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Dec 23, 2024 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 23 December 2024

Content: India, Kuwait elevate ties to ‘strategic partnership’. Worst to best: The fiscal evolution of Odisha in the last two decades. Are Manipur militants using Starlink devices? What are the new interception rules and safeguards? For democracy to thrive, expression and dialogue must coexist Tiger from Similipal forest in Odisha strays into Purulia in West Bengal. Israeli strikes land on school, near hospital complex in Gaza, killing 28. India, Kuwait Elevate Ties to ‘Strategic Partnership’ Context: This was PM Modi’s first visit to Kuwait, completing his engagement with all Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Relevance: GS 2( Bilateral Relations) Defence Cooperation MoU: India and Kuwait signed an agreement for the exchange of defence personnel, joint exercises, and the supply of military equipment. Strategic Partnership: The visit elevated bilateral ties to the level of a “strategic partnership.” Economic Engagement: PM Modi invited the Kuwaiti Investment Authority to explore opportunities in India’s energy, defence, pharmaceuticals, and other sectors. Cooperation & Collaboration : Additional MoUs were signed for cultural exchange and sports collaboration. Recognition: PM Modi was conferred the ”Order of Mubarak Al-Kabeer”, Kuwait’s highest civilian honor. Cultural Interaction: PM Modi met translators of Indian epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata into Arabic, emphasising cultural ties. Worst to best: The Fiscal Evolution of Odisha In The last Two Decades Context: Odisha’s fiscal journey over the past two decades highlights a transformation from being one of the most indebted Indian states in the to becoming the least indebted. Relevance: GS 3 ( Economic development) Debt-to-GSDP Ratio (2000-2024): Odisha’s debt-to-GSDP ratio peaked at 57.3% in 2002-03, significantly higher than the average for Indian states, straining its fiscal health.Now the debt-to-GSDP ratio declined to 16.0% in 2023-24, the lowest among States. Fiscal Reforms : The passage of the OFRBMA marked a turning point, introducing benchmarks such as a revenue surplus, a fiscal deficit cap of 3% of GSDP, and a debt limit of 25% of GSDP. Revenue Growth: Key tax reforms (VAT introduction, IT-enabled tax administration) and higher non-tax revenue (especially from mining leases tied to market prices) generated consistent revenue surpluses from FY06. Capital Outlay: Despite fiscal constraints, Odisha prioritized capital expenditure, funded by borrowings, to boost infrastructure and development. COVID-19 Resilience: Odisha was the only state to post a revenue surplus during the pandemic, driven by higher non-tax revenues and effective fiscal management. Interest Payments-to-Revenue Ratio: This ratio fell below the OFRBMA benchmark of 15%, reflecting sustainable debt levels and disciplined fiscal practices. Are Manipur Militants Using Starlink devices? Context: The Indian Army’s seizure of weapons and what appeared to be Starlink branded equipment, despite the service being unauthorised in India. Relevance: GS 3 (Security) Starlink Technology: Provides high-speed, low-latency internet using a low Earth orbit satellite constellation. Popular in remote areas, disaster zones, and regions with restricted internet access. Service is pending approval in India but operational in other countries. Controversy: Starlink-branded devices with extremist group markings were found during raids in Manipur. Musk responded, claiming Starlink is disabled over India. Similar cases include Starlink devices seized from smugglers in Andaman and Nicobar Islands and sales on IndiaMART. Technical Limitations: Satellite internet cannot perfectly align with international borders. Unauthorized devices brought from other regions may still function unless restricted by geographic identifiers. Legal Restrictions in India: Satellite-based communication devices are strictly regulated under the Indian Wireless Act and Indian Telegraph Act to combat terrorism. Unauthorized use, including Starlink devices, is illegal. Challenges in Regulation: Identifying illegal buyers is complicated by shadow companies and obfuscation. India allows Starlink’s app to be downloaded, contrasting with banned apps like TikTok. What Are The New Interception Rules and Safeguards? Context: The Union Government notified the Telecommunications (Procedures and Safeguards for Lawful Interception of Messages) Rules, 2024, empowering enforcement and security agencies to intercept phone messages under specific conditions. Relevance: GS 2 (Governance) Authorization: Interception orders can be issued by the Union Home Secretary, State Home Secretaries, or a Joint Secretary in unavoidable circumstances. Operational Flexibility: In remote areas, senior officers of authorised agencies can issue interception orders, subject to approval within three days and confirmation within seven days. Record Management: Interception records must be destroyed every six months unless required for legal or functional purposes. Usage Restrictions: Messages intercepted without confirmation cannot be used, including in court. Relaxed conditions for interception now include “remote areas” and “operational reasons.” Legal Context: The rules build on the Supreme Court’s 1996 directive in PUCL v. Union of India, emphasizing privacy safeguards. For Democracy To Thrive, Expression and Dialogue Must Coexist: Dhankhar. Context: Vice-President and Rajya Sabha Chairman Jagdeep Dhankhar emphasized the need for lawmakers to be accountable, citing a sharp drop in parliamentary productivity during the Winter Session. Relevance: GS 2 (Polity & Governance) Accountability in Parliament: Dhankhar stressed that citizens would demand answers from lawmakers about their roles and responsibilities. Agriculture’s Role: Reflecting on Charan Singh’s legacy, he called agriculture the backbone of rural development, crucial for transforming the rural economy and achieving national development goals. Economic Aspirations: Dhankhar noted India’s growing global economic stature but emphasized the need to strengthen rural and agricultural sectors to meet the goal of becoming a developed nation by 2047. Recognition: The awards celebrated contributions to agriculture, rural development, and journalism. Tiger from Similipal forest in Odisha strays into Purulia in West Bengal. Background: A three-year-old female tiger from Odisha’s Similipal Reserve Forest has strayed into West Bengal’s Purulia district, crossing through Jhargram. Relevance: GS 3 (Environment) Tiger Habitat: Purulia, with fragmented forests and no prey base, is unsuitable for sustaining a tiger population. Tiger’s Origin: The tiger, fitted with a radio collar, was translocated to Similipal from Maharashtra. Mitigation Efforts: West Bengal Forest Department is trying to drive the tiger back to Similipal or capture and release it into suitable wild habitat to prevent human-animal conflict. Public Advisory: Police and forest officials, assisted by Central Armed Police Forces, are urging locals to avoid forest areas to ensure safety. Past Incident: In 2018, a tiger was hunted down in the same region after straying into Purulia. Tiger Population in West Bengal: The State’s tiger population is concentrated in the Sundarbans, with about 100 individuals. Israeli Strikes land on school, near hospital complex in Gaza, killing 28 Context: The prolonged Israel-Hamas conflict has escalated violence in Gaza, causing a severe humanitarian crisis and drawing international condemnation. Relevance: GS 2 (International Relations) Casualties in Gaza: Israeli airstrikes on Sunday killed at least 28 Palestinians, according to Gaza’s civil defence agency. Israeli Military Actions: The Israeli military confirmed targeting a school in Gaza City but provided no comment on the Deir el-Balah strike. Drone strikes and airstrikes were reported in Gaza City and Rafah, killing seven more individuals. Hospital at Risk: Kamal Adwan hospital in northern Gaza reported damage to its generators and threats to its fuel tank due to nearby bombings by Israeli forces. Ceasefire Developments: Palestinian groups claim that a ceasefire deal is “closer than ever” despite continued violence. International Response: Pope Francis condemned the “cruelty” of Israeli bombings, especially the targeting of children, schools, and hospitals.

Dec 21, 2024 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 December 2024

Content: Kisan Kavach : Bharat’s First Anti-Pesticide Bodysuit JAM(Jan Dhan, Aadhar, Mobile)TRINITY and digital revolution Kisan Kavach : Bharat’s First Anti-Pesticide Bodysuit Purpose: Protect farmers from pesticide-related health hazards. Launch Date: 17th December 2024. Developer: BRIC-inStem (Bangalore) with Sepio Health Pvt. Ltd. Inspiration: Farmers’ concerns about pesticide exposure led to innovation. Relevance : GS 3 (Agriculture ) Features of Kisan Kavach Comprehensive Protection: Includes a full-body suit, mask, headshield, and gloves. Advanced Fabric Technology: Neutralizes harmful pesticides via nucleophilic-mediated hydrolysis. Technology published in Nature Communications. Durability: Washable, reusable up to 150 washes, lasting about 2 years. Cost: Initial price: ₹4,000 (plans to reduce cost for broader accessibility). Significance of Pesticides Need: Address 15-25% crop loss due to pests. Essential for productivity amid shrinking farmland. Risks: Health hazards due to improper use, especially during mixing and spraying. Absorption through skin and other routes can be fatal (442 deaths: 2015–2018). Government Interventions Regulations: Insecticides Act, 1968 and Rules, 1971: Regulate pesticide use. Ban harmful pesticides; enforce penalties. Promotion of Biopesticides: Simplified registration guidelines. Types: Bacillus thuringiensis, Trichoderma, neem formulations, etc. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Preventive and sustainable pest control practices. Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) Key Objectives: Ensure food safety. Promote environmental and economic sustainability. Improve working conditions for farmers. Focus Areas: Bio-pesticides and organic farming adoption. Reduction in chemical pesticide consumption. Conclusion Innovation: Kisan Kavach represents a breakthrough in safeguarding farmers. Future Vision: Strengthen biopesticide usage. Promote sustainable agriculture to ensure health, safety, and environmental well-being. JAM(Jan Dhan, Aadhar, Mobile)TRINITY and digital revolution Relevance : GS 2 (Governance ) JAM Trinity and Digital Revolution Components: Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, and Mobile (JAM Trinity). Impact: Over 54 crore Jan Dhan accounts with ₹2.39 lakh crore deposits (15x increase). 37.02 crore RuPay cards issued to account holders. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) eliminates middlemen, reducing corruption and fake beneficiaries. 10 crore fake beneficiaries removed, saving ₹2.75 lakh crore. Enhanced financial inclusion with 66% accounts from rural and semi-urban areas. Average deposit per Jan Dhan account: ₹4,352. Delhi: 65 lakh Jan Dhan accounts, deposits ₹3,114 crore. Growth in Digital Transactions UPI Transactions: ₹200 lakh crore in FY 2023-24, a 138% increase from 2017-18. 40% of global real-time payments now occur in India. Operational in seven countries, boosting remittance flows. Poverty Alleviation 25 crore people lifted out of poverty in the last decade. Schemes like PM Ujjwala Yojana benefited 2.59 lakh women. Ayushman Bharat – PM Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) Launch Date: 23rd September 2018. Coverage: Health cover of ₹5 lakh per family/year for secondary and tertiary hospitalizations. Includes ASHA workers, Anganwadi helpers, and senior citizens aged 70+ (since Oct 2024). Implemented in 33 States/UTs. Statistics (as of 30th Nov 2024): 36 crore Ayushman Cards issued. 29,929 empaneled hospitals, including 13,222 private hospitals. 8.39 crore hospital admissions authorized worth ₹1.16 lakh crore. Healthcare Milestone: Largest COVID vaccine program with 221 crore doses administered. Government Achievements More than 200 welfare schemes launched in the last 10 years. Initiatives under visionary leadership to empower the poor, enhance transparency, and integrate the marginalized into India’s rising economy.

Dec 21, 2024 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 21 December 2024

Content: A chance to strike gold during the Kuwait visit Change Is Constitutional A Chance to Strike Gold During the Kuwait Visit Context and Significance First visit by an Indian Prime Minister to Kuwait in 43 years; Indira Gandhi visited in 1981. Previously scheduled in 2022, delayed due to COVID-19. Fills a critical gap in India’s Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) engagement. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) Practice Question : Assess the strategic significance of Kuwait in India’s foreign policy and the potential areas of cooperation that could define the future of bilateral ties .(250 Words ) Strategic Importance of Kuwait Geopolitical Location: Borders Iraq and Saudi Arabia, positioned at the Persian Gulf’s northeastern end. Regional Influence: Maintains neutrality in regional conflicts; active in dispute resolution. Oil Wealth: Sixth-largest global oil reserves. Founding member of OPEC. Sovereign Wealth: Kuwait Investment Authority (KIA) manages funds worth $924 billion (March 2024), fourth-largest globally. Hosts vital U.S. military bases, adding to its strategic heft. Current State of Bilateral Ties Trade Relations: Bilateral trade in FY 2023-24: $10.47 billion. Kuwait is the sixth-largest crude oil supplier to India (3% of energy needs). KIA’s indirect investments in India exceed $10 billion. Cultural & Historical Bonds: Indian rupee used as legal tender until Kuwait’s independence in 1961. Significant Indian expatriate population (1 million) out of 4.9 million total. 26 Indian schools with over 60,000 students follow CBSE curriculum. COVID-19 Cooperation: Mutual aid during the pandemic: vaccine doses from India; medical supplies from Kuwait. Humanitarian Ties: Rapid repatriation of mortal remains of Indians after a June 2024 fire tragedy in Kuwait. Potential Areas of Cooperation Strategic Partnerships: Signing a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Agreement. Defence cooperation pact. Energy Collaboration: Kuwait joining India’s strategic oil reserve program. Renewable energy partnerships under the International Solar Alliance (ISA). Infrastructure and Investment: Collaboration on Kuwait’s Vision 2035 infrastructure projects. Agreement between KIA and India’s National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF). Education and Healthcare: Establishing IITs, IIMs, and modern hospitals in Kuwait. Aviation: Considering additional seats for Kuwait Airlines beyond the existing 12,000 per week. Space and Technology: Cooperation in space programs, including satellite launches. Challenges in Bilateral Ties Stagnation in elevating ties beyond traditional areas of trade and cultural exchange. Ensuring strategic agreements materialize amid global competition for Kuwait’s resources and investments. Opportunities for a “Golden Era” Leveraging this visit to redefine Kuwait-India ties across multiple domains. Consolidating India’s role as a key partner in Kuwait’s development agenda and global diplomacy. Source- The Hindu Change Is Constitutional Intro : Constitution as a Living Document A democratic constitution, like India’s, not only protects rights but also implicitly allows for errors and corrections. Rights such as life, property, and religion are fundamental, but the Constitution also ensures that mistakes are part of the democratic process. Without the freedom to err and amend, a constitution would become stagnant and authoritarian, rather than living and adaptive. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ) Practice Question : Analyze the importance of amendments in the Indian Constitution and the role they play in refining governance .(250 Words ) Amendments: Essential for Progress Need for Amendments: Constitutional amendments are necessary for a functioning democracy to correct past mistakes and improve the system. Relevance of Amendments: Changes such as the ‘one nation, one election’ proposal or the economic subdivision of Scheduled Castes and Tribes require constitutional amendments for implementation. Misunderstanding of Sacrosanct Constitution: A growing view in Parliament treats every aspect of the Constitution as untouchable, missing the point that the Constitution should evolve to address new challenges and correct prior oversights. Importance of Correcting Errors Democratic Growth: By accepting errors and correcting them, democratic constitutions improve. This process of continuous refinement is critical for the strengthening of democracy. Samuel Beckett’s Philosophy: “Fail again, fail better” — this idea emphasizes learning from past mistakes to make better decisions in the future. Constitutional Corrections: A constitution that allows for changes avoids becoming a dogmatic document and instead serves its purpose as a tool for progress. Constitutions and Religious Inerrancy Unlike religious texts, which are often viewed as perfect and unchanging, democratic constitutions are human-made and should allow for adjustments. Democratic constitutions must be flexible and responsive to the evolving needs of society and governance. International Examples of Constitutional Amendments Britain’s Evolution: The extension of voting rights to women and the revocation of the 16th-century Test Act in Britain showcase the role of amendments in rectifying past injustices. The Test Act: It restricted non-Anglican Christians from holding public office for centuries, only rectified in 1889, demonstrating how amendments help societies correct long-standing inequalities. India’s Constitutional Amendments Zamindari Abolition: This amendment freed serfs, marking a major step in addressing historical injustices. Linguistic States: The creation of linguistic states empowered grassroots activism and fostered national integration. Panchayati Raj Act: Gave a greater role to Scheduled Caste women in governance at the local level, strengthening democracy. Economic Reservation: The introduction of 10% reservation for economically weaker sections directly aided the marginalized. Women’s Reservation (2023): The reservation of 33% seats in Parliament and the Delhi legislature for women was another significant step towards gender equality. Negative Amendments Emergency Provisions: During the Emergency, the right to life was suspended, and the judiciary failed to uphold citizen rights. Undemocratic Amendments: These negative changes are examples of when amendments were made to consolidate power rather than enhance democratic participation, highlighting the dangers of unchecked constitutional changes. Secularism and Freedom of Thought Secularism: A constitution must allow questioning of state actions and authority. This questioning is essential for democratic vitality and the safeguarding of fundamental freedoms. Emergency Rule as a Negative Amendment: The imposition of Emergency rule in India undermined the freedom of speech and the right to participate in democratic processes. The Derivative Right to Be Wrong Democracy thrives on the ability to correct errors. This process is mirrored in politics, economics, and history, where mistakes are seen as opportunities for learning and progress. Human Nature of Error: Unlike absolutist monarchies, which punish errors, democratic systems embrace the human tendency to err and provide mechanisms for rectification. Conclusion: To err is human, but to amend is constitutional. Source – The Times of India

Dec 21, 2024 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 December 2024

Content: Assam Bird Sanctuary Records 72% Decline in Bird Species Count PM’s Visit to Kuwait Aims to Boost Partnership, Says MEA Siliguri Corridor a Crucial Link, SSB Presence Boosts Security, Says Shah Human Error Led to 19 of 34 IAF Crashes in 2017-2022: Panel When Roads Turn We Find Ourselves in a Slow Growth, High Inflation Scenario Assam Bird Sanctuary Records 72% Decline in Bird Species Count Decline in Species Count: Bird species count dropped by 72% over 27 years in Bordoibam-Bilmukh Bird Sanctuary (BBBS) . Relevance : GS 3 (Environment ) Study Details: Conducted over 154 days between October 2022 and March 2024. Current Count: 47 species recorded, compared to 167 species in 1997. Major Causes: Overfishing Excessive harvesting of aquatic plants Poaching of wild birds Collection of bird eggs High-decibel machine use near water edges Use of sanctuary as a pasture area Recorded Species: Lesser whistling duck, fulvous whistling duck, white-breasted waterhen, Indian pond heron, eastern spotted dove, and yellow-footed green pigeon among others. Consequences: Degradation of wetland habitat, disruption of the food chain, decline in migratory bird populations, and slowed nutrient cycle. Conservation Efforts Needed: Urgent and intense conservation efforts recommended. Assam’s Biodiversity: Assam is home to about 950 bird species and has 55 Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas. PM’s Visit To Kuwait Aims To Boost Partnership Historic Visit: First visit by an Indian Prime Minister to Kuwait in 43 years. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) Key Focus Areas: Defence and trade. Engagements: Talks with top Kuwaiti leadership. Visit to an Indian labour camp. Address to the Indian community. Attendance at the opening ceremony of the Gulf Cup football tournament. Bilateral Agreements: Discussions on a bilateral investment treaty and a defence cooperation pact. Strengthening Ties: Expected to boost ties between India and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Trade Volume: Total volume of India’s trade with GCC countries was $184.46 billion in the financial year 2022-23. Importance of Indian Workers: Emphasis on the welfare of Indian workers abroad. Invitation: Visit at the invitation of Kuwaiti Emir Sheikh Meshal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah. Siliguri Corridor A Crucial Link, SSB Presence Boosts Security Significance of Siliguri Corridor: Crucial link between Northeast India and the rest of the country. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) , GS 3(Internal Security ) SSB Presence: Provides assurance and confidence to the nation. Border Security: SSB secures the 2,450-km border with Nepal and Bhutan. Efforts Against Extremism: SSB played a key role in ending Naxalism in Bihar and Jharkhand. Cultural Integration: SSB initiatives strengthen bonds between the nation and border communities. Foundation Stones: Laid for eight construction projects related to the SSB. Human Error Led to 19 of 34 IAF Crashes in 2017-2022 Relevance : GS 3( Disaster Management ) Total Crashes: 34 air accidents involving the Indian Air Force (IAF). Human Error: 19 crashes due to human error (aircrew). Technical Defects: 9 crashes due to technical defects. Notable Incident: Mi-17V5 helicopter crash that killed General Bipin Rawat. Date of Crash: December 8, 2021. Cause: Unexpected change in weather leading to pilot disorientation and Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT). Tri-Services Inquiry: Headed by Air Marshal Manvendra Singh to investigate General Rawat’s crash. Preliminary Findings: Crash due to spatial disorientation caused by sudden weather change. Additional Incidents: MIG-21 fighter jet and Mi-17 helicopter lost on February 27, 2019, during an aerial dogfight with Pakistan Air Force post-Balakot air strike. Outcome: Emphasis on improving training, safety protocols, and addressing technical issues to prevent future accidents. When Roads Turn High Fatality Rate: Over 4,000 deaths annually, with 50,000 injuries from road accidents in Kerala. Relevance: GS 2( Health ) , GS 3 (Infrastructure and Transportation) Recent Tragedy: In September 2023, a tragic accident in Wayanad killed Jenson, adding to the loss of Shruthi’s family in a landslide. Accident Stats: By October 2023, 3,168 fatalities in 40,821 accidents; 2023’s death toll at 4,080. Contributing Factors: Rising Vehicles: Increased vehicle numbers, poor road design, and reckless driving. Night-time Accidents: 60% of fatalities occur at night, despite only 15% of accidents happening then. Substance Abuse: Alcohol consumption by drivers, especially among KSRTC staff, exacerbates the issue. Poor Road Design: Substandard road geometry and weather conditions worsen accident risk. Vulnerable Groups: Two-wheelers (50% of accidents), pedestrians (12%), and other non-motorized users (69% of victims). Golden Hour: Delayed medical aid contributes to fatalities; urgent intervention is crucial. Inexperienced Drivers: Poor driving skills, inadequate training, and outdated tests are key risk factors. Weather Impact: Heavy rains lead to slippery roads and hydroplaning, increasing accident rates. Proposed Solutions: Improved Driving Tests: Revamp driving tests to focus on defensive driving. Road Design Overhaul: Address subpar road conditions, especially on key stretches. Comprehensive Strategy: Collaborative approach involving health, traffic, and enforcement agencies to reduce fatalities. We Find Ourselves In A Slow Growth, High Inflation Scenario Slow Growth, High Inflation: MPC members Nagesh Kumar and Ram Singh highlight the current economic scenario as one of slow growth and high inflation. Relevance: GS 3 (Economic Development) Food Price Impact: Food prices, particularly vegetables and edible oils, are driving inflation due to their high weight in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Inflation Trajectory: Although inflation remains elevated, it is expected to soften in Q4 FY25, especially with easing food prices in November. Core Inflation Decline: Core inflation has shown signs of improvement, suggesting better anchoring of inflation expectations. Monetary Policy Limitations: Monetary policy can address demand-side factors but has limited power against supply-side shocks like high vegetable prices. Expectations for Q4 2024-25: Inflation is likely to ease further, with stable energy prices expected and food inflation softening. International Context: A growth-supportive monetary policy aligns with international trends, but sustainable growth depends on managing inflation. Private Investment & Demand: Private investment depends on a revival of domestic demand, with an emphasis on boosting consumption and investment. Policy Focus: Former RBI Governor Das stresses the need for policy focus on balancing inflation and growth at this critical juncture. Growth and Inflation Balance: The policy stance remains open to supporting growth but must await durable inflation reduction to avoid undermining progress.

Dec 20, 2024 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 20 December 2024

Content: Nano-plastics identified as emerging agents in spread of antibiotic resistance E-Shram Portal: World’s Largest Database of Unorganised Workers Nano-Plastics Identified As Emerging Agents In Spread of Antibiotic Resistance Nanoplastics and Antibiotic Resistance (AR): Nanoplastics derived from Single-Use Plastic Bottles (SUPBs) contribute to the spread of AR genes. Relevance : GS 3(Environment ) Study highlights a critical yet underrecognized public health risk due to the dual threats of plastic pollution and AR. Study Overview: Conducted by Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali, under the Department of Science and Technology (DST). Investigated the impact of Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottle-Derived Nanoplastics (PBNPs) on bacteria, particularly Lactobacillus acidophilus, a key component of the gut microbiome. Nanoplastics’ Role in AR Spread: Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT): PBNPs facilitate AR gene transfer between bacteria, especially from E. coli to Lactobacillus acidophilus via Outer Membrane Vesicle (OMV) secretion. Two mechanisms identified:Direct Transformation Pathway: PBNPs physically carry AR plasmids across bacterial membranes. OMV-Induced Transfer Pathway:PBNPs induce oxidative stress and surface damage in bacteria.Trigger stress response genes, increasing OMV secretion, which carries AR genes. Implications of Findings: Impact on Gut Microbiota: Nanoplastics may turn beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus acidophilus into carriers of AR genes. Such bacteria could transfer AR genes to pathogens during infections. Highlights an overlooked threat to gut health and the human microbiome. Public Health Risks: Spread of AR genes could worsen the antibiotic resistance crisis. Maintaining microbiome integrity is crucial for immune function, digestion, and disease prevention. Recommendations: Policy and Guidelines: Develop and enforce stricter guidelines for plastic usage and waste management. Implement awareness programs to highlight the dangers of nanoplastic pollution. Plastic Management: Prioritize reduction in SUPBs and promote alternatives. Advocate for proper disposal and recycling methods to reduce environmental release of nanoplastics. Research and Awareness: Encourage further studies on the long-term effects of nanoplastics on microbial ecosystems. Spread awareness about nanoplastics’ potential role in facilitating AR. E-Shram Portal: World’s Largest Database of Unorganised Workers Introduction E-Shram Portal: A flagship initiative of the Ministry of Labour and Employment launched on 26th August 2021. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Purpose: To create a comprehensive National Database of Unorganised Workers (NDUW) for effective policy implementation and targeted welfare delivery. Registration: Free of cost; available on www.eshram.gov.in, CSCs, and State Seva Kendras (SSKs). Budget Allocation: ₹704.01 crores (FY 2019-20 to FY 2024-25). Achievements: By December 19, 2024, over 30.48 crore registrations on the portal. Objectives Establish a centralized database of unorganized workers. Improve access to social security schemes. Facilitate job matching and skill development. Promote financial inclusion and direct benefit transfers (DBTs). Strengthen labor market resilience and integrate unorganized workers into the formal economy. Key Features Universal Account Number (UAN): Aadhaar-linked UAN for seamless benefit access. Streamlined Registration: Minimal documentation (Aadhaar, mobile number, bank details). Multilingual Support: Portal accessible in multiple languages. Grievance Redressal: Dedicated helpline for query resolution. Employment & Skill Integration: Access to jobs, skill development, and pension schemes. Support for Migrant Workers: Captures family details for welfare benefits. Data Sharing Portal (DSP): Secure sharing of beneficiary data with States/UTs for targeted welfare delivery. BOCW Welfare Boards: Data of construction workers shared with respective boards for access to relevant schemes. Eligibility Age: 16-59 years. Sector: Unorganised workers (self-employed, daily wage labourers, gig workers). Requirements: Aadhaar card, Aadhaar-linked mobile number, and bank account. Exclusion: Members of EPFO or ESIC. Key Developments Integration with Gati Shakti Portal: Links E-Shram with infrastructure projects for job opportunities. International Accolades: Geneva (112th ILC): Showcased as a best practice in labor market management. G20 Employment Working Group (EWG): Presented as the world’s largest database of unorganized workers. Integration with Central Schemes: Includes PM-SBY, PMJJBY, Ayushman Bharat, PM-SVANidhi, PMAY, MGNREGA, etc. Integrated Portals: National Career Service (NCS): Job matching. Skill India Digital: Skill enhancement and apprenticeships. PM-SYM: Pension scheme for unorganized workers. myScheme Portal: One-stop government scheme discovery. One-Stop Solution: Launched on 21st October 2024, integrating multiple welfare schemes into E-Shram for seamless benefit access. UMANG Mobile App Integration: Enables on-the-go registrations; 19,049 registrations via UMANG by December 19, 2024. Top 5 States by Registrations Uttar Pradesh: 8.37 crore. Bihar: 2.96 crore. West Bengal: 2.64 crore. Madhya Pradesh: 1.84 crore. Maharashtra: 1.73 crore. Significance Average Daily Registrations: 60,000 (October 2024). Impact: Addresses gaps in the labor market, empowers the unorganized workforce, and promotes equitable economic growth.

Dec 20, 2024 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 20 December 2024

Content: Positive Direction Crimes Against Humanity and an Obtuse Indian Stance Should Legislatures in India Have Fixed Tenures? Positive Direction Context : First meeting of Special Representatives (SRs) since 2019. Resumed after a pause caused by the military standoff in 2020. Held as per the mandate set by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Xi Jinping during October 2023 talks in Kazan. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) Practice Question : In light of the recent revival of boundary talks between India and China, critically analyze the opportunities and challenges in fostering positive bilateral ties while safeguarding national interests.”(250 words) Milestone Developments: Ajit Doval’s visit to Beijing, the first since 2020, marked a thaw in high-level engagements. Focus on boundary dispute and resolution of Line of Actual Control (LAC) issues, spanning 3,500 km. Key Agreements and Renewed Initiatives: Restart of the Kailash-Mansarovar Yatra and border trade in Sikkim. Data sharing on trans-boundary rivers. Potential restoration of ties in suspended sectors: Direct flights. Liberalisation of business and student visas. Journalist exchanges. Boundary Talks Outcomes Six Consensuses (China’s Perspective) and Positive Directions (India’s Perspective): Continued implementation of the LAC de-escalation process. Reaffirmation of the 2005 Eleven-article agreement to guide boundary resolution. Strengthened Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) at the border. Cross-border exchange enhancements for better bilateral relations. Improved coordination between: Special Representatives (SR) mechanism. Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination (WMCC). Agreement to hold the next SR meeting in India (2025). Strategic Importance Timing: Meeting held ahead of 75 years of diplomatic relations in 2025. Aligns with India’s likely participation in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Summit in China. Momentum in Engagement: Reflects renewed willingness to re-establishdialogue and functional mechanisms. Bilateral trade continued despite four years of military tensions, underscoring economic interdependence. Challenges and Cautions Security Concerns: Military transgressions by the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) in 2020. Risks of repetition if buffer zones are dismantled without restoring status quo ante. Transparency Issues: The need for clear and public communication about: Future steps in normalising relations. Progress on de-escalation and de-induction at the border. Mechanisms for preventing future aggression. Unresolved Issues: De-escalation and de-induction are incomplete processes. Restoration of status quo ante (pre-2020 situation) remains a key demand for India. Way Forward Comprehensive Resolution: Maintain focus on resolving the boundary dispute, guided by the 2005 agreement. Strengthen SR and WMCC frameworks for sustained dialogue. Trust-building Mechanisms: Expand Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) to reduce border tensions. Resume people-to-people connections to build goodwill. Strategic Vigilance: Ensure a robust deterrence strategy at the India-China boundary. Avoid situations leading to unilateral transgressions or escalation. Diplomatic Engagements: Leverage upcoming diplomatic milestones (SCO Summit, 75th anniversary) to ensure substantive progress. Balance economic interdependence with strategic caution. National Interest Prioritisation: Focus on transparency with the domestic audience to build trust in the government’s handling of China relations. Avoid hasty normalization until core security concerns are addressed. Crimes Against Humanity And An Obtuse Indian Stance Context Adoption of Resolution: On December 4, 2024, the UNGA approved a resolution initiating negotiations for a treaty on crimes against humanity (CAH). Background: This step follows the International Law Commission’s (ILC) draft CAH treaty submitted to the UNGA in 2019, marking a significant milestone in combating impunity for CAH. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice ) Practice Question : Explain the necessities of separate crimes against humanity treaty (CAH ) highlighting its advantages and implementational challenges .( 250 Words ) Understanding Crimes Against Humanity (CAH) Definition under the Rome Statute: Acts such as murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, torture, imprisonment, and rape when part of a widespread or systematic attack against civilians. Existing Legal Frameworks: Genocide and war crimes have dedicated treaties (Genocide Convention, Geneva Conventions). CAH are governed only under the Rome Statute, creating a legal gap for accountability. Historical Codification: First defined in the 1945London Charter (Nuremberg Tribunal). Subsequently included in the statutes of international tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda. Why a Dedicated CAH Treaty is Necessary Limitations of the ICC: ICC jurisdiction is restricted to member states, leaving perpetrators in non-member states unaccountable. Focuses only on individual responsibility, omitting state accountability. State Accountability: A CAH treaty would obligate state parties to prevent CAH, akin to the Genocide Convention. States failing to meet these obligations could face jurisdiction under the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Expanded Scope of CAH: Potential to include acts such as starvation, gender apartheid, forced pregnancy, terrorism, and crimes against indigenous populations. India’s Position on the CAH Treaty Non-Party to the Rome Statute: India has consistently objected to ICC provisions, including: ICC prosecutor’s powers. Role of the UN Security Council in referring cases. Exclusion of nuclear weapons and terrorism as CAH. Key Concerns with the CAH Treaty: Prefers inclusion of crimes only during armed conflicts, not peacetime. Opposes inclusion of “enforced disappearance” as CAH. Advocates for terrorism and use of nuclear weapons as CAH. Scepticism about Duplication: India argues that the CAH treaty may duplicate existing mechanisms under the Rome Statute. Asserts national legislation and courts as better suited to address CAH. India’s Domestic Challenges Lack of Domestic Legislation: India has no specific laws addressing CAH or genocide. Justice S. Muralidhar (2018): Highlighted the lacuna in India’s criminal law. Missed Opportunities: Recent amendments to India’s criminal law failed to include provisions for CAH. Reflects a lack of focus in domestic policy discourse on addressing international crimes. Consistency with Position: India’s insistence on domestic jurisdiction contrasts with its lack of relevant legal frameworks. Opportunities for India Incorporating CAH into Domestic Law: Enacting national legislation for CAH would align with India’s position on primacy of domestic jurisdiction. Strengthens accountability mechanisms for grave human rights violations. International Leadership: Adopting progressive policies on CAH would enhance India’s stature as a global leader in human rights advocacy. Expanding Definitions: India could push for inclusion of terrorism and nuclear weapon use in the CAH treaty, reflecting its national security priorities. Way Forward Policy Actions: Conduct in-depth studies to align CAH definitions with India’s concerns. Advocate for flexibility in treaty negotiations to include India’s priorities. Domestic Reforms: Amend penal laws to include CAH and other international crimes. Build institutional capacity to address violations at national and regional levels. Strategic Engagement: Leverage negotiations to shape treaty provisions reflecting India’s stance. Collaborate with like-minded states to influence definitions and mechanisms. Should Legislatures in India Have Fixed Tenures? Proposal: The Constitution (129th Amendment) Bill, 2024, aims to align State Assemblies’ terms with the Lok Sabha and hold mid-term elections only for the remainder of the five-year term. Relevance : GS 2(Polity and Governance ) Practice Question : Evaluate the reasons in favour and against of simultaneous elections .(250 Words ) Governance and Stability: Proponents: Stability and focus on development. Critics: Regular elections enhance accountability. Federalism and Autonomy: Proponents: Standardizes election timings. Critics: May undermine State legislatures’ autonomy. Electoral Expenditure: Proponents: Reduces election costs. Critics: Savings may not lead to significant developmental investments. Political Instability: Proponents: Deters destabilization tactics. Critics: Needs complementary reforms to be effective. Global Models: UK: Fixed-term Parliaments Act led to constitutional crises. Germany: Constructive vote of no-confidence impractical in India. Political Plurality: Concerns: Simultaneous elections may favor one party. Evidence: Historical data dismisses this concern. Addressing Deadlocks: Provisions: Mid-term elections for political stalemates. Critics: Reduced tenure may compromise governance. Broader Implications: Erosion of Autonomy: Risks centralizing power. Flexibility vs. Stability: Fixed terms provide stability but need flexibility for political exigencies.

Dec 20, 2024 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 20 December 2024

Content: Hizbul ‘Commander’ Among Five Militants Killed in Kulgam Clear Medical Waste Dumped in T.N., NGT Orders Kerala Govt. Delhi Government Imposes Ban on Firecrackers Throughout the Year Eklavya Schools Struggle to Meet 5% PVTG Sub-Quota; Dropouts on the Rise Never Events: Unacceptable Failures in Implementing Patient Safety Protocol Disability and Queer Health in Medical Education — India Under the Lens The Political Crisis in South Korea India Is Highest Tariff Major Economy Hizbul ‘Commander’ Among Five Militants Killed in Kulgam Five Hizbul Mujahideen militants, including ‘commander’ Farooq Ahmad Bhat, were killed in Kulgam, South Kashmir. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security ) Bhat was active since 2015 and played a key role in radicalizing youth and reviving terrorism in the region. The operation lasted around six hours and resulted in two security personnel being injured. The militants were hiding in the Kader area when security forces received a tip-off about their presence. The forces made contact with the militants around 3:30 a.m., leading to a gun battle. Five AK-47 rifles, two grenades, 20 magazines, and ammunition were recovered from the site. The Army sees Bhat’s killing as a significant success in counter-terrorism efforts. Bhat had 37 First Information Reports filed against him for his involvement in militant attacks. Brigadier Anirudh Chauhan praised local residents for their cooperation and providing critical information. Clear Medical Waste Dumped in T.N., NGT Orders Kerala govt. Immediate Action: NGT directed Kerala government and KSPCB to remove biomedical and mixed solid waste from Tamil Nadu villages within three days and submit a report by December 23. Relevance : GS 3( Waste Management ) Recurring Issue: Illegal dumping of biomedical waste from Kerala in Tamil Nadu has been a recurring problem, with previous incidents in Ana-malai and Nanguneri. Financial and Legal Implications: Kerala has not cleared outstanding dues of ₹69,000 for waste removal, complicating the issue; legal action is being pursued with two FIRs filed. Cross-Border Coordination: NGT emphasized improved coordination between Kerala and Tamil Nadu, involving police and transport departments to prevent illegal waste transportation. Environmental Impact: Some waste was dumped in forest areas, prompting NGT to urge swift action and proper transportation to processing facilities in Kerala or Tamil Nadu. Delhi Government Imposes Ban On Firecrackers Throughout The Year Year-round Ban: Delhi government imposes a permanent ban on all forms of firecrackers throughout the year. Relevance : GS 3( Pollution ) Previous Bans: Previously, bans were only imposed during winter months due to increased air pollution. Legal Basis: The ban is issued under Section 5 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Scope: The ban covers manufacturing, storage, sale, and bursting of firecrackers, including online sales. Air Pollution: Aimed at reducing air pollution, especially during festive seasons when pollution spikes. Supreme Court Involvement: The Delhi government informed the Supreme Court about the ban, and the court directed other NCR states (U.P. and Haryana) to follow suit. Firecracker Dealers: Dealers expressed concerns over lack of consultation before the ban was imposed. Rajasthan’s Action: Rajasthan had already imposed a similar ban in its NCR areas on December 17 Eklavya schools struggle to meet 5% PVTG sub-quota; dropouts on the rise Introduction of Sub-Quota: The Centre introduced a 5% sub-quota for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in admissions to EMRS in 2020. Relevance : GS 2(Education , Governance) Current Enrollment: As of October 2024, there are 1,30,101 students enrolled in 407 functional EMRSs. PVTG Student Population: Only 4,480 students (3.4%) belong to PVTG communities, falling short of the 5% target. States Struggling: Madhya Pradesh (3.8%), Chhattisgarh (2.74%), and Gujarat (0.2%) are among the states struggling to meet the quota. Dropout Rates: The number of PVTG students dropping out has increased over the past three years: 10 in 2021-22, 14 in 2022-23, and 18 in 2023-24. Reasons for Dropout: Infrastructure gaps, teacher shortages, pressure to work for earning, and quality of education are cited as reasons for the dropouts. Centralized Administration: The National Education Society for Tribal Students (NESTS) was set up in 2019 to centralize the administration of EMRSs. Government Response: The Tribal Affairs Ministry has acknowledged the challenges and is working on addressing them Never Events: Unacceptable Failures in Implementing Patient Safety Protocol Definition: Never events are serious, largely preventable incidents in healthcare that should never occur if proper safety protocols are followed. Relevance : GS 2(Health ) Origin: The term was introduced in 2002 by the National Quality Forum (NQF) in the United States and has since been adopted in countries like the U.S., U.K., and Canada. Examples: Operating on the wrong limb, insulin overdose, mismatched blood transfusion—these incidents can lead to severe consequences such as disability, death, or significant discomfort for patients. Variation in Lists: Different organizations maintain varying lists of never events—NHS (U.K.) lists 16 events, whereas the U.S. recognizes 29. This variation reflects the complexity of healthcare systems. Impact: Never events highlight systemic failures and the complexity of healthcare, involving multiple stakeholders and interactions between social, technical, human, organizational, economic, and regulatory components. Post-Event Protocol: Steps include offering an apology, formally reporting the incident, conducting a root cause analysis, and waiving any costs incurred due to the incident. Prevention Debate: While reducing the frequency of never events is possible, complete prevention remains aspirational due to the inherent complexities of healthcare systems. ALARP Principle: Adopting the As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) principle provides a balanced risk management approach to minimize these incidents. Challenges: Concentrating accountability on frontline healthcare workers fails to address systemic inefficiencies, infrastructure issues, and communication gaps that contribute to never events. Indian Context: In India, similar incidents are categorized under medical negligence rather than never events. Medical negligence involves failures to meet the expected standard of care, leading to harm. Disability And Queer Health in Medical Education — India under the lens NMC Allegation: The National Medical Commission (NMC) in India has been accused of not including disability and queer rights in its medical curriculum. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice ) Global Context: Among 110 Lancet Commissions, only mental health and the Holocaust have dedicated commissions, with no specific commissions for disability or the queer community. India’s Curriculum Update: In 2019, disability rights were included as competencies in India’s new medical curriculum, recognized as a significant initiative by UN India. Human Rights Impact: The exclusion of these topics hampers human rights, as highlighted by Dr. Satendra Singh from the University of Delhi. Lancet Commissions: These are multidisciplinary collaborations aimed at influencing health policies through evidence-based recommendations. Statistics: India has a high number of road accident fatalities and is known as the “diabetes capital of the world,” contributing to disabilities through complications like gangrene and limb loss. Historical Mistrust: Both the disability and transgender communities have a history of mistrust towards the medical establishment, sharing vulnerabilities that contribute to health inequities. Importance of Inclusion: Including voices from these communities in Lancet Commissions is crucial for achieving the Agenda 2030 goal of “leaving no one behind.” Medical Education: India has the highest number of medical colleges globally, and many graduates work internationally. Educating future doctors on health inequities is vital to dismantling barriers. Discrimination and Marginalisation: Both groups face discrimination in healthcare settings, underscoring the need for doctors to treat patients as individuals, not merely symptoms. Inclusive Language: Prioritizing clear, consistent, and respectful language is essential for recognizing diversity and should be a shared responsibility. NMC’s Commitment: The NMC emphasizes improving access to quality, affordable medical education, promoting equitable healthcare, and upholding high ethical standards. Legal Perspective: The commentary suggests that the NMC’s actions could be seen as a dereliction of duty and potentially illegal under parent legislation. The Political Crisis in South Korea Yoon Suk Yeol’s Rise to Power: Former Prosecutor General, Yoon became President in 2022 despite limited political experience. Gained popularity for prosecuting former conservative Presidents, but his tenure has been controversial. Relevance : GS 2 (International Relations ) Political Divide in South Korea: Sharp ideological, regional, and generational divides between conservatives and liberals. This polarization has led to protests, political vendettas, and legal challenges against past Presidents. Controversial Foreign Policies: Yoon’s foreign policies, such as reaching out to Japan and supporting Ukraine, have strained relations with Russia, China, and SouthKoreanliberals. His decision to attend NATO summits and his stance on North Korea further alienated sections of the population. Domestic Challenges and Unpopularity: Low approval ratings (20%-30%) due to perceived incompetence and failure to address South Korea’s economic issues. Corruption scandals involving his wife and controversial policies, such as the doubling of medical student seats, worsened his image. Opposition Strengthens: In the April 2024 National Assembly elections, opposition parties won 192 out of 300 seats, challenging Yoon’s governance. Increased opposition assertion against Yoon’s policies and appointments. Martial Law Declaration: In December 2024, in response to growing opposition, Yoondeclaredemergency martial law. The National Assembly rejected it, forcing Yoon to withdraw the declaration by the following day. Impeachment Process: An initial impeachmentmotionfailed due to the ruling PPP’s abstention. A second impeachment motion on December 14, 2024, succeeded with 204 votes in favor. Yoon has refused to resign and plans to challenge the impeachment in the Constitutional Court. Legal Battle Ahead: The Constitutional Court will deliberate on the impeachment, but the outcome remains uncertain. Yoon hopes for a favorable ruling, although the court’s composition includes conservative-leaning judges. Weak Democratic Institutions: The crisis exposes weaknesses in South Korea’s democraticinstitutions, with immature political leadership and unstable governance. The ongoing political turmoil poses a threat to the country’s democratic integrity. Public Consensus on Democratic Crisis: Despite divisions, there is a sharedconcern about the existentialthreat to democracy. If the crisis remains unresolved, it could severely impact South Korea’s international image and democratic future. ‘India is Highest Tariff Major Economy’ Context : U.S. Ambassador Eric Garcetti labeled India as the “highest tariff” major economy globally. This comment highlights the need for both India and the U.S. to work together to lower tariffs for a fair and equal trade environment. Relevance : GS 2 (International Relations ) Call for Lower Tariffs: Garcetti emphasized the importance of reducing tariffs to boost trade between the two nations. He advocated for both countries to focus on creating a more balanced trade relationship. Bilateral Trade Growth: Despite ongoing challenges, the India-U.S. bilateral trade has increased ten-fold since 2001. The U.S. has become India’s number one trading partner, marking significant growth in economic ties. U.S. President-elect’s Remarks: President-elect Donald Trump previously criticized India for imposing high tariffs on U.S. products. Trump has also threatened to impose reciprocal tariffs as retaliation for India’s trade policies. Need for Honest Conversations: Garcetti stressed the importance of having open and honest conversations to address tariff-related issues. He called for deeper negotiations to resolve trade difficulties, while recognizing the growth in trade despite challenges. Focus on Training and Talent: The U.S. Ambassador emphasized the need for both nations to align their talent and training to meet the needs of companies operating across the Indo-Pacific region. Trump’s “Tariff King” Label: President Trump has repeatedly called India a “tariff king,” criticizing the high tariffs on American imports. This rhetoric underscores the ongoing trade tension between the two countries.

Dec 19, 2024 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 19 December 2024

Content: Empowering Farmers Through PM-AASHA PARLIAMENT QUESTION: MISSION MAUSAM Empowering Farmers Through PM-AASHA Launched in September 2018 under the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare. Objective: Ensure remunerative prices for farmers, reduce post-harvest distress, and promote crop diversification towards pulses and oilseeds. Relevance : GS 3 (Agriculture ) Components: Price Support Scheme (PSS): Direct procurement of pulses, oilseeds, and copra. Price Deficiency Payment Scheme (PDPS): Price difference paid directly to farmers for oilseeds. Market Intervention Scheme (MIS): Addresses price volatility in perishable crops like Tomato, Onion, and Potato (TOP). Rabi 2023-24 Procurement: Pulses:6.41 LMT procured at MSP value of ₹4,820 crore, benefiting 2.75 lakh farmers. Breakdown: Masoor (2.49 LMT), Chana (43,000 MT), Moong (3.48 LMT). Oilseeds: 12.19 LMT procured at MSP value of ₹6,900 crore, benefiting 5.29 lakh farmers. Kharif 2024-25 Highlights: Soybean prices fell below MSP; 5.62 LMT procured under PSS for ₹2,700 crore, benefiting 2.42 lakh farmers—the highest-ever soybean procurement. Long-Term Impact: Since 2018-19, 195.39 LMT of pulses, oilseeds, and copra procured at MSP value of ₹1,07,433.73 crore, benefiting 99.30 lakh farmers. Scheme Details: Price Support Scheme (PSS):States can procure up to 25% of their production under MSP. Additional procurement capped at 25% of national production. Procurement ceiling lifted for Tur, Urad, and Masoor in 2024-25 for achieving self-sufficiency. Price Deficiency Payment Scheme (PDPS):Farmers compensated for price difference up to 15% of MSP value. Applies to pre-registered farmers selling up to 40% of production in designated markets. Market Intervention Scheme (MIS):For perishable crops like TOP (Tomato, Onion, Potato). Price stabilization through payments for price differences or transportation cost reimbursements. Benefits of PM-AASHA: Economic Empowerment:Direct income support reduces post-harvest losses and enhances livelihoods. Rural economic growth through better price realization for small and marginal farmers. Price Stability:Counteracts price volatility and intermediaries’ exploitation. Balances supply-demand disparities between producing and consuming states. Government’s Commitment: Collaboration with state governments and nodal agencies (NAFED, NCCF) for effective implementation. Focus on self-reliance in pulses and addressing price disparities in perishable crops. Parliament Question : Mission MAUSAM Mission Mausam is a multi-faceted initiative aimed at strengthening India’s weather and climate sciences to tackle climate change and extreme weather challenges. Approved by the Union Cabinet, it is funded with an outlay of INR 2,000 crore for two years (2024–2026). Relevance : GS 2(Schemes) , GS 3( Environment ) Objectives Boosting Observational Infrastructure: Deployment of next-generation Doppler Weather Radars (DWRs), radiometers, and wind profilers. Enhanced monitoring using advanced sensors for upper atmosphere and oceanic observations. Technological Integration: Incorporate Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and high-performance computing (HPC). GIS-based automated Decision Support Systems for real-time data dissemination. Improved Forecasting: Higher-resolution Earth System Models. Accurate prediction of cyclones, monsoons, extreme weather events, and air quality. Disaster Risk Reduction: Impact-based strategies with multi-hazard early warning systems. Seasonal forecasting for better disaster preparedness. Capacity Building: Training Earth Sciences professionals. Generating public awareness on climate-related risks. Key Implementing Agencies India Meteorological Department (IMD): Weather observation and forecasting. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM): Research in atmospheric sciences. National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF): Advanced numerical weather prediction. Supported by other institutions and collaborations with national and international agencies, academia, and industries. Sectoral Benefits Agriculture: Enhanced monsoon and drought predictions. Disaster Management: Real-time alerts to reduce loss of life and property. Transport & Aviation: Safer air, sea, and road navigation. Health & Urban Planning: Improved air quality management and urban resilience. Energy & Infrastructure: Data-driven planning for sustainable development. Strategic Importance Tackling Climate Change: Address chaotic weather patterns like localized droughts and flash floods. Enhanced Resilience: Improve disaster preparedness and societal adaptation. Global Leadership: Strengthen India’s role in providing weather and climate services regionally and globally. Conclusion Mission Mausam represents a landmark step in building a weather-ready and climate-smart Bharat.

Dec 19, 2024 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 19 December 2024

Content: Section 6A of the Citizenship Act — why it fails Assam Strengthening the roots of an agri-carbon market Making affordable generics more reliable Section 6A of the Citizenship Act — why it Fails Assam Context : A 4:1 majority by a Constitution Bench upheld the constitutional validity of Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, 1955. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Governance and Judiciary ) Practice Question : Critically examine the constitutional validity of Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, 1955, in light of its impact on Assam’s indigenous population and cultural identity. (250 Words) Provision: Allows migrants from former East Pakistan (Bangladesh) who settled in Assam to acquire Indian citizenship if they arrived before March 25, 1971. Key Issues with the Ruling: Key Justification: Assam (263 km) bears a disproportionate impact of migration compared to other states like West Bengal (2216.7 km), Meghalaya (443 km), Tripura (856 km) and Mizoram (318 km) Contradictory Points: Article 14 (Equality): Court justified singling out Assam based on migration’s magnitude and impact. Article 29 (Constitution protects the interests of minorities): The judgment states the influx doesn’t affect Assamese culture , yet emphasises the significant impact on Assam due to its smaller population and area. Background of Section 6A Introduced in 1985 as part of the Assam Accord to address migration from East Pakistan (Bangladesh). Citizenship Criteria: Before Jan 1, 1966: Migrants granted citizenship. Jan 1, 1966 – Mar 25, 1971: Citizenship after 10 years residence. Post Mar 25, 1971: Declared illegal migrants. Constitutional Concerns: Violation of Article 29: Cultural and Linguistic Displacement: The Court ruled Section 6A doesn’t violate Article 29, focusing on the abstract right to conserve culture. Flawed Reasoning: Overlooked how the influx hinders the meaningful preservation of Assamese cultural identity. Demographic Shift: Significant increase in Bengali-speaking population and decrease in Assamese-speaking population (1951-2011). Demographic and Cultural Impact Language Composition Data (1951-2011): Bengali-speaking population increased by 36.36% (from 21.2% to 28.91%). Assamese-speaking population declined by 30.18% (from 69.3% to 48.38%). Conclusion: These shifts signify cultural and linguistic displacement, undermining the identity of indigenous Assamese people. Temporal Unreasonableness: No Temporal Limitation: Section 6A allows indefinite applications for citizenship, making it ineffective over time. Manifest Arbitrariness: Laws must adapt to changing circumstances; Section 6A has not. Challenges: Burden on State: State initiates proceedings for suspected illegal immigrants, referred to a foreigners’ tribunal. No Deadline: Lack of referral deadlines means the law remains indefinitely operational. Tribunal Overload: High volume of cases slows the process and causes confusion. Conclusion: Judgment Critique: The ruling seems crafted to justify Section 6A rather than objectively evaluate its constitutionality. Cultural Impact: Unchecked migration erodes linguistic and cultural identity of Assamese people, violating Article 29. Outdated Policies: Failing to address temporal unreasonableness perpetuates arbitrary policies. Strengthening The Roots of An Agri-Carbon Market Carbon Markets : Carbon pricing mitigates climate change by monetising GHG emission reductions. Relevance : GS 3 (Environment ) Practice question : What are the key challenges facing India’s agricultural carbon market, and how can these be addressed to ensure inclusivity and efficiency?(250 Words ) Mechanisms: Compliance Markets: Regulated by governments or international bodies like the UN. Emission caps enforced; companies exceeding caps must buy carbon credits or pay carbon taxes. Voluntary Markets: Operates without regulation. Uses mechanisms like the Clean Development Mechanism, Verra, and Gold Standard. Objective: Reduce GHG emissions and support global climate goals. Current Scenario in India Developments: COP29 (2024) approved a centralised UN carbon market. India announced compliance and voluntary carbon markets in 2023. NABARD collaborated with ICAR and State universities to list five agriculture carbon credit projects in Verra. Key Principles: Additionally: Emission reductions occur only because of the project. Permanence: Ensures the long-term durability of benefits (e.g., soil carbon retention). Challenges in India’s Carbon Farming Projects Statistics: Over 50 projects listed in Verra covering 1.6 million hectares, targeting 4.7 million credits annually. None registered yet, resulting in no issued credits or farmer payments. Issues Identified: Marginalised communities excluded (only 13% SC/ST participation). Women’s participation extremely low (4%). Communication gaps (45% farmers unaware of project details). Lack of training (60%) and financial incentives caused dropout (28%). 99% farmers did not receive carbon credit payments. Inclusivity and Sustainability Concerns Socio-Economic Exclusion: Land ownership skewed towards non-marginalized castes (63% in carbon farming projects). Sustainability Practices: Newly adopted practices: zero tillage, intercropping, reduced chemical fertilizer use, micro-irrigation. Some practices pre-existing, raising questions on fulfilling additionality criteria. Solutions and Recommendations Policy Interventions: Incentivize socially inclusive projects by offering higher prices for credits involving smallholders/marginalized communities. Address communication gaps and provide regular training. Guarantee timely and sufficient financial rewards to farmers. Collaborations: Partner with national and international institutions to target suitable interventions. Prevent yield penalties and protect food security. Technological Improvements: Use of remote sensing, drones, and satellite imagery for efficient monitoring. Long-Term Outlook Improving Science: Enhanced tools for measuring soil carbon and emissions will make projects more reliable. Strategic Focus: Collaboration among policymakers, researchers, and private entities is essential for inclusivity, transparency, and timely implementation. Goal: Build trust and incentivize farmer participation to develop a robust agri-carbon market. Making Affordable Generics More Reliable Definition: Bioequivalent to branded drugs, generics provide cost-effective alternatives while maintaining therapeutic value. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance ) Practice Question : Discuss the challenges in ensuring the quality and reliability of generic medicines in India. Suggest measures to address these challenges while maintaining affordability.(250 Words ) Role in India: Cost advantage due to economies of scale and low production costs. Critical for reducing out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure, which was 39.4% of total health expenditure in 2021-22. Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP): Over ₹5,600 crore worth of generics sold. Estimated consumer savings of ₹30,000 crore in a decade. Quality Concerns with Generics Case Study: PGIMER study on itraconazole efficacy in chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: Findings: Innovator drug: 73% therapeutic drug levels in two weeks. Generics: 29% therapeutic levels, requiring dose escalation or switching. Defects in generics: Fewer and unevenly sized pellets, affecting absorption and bioavailability. Reasons for Variability: Excipients: Differences in binders, fillers, coatings impact dissolution rate and stability. Manufacturing Processes: Variations in compression force, granulation methods, and tablet porosity alter drug properties. Bioequivalence Thresholds:Regulatory standards allow pharmacokinetic parameters within 80%-125% of the innovator drug.Insufficient for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index, leading to subtherapeutic effects or adverse reactions. Stability Issues: Poor shelf life under diverse climatic conditions undermines drug reliability. Challenges in India’s Drug Regulation System Decentralised Framework: State Drug Regulatory Authorities (SDRAs) hold significant power, resulting in:Inconsistent enforcement of quality standards.Regulatory arbitrage, with manufacturers exploiting weaker oversight in certain states. CDSCO lacks enforcement authority, limiting its role to recommendations. Stability Testing Gaps: Mandated by CDSCO in 2018, but inconsistent implementation across states. No retrospective applicability to generics approved before 2018. Lax Impurity Standards: India’s Pharmacopoeia permits higher impurity levels than U.S. and EU standards. Stricter ICH guidelines rejected as “too expensive.” Recommendations for Improving Generic Drug Reliability Centralised Drug Regulation: Consolidate oversight under CDSCO for consistent enforcement of quality standards. Increase CDSCO’s resources, personnel, and authority. Establish additional central drug-testing laboratories for robust quality checks. Enhance Stability Testing: Enforce uniform stability testing protocols across all states. Mandate periodic reassessment of all approved generics, including those cleared before 2018. Adopt Stricter Standards: Align impurity thresholds with global benchmarks (U.S., EU). Strengthen the role of the Pharmacopoeia Commission and CDSCO. CDSCO Overhaul: Improve regulatory safeguards to detect and eliminate substandard/counterfeit medicines. Implement stringent inspection and enforcement mechanisms. Need for a Long-Term Strategy Equitable Access with Quality: Generics must provide affordability without compromising efficacy or safety. Implement Committee Recommendations: Decades-old proposals (Bhatia 1954, Hathi 1975, Mashelkar 2003) emphasized centralised regulation. Action required to restore public confidence in generics. Collaborative Efforts: Policymakers, regulators, and the pharmaceutical industry must work together to ensure generics meet global quality standards.

Dec 19, 2024 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 19 December 2024

Content : Positive signals emerge from India-China talks. State water policymaking matters. Foreigners’ entry restricted in Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland. All 17,130 police stations in the country linked through centralised online platform CCTNS. Formulate policy to manage sacred groves, SC tells govt. Gagan Gill, Easterine Kire to get Sahitya Akademi awards Net direct tax collections rise 16.5% Gaganyaan: Assembly of HLVM3 Begins at ISRO for Uncrewed Flight Positive Signals Emerge From India-China talks Background: India and China have a long-standing border dispute along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), particularly in the Ladakh region. Tensions peaked in 2020 with the Galwan Valley clash, leading to ongoing efforts for de-escalation and disengagement. Relevance: GS 2 (International Relations) Disengagement Agreement: India and China reaffirmed their commitment to the October 2024 disengagement agreement along the LAC. Boundary Talks: National Security Adviser Ajit Doval and Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi met in Beijing for the first boundary talks since 2019, focusing on peace and stability at the border. Positive Developments: Talks included resuming the Kailash Mansarovar pilgrimage, data sharing on trans-border rivers, and border trade. Six-Point Consensus: The dialogue resulted in a six-point consensus to maintain peace and improve bilateral relations. Notable Exclusions: Issues like direct flight resumption and journalist exchanges, discussed earlier, were not part of this meeting. These discussions represent progress in resolving border tensions and fostering stronger ties between the two nations. State Water Policymaking Matters Context: Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu has called for a comprehensive water policy for Andhra Pradesh, emphasizing the need for a strategic re-imagining of water management due to the challenges faced since the state’s bifurcation. Relevance: GS 2(Governance) Importance of State-Level Water Policy: Water governance in India is primarily managed at the state level, making state policies crucial for effective water management Localized Water Resource Development: Different states have unique water management needs. For instance: Maharashtra: Focuses on regulation. Jharkhand: Prioritizes supply augmentation. Climate Change Impact: Climate change exacerbates water-related risks, necessitating innovative and adaptive water management strategies. Conventional Approaches: Policy emphasizes supply augmentation through projects like: Polavaram Dam. River interlinking. Shift to Demand Management: The focus needs to shift from supply augmentation to demand-side management to enhance efficiency and sustainability. Overcoming institutional inertia is critical for this transition. Institutional Reforms:Adopting models like an Independent Water Resources Regulatory Authority can: Address regional imbalances. Improve water use efficiency. Risk Management include: Groundwater depletion. River pollution. Dam safety. Andhra Pradesh’s long coastline also adds compounded climate risks. Intergovernmental Coordination: Effective water policy demands seamless coordination across various government levels to tackle extra-territorial risks and enhance holistic water governance. Foreigners’ Entry Restricted in Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland Context: The Union Home Ministry has reimposed the Protected Area Regime (PAR) in Manipur, Nagaland and Mizoram. Relevance: GS 3 (Security) Reimposition of PAR: The Union Home Ministry has reimposed the Protected Area Regime (PAR) in Manipur, Nagaland, and Mizoram after a gap of 14 years due to security concerns from the influx of foreigners from neighboring countries. Foreigners visiting these states must now seek prior permission and special permits. Guidelines and Background: PAR guidelines discourage foreigners from visiting protected areas without extraordinary reasons. Initially relaxed in 2010 to promote tourism, the latest order (issued in December 2022) was valid until 2027 but has now been withdrawn. Manipur Government’s Statement: Foreigners must obtain Protected Area Permits (PAP) for entry, per the Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order, 1958. The government dismissed the existence of the “Kuki-Zo Council,” citing it as an unauthorized and suspicious group. Warning Against Unverified Claims: Media and government agencies were urged not to recognize claims or press releases from unverified organizations. Local Tensions: A new group warned Chief Minister N. Biren Singh against using Kuki-dominated roads for traveling to a festival in a Naga-dominated area, highlighting ongoing regional tensions. Police Stations To Linked Through Centralised Online Platform CCTNS. Context: The Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS) is a centralized online platform designed for filing and tracking First Information Reports (FIRs), chargesheets, and investigation reports in police stations across India. Relevance: GS 2 (Governance) Completion of Integration: Nearly 15 years after its launch, all 17,130 police stations in India are now connected through CCTNS. Launch and Budget: Initiated in 2009 with a budget of ₹2,000 crore, CCTNS aims to establish a comprehensive database accessible to law enforcement nationwide. Key Features: Maintains crime records, including: Details of accused individuals and convicts. Habitual offenders. Missing persons and unidentified bodies. Stolen vehicles. Analytical Capabilities: Generates analytical reports on criminal cases, property cases, and crime statistics at the police station level. Enhancements for New Criminal Laws: The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) implemented 23 functional modifications to accommodate three new criminal laws (effective July 1): Replacing the Indian Penal Code, Evidence Act, and Criminal Procedure Code. New Provisions in CCTNS: Key updates include: Seeking senior officers’ permission for arrests in certain cases. Informing relatives about arrests. Mandatory videography of crime scenes. Enhanced focus on forensic evidence collection. Updating victims on investigation progress within 90 days. Integration with Criminal Justice System (ICJS): CCTNS integrates police data with other criminal justice components, including: Courts, prisons, prosecution, forensics, and fingerprints via the Integrated Criminal Justice System (ICJS). Formulate Policy To Manage Sacred Groves, SC Tells Govt Context: The Supreme Court has directed the Centre to create a comprehensive policy for the management of sacred groves across India, emphasizing their religious, cultural, and ecological significance. Relevance:GS 2 (Polity & Governance) Sacred Groves: Patches of trees protected by local communities for their religious and cultural importance. Contribute significantly to biodiversity conservation. Regions: Found predominantly in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, and Maharashtra. Supreme Court Directive: Focuses on addressing the vanishing groves, especially highlighted in a petition from Rajasthan. Policy Responsibility: Traditionally, wildlife management has been a state responsibility. The court urges the Centre to take a proactive role in protecting sacred groves. Comprehensive Survey: Tasked to the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). The survey aims to: Identify and protect sacred groves. Determine their extent and area with flexible boundaries for future growth. Prevent any reduction in grove areas. National Forest Policy of 1988: Justice Mehta highlighted the policy, which encourages community involvement in improving forest patches they depend on. Piplantri Village Example: Piplantri Village transformed barren land into lush groves, showcasing the success of community-driven initiatives. Ecological Value: Sacred groves hold immense ecological value and act as community reserves. Protect them against unauthorized land use changes and exploitation. Gagan Gill, Easterine Kire to Get Sahitya Akademi Awards Context: The annual Sahitya Akademi Awards were announced, recognizing 21 writers for their exceptional contributions to Indian literature across various categories and languages. Relevance: GS 1 (Culture & Heritage) Major Recipients: Gagan Gill: Awarded for her Hindi poetry book “Main Jab Tak Aai Bahar”. Easterine Kire: Honored for her English novel “Spirit Nights”. Categories and Winners: Poetry:Eight works, including contributions by:K. Jayakumar (Malayalam),Haobam Satyabati Devi (Manipuri),Dileep Jhaveri (Gujarati). Novels: Three works, including: “Psychiatric Ward” by Sohan Kaul (Kashmiri), “Swrni Thakhai” by Aron Raja (Bodo). Short Stories: Two collections, such as: “Chhichimira” by Yuva Baral (Nepali), “Purzo” by Hundraj Balwani (Sindhi). Essays: Three works, including those by: Mukesh Thali (Konkani), Mahendra Malangia (Maithili). Literary Criticism: Three notable contributions. Play: “Seched Sawnta Ren Andha Manmi” by Maheshwar Sorn (Santali). Research: Contribution by A.R. Venkatachalapathy (Tamil). Special Mention: Paul Kaur: Recognized for her Punjabi poetry book “Sun Gunvanta Sun Budhivanta: Itihaasnama Punjab”. Net Direct Tax Collections Rise 16.5% Context: India’s net direct tax collections for the fiscal year 2024-25 have shown robust growth, with a significant rise in non-corporate tax receipts. Relevance: GS 3 (Economy) Growth in Net Direct Tax Collections: Increased by 16.5% to ₹15.82 lakh crore as of December 17, 2024. Corporate vs. Non-Corporate Taxes: Corporate Tax: Grew by 8.6% to ₹7.43 lakh crore. Non-Corporate Tax: Surpassed corporate taxes, rising by 22.5% to ₹7.97 lakh crore. Gross Tax Receipts: Grew by 20.3% to ₹19.21 lakh crore. Securities Transaction Tax (STT): Recorded a significant surge, increasing by 85.5% to over ₹40,100 crore. Refunds Issued: Increased by 42.5%, reaching nearly ₹3.39 lakh crore. Advance Tax Collections: Grew by 20.9% to over ₹7.56 lakh crore. Historical Context: In the fiscal year 2023-24, net direct tax revenues had risen by 17.7% to ₹19.58 lakh crore. Other Taxes: Including Equalization Levy, Fringe Benefit Tax, Wealth Tax, etc., saw a modest growth of 5.9%. Gaganyaan: Assembly of HLVM3 Begins at ISRO for Uncrewed Flight Context: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has initiated the assembly of the Human Rated Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (HLVM3) for the Gaganyaan mission’s first uncrewed flight. Relevance: GS 3 (Space) HLVM3 Assembly: The assembly is underway at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota. The uncrewed flight is planned for early next year. Launch Campaign Commencement: The launch campaign began on December 18, 2024, with the stacking of the S200 motor’s nozzle end segment. Preparation and Integration: S200 Motors: Segment assembly, control systems, and avionics integration are in progress. L110 and C32 Stages: Both are ready at the launch complex. Crew Escape Systems: Components have been delivered to SDSC. Integration: Crew Module: Integrated at Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC). Service Module: Prepared at U R Rao Satellite Centre (URSC). Orbital Module: Integration and tests to follow at URSC. Gaganyaan Project: Objective: To demonstrate human spaceflight capability, launching a crew of three to an orbit of 400 km for three days and ensuring their safe return to Earth. Mission Plan: Includes three uncrewed missions followed by one crewed mission. Anniversary Significance: The assembly coincides with the 10th anniversary of the LVM3-X/CARE mission (December 18, 2014).

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