pollutants like phenol, benzene, and xylenols in water. The device utilizes proteins derived from bacteria that thrive in heavily polluted environments, allowing for the effective identification of multiple aromatic pollutants. A crucial mechanism in AroTrack involves a highly selective ATP hydrolysis chemical reaction triggered by the presence of an aromatic compound in the water sample. This reaction results in a visible color change in the protein solution, which AroTrack can detect. The device includes a light-emitting diode (LED) and phototransistor assembly that projects light of a specific wavelength through the sample and measures the light absorption, indicating the presence of pollutants. AroTrack features a biosensing module named MopR, specifically sensitive to detecting phenol, enhancing the device’s accuracy and reliability. The device has demonstrated consistent performance in water temperatures up to 50 degrees Celsius and can complete testing within 30 minutes. Significance: AroTrack’s affordability, battery-operated nature, and portability make it especially suitable for use in rural and low-income areas, where access to expensive laboratory testing is often limited. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 22 November 2024

CONTENTS Exercise Sanyukt Vimochan Bhu-Neer Portal Exercise Sanyukt Vimochan Context: Recently, the Indian Army successfully conducted the Exercise, ‘Sanyukt Vimochan 2024’ at Ahmedabad and Porbandar on 18-19 November 2024. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Exercise Sanyukt Vimochan Nature and Scope: Exercise Sanyukt Vimochan is an annual multilateral joint Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) exercise. Organizers: Conducted by the Konark Corps of the Southern Command of the Indian Army, this exercise takes place in Gujarat, specifically Ahmedabad and Porbandar. Goals: The primary aim is to improve interagency integration and cooperation, ensuring effective and timely responses to natural disasters. Activities and Participation Inaugural Event in Ahmedabad: Featured a Tabletop Exercise centered on managing a hypothetical cyclone in Gujarat’s coastal regions. This session included representatives from the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA), Meteorological Department, and the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI). Multi-Agency Capability Demonstration: Held at Chowpatty Beach in Porbandar on 19 November 2024, this event showcased various agencies working together to manage logistics, response tactics, and overall disaster management in a simulated cyclone scenario. Collaboration and Training Participating Agencies: The exercise saw participation from the Indian Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard, National Disaster Response Force, State Disaster Response Force, and other central and state agencies. International Involvement: The event was attended by 15 senior officials and representatives from nine friendly foreign countries, including members from the Gulf Cooperation Council, the Indian Ocean Region, and Southeast Asia. Significance and Impact Enhanced National Capabilities: Exercise Sanyukt Vimochan has significantly bolstered India’s national disaster response capabilities. Global Contribution: The exercise contributes to the international discourse on Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief, promoting global best practices and enhancing international cooperation. Bhu-Neer Portal Context: Recently, the Hon’ble Minister of Jal Shakti, digitally launched the newly developed “Bhu-Neer” portal during the concluding ceremony of India Water Week 2024. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Bhu-Neer Portal: Developed by the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) under the Ministry of Jal Shakti, in association with the National Informatics Centre (NIC), the Bhu-Neer Portal is an innovative tool designed to enhance groundwater regulation nationwide. Purpose: The portal acts as a comprehensive platform for the management and regulation of groundwater resources, promoting transparency, efficiency, and sustainable practices. It is structured to provide detailed insights into the legal guidelines that govern groundwater extraction and the associated regulations at both state and national levels. A centralized database within the portal allows users easy access to essential information regarding groundwater compliance, relevant policies, and sustainability measures. User-friendly features are integrated to streamline the process for project proponents applying for groundwater withdrawal permits. Features such as a PAN-based single ID system and NOCs with QR codes enhance the portal’s usability, representing a significant advancement from its predecessor, NOCAP. Significance: The Bhu-Neer portal is designed to facilitate the Ease of Doing Business initiative by making groundwater regulation processes seamless and non-interactive. Accessibility: The portal is now operational and available for public access. Project proponents are encouraged to use the portal for inquiries related to groundwater withdrawal, to track application statuses, and for the payment of statutory charges.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 22 November 2024

Content : India needs an environmental health regulatory agency A bilateral investment treaty with a ‘bit’ of change India Needs an Environmental Health Regulatory Agency Relevance: GS 3 ( Environment ) Practice question: Discuss the pros and cons of establishing an Environmental Health Regulatory Agency (EHRA) in India. (150 Words) Event: The 2024 Conference of Parties (COP 29) concluded in Baku, Azerbaijan. Key Focus for India: Pushing for ambitious climate mitigation financing from developed nations while addressing pollutants in air, water, and land posing health risks. Urgency: Emphasised by the increase in greenhouse gas emissions by over 6% compared to the previous year (UN Emissions Gap Report 2024). Urgency of Integration Need for EHRA: The proposed Environmental Health Regulatory Agency (EHRA) to integrate and improve environmental governance focusing on pollution control and health risk mitigation. Health Challenges: Detrimental health effects from pollutants cause non-communicable diseases, impacting vulnerable populations like children, the elderly, and financially poor groups. Current Governance Model: CPCB: Focuses on pollution control. MoEFCC: Handles broader environmental policies. MoHFW: Manages integrated disease surveillance. Disconnect: Lack of data flow and integration between ministries. Proposed Solution: Establishing EHRA Advantages : Integrated Governance: Unifies environmental and health data for more effective policy-making. Data-Driven Approach: Supports evidence-based regulations and Health Impact Assessments (HIAs). Economic Opportunities: Promotes sustainable practices, innovation, and green jobs. Public Health: Reduces pollution-related health risks, improving life expectancy and quality of life. Global Alignment: Helps India meet climate goals under the Paris Agreement and SDGs. Localised Solutions: Works with state and municipal governments for tailored, region-specific interventions. Disadvantages : Bureaucratic Challenges: Potential resistance due to bureaucratic inertia and inter-departmental conflicts. Industry Pushback: Possible opposition from industries fearing stricter regulations and compliance costs. Implementation Costs: Establishing and maintaining EHRA could be resource-intensive. Coordination Complexity: Integration of multiple ministries and data systems could face logistical hurdles. Slower Response: Centralised decision-making may delay rapid action in urgent cases. Conclusion India should focus on establishing an EHRA which in turn will help in fighting both pollution and health challenges with an integrated and nuanced approach A Bilateral Investment Treaty With A ‘Bit’ of Change Relevance: GS 2( International Relations ) Practice Question:What are the key changes in the recent Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) between India and the UAE, and how might these changes impact India’s future investment treaties with other countries? (250 Words ) Context : BIT Public Release: The Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) between India and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), signed earlier this year, was recently made public, replacing the 2014 treaty. Significance: Highlights India’s latest investment treaty practices and may influence ongoing negotiations with the UK and the EU. Objectives of a BIT: Balance:Balance investment protection with the state’s sovereign right to regulate. Clarity:Contain clear provisions to limit the discretion of investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) tribunals. Departures from the Model BIT Exhaustion of Local Remedies: Current India-UAE BIT: Foreign investors must try resolving issues in local courts for at least three years before making an ISDS claim. Model BIT & Others: Previously required investors to try for five years. Reason for Change: Acknowledges that the Indian court system often takes more than five years to resolve disputes, allowing investors quicker access to international arbitration. Definition of Investment: Current India-UAE BIT: No longer requires that investments be significant for the host state’s development. Model BIT: Included this requirement, but ISDS tribunals found it too subjective. Treatment of Investments: Current India-UAE BIT: Lists specific treaty violations clearly, without using customary international law (CIL). This limits the flexibility of arbitration panels. Model BIT: Linked violations to CIL, which is not clearly defined and gave too much freedom to arbitration panels. Continuity in Investment Treaty Practice Absence of MFN Clause: Neither the current BIT nor the Model BIT includes the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) provision, maintaining the state’s regulatory power. Taxation: Excluded from the scope of the BIT, preventing foreign investors from challenging tax measures. Jurisdiction of ISDS Tribunals: Model BIT & Current BIT: Bar the tribunal’s jurisdiction to review the ‘merits’ of domestic court decisions to avoid acting as a court of appeal. Additional Provisions in the Current BIT Disallowing Third-Party Funding: The new BIT specifically prohibits third-party funding. Allegations of Fraud or Corruption: Bars ISDS availability if such allegations are made against the investor. Conclusion The new India-UAE BIT highlights India’s balanced approach to protecting investments while keeping regulatory control. However, the exclusion of MFN and taxation issues may create challenges in future negotiations.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 22 November 2024

CONTENTS Report Underscores Nutritional Disparities in Global Food Markets Tea industry in India Home Minister Calls for Early Release of Undertrial Prisoners Before Constitution Day Saint Francis Xavier Biofloc Technology and Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Global Energy Efficiency Alliance Report Underscores Nutritional Disparities in Global Food Markets Context: A recent report by the Access to Nutrition Initiative (ATNi) has brought to light significant disparities in the nutritional quality of food and beverage products available in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) compared to those in high-income countries (HICs). This analysis highlights the critical need for better food labeling practices, which could help steer consumers towards healthier choices in packaged foods. By addressing these discrepancies, there is potential to improve public health outcomes and reduce the burden of diet-related diseases globally. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Key Findings from the Health Star Rating System Report What is the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)? Key Findings from the Health Star Rating System Report Health Star Rating System Analysis Scope: The study covered over 52,000 products from leading global brands including Nestlé, PepsiCo, and Unilever. Rating Mechanism: Products were rated on a scale of 5 stars, where scores above 3.5 were classified as healthy. Geographical Disparities in Scores: Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs): Average score of 1.8. High-Income Countries (HICs): Average score of 2.3. Nutritional Disparities Accessibility: Limited availability of affordable, healthy options in LMICs. Information Gaps: Micronutrient details were often missing from products in LMICs compared to those in HICs. Historical Context Past Reports: Similar nutritional disparities were noted in previous studies, including issues like higher sugar levels in baby foods marketed by Nestlé in India and Africa compared to Europe. Significance for India Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) Health Impact: India has a high burden of NCDs, including over 10 crore diabetes cases and rising obesity rates. Diet-Related Issues: Over 56% of India’s disease burden is linked to unhealthy diets. Economic and Nutritional Challenges Affordability: More than half of the Indian population cannot afford a healthy diet. Consumption Trends: Increasing expenditure on processed foods high in sugar and fats. Importance of Front-of-Pack Labelling (FOPL) Global Examples Successful Implementations: Countries like Chile and Mexico have seen reduced sugary beverage consumption after implementing mandatory FOPL. Indian Context Regulatory Efforts: India supports World Health Assembly resolutions against junk food marketing to children but struggles with effective implementation of FOPL policies. Policy Gaps: The 2022 Draft Notification for FOPL has seen little progress, and voluntary industry efforts remain inadequate. Recommendations from the Report Policy Enhancements Label Clarity: Advocate for stringent policies that mandate clear labelling of sugar, salt, and fat content on all food packaging. Consumer Education: Launch campaigns to educate consumers about the importance of nutritional labels and how to read them. Economic Incentives Affordability: Encourage food and beverage companies to make nutritious products more accessible, especially for low-income consumers. Regulatory Enforcement Best Practices: Adopt and enforce global best practices for food labelling to ensure transparency and consumer protection. What is the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)? Overview: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is a statutory body established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006. It operates under the purview of the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Legal Framework: Formed under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, which replaced earlier legislation such as the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954, the Fruit Products Order, 1955, and the Meat Food Products Order, 1973. Mandate: FSSAI regulates various aspects of food safety, including the manufacture, storage, distribution, sale, and import of food articles. It establishes standards to ensure the safety and quality of food consumed by the public. Composition: The authority consists of 22 members, including a Chairperson, with a requirement that one-third of the members must be women. Functions: Regulation Development: FSSAI has the authority to formulate regulations to enforce food safety standards across the country. Lab Accreditation: It establishes guidelines for accrediting food testing laboratories to ensure accurate and reliable testing of food samples. Inspection Authority: Food safety officers appointed by FSSAI have the power to enter and inspect any premises involved in the manufacturing, storage, or display of food products. Research and Development: The Research and Development division conducts research in food safety standards, with a focus on adopting international best practices. Data Collection: FSSAI collects data related to food consumption, contamination, emerging risks, and other relevant factors to inform its regulatory decisions. Continuous Improvement: FSSAI continuously strives to adopt and implement international food standards to enhance food safety and quality standards in India. -Source: Indian Express Tea industry in India Context: The Tea industry in India has experienced a boost in profits during the September quarter, driven by higher prices despite a decline in production caused by climate change.  Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Current Trends in the Indian Tea Industry Challenges Facing the Tea Industry Global Impact of Climate Change on the Tea Industry About tea: Tea is a popular beverage crafted from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant and ranks as the second most-consumed drink globally, following water. Tea’s origins trace back to the northeastern regions of India, northern Myanmar, and southwestern China. However, pinpointing the exact location of the plant’s initial growth remains uncertain. Historical evidence suggests that tea consumption dates back 5,000 years in China. Cultivation of tea: Climate: Tea thrives in tropical and sub-tropical climates, flourishing in hot and humid conditions. Temperature: Optimal growth occurs within temperatures ranging from 20°C to 30°C, while extremes above 35°C and below 10°C prove detrimental to the plants. Rainfall: Tea requires an annual rainfall of 150-300 cm, evenly distributed throughout the year. Soil: Suitable soil for tea cultivation is slightly acidic, with porous subsoil permitting efficient water percolation. Current Trends in the Indian Tea Industry Production Decline and Pricing: In 2024, tea production in West Bengal and Assam has decreased by 21% and 11% respectively, leading to a 13% surge in domestic tea prices. The decline mainly affects the first and second monsoon showers, which typically produce the highest quality teas, impacting the industry’s profitability. Export Market: There has been a 4% drop in export prices this year, presenting a challenge for the industry. Subsidies and Financial Impact: The industry has been awaiting promised subsidies from the Tea Board, which have not been disbursed, adding to the financial strain during a year of lowered production. General Overview of the Tea Industry Global Standing: India is the world’s second-largest tea producer, after China, and is among the top five global tea exporters, contributing about 10% to global tea exports. Domestic Consumption: India consumes about 81% of its tea production domestically, unlike Kenya and Sri Lanka which export most of their production. The major tea-producing states include Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala, collectively accounting for 97% of the national output. Export Composition: Predominantly, India exports black tea, which constitutes about 96% of all tea exports. Teas from Assam, Darjeeling, and Nilgiri are globally recognized as among the finest. Challenges Facing the Tea Industry Environmental Impact: 2024 saw significant production disruptions due to extreme weather conditions, including excessive heat in May followed by flooding in Assam. This led to the lowest tea output for May in over a decade. Price Fluctuations: By July 2024, tea prices had increased by 47% since the beginning of the year, driven by production shortfalls. Pesticide Ban and Market Dynamics: The government’s ban on 20 pesticides has led to higher production costs due to the need for more expensive alternative pest control methods. Despite these challenges, demand for Indian tea has increased, particularly in countries like Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan. Impact on Small Tea Growers and Local Industry: Small Tea Growers (STGs), who manage less than one hectare each and contribute significantly to national production, are severely impacted by price drops and market shifts. The closure of approximately 13 to 14 tea gardens in regions like Dooars, Terai, and Darjeeling has affected over 11,000 workers and underscores the broader challenges faced by the industry. Global Impact of Climate Change on the Tea Industry Rainfall Extremes: Tea cultivation, reliant on consistent rainfall, faces challenges from excessive rain leading to waterlogging, soil erosion, and reduced arable land, impacting tea plantation areas significantly. Drought Effects: Insufficient rainfall results in dust build-up on tea leaves, obstructing essential sunlight and adversely affecting tea production, particularly in India and China. Frost Damage: In colder regions like Rwanda and China, frost causes the tea leaves to freeze and break, resulting in significant leaf loss. Permafrost Instability: Areas with permafrost are seeing increased ground instability which heightens the risk of rock avalanches and landslides, potentially damaging tea plantations situated on hills. Production Costs and Quality: Global warming is escalating the difficulty and cost of tea production, with adverse effects on both the quality and quantity of tea, likely leading to increased consumer prices. -Source: The Hindu Home Minister Calls for Early Release of Undertrial Prisoners Before Constitution Day Context: The Union Home Minister recently highlighted the importance of releasing undertrial prisoners who have served more than one-third of the maximum sentence prescribed for their alleged crimes, aiming for this to be completed before Constitution Day on November 26. This directive is in line with the provisions introduced under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS), reflecting a move towards more equitable legal processes and reducing overcrowding in prisons. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Section 479 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNSS) Supreme Court’s Role in Implementation Analysis of India’s Undertrial Population According to NCRB 2022 Section 479 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNSS) Revision of Bail Norms Purpose: Section 479 aims to address the issue of prolonged detention of undertrial prisoners, especially those who are first-time offenders. Context: This provision is an expansion of Section 436A of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), which previously allowed for release after serving half of the potential maximum sentence. Bail Eligibility Criteria General Rule: Undertrials charged with non-capital offenses are eligible for bail if they have served half of the maximum sentence applicable to the offense. Special Consideration for First-Time Offenders: Those with no prior convictions are entitled to release on bond after serving one-third of the maximum prescribed sentence. Exclusions: This leniency does not apply to individuals charged with multiple offenses or those under investigation for other crimes. Supreme Court’s Role in Implementation Retrospective Application Effective Date: Section 479 is applied retrospectively to cases that were active before the BNSS’s enactment on July 1, 2024. Court’s Order: In August 2024, the Supreme Court mandated the retrospective application of this section. Measures for Effective Implementation Role of Jail Superintendents: They are tasked with identifying eligible prisoners and coordinating with courts to facilitate their release. State Compliance: States and Union Territories are required to submit detailed affidavits within two months, reporting on the status of eligible undertrials. Monitoring and Compliance Recent Compliance Rates: As of October 2024, only 19 out of 36 states and UTs have complied with the Supreme Court’s directives. Focus on Women Undertrials: In November 2024, the Supreme Court specifically called for prioritizing the identification and potential release of women undertrials. Analysis of India’s Undertrial Population According to NCRB 2022 Overview of Undertrial Inmates High Proportion of Undertrials: The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) 2022 report shows a significant percentage of undertrials in the total prison population, with 4,34,302 out of 5,73,220 inmates (75.8%) awaiting trial. Female Undertrials: Of the total women incarcerated, 18,146 out of 23,772 are undertrials, making up 76.33% of the female prison population. Duration of Detention: Approximately 8.6% of these undertrials have been detained for over three years as of the end of 2022. Lack of Specific Data Data on First-Time Offenders: The report does not specify the number of undertrials who are first-time offenders, a critical data point for the effective application of Section 479 of the BNSS. -Source: The Hindu Saint Francis Xavier Context: Recently, the decennial exposition of the sacred relics of Saint Francis Xavier began which will run until 5th January 2025.  Relevance: Facts for Prelims Overview of Saint Francis Xavier: Saint Francis Xavier, renowned as Goencho Saib (Lord of Goa), is a pivotal figure in the Christian history of Goa. He arrived in Goa in 1542 and played a significant role in revitalizing Christianity among the Portuguese settlers. As one of the founders of the Jesuit order, his missionary zeal took him across Asia, where he eventually died in 1552 on Shangchuan Island, off the coast of China. Initially buried on the island, his remains were subsequently relocated to Malacca and ultimately brought to Goa in 1554. They were first housed at St. Paul’s College, the earliest Jesuit building in Goa, before being moved to the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Old Goa in 1624. Remarkably, the relics of Saint Francis Xavier have exhibited minimal decay, despite multiple exhumations over the centuries. The Feast of St. Francis Xavier, celebrated annually on 3rd December at the Basilica of Bom Jesus, marks the anniversary of his death. This event is Goa’s largest Christian festival, drawing thousands of pilgrims and visitors. -Source: Indian Express Biofloc Technology and Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Context: India’s aquaculture sector has increasingly adopted Biofloc Technology (BFT) and Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS). Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Biofloc Technology in Aquaculture Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) Biofloc Technology in Aquaculture Biofloc Technology (BFT) is a sustainable aquaculture technique that utilizes a closed tank system to maintain water quality by recycling waste using beneficial bacteria. Beneficial heterotrophic bacteria, including species like Bacillus and Pseudomonas, convert organic waste into microbial biomass that fish can consume, effectively recycling nutrients. Advantages of Biofloc Technology Water Quality Management: Keeps the water clean by recycling waste, thus reducing the need for frequent water changes and external chemical usage. Cost Efficiency: Reduces the cost of feed as fish utilize the microbial biomass for nutrition, making it economically viable for farmers. Disease Prevention: By maintaining clean water and controlled environmental conditions, BFT lowers the risk of diseases and reduces dependency on antibiotics. Suitability for Small Scale Farms: Ideal for small-scale and backyard operations due to its low space requirement and scalability. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) Recirculating Aquaculture Systems are advanced, closed-loop water systems that reuse water after it is filtered and purified, making it a sustainable choice for intensive fish farming. Incorporates both mechanical and biological filtration to remove waste and ensure water quality, enhancing the overall health and safety of the aquatic environment. Benefits of Using RAS Controlled Farming Environment: Allows precise control over environmental conditions such as water temperature, oxygen levels, and cleanliness, promoting optimal fish growth. Reduced Disease Risk: Enhanced biosecurity measures and minimized pathogen entry significantly lower the risk of disease, reducing the need for medicinal interventions. Location Flexibility: Can be implemented in diverse settings, including urban areas or regions lacking natural water bodies, aligning supply with market demand. -Source: Down To Earth Global Energy Efficiency Alliance Context: The UAE has unveiled an ambitious initiative to establish the ‘Global Energy Efficiency Alliance’ during COP29, hosted in Azerbaijan. Global Energy Efficiency Alliance The Global Energy Efficiency Alliance aims to double the rate of energy efficiency globally by 2030. A key focus is on reducing carbon emissions significantly, aligning with global climate change mitigation efforts. Strategic Initiatives Encourages collaborations between government entities and the private sector to enhance investments in energy efficiency projects. This initiative supports the commitments made during COP28, where participants agreed to lower carbon outputs and reduce resource usage. Led by the UAE, the alliance seeks to share its expertise in energy efficiency, promote knowledge transfer, and develop effective partnership models. Significance and Impact Carbon Emission Reduction: By focusing on energy efficiency, the alliance contributes to the global reduction of greenhouse gases. Support for Sustainable Practices: Aims to foster the sustainable use of natural resources through international cooperation and standardization. Resource for Developing Nations: Particularly targets support towards African nations by offering access to best practices, financing options, and technological solutions to enhance energy sustainability -Source: The Hindu

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