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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 November 2024

CONTENTS Maori Lawmakers Perform Haka in Protest Against Treaty Principles Bill in New Zealand India and Italy Forge Ahead with Joint Strategic Action Plan 2025-29 WhatsApp to Challenge CCI’s Fine Over Privacy Policy Concerns Critical Minerals High-altitude sickness Cloud Seeding Maori Lawmakers Perform Haka in Protest Against Treaty Principles Bill in New Zealand Context: In New Zealand, Maori lawmakers recently staged a haka protest at the legislature to express their opposition to the Treaty Principles Bill, which proposes a reinterpretation of the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi. This powerful display of traditional Maori dance underscored the intense debate surrounding the bill and its implications for tribal development policies. The protest highlighted the ongoing challenges of balancing cultural heritage with modern governance practices. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Haka Dance Approaches to Tribal Development Policy India’s Tribal Development Policy Overview Haka Dance Definition: Haka is a ceremonial dance of the Maori people, involving rhythmic body movements and chanting. It is performed to display a tribe’s pride, strength, and unity. Cultural Significance: Acts as a symbol of the Maori community’s cultural identity and is often used in protests and ceremonies. Historical Usage: Traditionally used by Maori warriors before a battle, showcasing their prowess and intimidating opponents. Background of the Maori Tribe Indigenous Roots: The Maori are the native people of New Zealand, known for their rich tribal culture and traditions. Haka as Protest: The dance has been adapted into a form of protest against policies perceived as undermining Maori rights, such as the Treaty Principles Bill. Treaty Principles Bill Purpose: Introduced to reinterpret the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi, aiming to apply its principles equally to all New Zealanders. Criticism: Critics argue that it dilutes the specific rights granted to the Maori, affecting the protections established under the Treaty of Waitangi. Approaches to Tribal Development Policy Protectionist Approach Objective: To safeguard the cultural and ecological systems of Indigenous communities by limiting their interaction with the external modern influences. Example: The Sentinelese tribe is completely isolated under strict protection laws to preserve their way of life. Pros: Maintains traditional lifestyles and biodiversity. Shields from exploitative external influences. Cons: Can lead to a lack of essential services like healthcare and education. May exclude communities from broader national development efforts. Assimilation Approach Description: Aims to integrate Indigenous communities into the mainstream culture, often at the cost of their unique cultural identity. Examples: Native American children in the US were historically placed in boarding schools to enforce cultural assimilation. Aboriginal children in Australia, known as the “Stolen Generations,” were forcibly assimilated into White culture. Pros: Improves access to education, health services, and job opportunities. Cons: Leads to the erosion of Indigenous languages and traditions. Often results in resistance and distrust towards government efforts. Integration Approach Goal: To include Indigenous peoples in modern governance systems while respecting their unique cultural identities. Example: The Gundjeihmi and Bininj tribes in Australia collaborate in managing Kakadu National Park, blending traditional practices with modern conservation. Pros: Gives Indigenous peoples a voice in governance. Enhances protection of lands and traditions through formal recognition. Cons: Indigenous communities may still face systemic inequalities. Potential resistance from governments and industries to share resources or power. India’s Tribal Development Policy Overview Historical Context British Colonial Policies: During the British colonial period, tribal areas were often isolated through legal designations as “Excluded” or “Partially Excluded” zones under the Scheduled District Act of 1874, aimed at protecting these communities from exploitation and preserving law and order.   Autonomy-Oriented Policies Legal Frameworks: Key legislation supporting tribal autonomy includes: Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 (PESA): Empowers tribal populations in Scheduled Areas by extending the provisions of Panchayati Raj (local self-government) to these areas. Forest Rights Act, 2006: Recognizes and vests forest rights and occupation in forest land to tribal communities and other traditional forest dwellers. Constitutional Safeguards: The Fifth and Sixth Schedules of the Indian Constitution provide for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes in several states of India, ensuring tribal autonomy and security over their lands. Integration-Oriented Policies Nehru’s Tribal Panchsheel: The policy formulated by India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, outlines principles for tribal development: emphasises self-development, respect for tribal rights, minimal external imposition, local participation in administration, and human-centred outcomes over financial metrics Recent Initiatives: Efforts to integrate tribal communities into the national mainstream while respecting their distinct identity include: Pradhan Mantri Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) Development Mission: Targets the holistic development of particularly vulnerable tribal groups. Eklavya Model Residential Schools: Provides quality education to tribal children in remote areas. Pradhan Mantri Van Dhan Yojana: Aims to harness the non-timber forest produce sector for the benefit of tribal gatherers and artisans. National Mission to Eliminate Sickle Cell Anaemia: Focuses on healthcare initiatives for tribal communities affected by sickle cell disease. -Source: Indian Express India and Italy Forge Ahead with Joint Strategic Action Plan 2025-29 Context: India and Italy have solidified their commitment to enhance bilateral cooperation through the Joint Strategic Action Plan 2025-29, a comprehensive framework unveiled following a meeting between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni at the G20 summit in Brazil. This ambitious plan spans key sectors such as defense, trade, energy, and space, aiming to deepen the ties between the two nations. The collaboration is poised to bring mutual benefits, leveraging the strengths of both countries to foster growth and innovation across these crucial areas. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: India-Italy bilateral relation Italy-India Joint Strategic Action Plan 2025-2029 Highlights India-Italy bilateral relation Political Relations Establishment: Diplomatic relations between India and Italy were initiated in 1947. Recent Developments: A Virtual Summit in November 2020 between the Prime Ministers of both countries led to the adoption of the 2020-2025 Action Plan. Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Italy in October 2021 for the G20 Summit included a Joint Statement on a Strategic Partnership focusing on Energy Transition. In March 2023, Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni visited India, where both nations elevated their relations to a strategic partnership level. Meloni also participated as the Chief Guest and Keynote Speaker at the 8th Raisina Dialogue. Economic Relations Trade Volume: As of 2023, bilateral trade reached €14.34 billion, with India enjoying a trade surplus of €3.98 billion. Trading Position: Italy ranks as India’s 4th largest trading partner in the EU, following Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Investments: Italy’s cumulative Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in India from January 2000 to December 2023 totaled USD 3.53 billion. Indian investments in Italy are estimated at around USD 400 million. Defence Cooperation Historical Ties: India’s contributions during the Second World War are commemorated in Italy, where 5,782 Indian soldiers were commemorated, with six receiving the Victoria Cross. Current Initiatives: In February 2023, Italy assigned an official to the Information Fusion Center – Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) to bolster maritime security and support anti-piracy operations. The countries are exploring joint ventures in defense and aerospace, including technology transfers. A Joint Working Group on Counter-Terrorism facilitates collaboration on security matters. Energy Cooperation Strategic Partnership on Energy Transition: Signed in 2021, focusing on collaboration in green hydrogen and biofuels. Science and Technology Cooperation Innovation Day: The first India-Italy Innovation Day was conducted virtually on July 14, 2021, with subsequent annual celebrations to foster scientific and technological exchanges. Indian Community in Italy Population: The Indian community, including Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs), numbers around 180,000, making it the third-largest Indian community in Europe after those in the UK and the Netherlands. Italy-India Joint Strategic Action Plan 2025-2029 Highlights Political Engagement High-Level Dialogues: Scheduled regular meetings between Heads of Government and key ministers including Foreign, Trade, and Defense Ministers. Bilateral Consultations: Commitment to annual bilateral consultations between the two nations’ Foreign Ministries to discuss and enhance sectoral cooperation. Economic Collaboration Sectoral Investment: Focus on strengthening bilateral trade and investments, particularly in sectors like green technologies, sustainable mobility, and semiconductors. Business Integration: Promotion of trade fairs, business forums, and industrial partnerships to facilitate deeper economic ties. Enhancing Connectivity Sustainable Transport Initiatives: Collaboration on projects that support sustainable transport systems and climate action. Infrastructure Development: Enhance maritime and land infrastructure cooperation, including significant projects like the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor. Maritime Agreements: Efforts to finalize agreements on maritime and port cooperation. Science and Technology Technology Partnerships: Expansion of partnerships in cutting-edge technologies such as AI, telecommunications, and digital services. Innovation Exchange: Introduction of the Indo-Italian Innovation and Incubation Exchange Programme to bolster connections between startups and innovators. Research Collaboration: Enhancement of STEM research collaborations through scholarships and joint projects. Space Collaboration Space Research: Expanded collaboration between ASI (Italian Space Agency) and ISRO in areas like Earth observation, heliophysics, and lunar exploration. Space Delegation: Organization of an Italian space delegation visit to India by mid-2025 to further space-related cooperation. Energy Transition Tech Summits: Organization of summits to promote industrial partnerships in the energy sector. Renewable Energy Projects: Joint initiatives in green hydrogen, biofuels, and other renewable energy technologies. Defense and Security Defense Meetings: Annual Joint Defence Consultative meetings and Joint Staff Talks to enhance military cooperation. Interoperability: Focus on increasing interoperability and cooperation in strategic regions like the Indo-Pacific. Cybersecurity and Counterterrorism: Enhancement of joint efforts in cybersecurity and counterterrorism, including shared practices and capacity-building. Migration and Mobility Regulated Migration: Development of safe migration channels, particularly for health professionals, and promotion of skilled labor training. Academic and Cultural Exchange: Enhancement of mobility for students, researchers, and academics. Cultural and Academic Cooperation Educational Partnerships: Encouragement of exchanges between universities and technical education institutions. Cultural Projects: Collaboration on cultural projects including exhibitions, heritage preservation, and film co-productions. Tourism and Cultural Promotion: Efforts to enhance tourism and deepen cultural bonds through the implementation of cultural cooperation programs. -Source: The Hindu WhatsApp to Challenge CCI’s Fine Over Privacy Policy Concerns Context: WhatsApp has announced plans to appeal a $25.4 million fine imposed by the Competition Commission of India (CCI). The fine was levied due to anti-competitive practices linked to WhatsApp’s 2021 privacy policy update, which mandated the sharing of user data with other Meta-owned applications for advertising purposes. This policy raised significant concerns about competition and privacy, with critics arguing that WhatsApp was exploiting its dominant market position to enforce these new terms. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: About Competition commission of India: WhatsApp’s 2021 Privacy Policy WhatsApp-CCI Dispute Implications and Future Actions About Competition commission of India: Nodal: Ministry of corporate affairs Competition Commission of India (CCI) is a statutory body of the Government of India responsible for enforcing the Competition Act, 2002. Competition Commission of India aims to establish a robust competitive environment. Through proactive engagement with all stakeholders, including consumers, industry, government and international jurisdictions. By being a knowledge intensive organization with high competence level. Through professionalism, transparency, resolve and wisdom in enforcement. Composition of CCI The Commission consists of one Chairperson and six Members. The commission is a quasi-judicial body . Eligibility of members: The Chairperson and every other Member shall be a person of ability, integrity and standing and who, has been, or is qualified to be a judge of a High Court, or, has special knowledge of, and professional experience of not less than fifteen years in international trade, economics, business, commerce, law, finance, accountancy, management, industry, public affairs, administration or in any other matter which, in the opinion of the Central Government, may be useful to the Commission. WhatsApp’s 2021 Privacy Policy Key Changes Introduced Data Sharing Expansion: The policy change allowed WhatsApp to share user data with other Meta platforms, such as Facebook and Instagram. This included phone numbers, contacts, and transaction details. Business Communication: It aimed to enhance features for businesses on WhatsApp, allowing them to use Meta platforms for managing customer communications. Encryption and Security: Despite the broader data sharing, WhatsApp maintained that all private messages would remain end-to-end encrypted and secure. Controversies and Global Response User Concerns: The policy update raised significant privacy concerns globally, with particular backlash in India due to fears of excessive data control and limited user consent options. Legal Scrutiny: The lack of a comprehensive data protection framework in India intensified the scrutiny, leading to legal challenges and a Competition Commission of India (CCI) investigation. European Union Fine: In September 2021, WhatsApp was fined GBP 225 million by Ireland’s data regulator for not meeting GDPR transparency requirements. WhatsApp has since appealed this decision. WhatsApp-CCI Dispute Background Anti-competitive Concerns: The CCI initiated an investigation into whether WhatsApp’s mandatory data-sharing policy with Meta constituted anti-competitive behavior by potentially exploiting user data. Key Events in the Dispute 2021-2024 Timeline: January 2021: WhatsApp announced its updated privacy policy. March 2021: CCI launched an investigation into the policy’s implications on competition. April 2021: WhatsApp and Meta challenged the CCI’s probe in the Delhi High Court. April 2021: Delhi High Court permitted the CCI to continue its investigation. August 2022: Delhi High Court reaffirmed CCI’s authority. October 2022: The Supreme Court of India dismissed WhatsApp and Meta’s appeals. November 18, 2024: CCI fined Meta $25.4 million and imposed a five-year ban on data sharing between WhatsApp and other Meta apps for advertising purposes. November 19, 2024: Meta announced plans to appeal the CCI’s ruling. Implications and Future Actions Impact on Data Privacy: The dispute highlights ongoing global concerns regarding user privacy and the handling of personal data by major tech companies. Regulatory Actions: This case underlines the increasing scrutiny of tech companies’ data practices, particularly in regions like India where data protection laws are evolving. Future of Data Sharing Policies: The outcomes of these legal battles will likely influence how tech companies design their data sharing and privacy policies moving forward. -Source: The Hindu Critical Minerals Context: The Ministry of Mines recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the International Energy Agency (IEA) to strengthen cooperation in the critical minerals sector. Relevance: GS III- Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: What are Critical Minerals? Why is this resource critical? What is China ‘threat’? What are countries around the world doing about it? What are Critical Minerals? Critical minerals are elements that are the building blocks of essential modern-day technologies, and are at risk of supply chain disruptions. These minerals are now used everywhere from making mobile phones, computers to batteries, electric vehicles and green technologies like solar panels and wind turbines. Based on their individual needs and strategic considerations, different countries create their own lists. However, such lists mostly include graphite, lithium and cobalt, which are used for making EV batteries; rare earths that are used for making magnets and silicon which is a key mineral for making computer chips and solar panels. Aerospace, communications and defence industries also rely on several such minerals as they are used in manufacturing fighter jets, drones, radio sets and other critical equipment. Why is this resource critical? As countries around the world scale up their transition towards clean energy and digital economy, these critical resources are key to the ecosystem that fuels this change. Any supply shock can severely imperil the economy and strategic autonomy of a country over-dependent on others to procure critical minerals. But these supply risks exist due to rare availability, growing demand and complex processing value chain. Many times the complex supply chain can be disrupted by hostile regimes, or due to politically unstable regions. They are critical as the world is fast shifting from a fossil fuel-intensive to a mineral-intensive energy system. What is China ‘threat’? China is the world’s largest producer of 16 critical minerals. China alone is responsible for some 70% and 60% of global production of cobalt and rare earth elements, respectively, in 2019. The level of concentration is even higher for processing operations, where China has a strong presence across the board. China’s share of refining is around 35% for nickel, 50-70% for lithium and cobalt, and nearly 90% for rare earth elements. It also controls cobalt mines in the Democratic Republic of Congo, from where 70% of this mineral is sourced. In 2010, China suspended rare earth exports to Japan for two months over a territorial dispute. What are countries around the world doing about it? US has shifted its focus on expanding domestic mining, production, processing, and recycling of critical minerals and materials. India has set up KABIL or the Khanij Bidesh India Limited, a joint venture of three public sector companies, to “ensure a consistent supply of critical and strategic minerals to the Indian domestic market”. Australia’s Critical Minerals Facilitation Office (CMFO) and KABIL had recently signed an MoU aimed at ensuring reliable supply of critical minerals to India. The UK has unveiled its new Critical Minerals Intelligence Centre to study the future demand for and supply of these minerals. -Source: Indian Express High-altitude sickness Context: In September, a trekker from Idukki, Kerala, died in Uttarakhand while attempting to scale Garur Peak due to respiratory failure. Every year, numerous tourists like this succumb to the effects of high-altitude sickness in the pristine but challenging inner Himalayas. These regions present hidden dangers due to their extreme altitudes, where thinner air and reduced oxygen can lead to potentially fatal conditions. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: What is high-altitude sickness? What about early intervention? What are the treatment strategies? What is high-altitude sickness? High-altitude sickness, or Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS), occurs when the body cannot acclimatise to high elevations, typically over 8,000 feet (2,400 metres). As altitude increases, the air pressure and oxygen levels decrease, leading to hypoxia — a shortage of oxygen in the body’s tissues. Early symptoms of AMS include headache, nausea, fatigue, and shortness of breath. If left untreated, it can escalate into high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), a life-threatening condition where fluid accumulates in the lungs, or high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), where fluid collects in the brain. Both conditions require immediate medical intervention, and descent to lower altitudes is often the only way to prevent fatal outcomes. At higher altitudes, the body tries to adjust by increasing the breathing rate, which can cause hyperventilation, and produce more red blood cells to carry oxygen, which thickens the blood and strains the heart. In cases of HAPE, fluid accumulation in the lungs exacerbates breathing difficulties, while HACE causes symptoms like confusion, hallucinations, and even coma. What about early intervention? The primary cause of high-altitude sickness is rapid ascent without allowing the body time to acclimatise. Gradual ascent, which allows the body to adapt to lower oxygen levels, is the best way to prevent high-altitude illnesses. According to the Wilderness Medical Society, travellers ascending above 3,000 meters should take a rest day every 3-4 days and avoid increasing their sleeping elevation by more than 500 metres per day. For travellers at moderate to high risk of AMS, doctors recommend medications like Acetazolamide, which aids acclimatisation by promoting better oxygenation, or Dexamethasone, a steroid that reduces inflammation in severe cases. Those with a history of HAPE may take Nifedipine as a preventive measure, starting a day before ascent. However, no prophylactic medication guarantees complete immunity, and anyone travelling to high altitudes with pre-existing health conditions should first consult with a doctor familiar with altitude-related risks. What are the treatment strategies? When high-altitude sickness does develop, the most effective treatment is immediate descent to lower altitudes. Symptoms usually improve significantly with a descent of 300-1,000 metres. Supplemental oxygen or a portable hyperbaric chamber, if available, can also help alleviate symptoms of AMS and HACE in emergencies. Pharmacological treatments, such as acetazolamide and dexamethasone, may provide short-term relief, but descent remains the cornerstone of treatment. -Source: The Hindu Cloud Seeding Context: As Delhi grapples with severe air pollution, the concept of cloud seeding has emerged as a potential short-term solution to combat the hazardous air quality. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Cloud Seeding Cloud seeding, or artificial rain, is a method used in weather modification that aims to enhance precipitation. This technique involves introducing substances into clouds to stimulate the formation of rain or snow. How Cloud Seeding Works Substances Used: Common materials used for cloud seeding include silver iodide, potassium iodide, and dry ice. Method of Dispersion: These substances are dispersed into clouds using aircraft, ground generators, or rockets. The chosen method depends on the specific requirements and geographical conditions of the area. Process: The dispersed particles act as nuclei around which water droplets can form. These droplets then grow in size until they are heavy enough to fall as precipitation, potentially increasing the amount of rainfall. Applications in Pollution Control Air Quality Improvement: In areas plagued by air pollution, cloud seeding is considered as a method to wash away particulate matter and other pollutants. By increasing rainfall, it is hoped that dust and airborne particles will settle, leading to temporary improvements in air quality. Challenges and Considerations Atmospheric Conditions: Effective cloud seeding requires specific atmospheric conditions, particularly clouds that contain enough moisture to support precipitation. Efficacy: The success of cloud seeding can vary greatly depending on environmental conditions and the techniques used, making it an unpredictable intervention. Environmental Impact: While cloud seeding can increase precipitation in targeted areas, it also raises concerns about the potential long-term impacts on natural weather patterns and ecosystems. -Source: India Today

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 20 November 2024

CONTENTS Indian Scientists Develop Model to Predict Equatorial Electrojet Bharat National Cyber Security Exercise 2024 Indian Scientists Develop Model to Predict Equatorial Electrojet Context: Scientists at the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG) in Navi Mumbai have developed a groundbreaking model called the Indian Equatorial Electrojet (IEEJ) Model. This innovative tool is designed to enhance the accuracy of predictions for the Equatorial Electrojet specifically over the Indian sector. Utilizing data from ground-based magnetometers located at the Tirunelveli station near the southern tip of India, the model facilitates regular measurements of the Equatorial Electrojet. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Overview of Equatorial Ionospheric Processes Equatorial Electrojet (EEJ) Definition: The Equatorial Electrojet is a narrow band of intense electric current flowing eastward in the ionosphere at the geomagnetic equator, typically found at altitudes between 105 and 110 kilometers. Geographical Relevance: The phenomenon is especially relevant for India as the southern tip of the country is proximal to the Earth’s geomagnetic equator, where this strong current is present. IEEJ Model Capabilities Simulation Tool: The IEEJ model features a web interface that facilitates simulations of the Equatorial Electrojet under varying conditions, such as different dates and levels of solar activity. User Interface: This accessibility allows researchers and practitioners to model and predict EEJ behavior, which is crucial for planning and operational purposes in related fields. Practical Applications The understanding and modeling of equatorial ionospheric processes are critical for several practical applications across various industries: Satellite Orbital Dynamics Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) Satellite Communication Links Electrical Power Grids Transmission Lines Oil and Gas Industry Pipelines Bharat National Cyber Security Exercise 2024 Context: Recently, the Bharat National Cyber Security Exercise (Bharat NCX 2024) was inaugurated to fortify India’s cybersecurity resilience.  Relevance: GS III: Security challenges Bharat National Cyber Security Exercise Details: This is a comprehensive 12-day exercise designed to enhance the skills of Indian cybersecurity professionals against growing threats, by equipping them with advanced cyber defense capabilities. Main Aspects of the Exercise: Cyber Defense Training: Provides training on how to counter cyberattacks and manage incidents effectively. Live-Fire Simulations: Facilitates practical experience through simulated cyberattacks on information technology systems. Strategic Decision-Making: Offers simulation exercises for senior management on handling national cyber crises. CISO’s Conclave: A gathering where Chief Information Security Officers from various sectors discuss recent trends and governmental initiatives. Cybersecurity Startup Exhibition: An event that highlights cutting-edge cybersecurity solutions developed by Indian startups.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 20 November 2024

Contents : A thousand days of Ukrainian resilience Prison tag A consistent response A thousand days of Ukrainian resilience Relevance: GS 2 ( International Relations ) Practice Question: What are the broader geopolitical implications of the Ukraine-Russia conflict on global power dynamics and international diplomacy? (250 words ) Background: February 24, 2022: Russia launched full-scale military aggression against Ukraine. Volodymyr Zelenskyy: United Ukraine and the international community against Russian aggression. Initial Resistance: Ukraine successfully defended Kyiv and liberated the Kharkiv and Kherson regions. National Unity: Key factor in resisting Russian ambitions. War Crimes: April 2022: Russian military massacres in Bucha, Irpin, Borodyanka, and Mariupol. These cities became symbols of Ukrainian resistance. Human Costs: Thousands of civilian deaths, including about 600 children. Over eight million Ukrainians fled; about half have returned. Seven million became internally displaced persons; 3.6 million remain displaced as of November 2024. Over 2,500 Ukrainian prisoners of war and civilians returned through exchanges; thousands still in Russian captivity. Russia deported more than 20,000 Ukrainian children; the ICC issued an arrest warrant for Putin. Infrastructure Damage: Russia targeted and damaged thousands of educational, medical, and cultural institutions. World Bank estimates Ukraine’s economic losses exceed $400 billion. Restoration of infrastructure requires at least $500 billion; demining costs are estimated at $35 billion. International Support: Partners and allies provided billions in military, financial, and humanitarian aid. Russian Military Losses: Russia lost over 7,22,440 military personnel. Significant losses in military equipment and personnel. Russia’s global defence contracts undermined. Sanctions and Economic Impact: Over 14,000 international sanctions on Russia. Over 1,000 global companies exited Russia. Over one million educated professionals and young workers fled Russia. The long-term economic outlook appears fragile, with rising poverty and curtailment of social programs. Russia’s Central Bank raised the key policy rate to 21%. International Image: Russia’s international image was severely damaged, suspended, or excluded from key international bodies. Became a global outcast with diminished influence in international diplomacy. Ukraine’s Fight for Freedom: Ukraine’s resistance is a struggle for physical survival, freedom, and European values. Zelenskyy’s Stance: Emphasized that neutrality in this war is untenable; standing with Russia undermines international law. Prison Tag Relevance: GS 2 (Social Justice ) Practice Question: Examine the impact of electronic tracking devices on decongesting prisons and ensuring prisoners’ rights, as proposed in the Model Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2023. (250 words ) Introduction: Purpose: Use of electronic tracking for parole or furlough to decongest prisons. Research Report: The Supreme Court of India’s Centre for Research and Planning suggests a pilot programme for undertrials posing low or moderate risk. Model Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2023: Provision for prisoners to be granted leave on the condition of wearing electronic tracking devices. Monitoring movements and activities, with the possibility of cancelling leave for violations. State Initiatives: Odisha: First state to propose tamper-proof electronic trackers for under-trials accused of non-heinous offences to reduce jail congestion. Concerns and Guidelines: Lack of guidelines or minimum standards for deploying tracking technology without violating prisoners’ rights. Concerns about infringing the right to privacy of the accused. Court’s Stance: Earlier this year, the Court disapproved of bail conditions that infringe on privacy (e.g., sharing location on Google Maps with the investigating officer). Parliamentary Standing Committee: Approved cost-effective tracking devices with the consent of the accused. Cited potential benefits: avoiding rights violations, reducing administrative costs, and decongesting prisons. Prison Overcrowding: Rising occupancy in prisons is a major concern. Statistics: 5,73,220 prisoners as of December 31, 2022, amounting to 131.4% of total capacity. Global Practices: Several jurisdictions worldwide use tracking devices for certain categories of offenders. Logic: Ensure recently released prisoners do not approach victims or enter crime-related locations. Stigmatisation and Acceptance: The compact size and visibility of trackers could reduce reluctance among beneficiaries of bail due to fear of stigmatisation. A Consistent Response Relevance : GS 3(Environment ) Practice Question: Discuss the major causes responsible for severe air pollution in Delhi and examine the effectiveness of CAQM in handling the crisis. (150 words ) Context: Air Pollution Crisis: The Air Quality Index in Delhi regularly reaches hazardous(above 400) levels, signalling severe air pollution issues. Monday, it reached 488, according to official measurements,  with some private stations reporting over 1,000. Air Quality Index: It’s a scale used to measure air quality by calculating the concentration of pollutants like PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, CO, and O3. Frequency of Severe Pollution: Since 2016, only two years had single-digit ‘severe’ days; ‘poor’ days (AQI over 200) declined from 200 in 2016 to 121 in 2024. Sources of Pollution: Geographical Influence: Delhi is located in the Indo-Gangetic plain, surrounded by the Himalayas to the north and the plateau to the south. This unique topography creates a basin-like structure, which traps pollutants and does not allow air to disperse. Meteorological Influence: During winter, air pollution is severe because cooler temperatures reduce the height of the atmospheric inversion, causing pollutants to remain closer to the surface. North-westerly winds carry pollutants from stubble burning in neighbouring states like Punjab and Haryana. Pollution Sources: Vehicular Emissions, Road Dust, Industrial Emissions, Stubble Burning, Open Waste Burning, and Construction Activities are key sources. Institutional Response: Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM): Tasked with coordinating response but perceived as ineffective and toothless. CAQM remains largely inactive and only responds when criticised by the Supreme Court. Public and Environmental Concerns: Public Anxiety: Lack of effective communication from the government on addressing the crisis. Stubble Burning: Easier to address as it’s a seasonal issue; road dust is a year-round problem requiring consistent efforts. Recommendations for Action: Consistent Communication: The government must communicate its intent and actions to tackle the crisis. Long-Term Solutions: Focus on sustainable measures to reduce road dust and household emissions

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 20 November 2024

CONTENTS Kerala Suspends Two IAS Officers for Violating Conduct Rules Lab-Grown Meat G20 Summit Kicks Off in Rio with Focus on Trade, Climate, and Security Maori One Day One Genome Initiative Dhudmaras Village Kerala Suspends Two IAS Officers for Violating Conduct Rules Context: The Kerala government has recently taken disciplinary action by suspending two IAS officers for breaches of the All-India Services (Conduct) Rules, 1968. One officer was suspended for making derogatory remarks on social media about a senior colleague. Another faced suspension for allegedly creating a WhatsApp group based on religious affiliations. These actions underline the strict adherence to conduct rules that govern civil servants, ensuring that their behavior aligns with the standards expected of public officials. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: All-India Services (Conduct) Rules, 1968 Overview Issues with the AIS Rules, 1968 Role of Civil Services in Democracy Way Forward for Civil Services All-India Services (Conduct) Rules, 1968 Overview Purpose and Scope The All-India Services (Conduct) Rules, 1968, establish the ethical and professional standards expected from officers of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS), and Indian Forest Service (IFoS). These rules aim to ensure that officers perform their duties with impartiality, integrity, and adherence to constitutional values. Key Standards Outlined Ethical Conduct: Officers are required to maintain the highest levels of ethics, integrity, and honesty in their professional conduct. Political Neutrality: They must remain politically neutral, ensuring that their actions and decisions are transparent and accountable. Constitutional Values: Officers are expected to uphold the Constitution and reflect their commitment to India’s legal framework as public servants. Media Engagement: While officers can engage with the media in a professional capacity, they are prohibited from criticizing government policies publicly. Redress and Defense: They are not allowed to seek redress or defend their official acts in court or through media without government approval. Professional Decorum: The rules mandate that officers refrain from any behavior deemed “unbecoming” of their service, emphasizing the need for professional decorum at all times. Issues with the AIS Rules, 1968 Ambiguities and Enforcement Challenges Social Media and Digital Communication: The rise of digital platforms has introduced complexities not specifically addressed by the 1968 rules, leading to ambiguities in what constitutes proper conduct on social media. Vague Terminology: The term “unbecoming of a member of the service” is broadly defined, resulting in inconsistent enforcement and potential misuse. This lack of specificity can lead to subjective interpretations and potential for abuse. Enforcement Mechanisms: The enforcement of these rules typically lies with senior officers and government authorities, which can create a power imbalance. Junior officers might face biases or arbitrary actions from their superiors, highlighting the need for mechanisms that protect against such vulnerabilities. Role of Civil Services in Democracy Civil services play a crucial role in the functioning of a democratic government. They provide essential support to the legislative and executive branches while ensuring stability, efficiency, and impartiality in public service. Key Functions of Civil Services Policy Formulation and Implementation: Civil servants leverage their technical expertise and practical insights to help formulate and determine public policy. They are instrumental in the execution of policies passed by the legislature, ensuring that laws and policies are applied effectively across various sectors of governance. Delegated Legislation: Beyond execution, civil servants are responsible for framing detailed rules and regulations under delegated legislation. This means that while the legislature provides the broad framework, civil servants work out the specifics that are crucial for the day-to-day operations of the government. Quasi-Judicial Powers: Civil servants often hold quasi-judicial powers, resolving cases that affect the rights and obligations of citizens. This responsibility includes making quick, fair decisions that uphold the public interest, especially beneficial for vulnerable groups or complex technical issues. Stability and Continuity: During periods of political change, such as elections, civil servants provide continuity and stability in governance. They ensure that administrative processes and policies continue to function smoothly, regardless of changes in political leadership. Custodians of National Values: Civil servants act as custodians of the nation’s ideals, values, and beliefs, playing a critical role in safeguarding the social, economic, and political fabric of the nation. Way Forward for Civil Services Addressing Current Challenges Social Media Guidelines: To adapt to the digital age, rules should be updated to define the boundaries for officers’ use of social media. This will ensure that civil servants can engage in public communication about government initiatives responsibly, without compromising their impartiality or the dignity of their roles. Clarifying Ambiguous Terms: The term “unbecoming of a member of the service” should be clarified. Providing an illustrative list of unacceptable behaviors based on past disciplinary actions could help standardize enforcement and reduce subjective interpretations. Reinforcing Neutrality: The importance of remaining neutral and impartial should be emphasized, particularly in an era where social media visibility can often overshadow the need for discretion in public service. Training and Awareness: Civil servants, especially those newer to the service, should be educated about the appropriate use of social media as a tool for promoting government initiatives. Training should focus on maintaining the dignity and neutrality expected of civil servants, cautioning against the sharing of personal opinions or partisan statements that could undermine their professional objectivity. -Source: The Hindu Lab-Grown Meat Context: Recently, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is planning to put a regulatory framework for laboratory-grown meat, dairy, and egg products. FSSAI regulates plant-based protein products, but lab-grown and fermentation-derived proteins have no clear regulations.  Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: About Cultivated meat Need for Cell-Cultivated Meat Creation Challenges with Cell-Cultivated Meat About Cultivated meat Cultivated meat, also known as cell-cultured meat or lab-grown meat, is a form of meat produced by isolating and culturing animal cells rather than raising and slaughtering animals. Process of Cultivated Meat Production: Isolation: Companies isolate the cells responsible for the meat we consume from a living animal through a biopsy. Cultivation: The isolated cells are placed in a bioreactor, a specialized container that provides the necessary resources for cell growth, such as nutrients, fats, carbohydrates, amino acids, and controlled temperature. Cellular Agriculture: This method of meat production is also known as cellular agriculture, as it utilizes cell cultures to generate meat. Transformation into Meat Products: Cell Proliferation: Over time, the cells multiply and form a mass resembling minced meat. Collection and Processing: The cultivated tissue is collected and undergoes processing, including the addition of additives to enhance texture and appearance. Utilization: Processed cultivated meat is then used as an ingredient in various recipes, offering a sustainable alternative to conventionally sourced meat. Types of Cell-Cultivated Meat: Chicken Focus: Companies like Good Meat and Upside Foods have primarily concentrated on developing cell-cultivated chicken meat due to its high global consumption. Expansion Plans: These companies aim to broaden their offerings to include other types of meat in the future. Diverse Research: Researchers are actively working on creating cell-cultivated versions of sea bass, tuna, shrimp, and pork. Market Potential and Outlook: Growing Market: The global alternative meat market, including cultivated meat, is projected to reach $20-25 billion in sales by 2030, according to McKinsey. Environmental Benefits: Cultivated meat has the potential to reduce the environmental impact associated with traditional animal agriculture, including greenhouse gas emissions, land usage, and water consumption. Ethical Considerations: Cultivated meat presents a more humane approach to meat production by eliminating the need for raising and slaughtering animals. Need for Cell-Cultivated Meat Creation Emissions Reduction: Livestock production contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, with beef being a major contributor. Lab-grown meat has the potential to reduce emissions associated with conventional meat production. According to the FAO, global livestock is responsible for 14.5% of all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, with beef accounting for 41% and chicken meat and eggs accounting for 8%. Land Use Efficiency: Conventional meat production requires vast amounts of land for animal rearing and feed production. Lab-cultivated meat has the potential to utilize land more efficiently. Studies suggest that lab-grown meat could use significantly less land compared to traditional meat production, with estimated reductions of 63% for chicken and 72% for pork. Animal Slaughter Prevention: One of the ethical concerns regarding traditional meat production is the slaughter of animals. Cell-cultivated meat offers a way to produce meat without the need for animal slaughter, aligning with ethical considerations and animal welfare concerns. Food Security: Lab-grown meat has the potential to address food security challenges by providing a more efficient and sustainable method of meat production. With the global population projected to increase, lab-cultivated meat can help meet the growing demand for protein while minimizing the strain on natural resources. Customization and Health Benefits: Cultivated meat can be customized to offer specific nutritional profiles and healthier attributes compared to conventionally produced meat. By reducing fat content or enhancing nutritional components, lab-grown meat can contribute to public health initiatives and cater to specific dietary preferences. Challenges with Cell-Cultivated Meat: Taste, Texture, and Appearance: A significant challenge in the development of cell-cultivated meat is to match the taste, texture, and appearance of animal meat. Consumers expect alternative meat to be comparable to traditional meat in sensory attributes. Cost: The cost of producing cell-cultivated meat is currently high compared to conventional meat. The production process involves complex technologies and expensive inputs, making it economically challenging to make lab-grown meat commercially viable and affordable for mass consumption. Quality and Resources: Researchers require high-quality cells to initiate the cultivation process. Ensuring a consistent and reliable source of high-quality cells can be a challenge. The growth medium used for cell culture and the resources needed to maintain the quality of the final product, such as nutrients and environmental conditions, need to be carefully optimized. Environmental Impact: While cell-cultivated meat has the potential to reduce environmental impact compared to traditional meat production, there are concerns about the environmental footprint of the cultivation process itself. A study highlighted that if the production of cultured meat requires specialized and purified liquids similar to those used in the pharmaceutical industry, the environmental impact could be worse than conventional beef production. -Source: Live Mint G20 Summit Kicks Off in Rio with Focus on Trade, Climate, and Security Context: The G20 summit commenced at the Modern Art Museum in Rio de Janeiro, hosted by Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. The summit features participation from key global leaders, including India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi, US President Joe Biden, and China’s Xi Jinping, who are engaging in critical discussions on trade, climate change, and international security. Highlighting the summit’s broad agenda, Prime Minister Modi addressed the opening session on ‘Social Inclusion and the Fight against Hunger and Poverty,’ emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts to tackle these global challenges. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of PM Modi’s Speech at the G20 Summit in Rio de Janeiro About G20 Key Highlights of PM Modi’s Speech at the G20 Summit in Rio de Janeiro Focus on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Global South Emphasis: PM Modi commended Brazil’s agenda for prioritizing SDGs and addressing concerns pertinent to the Global South. Continuity in Themes: He highlighted the alignment of Brazil’s focus with India’s previous G20 presidency theme, “One Earth, One Family, One Future.” Achievements in Poverty Alleviation and Food Security Poverty Reduction: Modi noted that India has successfully lifted 250 million people out of poverty over the past decade. Food Security Initiatives: He cited the distribution of free food grains to 800 million citizens and the benefits of the world’s largest health insurance scheme covering 550 million people. Innovative Approaches: The Prime Minister advocated for a ‘Back to Basics and March to Future’ approach to address and enhance food security measures. Global Contributions and Collaborations Support to Africa: India’s contribution to strengthening food security in African nations such as Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe was highlighted. Global Alliance Proposal: Modi welcomed Brazil’s proposal for establishing a ‘Global Alliance against Hunger and Poverty’, showcasing a commitment to collaborative efforts against global challenges. Support for the Global South Priority Issues: The speech emphasized the importance of focusing on the critical issues affecting the Global South, especially the crises related to food, fuel, and fertilizer exacerbated by global conflicts. Women-Led Development and Nutrition Empowering Women: Modi underscored India’s initiatives aimed at women-led development, aligning with broader goals of empowerment and equality. Nutrition Focus: He stressed the importance of integrating nutrition into food security efforts, reflecting a holistic approach to health and well-being. Challenges at the Summit Contentious Discussions: The drafting of a joint statement at the summit faced difficulties, particularly concerning the language about the Ukraine conflict. International Relations and Policies: Various global leaders, including US President Biden and Chinese President Xi Jinping, presented their agendas and initiatives, ranging from clean energy partnerships to the Belt & Road initiative, amidst complex geopolitical tensions and trade concerns. About G20 The G20 is an informal group of 19 countries and the European Union, with representatives of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The G20 membership comprises a mix of the world’s largest advanced and emerging economies, representing about two-thirds of the world’s population, 85% of global gross domestic product, 80% of global investment, over 75% of global trade and roughly half the world’s land area. The members of the G20 are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union. Spain as a permanent, non-member invitee, also attends leader summits. India will hold the Presidency of the G20 from 1 December 2022 to 30 November 2023, culminating with the G20 Summit in India in 2023. Structure and functioning of G20 The G20 Presidency rotates annually according to a system that ensures a regional balance over time. For the selection of presidency, the 19 countries are divided into 5 groups, each having no more than 4 countries. The presidency rotates between each group. Every year the G20 selects a country from another group to be president. India is in Group 2 which also has Russia, South Africa and Turkey. The G20 does not have a permanent secretariat or Headquarters. The work of G20 is divided into two tracks: The Finance track comprises all meetings with G20 finance ministers and central bank governors and their deputies. Meeting several times throughout the year they focus on monetary and fiscal issues, financial regulations, etc. The Sherpa track focuses on broader issues such as political engagement, anti-corruption, development, energy, etc. Since 2008, the group convenes at least once a year, with the summits involving each member’s head of government. -Source: The Hindu Maori Context: New Zealand’s parliament was briefly suspended following a protest by the Indigenous Māori group’s legislators, who staged a “haka”, or ceremonial dance, against a contentious Bill. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Maori People The Maori are the indigenous people of New Zealand, known for their rich culture, language, and history. They have a profound connection to their land and ancestors, which is deeply embedded in their customs and traditions. Historical and Cultural Background Origins: The Maori are Polynesians who originally settled primarily in the northern parts of the North Island of New Zealand, with the South Island being much more sparsely settled. Cultural Struggles: Throughout history, Maori culture faced significant challenges, initially from European colonization efforts led by the ‘Crown’ and subsequently from other settlers. Despite these challenges, the Maori have preserved much of their heritage and traditions. Population: According to the 2013 census, the Maori population in New Zealand was 598,605, constituting 14.9 percent of the country’s total population. Language Maori Language: Maori is part of the Polynesian group of the Eastern Oceanic branch of the Austronesian languages. Although only about one-third of Maori are fluent in their ancestral language, efforts to revive and sustain the language are ongoing, with the majority also fluent in English. Cultural Significance Haka: One of the most internationally recognized aspects of Maori culture is the Haka, a traditional war dance that is performed with great vigor and emotional intensity. The dance is notable for its powerful movements and facial expressions. Ta Moko (Tattoos): Maori tattoos, known as ‘ta moko’, are another distinctive aspect of their culture. These tattoos are not only artistic expressions but also convey the wearer’s family background, social status, and achievements. Each design is unique and holds deep personal and cultural significance. Traditional Attire and Arts Costumes: Maori costumes are a vibrant expression of their cultural heritage, often worn during ceremonies and traditional festivities. These costumes, along with other cultural artifacts, showcase the Maori’s deep connection to their ancestral spirits and the land. Arts and Crafts: Maori arts include carving and weaving, which are not only artistic expressions but also serve practical and ceremonial purposes. These crafts are often imbued with spiritual significance and are passed down through generations. Modern Maori Society Today, the Maori community is vibrant and dynamic, actively participating in all aspects of New Zealand life while striving to maintain and rejuvenate their cultural heritage. They are involved in politics, education, the arts, and business, contributing uniquely to the multicultural landscape of New Zealand. -Source: Indian Express One Day One Genome Initiative Context: The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and Biotechnology Research and Innovation Council (BRIC) introduces the ‘One Day One Genome’ initiative to showcase the enormous microbial potential of India. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Overview of the “One Day One Genome” Initiative Introduction The “One Day One Genome” initiative is a groundbreaking project coordinated by the Biotechnology Research and Innovation Council-National Institute of Biomedical Genomics (BRIC-NIBMG), an institute under the Department of Biotechnology. This initiative focuses on the genomic study of unique bacterial species found in India, highlighting their importance in various sectors including the environment, agriculture, and human health. Objectives and Features Genome Release: The primary aim is to release a fully annotated bacteriological genome isolated within the country each day, making this information freely available to the public. Information Accessibility: Alongside the genomic data, the initiative will provide a detailed graphical summary, infographics, and comprehensive details on genome assembly and annotation. Scientific and Industrial Applications: The provided documents and data will offer insights into the scientific and industrial uses of these microbes, enhancing understanding and potential applications. Benefits and Impact Public and Scientific Engagement: By making microbial genomic data more accessible, the initiative aims to stimulate public and scientific discussion, fostering a broader understanding of microbiology. Innovation and Community Benefits: The initiative is designed to drive innovations that benefit the community and ecosystem by leveraging the genetic information of microbes. Educational Tool: The initiative will serve as a valuable educational resource for students, researchers, and professionals in genomics and microbiology. Role of Microorganisms in Ecosystems and Human Health Environmental and Agricultural Impact Biogeochemical Cycles: Microorganisms play crucial roles in all biogeochemical cycles, essential for maintaining ecological balance. Soil Health and Fertility: They contribute to soil formation, mineral purification, and maintain soil fertility through processes like nitrogen fixation and nutrient cycling. Waste Degradation and Methane Production: Microbes are involved in the degradation of organic wastes and toxic pollutants, and they also produce methane, a significant greenhouse gas. Health and Disease Human Health: Microorganisms outnumber human cells in the body and are vital for digestion, immunity, and even mental health. Disease and Defense: While pathogenic microorganisms are responsible for infectious diseases, non-pathogenic microbes play a crucial role in defending against these diseases. Symbiotic Relationships Plant Associations: Microorganisms are symbiotically associated with plants, aiding in nutrient and water uptake, thus enhancing plant growth and health. Pest and Stress Control: In agriculture, microbes help in controlling pests and weeds and ameliorating plant stress responses. -Source: Indian Express Dhudmaras Village Context: Dhudmaras, a village in Chhattisgarh’s Bastar district, has been selected to participate in the Best Tourism Village Upgrade Programme (BTVUP) under the  United Nations Tourism for Rural Development Programme (UNTRDP) by the UN World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO).  Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dhudmaras Village Overview Location and Attractions Situated in Kanger Valley National Park: Dhudmaras is nestled within the lush expanse of Kanger Valley National Park (KVNP), named after the Kanger River that meanders through it. Rich Biodiversity: The village is surrounded by dense forests, the flowing Kanger River, and rich biodiversity, making it an ideal spot for eco-tourism. Cave Formations: KVNP is renowned for its spectacular caves—Kutumbasar, Kailash, and Dandak—which are celebrated for their intricate stalactites and stalagmites. Flora and Fauna Dominant Vegetation: The park’s vegetation is primarily composed of moist deciduous forests, including sal, teak, and bamboo. Cultural Significance Dhurwa Tribe: Dhudmaras is home to the Dhurwa Tribe, which is part of the larger Gond tribal community. The Dhurwa people speak Paarji, a dialect of the Gond language. Tribal Lifestyle and Tourism: The village offers visitors a chance to experience authentic tribal life through homestays, traditional food, and guided tours. Development Initiatives UNWTO Assistance: Under the UNWTO’s Best Tourism Village Upgrade Programme (BTVUP), Dhudmaras is set to receive support aimed at boosting economic and environmental sustainability along with tourism development. UN Tourism for Rural Development Programme (UNTRDP) Goals and Objectives Promoting Rural Development: The UNTRDP aims to foster development, inclusion, and innovation in rural areas through tourism. It seeks to combat rural depopulation and encourage sustainable practices. Evaluation Framework: Participating villages are assessed across nine key areas, including cultural and natural resources, economic and social sustainability, tourism development, and infrastructure. Three Pillars of the Programme Best Tourism Villages by UN Tourism: This component recognizes rural tourism destinations that excel in preserving cultural and natural assets, upholding community values, and adhering to principles of innovation and sustainability. Best Tourism Village Upgrade Programme (BTVUP): Provides targeted assistance to villages to address areas of improvement, helping them meet the criteria for recognition as a Best Tourism Village. The Best Tourism Villages Network: Creates a platform for sharing experiences and collaborating on best practices in rural tourism. It connects experts, communities, and stakeholders, facilitating knowledge exchange and cooperation. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 19 November 2024

CONTENT Tsunami Ready Recognition Programme  Tsunami Ready Recognition Programme Context: Recently, twenty-four coastal villages in Odisha were recognised by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO as ‘Tsunami Ready’. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Tsunami Ready Recognition Programme Tsunami Preparedness in India Tsunami Ready Recognition Programme Introduction The Tsunami Ready Recognition Programme is an international initiative spearheaded by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO. It focuses on enhancing tsunami preparedness at the community level, emphasizing the protection of lives, livelihoods, and property. Objectives and Goals Aim: The primary aim is to build resilient communities that are well-prepared and informed about the necessary actions to take before, during, and after a tsunami, thereby reducing potential damages and casualties. Main Goal: The central goal of the programme is to improve coastal community preparedness for tsunamis through awareness, education, and actionable strategies. This includes the development of effective response plans that can be swiftly executed in the event of a tsunami. Implementation and Requirements Community Involvement: The programme operates through active collaboration among various stakeholders including national and local warning and emergency management agencies, government authorities, scientists, community leaders, and the general public. Indicators of Preparedness: To achieve the ‘Tsunami Ready’ recognition, communities must meet 12 specific indicators that encompass three critical areas: Assessment: Evaluating tsunami risks and vulnerabilities within the community. Preparedness: Establishing and promoting preparedness measures including education and planning. Response: Developing and implementing effective response strategies that can be rapidly deployed. Recognition and Renewal: Communities that successfully meet all the indicators are officially recognized as ‘Tsunami Ready’ by UNESCO/IOC. This recognition is subject to renewal every four years to ensure ongoing compliance and adaptation to any changes in risk or best practices. Significance and Impact Performance-Based: The programme is voluntary and performance-based, encouraging communities to proactively improve their tsunami readiness. Enhanced Safety and Resilience: By meeting the established criteria, communities not only enhance their safety but also bolster overall resilience against tsunamis, potentially reducing the impact on both human lives and economic stability. Global and Local Collaboration: It promotes a comprehensive understanding of readiness that involves both global knowledge and local action, integrating scientific insights with community-based initiatives. Tsunami Overview: Tsunami is a series of massive ocean waves caused by seismic activities like earthquakes or volcanic eruptions beneath the ocean. Characterized by long wavelengths and high energy, tsunamis can traverse entire ocean basins, leading to extensive destruction upon reaching coastlines. These waves can reach considerable heights, moving swiftly over deep waters and slowing down in shallower areas. Factors Behind Tsunami Creation: Underwater Earthquakes: Shifting tectonic plates generate seismic waves, propagating through water and creating tsunamis. Volcanic Eruptions: Volcanic activity, especially under the ocean, displaces water, triggering tsunamis, particularly during volcanic island collapses or explosive eruptions. Landslides: Underwater landslides, caused by various factors, displace water, generating significant tsunami waves. Meteorite Impact: Rare but possible; the impact of a large meteorite or asteroid in the ocean can create tsunami-like waves. Underwater Explosions: Human activities, such as underwater explosions, have the potential to generate tsunamis. Devastation Caused: Tsunami waves, traveling at high speeds across the open ocean, unleash devastating force upon reaching coastal areas. Unique energy and wavelength characteristics differentiate them from regular ocean waves, causing widespread damage during inundation. Tsunami Preparedness: Early warning systems and preparedness measures play a crucial role in minimizing the impact of tsunamis on coastal communities. Swift responses and effective communication are essential components of mitigating the destructive effects of tsunamis. Tsunami Preparedness in India: Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System (IOTWS): India actively participates in the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System (IOTWS). The system includes seismic and sea-level sensors strategically placed to detect underwater earthquakes and monitor sea level changes. Information collected is utilized to issue timely warnings to coastal communities. Tsunami Early Warning Centre (ITEWC): The Tsunami Early Warning Centre (ITEWC) is situated at the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) in Hyderabad. ITEWC provides tsunami advisories to stakeholders. Public Awareness and Education: INCOIS, in collaboration with the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), conducts mock drills and organizes workshops/trainings on tsunami awareness and preparedness. Enhancing Community Preparedness: INCOIS coordinates the implementation of the UNESCO-IOC “Tsunami Ready” initiative to enhance community preparedness. Villages like Venkatraipur and Noliasahi in Odisha have been recognized as Tsunami-ready communities by UNESCO-IOC, making India the first country in the Indian Ocean region to achieve this distinction. Software and Multimode Dissemination: INCOIS has the necessary software for monitoring earthquakes and multimode dissemination of early tsunami warnings. The Decision Support System software automatically generates and disseminates warnings, integrating with the NDMA Common Alert Protocol (CAP) system. INCOIS has developed the “SAMUDRA” mobile application for effective access to marine users for ocean data resources and advisories.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 19 November 2024

Content: Manipur as a case for imposing Article 356 No ‘X factor’ — reconciling freedom and accountability Twin negligence This time for Africa Manipur as a case for imposing Article 356 Article 356 and the Failure of State Machinery Manipur violence has been ongoing since May 2023, showing a law and order breakdown, suggesting Article 356 intervention. Between May 3 and November 11, 2024, more than 250 people were killed and over a lakh people were displaced from their homes in the ethnic violence. Article 356 allows the President of India to take over a state’s administration if it can’t function according to the Constitution. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar argued that Article 356 was necessary for such emergencies when the state government fails. Relevance: GS 2( Polity ), GS 3 (Internal Security ) Practice Question: Explain the Manipur crisis and discuss how Article 356 can act as a potential solution. (150 marks) Why Manipur’s Situation is Unique Unlike other regions like Nagaland or Jammu & Kashmir, violence in Manipur involves ordinary civilians, not just insurgents. Common people acting as both victims and forced participants in the violence, which is unusual compared to typical insurgencies. The government’s hesitation to act efficiently has drawn criticism for not prioritising peace and stability. Constituent Assembly Views on Article 356 Support: Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar: It is the duty of the central government to step in if a state’s Constitution fails. K. Santhanam: Article 356 is crucial to prevent chaos during state breakdowns. Opposition: H.V. Kamath: Called it a “constitutional crime,” warning it could lead to excessive central interference. Despite the debates, the Article was included to address severe emergencies. Role of the Supreme Court and Its Limitations In May 2023, the Supreme Court ordered the government to restore peace, but violence continued despite multiple hearings. July 2023 saw the Court express deep concern over a high-profile incident involving women, highlighting the failure to protect fundamental rights. The ongoing violence suggests a gap between judicial directives and actual enforcement. Need for immediate Presidential Intervention Dr. Ambedkar emphasised centres’ responsibility when a state’s governance collapses. Presidential Intervention is potential step to stop further violence and restore constitutional order. No ‘X factor’ — Reconciling Freedom and Accountability Relevance : GS 2(Polity ) , GS 4 (Ethics ) Practice Question: Discuss the implications of major news organizations like The Guardian leaving social media platforms like X in the Indian context. (150 words ) Who is The Guardian?: The Guardian is a well-known British newspaper with a long history of journalism. Why They Left: They decided to leave X (formerly Twitter) because of the disturbing content on the platform, including far-right conspiracy theories and racism. Impact of U.S. Election: The U.S. presidential election campaign highlighted the platform’s toxicity and its influence on political discourse. Not Alone: Other major news organizations like NPR and PBS also left X in 2023, protesting the platform’s labelling of them as “government-funded media.” CCDH’s Concerns: The Center for Countering Digital Hate left X due to concerns about the platform’s revised terms of service. These changes could potentially hinder the organization’s ability to fight legal battles against harmful content. Financial Strain on Legacy Media: Traditional media outlets are facing financial difficulties, while social media platforms continue to grow and grow. The Importance of Reliable Information: Accurate information is crucial for a healthy democracy. Legacy media plays a vital role in providing credible news, while social media often spreads misinformation. Impact of X on Mainstream Media: A study by Julia Cagé suggests that X can influence mainstream media, potentially leading to biased or inaccurate reporting. A Step Towards Accountability: The Guardian’s decision to leave X could be a positive step towards restoring accountability and promoting a more responsible information ecosystem. Twin Negligence Context: A fire in the neonatal unit of Jhansi’s Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College on November 15, 2023, killed 10 newborns due to an electrical short-circuit and overcrowded conditions. Relevance: GS 2 (Health ) Practice Question: Discuss the importance of fire safety in healthcare buildings and suggest key measures to prevent tragedies like the one in Jhansi. (250 words) Neglect of Fire Safety and Healthcare The tragedy highlights the fatal consequences of neglecting fire safety and healthcare in government planning and budgeting. Overcrowding in Neonatal Care The neonatal intensive care unit was operating at nearly three times its capacity, with 49 babies for incubators meant for 18, reflecting poor infrastructure and resource management in the healthcare system. Healthcare System Strain The doctor-patient ratio in Uttar Pradesh (1:2,158) is well below the WHO standard (1:1,000), showing a severe shortage of medical professionals and contributing to poor healthcare delivery. Hospital’s Poor Infrastructure The Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College has dilapidated facilities despite serving Bundelkhand, a region with limited healthcare access, indicating chronic underinvestment in public health infrastructure. Fire Safety Failures Preliminary reports suggest electrical short-circuit as the cause of the fire, exacerbated by oxygen cylinders. This points to the failure to meet fire safety norms, as short-circuit-induced fires are common in Uttar Pradesh. Chronic Underfunding of Public Health The allocation for healthcare in the Union Budget (2.2% in FY2022, 1.75% in FY2023) is far below the global average and significantly lower than peer countries like Brazil and South Africa, which allocate a much higher percentage of their GDP to healthcare. Lack of Fire Services and Infrastructure India’s fire safety services are underdeveloped, with insufficient coverage and response capacity, contributing to the frequency of such tragedies. Broader Indifference The tragedy is not just a failure of the Jhansi hospital, but a broader systemic issue involving indifference to public health and fire safety, leading to preventable deaths and infrastructure collapse. Conclusion A combination of overcrowded healthcare facilities, poor infrastructure, insufficient funding, and failure to enforce fire safety regulations led to the Jhansi tragedy. Steps need to be taken to ensure safety. This time for Africa Relevance: GS 2 (International Relations ) Practice Question: Explain the impacts of enhanced cooperation between India and Global South countries. Suggest key measures to enhance relations in the dimensions of economy and climate change. (250 words ) India’s Global South Commitment: Prime Minister’s Visits to Nigeria, Brazil, and Guyana reflect India’s commitment to strengthening ties with the Global South and developing strategic partnerships. India-Nigeria Relations: Historical Friendship: India and Nigeria share a long history of cooperation, including India’s help post-Nigeria’s independence Economic Ties: Over 200 Indian companies have invested $27 billion in sectors like pharma, agriculture, and energy. Key Challenges for India’s Global South Engagement: India’s leadership in South-South cooperation is often criticized for lack of follow-through. India’s VoGS (Voice of the Global South) conference had low participation and needs better engagement to make an impact. Need for Key Forums: The India-Africa Forum Summit is overdue and should be held soon to revitalize relations with Africa. India must match its rhetoric with action, showing consistent presence and influence across developing nations. Conclusion : India must take proactive steps in food, energy, and health security discussions and align its actions with the Global South’s challenges.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 19 November 2024

CONTENTS State Finance Commission Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Agriculture DRDO Successfully Tests Long-Range Hypersonic Missile in India Epilepsy King Cobra Leucism State Finance Commission Context: According to the Ministry of Panchayati Raj, all states, except Arunachal Pradesh have constituted State Finance Commissions (SFCs).  Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: State Finance Commissions (SFCs) Importance of State Finance Commissions Challenges Faced by State Finance Commissions (SFCs) State Finance Commissions (SFCs) Constitutional Basis and Establishment Constitutional Provision: Established under Article 243-I of the Indian Constitution, State Finance Commissions (SFCs) are mandated to be set up by the Governor of each state. Frequency of Constitution: SFCs are required to be constituted every five years following the enactment of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992. Role and Responsibilities Primary Function: The central role of SFCs is to recommend how financial resources should be distributed between the state governments and their respective local bodies, including both Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and urban local bodies (ULBs). Evaluation of Financial Needs: SFCs assess the financial requirements and potentials of local bodies, ensuring that resources are allocated fairly and effectively to meet local governance needs. Current Status and Recommendations Implementation Issues: Despite the constitutional mandate, many states lag in constituting their SFCs regularly. As per the 15th Finance Commission (2021-26), only nine states had constituted their 6th SFC as due in 2019-20, with others stuck at the 2nd or 3rd. 15th Finance Commission’s Directives: It has been recommended that states not only establish SFCs and implement their recommendations but also submit action reports to their legislatures. Non-compliance could result in withholding of certain grants. Importance of State Finance Commissions Ensuring Financial Health and Autonomy of Local Bodies Constitutional Mandate: The regular and timely establishment of SFCs is not just a procedural formality but a crucial element for maintaining the financial health and autonomy of local bodies. Fair Allocation of State Revenues: SFCs play a key role in ensuring that state revenues are equitably distributed among various local government tiers, thereby enhancing their financial capabilities. Complementing Union Finance Commissions Integration with National Policies: SFCs complement the allocations made by the Union Finance Commission, which distributes central funds among states and local bodies, ensuring a cohesive financial governance structure across national and local levels. Improving Local Governance Service Delivery Improvement: By recommending fiscal measures and resource allocations, SFCs empower local governments to enhance their service delivery, making them more responsive to the needs of citizens. Performance-based Evaluation Systems: SFCs can introduce mechanisms that incentivize better governance practices at the local level through a system of rewards and penalties. Bridging Functional and Financial Gaps Addressing Unfunded Mandates: Local bodies often face challenges due to unfunded mandates where responsibilities are not matched by adequate financial resources. SFCs help address these disparities by recommending appropriate financial devolution. Streamlining Fiscal Transfers: Effective recommendations from SFCs can improve the predictability and stability of funding for local bodies, reducing volatility and enhancing fiscal management. Empowering Local Representatives Decentralization of Power: Beyond fiscal matters, the role of SFCs is pivotal in empowering local elected officials, such as municipal councillors and panchayat pradhans, by ensuring they have the necessary resources to fulfill their roles effectively. Challenges Faced by State Finance Commissions (SFCs) State governments frequently exhibit reluctance to delegate full authority and resources to local bodies as prescribed by the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments. SFCs often have to build their data from the ground up due to the absence of accessible and structured information, which diminishes their efficiency. The leadership of many SFCs often consists of bureaucrats or politicians rather than specialists in public finance or related fields. The lack of skilled technocrats in SFCs compromises the dependability and effectiveness of their recommendations, thereby weakening their influence. States commonly neglect to present Action Taken Reports (ATRs) in the legislative assembly following SFC recommendations, leading to a lack of transparency and accountability. There is a consistent trend of states disregarding the recommendations of SFCs, which diminishes the SFCs’ role in developing fiscal policies for local governance. Observers point out that urban local bodies are frequently overlooked, with minimal political awareness and inadequate public involvement, negatively impacting fiscal decentralization. -Source: The Hindu Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Agriculture Context: With increasing contributions, the focus is on how Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can support Indian agriculture to become both economically viable and ecologically sustainable.  Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: The Need for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Agriculture How CSR Can Transform Agriculture Challenges in CSR Implementation in Agriculture About Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) The Need for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Agriculture Context and Challenges Dependency on Agriculture: Nearly 47% of India’s workforce is employed in agriculture, highlighting its critical role in the economy. The sector supports over 70% of rural households, with a majority being small and marginal farmers who face significant challenges. Access to Resources: Many farmers struggle with high interest rates and limited access to formal credit sources, which hampers their ability to invest in necessary inputs like seeds, equipment, and fertilizers. Infrastructure Deficiencies: Inadequate rural infrastructure, including storage, transportation, and irrigation systems, often leads to post-harvest losses, inefficient supply chains, and reduced market access. Environmental and Operational Challenges: Unpredictable weather patterns, poor irrigation practices, and overuse of chemicals contribute to soil degradation, water scarcity, and increased vulnerability to natural disasters. How CSR Can Transform Agriculture Technological Integration Precision Agriculture: CSR programs can facilitate the adoption of advanced technologies such as sensors, drones, GPS, and data analytics. These tools can help farmers optimize irrigation, fertilization, and pest control, enhancing crop health and sustainability. Financial Support Affordable Financing: Collaborations between companies and financial institutions can provide farmers with low-interest loans and subsidies, improving their access to essential agricultural inputs and services. Sustainable Practices Renewable Energy: CSR initiatives can promote the use of renewable energy sources in farming operations, such as solar power, wind energy, and biogas. This shift not only supports sustainable agriculture but also reduces the carbon footprint of farming activities. Biotechnological Advancements Biotechnology and GMOs: Supporting the development of biotechnology and genetically modified organisms can make crops more resistant to pests and diseases, enhance stress tolerance, boost yields, reduce dependency on pesticides, and improve overall food security. Capacity Building Skill Development: Providing farmers with access to knowledge and skill-building programs can equip them with modern farming techniques. This empowerment enables them to enhance productivity, minimize risks, and adopt more efficient farming practices. Market Linkages Value Chain Integration: CSR can help create and strengthen market linkages for farmers, ensuring they receive fair prices for their products and gain access to broader, more lucrative markets. This integration is crucial for improving the economic stability of farming communities. Challenges in CSR Implementation in Agriculture Lack of Clear Definition and Scope Ambiguous Demarcation: CSR activities related to agriculture often lack clear definitions and well-defined objectives, making it challenging to align and execute these initiatives effectively. Broad Legal Framework: Under Schedule VII of the Companies Act, 2013, agricultural sustainability activities could fit into multiple development sectors, such as gender equality, poverty alleviation, technology incubators, and animal welfare, adding to the complexity of categorization and focus. Focus on Short-Term Goals Short-Term Orientation: Many CSR programs are designed to achieve quick results, whereas agriculture benefits from long-term investments and continuous support to achieve significant and sustainable outcomes. Measurement Challenges Difficulties in Impact Assessment: The social impact of CSR initiatives in agriculture, especially in rural settings, is often hard to quantify. Metrics like improvements in farmers’ incomes or enhancements in livelihoods and well-being due to CSR activities can be subjective and difficult to measure accurately. Integration with Business Strategies Business Alignment Challenges: Companies may find it challenging to integrate CSR strategies in agriculture with their core business strategies, particularly if there is no direct linkage or benefit. For example, cosmetic companies might see little incentive to invest in farming practices. Resource Allocation Competition for CSR Funds: Agriculture often receives less focus as CSR funding is predominantly directed towards education and health sectors. Diversion of Funds: Significant CSR funds are sometimes redirected to broader purposes like the PM CARES Fund, which can reduce the availability of funds for specific sectors like agriculture. Focus and Implementation Issues Narrow Focus: CSR initiatives may target isolated aspects of agriculture, such as providing training or technology, without addressing broader challenges like climate change, market access, or financing. Partnering Difficulties: Finding NGOs in rural areas that align with specific CSR objectives can be challenging, complicating the implementation of projects. Geographic Disparities in Funding: A significant portion of CSR funds is often allocated to more industrialized states such as Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu, leaving less-developed regions with fewer resources. Strategic Misalignment: Companies may prefer to channel their CSR efforts into regions where they have existing operations or stronger ties, rather than strategically allocating resources to areas with greater needs. About Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) The term “Corporate Social Responsibility” in general can be referred to as a corporate initiative to assess and take responsibility for the company’s effects on the environment and impact on social welfare. Section 135 of the Companies Act mandates corporates who are beyond a certain level of profits and turnover to pay at least 2% of their net profits before tax to the development space. India is the first country in the world to mandate CSR spending along with a framework to identify potential CSR activities. The indicative activities, which can be undertaken by a company under CSR, have been specified under Schedule VII of the Act. The activities include: Eradicating extreme hunger and poverty, Promotion of education, gender equality and empowering women, Combating Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and other diseases, Ensuring environmental sustainability; Contribution to the Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund or any other fund set up by the Central Government for socio-economic development and relief and funds for the welfare of the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes, other backward classes, minorities and women etc. How is the CSR law helping? Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) grants, which wouldn’t necessarily have flowed had it not been for the CSR law, have assumed importance to provide the much-needed sustenance to NGOs and CSOs as key players in non-state governance. This law gives corporates the necessary impetus to collaborate with non-state actors like Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Civil Society Organisations (CSOs). This strengthening of citizenry-private partnerships is a major component of development activities and this is a classic case of state-driven governance mechanism promoting collaboration among non-state actors. -Source: The Hindu DRDO Successfully Tests Long-Range Hypersonic Missile in India Context: India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has achieved a significant milestone by successfully flight-testing a long-range hypersonic missile off the coast of Odisha on November 17. This advanced missile, capable of carrying various payloads over distances greater than 1,500 km, marks a major advancement for the Indian Armed Forces. The missile has been indigenously developed by the laboratories of the Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Missile Complex in Hyderabad, in collaboration with other DRDO labs and industry partners, showcasing India’s growing capabilities in high-speed weaponry technology. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Hypersonic Missiles India’s Hypersonic Missile Development Hypersonic Missiles Definition and Characteristics Speed and Agility: Hypersonic missiles are defined by their ability to travel faster than five times the speed of sound, which is approximately 760 miles (1,220 km) per hour at sea level. This classifies them at speeds beyond Mach 5. Maneuverability and Trajectory: Unlike ballistic missiles, hypersonic weapons do not follow a predetermined, arched trajectory and can maneuver en route to their target, making them difficult for traditional missile defense systems to detect and intercept. Types of Hypersonic Weapons Hypersonic Glide Vehicles (HGVs): These are launched from rockets and then glide to their targets, leveraging high speeds to overcome defensive measures. Hypersonic Cruise Missiles (HCMs): Powered by high-speed air-breathing engines, known as scramjets, these missiles maintain propulsion throughout their flight. Advantages Responsive Strike Capability: Hypersonic missiles can quickly reach and neutralize distant, defended, or time-sensitive targets effectively. Conventional Use: They rely on kinetic energy for destruction, suitable for striking unhardened or underground facilities without the need for explosive payloads. Detection Challenges: Flying at lower altitudes than ballistic missiles, they are difficult to track with certain ground-based radar systems. Engineering Challenges Heat and Air Resistance: The extreme speeds generate significant heat and air resistance, presenting substantial material and design challenges. Precision and Maneuverability: The high velocities require exceptionally precise mechanisms for maneuvering and guidance. Communication: High speeds complicate maintaining effective communication with ground operators. Development Costs: They are significantly more expensive to develop compared to traditional ballistic missiles. Global Developments Russia and China: Both countries are leaders in hypersonic technology, with Russia having actively deployed such systems in military operations. United States: Continues to advance its hypersonic capabilities, including significant investments like the $756 million contract awarded to Lockheed Martin for developing the Long Range Hypersonic Weapon (LRHW). Other Nations: France, Germany, Australia, Japan, Iran, and Israel are also investing in developing hypersonic technology. India’s Hypersonic Missile Development Progress and Milestones Early Challenges: India faced setbacks such as the 2019 failure of the Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV). Successful Tests: Achievements include a successful test in 2020 where a scramjet-powered vehicle reached Mach 6. Ongoing Development: India plans further trials to enhance the duration and reliability of its hypersonic technology before eventual deployment. Recent Achievements First Hypersonic Missile Test: Marking a significant milestone, India successfully tested its first long-range hypersonic missile capable of executing mid-flight maneuvers and traveling at speeds of Mach 6. Technical Capabilities: The missile boasts advanced speed, maneuverability, and a range exceeding 1,500 km, enhancing the strategic capabilities of the Indian armed forces. Future Implications Strategic Impact: The development of hypersonic missiles significantly boosts India’s defense capabilities, offering new avenues for deterrence and combat readiness. BrahMos Hypersonic Variant: Considerations for developing a hypersonic variant of the existing BrahMos missile indicate ongoing efforts to expand India’s arsenal with cutting-edge technology. -Source: Indian Express Epilepsy Context: National Epilepsy Day is marked every year in India on November 17 to raise awareness about the disease, the struggles associated with it, and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. Relevance: GS II: Health Overview of Epilepsy Epilepsy, commonly referred to as a seizure disorder, is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures. These seizures are the result of excessive electrical discharges in a group of brain cells. Different parts of the brain can be the site of such discharges, leading to varied types of seizures. Characteristics of Seizures During a seizure, numerous neurons may fire at the same time, significantly faster than normal, leading to various symptoms. These can include involuntary movements, altered sensations, unusual emotions, and behaviors, or an altered level of consciousness. Post-seizure recovery can vary; some individuals may recover immediately, while others might take hours to feel normal again. Causes of Epilepsy In about 50% of cases, the exact cause of epilepsy remains unknown. For other individuals, epilepsy can be traced to genetic factors, brain developmental anomalies, infections, traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, brain tumors, and other conditions. Symptoms Variation Seizure manifestations can differ greatly; some individuals lose awareness during a seizure, while others may not. Common physical manifestations include blank staring, convulsions, or other involuntary movements. Diagnosis Epilepsy is typically diagnosed after an individual has experienced at least two unprovoked seizures, spaced more than 24 hours apart. Experiencing one seizure does not necessarily mean an individual has epilepsy. Demographics Epilepsy affects approximately 50 million people globally, making it one of the most common neurological diseases. It can develop in any person, regardless of gender, ethnic background, or age. Treatment Options Medication and Surgery: While many individuals manage their condition with medication, some may require surgery to control seizures. Long-Term Management: Treatment needs can vary; some people may need lifelong treatment, whereas others might see an improvement or resolution of symptoms over time. Pediatric Considerations: Certain forms of epilepsy in children may improve or resolve with age. -Source: The Hindu King Cobra Context: In ground-breaking research, well-known wildlife biologist from Agumbe has proved that king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) the longest venomous snake in the world, has four different species. Relevance: GS III: Species in News King Cobra Scientific Classification and Description The king cobra was named Ophiophagus hannah by Theodore Edward Cantor in 1836. The genus name Ophiophagus translates to “snake-eater,” reflecting its diet. King cobras are distinguished from other cobras by the presence of 11 large scales on the crown of their head. They are the world’s largest venomous snake. Behavior and Ecology Primarily preys on other snakes, making it a specialized hunter. Its active hunting behavior occurs both during the day and at night. Capable of delivering a significant amount of neurotoxic venom in a single bite—enough to kill up to 10 people or even an elephant. The venom affects the respiratory centers in the brain, leading to respiratory arrest and potential cardiac failure. Notable for being the only snake species to build nests for their eggs, which are aggressively guarded by the female. The nest dimensions are typically about 4 feet by 3 feet. Species Differentiation Recent studies have identified four distinct species of king cobras: Ophiophagus kaalinga: Found in the Western Ghats of southwestern India; characterized by having fewer than 40 bands on its body. Ophiophagus hannah: Widespread across northern and eastern India, the Andaman Islands, eastern Pakistan, Indo-Burma, Indo-China, and Thailand, with 50 to 70 bands. Ophiophagus bungarus: Inhabits the Malay Peninsula, the Greater Sunda Islands, and parts of the southern Philippines, featuring more than 70 bands. Ophiophagus salvatana: Native to Luzon in the northern Philippines, this species lacks bands. Conservation Status IUCN: Listed as Vulnerable, indicating it faces a high risk of extinction in the wild. CITES: Included in Appendix II, suggesting that although not necessarily threatened with extinction, the species must be controlled in trade to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival. Threats Habitat Destruction: Loss of forest habitats due to logging, agricultural expansion, and urban development significantly impacts their survival. Exploitation: King cobras are threatened by hunting for their skin, use in traditional medicines, consumption as food, and international pet trade. -Source: The Hindu Leucism Context: Tamil Nadu Forest Department staff and members of a non-governmental organisation recently rescued a rare peacock with white feathers, caused by a genetic condition called leucism. Relevance: GS III: Species in News Leucism Leucism is a condition characterized by reduced pigmentation in various animals, including birds, mammals, and reptiles. It results from a genetic mutation that prevents melanin and other pigments from being properly deposited in feathers, hair, or skin. This condition can manifest as overall paleness or as patches of reduced coloring across the body. Characteristics in Birds Feather Pigmentation: In birds, leucism is observed specifically in the feathers. Affected birds may exhibit white patches in areas typically colored, or their entire plumage might appear pale or as if it has been bleached. Normal Body Pigmentation: Unlike albinism, leucism does not affect the pigmentation of the skin, eyes, or other non-feather parts of birds. Albinism vs. Leucism Albinism Genetic Mutation: Albinism is caused by a mutation that leads to absent or significantly reduced melanin production. Physical Appearance: Albinos typically have white or pinkish skin and hair due to the lack of melanin. Their eyes usually appear red because the blood vessels are visible through the translucent iris. Total Pigmentation Loss: This condition involves a complete loss of pigmentation throughout the body, including the eyes, which distinguishes it markedly from leucism. Leucism Partial Pigmentation Loss: Leucism involves only a partial loss of melanin production or its distribution. This can lead to white or patchy-colored skin, hair, and feathers. Normal Eye Coloration: The eyes of leucistic animals usually retain normal pigmentation, which helps differentiate it from albinism. Similarly, the pigmentation of other body parts like legs and bills in birds remains unaffected. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 18 November 2024

CONTENTS Partnerships for Accelerated Innovation and Research (PAIR) Initiative Unified Complex Radio Antenna Partnerships for Accelerated Innovation and Research (PAIR) Initiative Context: The Centre recently launched an initiative called Partnerships for Accelerated Innovation and Research (PAIR) to support research in universities, especially central and state public universities. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Partnerships for Accelerated Innovation and Research (PAIR) Initiative Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) Partnerships for Accelerated Innovation and Research (PAIR) Initiative Introduction The Partnerships for Accelerated Innovation and Research (PAIR) Initiative is spearheaded by the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF). It aims to stimulate scientific innovation and enhance the research capabilities of emerging institutions through strategic collaborations with established institutions. Objectives Stimulate Innovation: PAIR seeks to invigorate scientific innovation in institutions with limited research capacities by adopting a mentorship approach, utilizing the knowledge and resources of top-tier institutions. Support Internationally Competitive Research: The initiative focuses on supporting research activities that can compete on an international scale and have a substantial impact. Foster Collaborative Networks: PAIR aims to establish productive and successful collaborations between diverse educational institutions. Advance Institutional Capabilities: The initiative will help institutions upscale their research infrastructure, improve the quality of research, and integrate best practices and a strong research culture. Methodology Mentorship-Driven Model: Aligned with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, PAIR operates on a mentorship-driven hub and spoke model where ‘hub’ institutions guide ‘spoke’ institutions. Hub Institutions: Include the top 25 institutions from the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) and Institutions of National Importance within the top 50 NIRF ranking. Spoke Institutions: Comprise central and state public universities, selected NITs, and IIITs. Phased Implementation: Initially, eligibility is limited to top-ranking institutions and selected universities. The scope will expand in subsequent phases to include more diverse institutions. Participation and Eligibility Network Composition: Each PAIR network will consist of one hub and up to seven spoke institutions. Proposal Submission: Only one proposal per hub is allowed, involving multi-departmental faculty teams from spoke institutions. Ensuring Diversity: The initiative ensures regional diversity among participating institutions to foster a widespread research ecosystem. Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) Overview Establishment: The ANRF was established under the ANRF 2023 Act, incorporating the former Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB). Aim: ANRF is designed to seed, grow, and promote R&D, fostering a vibrant culture of research and innovation across India’s academic and research landscapes. Functions Strategic Direction: As an apex body, ANRF provides high-level strategic direction for scientific research in India, guided by the recommendations of the NEP. Collaborations: It facilitates collaborations among industry, academia, and government, creating interfaces for industry and state government participation alongside scientific ministries. Unified Complex Radio Antenna Context: India and Japan recently signed a Memorandum of Implementation (MoI) for the “co-development” of the UNICORN (Unified Complex Radio Antenna) mast for deployment on Indian Navy ships. Relevance: Facts for Prelims India’s First Military Technology Transfer Pact with Japan Background Strategic Partnership: The technology transfer pact between India and Japan marks a significant milestone in the strategic relationship between the two nations. This pact is India’s first military technology transfer agreement with Japan, coming nine years after the initial agreement on the “transfer of defence equipment and technology” was signed to deepen strategic ties. Technological Interest: Among the key technologies of interest under this pact, the stealth mast, specifically the Unified Complex Radio Antenna (UNICORN), is a primary focus for the Indian Navy, alongside other strategic technologies such as the US-2 amphibian aircraft. Details about Unified Complex Radio Antenna (UNICORN) Development and Features Integration and Stealth: The UNICORN is an advanced integrated antenna system developed jointly by three Japanese companies—NEC Corporation, Sampa Kogyo K.K., and The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd. This system is featured on Japan’s Mogami-class frigates and is designed to enhance the stealth capabilities of naval ships. Structure: Unlike conventional masts that have multiple antennas attached at various points, UNICORN consolidates these antennas into a single structure within a radar dome, known as a radome. This consolidation significantly reduces the ship’s cross-section, enhancing its stealth characteristics by minimizing the electronic signatures that are detectable by enemy radar. Operational Advantages: Enhanced Detection: The optimal placement of antennas within the radome improves the maximum detection distance of radio waves, enhancing the ship’s operational capabilities. Simplified Maintenance: By consolidating various antennas into a single unit, the UNICORN simplifies maintenance and installation processes, reducing the time and resources needed for these activities. Strategic Implications Stealth Efficiency: The integration of UNICORN into naval platforms plays a crucial role in modern naval warfare, where stealth and electronic warfare capabilities are paramount. The reduced electronic signature allows ships to operate more covertly, increasing their survivability and effectiveness in hostile environments. Bilateral Cooperation: The adoption of this technology underlines the deepening military and strategic cooperation between India and Japan. It not only enhances the capabilities of the Indian Navy but also strengthens the defense technological base of India, contributing to self-reliance in defense manufacturing

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 18 November 2024

Contents: Growing epidemic Two cheers for the top court’s ‘bulldozer’ judgment The ‘new’ Justitia and reimagining justice Growing Epidemic Context: Global Diabetes Epidemic Diabetes definition: A chronic condition where the body can’t properly process glucose, leading to high blood sugar levels. Types of Diabetes : Type 1: Autoimmune disorder; the body attacks insulin-producing cells. Requires insulin therapy. Type 2: The body resists insulin or doesn’t produce enough. Managed with lifestyle changes and medication. Gestational: Develops during pregnancy, increasing future risk of type 2 diabetes. Rapid Growth: The number of people with diabetes has quadrupled from 200 million in 1990 to over 800 million in 2022 due to multiple factors. Rising Prevalence: The global rate of diabetes in adults has doubled, from 7% in 1990 to 14% in 2022, heading towards a health crisis. Regional Hotspots: Asia is turning into a diabetes hotspot, with India leading the world with 212 million people, followed by China with 148 million. Relevance: GS 2 ( Health ) Practice Question: How diabetes is becoming a global epidemic? Discuss its causes and effects, with a special focus on India. ( 250 words ) India’s Diabetes Fight: India hasthe highest untreated diabetes cases in the world with over 133 million people aged 30 and above. Better Diagnosis: More people are being diagnosed thanks to updated criteria, including tests for fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c (long-term blood sugar levels). Contributing Factors: Unhealthy diets, lack of exercise, and widespread tobacco use are major drivers of this rise in cases. The Role of Tobacco Higher Risk: Smoking increases the risk of developing diabetes by 30%-40%. How It Works: Nicotine damages insulin production and worsens insulin resistance, making it harder for the body to manage blood sugar. Big Impact: Quitting smoking can dramatically lower the risk of both diabetes and related health issues like heart disease. WHO Targets for 2030 Diagnosis Goals: The WHO aims for 80% of people with diabetes to be diagnosed. Control Goals: 80% of diagnosed individuals should have good control over their blood sugar. Challenges in India: India needs to urgently scale up both diagnosis and treatment to meet these targets Conclusion Diabetes is a serious issue; it should be handled with coordinated action and collaborative efforts. More focus should be given to testing and awareness generation through the promotion of schemes like Fit-India. Two Cheers For The Top Court’s ‘Bulldozer’ Judgment Context: The Supreme Court of India has condemned the practice of demolishing the homes of individuals accused of crimes without due process, ruling that such demolitions are illegal and must follow the rule of law. Relevance : GS 2( Governance ) Practice Question: Discuss the role of the Judiciary in checking arbitrary actions of the Executive, with a special focus on rulings against illegal demolitions. (150 words) Key Issues Delay in Action: The Court responded three years after demolitions began, raising concerns about timely justice. Redress for Past Demolitions: The judgment held state officials accountable, but it remains unclear if victims will receive compensation or justice. State’s Dual Stance Public Celebrations: Politicians and public figures often praised these demolitions as a form of instant justice, presenting them as swift actions to punish wrongdoers. State’s Justifications:In court, demolitions were explained as actions against “illegal” construction, not punishments, showing a conflict between political claims and legal arguments. Judgment Analysis Guidelines for Transparency and Due Process: The Supreme Court introduced a set of guidelines aimed at ensuring fairness in demolitions. These include: Providing notice and time for the affected individuals to respond. Ensuring personal hearings and the right to appeal. Demolition decisions must be proportional, meaning they should not be excessive or arbitrary. Concerns and Future Steps Vulnerable Populations: The ruling excluded some structures on public land from due process protections, potentially leaving marginalized communities more at risk of demolition. Implementation: The effectiveness of these guidelines depends on how well courts and authorities enforce them. Without proper enforcement, demolitions could continue under the pretence of legality. Conclusion The Supreme Court has upheld the rule of law once again by checking arbitrary action by the executives. Now focus should be on efficient enforcement and compensating past victims. The ‘new’ Justitia and Reimagining Justice Introduction : New Statue: The Supreme Court of India unveiled a six-foot statue of Justitia in October 2024. Description: The statue is a sari-clad, goddess-like without a blindfold, holding scales and the Indian Constitution. Significance: Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud stated it signifies that “Law is not blind; it sees everyone equally.” Relevance: GS 2 (Judiciary ) Practice Question: Discuss the significance of the new Justitia statue unveiled by the Supreme Court of India in October 2024 and its impact on public perception of justice. (250 Words ) Historical Context Historical Presence: Open-eyed Justitia has historical precedent in Roman, Greek, and Egyptian cultures. Evolution of the Blindfold: The blindfold appeared in the late 15th century, originally seen as a negative attribute but later as a symbol of impartiality. Current Interpretation and Debate Symbolism Questioned: The statue’s design raises questions about whether open-eyed justice truly represents equality and transparency. Inspiration: Likely inspired by a mural within the Supreme Court, depicting a goddess in a similar style. Public Perception : Positive Impacts: Enhanced Trust: Symbol of transparency and impartiality. Increased Awareness: Highlights the judiciary’s importance and role. Improved Understanding: Promotes understanding of justice principles. Public Empowerment: Inspires participation and accountability. Negative Impacts: Misinterpretation: Potential for misinterpretation as biased or subjective. Unrealistic Expectations: Might raise unrealistic expectations. Disillusionment: This could lead to disillusionment if ideals aren’t met. Visual Art and Justice Role of Visual Representation: Emphasises the need for inclusive approaches in representing justice. Reimagining Justice: Proposes presenting justice through themes of protest, resistance, and lived experience to promote feminist, anti-caste, and secular values. Conclusion Reducing case burdens on the courts should be prioritised by promoting alternative dispute mechanisms to ensure justice is visible as well as accessible.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 November 2024

CONTENTS India Enhances Pension Management with Digital Life Certificate Campaign Carbon Credit Mechanism CAG Report Highlights Critical Issues in Urban Local Bodies Across 18 States Senna Tora Plant Bodoland Mahotsav Scarlet Tanager India Enhances Pension Management with Digital Life Certificate Campaign Context: The Department of Pension and Pensioners’ Welfare (DoPPW) is conducting its third annual Digital Life Certificate (DLC) campaign from November 1 to 30, aimed at facilitating the submission process for pensioners. Since 2014, retirees from government, defense, railways, public sector undertakings, and educational institutions have been required to submit a life certificate each November to continue receiving their pensions. With the Jeevan Pramaan system, pensioners can submit their life certificates online, avoiding the need to physically visit banks or post offices. For those who prefer traditional methods, the option to submit physical certificates at banks or post offices remains available. This campaign includes 1,900 camps across the country to assist pensioners in this digital transition, enhancing convenience and accessibility. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Jeevan Pramaan Initiative Digital Life Certificates (DLCs) Generation Campaign Takeaways Conclusion Jeevan Pramaan Initiative Introduction and Purpose: Jeevan Pramaan is a digital life certificate initiative launched by the Government of India in 2014, designed to streamline the process for pensioners to submit their life certificates. Managed by the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances, and Pensions through the Department of Pension and Pensioners’ Welfare (DoPPW), the initiative significantly eases the annual verification process required for pensioners to continue receiving their pensions. Key Features: Convenience: Allows pensioners to submit life certificates from any location, leveraging digital technology to avoid physical visits to pension-disbursing authorities. Digital Access: Direct submission of certificates to pension-disbursing authorities through a digital platform, enhancing efficiency and reducing potential delays. Wide Reach: Available at various accessible points including banks, post offices, and through biometric devices equipped for this purpose. Annual Campaigns: Dedicated campaigns, typically in November, include setting up camps to assist pensioners in generating Digital Life Certificates (DLCs). Challenges in Implementation Access Issues: Pensioners in rural or remote areas often face challenges due to limited digital literacy or lack of internet connectivity, hindering their ability to use the digital service. Technical Difficulties: Biometric authentication, particularly fingerprint recognition, can fail due to age-related degradation of biometric markers. Awareness: Some pensioners remain unaware of the digital system and continue to rely on physical submissions, indicating a need for enhanced outreach and education about the system. Pensioner Demographics and Participation Statistics: As of March 31, 2024, India has 64.88 crore central government pensioners, including civilians, defence personnel, railway employees, telecom, and postal workers. During the previous year’s DLC campaign, 1.47 crore certificates were generated, demonstrating widespread participation and the effectiveness of the initiative. Digital Life Certificates (DLCs) Generation Authentication Methods: The Jeevan Pramaan portal utilizes Aadhaar for biometric authentication, and since 2021, face authentication has been introduced as an alternative. Pensioners need to have their Aadhaar linked with a mobile number and registered with the pension disbursing authority to generate a DLC. Campaign and Outreach: Organized camps in 800 cities across India and at Indian missions abroad, with additional support from post offices and banks, to facilitate the generation of DLCs. Campaign Takeaways Adoption of New Technology: The adoption of face authentication has seen a significant increase, with 31.02% of pensioners opting for this method in the early days of the campaign. Statistics of DLC Generation: In just the first 11 days of the campaign, 48.10 lakh DLCs were generated, showcasing the high engagement and utility of the initiative. Demographic Breakdown: A substantial portion of DLCs were generated for pensioners aged 60-70 years, indicating active participation across various age groups. Regional Participation: The highest numbers of DLCs were generated in states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka. Conclusion The Jeevan Pramaan initiative represents a significant stride towards digital empowerment for pensioners in India, substantially reducing the need for physical interactions and ensuring timely receipt of pensions. However, addressing the challenges of access, technical issues, and awareness remains crucial for maximizing its benefits across all demographic segments. -Source: The Hindu Carbon Credit Mechanism Context: The study published in Nature journal looked at projects that together generated carbon credits worth one billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent. Under the Paris Agreement, more robust carbon trade mechanisms are being created, with some progress expected to happen at the ongoing COP29 meeting in Baku. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Summary of New Study on Carbon Trading Mechanisms Overview of Carbon Credits How the Carbon Credit Mechanism Works Types of Carbon Credit Markets Challenges and Criticisms Summary of New Study on Carbon Trading Mechanisms A new study published in the Nature journal has scrutinized the effectiveness of carbon trading mechanisms, specifically evaluating their impact on achieving real emission reductions. Conducted by researchers from both European and American institutions, the study reviewed thousands of projects that collectively generated carbon credits equivalent to one billion tonnes of carbon dioxide. Here are the key insights and findings: Effectiveness of Carbon Credits The study found that only 16% of the carbon credits analyzed were directly linked to actual emission reductions. The majority of these credits were issued under mechanisms established by the Kyoto Protocol, which has been criticized for its effectiveness and has since been succeeded by the Paris Agreement. Project Type Effectiveness Projects aimed at reducing HFC-23 emissions proved most effective, with 68% of the credits resulting in genuine emission reductions. Additionality and Integrity The concept of “additionality” is crucial, ensuring that emission reductions are a direct result of carbon credit funding and would not have occurred otherwise. However, the study highlights that many projects failed to meet this criterion, leading to the registration of non-additional projects. Recommendations Researchers recommend stricter criteria for project eligibility, focusing on projects that truly depend on carbon credit revenues. They also call for improved standards and methodologies to quantify emission reductions and ensure the credibility of carbon credits. Developments Under the Paris Agreement The carbon market mechanism is the last component of the 2015 Paris Agreement that is yet to be fully operationalized. Efforts are underway to develop more stringent frameworks for carbon trading to overcome the limitations identified with Kyoto-era mechanisms. New Mechanisms Under Development Bilateral Country-Level Trade: This mechanism allows countries that exceed their emission reduction targets to sell credits to others through direct agreements. International Carbon Market: This broader market will include multiple participants, with new institutions tasked with regulating, verifying, and authenticating credit trades. Progress at COP29 The ongoing COP29 meeting in Baku has seen the approval of two key rules related to carbon markets on its opening day, signaling progress but also indicating that substantial work is still required. These new mechanisms are designed to bolster the integrity of carbon credits and enhance their effectiveness in combating climate change. Overview of Carbon Credits Definition and Purpose A carbon credit is a permit or certificate that allows the holder to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide (CO2) or the equivalent amount of another greenhouse gas (GHG). These credits are a key element in national and international efforts to mitigate the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Generation of Carbon Credits Carbon credits are generated through activities that reduce emissions or remove CO2 from the atmosphere, including: Renewable energy projects (e.g., wind, solar) Energy efficiency initiatives Reforestation or afforestation projects Methane capture at landfills or industrial sites How the Carbon Credit Mechanism Works Regulatory Framework Governments or regulatory bodies set emission caps for industries or companies, forming the basis for the carbon credit market. Organizations emitting less than their quota can sell their surplus credits. Those exceeding their caps must buy credits to comply with regulations. Certification and Trading Projects that demonstrate measurable and verifiable GHG reductions are eligible for carbon credits, certified by bodies like the Verified Carbon Standard or the Gold Standard. Carbon credits are traded on platforms such as the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) or voluntary markets, creating financial incentives for emission reduction. Use of Carbon Credits Organizations purchase credits to offset their emissions, aiming for carbon neutrality. Types of Carbon Credit Markets Compliance Market: Legally mandated markets under international agreements (e.g., Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement) where companies must comply with emission caps. Voluntary Market: Allows entities to purchase credits voluntarily to meet CSR goals or personal commitments to sustainability. Benefits of Carbon Credits Environmental Impact: Promotes the adoption of cleaner technologies and sustainable practices. Economic Incentives: Provides financial rewards for projects that reduce emissions, fostering innovation. Flexibility: Offers cost-effective ways for industries to meet emission targets. Global Collaboration: Enhances cooperation across borders to address climate change globally. Challenges and Criticisms Verification: Ensuring credits represent genuine emission reductions can be complex. Market Stability: Fluctuations in credit prices can impact market stability. Greenwashing: Potential misuse by companies claiming environmental responsibility without substantive changes. Accessibility: Developing countries may struggle to access the resources needed to generate credits. -Source: The Hindu CAG Report Highlights Critical Issues in Urban Local Bodies Across 18 States Context: The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India has raised serious concerns about the condition of urban local bodies (ULBs) in 18 states, which serve approximately 241 million residents. According to the report, there are systemic weaknesses in financial management, staffing, and functional autonomy within these ULBs. These issues are significant as they undermine the objectives set forth by the 74th Constitutional Amendment, which aimed to strengthen the role and efficiency of ULBs in urban governance and development. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 CAG Report on Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India Recommendations for Strengthening ULBs 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 Overview The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, passed in 1992, is a significant piece of legislation that granted constitutional status to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), positioning them as fundamental units of governance in Indian cities and towns. This act aimed to enhance urban governance through a structured decentralization of authority and powers. Key Provisions Constitutional Framework: The amendment introduced Part IX-A to the Constitution, encompassing Articles 243-P to 243-ZG, which specifically address the structure and governance of municipalities. Devolution of Powers: One of the critical elements of the amendment is the mandated devolution of 18 functions to ULBs, as outlined in Schedule 12 (Article 243W). These functions include crucial areas such as urban planning, regulation of land use, water supply, public health, and sanitation. Importance of Robust ULBs Urbanization Trends: With projections indicating that 50% of India’s population will be residing in urban areas by 2050, robust urban governance systems become crucial. This demographic shift emphasizes the need for well-structured and empowered ULBs to manage the growing urbanization effectively. Role of ULBs: Empowered ULBs are essential for ensuring the economic, environmental, and democratic vibrancy of cities. They are pivotal in managing urban challenges, including infrastructure development, waste management, and environmental conservation. Additionally, ULBs can significantly influence local economic development and quality of life for urban residents. CAG Report on Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India Key Findings Incomplete Devolution of Powers: Despite the 1992 amendment intended to decentralize 18 functions to ULBs, only 4 functions have been fully devolved after 30 years. This lack of complete autonomy has been noted in 393 ULBs across 18 states including Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra, indicating a failure to fully embrace the spirit of the amendment. Financial Gaps and Dependency: ULBs exhibit a substantial financial gap, with a 42% discrepancy between resources and expenditures. Internal revenue generation is notably low, with only 32% coming from within the ULBs and the remainder dependent on Union and state government funding. Property tax, a critical revenue source, achieves only 56% of its potential collection. Limited Expenditure on Development: A mere 29% of ULB expenditures are allocated towards developmental and programmatic work, which is insufficient to support substantial urban growth and improve the quality of life. Staffing Issues: ULBs suffer from an average 37% vacancy rate in sanctioned staff positions. Additionally, ULBs in 16 states have limited or no control over their staffing, which further complicates operational efficiency. Recommendations for Strengthening ULBs Enhance Financial Autonomy: The CAG suggests granting ULBs greater control over their taxation and user charges to bolster financial independence and resource generation. Improve Revenue Collection Mechanisms: Streamlining property tax collection and other revenue sources is recommended to maximize financial resources available to ULBs. Focus on Fund Utilization: There is a critical need to ensure that funds allocated to ULBs are used effectively, particularly for development purposes to foster better urban infrastructure and services. Strengthen Decentralization: The report calls for a revival of efforts to empower ULBs both politically and administratively, fulfilling the original intentions of the 1992 constitutional amendment. Call for Collaboration: Recognizing the empowerment of ULBs as a national priority, the CAG advocates for collaboration among government, academia, and civil society. This cooperation is deemed essential for achieving meaningful progress in strengthening ULBs. -Source: Indian Express Senna tora Plant Context: The Tamil Nadu Forest Department is experimenting with the removal of a potential new species of invasive plant Senna tora that has begun emerging in parts of the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (MTR). Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Senna Tora Plant About Mudumalai Tiger Reserve Senna Tora Plant The Senna tora plant is originally from Central America. This plant can be classified as an annual, perennial, or subshrub and primarily thrives in wet tropical environments. It begins to sprout following the southwest monsoon, establishes itself in increasingly arid areas, and typically dies off by the year’s end. Senna tora serves various purposes including use as animal feed, a toxin, and a medicinal herb. It also has environmental applications and can be used as food. About Mudumalai Tiger Reserve Mudumalai Tiger Reserve is located in the Nilgiris District of Tamil Nadu state at the tri-junction of three states, viz, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. It is a part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (1st Biosphere Reserve in India) along with Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (Kerala) in the West, Bandipur National Park (Karnataka) in the North, Mukurthi National Park and Silent Valley in the South. The Reserve has tall grasses, commonly referred to as ‘Elephant Grass’, a variety of Bamboos, several species of endemic flora and valuable timber species. The Tiger and Asian Elephant are the Flagship Species of the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, along with a wide variety of more than 260 species of birds. -Source: The Hindu Bodoland Mahotsav Context: Recently, the Prime Minister inaugurated the 1st Bodoland Mahotsav in New Delhi. Relevance: GS I: Festivals Bodoland Mahotsav The Bodoland Mahotsav is a significant cultural festival that celebrates the language, literature, and culture of the Bodo community, fostering a spirit of peace and building a vibrant society within the Bodoland Territorial Region. Objectives and Themes Event Theme: This year’s theme, ‘Peace and Harmony for Prosperous Bharat,’ emphasizes the promotion of the rich cultural heritage and educational advancements of the Bodo community alongside other communities in the region. Cultural Celebration: The festival is a platform to showcase the diverse cultural and linguistic heritage, ecological biodiversity, and touristic potential of Bodoland. Post-Accord Celebration: It marks the progress and resilience of the community following the signing of the Bodo Peace Accord in 2020, highlighting the journey towards recovery and unity. Cultural and Historical Context of the Bodo Tribe Background Earliest Inhabitants: The Bodos are considered one of the earliest ethnic groups to settle in Assam, historically known as Pragjyotishpur and Kamrupa. Their unique cultural and linguistic attributes are derived from the Mongoloid stock of the Indo-Mongoloids or Indo-Tibetans. Linguistic Traits: Linguistically, the Bodos are part of a larger group of Tibeto-Burman speakers spread across North and East Bengal, Assam, and parts of Burma. Regional Names: In the Brahmaputra Valley, they are known as Bodos or Boros, while in Lower Assam, West Bengal, and Nepal, they are referred to as Meches. -Source: The Hindu Scarlet Tanager Context: The rare bird, Scarlet Tanager, was recently spotted in the UK for the first time in 40 years. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Scarlet Tanager The Scarlet Tanager, a strikingly beautiful songbird, is native to North America and known for its vibrant plumage and melodious song. Key Characteristics Scientific Name: Piranga olivacea Size: Medium-sized with stocky proportions, averaging about seven inches in length. Bill: Thick and rounded, well-suited for both catching insects and eating fruit. Appearance: Males: In the spring and summer, they display a brilliant red body with black wings and tail. Females and Immature Birds: Exhibit olive-yellow coloring with darker olive wings and tails. Post-Breeding Males: Molt into a plumage similar to females but retain black wings and tail. Habitat and Behavior Breeding Habitat: Prefers deciduous and mixed deciduous-evergreen forests for breeding. Winter Habitat: Spends the winter months in tropical forests of Central and South America, often at forest edges. Migration: Undertakes a long migration between North and South America, adapting to varied habitats along the route. Vocalizations Song: Described as reminiscent of a “robin with a cold,” indicating its distinct, slightly raspy quality. Call: The call, a clear “chip-burr,” is often used by birdwatchers to locate these tanagers in dense foliage. Conservation Status IUCN Red List: Listed as Least Concern, indicating a stable population despite the long migratory routes which expose them to various threats. -Source: The Hindu

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