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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 02 September 2024

CONTENTS Supreme Court Ruling on the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act Impact of Reduced PM2.5 Pollution on Life Expectancy in India Advancing Biotechnology in India through Ethanol Production Support Classical Language Mimetus spinatus and Mimetus parvulus Acetanilide Supreme Court Ruling on the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act Context: The Supreme Court of India recently delivered a crucial decision concerning the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, focusing on whether verbal insults or intimidations against individuals from Scheduled Castes (SC) or Scheduled Tribes (ST) are inherently considered offenses under the Act. This judgment was particularly relevant in a case involving anticipatory bail for a YouTube channel editor accused under this legislation. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Supreme Court Ruling on Insults Under SC/ST Act, 1989 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 Recent Amendments to Enhance Protections Challenges associated with the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 Supreme Court Ruling on Insults Under SC/ST Act, 1989: Background: The case involved allegations against a YouTuber who made derogatory remarks about an MLA belonging to the Scheduled Caste community. Legal Interpretation: Scope of the Act: The Supreme Court clarified that not all insults or intimidations against SCs or STs constitute offenses under the Act. For the Act to be applicable, the derogatory act must be directly connected to the victim’s caste identity. Intent Requirement: The Court emphasized that mere knowledge of the victim’s SC/ST status is insufficient. The offensive act must be intended to humiliate the victim specifically because of their caste. Legal Precedent on Bail: Section 18 of the Act restricts anticipatory bail but does not outright prevent it. The Court can grant bail after a preliminary inquiry establishes that the allegations likely do not meet the Act’s criteria for constituting an offense. Court’s Decision: Preliminary Inquiry: The Court mandated a preliminary inquiry to assess whether the allegations genuinely meet the legal criteria for an offense under the Act. Anticipatory Bail: Anticipatory bail was granted to the YouTuber, with the Court finding insufficient evidence at the preliminary stage that the remarks were intended to humiliate the MLA based on caste. Conclusion on Intent: It was determined that the remarks did not show an intent to insult based on the MLA’s caste, thus not meeting the stringent requirements of the Act for escalating to an offense. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989: The Act was enacted to protect Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes from caste-based discrimination and violence, reinforcing the provisions of Articles 15 and 17 of the Indian Constitution. The legislation builds upon earlier laws like the Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955, and the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, aimed at abolishing untouchability and discrimination based on caste. Key Provisions of the Act: Defined Offenses: The Act categorizes acts of physical violence, harassment, and social discrimination against SC/ST individuals as “atrocities,” subject to stringent legal penalties. Legal Framework: The Central Government crafts the implementing rules, while State Governments and Union Territories provide local enforcement. Special courts and SC/ST Protection Cells, led by senior police officers, are established for efficient case handling and trials. Investigations must be led by officers at least at the Deputy Superintendent level and completed swiftly within a set timeframe. Legal Protections and Bail Conditions: Anticipatory Bail Restrictions: Section 18 bars the application of anticipatory bail for accused under this Act, as outlined in Section 438 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Victim Support and Rehabilitation: The Act includes provisions for the relief and rehabilitation of victims, offering financial compensation, legal aid, and other support services. Recent Amendments to Enhance Protections: 2015 Amendment: Introduced tougher provisions and broadened the definition of offenses to include actions like garlanding with footwear, forced manual scavenging, social or economic boycotts, and other forms of ostracism. Offenses Added: Sexual exploitation and unauthorized physical contact with SC/ST women. Outlawing traditional practices such as dedicating SC/ST women as devadasis. Public Accountability: Imposes penalties on public servants who fail to perform their duties in protecting SC/ST rights. 2018 Amendment: Simplified the arrest process by removing the requirement for Senior Superintendent approval before detaining an accused. Scope Limitation: Intra-community Offenses: The Act does not address offenses committed within the SC/ST communities against each other. Challenges associated with the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989: Resource Limitations: These courts often struggle with insufficient resources and infrastructure, affecting their functionality and efficiency. There is a notable backlog and slow processing of atrocity cases, which can extend beyond the intended scope of the SC/ST Act. Victim Support and Rehabilitation: The Act provides limited and unclear details on the rehabilitation of victims, primarily focusing on social and economic support without concrete measures. Victims often encounter physical, psychological, and social challenges. There is a crucial need for more detailed and comprehensive rehabilitation strategies to aid victims towards economic self-sufficiency. Awareness and Training: Both beneficiaries, including victims and law enforcement personnel, frequently lack sufficient understanding of the Act’s specific provisions. Legal and Misuse Concerns: The Act includes provisions for warrantless arrests and non-bailable offenses, which have occasionally led to misuse. The broad and stringent nature of the law has led to concerns about false accusations and harassment, particularly impacting individuals from non-SC/ST backgrounds. Coverage of Offenses: Certain crimes that lead to atrocities, such as blackmailing among SC/ST communities, are not explicitly addressed within the Act. The current definition of atrocities may not fully cover all forms of abuse experienced by SCs and STs, suggesting a need for legislative amendments to include a broader array of crimes. -Source: The Hindu Impact of Reduced PM2.5 Pollution on Life Expectancy in India Context: A recent study by the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago (EPIC) highlights a positive correlation between improved air quality and life expectancy in India. Favorable weather conditions and a slight reduction in emissions from 2021 to 2022 led to decreased PM2.5 levels, which have, in turn, contributed to extending the average life expectancy in India by one year. Moreover, the study suggests that aligning with the World Health Organization’s pollution guidelines could potentially increase life expectancy in Delhi by an additional 7.8 years. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: WHO’s Revised Air Quality Guidelines (2021) Key Findings from the “Air Quality Life Index” 2024 Report WHO’s Revised Air Quality Guidelines (2021) WHO updated its guidelines to recommend stricter air quality levels for six pollutants: ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, PM10, and PM2.5. The new recommendations mark a significant tightening of the levels from those set in 2005, aiming to further protect public health. These guidelines are advisory and are not mandatory for countries to adopt. Key Findings from the “Air Quality Life Index” 2024 Report Publication: Released by the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago (EPIC). Purpose: Provides an annual global assessment of air quality, highlighting areas where air quality standards are unmet alongside policy successes and failures. Specific Highlights India’s Air Quality Progress: Reduction in Pollution: In 2022, India saw a 19.3% reduction in particulate pollution from the previous year, marking the second-largest decline globally after Bangladesh. Impact on Life Expectancy: The reduction in pollution potentially adds an average of 51 days to the life expectancy of Indian citizens. Meteorological Influence: Favorable weather conditions and fewer thermal inversions contributed to the pollution decline. Life Expectancy Risk: There is a potential loss of 3.6 years in life expectancy for Indians if the WHO’s PM2.5 guideline of 5 µg/m³ is not met. In 2022, India’s PM2.5 level was approximately 9 µg/m³. Regional Analysis: Notable Improvements: Significant declines in PM2.5 were observed in districts like Purulia and Bankura in West Bengal and several districts in Jharkhand, with reductions exceeding 20 µg/m³. Population Exposure: Approximately 42.6% of India’s population resides in areas that exceed national air quality standards. National Clean Air Programme (NCAP): Overview: Launched in 2019, NCAP aims to reduce particulate pollution by 20-30% by 2024 from 2017 levels, with a more ambitious target of a 40% reduction by 2026. Scope: Covers 131 cities that have historically failed to meet set air quality standards, noting a 19% average PM2.5 reduction in monitored cities. Innovative Policies and Impacts: Particulate Pollution Market: Initiated in Gujarat in 2019, leading to a 20-30% reduction in pollution in cities like Surat, with plans for expansion. Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana: Credited with reducing emissions from residential cooking by promoting clean cooking facilities. Transport Emissions: Declines attributed to reduced diesel use in transport. -Source: The Hindu Advancing Biotechnology in India through Ethanol Production Support Context: The Department of Biotechnology is exploring the development of enzyme-manufacturing facilities to enhance ethanol production. This initiative aligns with the recent launch of the BioE3 policy—Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment—aimed at fostering biotechnology-driven manufacturing in India. This move is part of a broader strategy to integrate more biotechnology solutions into India’s industrial landscape, with a focus on boosting economic growth, environmental sustainability, and job creation. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Overview of BioE3 Policy for Enhanced Biomanufacturing Ethanol Production and Utilization in India Enhancing Ethanol Production in India Through Innovative Methods Overview of BioE3 Policy for Enhanced Biomanufacturing: Definition of High-Performance Biomanufacturing: Involves production of a wide range of products, including medical and material goods, while addressing agricultural challenges. Focuses on crafting bio-based products via sophisticated biotechnological methods. Strategic Focus Areas: Development of high-value bio-based chemicals, enzymes, and biopolymers. Innovation in smart proteins and functional foods. Advancements in precision biotherapeutics. Promotion of climate-resilient agricultural methods. Enhancements in carbon capture and utilization. Research in marine and space sectors. Key Policy Features: Encourages research and entrepreneurship across targeted sectors. Aims for rapid technology development and market introduction through Bio-AI hubs and biofoundries. Supports government initiatives for a ‘Net Zero’ carbon economy and sustainable living. Advocates for ‘Green Growth’ through a ‘Circular Bioeconomy’. Envisions a sustainable and innovative future addressing global challenges, aligned with the Bio-vision for a Developed India. Policy Significance: Addresses critical issues like climate change, food security, and public health. Seeks to establish a robust biomanufacturing ecosystem to foster innovative bio-based product development. Ethanol Production and Utilization in India: Annual Ethanol Demand: NITI Aayog projects a need for approximately 13.5 billion liters of ethanol annually by 2025-26. Approximately 10.16 billion liters are expected to fulfill the E20 fuel-blending requirements. Ethanol Blended Petrol Programme (EBP) Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) programme was launched in 2003- and this initiative is pursued aggressively in the last 4 to 5 years to reduce import dependence of crude oil as well as mitigate environmental pollution. The Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP) seeks to achieve blending of Ethanol with motor sprit with a view to reducing pollution, conserve foreign exchange and increase value addition in the sugar industry enabling them to clear cane price arrears of farmers. Although the Government of India decided to launch EBP programme in 2003 for supply of 5% ethanol blended Petrol, it later scaled up blending targets from 5% to 10% under the Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP). The Government of India has also advanced the target for 20% ethanol blending in petrol (also called E20) to 2025 from 2030. Currently, 8.5% of ethanol is blended with petrol in India. Enhancing Ethanol Production in India Through Innovative Methods: Introduction of 2G Ethanol Plant in Panipat, Haryana: Utilizes second-generation bioethanol technology, which converts agricultural waste such as rice straw into ethanol, diverging from traditional molasses-based methods. Established by Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. in 2022, this pioneering facility has the capacity to produce 100,000 liters of ethanol daily. Although it offers a sustainable use for rice stubble, the process can increase air pollution due to the burning of stubble. BioE3 Policy Implementation: Aims to innovate within biotechnology by creating ‘bio-foundries’ for developing new types of feedstock and catalysts, enhancing the sustainability and efficiency of bio-manufacturing processes. Development of Enzyme Manufacturing Units: Enzymes for ethanol production are being developed from genetically modified Penicillium funiculosum, a fungus that breaks down rice stubble and soil. A facility planned in Manesar, Haryana, is expected to supply enzymes to both the Panipat plant and forthcoming facilities in Mathura (Uttar Pradesh) and Bhatinda (Punjab). Importance of Local Enzyme Production Facilities: Essential for the conversion of agricultural waste to ethanol, these enzymes can significantly decrease production costs. By producing enzymes domestically, India could significantly reduce its import costs, potentially cutting the overall expense of ethanol production by approximately two-thirds, aligning with national energy and environmental goals. -Source: Indian Express Classical Language Context: Recently, the centres for the promotion of classical Telugu, Odia, Kannada and Malayalam demand autonomy for proper functioning. Relevance: GS I: History Criteria for Classical Language Status The language must have a documented history of at least 1,500-2,000 years, evident in early texts. It should have a substantial body of ancient literature, highly regarded as a cultural heritage. The literary tradition of the language must be original and not borrowed from another speech community. There should be a clear distinction between the classical form of the language and its modern forms or offshoots. Recognized Classical Languages in India Tamil: First declared in 2004. Sanskrit: Recognized in 2005. Telugu: Declared in 2008. Kannada: Also recognized in 2008. Malayalam: Added in 2013. Odia: Recognized in 2014. Benefits of Classical Language Status Promotion and Support: The Ministry of Education offers various supports to promote these languages: International Awards: Two major international awards are given annually to scholars of eminence in the language. Centers of Excellence: Establishment of a Centre of Excellence for Studies in the Classical Language. Professional Chairs: The University Grants Commission (UGC) is requested to create Professional Chairs in Central Universities dedicated to the classical language. -Source: Indian Express Mimetus spinatus and Mimetus parvulus Context: The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) recently discovered two new species of spiders named Mimetus spinatus and Mimetus parvulus from the southern Western Ghats. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Mimetus Spinatus and Mimetus Parvulus Mimetus spinatus was found in the Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary in Karnataka, while Mimetus parvulus was collected from Ernakulam district in Kerala. Both species belong to the Mimetidae family, known for their predatory behavior akin to pirates or cannibals of the spider world. These spiders are adept at infiltrating the webs of other spiders, where they mimic vibrations to deceive and prey on the resident spiders. Distinctive Features Mimetus Spinatus: Appearance: Medium-sized with a pale yellow head and a dull grey-white abdomen featuring scattered light green mottling. Notable Characteristics: Named for its distinctive long, black, flattened spine-like hairs on its dorsal head. Mimetus Parvulus: Appearance: Noted for its pale creamy-rose head with dense grey-black mottling and a triangular-shaped, dull grey-white abdomen. Significance of Discovery This discovery marks the first report of new Mimetus species after 118 years since the last recorded species, Mimetus indicus, in India. The addition of these species increases the known diversity of Mimetus in India to three, highlighting the ecological richness of the Southern Western Ghats. -Source: Indian Express Acetanilide Context: Five persons fell unconscious and were hospitalised when they were engaged in shifting acetanilide bags from one container to another in Visakhapatnam recently. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Acetanilide: Acetanilide, with the molecular formula C8H9NO, is also known as N-phenylacetamide, acetanil, or acetanilid. It appears as a white, odorless solid. Chemical Relationship: It is functionally related to acetic acid. Historical and Medical Significance: First used in 1886, primarily as a fever-reducing drug. Found effective for relieving pain, it served as an alternative to aspirin for treating headaches, menstrual cramps, and rheumatism. Side Effects: Prolonged or excessive use can lead to toxic effects, specifically interfering with hemoglobin function. Current Medical and Industrial Use: Replacement in Therapy: Now largely replaced by acetaminophen (paracetamol) in medical treatments due to lower risk of inducing blood disorders. Industrial Use: Employed as an intermediate in the manufacture of dyes, rubber, and various chemicals. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 30 August 2024

CONTENT National Teachers Awards National Teachers Awards Context: Recently, the Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education selected 16 teachers in HEIs and Polytechnic for National Awards to Teachers (NAT) 2024. Relevance: Facts for Prelims National Teachers Awards: To celebrate outstanding teachers who have significantly enhanced school education and impacted the lives of their students across India. Exemplary teachers and faculty members from higher education institutions and polytechnics. Eligibility Criteria: Institutional Affiliation: Must be affiliated with colleges, universities, or polytechnics in India. Employment Status: Must be a regular faculty member. Experience: Must have at least five years of full-time teaching experience at the undergraduate or postgraduate level. Age Limit: Must not exceed 55 years of age at the time of the award application deadline. Ineligibility: Vice-Chancellors, Directors, or Principals are generally ineligible unless they are below 55 and still in active teaching roles. Award Details: Prize: Winners receive a medal and a certificate along with a cash prize of Rs 50,000.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 30 August 2024

CONTENTS Connecting the Dots in the Kyiv Visit Moving the Spotlight to Grassroots Democracy Connecting the Dots in the Kyiv Visit Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Kyiv marked a historic and strategic engagement with Ukraine amid the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict. This visit was not just a symbolic gesture but a significant move in India’s foreign policy, positioning India as a key player in global diplomacy and conflict resolution. The visit also highlighted India’s support for peace and deepened the bilateral relations between India and Ukraine. Relevance: GS Paper 2: International Relations Mains Question: “What is the significance of India’s recent diplomatic visit to Ukraine during the Russia-Ukraine conflict? How does this align with India’s foreign policy goals and impact India-Ukraine relations?” (15M, 250 words) India-Ukraine Bilateral Relations: India and Ukraine have maintained diplomatic relations since 1992. The relationship encompasses political, economic, defence, and cultural ties. Economically, the bilateral trade in the first half of 2024 amounted to $1.07 billion.   Defence ties include Ukraine’s provision of military technology, such as R-27 air-to-air missiles used by the Indian Air Force. The cultural relationship is also strong, with a significant interest in Indian culture in Ukraine and many Indian students studying in Ukrainian universities, particularly in medicine.   Key Highlights of the Visit: PM Modi’s visit emphasized India’s support for peace and non-violence, drawing on India’s historical figures like Buddha and Gandhi.   The visit included presenting four BHISHM Cubes, part of India’s humanitarian aid initiative under Project Aarogya Maitri, to provide emergency medical care to Ukraine.   The visit also saw the signing of four landmark agreements, enhancing cooperation in agriculture, medicine, culture, and humanitarian assistance.   Strategic Implications:   Modi’s visit to Kyiv signals a broader strategic move by India to assert itself as a mediator in global conflicts, particularly within the Global South.   This visit positions India as a key player in European peace efforts, potentially balancing the influence of other global powers like China and the U.S.   The engagement with Ukraine also represents a revival of India-Ukraine relations, which had been relatively neglected post-Soviet Union, aiming to restore a strategic partnership.   Impact on India-Ukraine Relations:   The visit marks a renewed commitment to strengthening India-Ukraine relations, focusing on enhancing bilateral ties through economic, defense, and cultural cooperation.   It also underscores India’s intention to play a more proactive role in global geopolitics, particularly in conflict resolution. This engagement may lead to increased collaboration between India and Ukraine in various sectors, further solidifying their partnership.   India’s Role in Global Diplomacy:   The visit highlights India’s evolving role in global diplomacy, especially in conflict zones. By engaging with both sides in the Russia-Ukraine conflict, India is positioning itself as a neutral party capable of facilitating dialogue and peace.   This move is consistent with India’s broader foreign policy strategy of maintaining strategic autonomy while engaging with global powers to protect its national interests.   Conclusion:   Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Ukraine is a significant milestone in India’s foreign policy, reflecting a shift towards more active global engagement.   The visit not only strengthens India-Ukraine relations but also positions India as a potential mediator in the ongoing conflict.   This diplomatic initiative is aligned with India’s broader goals of maintaining strategic autonomy and enhancing its role in global conflict resolution. As the geopolitical landscape continues to evolve, India’s ability to navigate these challenges will be crucial in shaping its future international standing.   Moving the Spotlight to Grassroots Democracy Context: The Election Commission of India (ECI) is recognized for conducting free and fair elections, but the State Election Commissions (SECs) are increasingly disempowered. There are 34 SECs in India, responsible for conducting elections to panchayats and urban local governments, but they face systemic challenges. Relevance: GS Paper 2: Polity and Governance Mains Question: “What are the challenges faced by State Election Commissions in India, and how can they be empowered to strengthen grassroots democracy?” (10M, 150 words)   1. Systemic Disempowerment of SECs: The State Election Commissions were established with the intent of ensuring fair and transparent local elections, free from the influence of state governments. However, in practice, SECs have frequently been undermined. Their autonomy is often compromised by state governments, which, in some cases, have resulted in legal battles.   For example, the Karnataka SEC faced significant delays in conducting elections due to the state government’s reluctance to proceed with the delimitation of panchayat raj institutions. This conflict, which stretched over three and a half years, highlights the growing trend of state governments exerting undue influence over SECs, thereby undermining their constitutional mandate.   2. Legal and Institutional Challenges: The Karnataka case is not isolated. Other states have similarly witnessed the weakening of SECs.   In Andhra Pradesh, the Supreme Court had to intervene to address the state government’s actions that hindered the SEC’s ability to conduct timely elections. Such instances demonstrate that SECs are increasingly caught in legal tussles, which prevent them from fulfilling their role effectively.   These challenges are further compounded by the absence of clear guidelines and protections for SECs against state interference.   3. Performance Audit by CAG: A recent audit by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) highlighted the severe disempowerment of SECs across India.   The audit found that a significant number of urban local governments did not have elected councils, primarily due to delays in conducting elections. For instance, 70% of urban local bodies in Karnataka lacked elected councils, which the CAG attributed to the SEC’s weakened position. This not only delays the democratic process at the grassroots level but also erodes public trust in these institutions.   4. Electoral Reforms Needed:   For meaningful grassroots democracy to thrive, regular and timely elections to local governments are non-negotiable. The Supreme Court, in its judgment in Kishan Singh Tomar vs. Municipal Corporation of the City of Ahmedabad (2006), emphasized that the SECs should be fully empowered, similar to the ECI, to oversee all aspects of local elections.   This includes the delimitation of wards and reservation of seats, which should be done regularly, and without undue delays caused by state government interference. SECs should also have the authority to manage the election process for key local government positions such as mayors and chairpersons, thereby reducing the risk of state-level political manipulation.   5. Key Recommendations: Strengthening the SECs requires a multi-faceted approach. One proposal is to amend the 74th Constitutional (Amendment) Act to establish a more robust selection process for SEC members, involving a committee with representatives from the ruling party, the opposition, and the judiciary.   Additionally, there is a need to mandate the regular delimitation of wards and reservation of seats to prevent arbitrary delays. Empowering SECs to handle the election of local officials without state government interference would also help safeguard the integrity of local elections.   These reforms are essential for restoring the SECs’ role as independent bodies that can effectively contribute to the deepening of democracy at the grassroots level.   Conclusion: The State Election Commissions, crucial for the health of India’s grassroots democracy, are in dire need of empowerment and reform. Ensuring that SECs are granted autonomy and authority on par with the Election Commission of India is critical for maintaining the regularity and integrity of local elections. The proposed reforms, including a more transparent appointment process and greater operational independence, will help restore public confidence in these institutions and ensure that democracy flourishes at every level of government.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 30 August 2024

CONTENTS Strategic Defense Agreements Between India and the U.S. India’s Natural Rubber Shortage: Production Falls Short by 550,000 Tonnes Himachal Pradesh Raises Minimum Marriage Age for Women to 21 Voluntary Vehicle-Fleet Modernization Program Leptospirosis Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Scheme Qutb Shahi Tomb Complex Strategic Defense Agreements Between India and the U.S. Context: India and the United States have recently solidified their defense cooperation by signing two significant agreements. The first is a non-binding Security of Supply Arrangement (SOSA), and the second is a Memorandum of Agreement for the Assignment of Liaison Officers. These pacts aim to enhance mutual support and streamline defense operations between the two nations. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Security of Supplies Arrangement (SOSA) Memorandum of Understanding on Liaison Officers Reciprocal Defence Procurement (RDP) Agreement Differences between SOSA and RDP Evolution of India-US Relations Challenges to India-US Relations Security of Supplies Arrangement (SOSA) SOSA is an agreement between the US and India to prioritize each other’s goods and services for national defense, ensuring supply chain resilience during emergencies. It facilitates expedited deliveries between US defense contractors and India, based on mutual goodwill rather than legally binding commitments. The agreement is supported by the US’s Defense Priorities and Allocations System (DPAS), managed by the Department of Defense (DoD) and the Department of Commerce (DOC). Memorandum of Understanding on Liaison Officers To enhance information-sharing between India and the US by establishing a system of Liaison Officers. Begins with India deploying an officer to the US Special Operations Command in Florida. Builds on previous defense cooperation agreements from 2013 and 2015, aiming to strengthen bilateral defense ties. Reciprocal Defence Procurement (RDP) Agreement Currently under discussion and yet to be finalized. Designed to enhance the rationalization, standardization, interchangeability, and interoperability of defense equipment between the US, India, and other allied nations. Allows US companies to bypass certain procurement restrictions under India’s “Make in India” initiative, which could lead to establishing manufacturing bases in India and fostering closer collaboration with local firms. Differences between SOSA and RDP SOSA: Focuses on maintaining the defense supply chain during crises without creating legally binding obligations. RDP: Aims to establish a legally binding framework that prioritizes defense orders to facilitate greater joint production and technological collaboration between the participating countries. Evolution of India-US Relations: Cold War Era: India followed a non-alignment policy, whereas Pakistan was aligned with the US. Post-Cold War and Economic Liberalization: Relations improved significantly in the 1990s following India’s economic liberalization. Strategic Partnerships and Agreements: Key milestones include President Clinton’s visit in 2000, the Next Steps in Strategic Partnership in 2004, and the 2008 Civil Nuclear Agreement, which recognized India as a responsible nuclear power. Broadening Cooperation: Bilateral trade reached USD 118.28 billion in 2023-24. Collaborations have expanded into clean energy, digital economy, healthcare, AI, quantum computing, and 5G technologies. Space and Strategic Initiatives: Initiatives like the Artemis Accords and participation in the US Indo-Pacific strategy emphasize strategic cooperation. Geopolitical Alignment: The rise of China as a common strategic challenge has brought India and the US closer. Challenges to India-US Relations: Domestic Policies and Human Rights: US concerns regarding the treatment of minorities in India, particularly in light of the Citizenship Amendment Act and the changes in Jammu and Kashmir’s status. Divergent Approaches to China: While both nations view China as a strategic threat, economic ties between India and China present conflicts of interest with the US. Trade Disputes and Protectionism: Ongoing disputes over trade, market access, and intellectual property rights hinder the achievement of a comprehensive trade deal. Historical Non-alignment Legacy: India’s historical tilt towards the Soviet Union during the Cold War still affects bilateral perceptions. Balancing Relations with Russia: India’s relationship with Russia, especially evident during the Russia-Ukraine conflict, poses a challenge in aligning fully with US geopolitical stances. -Source: The Hindu India’s Natural Rubber Shortage: Production Falls Short by 550,000 Tonnes Context: India is currently facing a substantial deficit in natural rubber production, which falls short of meeting the demand by about 550,000 tonnes. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Fundamental Insights About Rubber Shortages and Challenges in Indian Rubber Industry National Rubber Policy 2019 Strategies to Boost Rubber Production in India Fundamental Insights About Rubber Rubber is a flexible material that changes shape under pressure but quickly returns to its original form once the pressure is removed. Rubber can be either natural, derived from latex found in certain plants, or synthetic, created through industrial processes using polymers like isoprene. Natural and Synthetic Rubber Sources of Natural Rubber: Primarily obtained from the latex of rubber trees, it includes compounds such as proteins and alkaloids. Synthetic Rubber Creation: Manufactured through various chemical synthesis methods. Rubber Production and Consumption in India Status: India ranks as the third-highest producer and fourth-largest consumer of natural rubber globally. Leading Producers: Kerala tops the production in India, followed by Tripura. International Trade Dynamics Exports: During 2022-23, India exported 3,700 tonnes of natural rubber, mainly to the USA, Germany, UAE, UK, and Bangladesh. Imports: Significant imports of 528,677 tonnes were recorded, coming from countries like Indonesia, Thailand, China, South Korea, and Japan. Growth Conditions for Natural Rubber Thrives in a tropical climate with temperatures between 20°-35°C. Best grown in loamy or laterite soils with excellent drainage, needing over 200 cm of rainfall annually. Production is labor-intensive, requiring a substantial workforce. Shortages and Challenges in Indian Rubber Industry Production vs. Consumption: Despite a slight increase in production, consumption outpaces supply significantly. Industrial Usage: 70% of natural rubber is used by the tyre industry, stressing the supply further. Dependence on Imports: High reliance on imports due to inadequate domestic production, with major imports coming from Vietnam and Indonesia. Customs and Taxation: Imported natural rubber faces a 25% customs duty or Rs 30 per kg, with latex products for medical use attracting much lower duties, leading to an inverted duty structure. Supply Disruptions: Political and environmental issues in supplier countries like Bangladesh and local monsoon patterns significantly affect supply stability. National Rubber Policy 2019 Introduced by the Ministry of Commerce & Industry in 2019. Foundation of the Policy: Developed from both short-term and long-term strategies created by a dedicated Task Force to address challenges in the rubber sector. Main Elements: The policy encompasses initiatives for new plantations, support for rubber growers, enhancing processing and marketing, addressing labor shortages, and promoting both local and international trade. It also focuses on integrated efforts across different government levels, research initiatives, and considerations related to climate change and the carbon market. Execution: Managed by the Rubber Board under the Sustainable and Inclusive Development of Natural Rubber Sector framework, spanning from 2017-2018 to 2019-2020. Development Actions: Includes financial and technical support for planting, distribution of high-quality planting materials, establishment of support forums for growers, and comprehensive training and skill development programs. Strategies to Boost Rubber Production in India Support Enhancement: Amplifying subsidies and financial aid for new plantings and replanting efforts. Training Improvement: Expanding educational programs to enhance cultivation methods and overall productivity. Research Investment: Increasing investment in research for developing high-yield and disease-resistant rubber strains, supported by government-backed institutions. Public-Private Partnerships: Encouraging cooperative investments between governmental bodies and the private sector for the development of rubber plantations and processing facilities. -Source: Times of India Himachal Pradesh Raises Minimum Marriage Age for Women to 21 Context: The Himachal Pradesh Assembly recently approved an amendment to the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act through the Prohibition of Child Marriage (Himachal Pradesh Amendment) Bill, 2024. This amendment increases the legal minimum age for marriage of women from 18 to 21 years, aligning it with the existing law enacted by Parliament in 2006. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Himachal Pradesh’s Legislation to Increase Marriage Age Debate on Raising Marriage Age for Girls in India Challenges and Constitutional Implications Himachal Pradesh’s Legislation to Increase Marriage Age Key Aspects of the Himachal Pradesh Bill The bill modifies the existing Prohibition of Child Marriage Act by setting the minimum marriage age at 21 for both genders, removing any prior age distinctions. Defines individuals under 21 as children, which supersedes any other legal or traditional practices allowing earlier marriages. It expands the period during which an individual can file for annulment of a child marriage to five years after reaching adulthood, effectively allowing until the age of 23 for such actions. Legislative Process and Constitutional Considerations Bill’s Objective: Aims to amend the national child marriage laws by setting a new standard age for marriage at 21, which currently contradicts the federal mandate of 18. Jurisdiction: As marriage falls under the Concurrent List, the legislation requires collaborative governance from both state and central authorities. Legal Hierarchy and Approval: In cases where state legislation conflicts with central laws, the state law is invalidated unless ratified by presidential consent per Articles 254(1) and 254(2) of the Constitution. Presidential Review: The bill, mirroring the procedural requirements seen in other significant legislative reforms like the Uttarakhand Uniform Civil Code, must be forwarded to the President through the Governor of Himachal Pradesh for final approval. Debate on Raising Marriage Age for Girls in India Reasons for Raising the Marriage Age Educational and Career Benefits: Increasing the marriage age to 21 allows girls to complete their education and enhance career prospects. Health and Maturity: Older marriage age leads to safer pregnancies and better maternal health, as it allows women to reach physical and emotional maturity. Financial Independence: Delaying marriage provides women more time to develop essential skills and gain financial independence. Social and Emotional Readiness: Older marriage age prepares women better emotionally and economically. Reduction in Child Marriages: Aims to mitigate social issues like child marriage prevalent in parts of India, which often leads to domestic violence and educational deficits. Workforce Participation: Higher marriage age could potentially boost women’s participation in the workforce, promoting economic development. Challenges and Constitutional Implications Age Discrepancy: The proposal aligns the marriage age for females with males at 21, conflicting with the legal majority age of 18, which might affect the rights and responsibilities of young adults. Legal Inconsistencies: There are inconsistencies with Supreme Court judgments affirming the right to marry as part of the right to life, raising questions about the appropriateness of the new age restriction between 18 and 21 years. Fundamental Rights Considerations: Any law restricting fundamental rights must have a justified public purpose, be directly connected to this purpose, and be the least restrictive means to achieve the intended goal. Implementation Challenges: Past efforts to curb underage marriages have seen limited success, questioning the effectiveness of raising the marriage age in combating child marriages. -Source: Indian express Voluntary Vehicle-Fleet Modernization Program Context: Auto manufacturers have agreed to offer discounts on commercial and passenger vehicles against a scrappage certificate of an old vehicle for a limited period of time. This scrappage discount will replace the discount customers were getting for exchanging their vehicles from car dealers. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: Voluntary Vehicle-Fleet Modernization Program (V-VMP) Incentives Provided Under V-VMP Disincentives Provided Under V-VMP Voluntary Vehicle-Fleet Modernization Program (V-VMP) The V-VMP aims to remove old and unfit vehicles from Indian roads by preventing their re-registration after they reach a certain age—20 years for cars and 15 years for commercial vehicles. Recent Developments in V-VMP: Incentives for Vehicle Replacement: Automakers are offering discounts between 1.5% and 3%, or up to Rs 25,000, to encourage vehicle owners to scrap old vehicles and purchase new ones. Support from Commercial and Passenger Vehicle Sectors: There are incentives from commercial vehicle manufacturers for two years and from passenger vehicle manufacturers for one year, backed by a scrappage certificate. Implementation Details: State Government Participation: Various state governments are actively involved, offering up to 30% discounts on road tax for vehicles that are bought as replacements for scrapped ones. Fitness Tests and Vehicle Scrapping: Private vehicles require a fitness test after 15 years; if passed, registration can be renewed for another five years. Commercial vehicles such as buses and trucks have different testing frequencies based on their age, with mandatory scrapping after 15 years of service. Government vehicles over 15 years old are also mandated to be scrapped. Vintage vehicles are exempt from this policy due to their infrequent use and maintenance status. Benefits of the V-VMP: Environmental Impact: Estimated to reduce pollution significantly by scrapping approximately one crore vehicles, leading to a 15-20% reduction in vehicular emissions. Boost to Auto Industry: Expected to increase demand for newer, safer, and technologically advanced vehicles. Recycling and Economic Growth: The policy is likely to energize the recycling industry, creating jobs and enhancing waste and recycling management research and development. Safety and Efficiency Improvements: Promotes road and passenger safety and enhances fuel efficiency, particularly noting a 25% reduction in NOx emissions from upgraded BS VI compliant petrol engines. Incentives Provided Under V-VMP Scrap Value Offer: The scrapping centers provide a scrap value approximately equal to 4-6% of the ex-showroom price of a new vehicle, encouraging owners to scrap old vehicles in exchange for a new purchase. Manufacturer Discounts: Auto manufacturers offer a 5% discount to consumers who show scrappage certificates when purchasing a new vehicle. Tax Concessions: Up to 25% tax concession on motor vehicle taxes for non-transport vehicles. Up to 15% tax concession for transport vehicles. Waiver of Registration Fees: New vehicle purchases following a scrappage will have registration fees waived, reducing overall costs. Disincentives Provided Under V-VMP Increased Fees for Older Vehicles: Commercial vehicles older than 15 years face higher charges for fitness tests and fitness certificates. Private vehicles older than 15 years incur higher registration renewal fees. Green Cess: An environmental tax ranging from 10-15% is levied on older vehicles, aimed at discouraging the continued use of environmentally harmful vehicles. -Source: The Hindu Leptospirosis Context: In Kerala, the threat from the Nipah virus has recently subsided after a critical 42-day observation period without any new cases. However, the relief was short-lived as an outbreak of Leptospirosis, often referred to as “rat fever,” has emerged. This bacterial infection poses a new public health challenge, especially following the monsoon season, highlighting ongoing health management struggles in the region. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Leptospirosis Leptospirosis: The disease is caused by pathogenic bacteria from the genus Leptospira, which are transmitted zoonotically from animals to humans. Transmission and Reservoirs: Animal Reservoirs: Key carriers include rodents, cattle, pigs, and dogs, harboring the bacteria primarily in their kidneys and genital areas. Modes of Transmission: Human infection occurs via direct contact with infected animal urine or through environments contaminated with such urine (water, soil, or food). Symptoms and Diagnosis: Symptom Range: Symptoms vary from mild, flu-like effects to severe conditions such as Weil’s syndrome, meningitis, and pulmonary hemorrhage. Incubation Period: Typically 7-10 days with symptoms like fever, headache, and jaundice. Diagnosis Challenges: The disease’s broad symptom range often mimics other illnesses, leading to frequent underdiagnosis. Epidemiology: Prevalence: Most common in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly South-East Asia (India, Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka) during rainy seasons. High-Risk Populations: Individuals frequently in contact with animals or contaminated environments, such as farmers, veterinarians, and sewer workers. Prevention and Treatment: Preventive Measures: Includes controlling animal reservoirs, avoiding contact with contaminated areas, wearing protective clothing, and maintaining stringent sanitation practices. Vaccination: Available for animals (dogs, pigs, cattle) to reduce transmission, though it may not prevent the bacteria from persisting in kidneys. Treatment Protocol: Effective treatment with antibiotics such as penicillin G, doxycycline, and ceftriaxone. -Source: Down To Earth Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Scheme Context: The government recently expanded the scope of the Agricultural Infrastructure Fund (AIF) scheme to make it more attractive, as part of its objective to strengthen farm-related infrastructure facilities in the country. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Scheme: Characteristics of the AIF Scheme: Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Scheme: It is a Central Sector Scheme which was launched in 2020. Duration: From FY2020 to FY2032 (12 years) Purpose: To offer medium to long-term debt financing for viable projects focused on post-harvest management infrastructure and community farming assets. This includes interest subvention and financial support. Eligibility: Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) Marketing Cooperative Societies Farmer Producers Organizations (FPOs) Farmers Self Help Groups (SHG) Joint Liability Groups (JLG) Multipurpose Cooperative Societies Agri-entrepreneurs and Startups Central/State agency or Local Body sponsored Public-Private Partnership Projects Exclusions: Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) are not eligible unless involved in PPP projects. Financing and Support: Participating Financial Entities: Includes all scheduled commercial banks, cooperative banks, RRBs, Small Finance Banks, NBFCs, and the NCDC. Refinance Support: NABARD will provide need-based refinance support to eligible lending entities. Characteristics of the AIF Scheme: Loan Limit and Interest Subsidy: Each loan under this facility is eligible for up to ₹2 crores with a 3% annual interest subsidy lasting up to seven years. Project Allocation: Entities in the private sector, including farmers, agricultural entrepreneurs, and startups, can manage up to 25 distinct projects nationwide, each qualifying for financial support up to the specified loan cap. Exclusions for Certain Groups: The 25-project limit does not extend to state agencies, cooperative societies, or any federations thereof, including those for Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) and Self-Help Groups (SHGs). Project Cap in a Single Location: It’s permissible to undertake multiple projects within the same locality, maintaining an aggregate funding limit of ₹2 crores. Equity Contribution Requirement: Borrowers are required to fund at least 10% of the total project cost, notwithstanding the extent of capital subsidy provided. Repayment Flexibility: The repayment moratorium spans a minimum of six months to a maximum of two years, varying by case. Special Provisions: Targeted Support: 24% of grants-in-aid are allocated specifically for SC/ST entrepreneurs (16% for SC and 8% for ST). Priority for Weaker Sections: Women and other weaker segments get priority in loan provision. Credit Guarantee: Coverage is available under the Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) for loans up to ₹2 crores. The government covers the fee for this guarantee. Aim of the Scheme: The scheme aims to bolster India’s agricultural infrastructure, thereby enhancing productivity and ensuring better returns for farmers while fostering a more structured and efficient agricultural sector. -Source: Indian Express Qutb Shahi Tomb Complex Context: After a decade-long restoration effort by the Telangana government’s Department of Heritage and Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) the Qutb Shahi Heritage Park was opened to the public. Relevance: GS I: History Qutb Shahi Tomb Complex: Constructed by the Qutb Shahi dynasty, which governed from 1518 to 1687 AD, this site is situated in Ibrahim Bagh, Hyderabad. The complex comprises 30 architectural elements including tombs, mosques, and a mortuary bath dedicated to the Qutb Shahi rulers. Notable for being 500 years old, the site includes expansive mausoleums, idgah, graves, ritual mosques, a traditional hammam (bath), and baolis (stepwells). Architectural Significance: The site exemplifies an Indo-Muslim dynastic necropolis. Situated on an elevated platform, the tombs merge Persian, Pathan, and Hindu architectural influences, featuring grey granite and elaborate stucco decorations. This unique necropolis is globally distinguished as the burial site of an entire dynasty, set within meticulously landscaped gardens adorned with detailed stonework. Insights into the Qutb Shahi Dynasty: The Qutb Shahis were Muslim rulers of the Golconda kingdom, positioned in the southeastern Deccan region of India, which was one of the five successor states of the Bahmani Sultanate. Founded by Quli Qutb Shah, originally a Turkish administrator for the eastern provinces of the Bahmani realm. Spanning from 1518 to 1687, this period saw the establishment of Golconda as the initial capital by Qutb Shah after declaring sovereignty in 1518. Later, towards the late 17th century, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah initiated the development of Hyderabad, which lies a short distance from the original capital. The territorial expanse of the kingdom included regions from the Godavari River in the north to the borders of Tamil Nadu in the south, extending west to Bijapur and east to the Bay of Bengal. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 29 August 2024

CONTENTS Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana PRAGATI Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana Context: On August 28, 2024, the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) accomplished a decade, marking a significant milestone in financial inclusion. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions About Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana: Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana – PMJDY was announced by Prime Minister in 2014, and has been a key initiative towards the commitment to provide financial inclusiveness and support to the marginalized and hitherto socio-economically neglected classes. Background   Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is National Mission for Financial Inclusion to ensure access to financial services, namely, Banking/ Savings & Deposit Accounts, Remittance, Credit, Insurance, Pension in an affordable manner. Objectives Ensure access of financial products & services at an affordable cost Use of technology to lower cost & widen reach Basic tenets of the scheme Banking the unbanked – Opening of basic savings bank deposit (BSBD) account with minimal paperwork, relaxed KYC, e-KYC, account opening in camp mode, zero balance & zero charges Securing the unsecured – Issuance of Indigenous Debit cards for cash withdrawals & payments at merchant locations, with free accident insurance coverage of Rs. 2 lakhs. Funding the unfunded – Other financial products like micro-insurance, overdraft for consumption, micro-pension & micro-credit Initial Features: 6 Pillars based on which the scheme was launched Universal access to banking services – Branch and BC Basic savings bank accounts with overdraft facility of Rs. 10,000/- to every household Financial Literacy Program– Promoting savings, use of ATMs, getting ready for credit, availing insurance and pensions, using basic mobile phones for banking Creation of Credit Guarantee Fund – To provide banks some guarantee against defaults Insurance – Accident cover up to Rs. 1,00,000 and life cover of   Rs. 30,000 on account opened between 15 Aug 2014 to 31 January 2015 Pension scheme for Unorganized sector Important approach adopted in PMJDY based on past experience: Accounts opened are online accounts in core banking system of banks, in place of earlier method of offline accounts opening with technology lock-in with the vendor Inter-operability through RuPay debit card or Aadhaar enabled Payment System (AePS) Fixed-point Business Correspondents Simplified KYC / e-KYC in place of cumbersome KYC formalities Extension of PMJDY with New features The Government decided to extend the comprehensive PMJDY program with some modifications Focus shift from ‘Every Household’ to Every Unbanked Adult’ RuPay Card Insurance – Free accidental insurance cover on RuPay cards increased from Rs. 1 lakh to Rs. 2 lakh for PMJDY accounts opened after 28.8.2018. Enhancement in overdraft facilities – OD limit doubled from Rs 5,000/- to Rs 10,000/-;  OD upto Rs 2,000/- (without conditions). Increase in upper age limit for OD from 60 to 65 years Jan Dhan Darshak App A mobile application, was launched to provide a citizen centric platform for locating banking touch points such as bank branches, ATMs, Bank Mitras, Post Offices, etc. in the country. The facilities under Jan Dhan Darshak App could be availed as per the need and convenience of common people. The road ahead Endeavour to ensure coverage of PMJDY account holders under micro insurance schemes. Eligible PMJDY accountholders will be sought to be covered under PMJJBY and PMSBY. Banks have already been communicated about the same. Promotion of digital payments including RuPay debit card usage amongst PMJDY accountholders through creation of acceptance infrastructure across India Improving access of PMJDY account holders to Micro-credit and micro investment such as flexi-recurring deposit etc.  PRAGATI Context: Prime Minister chaired the meeting of the 44th edition of PRAGATI, the ICT-based multi-modal platform for Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation, involving Centre and State governments.  Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance About PRAGATI PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance And Timely Implementation), as the name suggests, is aimed at starting a culture of Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation. It is also a robust system for bringing e-transparency and e-accountability with real-time presence and exchange among the key stakeholders. The platform was launched in 2015 is a multi-purpose and multi-modal platform that is aimed at addressing common man’s grievances, and simultaneously monitoring and reviewing important programmes and projects of the Government of India as well as projects flagged by State Governments. It is a three-tier system (PMO, Union Government Secretaries, and Chief Secretaries of the States) The PRAGATI platform uniquely bundles three latest technologies, digital data management, video-conferencing and geo-spatial technology. It also offers a unique combination in the direction of cooperative federalism since it brings on one stage the Secretaries of Government of India and the Chief Secretaries of the States. The Prime Minister will hold a monthly programme where he will interact with the Government of India Secretaries, and Chief Secretaries through Video-conferencing enabled by data and geo-informatics visuals.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 29 August 2024

CONTENTS Establishing a Carbon Market Sharpening India’s Anti-Tuberculosis Fight Establishing a Carbon Market Context: In her Budget speech, the Finance Minister indicated that industries with high pollution levels, such as iron, steel, and aluminium, will need to meet specific emission targets. She stated, “A roadmap will be developed to transition ‘hard-to-abate’ industries from energy efficiency targets to emission targets. Regulations will be introduced to shift these industries from the current ‘Perform, Achieve, and Trade‘ (PAT) scheme to the ‘Indian Carbon Market’ framework.” Relevance: GS3- Environmental Pollution and Degradation Mains Question: Climate change is not about equity concerns alone, but also about searching for viable options to move away from excessive dependence on fossil fuel. Analyse. (10 Marks, 150 Words). PAT vs. Emissions Trading: The Bureau of Energy Efficiency defines PAT as a regulatory tool aimed at reducing specific energy consumption in energy-intensive sectors. It incorporates a market-based mechanism that certifies and trades excess energy savings. PAT focuses on achieving energy efficiency, meaning that firms aim to produce a given output using no more than a specified amount of energy. This system does not cap total energy use, allowing firms producing more steel, for example, to consume more fuel while still being considered energy-efficient. Successful firms earn credits or certificates that they can trade. In contrast, emissions trading, often referred to as cap and trade, is a market-based approach to controlling pollution through economic incentives for reducing emissions. Unlike energy efficiency, which is based on relative standards, emissions trading sets absolute limits, or caps, on emissions. The Finance Minister’s announcement highlights that for India, a developing country, climate change is not just about equity but also about finding sustainable ways to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Decarbonizing Various Sectors: Over the past 15 years, India has been working to decarbonize various sectors to meet its development goals, including poverty reduction and providing affordable, reliable energy. India participated in the Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol, which allowed industrialized countries to engage in climate mitigation projects in developing nations, earning certified emission reduction units for trade. By 2011, India became the largest supplier of these units globally after China. To further this effort, India launched the PAT scheme in 2012 as part of its National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency, one of eight missions under the National Action Plan on Climate Change. Given India’s need for iron and steel to support industrialization and meet the growing demand for housing in urban areas, emissions from these sectors significantly contribute to climate change. In the context of achieving Net Zero Emissions by 2050, the International Energy Agency (IEA) notes in a policy brief that the likelihood of currently planned iron and steel projects reaching net zero emissions is very low. Carbon Market Mode:  In international law, obligations related to climate change mitigation are considered due diligence obligations or obligations of conduct. This means that countries are required to make their best possible efforts to combat climate change. An example of such an obligation is the nationally determined contributions (NDCs) central to the Paris Agreement of 2015. It is reasonable for India to refine its existing PAT scheme or develop its version of a carbon market within the framework of its NDCs. India’s NDC includes eight targets, two of which pertain to the energy sector. The first target is to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 45% from 2005 levels by 2030. The second target is to achieve around 50% of cumulative electric power capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030, contingent on international finance and technology transfer. Given that India’s NDC does not require binding greenhouse gas reductions relative to a baseline year, the country is likely to create its own version of a carbon market, distinct from the European Union Emissions Trading System (ETS). India has not formally adopted the ETS and has resisted mandatory emission cuts, as such measures would currently conflict with its development priorities. The 2021 draft blueprint by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency outlines two mechanisms: in the first phase, a voluntary market supported by a domestic project-based offset scheme (carbon offset mechanism); and in the second phase, a compliance market with mandatory participation for regulated entities (carbon credits trading mechanism). According to an International Energy Agency (IEA) policy brief, this will involve updating emissions measurement methodologies to support the launch of a domestic carbon credits trading scheme by 2026, which will include the iron and steel sector, alongside other industries such as petrochemicals, chemicals, and aluminium. Conclusion: India’s effort to establish a carbon market tailored to its needs underscores that climate change discussions must go beyond equity concerns and consider broader socioeconomic priorities. Sharpening India’s Anti-Tuberculosis Fight Context: The widespread presence of tuberculosis (TB) throughout history and literature highlights how the disease has afflicted generations worldwide and remains a significant issue today. India accounts for over a quarter of the global TB burden. Strong political will in India has contributed to substantial progress in combating the disease. However, as the nation strives toward TB elimination—a goal emphasized by the Prime Minister—there is a need to innovate and utilize proven technologies and tools. Relevance: GS2- Health Mains Question: Comment upon the continued prevalence of TB in India despite the progress made here and there. With the availability of game-changing new treatments, India must recast its TB-elimination programmes. Discuss. (15 Marks, 250 Words). TB in India: The India TB Report 2024: The report reveals a decrease in the mortality rate due to Tuberculosis (TB), from 28 per lakh population in 2015 to 23 per lakh population in 2022. Government health centers continue to report the majority of TB cases, though there has been an increase in notifications from the private sector. In 2023, about 33% or 8.4 lakh of the 25.5 lakh TB cases were reported by the private sector, a significant rise compared to the 1.9 lakh cases reported by the private sector in 2015, which serves as the baseline year for the disease elimination program. The estimated incidence of TB in 2023 slightly increased to 27.8 lakh from 27.4 lakh in the previous year. The mortality rate due to TB remained constant at 3.2 lakh. India’s TB mortality declined from 4.94 lakh in 2021 to 3.31 lakh in 2022. India achieved its 2023 goal of initiating treatment for 95% of patients diagnosed with TB. Treatment Regimens and Challenges: In 2023, efforts to address the challenge of ‘missed’ TB cases led to the diagnosis of 2.51 million TB patients, reflecting improved case-finding initiatives. One immediate priority should be the adoption of new, shorter treatment regimens for drug-resistant TB. It is promising to hear that India will soon introduce the World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended shorter regimen for drug-resistant TB. Currently available regimens are long and difficult, requiring patients to take 13 to 14 tablets daily for the shorter nine to 11-month regimen or four to five tablets daily for the longer 18 to 24-month regimen. This treatment is both physically and mentally exhausting, with severe side effects such as hearing loss and even psychosis. Additionally, the prolonged nature of the treatment, which necessitates regular visits to a TB clinic for nearly two years, often results in job loss, pushing many families into poverty. In 2022, WHO recommended the shorter, safer, and more effective BPaL/M regimens for all drug-resistant TB patients, supported by recent data showing higher efficacy and better patient compliance. With only three to four tablets daily, patients can complete treatment within six months, with minimal side effects. The success rate of this regimen is significantly higher—89% compared to the 68% success rate reported in India’s 2023 TB Report. Due to its effectiveness, nearly 80 countries have already procured the BPaL/M regimen, with about 20 of the highest-burden countries already implementing it. Research suggests that adopting this regimen could reduce treatment costs by 40% to 90%, with potential global savings of around $740 million (approximately ₹6,180 crore) annually. This regimen offers a more effective and safer solution for treating drug-resistant TB, and it is crucial to expedite access to this treatment for all eligible patients across India. Maximizing the Benefits of New Treatments: The next challenge is how to diagnose more people with TB so they can access these transformative new treatments. The key lies in ensuring quick and efficient screening and testing to minimize delays in accurate diagnosis. This requires a proactive approach. It’s time to modernize and utilize health data, including GIS mapping, to identify vulnerable populations, such as those with comorbidities (e.g., malnutrition, diabetes, HIV), former COVID-19 patients, and at-risk groups in slums, prisons, or among the homeless. By conducting targeted, multi-disease screening drives, we can detect TB cases early, even in individuals without typical symptoms. Recent evidence shows that many people with pulmonary (lung) TB may not display recognizable symptoms like cough, fever, weight loss, or night sweats. The National TB Prevalence Survey (2019-21) underscores the importance of chest X-rays, which identified 42.6% of cases that would have otherwise been missed. Using advanced technology, portable X-ray machines equipped with AI-driven tools can significantly reduce diagnostic delays, particularly in remote and underserved areas. Moreover, it’s essential to expand the use of rapid molecular tests instead of less sensitive microscopy methods for faster detection and drug resistance profiling. This shift is vital for promptly identifying TB cases and determining the appropriate treatment. Conclusion: In summary, by proactively identifying at-risk populations and investing in and leveraging advanced diagnostic technologies, we can improve TB detection rates, reduce delays, and enhance treatment outcomes. As we work toward eliminating tuberculosis and making our country TB-free, prioritizing these crucial areas will be an investment in a healthier future for everyone.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 29 August 2024

CONTENTS Judicial Intervention on Regulatory Practices in Traditional Medicine New India Literacy Programme Legal Troubles for Telegram CEO Great Nicobar Island Infrastructure Project Sonobuoys Shompen Tribe  Judicial Intervention on Regulatory Practices in Traditional Medicine Context: The Supreme Court of India has imposed a stay on a recent notification from the Ministry of AYUSH that omitted Rule 170 from the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945. This rule grants the authority to address and take legal action against misleading or inappropriate advertisements concerning Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani medicines. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Drug Regulation in India Overview of Traditional Indian Medicine Regulation Supreme Court’s Role in Regulating Misleading Advertisements Drug Regulation in India: The regulation of drugs and cosmetics in India is governed by the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, and its subsequent rules established in 1945, delineating responsibilities across central and state regulators. Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO): Authority and Functions: Operates under the Directorate General of Health Services and is India’s National Regulatory Authority. Responsibilities include drug approval, clinical trial conduct, setting drug standards, quality control of imports, and coordination with state drug control organizations. Recently, there has been a move to bring all medical devices under CDSCO’s scrutiny. Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI): Serves as the head of the CDSCO. Specifically responsible for licensing blood products, vaccines, sera, and more. Sets manufacturing, sales, import, and distribution standards for drugs within India. Overview of Traditional Indian Medicine Regulation The Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 categorizes Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani treatments as medicinal products for internal or external use to address health issues in humans or animals. Establishes the Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani Drugs Technical Advisory Board (ASUDTAB) to standardize these traditional medicines. The Central Government retains the authority to amend or introduce new regulations post-consultation with the advisory board. Standardization Practices Good Manufacturing Practices: Detailed in Schedule T of the Act, which prescribes the manufacturing standards for Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani medicines to ensure quality and safety. Supreme Court’s Role in Regulating Misleading Advertisements Case Against Misleading Claims: Following a contempt case against Patanjali Ayurved Limited, the Supreme Court mandated in May 2024 that advertisers provide self-declarations to avoid misrepresentations in product promotions. Regulatory Update and Legal Challenge: On July 1, 2024, the Ministry of AYUSH announced the removal of Rule 170 from the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945, based on ASUDTAB’s recommendations. The Supreme Court intervened, staying the government’s decision to abolish Rule 170, citing it as contrary to judicial directives. New India Literacy Programme Context: In order to push for adult literacy under the New India Literacy Programme (NILP), the Union Ministry of Education (MoE) has defined “literacy” and what it means to achieve “full literacy” in a letter to all States. Relevance: GS II- Education Dimensions of the Article: About New India Literacy Programme Objectives of the scheme Salient Features of the scheme About New India Literacy Programme The scheme will cover non-literates of the age of 15 years and above in all state/UTs in the country. The scheme will be implemented through volunteerism through online mode. The training, orientation, workshops of volunteers, may be organized through face-to-face mode. All material and resources shall be provided digitally for easy access to registered volunteers through easily accessible digital modes, viz, TV, radio, cell phone-based free/open-source Apps/portals, etc.  The target for Foundational Literacy and Numeracy for FYs 2022-27 is 5 (five) crore learners @ 1.00 crore per year by using “Online Teaching, Learning and Assessment System (OTLAS)” in collaboration with National Informatics Centre, NCERT and NIOS in which a learner may register him/herself with essential information like name, date of birth, gender, Aadhaar number, mobile number etc. As a progressive step, it has also been decided that from now onwards that the term “Education For All” will be used in place of “Adult Education” by the Ministry in view of the fact that the terminology “Adult Education” is not incorporating appropriately all non-literates of 15 years and above age group. Objectives of the scheme To impart foundational literacy and numeracy To impart critical life skills (including financial literacy, digital literacy, commercial skills, health care and awareness, child care and education, and family welfare); Vocational skills development (with a view towards obtaining local employment); Basic education (including preparatory, middle, and secondary stage equivalency); Continuing education (including engaging holistic adult education courses in arts, sciences, technology, culture, sports, and recreation, as well as other topics of interest or use to local learners, such as more advanced material on critical life skills).  Salient Features of the scheme School will be Unit for implementation of the scheme. Schools to be used for conducting survey of beneficiaries and Voluntary Teachers (VTs). Different strategies are to be adopted for different age cohorts. Flexibility for States/UTs will be provided to undertake innovative activities. Use of Technologies to impart Adult Education for wider coverage of the scheme. Performance Grading Index (PGI) for State/UT and district level will show the performance of States and UTs to implement the scheme and achievements on yearly basis by weighing both the physical and financial progress through UDISE portal. CSR/Philanthropic Support may be received by hosting ICT support, providing volunteer support, opening facilitation centres for learners and for providing IT access to economically weak learners in the form of cell phones, etc There will be involvement of community, participation of philanthropic/CSR organizations through volunteerism and through Vidyanjali portal. States/UTs will promote individual/ family/ village/ district success stories through various platforms. It will utilize all types of media – Electronic, Print, Folk & Inter-personal platforms including social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, WhatsApp, YouTube, TV channels, radio, etc. Annual Achievement Survey of Learning Outcomes by samples of 500-1000 randomly selected learners from each state/UT and Outcome-Output Monitoring Framework (OOMF). Need for this scheme As per Census 2011, the absolute number of non-literates of the country in 15 years and above age group is 25.76 crore (Male 9.08 crore, Female 16.68 crore). Even after the Saakshar Bharat programme implemented during 2009-10 to 2017-18, it is estimated that currently around 18.12 crore adults are still non-literate in India. Great Nicobar Island Infrastructure Project Context: Recently, the Ministry of Environment has assured that the project will not displace or disturb the indigenous tribes and that due consultations with tribal councils were conducted. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: Great Nicobar Island The Great Nicobar Island Project Concerns and Challenges Way Forward Great Nicobar Island Location and Features: The southernmost and largest of the Nicobar Islands. Area: 910 sq km of tropical rainforest. Home to India’s southernmost point, Indira Point, located 90 nautical miles from Sumatra. Part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which include 836 islands divided into two groups separated by the 10° Channel. Hosts two national parks, a biosphere reserve, and small populations of Shompen, Onge, Andamanese, Nicobarese tribal peoples, and a few thousand non-tribal settlers. The Great Nicobar Island Project Project Overview: Launched in 2021. Aimed at developing the southern end of the Andaman and Nicobar islands. Includes a trans-shipment port, international airport, township development, and a 450 MVA gas and solar-based power plant. Implementation and Goals: Based on a NITI Aayog report highlighting the island’s strategic position. Implemented by the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation (ANIIDCO). Includes an International Container Trans-shipment Terminal (ICTT) and a greenfield international airport. Located near the Malacca Strait, facilitating regional and global maritime trade. Strategic and Security Importance: The ICTT and power plant site is in Galathea Bay, where there is no human habitation. Enhances deployment of additional military forces, larger warships, aircraft, missile batteries, and troops. Essential for close surveillance and building a strong military deterrence. Critical for India’s national security due to proximity to key waterways and strategic choke points like the Malacca, Sunda, and Lombok Straits. Counteracts China’s military presence and expansion efforts in the region, particularly on the Coco Islands. Concerns and Challenges Impact on Tribal Communities: Potentially devastating impact on the Shompen and Nicobarese tribes, classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG). Risks to their traditional way of life and the island’s natural environment. Environmental Impact: Destruction of coral reefs and threats to local species like the Nicobar Megapode bird and leatherback turtles. Large-scale deforestation, with the felling of nearly a million trees. High seismic activity zone raising safety concerns for large infrastructure projects. Administrative Issues: Accusations of inadequate consultation with the Tribal Council. National Green Tribunal (NGT) ordered the establishment of a high-power committee to review environmental and forest clearances. Way Forward Inclusion of Tribal Councils: Ensure the involvement of Tribal Councils in decision-making processes. Respect traditional knowledge and legal rights under the Forest Rights Act (2006). Oversight and Monitoring: Establish a high-power committee to oversee environmental and forest clearances. Include representatives from environmental groups, tribal councils, and independent experts. -Source: The Hindu Legal Troubles for Telegram CEO Context: Pavel Durov, the CEO and founder of Telegram, was recently detained in Paris due to allegations that his messaging service was utilized for illegal activities, specifically drug trafficking and distributing child sexual abuse content. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Overview of Telegram Impact of Pavel Durov’s Arrest Overview of Telegram Telegram, established in 2013 by Pavel Durov and his brother Nikolai, originated after Durov divested from VKontakte due to governmental pressures in Russia. Relocation to Dubai: Durov chose Dubai as Telegram’s new base, appreciating its stance on user privacy and speech freedoms. Features and Usage of Telegram Messaging Capabilities: Supports individual chats, large group discussions up to 200,000 members, and extensive broadcasting channels. Encryption Protocols: Offers end-to-end encryption selectively; default for one-on-one but not in group settings, except in ‘secret chat’ mode. User Demographics: Boasts over 950 million users worldwide, with notable use in governmental sectors in France, but has also seen adoption among extremists and traffickers. Legal Challenges in France Arrest of Pavel Durov: Durov was detained at Le Bourget airport over allegations linking Telegram to illicit activities including drug trafficking and cyberstalking. Investigation Dynamics: Initiated after multiple violations were identified, with accusations of non-cooperation by Durov, escalating to a formal arrest. Concerns Over Content: While Telegram is proactive in removing illegal content, it stands firm against politically charged censorship. Impact of Pavel Durov’s Arrest Durov’s arrest has exacerbated existing tensions between Russia and Western nations. Russian government entities, including the Kremlin, have labeled the arrest as politically motivated, criticizing the perceived double standards regarding freedom of speech. Reports from the Russian Embassy in Paris indicate that Durov was denied consular assistance during his detention. Criticism of French Actions Concerns Over Free Speech: The arrest has underscored ongoing disputes on how governments and technology companies balance free speech with the need to regulate illegal content. Public Condemnation: Prominent figures like Edward Snowden have criticized the French government for what they view as an infringement on fundamental human rights. Durov’s Advocacy for Telegram’s Neutrality Platform Neutrality: Durov has been a vocal advocate for keeping Telegram unbiased and apolitical, resisting governmental pressures. Commitment to Privacy: He continually promotes Telegram’s dedication to safeguarding user privacy and upholding free speech. Broader Context with Tech Platforms Global Tech Scrutiny: Telegram’s challenges mirror broader global issues where tech giants like Meta and X (formerly Twitter) face government scrutiny over content regulation. Specific Instances: In Brazil, X ceased operations following a Supreme Court directive that conflicted with the company’s free speech values. Meanwhile, WhatsApp in India resisted governmental pressures to compromise on user privacy by not disclosing message sources. -Source: Indian Express Sonobuoys Context: The US recently approved a USD 52.8 million government-to-government deal for the sale of Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) Sonobuoys that will be integrated with the Indian Navy’s Romeo helicopters. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Overview of Sonobuoys Sonobuoys are compact, disposable units utilized in marine acoustics and sonar systems for detecting and analyzing underwater sounds, especially for submarine tracking. These devices are integral to military operations against submarines, aiding in their detection in both deep sea and coastal zones, potentially leading to targeted torpedo strikes. Historical Use: Originally deployed in World War II for identifying German U-boats. Deployment Techniques Methods of Deployment: Sonobuoys are typically released into the ocean via aircraft or from naval vessels like ships or submarines. Operation: After deployment, they descend to a set depth and start monitoring underwater sounds to identify submarine locations. Strategic Deployment: They can be arranged in specific patterns to precisely ascertain the location of underwater targets. Types of Sonobuoys Passive Sonobuoys: These devices passively record sounds without generating any signals themselves, using a hydrophone to capture sound waves from targets. Active Sonobuoys: These emit acoustic pulses and measure the echoes to identify and track objects underwater. Special Purpose Sonobuoys: Equipped to gather environmental data such as water temperature and ambient noise levels, aiding broader scientific research. Components and Additional Uses Sonobuoys are typically made up of a buoyant housing equipped with acoustic sensors, a power source, and a communication system to transmit data to a base station like a ship or aircraft. Broader Applications: Beyond military applications, sonobuoys are also employed in scientific studies, including oceanographic research and studying marine life behaviors, such as those of whales. -Source: Indian Express Shompen Tribe Context: The development of a port and airport in the pristine Nicobar Islands “will not disturb or displace” any of the Shompen, the Union Environment Minister said recently. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Shompen Tribe The Shompen are one of the most secluded tribes worldwide and are among the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India that are least studied. They inhabit the dense tropical rainforests of Great Nicobar Island, which is part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with approximately 95% of the land covered in rainforest. Their territory includes significant ecological sites such as Campbell Bay National Park, Galathea National Park, and the Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve. Demographics and Lifestyle As of the 2011 Census, the Shompen population was estimated at 229, though current numbers remain uncertain. They maintain minimal contact with outsiders, embodying a semi-nomadic lifestyle centered around hunting, gathering, fishing, and basic horticulture. Shompen societies are organized into small groups, defined by geographic territories along rainforest rivers, moving periodically between temporary forest camps. Diet and Language Their primary diet consists of a variety of forest plants, with the pandanus fruit, locally called ‘larop,’ being a staple. The Shompen language features numerous dialects, with distinct linguistic variations even between closely situated bands. Physical Characteristics and Family Structure Physical Appearance: Typically of short to medium height, they have rounded head shapes, narrow noses, and broad facial profiles with distinct Mongoloid traits including light to yellow-brown skin and oblique eyes. Family Dynamics: Families are nuclear, typically overseen by the eldest male who manages daily activities. While monogamy is the norm, polygamy is also practiced within their culture. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 28 August 2024

CONTENTS National Medical Register (NMR) Portal Streamlining Science and Technology Initiatives National Medical Register (NMR) Portal Context: The Union Health Minister recently launched the National Medical Register Portal in New Delhi. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions National Medical Register (NMR) Portal The NMR Portal is an initiative by the National Medical Commission (NMC) to facilitate the registration of all MBBS doctors in India. Established under Section 31 of the NMC Act, 2019, the portal is managed by the Ethics and Medical Registration Board (EMRB), which maintains a comprehensive electronic national register. Features of the NMR The register includes details such as the name, address, and all recognized qualifications of each registered medical practitioner. To enhance security and verify identities, the NMR is linked with the Aadhaar IDs of registered doctors. Registration and data management are conducted online, simplifying the process for doctors and medical institutions. The system interlinks various medical colleges, including Institutes of National Importance (INIs), and State Medical Councils (SMCs). Data Accessibility and Privacy Visibility of Data: While some information is publicly accessible, sensitive data remains confidential, visible only to authorized entities like the EMRB, SMCs, the National Board of Examinations (NBE), and other relevant medical institutions. Portal Capabilities: The portal allows for the addition of qualifications, tracking of applications, suspension of licenses, and issuance of NMR ID cards and digital certificates. Continuous Improvement Developmental Focus: The NMR is committed to ongoing enhancements to streamline and improve the registration processes for medical practitioners in India. Streamlining Science and Technology Initiatives Context: The Union Cabinet has sanctioned the consolidation and continuation of various programs under the Department of Science and Technology (DST) into three primary components, integrating them into a single central sector scheme titled ‘Vigyan Dhara’. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Vigyan Dhara Initiative Key Components: Science and Technology Institutional and Human Capacity Building: Focuses on enhancing the infrastructure and skill sets essential for scientific research and application. Research and Development (R&D): Dedicated to advancing knowledge through systematic research activities. Innovation, Technology Development and Deployment: Aims to transform research outputs into practical solutions and technologies. Existing Programs: INSPIRE Program: Integrated as part of the initiative to motivate and involve individuals in the scientific process. Duration and Scope: Timeframe: Set for the 15th Finance Commission period, spanning from 2021-22 to 2025-26. Primary Goal: Enhance the Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) ecosystem in India by fostering skills, research, and technological advancements. Special Focus: Gender Parity: Implements specific measures to increase female participation in Science and Technology, aiming to achieve gender equality in these fields. Long-term Vision: Viksit Bharat 2047: Aligns with the Department of Science and Technology’s (DST) five-year objectives, contributing to the broader vision of a developed India by 2047. Alignment with National Research Goals: Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF): Ensures that R&D activities meet global standards while focusing on India’s specific needs and priorities.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 28 August 2024

CONTENTS India Needs to Develop a Care Ecosystem Laissez-Faire Approach to Content Hosting, not Commitment to Free Speech India Needs to Develop a Care Ecosystem Context: The low female labor force participation rate (FLFPR) has been at the center of discussions about women’s empowerment. According to the Economic Survey 2023-24, India’s FLFPR was 37% in 2022-23, compared to the global average of 47.8% in 2022. While this is an improvement from 23.3% in 2017-18, 37.5% of this group consists of “unpaid helpers in household enterprises,” meaning women who work without pay, separate from domestic tasks. Relevance: GS2- Issues Related to Women GS3- Employment Issues Relating to Development Mains Question: Suggest measures to address caregiving responsibilities of women to promote their participation in the workforce. How successful have government initiatives been in this regard? (10 Marks, 150 Words). Significance of Women’s Involvement in Economy: Women’s active involvement in the economy is essential for reducing gender inequality. A significant factor contributing to women’s low economic participation is the disproportionately heavy burden of caregiving they bear within families, which includes not only childcare but also care for other household members like the elderly, sick, and disabled. In addition to these responsibilities, they also perform other domestic work. In India, women aged 15-64 spend about three times more time than men on unpaid domestic tasks each day. Addressing childcare needs: To boost women’s participation in the labor force, there is now a focus on addressing childcare needs. Some state governments are working to enhance support services through the existing Anganwadi network. The 2024-25 Budget saw a 3% increase in funding for the Ministry of Women and Child Development’s integrated childcare and nutrition program (Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0 scheme). The Ministry is also developing a policy framework to address childcare requirements. Various models of community-based childcare centers are operational in parts of some states, through partnerships between government and non-government organizations. It would be valuable to assess these models for their potential replicability, financial sustainability, and scalability. Expanding a network of childcare centers suited to local contexts in rural, tribal, and urban areas is necessary to enable women to join the workforce. Distributing Caregiving Responsibilities: However, focusing solely on childcare needs offers a limited perspective. Women often serve as primary caregivers throughout the life cycle of household members. For women to participate more fully in the economy, their caregiving responsibilities need to be redistributed. The demand for external support, such as hired caregivers, is growing in urban and peri-urban areas. Yet, there are no standardized processes for employing such workers. Domestic workers often take on caregiving roles without proper training or protection. There are no established minimum wages, employment standards, safety and security measures, or quality standards for care provided by hired workers. Shifting care responsibilities away from women requires the creation of an ecosystem that addresses household care needs while safeguarding the rights of care workers. This system should ensure that care workers are well-trained, receive fair wages, and are treated with dignity and respect, while also providing safe, high-quality, and affordable care. Way Forward: On the demand side, the first step is to conduct a needs-based assessment to determine the appropriate mix of care services required across different age groups, socio-economic statuses, and geographic areas. Additionally, a thorough mapping of supply-side actors and institutions, including those from the public, private, and non-profit sectors, is essential. As demand for care services increases due to rising incidences of ill-health and disabilities throughout a family’s life, the availability and quality of care workers have become major policy concerns. Care workers may be employed directly by families or through placement agencies, nursing bureaus, hospitals, home healthcare companies, and non-profit organizations. The more organized providers offer training for their workers and have multidisciplinary teams to address diverse needs, including specialized nursing, palliative care, and end-of-life care at home. However, without established standards and regulations, the availability, accessibility, affordability, and quality of these services vary by region. Addressing the gap in training, skilling, and certification of the diverse care workforce needed to meet growing demand is essential. The Domestic Workers Sector Skill Council (now the Home Management and Care Givers Sector Skill Council), the Healthcare Sector Skill Council, and the National Skill Development Corporation are key organizations involved in the skilling and certification of various care worker cadres. Unfortunately, the labor-intensive and emotionally demanding care sector does not receive the respect, compensation, or dignity it deserves, making it a critical area for policy intervention. The World Economic Forum’s report on the ‘Future of Care Economy’ highlights three key perspectives: viewing the care economy as a driver of economic productivity, recognizing its relevance from a business standpoint as both an investment and employment opportunity, and understanding it from a human rights perspective with a focus on gender equality and disability inclusion. Conclusion: A comprehensive policy that defines the care ecosystem from a life course perspective is needed. A committee composed of the Ministries of Women and Child Development, Health and Family Welfare, Labour and Employment, Social Justice and Empowerment, and Skill Development and Entrepreneurship would be ideal for initiating this process. Laissez-Faire Approach to Content Hosting, not Commitment to Free Speech Context: Pavel Durov, the founder and CEO of Telegram, is a tech entrepreneur who has championed absolute free speech on his platform, cultivating an anti-establishment image by allowing dissidents to use the messaging app, even at the risk of antagonizing governments. His recent detention and arrest by French authorities, as part of investigations into criminal activities on the app, have sparked concerns about whether this action was intended to create a chilling effect on online freedom of expression. However, the situation is more nuanced. Relevance: GS2- Fundamental Rights GS3- Challenges to Internal Security through Communication Networks Role of Media and Social Networking Sites in Internal Security Challenges Mains Question: Discuss the strategy to balance content moderation and free speech on social networking sites in the context of recent controversies surrounding the issue. (10 Marks, 150 words). Content Moderation on Telegram: The idea that free speech is not absolute and can be restricted for reasons such as public order, morals, and public health is established in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Durov’s laissez-faire stance on content moderation has also allowed Telegram to become a platform for extremism, drug dealers, scammers, and, according to French authorities, child pornography. Durov has argued that “privacy is more important than our fear of bad things happening” and that true freedom requires a willingness to risk everything. Yet, this raises an important question: can the pursuit of absolute free speech justify neglecting the responsibility to prevent harm that could jeopardize people’s safety and freedom? This question is central to the debate over messaging apps and the “free speech absolutism” advocated by figures like Durov. Telegram is more than just a messaging app; it also includes social networking features. While its encryption mechanisms make it easy for dissidents and anti-state actors to use the app without oversight, Telegram does not fully implement “end-to-end” encryption, unlike apps like Signal. This means that some messages related to criminal activity, disinformation, and child pornography can be accessed by Telegram, allowing the company to act on law enforcement requests if necessary. Following Pavel Durov’s arrest, Telegram stated that its content moderation practices “are within industry standards” and questioned whether the platform or its owner should be held accountable for the “abuse of that platform.” While this may be true, if investigations by French authorities reveal that Telegram willfully ignored requests to curb hate speech, disinformation, and criminal content, Durov cannot and should not be above the law. Conclusion: In India, the harmful effects of misinformation on platforms like WhatsApp were evident a few years ago, before the app introduced certain restrictions to reduce the spread of false information. For Telegram to continue being a champion of free speech and remain a viable platform, it must reject absolutism and take greater responsibility in moderating content.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 28 August 2024

CONTENTS Unified Pension Scheme Indian Railways’ Shift Towards Renewable Energy Sources Trends in Special Needs Adoptions in India Polaris Dawn Mission Plea Bargaining Conservation Efforts for Horseshoe Crabs in India Unified Pension Scheme Context: The Union Cabinet has sanctioned the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS), designed to ensure a guaranteed pension for government employees post-retirement. Scheduled to commence on April 1, 2025, this scheme will replace the existing National Pension System (NPS) for central government employees. Additionally, state governments will be given the choice to adopt this new pension framework. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Unified Pension Scheme Provisions Overview Fiscal Implications of UPS About National Pension System About Old Pension Scheme Unified Pension Scheme Provisions Overview Pension Calculation Base Amount: Employees will receive 50% of their average basic salary from the last 12 months before retirement if they have at least 25 years of qualifying service. Proportional Reduction: For those with less than 25 years but at least 10 years of service, the pension amount reduces proportionately. Minimum Pension Guarantee Assured Pension: Regardless of the base amount calculation, the scheme guarantees a minimum pension of Rs 10,000 per month after 10 years of service. Family Support Assured Family Pension: In the event of the retiree’s death, their immediate family is entitled to 60% of the pension the retiree was receiving. Inflation Adjustment Indexation Method: Pensions will be indexed to inflation based on the All India Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers, ensuring adjustments for cost of living increases. Dearness Relief: Provides additional financial support to account for inflation impacts on the three types of pensions mentioned. Additional Retirement Benefits Lump Sum Payment: Upon retirement, employees receive a lump sum equivalent to 1/10th of their monthly earnings (salary plus dearness allowance) for each six-month period completed at retirement. This benefit is in addition to the regular gratuity. Gratuity: A separate gratuity payment is provided as a thank-you for the employees’ service, calculated based on total years of service and final salary. Option to Choose Pension Plan Flexibility in Choice: Employees have a one-time option to choose whether to continue with the National Pension System (NPS) or switch to this Unified Pension Scheme. Once chosen, this decision is irreversible. Fiscal Implications of UPS The fiscal implications of implementing the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS), especially in a context where governments already grapple with high debt and significant debt-to-GDP ratios, can be substantial: Increased Fiscal Burden: The UPS, which resembles the more traditional Old Pension Scheme (OPS), promises defined benefits post-retirement, which might require higher current and future government outlays compared to the more market-dependent National Pension System (NPS). Potential Strain on Government Finances: If all states were to adopt UPS, the fiscal pressure could be intense, particularly because it commits significant government funds to pensions, irrespective of the actual returns on pension fund investments. The Reserve Bank of India’s projection that this could lead to costs up to 4.5 times that of the NPS underscores the potential for severe financial strain, amounting to 0.9% of GDP annually by 2060. Impact on Debt-to-GDP Ratio: The scheme could exacerbate an already high debt-to-GDP ratio, leading to potential challenges in fiscal management and sustainability. Higher pension liabilities could lead to increased government borrowing, worsening fiscal metrics and potentially affecting credit ratings. About National Pension System National Pension System is a defined contributory pension introduced by Government of India. Any employee from public, private and even the unorganised sectors can opt for this. Personnel from the armed forces are exempted. The scheme is open to all across industries and locations. The other eligibility criteria for opening an NPS account: Must be an Indian citizen. Must be between the ages of 18 and 65. Must be KYC compliant. Must not have a pre-existing NPS account. NPS Benefits NPS offers returns higher than traditional instruments like the PPF (Public Provident Fund). It offers many investment options to subscribers who also have a say in where their funds are invested. The NPS reduces the retirement liabilities of the government. If the subscriber has been investing for at least three years, he/she can withdraw up to 25% for certain purposes before retirement (age 60). This withdrawal can be done up to 3 times with a gap of at least 5 years between each withdrawal. These restrictions are only for tier I and not tier II accounts. The entire amount cannot be withdrawn by the account-holder on retirement [Changes to be introduced]. As of April 2021, 60% can be withdrawn which has now been made tax-free. The rest 40% has to be kept aside so that the subscriber can receive a regular pension from an insurance firm. The story so far about NPS Started as the New Pension Scheme for government employees in 2004 under a new regulator called the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA), the National Pension System (NPS) has been open for individuals from all walks of life to participate and build a retirement nest-egg. Given the dominance of informal employment in India, the Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation, which is contingent on a formal employer-employee relationship, only covers a fraction of the workforce. The NPS has been gradually growing in size and now manages ₹5.78 lakh crore of savings and 4.24 crore accounts in multiple savings schemes. Of these, over 3.02 crore accounts are part of the Atal Pension Yojana (APY), a government-backed scheme for workers in the unorganised sector that assures a fixed pension payout after retirement. The rest constitute voluntary savings from private sector employees and self-employed individuals, for whom some significant changes are on the anvil. About Old Pension Scheme Pension to government employees at the Centre as well as states was fixed at 50 per cent of the last drawn basic pay. The attraction of the Old Pension Scheme or ‘OPS’ — called so since it existed before a new pension system came into effect for those joining government service from January 1, 2004 — lay in its promise of an assured or ‘defined’ benefit to the retiree. It was hence described as a ‘Defined Benefit Scheme’. To illustrate, if a government employee’s basic monthly salary at the time of retirement was Rs 10,000, she would be assured of a pension of Rs 5,000. Also, like the salaries of government employees, the monthly payouts of pensioners also increased with hikes in dearness allowance or DA announced by the government for serving employees. Dearness allowance DA — calculated as a percentage of the basic salary — is a kind of adjustment the government offers its employees and pensioners to make up for the steady increase in the cost of living. DA hikes are announced twice a year, generally in January and July. A 4 per cent DA hike would mean that a retiree with a pension of Rs 5,000 a month would see her monthly income rise to Rs 5,200 a month. As on date, the minimum pension paid by the government is Rs 9,000 a month, and the maximum is Rs 62,500 (50 per cent of the highest pay in the Central government, which is Rs 1,25,000 a month). Concerns with the OPS The pension liability remained unfunded: There was no corpus specifically for pension, which would grow continuously and could be dipped into for payments. The Government of India budget provided for pensions every year; there was no clear plan on how to pay year after year in the future. The government estimated payments to retirees ahead of the Budget every year, and the present generation of taxpayers paid for all pensioners as on date. The ‘pay-as-you-go’ scheme created inter-generational equity issues — meaning the present generation had to bear the continuously rising burden of pensioners. The OPS was also unsustainable: For one, pension liabilities would keep climbing since pensioners’ benefits increased every year; like salaries of existing employees, pensioners gained from indexation, or what is called ‘dearness relief’ (the same as dearness allowance for existing employees). And two, better health facilities would increase life expectancy, and increased longevity would mean extended payouts. Over the last three decades, pension liabilities for the Centre and states have jumped manifold. In 1990-91, the Centre’s pension bill was Rs 3,272 crore, and the outgo for all states put together was Rs 3,131 crore. By 2020-21, the Centre’s bill had jumped 58 times to Rs 1,90,886 crore; for states, it had shot up 125 times to Rs 3,86,001 crore. -Source: Indian Express Indian Railways’ Shift Towards Renewable Energy Sources Context: Indian Railways is actively investigating the incorporation of nuclear energy through dedicated units to amplify its dependence on renewable and non-fossil fuel sources. Additionally, the organization is progressing with the setup of solar power installations and wind energy plants, diversifying its energy portfolio towards more sustainable options. Relevance: GS III: Nuclear Technology Dimensions of the Article: Nuclear-Powered Trains Benefits of Nuclear-Powered Trains Challenges Facing Nuclear-Powered Trains Necessity for Alternative Energy Sources in Indian Railways Conclusion Nuclear-Powered Trains Definition and Mechanism: Nuclear-powered trains leverage heat from nuclear reactions to generate steam at high pressure. This steam propels two turbines: one for moving the train and another for generating electricity for onboard equipment like air conditioners and lights. Historical Context: The idea of using nuclear power for railway traction was first considered seriously in the 1950s under the auspices of the USSR’s Ministry of Transport. Design Features: These trains would utilize portable nuclear reactors to convert heated fluid into steam, which drives the electric turbines powering the train. Thorium reactors are preferred due to their lower radiation risks and inherent safety features designed to minimize misuse and enhance safety. Benefits of Nuclear-Powered Trains Environmental Impact: They offer a significant reduction in CO2 emissions, supporting global climate change initiatives. Efficiency and Cost-effectiveness: High energy output from minimal fuel reduces operational costs and the environmental footprint of long-distance rail transport. Operational Independence and Flexibility: Can operate without reliance on overhead electric lines, reducing infrastructure costs and increasing operational flexibility. Capable of covering long distances without the need for frequent refueling, beneficial for extensive rail networks. Operational Efficiency: Continuous power supply from nuclear reactors optimizes rail transport efficiency. Challenges Facing Nuclear-Powered Trains Safety Concerns: Managing nuclear materials and preventing radiation leaks pose substantial challenges. Effective shielding and safety protocols are crucial for the protection of passengers and crew. Initial Development Costs: High initial investment is required for the development and integration of small, safe nuclear reactors into locomotives. Engineering Complexities: The design, maintenance, and operation of nuclear reactors on moving trains present complex engineering challenges. Necessity for Alternative Energy Sources in Indian Railways High Electricity Usage: Indian Railways consumes over 20 billion kWh annually, accounting for 2% of the national electricity consumption, highlighting the need for more sustainable energy solutions. Growing Power Needs: Energy requirements are expected to rise from 4,000 MW in 2012 to around 15,000 MW by 2032, driven by extensive electrification efforts, necessitating the adoption of diverse energy sources. Electrification and Emission Goals: With the aim to electrify its entire broad-gauge network by 2030, Indian Railways faces increased electricity demands, underscoring the importance of sustainable energy sources. Aims to cut down CO2 emissions by 33% from 2005 levels by 2030 as part of its low-carbon strategy. Financial Implications: Railways’ operational costs are increasing rapidly, with revenue expenditure growing at an annual rate of 7.2%, outpacing revenue growth of 6.3%. Energy Self-Reliance: Efforts are underway to generate its own energy to reduce reliance on external power sources and decrease operational expenses. Leading Consumer of Electricity: As the largest consumer of electricity, Indian Railways spends nearly Rs 20,000 crore annually on energy for its operations and offices. Cost Reduction Strategies: There is an ongoing initiative to adopt renewable energy sources and explore lower-cost power generation models to curtail expenses. Conclusion Strategic Imperatives: The push for alternative energy solutions in Indian Railways is compelled by critical factors such as escalating energy consumption and costs, environmental considerations, and the imperative for energy security and efficient cost management. Potential of Nuclear Propulsion: Although nuclear-powered trains could significantly mitigate carbon emissions and enhance operational efficiency, challenges pertaining to safety, cost, and societal acceptance remain formidable. Ongoing research and technological advancements might eventually integrate nuclear propulsion into the future of railway transport. -Source: The Hindu Trends in Special Needs Adoptions in India Context: Since 2019, out of 18,179 total adoptions, only 1,404 have been children with special needs, despite overall adoption numbers increasing over the past five years. Activists have highlighted that, although more children with special needs are available for adoption, the actual rate of adoption for these children remains markedly low. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Understanding Adoption: Legal and Practical Aspects in India About the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) Benefits of Adoption for Children and Society Challenges Related to Adoption in India Understanding Adoption: Legal and Practical Aspects in India Definition of Adoption Legal Perspective: Adoption involves the legal process where a child is permanently separated from their biological parents and legally integrated into the adoptive family, receiving all associated rights and responsibilities. Legal Framework for Adoption in India Governing Laws: The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956 (HAMA) The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 Accompanied by Juvenile Justice Model Rules, 2016 and Adoption Regulations, 2017. Core Principles: Child’s best interests are paramount. Adoption placements should consider socio-cultural congruity, aiming for assimilation into similar cultural settings as far as possible. Centralized Agency: Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) oversees all adoptions, maintaining a centralized database for children and prospective parents through the Child Adoption Resource Information and Guidance System (CARINGS). Eligibility for Adoption Who Can Be Adopted: Orphans, abandoned, or surrendered children declared legally free for adoption. Children from a relative or children of a spouse from a prior marriage can be adopted, including those surrendered by biological parents. Adopter Criteria: Any individual, regardless of marital status, can adopt, provided they are physically, mentally, and financially stable without life-threatening medical conditions. Couples need a stable marital relationship of two years with mutual consent. Single women can adopt children of any gender; however, single men cannot adopt girl children. The age difference between the child and the adoptive parent(s) should be at least 25 years. Families with three or more biological children can adopt only if they opt for children with special needs or those who are hard to place. About the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA): CARA is a statutory body under the Ministry of Women & Child Development, Government of India. Role as Central Authority: Designated as the Central Authority for handling inter-country adoptions in line with the Hague Convention on Inter-country Adoption, 1993, ratified by India in 2003. Functions: Nodal body regulating the adoption of “orphaned, surrendered, and abandoned children” in India. Monitors and regulates entities such as State Adoption Resource Agencies (SARAs), Specialized Adoption Agencies (SAAs), Authorized Foreign Adoption Agencies (AFAAs), Child Welfare Committees (CWCs), and District Child Protective Units (DPUs). Legal Framework in India: Child placement with a family is governed by the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956; the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890; and the Juvenile Justice Act, 2000. Mandatory registration of Child Care Institutions (CCIs) and linking to CARA is outlined in the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015. Hague Convention on Inter-country Adoption: The Convention establishes safeguards for children and families involved in inter-country adoptions. Aims to prevent the illegal abduction, sale, or trafficking of children during adoptions. Objectives: Protect children and families from illegal or ill-prepared inter-country adoptions. Prevent abduction, sale, or trafficking of children. Establish minimum standards while recognizing that it does not serve as a uniform law of adoption. Benefits of Adoption for Children and Society Loving and Stable Family Environment: Adoption provides children deprived of parental care with a loving and stable family environment. Holistic Development and Well-being: Ensures the holistic development and well-being of adopted children, addressing their physical, mental, emotional, social, and educational needs. Social and Economic Contribution: Contributes to the social and economic development of the country by: Reducing the burden on the state and society in caring for orphaned, abandoned, or surrendered children. Empowering adopted children to become productive and responsible citizens. Positive Adoption Culture: Cultivates a positive adoption culture in society by: Breaking down social stigmas associated with adoption. Raising awareness about the numerous benefits of adoption. Empowerment of Children: Empowers children through adoption, providing them with opportunities for growth, education, and a brighter future. Family and Community Support: Strengthens the fabric of families and communities by fostering support networks around adopted children. Diversity and Inclusion: Promotes diversity and inclusion by creating families that embrace children from different backgrounds, cultures, and communities. Fulfillment of Parental Desires: Allows prospective adoptive parents to fulfill their desires of parenthood, creating a positive impact on their lives. Humanitarian and Compassionate Act: Reflects a humanitarian and compassionate act, demonstrating the potential for positive change through acts of care and kindness. Lifetime Bonds and Relationships: Builds lifetime bonds and relationships between adoptive parents and children, fostering love, support, and a sense of belonging. Challenges in Adoption Process in India Low Adoption Rates: Despite many orphaned and abandoned children in Child Care Institutions (CCIs), actual adoptions are few due to the limited number of children legally cleared for adoption. Procedural Challenges: Prospective parents often face lengthy waits and emotional drain with minimal communication from CARA, leading to frustration. Numerous legal steps and procedural delays often prevent children in CCIs from entering the adoption pool. Societal and Cultural Hurdles: Traditional resistance based on caste, class, or genetics is waning, but still presents a barrier to adoption acceptance. Special Needs and Older Children: There’s significant resistance to adopting older children, siblings, or those with disabilities within India, although these groups find more acceptance among foreign adoptive parents. -Source: The Hindu Polaris Dawn Mission Context: The Polaris Dawn mission aims to revolutionise commercial spaceflight with a high-orbit mission and the first-ever private spacewalk by non-professional astronauts. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Polaris Dawn Mission Mission Overview: Polaris Dawn, a groundbreaking private space mission led by entrepreneur Jared Isaacman, aims to conduct the first non-governmental spacewalk at an unprecedented altitude of 700 kilometers, surpassing the International Space Station (ISS) which orbits at about 400 kilometers. Spacecraft and Record: Utilizing SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon capsule, the mission seeks to break the altitude record set by NASA’s Gemini 11 in 1966, which reached 1,373 kilometers. The Van Allen Belts Composition and Discovery: Comprising charged particles trapped by Earth’s magnetosphere, the Van Allen Belts were discovered in 1958 by James Van Allen. They include an inner belt rich in protons and an outer belt filled with high-energy electrons. Radiation Risks: The mission’s spacewalk poses significant radiation exposure, exceeding levels experienced on the ISS, enhancing the risk of radiation sickness and cancer. Mission Significance Navigating Radiation: This mission is crucial for understanding how to traverse the radiation-intense Van Allen Belts, an essential capability for future Mars missions. Spacesuit Testing: Astronauts will test advanced SpaceX spacesuits designed to offer protection against the intense radiation of the Van Allen Belts. Health Research and Innovation Biobank Studies: The mission aims to gather data on the effects of space travel on human biology, focusing on issues like Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS) and decompression sickness caused by nitrogen gas bubbles in space. Communication Technology: Testing of SpaceX’s Starlink laser communications will inform the development of future deep-space communication systems, crucial for extended missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. Future Missions Polaris Missions: Led by Isaacman, this series includes multiple missions, with the first designed to last five days and subsequent missions expanding the boundaries of human spaceflight and research. Starship Test: The third mission in the Polaris series will feature the inaugural crewed test of SpaceX’s reusable Starship spacecraft, highlighting its potential for future interplanetary travel. -Source: The Hindu Plea Bargaining Context: Nearly two decades after plea bargaining was introduced, its application in India remains minimal, a recent report by the Ministry of Law and Justice has revealed. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Plea Bargaining in India Plea bargaining involves a defendant agreeing to plead guilty in return for some form of concession from the prosecution, such as a reduced sentence, dropping of charges, or a lesser charge. Objectives The main goal of plea bargaining is to expedite the resolution of criminal cases, conserving time, resources, and costs for both the prosecution and the defendant. Legal Framework Governed by the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, plea bargaining was incorporated into this law in 2005. It’s applicable for offenses that carry a maximum punishment of up to seven years imprisonment. The accused must voluntarily opt for plea bargaining, fully aware of the implications. Procedure Initiation: Starts with the accused submitting an application to plead guilty. Court’s Role: The court evaluates the application, deciding to either accept and move to negotiations, or reject based on the specifics of the case. Negotiation Phase: Involves discussions between the prosecutor and the defendant, leading to a potential plea agreement. Finalization: If an agreement is reached, the court records the guilty plea and sentences accordingly, following the terms of the agreement. Right to Withdraw: The accused can withdraw their plea anytime before the sentence is officially pronounced. Outcome Finality: Once sentenced, the outcome is final and cannot be appealed, except on grounds of manifest injustice. Implications and Rights Discretionary Power of Court: The court holds the discretion to reject the plea deal if deemed unjust or contrary to justice. Breach of Agreement: If terms are violated, the court may annul the agreement and resume the trial. Irrevocability of Sentence: Post-sentencing, the plea becomes irrevocable barring claims of overt injustice. -Source: The Hindu Conservation Efforts for Horseshoe Crabs in India Context: The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), in collaboration with the Odisha Forest Department, has initiated a project to tag Horseshoe Crabs. This initiative aims to preserve this ancient species by tagging hundreds of crabs to study their population patterns and identify potential threats to their survival. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Horseshoe Crabs Horseshoe crabs belong to the family Limulidae and are the sole surviving members of the order Xiphosura. They thrive in marine and brackish waters. Known as one of the oldest living creatures on Earth, horseshoe crabs first appeared around 250 million years ago, earning them the title of “living fossils.” Species Distribution Global Species: There are four recognized species of horseshoe crabs. Tachypleus gigas: Found in Odisha and West Bengal, India. Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda: Located in the Sundarbans mangroves of West Bengal. Limulus polyphemus: Native to the eastern coast of the USA and the Gulf of Mexico. Tachypleus tridentatus: Inhabits the Indo-Pacific region. Threats and Conservation Current Threats: They face risks from destructive fishing practices and illegal smuggling. Legal Protection: In India, species are safeguarded under Schedule II of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. IUCN Status: American horseshoe crab: Vulnerable. Tri-spine horseshoe crab: Endangered. The status of the other two species has not yet been evaluated. Medical Significance Medicinal Applications: The carapace is used traditionally to treat scars. Scientific Use: Their blood is vital in biomedicine due to its unique blue color and immune cells sensitive to bacterial toxins. These properties are exploited in the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) test, crucial for ensuring the safety of vaccines. Cultural Impact Awareness and Conservation: International Horseshoe Crab Day is observed annually on June 20th, highlighting global conservation efforts to protect these ancient mariners. -Source: The Hindu

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