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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 16 January 2025

Content: Gaza Ceasefire Agreement Ready, Say U.S. and Hamas 28 Spotted Deer Dot Every Sq. Km of Nagarahole Tiger Reserve in Karnataka U.S., Japan Moon Landers Launch on Single Rocket Does ‘Blood Money’ Have a Legal Standing? Installing Separate Water Points for Elephants Could Mitigate Conflicts with Humans: Study Gaza Ceasefire Agreement Ready, say U.S. and Hamas Context : Agreement Reached: Israel and Hamas have agreed to a ceasefire after extensive negotiations in Doha, Qatar. This marks a potential pause in the prolonged conflict in Gaza. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) Ceasefire Terms: Initial six-week halt to hostilities. Hostage exchanges: Hamas will release 33 hostages in phases. Israel will release hundreds of Palestinian prisoners. Humanitarian aid to flow into Gaza. Possible return of displaced Palestinians to their homes. Humanitarian Impact: The war has killed over 46,000 Palestinians and displaced 90% of Gaza’s 2.3 million population. Tens of thousands of homes have been destroyed, hospitals are on the brink of collapse, and a humanitarian crisis is ongoing. Long-term Questions: Governance of Gaza post-war remains unresolved. Reconstruction efforts are expected to be monumental. Mediators and Global Involvement: Mediated by the U.S., Qatar, and Egypt. U.S. President Joe Biden has played a key role but faced criticism over civilian casualties. Implications Humanitarian Relief: The ceasefire provides immediate relief for civilians trapped in Gaza. Access to aid and rebuilding efforts will be critical to stabilizing the region. Political Repercussions: The Israeli government must navigate domestic pressures while negotiating long-term solutions. Hamas’s release of hostages signals its willingness to engage but also raises questions about its leverage. Regional Stability: The ceasefire could reduce tensions in West Asia but does not address underlying issues such as territorial disputes and sovereignty. Future of Gaza: Who will governGaza and oversee reconstruction is still unclear. Potential involvement of international organizations or regional powers could reshape Gaza’s political landscape. International Relations: The U.S. is balancing its support for Israel with calls for humanitarian consideration. The ceasefire’s success or failure could influence broader international relations in West Asia. Challenges Ahead Implementation of the Ceasefire: Ensuring adherence to the ceasefire terms by both parties. Preventing escalation from unforeseen events or militant groups. Reconstruction and Aid Distribution: Effective distribution of aid to the displaced population. Rebuilding infrastructure amid political and logistical hurdles. Hostage Negotiations: Completing the release of all hostages while addressing both sides’ demands. Broader Peace Talks: The ceasefire is a temporary solution; comprehensive peace talks are necessary for lasting stability. 28 spotted deer dot every sq. km of Nagarahole Tiger Reserve in Karnataka Spotted Deer Population Growth: The population of spotted deer (Chital) in Nagarahole Tiger Reserve has reached an impressive density of 28 per square kilometer. This marks a steady increase in the deer population in recent years, reflecting a healthy ecosystem. Relevance : GS 3(Environment) Location and Reserve Details: Nagarahole Tiger Reserve spans 847.981 sq. km in the districts of Mysuru and Kodagu in Karnataka. The core area is 643.392 sq. km, while the buffer zone covers 204.589 sq. km. It is strategically located between Bandipur Tiger Reserve and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, connecting crucial wildlife corridors. Biodiversity in Nagarahole: Nagarahole is home to various species of carnivores and herbivores, including tigers, leopards, Asiatic wild dogs, sloth bears, elephants, and the four-horned antelope. This rich biodiversity supports the ecosystem and indicates a balanced prey-predator dynamic. Health of Prey-Predator Balance: Seema P.A., Deputy Conservator of Forests and Director of the Reserve, emphasized that the increase in the spotted deer population indicates a healthy prey-predator relationship. The balanced numbers of both predators (tigers, leopards) and prey (deer, wild boar) contribute to ecological stability. The reserve is home to 142 tigers as per the 2023 census, ranking third in tiger population in India. Contributing Factors to Population Increase: Food Availability: The abundance of grass and forage contributes to higher prey density, which supports both herbivores and predators. Habitat Diversity: The terrain’s variety, ranging from scrub to evergreen forests, creates an ideal environment for sustaining diverse wildlife populations, including spotted deer. Ecological Implications: The increase in spotted deer population suggests that the reserve is thriving, with sufficient resources to support both herbivores and carnivores. A rise in deer numbers also means better sustenance for apex predators like tigers, enhancing their survival rate. Implications: Ecological Balance: The growing spotted deer population reflects a thriving prey base, which is crucial for maintaining the tiger population and overall biodiversity. The healthy predator-prey dynamics ensure that the ecosystem remains stable, with tigers and other predators having a reliable food source. Biodiversity Conservation: Nagarahole’s ecological stability underscores the importance of protecting wildlife corridors and preserving natural habitats in the Western Ghats. The reserve’s ability to support a diverse range of species contributes to broader conservation efforts, not just in Karnataka, but across the Western Ghats. Tourism and Wildlife Viewing: With a high density of spotted deer and other large mammals, Nagarahole Tiger Reserve is likely to attract more wildlife enthusiasts and eco-tourism. Increased tourist interest can provide economic support for conservation initiatives, but it must be balanced with sustainable tourism practices to avoid disrupting the wildlife. Habitat and Ecosystem Management: The variety in terrain and vegetation is key to sustaining both herbivores and predators. Conservation efforts should focus on maintaining habitat diversity and ensuring that human encroachment does not harm wildlife corridors. Ongoing monitoring of species populations and habitat health will be essential to manage future growth and prevent overpopulation or resource depletion. Wildlife Protection and Future Challenges: While the deer population is flourishing, future challenges may include managing the growing herbivore population to prevent overgrazing and maintain forest health. Coordination with other wildlife reserves and protected areas in the region will be necessary to maintain ecological balance and prevent fragmentation of habitats. U.S., Japan moon landers launch on single rocket Dual Mission Launch: A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket successfully launched on Wednesday from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, carrying two lunar landers from U.S. and Japanese companies. The landers are Firefly Aerospace’s Blue Ghost (U.S.) and ispace’s Resilience (Japan), both aiming to reach the moon as part of a commercial mission. This launch represents a growing trend of private sector involvement in space exploration, leveraging commercial partnerships. Relevance : GS 3(Space ) The Missions: Blue Ghost (Firefly Aerospace): This lander will carry 10 NASA scientific instruments and technology demonstrations. It aims to land near Mons Latreille on the moon’s northeast near side, within 45 days. Resilience (ispace): This lander will carry a scientific payload and a micro rover, Tenacious, which will attempt to scoop lunar regolith. It will take four to five months to reach its destination in Mare Frigoris, on the moon’s far northern region. NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS): Both companies are part of NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program, designed to reduce the cost of lunar exploration and stimulate a commercial lunar economy. NASA’s approach seeks to leverage private companies to provide hardware and mission support for the upcoming Artemis program, which aims to establish a sustained human presence on the moon by the late 2020s. Mission Objectives and Payloads: Blue Ghost:Will conduct scientific investigations, including studying the Earth’s magnetosphere, lunar dust, and the moon’s interior structure and thermal properties.Technology demonstrations will focus on navigation and computing in the harsh lunar environment, including radiation. Resilience:Besides scientific instruments, its centerpiece is the Tenacious micro rover. This rover will use its high-definition camera to explore the lunar surface and collect regolith samples. Challenges in Soft Landing on the Moon: Both missions face significant challenges in achieving a successful soft landing. Lunar landings require navigating through hazardous terrain such as boulders and craters. Without an atmosphere to rely on for parachutes, both landers will depend entirely on thrusters for a controlled descent. Progress and Previous Setbacks: Until recently, soft landings on the moon were limited to a few well-funded national space agencies, with the Soviet Union achieving the first successful soft landing in 1966. The success of these two missions would be significant, as the private sector, under NASA’s CLPS program, attempts to replicate this feat at a fraction of the cost of traditional government-led missions. ispace’s previous attempt to land on the moon ended in failure in April 2023 due to a “hard landing,” highlighting the risks involved in such missions. Role of Commercial Sector in Lunar Exploration: The missions highlight the growing role of the private sector in space exploration, complementing traditional space agencies. By contracting private companies like Firefly Aerospace and ispace, NASA aims to reduce mission costs and accelerate its moon exploration objectives under Artemis. NASA’s Artemis Program: The Artemis program aims to establish a sustainable human presence on the moon by the late 2020s, serving as a stepping stone for Mars exploration. Commercial partners like Firefly Aerospace and ispace are critical in providing cost-effective hardware and technology for the success of Artemis. Conclusion: The launch of Blue Ghost and Resilience marks a significant step forward in private-sector lunar exploration. The missions, supported by NASA’s CLPS program, aim to reduce costs, advance scientific research, and foster a lunar economy in the lead-up to the Artemis program. Does ‘blood money’ have a legal standing? What is ‘Blood Money’? Definition: Known as diya in Islamic Sharia law, ‘blood money’ is compensation paid by the perpetrator of a crime (usually murder) to the victim’s family or heirs. This compensation is intended to alleviate the suffering caused by the loss, though it is not meant to assign a monetary value to human life. Relevance: GS 2(Social Issues) Application: It is primarily applied in cases of unintentional murder or culpable homicide, or when the victim’s family chooses not to pursue qisas (retribution) under Sharia law. Purpose: The main goal is to offer financial support to the family of the deceased, who may lose income or face hardships due to the loss. However, the state and community retain the right to impose other legal penalties. Application in Islamic Nations: Saudi Arabia: Legislative Practice:Blood money is common in cases of murder or traffic accidents. The amount is fixed by the Sharia court, and the perpetrator may also face a prison sentence. There are ongoing discussions to make blood money equal for all, regardless of gender or religion. Iran: Gender Disparity: Blood money for women is typically set at half that of men. Efforts have been made to standardize this amount, though full implementation has not been realized. Pakistan: Pakistan’s legal system incorporates diya and qisas, allowing compensation or retribution for criminal acts under Islamic law. Yemen: In Yemen,blood money is negotiated between the parties, with judicial oversight to ensure fairness. It can be used as an alternative to retribution or punishment. ‘Blood Money’ vs. ‘Plea Bargaining’ in India: Plea Bargaining: Introduced in India by the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2005, plea bargaining allows a defendant to plead guilty to lesser charges in exchange for a reduced sentence or charge dismissal. This is applicable to crimes punishable by imprisonment for up to seven years and excludes heinous crimes like murder and rape. Connection to ‘Blood Money’: While not equivalent, plea bargaining sometimes allows compensation to the victim (under Section 265E). However, plea bargaining is more about negotiation over charges and sentences rather than the direct payment of compensation for a life lost. Limitations: Plea bargaining is not available for crimes against women, children, or serious crimes, and must be voluntarily initiated by the accused. Impact of ‘Blood Money’ in Islamic and Global Context: In Saudi Arabia: The payment of blood money is common in cases of road accidents, with the amount determined by a Sharia court. In the workplace, compensation rates are set by a special committee. Global Historical Parallels: Similar systems of compensation existed in many cultures: Brehon Law (Ireland): Included systems like Éraic (body price) and Log nEnech (honor price), determining compensation based on offense severity and the victim’s social standing. Galanas (Wales): A “blood fine” based on the victim’s status, relevant in cases of murder. Wergeld (Germany): A payment system for homicide or grave offenses, where compensation was based on the social standing of the victim. ‘Blood Money’ in India: Indian Legal Framework: India’s formal legal system does not incorporate blood money. Instead, there is the practice of plea bargaining, as previously discussed. Notable Cases: Arjunan Athimuthu (2019): His death sentence in Kuwait was commuted to life imprisonment after his family paid ₹30 lakh in blood money. Abdul Rahim (2006): His death sentence was commuted after ₹34 crore was paid in blood money for the murder of a Saudi boy. Other Instances: Several Indian nationals, including ten Indians in the UAE in 2017 and seventeen in 2009, were pardoned after paying substantial blood money. Contemporary Legal Perspectives: Ethical Concerns: While blood money aims to alleviate family suffering, it also raises ethical concerns about the commodification of human life and the fairness of such systems based on gender or religion. Calls for reform in countries like Saudi Arabia and Iran are driven by these concerns. Conclusion: Legal Standing of ‘Blood Money’: In Islamic countries, blood money is a legally recognized practice with variable application based on factors like gender and religion. However, in India, it does not have formal legal standing but can manifest in cases of plea bargaining with the victim receiving compensation. Installing separate water points for elephants could mitigate conflicts with humans: Study The recent study led by Michael J Wenborn from Oxford Brookes University brings attention to an innovative approach in reducing human-elephant conflict in Namibia’s Northern Highlands, focusing on upgrading water points and creating separate water sources for elephants. Published in the Journal of Environment & Development on January 7, 2025, the research highlights critical findings that could shape future conservation strategies. Relevance : GS 3(Environment) Insights and Findings: Water Point Upgrades to Reduce Conflict: Upgrading water points with solar-powered pumps, protective walls, and concrete dams has proven effective in minimizing human-elephant conflicts. By ensuring that both humans and elephants have reliable access to water, the risk of elephants damaging infrastructure or crops is reduced. The study emphasizes the need for consistent water availability, highlighting that upgraded water systems have lowered the frequency of elephants searching for water near human settlements. Human-Elephant Conflict Data: From 2012 to 2021, the study observed no significant long-term increase in human-elephant conflicts at water points. However, a noticeable spike occurred in 2020-2021, linked to the establishment of vegetable gardens following the drought of 2018-2019. These gardens, often located near villages, became new hotspots for elephant activity, leading to increased crop damage. Despite this, damage to water points, such as pipes and tanks, remains a significant issue. Damage to infrastructure disrupts water supply to entire villages, causing lasting logistical challenges in remote areas. Challenges of Repair and Maintenance: The destruction of water infrastructure often leads to prolonged periods without reliable water, impacting both communities and wildlife. Repairing these systems is costly and difficult, particularly in rural, remote areas. Role of Solar-powered Water Systems: The transition from diesel-powered pumps to solar-powered systems, supported by the Namibian government, has had a significant positive impact. Solar-powered systems have ensured consistent water availability, mitigating the likelihood of elephants damaging infrastructure in search of water. Separate Water Dams for Elephants: A proposed solution that has garnered attention is the construction of separate water dams for elephants, located away from villages. This approach, in alignment with Namibia’s National Elephant Conservation and Management Plan, could further reduce human-elephant conflict by creating designated spaces for elephants to drink without coming into close contact with human settlements. Impact on Local Communities: The researchers found that human-elephant incidents at water points often have a more severe impact on the communities involved, particularly due to the disruption of water supply systems. While the damage caused by elephants to vegetable gardens is a growing concern, it is the damage to water infrastructure that can have long-term consequences. Challenges from Climate Change: The Northern Highlands of Namibia are expected to face increasing competition for water resources due to climate change. The region’s reliance on limited rainfall, coupled with the potential reduction in water availability, makes it crucial to upgrade and expand water points to prevent escalating human-wildlife conflicts. Community Conservation Efforts: The study praises the success of Namibia’s Community Conservation Programme, which has fostered positive community involvement in wildlife conservation since the 1990s. However, increasing damage to vegetable gardens and other crops threatens to undermine local support for elephant conservation efforts. Recommendations for Future Conservation: Pilot Projects: The study advocates for pilot projects to test protective measures for vegetable gardens, such as fencing or deterrents, to prevent further damage by elephants. These measures could help balance wildlife conservation with the livelihood needs of local farmers. Expansion of Water Point Upgrades: To ensure the sustainability of water systems, the study stresses the need for further upgrades to existing water points across the region. This would help ensure reliable access to water for both elephants and humans, reducing conflicts and safeguarding vital resources for both parties. Community Support and Education: Ongoing education and engagement with local communities are necessary to maintain support for conservation programs. Addressing the economic challenges faced by farmers and helping them manage human-wildlife conflict is crucial for the success of Namibia’s conservation efforts. Conclusion: The study underscores that, while upgrading water points has led to a reduction in human-elephant conflict in Namibia’s Northern Highlands, there is a need for continued investment in water infrastructure, alongside the development of separate water sources for elephants

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 15 January 2025

Content: Union Minister for Commerce and Industry Shri Piyush Goyal launches National Turmeric Board  Allocation of targets of 8.21 lakh houses under PMAY-G by Shri Shivraj Singh Chauhan, Union Minister for Rural Development Union Minister for Commerce and Industry Shri Piyush Goyal launches National Turmeric Board  Context: The National Turmeric Board (NTB) has been launched by the Union Minister for Commerce & Industry, Shri Piyush Goyal, with its headquarters in Nizamabad, Telangana. The board aims to boost turmeric production, ensure farmer welfare, enhance exports, and develop new varieties for global markets. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture , Economy) Establishment of National Turmeric Board (NTB): Headquarters: Nizamabad, Telangana – a major turmeric-growing region. Objectives of the Board: Welfare of turmeric farmers across 20 states. Focus on research and development (R&D) for high-yield and high-quality turmeric varieties. Value addition for turmeric products to boost exports. Creation of awareness about the health and medicinal properties of turmeric. Ensuring quality and safety standards for turmeric production and export. India’s Dominance in Turmeric Production: India produces 70% of the world’s turmeric. In 2023-24, 3.05 lakh hectares were under turmeric cultivation, yielding 10.74 lakh tonnes. India exported 1.62 lakh tonnes of turmeric products valued at 226.5 million USD. Participants and Representation: Ministry of AYUSH, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, and Department of Commerce are part of the Board. Maharashtra, Telangana, and Meghalaya will have rotating state representatives on the Board. Lakadong Turmeric from Meghalaya, known for its high curcumin content, will be a priority. Significance of the National Turmeric Board: Farmer Welfare and Livelihoods : Turmeric cultivation is a major source of livelihood for farmers in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra. The Board will focus on: Fair pricing mechanisms. Improved logistics for marketing and distribution. Insurance schemes to reduce risks for turmeric farmers. Boosting Exports and Trade : Turmeric holds immense potential in the global health and wellness industry due to its medicinal properties. The Board will: Focus on value-added products like curcumin extracts, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals. Explore new markets, especially in Europe and North America, where turmeric is increasingly used for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Promoting Research and Innovation : The Board will invest in R&D to: Develop new high-yielding and disease-resistant varieties. Enhance curcumin content (a key compound in turmeric with medicinal properties). Promote organic farming practices to meet global demand for chemical-free turmeric. Enhancing Logistics and Supply Chains: Turmeric farmers face challenges related to: Inadequate storage facilities. High transportation costs. The Board aims to: Develop cold storage infrastructure. Improve supply chain mechanisms to reduce wastage and improve shelf life. Major Turmeric-Producing States in India: State Special Varieties Key Districts Telangana Nizamabad Turmeric Nizamabad, Warangal Andhra Pradesh Kadapa Turmeric Kadapa, Guntur Tamil Nadu Erode Turmeric Erode, Salem Maharashtra Sangli Turmeric Sangli Meghalaya Lakadong Turmeric Jaintia Hills Challenges Faced by the Turmeric Sector: Challenges Proposed Solutions by NTB Price volatility Establish price stabilization mechanisms. Poor quality standards Promote quality certification and standardization. Lack of export-oriented products Focus on value-added turmeric products. Low productivity R&D on high-yield varieties and best practices. Poor farmer awareness Conduct training and awareness programs. Global Demand for Turmeric: The global turmeric market is expected to grow significantly, driven by demand for natural health supplements, cosmetics, and food additives. India, with its 62% share in global turmeric trade, stands to benefit from targeted interventions in production and export. Government Schemes Supporting the Turmeric Sector: Scheme Details Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana Promotes organic farming and supports turmeric farmers adopting organic practices. Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) Provides financial assistance for the cultivation and marketing of spices like turmeric. National Agricultural Market (eNAM) Digital marketing platform to connect turmeric farmers to buyers directly. Spice Development Agency Aims at regional development of spices, including turmeric. Way Forward: Improving Farmer Income: The Board should prioritize minimum support prices (MSP) and direct benefit transfer (DBT) to turmeric farmers. Creating Export-Ready Products: Focus on value-added products such as turmeric capsules, essential oils, and curcumin extracts to cater to the global health industry. Addressing Farmer Challenges: The Board should implement farmer training programs to improve agricultural practices and increase awareness about export markets. Strengthening Quality Standards: Introduce GI tags for unique varieties like Lakadong Turmeric to improve branding and recognition. Allocation of targets of 8.21 lakh houses under PMAY-G by Shri Shivraj Singh Chauhan, Union Minister for Rural Development Context: Union Minister for Rural Development, Shri Shivraj Singh Chauhan, has allocated 8.21 lakh houses under the Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana – Gramin (PMAY-G) to Madhya Pradesh on 15th January 2025. The government aims to achieve “Housing for All” by constructing 4.95 crore pucca houses by March 2029 under the scheme. Relevance: GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Infrastructure) Approval of Additional Targets: 2 crore additional houses sanctioned for 2024-25 to 2028-29 under the new phase of PMAY-G. Total financial outlay: ₹3.06 lakh crore. Achievements Under PMAY-G (National Level): Target: 3.33 crore houses. Sanctioned: 3.23 crore houses. Completed: 2.69 crore houses. Financial disbursement: ₹2.37 lakh crore since 2016. Progress in Madhya Pradesh: Target: 41.68 lakh houses. Sanctioned: 41.51 lakh houses. Completed: 36.80 lakh houses (88% completion rate). Allocation of 8.21 Lakh New Houses (2025-26): Based on the Awaas+ 2018 survey, 16.42 lakh households in Madhya Pradesh are still awaiting houses. 8.21 lakh houses to be allocated on 15th January 2025, with a time-bound completion target. Financial Support to Madhya Pradesh (2024-25): Total central assistance: ₹3,726 crore. ₹2,165 crore disbursed on 7th January 2025 for the first installment. Additional ₹4,934 crore to be released upon timely fund utilization. Technological Advancements in PMAY-G: Awaas+ 2024 Mobile App: Launched by PM Narendra Modi on 17th September 2024. Utilizes AI-based facial recognition for accurate beneficiary identification. 2.5 lakh surveyors trained for efficient implementation. Convergence with Other Schemes: PMAY-G beneficiaries benefit from: MGNREGA (for labor assistance). Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin (toilet construction). Self-Help Groups (SHGs). Jal Jeevan Mission (for tap water connections). PM-Surya Ghar Yojana (solar energy for households). Achievements in Madhya Pradesh: 36.37 lakh toilets constructed under SBM-G. 35 lakh houses electrified. 74% of PMAY-G houses under women’s sole or joint ownership. Challenges in PMAY-G Implementation: Challenges Government Response Delays in Fund Utilization Timely utilization of released funds will ensure additional disbursal. Identification of Genuine Beneficiaries Use of AI-based facial recognition in Awaas+ 2024 app. Ensuring Quality of Houses Focus on pucca houses with convergence of multiple schemes. Timely Completion of Targets Time-bound targets with regular monitoring and audits. Significance of PMAY-G: Boosting Rural Development : The scheme aims to provide pucca houses with basic amenities to rural families living in kutcha houses. Focuses on housing security, which contributes to improved living standards, health outcomes, and social dignity. Empowering Women : 74% of houses are under women’s sole or joint ownership, promoting gender equality and women empowerment. Addressing Rural Housing Gap : The additional allocation of 2 crore houses will fill the housing gap and ensure no rural household remains without a pucca house by 2029. Technological Integration for Transparency and Efficiency: Awaas+ 2024 app ensures real-time tracking, beneficiary identification, and transparency in fund allocation. Use of AI and facial recognition reduces leakages and ensures genuine beneficiaries receive benefits. Way Forward: Timely Fund Utilization: Madhya Pradesh needs to accelerate the utilization of allocated funds to ensure seamless implementation of the scheme. Convergence with Other Schemes: Ensure integration with MGNREGA, SBM-G, and Jal Jeevan Mission for holistic rural development. Focus on Women’s Empowerment: Continue promoting women’s ownership of houses to enhance social security and gender equality. Monitoring and Accountability: Strengthen monitoring mechanisms to ensure quality construction and timely completion of houses

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 15 January 2025

Content : Transforming ‘men’-talities, redefining masculinity Indians abroad Transforming ‘men’-talities, redefining masculinity Context : Violence Against Women as a “Men’s Issue” Violence against women is predominantly perpetrated by men, but it is ultimately a societal issue that involves men in a transformative way. Men must recognize their role in both perpetuating and addressing gender-based violence. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) Practice Question : Discuss the role of men in challenging traditional notions of masculinity and promoting gender equality. Use examples from initiatives like UNESCO’s Transforming MENtalities and other relevant programs to support your answer. (250 Words) The Role of Traditional Masculine Norms: Traditional masculine ideals are often based on aggression, dominance, emotional suppression, and control. These norms harm women by justifying violence and limit men’s emotional expression and healthy relationships. Need for Change in Masculinity: There is a need to redefine masculinity to emphasize empathy, respect, and non-violence. Traditional notions of masculinity should be replaced with a more inclusive, equitable definition of manhood. The Importance of Engaging Men in Gender Equality: Men’s active involvement in gender equality efforts is crucial. Men need to see themselves as allies and agents of change, not just passive supporters of gender equality. UNESCO’s Transforming MENtalities Initiative: The initiative works to engage men and boys as active participants in gender equality, focusing on dismantling rigid gender norms. It aims to promote positive masculinity through education, dialogue, and community-driven actions. Pioneering Programs in India: Mardon Wali Baat (A Man’s Thing): Uses storytelling and social media to engage young men in discussions about positive masculinity and gender equality. Gender Equity Movement in Schools (GEMS): Uses interactive classroom activities to help adolescent boys recognize and challenge toxic masculinity. Dekh Rekh (Caring for Each Other): Encourages men’s active participation in family responsibilities, like nutrition and planning. Hamari Shaadi (Our Marriage): Addresses gender bias through everyday actions, encouraging men’s involvement in domestic roles. The Role of Positive Role Models: Public figures, such as athletes and celebrities, can play a significant role by demonstrating equitable behaviors, such as shared parenting and rejecting violence. These actions can challenge traditional gender roles and normalize gender equality at a societal level. Reflecting on Masculine Privileges: Men need to reflect on the privileges that patriarchy provides them and the pressures that come with these privileges. To contribute to societal change, men must be willing to question these privileges and adopt more equitable attitudes. Challenges in Achieving Gender Equality: While progress has been made, the journey towards achieving true gender equality requires sustained effort and engagement from both men and women. Shifting deeply ingrained societal norms and changing attitudes towards masculinity are long-term processes that require continued advocacy and action. Indians Abroad Context : Introduction to the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) Prime Minister Narendra Modi, during the inauguration of the 18th edition of PBD, described the Indian diaspora as India’s “ambassadors to the world.” The diaspora, which exceeds 35 million people worldwide, has contributed significantly to the development of both the countries they reside in and India itself. The PBD aims to celebrate the diaspora’s success, and also serves as a platform to address important issues affecting the community. The event, held annually around January 9, commemorates Mahatma Gandhi’s return to India in 1915. Relevance : GS 2(Diaspora) Practice Question:Examine the role of the Indian diaspora in global development and discuss the challenges they face. What measures should the Indian government take to address the issues of migration and enhance the welfare of the diaspora.(250 Words) Achievements of the Indian Diaspora: The diaspora is celebrated for its assimilation into local societies, active community service, and substantial contributions to various fields, including politics. Indian-origin people have become leaders in over 30 countries globally. With a large proportion of the diaspora being Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) and Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs), their distinguished services in professional spheres are acknowledged. The Broader Agenda of PBD: While celebrating success, it is important that PBD is not reduced to a self-congratulatory exercise. There is a need to discuss challenges facing the diaspora, especially those who are still Indian nationals. Issues such as the rise of far-right populist governments and their impact on visa and entry conditions need to be addressed. The event should also focus on the precarious situations that Indians face in regions like West Asia, where over 9 million Indians live and work, especially in light of ongoing global conflicts. Challenges Facing the Indian Diaspora: Rise of Far-Right Populism: The increasing prevalence of far-right populist governments, particularly in the West, is making it more difficult for Indians to enter or remain in foreign countries. This challenge needs urgent attention from the Indian government. Global Conflicts: The diaspora, especially in regions like West Asia, faces significant risks due to intractable global conflicts. Discussions during PBD should focus on how to safeguard and protect these communities. Economic Migration as a Key Driver: One of the largest drivers of migration for Indians is the lack of economic opportunities within India. While the diaspora’s success is celebrated, it is essential to acknowledge the loss of skilled and talented people to other countries. This loss must be considered in the context of the broader issue of India’s developmental challenges. While there is no easy fix to this problem, the government should focus on creating better opportunities within India to prevent further brain drain. The Need for Inclusive and Non-Partisan Engagement: India’s relationship with its diaspora must be inclusive and free from political partisanship. There is a growing concern about government actions that seem to target individuals or groups based on their political stance. The engagement with the diaspora should focus on constructive dialogue, mutual benefit, and safeguarding the interests of Indian nationals abroad.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 15 January 2025

Content: Qatar’s Final Draft of Gaza Truce Deal U.S. Tightens Grip on AI Chip Flow to Maintain Global Dominance Impact of Rajasthan’s River-Linking Project on Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve IMD’s Evolving Challenges and Vision for Weather Resilience and Climate Change Adaptation Urea Industry’s Success and Progress Towards Self-Reliance Welfare Concerns Regarding the Use of Elephants in Ceremonies and the Kerala Government’s Inaction Inflation Eases to 4-Month Low of 5.22%, but RBI Remains Cautious on Rate Cuts Qatar’s Final Draft of Gaza Truce Deal Context : Qatar officials presented a final draft for a Gaza ceasefire and hostage release after intensive negotiations. The talks involved envoys from both the Biden and Trump administrations and key officials from Israel, Hamas, and Qatar. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Participants: Israeli Delegation: Included high-ranking officials from Israel’s Mossad and Shin Bet intelligence agencies. Hamas: Represented by top leaders in the ongoing negotiations. Qatar’s Role: Qatari Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani facilitated the talks in Doha, pushing both sides toward a resolution. U.S. Involvement: The U.S. envoy in Doha, Steve Witkoff (expected to assume a formal role once Trump returns to power), played a key role in urging Israel’s participation. Outgoing envoy Brett McGurk was also part of the negotiations. Timeline: The breakthrough in negotiations occurred around midnight, with continued talks into the early hours of Monday. The next 24 hours are considered crucial for finalizing the deal. Content of the Deal: Ceasefire: A ceasefire proposal is central to the draft, aimed at halting the ongoing conflict. Hostage Release: A key component of the draft involves the release of hostages held by Hamas. Challenges: Israeli Demands: Israel insists that the war will not end unless Hamas is dismantled, showing resistance to a permanent ceasefire without security assurances. Hamas Demands: Hamas maintains that the agreement must lead to a permanent end to the conflict, including an Israeli withdrawal from Gaza. International Influence: Egypt’s Role: Egypt’s intelligence chief, Hassan Mahmoud Rashad, also attended the discussions, signaling Cairo’s involvement in mediation efforts. Outlook: Both sides report significant progress but with notable differences remaining. A senior Israeli official mentioned that the deal could be finalized within days, depending on Hamas’s response to the proposal. A Palestinian official called the progress “very promising,” suggesting narrowing gaps and a strong push toward an agreement. U.S. Tightens Grip on AI Chip Flow to Maintain Global Dominance New Regulations: AI Chip Export Restrictions: The U.S. government is set to further restrict the export of advanced AI chips and technology, with a focus on maintaining control over global AI capabilities. Export Caps: New rules will cap the number of AI chips exported to most countries while ensuring that U.S. allies have unlimited access to these technologies. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ), GS 3(Technology ) Geopolitical Focus: Blocking China and Adversarial Nations: China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea will remain blocked from receiving U.S. AI technologies, reflecting ongoing tensions over technological competition and security concerns. Targeting China’s Rise in AI: The move is part of a broader strategy to limit China’s access to advanced AI chips, which are vital for its technological growth. Dividing the World into Tiers: Tier 1 – Close Allies: 18 countries, including Japan, Britain, and South Korea, will be largely exempt from these restrictions, allowing them unfettered access to advanced AI technologies. Tier 2 – Restricted Access: 120 countries, including Singapore, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE, will face country-specific caps on the number of chips they can import. Industry Impact: Graphics Processing Units (GPUs): The new rules place specific limits on GPUs, which are critical for running data centers used to train AI models. Cloud Service Providers: Major U.S. cloud service providers will be allowed to build data centers in countries unable to import sufficient AI chips, bypassing export licensing restrictions. Regulation Timeline: Implementation Period: The new rules will take effect 120 days after publication, giving the incoming administration time to evaluate and potentially adjust the measures. Broader Objective: Global AI Dominance: The regulations reflect the U.S. government’s effort to solidify its position as the leader in artificial intelligence by controlling the flow of critical AI-related technologies globally. Impact on Competitors: These moves are aimed at restricting adversarial nations’ technological advancements and preventing them from achieving parity with U.S. capabilities in AI and machine learning. Potential Effects: Economic and Strategic Implications: These restrictions could strain relations between the U.S. and countries affected by the new caps, potentially leading to a reshaping of global AI alliances and supply chains. Challenges for China: Limiting China’s access to advanced AI chips could hinder its technological ambitions, but it may also spur the country to develop its own alternative technologies. Impact of Rajasthan’s River-Linking Project on Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve Context: The Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal-Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (PKC-ERCP) is designed to link rivers in Rajasthan for better water distribution. It aims to supply water to 23 districts for irrigation, drinking, and industrial needs. A key component, the Doongri Dam, will be built on the Banas River, near Sawai Madhopur (30 km from Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve), which may have significant environmental consequences. Relevance : GS 3(Environment) Submergence and Impact on Ranthambhore:   37 sq km of land within Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve is expected to submerge due to the dam. Loss of habitat: Submergence may fragment the reserve, leading to a loss of biodiversity. Wildlife Connectivity: Disruption of the north-south dispersal routes essential for species, particularly tigers (current population: 57), risking genetic isolation. Long-term effects: Fragmentation could reduce the biological carrying capacity and hinder natural breeding patterns of tigers. Ecological and Conservation Concerns: Habitat Destruction: Submergence will reduce the core area of the reserve, impacting prey species and flora. Human-Wildlife Conflict: Animals may move into human settlements, leading to poaching, encroachments, and increased conflicts. Water Availability: Though the reservoir could provide some water relief, improper management could harm the ecological integrity of the reserve. Criticism of Project Design: Compensatory Land Issues: Conservationists argue that the compensatory land should match the ecological quality of the land lost, not just in quantity. Experts’ View: Dr. Rajesh Gopal, former Project Tiger chief, stresses the need for compensatory land to be strategically selected, avoiding high-value forest areas like Ranthambhore. Double/Triple Compensation: Some experts suggest allocating double or triple the forest area to mitigate the environmental damage. Broader Environmental and Development Issues: Development vs. Conservation: The river-linking projects across India often clash with conservation goals. Similar projects (e.g., Ken-Betwa, North Koel) have already affected tiger habitats. International Best Practices: Globally, protected areas with flagship species should be no-go zones for large infrastructure projects, with a focus on environmentally-sustainable planning. Sustainability Debate: While proponents argue these projects address water scarcity and food security, environmentalists warn of the loss of irreplaceable ecosystems. Government’s Position: Rajasthan Government: The Chief Wildlife Warden, Arijit Banerjee, stated that the final project details will be evaluated for ecological impacts, but critics caution this could delay critical action. Central Government: The Central Water Commission is assessing the Detailed Project Report (DPR) to ensure adherence to environmental standards. Compensatory Measures: The government has committed to legal procedures for environmental clearances and appropriate compensatory afforestation. International and Expert Perspectives: Conservationists’ Critique: Experts, such as Dharmendra Khandal from TigerWatch, argue that compensatory afforestation often fails to replicate the ecological value of original habitats and advocates for prioritizing conservation. International Examples: Countries worldwide minimize ecological disruption through alternative measures, such as underground reservoirs or rerouting rivers to protect critical habitats. Future of Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve: Legacy: Ranthambhore’s role as a vital tiger sanctuary since 1974 makes it a unique and irreplaceable habitat in India’s conservation efforts. Connectivity Restoration: If submergence is unavoidable, experts recommend establishing wildlife corridors and compensating with high-quality forest areas to maintain ecosystem health. Conclusion: The Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal Link Project balances development and conservation goals, but ecological costs to iconic reserves like Ranthambhore need careful consideration. Going forward, India must prioritize protected areas as no-go zones for large infrastructure projects and ensure that development happens in ways that minimize environmental damage. IMD’s Evolving Challenges and Vision for Weather Resilience and Climate Change Adaptation Overview: The India Meteorological Department (IMD) is dealing with an increasing challenge of weather forecasting due to climatic changes and the rise of extreme weather events. The IMD Vision-2047 document highlights a focus on improving weather resilience and climate change adaptation. Events such as heatwaves, thunderstorms, and cold waves are expected to rise by about 80%-88% as per the forecasts. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management ) Evolution of Meteorology in India: India’s meteorological history dates back to 1793, with the establishment of one of the world’s oldest observatories in Madras (now Chennai). Modernization efforts include the setting up of new meteorological centers in Leh, Shillong, Amravati, Port Blair, and Imphal (2023). Despite advancements, challenges in forecasting tropical weather persist due to the complex terrain and regional variations. Climatic and Forecasting Challenges: Extreme Weather Events: Climate change has led to more frequent and unpredictable extreme weather events, including floods, heatwaves, and heavy rainfall. Localized and Short-Term Events: Extreme weather events often occur in short time spans or smaller localized areas, making accurate forecasting difficult. Regions with Limited Data: Areas such as the hills, remote locations, and regions with difficult terrain experience challenges in collecting weather data. For these, the IMD uses Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) and remotely sensed observations. Uncertainty in Forecasting: The rise of uncertainty in predicting such weather events poses significant challenges, with varying impacts in different regions. IMD’s Efforts to Improve Forecasting: Increased Accuracy: The IMD has significantly improved forecasting accuracy over the years: Compared to 2014, forecast accuracy for severe weather events has improved by 50%. Forecasts now provide up to five days of lead time for weather events, compared to one day in 2017. The IMD can predict cyclone development up to seven days in advance, compared to 1-3 days in 2014. Mission Mausam (150th Anniversary): Launched as a part of the sesquicentennial celebration of the IMD, Mission Mausam aims to enhance weather observation and modeling. Economic Outlay: The mission is planned with an investment of ₹22,000 crore till 2026, aiming to expand its observational network. Panchayat Mausam Sewa and Mausamgram initiatives focus on impact-based forecasting services, providing hydrometeorological and socio-economic data. Technological Advancements and Innovations: Radar Coverage and Crowdsourcing: The IMD is expanding its radar network for better monitoring and nowcasting of weather patterns. Weather Model Precision: Efforts are underway to improve the precision of weather models, allowing for better planning and disaster management. Crowdsourcing Feedback: Initiatives like crowdsourcing have been introduced to gather real-time feedback on weather events, helping refine forecasts. Mission Mausam’s Key Objectives: Expansion of Observational Network: Under Mission Mausam, the IMD aims to expand its network of meteorological centers, providing comprehensive coverage across land, ocean, and poles. Indigenous Decision Support System: A key focus is the integration of hydrometeorological data with socio-economic data, offering better impact-based services for communities. Improved Forecasting for Resilience: The goal is to equip administrators and disaster managers with more accurate predictions for proactive response to extreme weather events. Conclusion: The IMD’s Vision-2047 outlines a strategy to adapt to evolving climatic conditions and improve the accuracy and timeliness of weather forecasts. Through technological advancements and strategic initiatives like Mission Mausam, the IMD aims to enhance weather resilience, help communities better prepare for extreme weather, and combat the impacts of climate change. Urea Industry’s Success and Progress Towards Self-Reliance Context : India’s urea production has significantly grown, especially with the commissioning of new plants, aligning with the government’s Atma Nirbharta (self-reliance) goal. Relevance : GS 2(Governance), GS 3(Agriculture) The expansion of urea production supports the New Green Revolution, particularly in the eastern states, aiming to boost agricultural productivity and reduce dependency on imports. The cost-effectiveness of “make” (domestic production) versus “buy” (import) urea is now central, influenced by factors like gas pricing, transportation logistics, and the overall impact of self-reliance initiatives. Important Developments: Expansion of Urea Production: India’s domestic urea production increased from 22 million tonnes (mt) in 2011-12 to 31.4 mt in 2023-24. Imports of urea decreased from 7.8 mt to 7 mt, with a 31.7% drop in imports in the current fiscal year, potentially dropping below 5 mt — the lowest since 2006-07. New Urea Plants and Greenfield Projects: Six new plants installed since 2019, with a seventh under construction, have significantly contributed to the increase in domestic urea production. These plants include those by Hindustan Urvarak & Rasayan Ltd (HURL), Chambal Fertilisers & Chemicals, Matix Fertilisers & Chemicals, and Ramagundam Fertilisers & Chemicals Ltd (RFCL). These plants produced 7.55 mt of urea in 2023-24, with some plants exceeding their rated capacities. Strategic Location of New Plants: New plants are located in states driving the New Green Revolution, such as Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Telangana. Matix Fertilisers holds a 20% market share in Eastern India and is the sole urea producer in West Bengal. The Panagarh plant is India’s largest and most energy-efficient single-unit urea producer. The Talcher Project: The Talcher plant in Odisha, under construction at a cost of ₹17,080.69 crore, will use coal gasificationtechnology — the first of its kind in India. The plant will use coal from the Talcher mines, blended with petroleum coke for efficiency. Technology and Cost Efficiency: The cost of feedstock for new plants is $318 per tonne, based on natural gas priced at $15.9/mmBtu. New plants are energy-efficient, using 5 Gcal/tonne of energy for urea production and 0.25 Gcal/mmBtu of gas. Make vs. Buy Decision: Domestic Urea Production Costs: At a gas price of $15.9/mmBtu, domestic urea production costs approximately $493 per tonne. With customs duties and taxes excluded, the feedstock cost drops to $252 per tonne, lowering the total production cost to $427 per tonne. Imported Urea Costs: Imported urea faces additional handling costs, such as stevedoring, bagging, transport, and interest expenses, adding $30-$35 per tonne for movement to northern and eastern India. This reduces the cost gap between domestic production and imports, making domestic production more competitive in certain regions. Proximity to LNG Terminals: Seven LNG terminals across India facilitate the import of gas for urea production, especially in Western and Southern India. Western and Southern India find it more viable to import urea, while Northern and Eastern India benefit from domestic production due to the availability of natural gas infrastructure and new plants. Economic and Employment Benefits: The Make-in-India strategy promotes domestic production for job creation and economic growth in rural and industrial areas, which would not be as significant with imports. By investing in domestic production, India creates a sustainable solution for its agricultural needs while fostering economic activity. Shifting Focus and Future Strategy: Hybrid Strategy: A balanced approach, with domestic manufacturing in Northern and Eastern India and greater importation for the Peninsular region, could optimize the urea supply. This could also involve shutting down inefficient plants and reducing urea consumption to streamline costs. Pricing and Consumption Trends: Urea consumption in India grew from 29.6 mt in 2011-12 to 35.8 mt in 2023-24, driven by the frozen subsidized farmgate price of ₹5,360 per tonne since 2012. A rational pricing system could promote judicious fertilizer use by farmers, reducing overall demand and ensuring sustainability. Conclusion: The Make vs. Buy debate in India’s urea industry highlights the evolving landscape of fertilizer production, shaped by advancements in LNG infrastructure and a focus on self-reliance. Welfare Concerns Regarding the Use of Elephants in Ceremonies and the Kerala Government’s Inaction Context : Animal Welfare and Public Safety The use of elephants in religious ceremonies, particularly in Kerala, raises concerns about animal welfare and public safety. A male elephant ran amok during an annual feast in Malappuram, injuring 24 people. This follows the death of 24 elephants in Kerala in 2024, highlighting ongoing issues related to captive elephant care. Relevance : GS 2(Governance), GS 3(Environment) Captive elephants often suffer extreme stress, which can manifest in erratic behavior, and there are growing concerns about their mistreatment during traditional events like temple festivals. Legal and Regulatory Context: Kerala’s High Court previously imposed restrictions on the use of elephants in festivals, deeming it as “commercial exploitation.” The Supreme Court temporarily stayed these restrictions in January 2025, allowing the use of elephants in festivals like the Thrissur Pooram. Despite these court orders, violations of the 2012 Kerala Captive Elephants (Management and Maintenance) Rules continue, with captive elephants subjected to extreme conditions and stress. Conditions Leading to Stress: Captive elephants are often chained, subjected to longhoursofstanding, and forced to participate in demanding ceremonies, all of which contribute to high stress levels. A study on the physiological effects of captivity found that stress hormones were more concentrated in elephants that were heavily restricted in movement or worked longer hours, further supporting the argument for improved welfare standards. Challenges in Breeding and Sourcing Elephants: Elephants in captivity are often sourced from the wild, with males in musth (heat) turning aggressive and requiring isolation, while captive females in estrus are used in attempts to breed them. There are challenges in sourcing elephants from the wild, and breeding them in captivity is not straightforward. As a result, the demand for elephants in temples continues to feed the cycle of sourcing elephants from wild populations. Current Government Response: The Indian government has expressed concern over the misuse of microchips for identifying domestic elephants, leading to a decision that DNA testing should be the primary method for identifying captive elephants’ origins. A project mapping the genotypes of all captive elephants in India has begun, with 270 animals profiled in the first six months, aiming to identify and regulate captive elephant populations more effectively. Cultural and Legal Tensions: There is a persistent tension between preserving cultural practices involving elephants and ensuring the welfare and safety of the animals. Some argue that the capture and use of elephants for religious ceremonies are deeply ingrained in tradition, while animal rights activists stress the need for a more humane approach. Future Considerations: The Kerala government and the Supreme Court are being called to take stronger actions to balance religious traditions with animal welfare and safety. There is a need for stricter enforcement of existing laws and regulations to protect elephants, along with a reevaluation of the role of elephants in traditional ceremonies. Inflation Eases to 4-Month Low of 5.22%, but RBI Remains Cautious on Rate Cuts Context : Inflation Trends Retail Inflation: India’s retail inflation moderated to 5.22% in December 2024, a four-month low, down from 5.48% in November. Food Inflation: The food inflation rate decreased to 8.39% in December from 9.04% in November, driven by a reduction in prices of pulses and vegetables. Core Inflation: Core inflation (non-food, non-fuel) inched lower to 3.6%, indicating subdued demand conditions in the economy. Relevance : GS 3(Economy ) Sector-Specific Inflation: Food & Beverages: The food and beverages segment, accounting for 45.86% of the total Consumer Price Index (CPI) weight, saw a reduction in inflation from 8.20% in November to 7.69% in December. Vegetables: Inflation for perishables like vegetables decreased significantly from 29.33% in November to 26.56% in December. Cereals and Pulses: The inflation rate for cereals fell to 6.51% from 6.88% in November, while pulses saw a decline to 3.83% from 5.41%. Milk & Dairy: Inflation for milk and dairy products slightly moderated to 2.80% from 2.85%. Fuel and Oils: Inflation for oils and fats rose to 14.6%, the highest in three months, signaling potential concerns over fuel-related price pressures. RBI’s Response and Outlook: Monetary Policy Caution: Experts suggest the RBI will likely pause on interest rate cuts in its February 2025 policy meeting, despite inflation showing signs of moderation. The RBI is expected to wait for clearer signs of long-term inflation control before initiating rate cuts. Rate Cut Timing: There is speculation that the RBI may begin the rate cut cycle in April 2025, contingent on ongoing global economic conditions and domestic inflation trends. Global Pressures: The U.S. Federal Reserve’s policy decisions and depreciation pressures on the Indian rupee may influence the RBI’s actions, with global uncertainties weighing on any preemptive rate cut decisions. Factors Influencing Inflation: Rabi Sowing: Strong rabi sowing prospects are expected to help in further cooling off food inflation in the coming months, as agricultural output improves. Food Inflation: Despite easing in December, food inflation remains a significant concern, averaging 8.4% for the current fiscal year, higher than the 7.5% target for fiscal 2024. Elevated food inflation continues to be a key challenge for the economy. Future Outlook: Subdued Demand: The RBI and experts emphasize the importance of managing demand and inflation expectations. While inflation is expected to ease, the persistence of elevated food prices and the ongoing global economic uncertainty will likely keep inflation above the RBI’s target range for some time. Cautious Approach: Analysts predict the RBI will take a cautious approach to rate cuts, balancing inflation control with broader economic stability, especially with expectations of a slower global economic recovery. Expert Opinions: Ind-Ra and HDFC Bank: Economists from India Ratings & Research and HDFC Bank argue that while current inflation trends are promising, the RBI will wait for further clarity before adjusting rates, particularly given the pressure on food prices and global economic conditions. Crisil’s Perspective: Crisil’s senior economist highlighted that while the inflation trend is positive for monetary policy, elevated food inflation remains a critical concern for the RBI in maintaining price stability.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 13 January 2025

Content : 7.93% Drop in GHG Emissions CAQM Sub-Committee on GRAP revokes Stage-III of revised GRAP in the entire NCR with immediate effect 7.93% Drop in GHG Emissions Context : India’s recent 4th Biennial Update Report (BUR-4) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) highlighted a significant 7.93% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2020 compared to 2019. This marks a crucial step in India’s journey toward achieving a sustainable and climate-resilient future. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance ) , GS 3(Environment ) India’s Climate Action under the UNFCCC Background on UNFCCC and Paris Agreement: The UNFCCC, effective from March 21, 1994, aims to stabilize GHG concentrations and promote global cooperation on climate change. At the 21st session (COP21) in Paris in 2015, 195 countries adopted the Paris Agreement, with a key objective to limit the global temperature rise to below 2°C and pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5°C. The Paris Agreement entered into force on November 4, 2016. It requires countries to submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), outlining their climate targets. India’s Commitment: India pledged to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070 at COP26 (2021). It submits Biennial Update Reports (BURs) to the UNFCCC every two years to update GHG inventories and detail mitigation actions. Emission Reductions and Climate Commitments Highlights from BUR-4: Total Emissions in 2020: India’s total GHG emissions, excluding Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF), were 2,959 million tonnes of CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent). Net Emissions Including LULUCF: After accounting for LULUCF, net emissions stood at 2,437 million tonnes of CO2e. Sectoral Contribution: The energy sector was the largest contributor, accounting for 75.66% of total emissions. LULUCF Impact: Other land uses sequestered approximately 522 million tonnes of CO2, equivalent to reducing 22% of total emissions. These figures reflect India’s commitment to combating climate change while addressing its national developmental needs. India’s Path to Sustainable and Low-Carbon Growth Despite its minimal contribution to global warming, India faces significant climate challenges due to its large population and developmental needs. Statistics: Historical Share of Global Emissions: India’s cumulative share from 1850 to 2019 is just 4%, despite housing 17% of the global population. Energy Consumption: In 2019, India’s annual primary energy consumption per capita was 28.7 gigajoules (GJ), far below global averages. Commitment to Low-Carbon Development: India has developed a Long-Term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategies (LT-LEDS) to ensure sustainable growth while addressing climate challenges. Seven Key Strategic Transitions in LT-LEDS: Low-carbon development of electricity systems Integrated, efficient low-carbon transport systems Urban adaptation and energy-efficient buildings Economy-wide decoupling of growth from emissions CO2 removal and engineering solutions Enhancing forest and vegetation cover Economic and financial aspects of low-carbon development Climate Action Initiatives for Carbon Neutrality India has implemented several initiatives to address environmental challenges: A. Forest Land Diversion & Mitigation Measures: Forest Fragmentation Consideration: Addressed during approvals for forest land diversion. Compensatory Afforestation: Mandatory afforestation for non-forestry land diversion. Green Credit Program: Launched in 2023 to promote afforestation on degraded forest lands. B. Urban Climate Adaptation & Low-Carbon Development: Urban Planning Policies: Integrates climate adaptation in policies like Smart Cities Mission, AMRUT, and PMAY. Energy-Efficient Urban Design: Emphasized in the LT-LEDS strategy. C. Air Pollution Control & Clean Air Initiatives: National Clean Air Programme (NCAP): City-specific action plans for improving air quality in 131 cities. Air Quality Measures: Includes cleaner fuels, ethanol blending, and BS VI norms. D. Coastal Ecosystem Conservation & Resilience: Mangrove and Coral Reef Conservation: Financial assistance provided to coastal states. MISHTI Program: Launched for mangrove restoration covering 540 km² across 9 coastal states. E. Regulatory Measures for Climate Resilience: Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notifications (2011 & 2019) and Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 are in place to protect critical ecosystems. Key Innovative Solutions Miyawaki Tree Planting Technique: Adopted during the Mahakumbh 2025 in Prayagraj to enhance green cover. Highlights the fusion of traditional practices with modern environmental responsibility. Conclusion India’s efforts to achieve a sustainable future through innovative policies, regulatory frameworks, and community-based initiatives demonstrate its commitment to reducing GHG emissions. With strategic transitions outlined in the LT-LEDS and practical measures such as afforestation campaigns, India is paving the way for a climate-resilient future. CAQM Sub-Committee on GRAP revokes Stage-III of revised GRAP in the entire NCR with immediate effect Context: Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) and Air Quality in NCR The Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) is a set of emergency measures implemented to tackle rising air pollution in the National Capital Region (NCR). GRAP has different stages (I to IV) based on the Air Quality Index (AQI) levels, with Stage-III being invoked when the AQI exceeds 350 (Very Poor category). Recently, Delhi’s AQI levels showed significant improvement, prompting the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) to revoke Stage-III restrictions, effective immediately. However, Stages I and II remain in force, and agencies are directed to intensify their implementation to ensure that AQI levels do not worsen. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance ) , GS 3(Environment ) Observations from the Sub-Committee Review AQI Improvement: Delhi’s AQI recorded a downward trend on January 12, 2025, clocking 281 at 2 PM, 279 at 3 PM, and further improving to 278 at 4 PM. The AQI is 72 points below the 350 mark, which is the threshold for Stage-III restrictions. Favorable Meteorological Conditions: A Western Disturbance (WD) between January 11-12, 2025, caused rains in Delhi-NCR, contributing to improved air quality. The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) forecasted another WD around January 14-15, 2025, indicating that the AQI is likely to remain in the ‘Poor’ or ‘Very Poor’ category in the coming days. Decision: Revocation of Stage-III of GRAP The CAQM Sub-Committee decided to revoke all Stage-III actions of GRAP due to: Improvement in AQI levels. Favorable weather forecasts. Disruptive impact of Stage-III restrictions on the public and industries. What Does Revoking Stage-III Mean? The following Stage-III restrictions are lifted: Ban on construction and demolition activities (except for essential projects). Closure of industries using non-clean fuels. Ban on non-essential commercial vehicles in Delhi-NCR. However, Stages I and II remain in place, and agencies must continue to enforce the following measures: Dust control measures at construction sites. Ban on diesel generator sets (except for emergency purposes). Strict monitoring of industrial emissions. Impact on Key Sectors Construction & Demolition (C&D) Sites: Projects previously shut down due to non-compliance will not be allowed to resume operations without specific orders from CAQM. Industries: Industries using non-compliant fuels will continue to remain shut. Citizens: Citizens are urged to follow the Citizen Charter under Stages I & II of GRAP, which includes measures such as reducing vehicular emissions and using public transport. Significance of the Decision Balancing Public Health and Economic Activity: The revocation of Stage-III ensures that economic activities in sectors like construction and industry can resume, minimizing disruptions. Preventive Measures to Avoid Further Restrictions: By intensifying Stages I and II, the government aims to prevent a spike in AQI and avoid the need to reimpose stricter restrictions. Challenges Ahead Winter Season: The ongoing winter season brings unfavorable meteorological conditions, such as low wind speed and temperature inversions, which can trap pollutants. Long-Term Air Quality Management: The revocation of Stage-III is a short-term relief measure, but sustainable, long-term solutions are needed to address air pollution in NCR comprehensively. Way Forward: CAQM’s Strategy Continuous Monitoring: The CAQM Sub-Committee will closely monitor AQI levels and review the situation periodically. Public Awareness: Citizens’ participation in air quality management is critical. The Citizen Charter must be followed to ensure that AQI levels remain within safe limits

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 13 January 2025

Content: India’s data protection rules need some fine-tuning Draft digital data protection rules and authoritarianism Law by reflex India’s data Protection Rules Need Some Fine-Tuning Context : The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) released the Draft Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules on January 3, 2025, marking a significant step toward operationalizing India’s DPDP Act, 2023. The draft rules reflect a pragmatic, principles-based approach in contrast to the European Union’s GDPR and India’s earlier Personal Data Protection Bill, which was widely criticized for being restrictive. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Practice Question : The Draft Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules represent a shift toward outcome-based regulation of personal data in India. Discuss the key features, challenges, and future directions for India’s data protection framework.(250 Words) Pros : Pragmatism and Flexibility The draft rules focus on outcome-based regulation rather than dictating rigid compliance procedures. Noteworthy aspects: Simplified Notice and Consent Mechanisms Reduces “consent fatigue” by simplifying the consent process. Prioritizes clarity and practicality for businesses and users. Sector-Specific Exemptions for Child Data Educational institutions and healthcare providers are exempted from seeking parental consent for tracking children’s data, provided they follow guardrails. This exemption acknowledges the role of behavioural monitoring in improving educational outcomes. Example: In contrast to the EU’s Cookie Pledge Initiative aimed at addressing consent pop-ups, India’s draft rules avoid excessive interference in user interface design. Cons: Data Localisation and Overreach There are concerns over the rules on cross-border data transfers and data localisation mandates: Cross-Border Data Transfers The draft rules introduce ambiguity by imposing data localisation mandates on Significant Data Fiduciaries (SDFs). This differentiation between large and small enterprises risks creating regulatory arbitrage. Government Overreach The draft rules lack safeguards to verify the legitimacy of user requests for information on data processing. Businesses face the risk of government access to sensitive data. Example: The RBI’s 2018 localisation mandate for payment data serves as a model for proportionate sector-specific regulation. Applying a similar approach to personal data could balance security with business competitiveness. Gaps and Future Challenges Procedural Integrity: Rules should ensure protection against frivolous user requests and trade secret breaches. Businesses need the right to charge fees for excessive requests, akin to GDPR provisions. Moving Beyond Notice and Consent: The reliance on notice-and-consent mechanisms is outdated in ubiquitous data collection environments like malls and airports. India must explore alternative privacy frameworks for emerging technologies like 5G and IoT. Key Takeaway The Draft DPDP Rules strike a balance between privacy protection and business flexibility, offering a less prescriptive regulatory framework compared to GDPR. However, data localisation mandates and government overreach risks require fine-tuning to prevent investment deterrents and legal ambiguities. Draft Digital Data Protection Rules and Authoritarianism The Draft Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules of 2025, while being a significant step towards operationalizing India’s data protection framework, have raised concerns about executive overreach, vague governance, and the lack of an independent regulatory body. This analysis will focus on the authoritarian tendencies embedded in the draft rules and the parent DPDP Act, 2023. Relevance: GS 2(Governance) Practice Question:  The recently introduced Draft Digital Data Protection Rules, 2025 have sparked concerns over executive overreach and lack of regulatory independence. Critically analyze the potential impact of these rules on citizen privacy rights and digital governance in India. (250 words) Executive Overreach and Concentration of Power The draft rules extend the centralized control of the government over the digital ecosystem. Rulemaking is essential to translate legislation into actionable policies, but these rules grant the government unchecked discretion under vague provisions. Example: The rules mandate that compliance obligations and consent mechanisms can be decided by companies or dictated by the government without transparent standards. This leaves businesses vulnerable to arbitrary directions and unpredictable regulatory requirements. The absence of specific timelines for data breach notifications or clear definitions of “clear and plain language” shows that the government retains significant leeway to interpret compliance, which increases the risk of state-led interventions in personal data handling. Lack of Independence for the Data Protection Board (DPB) The Data Protection Board (DPB), responsible for enforcing compliance and adjudicating data breaches, lacks functional independence. Its members, including the chairperson, are appointed by a selection committee led by the Cabinet Secretary, which raises concerns about political influence. Key Issues: The selection process is controlled by the executive, making the DPB subservient to government interests. Members of the DPB have service conditions aligned with central government employees, reducing their ability to act independently. There is no provision for the removal of DPB members in an insulated manner, increasing the risk of government interference. Without an autonomous regulatory authority, there are serious concerns about accountability in cases involving government entities like the UIDAI (which manages Aadhaar). Vague Provisions and Lack of Transparency The draft rules are characterized by vague language, which allows the government to interpret and enforce regulations according to its own discretion. Example: Rule 22 grants the government the power to requisition data from companies, but lacks limitations or safeguards on how this power will be exercised. The absence of clear procedural safeguards opens the door to misuse of data by the state. Further, the government’s decision to keep public consultations restricted to the MyGov platform and classified as fiduciary limits public participation and accountability. This approach resembles a corporate consultation model rather than a democratic, inclusive policy-making process. Exemptions for Government Processing The rules provide wide exemptions to government agencies under Rule 5, particularly for data processing related to subsidies, welfare programs, or state-provided services. Key Concern: Exempting the government from consent requirements undermines citizen privacy rights. For instance, Aadhaar-linked welfare exclusions highlight how data misuse can lead to denial of essential services to vulnerable populations. This exemption demonstrates a double standard — strict compliance is required from businesses, but government entities remain unaccountable for the same practices. Procedural Integrity and Digital Leash The draft rules fail to incorporate procedural safeguards to prevent state surveillance or arbitrary data requisition. The absence of checks and balances on the government’s power to requisition information or enforce data processing policies is akin to a “digital leash” — a term used to describe how the state can control citizens through their digital footprints. This authoritarian tendency is highlighted in the UIDAI’s opaque governance of Aadhaar, where data correction and dispute redressal mechanisms remain highly inaccessible to the marginalized. Historical Context: K.S. Puttaswamy Judgment The K.S. Puttaswamy judgment (2017) reaffirmed privacy as a fundamental right, yet the digital policies of the Indian state seem to contradict the spirit of the judgment. Key Issue: The broad discretionary powers granted to the executive through the draft rules erode privacy protections and individual autonomy. This shift towards state control over personal data can lead to mass surveillance and erosion of democratic freedoms. Comparing the Draft Rules with Global Standards While the EU’s GDPR is criticized for being overly prescriptive, it ensures robust regulatory independence and stringent checks on government powers. In contrast, India’s draft rules: Lack a strong regulatory body. Grant excessive discretionary powers to the government. Do not ensure transparency in data processing by state agencies. This deviation from global best practices reflects authoritarian tendencies in India’s approach to data protection. Way Forward Independent Data Protection Authority: Establish an autonomous body to oversee compliance and adjudication. Transparent Rulemaking: Ensure that public consultations are inclusive and submissions are made public for counter-comments. Limit Government Powers: Define clear limitations and procedural safeguards on the government’s power to requisition data. Balance Privacy and Security: Ensure that rules protect individual privacy while addressing law enforcement needs without compromising constitutional rights. Law By Reflex Context :The Tamil Nadu government’s recent amendments to criminal laws on sexual offences against women highlight a pattern often observed in governance — a reactive tightening of laws following public outcry over specific crimes. While the amendments are well-intentioned, they underscore a recurring “law by reflex” approach, where increased severity of punishments is seen as a quick solution to sexual crimes without addressing the deeper issue of implementation failures. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Practice Question:The tendency to impose more stringent punishments for sexual offences is often a reaction to public outrage rather than a well-considered policy measure. Discuss the limitations of this approach in ensuring women’s safety. Suggest alternative measures to effectively reduce sexual crimes in India. (250 words) Why Stringent Laws Are Not Enough ? Reactionary Legislation: The Tamil Nadu Assembly’s amendments were triggered by a politically sensitive rape case on Anna University’s campus. This legislative move is more about sending a political message than addressing the root causes of sexual crimes. Governments often resort to quick legislative fixes in response to public outrage to project administrative control and concern for women’s safety. Lack of Evidence for Deterrence: There is no empirical evidence to suggest that harsher punishments deter sexual crimes. Studies worldwide indicate that certainty of punishment, rather than its severity, is what acts as a deterrent. Increasing penalties such as death for acid attacks may appear tough on paper, but it has minimal impact on reducing crimes if law enforcement and judicial processes remain inefficient. Broad and Vague Legal Provisions: The amendments introduce new definitions of harassment that include non-verbal and digital actions, but such vague terms risk misinterpretation and misuse. Overbroad provisions may lead to false accusations and undermine the credibility of genuine cases. Positive Aspects of the Amendments Binding Protection Orders: A welcome move is the provision for protection orders, preventing perpetrators from contacting survivors by any means. This aligns with global best practices for victim protection. Extension of Bail-Denying Provisions: Applying bail-denying features to POCSO offences and sexual crimes ensures that offenders remain in custody, reducing the risk of re-victimization. Enhanced Punishments: The amendments increase jail terms for rape, stalking, voyeurism, etc. While this signals seriousness, it is crucial to recognize that harsh punishments alone cannot replace effective enforcement. Challenges in Implementation Low Conviction Rates: Despite stringent laws, India’s conviction rates for sexual crimes remain abysmally low. The problem lies in policing, investigation, and prosecution — arresting offenders, collecting credible evidence, and ensuring timely trials. Judicial Delays: The overburdened judiciary and slow trials often result in delayed justice, eroding the deterrence effect of the law. Political Interference: Cases involving influential individuals often see pressure to dilute investigations. The Anna University case highlights this risk, where the offender’s political links made the government defensive. The Real Solution: Focus on Implementation Effective Policing and Investigation: Sensitizing police to handle sexual crime cases with empathy. Training investigation teams to gather credible evidence swiftly. Ensuring no political interference in cases involving powerful offenders. Speedy Trials: Fast-tracking sexual crime cases to ensure quick justice delivery. Increasing the number of special courts to deal with POCSO and sexual harassment cases. Public Awareness and Safety Measures: Ensuring workplaces, public spaces, and homes are safe for women. Promoting gender-sensitive education to change societal attitudes towards women. Conclusion The “law by reflex” approach fails to address the systemic issues plaguing the criminal justice system. Instead of relying on harsher punishments, the focus should be on ensuring certainty of punishment through effective policing, impartial investigations, and timely trials. A safe society for women will emerge not through draconian laws, but through better implementation, accountability, and societal reforms.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 13 January 2025

Content: Docking Trial: ISRO Overcomes Drift, Nudges Satellites Closer Kerala’s Maternal Mortality Ratio Climbs as Fertility Levels Fall to a New Low Companies Look to Localise Data Storage, Telecom Tech An Unlikely Mystery: Studies Shed New Light on How Genes Are Made The Reforms Needed in the MEA Should Voter IDs Be Linked with Aadhaar? How the Draft Rules for Implementing Data Protection Fall Short Docking trial: ISRO overcomes drift, nudges satellites closer Context : ISRO is attempting to dock two satellites (SDX01 – Chaser, SDX02 – Target) in space as part of the SPaDeX mission, designed to demonstrate spacecraft rendezvous, docking, and undocking technologies. Relevance : GS 3(Space) Launch Details: The PSLV C60 rocket launched the two satellites into space on December 30, 2024, from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. Trial Update: ISRO successfully brought the satellites within 3 meters of each other in a trial attempt. The satellites were initially 15 meters apart and later brought closer to 3 meters, before moving them back to a safe distance for further analysis. Setback and Recovery: The docking experiment faced a delay due to an unexpected drift between the satellites, which had to be addressed before proceeding. The drift was more than expected, causing the postponement of the docking attempt from January 7 to January 8. ISRO overcame the drift issue and is now proceeding with further data analysis before attempting the docking. Significance of the Mission: The SPaDeX mission is crucial for developing technologies required for future space missions, such as: Sending an Indian astronaut to the moon. Moon sample return missions. Establishing an Indian space station. Successful execution will place India among the leading countries (U.S., Russia, China) capable of spacecraft docking. Next Steps: Docking will be attempted after analyzing trial data. If successful, India will join the ranks of the U.S., Russia, and China in mastering spacecraft docking. Kerala’s maternal mortality ratio climbs as fertility levels fall to a new low Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) Trends: Kerala’s MMR is rising, currently reported at 19 per one lakh live births, but the State Health Department estimates it at 29. The increase in MMR is due to a decline in fertility rates, not necessarily more maternal deaths. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Declining Births: Kerala’s fertility rate has dropped to a historic low of 1.46 (2021 VSR), significantly below the replacement level fertility of 2.1. The State recorded 3.93 lakh births in the latest data, a decline from an average of 5-5.5 lakh annually in previous years. Impact of Declining Fertility: Reduced births increase MMR despite stable maternal health outcomes. Kerala’s demographic transition is leading to fewer children born, with an expected future increase in elderly population and associated social challenges. Demographic Transition: Kerala achieved replacement-level fertility in 1987-88 and saw a consistent decline in birth rates since 1991. The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) dropped to 1.46 in 2021, with projections suggesting further decline to 1.35. Social and Economic Consequences: Migration of reproductive-age individuals for jobs or education is contributing to low birth rates. The proportion of elderly population is expected to surpass children in the next decade, creating challenges in caregiving and welfare. Delayed Childbearing and Increased Risks: Rising age of marriage and delayed childbearing may lead to higher pregnancy-related morbidities. Though evidence is still limited, this could contribute to increased health risks for older mothers. Population Data and Reporting Concerns: Official birth registration data is being debated, with discrepancies in reporting and delayed publication of the Vital Statistics Report (VSR) after 2021. The lack of accurate and timely data hinders a clear understanding of demographic trends. Health Department’s Response: The State Health Department’s ongoing efforts to address maternal health challenges, despite the structural issues related to declining fertility, are facing mounting difficulty. Holding the MMR at 20 by 2030 seems increasingly unlikely due to demographic shifts. Companies look to localise data storage, telecom tech Shift to Localisation: Indian companies are capitalising on policy changes to localise both data storage and telecom equipment production. Firms are increasingly focusing on manufacturing networking equipment and establishing data storage solutions within India. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Key Players: CloudPhotonix: A firm founded by transceiver industry veterans, aiming to replace Chinese-made components in telecom networks by producing locally. DigiBoxx: A cloud storage platform offering services with servers and data centres based in India, addressing data localisation demands and regulatory requirements. Data Localisation and Regulation: The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 allows the possibility of future data localisation in certain sectors. The Reserve Bank of India already mandates that payment data of Indians be stored locally. Data localisation is being driven by privacy concerns and regulatory compliance, making local storage increasingly sought after by firms, even at higher costs. Optical Transceiver Market Growth: The global optical transceiver market is projected to reach $47.64 billion by 2035, driven by increased demand for networking and telecom equipment. Transceivers, a key component in networking, have primarily been imported into India; however, local production is gaining momentum. Challenges and Opportunities: Local production of transceivers and telecom equipment is seen as a response to the push for reducing reliance on foreign, particularly Chinese, technology following geopolitical tensions since 2020. CloudPhotonix is targeting the growing need for indigenous networking components, which are crucial for both telecom networks and data centres. Cost and Security Considerations: While local data storage options like DigiBoxx may be more expensive, they are gaining traction due to the need for compliance with regulations and the rising importance of data privacy. The emphasis on data security is driving firms to consider local storage solutions to ensure compliance and protect their digital assets. Industry Support: Union Secretary for Electronics and Information Technology, S. Krishnan, welcomed the localisation efforts in the telecom and data storage sectors, noting that these moves are commercially driven and aligned with national interests. An unlikely mystery: studies shed new light on how genes are made Gene Duplication and Evolution: In 1970, biologist Susumu Ohno proposed that gene duplication is a key mechanism for creating new genes. When genes are duplicated, one copy maintains the original function, while the other is free to mutate and potentially gain new functions. A key challenge to this theory was the problem of protein over-production from duplicated genes, which can lead to diseases. Relevance : GS 3(Science ) Recent Research on Gene Duplication: University of Nevada, Reno: Researchers found that the promoters of duplicated genes have more methylated DNA than non-duplicated genes. Methylation helps prevent over-expression of proteins, reducing harmful effects of duplication and enabling the new gene to survive and evolve. This process also increases mutation rates, contributing to gene evolution. Exogenous DNA and Incipient Genes: Max Planck Institute Study: Researchers inserted random DNA sequences into human cells, creating proteins and observing their effects on cell growth. Over time, they found that 40% of the new DNA sequences influenced cell growth, behaving like incipient genes that could become relevant for evolution. Gene Retention in Evolution: For a gene to be retained in a genome, it must serve a functional purpose or be allowed to mutate beneficially. An example of gene retention is the ABO blood group system, where different variants (A, B, O) have persisted across species, even though some variants don’t seem to be essential. Key Concepts of Gene Function and Structure: The human genome contains 20,000 protein-coding genes and 20,000 genes responsible for creating RNA that regulates other genes. Promoters and enhancers play a crucial role in determining when and where genes are transcribed into mRNA for protein production. The human genome consists of 24 chromosomes, with males having one X and one Y chromosome, and females having two X chromosomes. Implications for Evolutionary Biology: These studies highlight the complexity of gene creation, duplication, and evolution, offering new perspectives on how new genes arise and are preserved over time. Random DNA insertions can have evolutionary significance, contributing to the adaptation of organisms. The reforms needed in the MEA India’s Rising Global Stature: India has gained prominence through consistent economic growth, political stability, and autonomous foreign policy. Successes include the G20 presidency, strategic autonomy during the Russia-Ukraine conflict, leadership in vaccine diplomacy, and advocacy for the Global South. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Challenges Faced by the MEA: The MEA is understaffed, with around 850 Indian Foreign Service (IFS) officers for 193 embassies and consulates worldwide. The U.S. has 14,500, the U.K. 4,600, and Russia 4,500 foreign service officers, highlighting a significant gap. India’s current intake of 32-35 officers annually is insufficient to meet future needs, and it would take decades to reach an optimal workforce of 1,500 officers. Recommendations for Improvement: Lateral Hiring: Absorb officers from other government services, including defense personnel and academics with international relations expertise. Internal Restructuring: Consolidate fragmented divisions to improve coordination, especially in regional affairs (e.g., India’s neighborhood countries). Improved Incentives for Domestic Postings: Enhance housing, medical, and educational support for officers stationed in India, and provide financial incentives to make domestic assignments more attractive. Issues with Diplomatic Expertise: Language Skills: Officers’ language training often loses relevance due to frequent postings, which do not align with their linguistic expertise. Specialist Roles: The IFS must balance generalist and specialist roles, encouraging officers to specialize in areas like cybersecurity, space policy, and AI. Technological Adaptation: The MEA must build capacity in emerging technologies and retain domain specialists to handle areas like cybersecurity and AI, which require technical expertise beyond the generalist role of IFS officers. Positive Steps Taken: Establishment of divisions like Policy, Planning, and Research and the Centre for Contemporary China Studies signals the MEA’s efforts to adapt to global changes. The leadership of Dr. S. Jaishankar has fostered innovation, assertiveness, and alignment of foreign policy with India’s long-term goal of becoming a ‘Viksit Bharat’ (Developed India). Looking Ahead: As India moves toward its 100 years of independence in 2047, the MEA must evolve its structure and strategy to support India’s growing global influence and ambitions. Should voter IDs be linked with Aadhaar? Context of the Debate: The Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) and Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) have accused each other of manipulating electoral rolls ahead of Delhi Assembly elections. This has reignited the discussion around linking Voter IDs (EPIC) with Aadhaar numbers for better electoral roll accuracy. Relevance: GS 2(Governance) History of the Proposal: 2015: The Election Commission (EC) launched the National Electoral Rolls Purification and Authentication Program (NERPAP) to address duplicate entries in electoral rolls by linking voter data with Aadhaar. 2015 Supreme Court Ruling: The Court ruled that Aadhaar could only be used for welfare schemes and PAN linking, causing the EC to halt the NERPAP. 2018 Puttaswamy Case: The Supreme Court upheld the constitutional validity of the Aadhaar Act, prompting the EC to seek amendments to the Representation of the People Act, 1950. 2021 Amendment: The RP Act and The Registration of Electors Rules, 1960, were amended to allow Aadhaar linkage, with the provision being voluntary. Implementation & Challenges: 2023 Clarification: The EC stated that Aadhaar submission is not mandatory, but Forms 6 and 6B for voter registration have not been updated yet. The linkage aims to address issues like duplicate entries but raises concerns about the accuracy of Aadhaar data and its ability to remove non-citizens from the rolls. Pros of Linking EPIC with Aadhaar: Duplication Elimination: Linking Aadhaar with EPIC can help in removing duplicate entries from the electoral rolls, enhancing electoral accuracy. Over 650 million Aadhaar numbers have already been uploaded in the process of finalizing electoral rolls. Cons and Concerns: Errors in Aadhaar Database: Even minor errors could lead to wrongful rejections or deletions from the electoral roll. Aadhaar is Proof of Residence, Not Citizenship: It cannot confirm voter eligibility based on citizenship. Privacy Risks: While Aadhaar linking may not directly violate privacy, there are concerns about misuse since electoral rolls are accessible to political parties. Way Forward: Public Confidence: Emphasize the benefits of linking EPIC with Aadhaar to clean up the electoral roll, ensuring a more transparent and efficient election process. Amend Forms: Modify Forms 6 and 6B to reflect that providing Aadhaar details is not mandatory, as clarified by the EC in 2023. Protect Voter Privacy: Address concerns regarding privacy and ensure voter trust in the integrity of the electoral process. Conclusion: Linking Voter IDs with Aadhaar could help eliminate duplicate entries but requires careful handling of privacy concerns, accuracy of data, and voluntary participation. Public awareness and updated forms are crucial in moving forward. How the draft rules for implementing data protection falls short Context of the Draft Rules: Released by MeitY: The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) released the draft rules for the Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP Act), 2023 after a 16-month wait. The rules, open for public feedback until mid-February, outline the implementation framework of the DPDP Act, India’s first comprehensive data privacy law. Critics, especially civil society, have expressed concerns about the lack of a specialized regulator, insufficient protections against government data access, and excessive delegation of regulatory functions to the government. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Lack of Detail in Draft Rules: General Guidance Provided: The draft rules touch on key mechanisms such as notice and consent for data collection, breach notifications, and parental consent for children’s data. Shortcomings in Detail: The rules provide limited practical guidance on how these mechanisms will be implemented to improve the lives of India’s digital citizens. Shortcomings in User Rights: Right to Access and Erasure: The DPDP Act grants users the right to access, correct, and erase their data, but the rules fail to clarify how users can exercise these rights. The rules only mention that users must follow steps published by businesses to make requests, without specifying clear processes for exercising the right to erasure (e.g., removing specific search engine links). The rules also lack clarity on how data processors can object to erasure requests, especially if they affect third-party content. Shortcomings in Protecting Children’s Data: Parental Consent Requirement: The DPDP Act mandates that data processors seek verifiable parental consent before processing the personal data of children under 18, but the draft rules offer no clear mechanism for how businesses should identify children and collect this consent. The rules only state that data processors must ensure parents are identifiable adults but do not address critical questions such as verifying parent-child relationships or dealing with children lying about their age. The rules do not provide solutions for cases where families share devices or for platforms that need to verify age claims. Overall Evaluation: Despite a long drafting and consultation period, the rules released by MeitY are criticized for being vague, incomplete, and lacking operational clarity. The government needs to consult experts, address practical implementation questions, and clarify timelines for rule enforcement. Call to Action: The government must seek expert advice, conduct consultations, and refine the rules to ensure they address privacy concerns and provide clear guidelines for businesses and data processors before finalizing the implementation framework.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 11 January 2025

Content: Technology developed to shape light for future technologies India’s delegation to WEF 2025 highlights AI, Sustainability and Global Partnerships Technology developed to shape light for future technologies Context: Technological Breakthrough in Nanophotonics Researchers at IISc Bangalore have developed a cutting-edge platform for controlling light at the nanoscale, with significant applications in quantum communication, data encryption, and next-gen photonic devices. Relevance : GS 3 (Science & Technology) Technology: 2D Semiconductor Colloidal Quantum Wells (CQWs) CQWs are highly suitable as nanoscale photon sources due to their: Giant oscillator strengths Large absorption cross-sections These features make CQWs ideal for applications in quantum metrology and quantum cryptography. Innovation: Integration with Dielectric Metasurfaces Dielectric Metasurface Resonators (MSRs) were integrated with CQWs to achieve: Emission line narrowing Long-range photon transport Enhanced spectral purity Platform used: Cadmium Selenide (CdSe)-based CQWs Silicon nitride (SiN) slab-waveguide Square-lattice geometry of holes for precise light emission tuning. Important Results Achieved 12-fold increase in brightness 97% reduction in spectral width, ensuring superior spectral purity. Photon transport over 1 mm, a critical step for on-chip quantum devices. Applications of the Innovation Quantum Communication – Highly secure information transfer. Quantum Cryptography – Ensuring data encryption using single-photon sources. Next-gen Photonic Devices – Efficient on-chip light sources for quantum information processing. Tools and Setup Used Confocal Photoluminescence (PL) Microscope funded by DST-FIST program. Published in Advanced Optical Materials. Future Plans Integration of Single Quantum Emitters (SPEs) with MSRs Potential for creating highly efficient single-photon sources. Could revolutionize on-chip quantum photonics for secure communications and advanced sensing technologies. Significance for India Enhances India’s quantum technology ecosystem. Strengthens quantum cryptography capabilities. Opens new frontiers in nanophotonics research. India’s delegation to WEF 2025 highlights AI, Sustainability and Global Partnerships Event Overview: WEF 2025 in Davos 55th Annual Meeting of WEF Dates: January 20-24, 2025 Location: Davos-Klosters, Switzerland Theme: “Collaboration for the Intelligent Age” India’s participation will focus on AI, sustainability, global partnerships, and economic transformation, reflecting its role in shaping the global agenda for the “Intelligent Age.” Relevance: GS 2 (International Relations) | GS 3 (Economy) Focus Areas for India India’s delegation will contribute to WEF’s five key workstreams: Reimagining Growth – Exploring innovation-driven economic growth models. Investing in People – Emphasizing human capital development and upskilling. Rebuilding Trust – Addressing trust deficits in governance and global cooperation. Industries in the Intelligent Age – Leveraging emerging technologies like AI, IoT, and blockchain. Safeguarding the Planet – Promoting sustainable practices and climate resilience. India’s Delegation: One Nation, One Voice six Indian states will participate: Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Telangana Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh Kerala The states will highlight their industrial advancements and investment opportunities to attract global investments. Key Topics India Will Address India will engage in panel discussions, roundtables, and G2B/G2G engagements covering critical global issues: Sustainability and Trust Food Security Economic Partnerships Driving Investments Infrastructure as an Enabler Supply Chain Diversification AI for Process Transformation Chemicals Investment Opportunity AI & FDI Session: Key Highlight for India India will participate in the session “AI and FDI: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Investment,” co-organized by: Invest India WAIPA (World Association of Investment Promotion Agencies) WIDA (World Investment for Development Alliance) This session will explore how artificial intelligence can enhance foreign direct investment (FDI) and sustainable investments. India’s FDI Success Story India has surpassed $1 trillion in FDI inflows since April 2000. FDI in the first half of the current fiscal year reached $42.1 billion, reflecting a 26% growth. India’s strategic policy reforms and business-friendly ecosystem make it a top destination for global investments. Why WEF 2025 Matters for India Global Economic Leadership – India’s participation reinforces its role in shaping the global economic agenda. Technological Innovation – Demonstrating leadership in AI and frontier technologies for digital transformation. Sustainability Focus – Showcasing efforts to achieve Net Zero goals and climate resilience. Investment Destination – Promoting India as a prime investment hub through FDI success stories. Significance for India’s Global Role India’s participation at WEF 2025 highlights its growing influence in global policy discussions on sustainable development, emerging technologies, and economic cooperation. This aligns with India’s G20 Presidency vision and underscores its role as a key player in the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 11 January 2025

Content: Forging leadership with India’s youth power India’s journey so far on the AI military bandwagon Local Power and the Role of Local Self-Governments Forging leadership with India’s Youth Power Context: National Youth Festival: Purpose and Significance Celebrated annually on January 12, marking Swami Vivekananda’s birth anniversary. Aims to harness youth potential for nation-building. Focuses on youth leadership, innovation, and sustainable development. Relevance:GS 2(Governance) , GS 4(Leadership ) Practice question : The youth of India can be powerful agents of change in the nation’s progress. Discuss how initiatives like the National Youth Festival and Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue contribute to harnessing youth power for nation-building. Also, highlight the challenges and suggest measures to overcome them.(250 Words ) Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue: Vision and Structure Objective: Engage youth to contribute towards India’s development journey (Viksit Bharat). Empower young leaders with skills in leadership, problem-solving, and innovation. Structure (4 Stages): Viksit Bharat Quiz (Digital) Covers India’s achievements, challenges, SDGs, policies. Essay/Blog Writing Themes like Tech for Viksit Bharat, Empowering Youth. Evaluates critical thinking and originality. State-level Pitch Deck Presentation Youth present innovative ideas for national progress. National Championship Held at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi (January 2025). Finalists present solutions to the Prime Minister, influencing policy-making. Insights: The dialogue is transformational, fostering critical thinking and direct policy engagement. Provides a unique platform for youth to contribute to governance. Unique Features of the 2025 National Youth Festival Theme: Youth for Sustainable Development Aligns with SDGs and India’s vision of inclusive, green development. Components: Workshops on Leadership and Innovation Focus on digital entrepreneurship, sustainable living, etc. Skill-building for youth to drive community-level change. Cultural Programmes Showcases India’s cultural diversity through music, dance, theatre. Promotes national integration and creative expression. Tech and Innovation Showcases Highlights youth-led technological solutions in health, education, agriculture, etc. Encourages grassroots innovation for real-world problems. Engagement with Leaders Direct interactions with leaders from government, business, and academia. Offers valuable insights into governance and leadership. Youth Recognition Awards for innovation and service, motivating more youth to take active roles. Insights: The festival promotes holistic development of youth — fostering leadership, innovation, creativity, and cultural values. Encourages youth-driven solutions to national challenges. Role of MY Bharat (Mera Yuva Bharat) Functions: Autonomous body under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. Acts as a platform to engage and empower youth. Facilitates knowledge sharing, mentorship, and nation-building initiatives. Digital Integration: Ensures youth from remote areas can participate online. Promotes inclusive engagement. Support for Youth-Led Initiatives: Helps youth navigate social and technological challenges. Encourages innovative problem–solving for a better India. Insights: MY Bharat bridges the gap between policy and grassroots action. It plays a pivotal role in shaping a digitally inclusive youth movement. Importance of Youth in Nation-Building India’s demographic dividend offers a unique opportunity for progress. Youth possess energy, creativity, and ambition to drive transformation. Swami Vivekananda’s Vision: “Give me one hundred believing young men… I will transform India as the number one nation in the world.” Emphasizes youth power and self-belief. Analysis: The youth-driven model is crucial for India’s vision of Viksit Bharat. Aligns with PM Modi’s call for Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India). Critical Evaluation of the Initiative Strengths:  Empowers youth to contribute to national policy and development.  Encourages critical thinking, innovation, and leadership.  Promotes national integration and inclusive growth.  Provides direct engagement with leaders, influencing governance. Challenges:  Accessibility barriers for economically disadvantaged youth. Digital divide might hinder participation from rural areas.  Sustainability of engagement post-event needs focus.  Youth aspirations vs. policy implementation gap may emerge. Way Forward Bridging the Digital Divide Ensure internet access and digital literacy for all youth. Institutionalizing Youth Engagement Regular dialogues between youth and policymakers to sustain momentum. Enhancing Regional Outreach Focus on youth from remote and marginalized communities. Monitoring and Feedback Mechanisms Create a feedback loop to ensure that youth ideas are implemented. Conclusion The Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue is a game-changer in youth empowerment. It not only encourages innovative thinking and leadership but also provides a direct platform for youth to contribute to national policies. In a world driven by youth-led change, this initiative aligns perfectly with Swami Vivekananda’s vision of transforming India through youth power India’s journey so far on the AI military bandwagon Current Progress in AI Adoption by the Indian Military Defence Budget Allocation: ₹6.21 lakh crore ($75 billion) allocated for defence in 2023-24, focusing on modernisation and upgradation. AI-Based Products Developed: Example: Indrajaal autonomous drone security system – an AI-driven air defence shield against drones. Foreign Investments in AI: Microsoft’s $3 billion investment in data centres in Telangana is part of building India’s AI infrastructure. Relevance: GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Internal Security ) Practice Question : Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformative potential for India’s military capabilities. Discuss the current progress in AI adoption by the Indian military and the challenges it faces. Suggest a way forward to strengthen AI in India’s defence sector.(250 Words) Government’s Vision on Military AI Defence Minister’s Statement: AI can revolutionise military operations, enhancing predictive analytics and autonomous decision-making systems. International Initiatives: India is part of various global collaborations on AI, ensuring knowledge-sharing and partnership-building. Challenges in AI Adoption for Defence A. Lack of Digitised Data for AI Systems AI systems require large amounts of data for training. Traditional systems in the military lack modern data infrastructure, making AI integration harder. B. High Cost of Data Centres Running AI systems requires expensive data centres, which is an additional burden on an already stretched defence budget. C. Focus on Replacing Legacy Systems India is investing heavily in replacing outdated hardware (e.g., aircraft and tanks). This leaves fewer resources for new technologies like AI. D. Fragmented AI Policies National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence outlines a vision for AI but lacks specific military implementation guidelines. Responsible AI for All focuses on transparency and accountability, but it doesn’t address military-specific concerns. Key Institutions: Defence Artificial Intelligence Council (DAIC) Defence AI Project Agency (DAIPA) These institutions aim to bridge policy gaps, but updates on their progress are limited. International Comparisons and Lessons for India Israel and China are far ahead in military AI development, focusing on: Autonomous weapons systems AI-driven surveillance India must catch up by: Streamlining AI policies Enhancing the speed of AI adoption Over-reliance on Public Sector Units (PSUs) Historically, India’s defence sector has been dominated by PSUs. Challenges: PSUs are slow to innovate and lack competitive pressure. Solution: Encourage Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) and private sector participation. Example: Success in the space sector through private participation (ISRO + private firms). Recommendations for India’s Military AI Strategy Develop Robust AI Policies : Military-specific guidelines are needed to streamline AI deployment. Enhance Inter-Service Cooperation : Break down silos between the Army, Navy, and Air Force to ensure seamless integration. Invest in AI Infrastructure : Build more data centres and improve data digitisation in military systems. Foster Public-Private Partnerships : Leverage private sector innovation to scale AI solutions. Ensure Responsible AI Deployment : Focus on ethical considerations and accountability mechanisms to mitigate risks. The Road Ahead – Why AI Is Essential for India’s Defence Global Pressure: Countries like China and Israel are advancing rapidly in AI-based military technologies. Strategic Necessity: AI can enhance: Predictive intelligence Autonomous decision-making Surveillance and threat detection Local Power and the Role of Local Self-Governments Local self-governments are the third tier of governance in India that enable grassroots democracy. The ongoing delays in holding elections to local bodies in Tamil Nadu highlight key issues in decentralised governance, particularly regarding delimitation, urbanisation, and constitutional obligations. Relevance : GS 2 (Local Governance) Practice Question : Local self-governments play a critical role in deepening democracy at the grassroots level. Examine the importance of holding timely local body elections and the impact of delaying such elections. Suggest measures to strengthen the local governance framework in India.(250 Words ) The Current Situation in Tamil Nadu Expiry of Rural Local Bodies’ Term: The tenure of 9,624 village panchayats, 314 panchayat unions, and 28 district panchayats ended on January 5, 2025. Instead of holding elections, the government has appointed special officers to manage these bodies for the next six months. Reason Cited by the Government: Delimitation of wards and reservation for women, SCs, and STs must be completed before elections. Reorganisation of local bodies is underway, including: Creation of four new municipal corporations. Merger of 140 village panchayats with urban local bodies (ULBs). Expansion of municipal limits in cities like Chennai and Coimbatore. Impact of Delays: Loss of democratic accountability due to lack of elected representatives. Risk of disruption in rural development schemes (e.g., MGNREGA) due to merger with ULBs. Legal Precedent: Suresh Mahajan vs State of Madhya Pradesh Supreme Court’s Ruling (2022): Delimitation or ward formation cannot be used as an excuse to delay local body elections. Elections must be notified before the expiry of the five-year term of local bodies. Delimitation should be a continuous process and commenced well in advance to avoid delays. Constitutional Mandate: As per Article 243E of the Constitution, elections to local bodies must be held before the term of the outgoing body ends. The State Election Commission (SEC) is responsible for ensuring that elections are conducted on time. The Importance of Local Self-Governments Local self-governments play a critical role in: Delivering basic services such as water supply, sanitation, and local infrastructure. Implementing rural development schemes like MGNREGA, PMAY-G, and Swachh Bharat Mission. Providing a platform for participatory democracy, where people have a direct say in governance. Bridging the gap between citizens and the government by addressing local issues efficiently. Despite their importance, local bodies are often neglected, and elections are frequently delayed across various States. Urbanisation and Its Impact on Rural Local Bodies Rapid urbanisation in Tamil Nadu has led to: Merger of rural areas with urban bodies, especially in areas surrounding cities like Chennai and Coimbatore. Expansion of municipal limits to accommodate the growing urban population. Concerns of Rural Residents: Loss of rural identity and autonomy. Disruption in rural development schemes if village panchayats are merged with urban bodies. Reduced focus on rural-specific needs, such as agriculture and irrigation. Issues with Delimitation and Reorganisation Delimitation: The process of redrawing ward boundaries based on population changes is essential to ensure fair representation. However, delimitation delays often become a political excuse to postpone local body elections. Reorganisation of Local Bodies: While reorganising village panchayats into ULBs is a necessary response to urbanisation, it should not be done at the cost of delaying elections or disrupting rural governance. Challenges in Conducting Timely Local Body Elections Political Interference: State governments often postpone elections for political reasons, fearing a loss of control over local bodies. Inadequate Role of State Election Commissions (SEC): State Election Commissions are often not independent enough to assert their authority and ensure timely elections. There is a need to strengthen SECs to make them autonomous and accountable. Financial Constraints: Local bodies often lack financial autonomy, which affects their ability to function efficiently. There is a need for more fiscal devolution from the State governments to empower local bodies. The Way Forward Strengthen State Election Commissions (SECs): Ensure independence and autonomy of SECs to conduct timely elections. SECs should have the power to override State government delays. Continuous Delimitation Process: Delimitation should be ongoing, not a one-time exercise, to avoid delays in elections. Fiscal Empowerment of Local Bodies: Ensure greater fiscal devolution to local bodies to make them more autonomous and effective. Public Awareness and Accountability: Encourage citizen participation in local governance to ensure elected bodies are accountable and transparent. Balanced Urbanisation Strategy: Urbanisation should not undermine rural governance. Rural development schemes must be protected even after merging with urban bodies. Key Takeaways Local self-governments are crucial for grassroots democracy and better service delivery. The delay in local body elections impacts democratic accountability and rural development. Delimitation and urbanisation must be managed without disrupting rural governance. There is a constitutional obligation to conduct timely local body elections. Strengthening State Election Commissions and fiscal devolution are necessary reforms to ensure the effective functioning of local bodies.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 11 January 2025

Content: President Murmu’s invite for this year’s Republic Day reception set to honour crafts from South 2024 was the first year to breach global warming limit, show data Centre calls for comprehensive approach to address impact of climate change on agriculture Three million Sudan children facing acute malnutrition: UN Iran’s fast-ageing population fuels economic fears, defies govt. efforts Amid Ukraine tensions, anti-war Russian theatre in Latvia fights language ban President Murmu’s invite for this year’s Republic Day reception set to honour crafts from South Context: The “At Home” reception at Rashtrapati Bhavan is traditionally a formal event, symbolizing the constitutional head’s interaction with dignitaries on Republic Day. This year’s departure from convention is noteworthy for its emphasis on Indian heritage, regional crafts, and cultural diplomacy, marking 75 years of the Republic of India. Relevance : GS 1(Heritage , Culture) President Murmu’s initiative is more than a ceremonial gesture — it reflects an evolving approach to inclusive nation-building, acknowledging the diverse cultural fabric of India while promoting local artisans and sustainable crafts. Themes in the Initiative Cultural Representation and Regional Inclusivity The curated invitation box highlights the craft traditions of five southern States — Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh — bringing regional craftsmanship to the national stage. This move signals a pan-Indian ethos, recognizing southern India’s contributions to the country’s civilizational heritage. Tamil Nadu: Kanjeevaram silk pouch Kerala: Screwpine leaf bookmark Karnataka: Ganjifa art fridge magnet Telangana: Ikat-Pochampalli cover Andhra Pradesh: Etikoppaka dolls This cultural recognition can be viewed through the lens of soft power, which seeks to enhance national identity by celebrating regional diversity. Geographical Indication (GI) and “One District One Product” Scheme The use of GI-tagged products aligns with government efforts to promote traditional crafts and local artisans. The “One District One Product” (ODOP) scheme aims to identify and promote unique local products from each district of India, contributing to economic empowerment and sustainability. Significance: The inclusion of GI-tagged items in such a high-profile event elevates local crafts to national prestige, promoting cultural preservation and economic opportunities for artisans. Sustainability and Craft Revival The sustainability theme is evident in the bamboo weave box and reusable Kalamkari art packaging. Environmental Consciousness: The initiative aligns with President Murmu’s focus on sustainability and the government’s broader push for eco-friendly practices. Craft Revival: Many of the included crafts, such as Ganjifa art and Kalamkari, are dying traditions. By showcasing them at a national ceremonial event, the government is reviving interest in these crafts and ensuring their survival. 2024 was the first year to breach global warming limit, show data Context : 2024 is the first year to surpass the 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels threshold, according to the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S). This milestone marks a significant moment in the ongoing climate crisis. Relevance : GS 3(Environment) Temperature Data: 2024’s mean global temperature reached 15.1°C, 0.72°C above the 1991-2020 average. 1.6°C above the 1850-1900 pre-industrial period, officially breaking the long-term temperature record. Every year from 2015 to 2024 has been one of the 10 warmest years on record, highlighting the trend of consistent temperature rise. Implications of Breaching 1.5°C: Experts emphasize that 2024’s temperature represents a point of no return. If trends continue, the world is on track to exceed 2°C by 2050, a critical threshold with severe consequences for global ecosystems and human life. Despite year-to-year variability (such as El Niño effects), carbon emissions continue to drive the temperature rise, making it increasingly likely that further warming is inevitable. Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Records: The annual average SST over extra-polar oceans reached a record high of 20.87°C, 0.51°C above the 1991-2020 average, exacerbating global warming impacts. SST was the warmest from January to June 2024, with July to December ranking as the second warmest period after 2023. Experts’ Warnings: Joeri Rogelj (Grantham Institute) warns that every fraction of a degree of warming leads to increased harm to ecosystems and people. Vaibhav Chaturvedi (CEEW) highlights the negative impacts on developing economies, where climate disasters are intensifying, and the failure of COP29 to deliver on finance makes mitigation efforts harder. The Need for Immediate Action: The data underscores the urgency for global emissions cuts to prevent further temperature rises, especially with climate talks failing to generate meaningful progress. Centre calls for comprehensive approach to address impact of climate change on agriculture Context: Climate change’s impact on agriculture was a central theme at the Agri and Commodity Summit, 2025. Union Agriculture Secretary Devesh Chaturvedi emphasized a two-pronged approach of adaptation and mitigation to tackle these challenges. Relevance : GS 3(Environment) Adaptation Strategies: Development of drought- and flood-resistant crops to withstand extreme weather events. Implementation of efficient water management techniques to optimize water usage in agriculture. Expansion of crop insurance schemes to provide financial support during natural calamities, aiming to protect farmer livelihoods. Mitigation Strategies: Promotion of natural farming to reduce reliance on chemical inputs, thereby enhancing soil health. Introduction of carbon market incentives to encourage climate-smart farming practices. These efforts aim to ensure food security while making agriculture more resilient to climate change. Role of PACS (Primary Agricultural Cooperative Societies): Ashish Kumar Bhutani, Secretary of the Union Cooperation Ministry, stressed the role of PACS in building climate resilience in rural India. PACS are being expanded to cover broader functions beyond credit and input supply, including grain storage and procurement to address the challenges of food security and transportation costs in rural areas. NABARD’s Role: Shaji K.V., Chairman of NABARD, outlined the need for green lending, data access, green transformation, and resource mobilization to fund climate-resilient activities in agriculture. Broader Collaboration and Innovations: The summit also focused on irregular monsoons, new seeds, bio-energy, digitization, and price risk management. An interactive session with drone didis and solar didis highlighted the role of technology and solar energy in enhancing agricultural resilience. Conclusion: The comprehensive approach, incorporating both adaptation and mitigation, aims to build a climate-resilient agricultural sector, ensuring both food security and farmer welfare in the face of climate change. Three million Sudan children facing acute malnutrition: UN Conflict and Humanitarian Impact: The war between Sudanese Army and Rapid Support Forces (RSF) has created a humanitarian crisis. The conflict has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and displaced 12 million people, causing the largest displacement crisis globally. Destruction of infrastructure (roads, hospitals, food supply chains) has hindered access to essential resources like food and medical care. Ongoing famine affects five regions of Sudan, exacerbated by disruption in agricultural production and trade. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) Severe Malnutrition Among Children: An estimated 3.2 million children under five are at risk of acute malnutrition in 2025. 772,000 children are expected to suffer from severe acute malnutrition (SAM), an increase from 730,000 in 2024. SAM is life-threatening and can lead to death without urgent treatment. Malnourished children are more susceptible to diseases like cholera, measles, and respiratory infections. Long-term developmental consequences for children, affecting physical, cognitive, and future prospects. Famine and Food Insecurity: Famine grips five areas in Sudan, as reported by the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC). Collapse of agricultural output in conflict zones, leading to dependence on humanitarian aid. Violence hinders aid distribution, and escalating food prices worsen the situation. Inflation and limited purchasing power exacerbate food insecurity. Health Crisis and Healthcare System Collapse: War has led to the collapse of Sudan’s healthcare system, with hospitals destroyed and medical staff fleeing. Medical charity Doctors Without Borders (MSF) suspended operations at a key hospital in Khartoum due to violent attacks. Widespread preventable diseases like diarrhea, respiratory infections, and malaria due to lack of medical care. Child mortality risk rises due to the lack of vaccinations and treatments. International and Regional Response: International humanitarian efforts are constrained by security issues and limited access to affected areas. Despite substantial aid pledges from the UN and MSF, reaching conflict zones controlled by RSF remains challenging. Political leaders’ failure to reach a peace agreement is a significant obstacle to resolving the crisis and ending suffering. The Future of Sudan’s Children: Over 3 million children are at risk of malnutrition, with many suffering from severe malnutrition. Immediate health concerns and long-term effects, including developmental delays, poor education, and reduced economic opportunities. Disruption of education due to conflict and displacement will impact Sudan’s future workforce and development. Children born into the current conflict may grow up without the skills or opportunities needed to rebuild Sudan once peace is restored. Iran’s fast-ageing population fuels economic fears, defies govt. efforts Iran’s population is aging five times faster than it is growing, according to the National Population Research Institute. By 2050, one-third of Iran’s population is projected to be 60 or older, a significant increase from the current situation. This demographic shift reflects a global trend of longer life expectancy and declining birth rates. A shrinking working-age population could lead to reduced economic productivity and slower growth, creating intergenerational financial burdens. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Government Response and Public Campaigns: Iran has launched public campaigns to encourage higher birth rates, using billboards and posters promoting larger families. Messages such as “Children, the pulse of our lives!” aim to promote pro-natalist sentiments. Despite these efforts, economic challenges (inflation, unemployment, instability) prevent many couples from expanding their families, contributing to the demographic decline. Economic Impact of an Aging Population: The aging population risks shrinking Iran’s labor force, leading to potential labor shortages. A smaller working-age population will increase financial pressures on younger generations to support the elderly via taxes and social welfare. The economy could slow down due to fewer young people entering the job market, especially in sectors like technology, industry, and education. Declining Population Growth: Iran’s population growth has slowed from 1.29% in 2011 to 0.6% in 2023. Economic difficulties, changing social norms, and better access to family planning have influenced the decline in birth rates. This trend signals a potential demographic crisis, requiring policies to address the aging population and declining growth. Long-Term Outlook: Iran’s population could shrink by more than half in the next 75 years, leading to severe economic and social challenges. The country must adapt through policies that encourage higher birth rates, foster economic innovation, and address the needs of an aging population. Labor market reforms and social support systems, including extended retirement ages, incentives for older workers, and automation/AI investment, may be necessary. Conclusion: Iran’s aging population and declining birth rates present significant economic challenges. Despite government efforts, these demographic trends could lead to a shrinking workforce, increased social welfare burdens, and slower economic growth. Amid Ukraine tensions, anti-war Russian theatre in Latvia fights language ban Language Ban and National Security Concerns: Riga city council prohibited the theatre from advertising in Russian. The Latvian government mandates Latvian as the only language of instruction in state schools. Language restrictions are part of a broader strategy to assert national unity and reduce Russian influence. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Theatre’s Anti-War Stance: The Riga Russian Theatre condemns Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, emphasizing it is “a Russian theatre, not a theatre of Russia.” The theatre has received backlash initially but has seen growing support over time. It features performances like “Carol of the Bells” (Ukrainian origin), symbolizing its anti-war position. Cultural and Political Divide: Latvia’s Russian-speaking population (35% of the population) is divided over the war and its cultural ties to Russia. The government’s policies are seen as attempts to create a unified national identity. The theatre advocates for maintaining communication in all languages for constructive dialogue and social cohesion. Ethnic Russians and National Unity: Latvia’s Russian minority, many with Soviet roots, feels torn between Russian heritage and Latvian citizenship. Government actions have led to suspicion of Russian-speaking communities, making integration more challenging. Role of Theatre in Social Integration: The theatre is seen as an important institution for social integration and cultural diplomacy in Latvia. The Ministry of Culture supports the theatre’s anti-war position but insists that language policies must comply with Latvian laws. Court Battle and Political Motivations: The theatre is challenging the language ban in court, viewing the ban as politically motivated. The issue of Russian language in public spaces has become a tool for local political parties, especially ahead of municipal elections. Implications for Latvian Society: The language debate highlights divisions within Latvian society between Latvian and Russian-speaking communities. Future social and political stability may hinge on how these cultural and linguistic tensions are navigated. Conclusion: The struggle over language use and cultural identity reflects broader geopolitical issues in the Baltic region. The Riga Russian Theatre’s resistance to the language ban could impact Latvia’s relations with its Russian-speaking minority and shape its national identity.

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