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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 11 November 2024

CONTENTS COP27: New Loss and Damage Fund Established, Wealthy Nations Lag in Commitments Determining Minority Educational Institution (MEI) Status NSCN (I-M) Seeks Third-Party Mediation in Naga Political Issue PyPIM Platform Digital Population Clock Exercise AUSTRAHIND COP27: New Loss and Damage Fund Established, Wealthy Nations Lag in Commitments Context: At the UNFCCC COP27 in 2022, held in Sharm El Sheikh, a significant development was the creation of a loss and damage fund aimed at assisting climate-vulnerable nations, especially Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Despite this progress, wealthier nations, which are the largest carbon emitters, have not fulfilled their financial commitments to the fund. This lack of support leaves many vulnerable countries without the necessary resources to tackle the impacts of climate change, highlighting a gap between agreed actions and actual financial contributions. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Direct and Indirect impacts Developed Countries Need to Pay Up Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Small Island Developing States (SIDS) is a unique group of countries that shares similar challenges as far as the dimension of sustainable development is concerned. Despite the scenic beauties and wonderful cultures of these beautiful countries, SIDS suffers from vulnerability in social, economic, and environmental dimensions. Characteristics of SIDS Geographical Distribution SIDS are spread in three major regions of the world: the Caribbean, the Pacific, and the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, and South China Sea (AIS) regions. This wide spread to the waters underlines the global nature of the group and the diversified challenges they face. At Global Forums: The peculiar condition of SIDS was globally acknowledged through the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992. Their specific environmental and developmental needs have called the world’s attention due to their distinction among the rest of the developing states. Some of the Countries that fall in this Category of SIDS They include the following nations who are categorized under the rubric of SIDS. Caribbean: Countries including Jamaica and Barbados; whose cultures are very strong and tourism-based. Pacific: Countries including Fiji and Samoa; known for best marine biodiversity and culture. AIS: Countries include Maldives and Seychelles, like beauty but the highest to be threatened by sea level rise. Developmental Challenges Environmental Vulnerabilities: Hurricanes, earthquakes, and tsunamis might affect many SIDS. Once more, the threat of climatic changes like sea-level rise poses an impassable threat to the SIDS as they are lowland countries. Economic Vulnerabilities: The lack of wider natural and economic resources, coupled with a reliance on single sectors of economies such as tourism and fisheries, places SIDS at higher risks from international economic fluctuations. Social Challenges: High population density, limited land, and remote locations form complex social issues, among which is mostly limited access to good healthcare and education. Direct and Indirect impacts The changes are not felt immediately, but rather as the economy stalls, tourism dries up, and expensive recovery plans inhibit spending in other areas. In all, from 2000 to 2020, these direct and indirect impacts may have cost small island states a total of US$141 billion. That works out to around US$2,000 per person on average, although this figure underplays just how bad things can get in some places. Hurricane Maria in 2017 caused damage to the Caribbean island of Dominica worth more than double its entire GDP. That amounted to around US$20,000 per person, overnight. Almost a decade later, the country is still struggling with one of the largest debt burdens on earth at over 150% of GDP. Of these huge aggregate losses across all the small island development states, around 38% are attributable to climate change. Small island economies are among the worst affected by severe weather. These island states have three to five times more climate-related loss and damage than other states, as a percentage of government revenues. That’s true even for wealthier small island states, like the Bahamas and Barbados, where loss and damage is four times greater than other high-income countries. For all small island nations, the economic impacts will increase, with “attributable” losses from extreme weather reaching US$75 billion by 2050 if global temperatures hit 2°C above pre-industrial levels. Developed Countries Need to Pay Up One of the key discussions at the forthcoming COP29 climate summit in Baku, Azerbaijan, will be the “new collective quantified goal”. This is the technical name to describe how much money wealthy countries will need to contribute to help vulnerable nations to mitigate and adapt to climate change. That overall goal must also include a target to finance small islands and other vulnerable countries, with billions more needed per year in the new loss and damage fund. Given the extent of actual and likely losses, nothing less than ambition on the scale of a “modern Marshall Plan” for these states will do. In addition to this extra financing, the fund will need to work effectively to support the most climate vulnerable nations and populations when severe weather occurs. The fund could create a budget support mechanism that can help small island states and other vulnerable countries deal with loss of income and the negative effects on growth. It could make sure loss and damage funds can be released quickly, and ensure support is channelled to those who need it the most. It could also make more concessional finance available for recovery, especially for the most adversely affected sectors like agriculture and tourism. -Source: Down To Earth Determining Minority Educational Institution (MEI) Status Context: In a significant ruling, a 7-judge bench of the Supreme Court, without deciding whether Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) qualifies as a minority institution, overruled a 1967 judgment by a 5-judge bench in the Azeez Basha case. The majority opinion established elaborate parameters for assessing the minority character of an institution. The court has tasked a regular bench with adjudicating the 57-year-old controversy surrounding AMU’s status, using these newly defined parameters to guide their decision. This development opens a new chapter in the legal examination of minority rights in educational institutions in India. Relevance: GS II: Education Dimensions of the Article: Historical and Legal Context of AMU’s Minority Status Case Constitutional Protections and Benefits for Minority Educational Institutions (MEIs) Supreme Court Criteria for Determining Minority Educational Institution (MEI) Status Implications of the Supreme Court’s Test for MEI Status Historical and Legal Context of AMU’s Minority Status Case Transformation from MAO College to AMU Origin as MAO College: The Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, established in 1877, was transformed into Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) in 1920 through an act passed by the central legislature. Change in Status: The government contended that this transformation altered the original minority status of the institution, sparking significant legal debates on its status as a minority educational institution. Key Legal Milestones Azeez Basha Case (1967): In this pivotal case, the Supreme Court of India ruled that AMU was not established by the Muslim community but was instead created by an act of the central legislature in 1920. This judgment stated that AMU did not qualify as a minority institution under Article 30 of the Indian Constitution. Legislative Amendments and Challenges (1981-2006): 1981 Amendment: An amendment to the AMU Act asserted that the university was established by the Muslim community, aiming to reclaim its status as a minority institution. 2005 Reservation Policy: AMU implemented a 50% reservation for Muslim students in postgraduate medical courses, furthering its assertion as a minority institution. 2006 Allahabad High Court Ruling: The court struck down the 1981 amendment and the reservation policy, ruling that AMU did not have minority status. Supreme Court Referral (2019) In 2019, the controversy surrounding the minority status of AMU was escalated to the Supreme Court of India, which then referred the issue to a seven-judge bench for a more comprehensive evaluation. Constitutional Protections and Benefits for Minority Educational Institutions (MEIs) Article 30 of the Indian Constitution Rights of Minorities: Article 30(1) grants minorities the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice, ensuring their ability to preserve and develop their culture and language. Article 15(5) Special Privileges for MEIs: This provision exempts minority educational institutions from implementing reservations in admissions for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs), allowing them to maintain control over admissions and staff recruitment. Advantages of Minority Status Reservation of Seats: Minority institutions can reserve up to 50% of their seats for students from their community, promoting educational advancement within the group. Autonomy in Administration: These institutions enjoy considerable autonomy, allowing them to tailor their administrative and educational strategies to better serve their community’s unique cultural and educational needs. Supreme Court Criteria for Determining Minority Educational Institution (MEI) Status The Supreme Court of India has set forth specific criteria and tests to ascertain whether an educational institution qualifies as a Minority Educational Institution (MEI). These guidelines aim to ensure that institutions claiming minority status genuinely serve the interests of a minority community, in accordance with constitutional protections. Key Criteria for MEI Status Purpose of the Institution: The institution must primarily serve to preserve the language, culture, or religion of a minority community. Admission Practices: Admitting non-minority students does not strip an institution of its minority status, as long as the institution’s primary purpose is maintained. Nature of Education: Providing secular education does not negate an institution’s minority character. Religious Instruction in Government-Aided Institutions: Institutions receiving state funds are prohibited from mandating religious instruction, aligning with secular principles. Two-Fold Test to Establish Minority Status Establishment Historical Context: The origin and initial purpose of the institution are scrutinized to confirm a clear intent to benefit a minority community. Documentary Evidence: Foundational documents such as charters, funding records, and founding members’ communications are examined to establish the minority-focused intent. Administration Diversity in Leadership: While not restricted to minority members, the administrative structure must reflect and prioritize minority interests. Historical Affirmation for Older Institutions: For institutions established before India’s constitution came into effect in 1950, there must be evidence that the administration was committed to minority interests as of the commencement of the Constitution. Implications of the Supreme Court’s Test for MEI Status Administrative Autonomy Case Example: The ruling provides crucial support for institutions like St Stephen’s College in its autonomy dispute with Delhi University regarding the appointment processes for principal positions. Wider Impact on Minority Status Debates Parallel Legal Cases: The criteria and tests are particularly relevant to ongoing cases such as that of Jamia Millia Islamia (JMI), where the institution’s claim to minority status hinges on similar factors to those in the AMU case. Legal Precedents: Decisions made based on these criteria not only affect the institutions directly involved but also set precedents that influence other minority institutions across India, potentially leading to a reevaluation of their status and governance structures. -Source: Indian Express NSCN (I-M) Seeks Third-Party Mediation in Naga Political Issue Context: The Isak-Muivah faction of the National Socialist Council of Nagalim (NSCN I-M) has called for third-party intervention to resolve its protracted political conflict with the Indian government. Citing betrayal over the 2015 Framework Agreement, the group has threatened to resume armed resistance if their demand for mediation is rejected. NSCN (I-M) accuses the Centre of failing to fulfill commitments, notably the recognition of a separate Naga flag and constitution, which they argue are crucial for acknowledging the Naga people’s distinct history and “shared sovereignty.” Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Who are the Nagas and what is the Naga Issue? Peace Initiatives with the Naga Issues NSCN-IM NSCN-IM stand and the deadlock Who are the Nagas and what is the Naga Issue? The Nagas are not a single tribe, but an ethnic community, belonging to Indo-Mongoloid Family, that comprises several tribes who live in the state of Nagaland and its neighbourhood. There are nineteen major Naga tribes, namely, Aos, Angamis, Changs, Chakesang, Kabuis, Kacharis, Khain-Mangas, Konyaks, Kukis, Lothas (Lothas), Maos, Mikirs, Phoms, Rengmas, Sangtams, Semas, Tankhuls, Yamchumgar and Zeeliang. The key demand of Naga groups has been a Greater Nagalim (sovereign statehood) i.e., redrawing of boundaries to bring all Naga-inhabited areas in the Northeast under one administrative umbrella. The Naga inhabited areas include various parts of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Assam and Myanmar. The demand also includes the separate Naga Yezabo (Constitution) and Naga national flag. Peace Initiatives with the Naga Shillong Accord (1975): A peace accord was signed in Shillong in which the NNC leadership agreed to give up arms. However, several leaders refused to accept the agreement, which led to the split of NNC. Ceasefire Agreement (1997): The NSCN-IM signed a ceasefire agreement with the government to stop attacks on Indian armed forces. In return, the government would stop all counter-insurgency offensive operations. Framework Agreement (2015): In this agreement, the Government of India recognised the unique history, culture and position of the Nagas and their sentiments and aspirations. The NSCN also appreciated the Indian political system and governance. However, the details of the agreement are yet to be released by the government. Recently, the State government decided to prepare the Register of Indigenous Inhabitants of Nagaland but later due to pressure from various fractions, the decision was put on hold. Issues: The 2015 agreement apparently made the peace process inclusive but it created suspicion about the central government exploiting divisions within the Nagas on tribal and geopolitical lines. The issue of integration of contiguous Naga-inhabited areas of Manipur, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh in view of the demand for territorial unification of ‘Greater Nagalim’ will trigger violent clashes in the different affected states. Another major hindrance to the peace process in Nagaland is the existence of more than one organisation, each claiming to be representative of the Nagas. NSCN-IM The Isaak Muivah faction of the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (IM), one of the largest Naga groups fighting for an independent Naga homeland. They have been engaged in guerrilla warfare against successive Indian administrations since the 1950s. One of the main demands of NSCN-IM has been the creation of a sovereign Naga territory that includes Naga-inhabited parts of neighbouring states like Manipur, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh as well as a portion of Burma across the international border, and leaders from those states have long been wary of any accord that would allow the annexation of parts of their land. Lack of infrastructure development in the region is one of the perceived reasons for the decades’ long insurgency. In 2015, NSCN-IM had entered into an historic Peace Accord (Framework Agreement) with Union government to bring lasting peace in Nagaland. NSCN-IM stand and the deadlock The Naga talks have hit the deadlock since early 2020 as the National Socialist Council of Nagaland-(Isak Muivah) (NSCN-IM) leader has refused to hold any dialogue with interlocutor and Nagaland Governor R.N Ravi. The Governor’s letter to the Nagaland Chief Minister saying “over half a dozen organized armed gangs were brazenly running their respective ‘so called governments’ challenging the legitimacy of the State government” had caused the situation to worsen. There was also an order asking government officials to declare if their family members or relatives are members of any “underground organisation.” NSCN-IM signed a ceasefire agreement with the Centre in 2001, hence they took offense with the “organized armed gangs” view. And also given that in a tribal set-up most people are related to each other, asking government officials to declare regarding their family members was seen as insensitive. Following the failure of the breakdown of communication between the NSCN-IM and the Nagaland Governor, the Union Home Minister deputed a team of Intelligence Bureau officials to continue the discussions with the NSCN-IM. -Source: Indian Express PyPIM Platform Context: Israeli researchers have developed PyPIM that enables computers to process data directly in memory, bypassing the need for the central processing unit (CPU). Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions PyPIM Platform The PyPIM platform merges the Python programming language with innovative digital processing-in-memory (PIM) technology. New instructions introduced on the platform enable direct processing within memory, bypassing traditional data transfer methods. PyPIM allows software developers to use well-known programming languages like Python to create applications for PIM-enabled computers. Addressing the Memory Wall Challenge  Researchers focus on overcoming the “memory wall” issue, characterized by the faster growth of processor speeds and memory capacity compared to data transfer rates. The platform targets the inefficiencies of energy and time consumption in data transfers between memory and the CPU, a common bottleneck in contemporary computing systems. By facilitating computations directly within memory, PyPIM lessens the reliance on the CPU, which can result in substantial reductions in both processing time and energy consumption. Technical Advancements and Computing Efficiency PyPIM supports in-memory computing, which allows data processing to occur right where data is stored, enhancing the speed and efficiency of computing tasks. Unlike conventional computing models that require separate components for memory and processing, PyPIM integrates these functions, reducing the need for data to travel between memory and the CPU for processing. -Source: The Hindu Digital Population Clock Context: Recently, Bengaluru’s first digital population clock was inaugurated at the Institute for Social Economic Change (ISEC). Relevance: Facts for Prelims Digital Population Clock The Digital Population Clock is an innovative project designed to provide real-time population estimates for Karnataka and India. This initiative was developed through a collaboration between the Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC) and the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW). Key Features of the Digital Population Clock Real-Time Updates: The clock updates the population figures for Karnataka every 1.10 minutes and for India every two seconds, ensuring up-to-date data availability. Technology Integration: Equipped with a satellite connection for precise timekeeping, the clock operates autonomously with an integrated system that includes all necessary components. Advanced Software: The system uses state-of-the-art software and tools, enhancing its capability for detailed demographic studies. Objectives and Significance Awareness and Research: The primary aim is to raise awareness about population dynamics and provide reliable data that can be used for academic research and policy analysis. National Rollout: The MoHFW plans to install similar clocks in 18 Population Research Centres across India, standardizing the method of population estimation nationwide. Support for Demographic Studies: The clocks are part of a broader effort to advance the understanding of population trends and support demographic research. Impact on Population Studies Alongside the clocks, the introduction of a new census data research workstation will bolster academic research, offering robust tools for policy analysis and capacity building in population studies. Accurate and timely population data are crucial for effective policy-making and planning, particularly in sectors like health, education, and urban development. -Source: The Hindu Exercise AUSTRAHIND Context: The 3rd edition of joint military Exercise AUSTRAHIND commenced at Foreign Training Node, Pune in Maharashtra. The exercise will be conducted from 8th to 21st November 2024. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges About Exercise AUSTRAHIND: Exercise AUSTRAHIND is a collaborative military exercise between India and Australia. This annual exercise alternates between India and Australia, with the last session held in Australia in December 2023. The Indian team, primarily consisting of 140 personnel from the DOGRA Regiment along with 14 Indian Air Force members, will participate. The objective of Exercise AUSTRAHIND is to foster military collaboration between the two nations by improving interoperability during joint sub-conventional operations in a semi-urban, semi-desert environment under Chapter VII of the UN mandate. The exercise comprises two main phases: the combat conditioning and tactical training phase, and the validation phase. During the exercise, participants will practice various drills, including responding to terrorist territorial claims, establishing a Joint Operations Centre, conducting joint counter-terrorism operations such as Raids, Search and Destroy Missions, securing helipads, utilizing drones along with counter-drone strategies, and executing Special Heli Borne Operations. Importance: The exercise is crucial for both sides to exchange best practices regarding tactics, techniques, and procedures for conducting tactical operations. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 09 November 2024

CONTENTS Adoptions in India Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Adoptions in India Context: Recently, Central adoption resource authority(CARA) celebrated November as National Adoption Awareness Month to promote legal adoptions.  Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Understanding Adoption: Legal and Practical Aspects in India About the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) Benefits of Adoption for Children and Society Challenges Related to Adoption in India Understanding Adoption: Legal and Practical Aspects in India Definition of Adoption Legal Perspective: Adoption involves the legal process where a child is permanently separated from their biological parents and legally integrated into the adoptive family, receiving all associated rights and responsibilities. Legal Framework for Adoption in India Governing Laws: The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956 (HAMA) The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 Accompanied by Juvenile Justice Model Rules, 2016 and Adoption Regulations, 2017. Core Principles: Child’s best interests are paramount. Adoption placements should consider socio-cultural congruity, aiming for assimilation into similar cultural settings as far as possible. Centralized Agency: Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) oversees all adoptions, maintaining a centralized database for children and prospective parents through the Child Adoption Resource Information and Guidance System (CARINGS). Eligibility for Adoption Who Can Be Adopted: Orphans, abandoned, or surrendered children declared legally free for adoption. Children from a relative or children of a spouse from a prior marriage can be adopted, including those surrendered by biological parents. Adopter Criteria: Any individual, regardless of marital status, can adopt, provided they are physically, mentally, and financially stable without life-threatening medical conditions. Couples need a stable marital relationship of two years with mutual consent. Single women can adopt children of any gender; however, single men cannot adopt girl children. The age difference between the child and the adoptive parent(s) should be at least 25 years. Families with three or more biological children can adopt only if they opt for children with special needs or those who are hard to place. About the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA): CARA is a statutory body under the Ministry of Women & Child Development, Government of India. Role as Central Authority: Designated as the Central Authority for handling inter-country adoptions in line with the Hague Convention on Inter-country Adoption, 1993, ratified by India in 2003. Functions: Nodal body regulating the adoption of “orphaned, surrendered, and abandoned children” in India. Monitors and regulates entities such as State Adoption Resource Agencies (SARAs), Specialized Adoption Agencies (SAAs), Authorized Foreign Adoption Agencies (AFAAs), Child Welfare Committees (CWCs), and District Child Protective Units (DPUs). Legal Framework in India: Child placement with a family is governed by the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956; the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890; and the Juvenile Justice Act, 2000. Mandatory registration of Child Care Institutions (CCIs) and linking to CARA is outlined in the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015. Hague Convention on Inter-country Adoption: The Convention establishes safeguards for children and families involved in inter-country adoptions. Aims to prevent the illegal abduction, sale, or trafficking of children during adoptions. Objectives: Protect children and families from illegal or ill-prepared inter-country adoptions. Prevent abduction, sale, or trafficking of children. Establish minimum standards while recognizing that it does not serve as a uniform law of adoption. Benefits of Adoption for Children and Society Loving and Stable Family Environment: Adoption provides children deprived of parental care with a loving and stable family environment. Holistic Development and Well-being: Ensures the holistic development and well-being of adopted children, addressing their physical, mental, emotional, social, and educational needs. Social and Economic Contribution: Contributes to the social and economic development of the country by: Reducing the burden on the state and society in caring for orphaned, abandoned, or surrendered children. Empowering adopted children to become productive and responsible citizens. Positive Adoption Culture: Cultivates a positive adoption culture in society by: Breaking down social stigmas associated with adoption. Raising awareness about the numerous benefits of adoption. Empowerment of Children: Empowers children through adoption, providing them with opportunities for growth, education, and a brighter future. Family and Community Support: Strengthens the fabric of families and communities by fostering support networks around adopted children. Diversity and Inclusion: Promotes diversity and inclusion by creating families that embrace children from different backgrounds, cultures, and communities. Fulfillment of Parental Desires: Allows prospective adoptive parents to fulfill their desires of parenthood, creating a positive impact on their lives. Humanitarian and Compassionate Act: Reflects a humanitarian and compassionate act, demonstrating the potential for positive change through acts of care and kindness. Lifetime Bonds and Relationships: Builds lifetime bonds and relationships between adoptive parents and children, fostering love, support, and a sense of belonging. Challenges in Adoption Process in India Low Adoption Rates: Despite many orphaned and abandoned children in Child Care Institutions (CCIs), actual adoptions are few due to the limited number of children legally cleared for adoption. Procedural Challenges: Prospective parents often face lengthy waits and emotional drain with minimal communication from CARA, leading to frustration. Numerous legal steps and procedural delays often prevent children in CCIs from entering the adoption pool. Societal and Cultural Hurdles: Traditional resistance based on caste, class, or genetics is waning, but still presents a barrier to adoption acceptance. Special Needs and Older Children: There’s significant resistance to adopting older children, siblings, or those with disabilities within India, although these groups find more acceptance among foreign adoptive parents. Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Context: In a departure from the government’s stated position, the top official from the Niti Aayog on said India should be part of the China-backed Regional Economic partnership (RCEP) trade bloc. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) represents a significant step forward in regional economic integration among nations in the Asia-Pacific region. Initiated by the member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and their six Free Trade Agreement (FTA) partners, RCEP has been crafted to streamline commerce and foster economic unity among its participants. Member Composition ASEAN Countries: The partnership includes all ten ASEAN member states, namely Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, Laos, and Vietnam. FTA Partners: Extending beyond ASEAN, the agreement also encompasses six additional countries that have existing free trade agreements with ASEAN: China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand. Objectives and Scope of RCEP Integrated Market Goals: One of the primary objectives of RCEP is to establish an integrated market among the 16 participating countries, which aims to simplify the accessibility of products and services across these nations, enhancing economic ties and cooperation. Key Negotiation Areas: Trade in Goods and Services: RCEP covers extensive provisions to enhance trade in goods and services among the member countries, aiming to reduce barriers and streamline operations. Investment: Facilitating investment and improving transparency in investment regulations are pivotal components of the agreement. Intellectual Property: The agreement seeks to foster an innovative and creative economic environment through enhanced standards of intellectual property protection and enforcement. Dispute Settlement: Establishing effective, transparent mechanisms for resolving trade disputes is another crucial aspect of RCEP. E-commerce: RCEP recognizes the growing significance of digital trade and includes provisions to promote and safeguard online commercial activities. Support for SMEs: The agreement includes measures to assist small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in navigating the integrated economic region, ensuring they benefit from broader market access. Economic Cooperation: RCEP encourages cooperation on broader economic issues, including technical assistance and capacity building, which are vital for the less developed member nations. Significance Scale of Impact: As of its launch, RCEP is the largest trading bloc in history, covering nearly a third of the world’s population and about 30% of global GDP, highlighting its significant impact on global trade dynamics. Enforcement: Officially coming into force on January 1, 2022, RCEP has begun to reshape trade flows and economic policies among its member countries, promising to enhance regional stability and prosperity through increased economic interdependence.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 09 November 2024

Contents : The BRICS journey — gaining heft while in transition Staying cool, but with clean tech, global collaborations The BRICS journey — gaining heft while in transition BRICS: Started in 2009 with four members: Brazil, Russia, India, and China. Joined by South Africa: In 2011. Objective: To promote cooperation among emerging economies. Relevance: GS 2 ( International Relations ) Practice Question: Discuss the significance of BRICS expansion in representing the Global South’s interests. Highlights its significance for the current global governance structure. (250 words) Survival and Rejuvenation Kazan Summit (October 22-24, 2024): 16th summit since 2009. Challenges: COVID-19, India-China border tensions, Russia’s Ukraine conflict. Expansion: New members (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia) were added at the 15th summit. Growing Interest: 34 nations expressed interest in joining BRICS, indicating its rising global stature. BRICS Spirit and Objectives Reformist Approach: Seeks to reform, not replace, the global order. Core Characteristics: Mutual respect, sovereign equality, solidarity, democracy, openness, inclusiveness, collaboration, and consensus. Three Cooperation Verticals: Political and security, economic and financial, cultural and people-to-people. Global Role and Influence United Nations Reform: Advocacy for greater roles for countries from Africa, Asia, and Latin America in the UN, including the Security Council. Economic Sanctions: Call for the elimination of unilateral sanctions, highlighting their violation of international law and human rights impact. Focus Areas at Kazan Summit Peace and Security West Asia Conflict: Focused on ceasefire and establishing an independent State of Palestine. Ukraine Conflict: Maintained a neutral tone, emphasized dialogue and diplomacy, and addressed root causes. Economic and Financial Cooperation Local Currencies: Increased use in financial transactions among BRICS countries. New Development Bank (NDB): Limited new capital due to Saudi Arabia’s hesitancy; focus on improving existing structures. Cultural and People-to-People Exchanges Promoting Cooperation: Focus on sports, culture, parliaments, civil society, business, and think tanks for long-term benefits. Expansion and New Partnerships New Partner States: 13 new partner states from Latin America, Africa, Eurasia, Southeast Asia, and Central Asia were invited. Future Influence: Expansion to increase BRICS’s share in world population, trade, and GDP. India’s Perspective Strategic Importance: Top Plurilateral Groupings: BRICS, G-20, Quad, BIMSTEC, G-7 (guest status), SCO. Multipolarity and Autonomy: Enhances India’s strategic autonomy and multipolarity advocacy. India-China Relations: The recent Modi-Xi meeting aimed at improving bilateral ties and strategic space for India. India’s Contributions and Views on Expansion: International Cooperation: India values BRICS’s role in global cooperation. Pragmatic Approach: Initially cautious, now supportive of expansion for enhanced influence. Geopolitical Role: Acts as a bridge between West and East, North and South, making India a pivotal player in global politics. Conclusion : BRICS is set to become a more significant player in global governance. Its ability to maintain cohesion amidst diversity will determine its impact on world affairs. Staying cool, but with clean tech, global collaborations Context: As the world warms, cooling solutions become essential, particularly for vulnerable populations. The Quad’s Wilmington Declaration and global collaborations, emphasise clean energy and efficient cooling technologies. Relevance: GS 3 (Environment ) Practice Question: How does international collaboration on clean cooling technologies help address climate challenges? Illustrate with examples from recent initiatives. (150 words ) Necessity of Cooling : In a rapidly warming world cooling is no longer a luxury but a necessity for vulnerable populations. International Cooperation is essential for developing and deploying clean energy and cooling solutions to mitigate climate impacts. Wilmington Declaration and Quad’s Commitment : Wilmington Declaration (September 21, 2024): Issued by Quad nations (Australia, India, Japan, and the United States) to underline their commitment to sustainable energy solutions. Focus: Emphasises high-efficiency cooling systems. India-U.S. Collaboration: A joint road map for resilient and secure global clean energy supply chains, with a special focus on clean cooling technologies. India’s Leadership : Significant Investments: India is leading efforts with investments in solar and cooling infrastructure across the Indo-Pacific region. India and the U.S. plan to increase manufacturing potential for high-efficiency air-conditioners and fans. Cooling-Related Emissions Montreal Protocol and Kigali Amendment (2016): Set a precedent for global action on reducing cooling-related emissions. HFCs (Hydrofluorocarbons): Potent greenhouse gases used in cooling appliances, targeted for phase-down by 2047. HFC phase-down with energy efficiency improvements can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Challenges: Indirect and Direct Emissions: Inefficient cooling systems powered by fossil fuels and harmful refrigerants contribute to climate change. Lack of Standards: Many countries lack integrated energy efficiency and refrigerant standards, which may lead to the market dominance of outdated, inefficient models. India’s Climate Vulnerability and Response Extreme Temperatures: Parts of India experienced temperatures over 50°C in 2024, highlighting the urgent need for cooling solutions. Future Demand: By 2050, India may have the world’s highest cooling demand with over 1.14 billion air conditioners. Kigali Amendment Ratification (2021) India committed to reducing HFCs by 85% by 2047. India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP): Targets significant reductions in cooling demand, energy consumption, and a shift to low-GWP refrigerants. Mission-Mode Approach National Mission for Sustainable Cooling: Calls for focused leadership, cross-sectoral collaboration, and coordinated efforts. Inter-Ministerial Working Group: Essential for planning, budgeting, and capacity-building initiatives. Global Commitments and COP29 COP28 Achievements: 63 countries pledged to reduce cooling emissions by 68% by 2050. Global Cooling Pledge: Aims to provide cooling access to 3.5 billion people and save $17 trillion in energy costs. COP29 Goals: Build on COP28 momentum, expand cooling commitments, and enhance international partnerships. Conclusion : Collaboration should happen at the international level to develop sustainable solutions for climate change. India’s leadership is vital in global efforts against the climate change crisis.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 09 November 2024

CONTENTS Supreme Court Sets Limits on Government Power Over Private Property Supreme Court Upholds Hindu Succession Act, Emphasizes Cultural Norms Over Gender Inequality China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) PM Vishwakarma Yojana Airships  Supreme Court Sets Limits on Government Power Over Private Property Context: In the recent Property Owners Association v State of Maharashtra Case 2024, the Supreme Court set precedents limiting governmental authority to take over private resources for public distribution. The petitioners contended that private properties should not be appropriated by the state under the pretext of implementing constitutional schemes referenced in Articles 39(b) and 31C of the Constitution. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the Supreme Court Verdict The Evolution of the Right to Property in India Significance of the Supreme Court’s Judgment Key Highlights of the Supreme Court Verdict Selective State Acquisition The court specified that only resources that are scarce or crucial to the community’s well-being are eligible for state acquisition, rather than all private properties. Guidance from Public Trust Doctrine Decisions on what qualifies for state acquisition may be informed by the “public trust doctrine,” which posits that the state manages certain resources as a trustee for the public. Criteria for Acquisition The court established two essential tests for a resource to qualify for acquisition: it must be “material” and must “belong to or serve the community.” Case-by-Case Assessment The materiality of a resource and its significance to the community must be evaluated individually, emphasizing a tailored approach to each scenario. Definition of Materiality Materiality is defined as the significance of resources like land, minerals, or water, and their impact on economic, social, and environmental aspects. Reversal of Previous Judgments The verdict overturns the 1982 Sanjeev Coke ruling, which itself had upheld the 1977 Ranganath Reddy case. This earlier case broadly classified all private property as “material resources of the community,” a stance the court now rejects. Dissenting Opinion Justice Sudhanshu Dhulia dissented, advocating for broader legislative freedom in defining what constitutes “material resources” of the community. Interpretation of Article 39(b) The court cautioned against an expansive interpretation of Article 39(b) of the Constitution, which could potentially infringe upon property rights protected under Article 300A. Protection of Property Rights Article 300A ensures that no person shall be deprived of their property except by the authority of law, reinforcing legal safeguards against arbitrary property seizure. Conversion of Private Resources The Supreme Court delineated five methods through which private resources can be transformed into community resources: nationalization, acquisition, operation of law, purchase by the state, and donation by the owner. The Evolution of the Right to Property in India: Pre-44th Constitutional Amendment (Before 1978): Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31 of Part III of the Indian Constitution guaranteed the right to purchase, possess, and dispose of property, and safeguarded against deprivation of property. Article 31 provided an absolute right against deprivation of property, limiting the state’s ability to acquire movable property in the public interest due to its status as a fundamental right. The 44th Constitutional Amendment: Abolished Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31, replacing them with a modified version, Article 300-A. This transformed the right to property from a fundamental right to a legal/constitutional right. Provisions of Article 300-A: Article 300-A states that “no person shall be deprived of his property except by authority of law,” granting the government authority to seize property for the general welfare. Court Interpretations of Article 300-A: The Madhya Pradesh High Court (2022) emphasized that property acquisition laws must be legitimate, and state acquisition must benefit the public. In Vidya Devi v. the State of Himachal Pradesh (2022), the Supreme Court ruled that even government authorities in a welfare state cannot seize property without following legal procedures. In Vimlaben Ajitbhai Patel vs. Vatslaben Ashokbhai Patel, the Supreme Court affirmed that while no longer a fundamental right, the right to property remains a human right. Significance of the Supreme Court’s Judgment Balanced State Power Maintains the possibility of state intervention in economic matters. Prohibits unchecked governmental acquisition of private assets. Support for Economic Democracy Reflects Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s vision by ensuring flexibility in economic governance. Allows citizens the freedom to define their own economic and social systems, in line with democratic principles. Directive Principles and Modern Realities Stresses that policies should adhere to the Directive Principles, specifically Article 39(b), adapting to contemporary social and economic conditions. Avoids enforcing a stagnant economic ideology, advocating for responsive and progressive governance. Democratic Influence on Economic Policies Confirms the crucial role of democratically elected bodies in developing economic and welfare strategies. Suggests that future policies should focus on effectively managing vital resources through precise and thoughtful measures like progressive taxation and specialized public programs. -Source: Hindustan Times Supreme Court Upholds Hindu Succession Act, Emphasizes Cultural Norms Over Gender Inequality Context: The Supreme Court recently upheld the inheritance provisions of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 (HSA), focusing on cultural norms and legislative consistency. This decision comes in the wake of several petitions that challenged the Act’s validity, advocating for equal treatment of men and women in matters of inheritance. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Supreme Court’s Observations on Inheritance Hindu Succession Act, 1956 Supreme Court’s Observations on Inheritance The Supreme Court of India has made several critical observations regarding inheritance laws, especially in the context of a woman’s rights and responsibilities after marriage. These observations provide insights into the court’s approach to balancing traditional values with contemporary legal principles. Key Observations: Integration into Husband’s Family: The Supreme Court highlighted that upon marriage, a woman traditionally integrates into her husband’s family, gaining corresponding rights to inheritance within that family structure. Beyond Gender Equality: The court noted that while gender equality is crucial, inheritance laws should also consider broader cultural and societal values, implying that these laws are not solely about equality but also about familial and societal continuity. Cultural Underpinnings of Hindu Inheritance: The court pointed out that Hindu inheritance practices are deeply embedded in cultural values, which often dictate that parents of a married woman should not interfere with her inheritance affairs, especially concerning properties inherited from her husband’s family. Ancestral Lineage and Property Return: Upholding what it termed a “scientific and logical” framework, the court maintained that property acquired by a woman from her parents or in-laws should revert to the source family in the absence of direct heirs, thus preserving an ancestral lineage-based property distribution. Role of Legislation: The Supreme Court stressed that any modifications to inheritance laws should be the purview of Parliament, as these laws impact the broader society and should reflect widespread societal consensus rather than judicial intervention in specific cases. Autonomy in Property Distribution: The court reinforced that a woman has the autonomy to decide how her property is distributed after her death through a will, emphasizing the importance of individual rights within the framework of existing legal norms. Recommendations for Equal Rights: Notably, the court acknowledged recommendations for equal inheritance rights from significant bodies like the 174th Law Commission Report (2000) and the National Commission for Women. However, it recognized that the implementation of such reforms depends on the collective will of the states and Union Territories, reflecting the diverse legal and cultural landscapes across India. Hindu Succession Act, 1956 Scope and Applicability: The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 is a codified law that governs the succession and inheritance of property among Hindus. It applies to individuals who are not Muslims, Christians, Parsis, or Jews. Buddhists, Sikhs, Jains, and followers of Arya Samaj and Brahmo Samaj are also considered Hindus under this law. Male-Centric Tradition: Traditionally, the law recognized only male descendants as legal heirs in a joint Hindu family, along with their mothers, wives, and unmarried daughters. They held the family property jointly. Amendment in 2005: The Act was amended in September 2005 to grant equal rights to women as coparceners. Section 6 of the Act was amended to make daughters of coparceners coparceners by birth, with the same rights and liabilities in the ancestral property as sons. Class I Heirs: The Act categorizes relatives into different classes of heirs. Class I heirs include the deceased’s children, grandchildren, and their respective mothers. If there are no Class I heirs, the property passes to Class II heirs, which include the father, son’s daughter’s son, brother, sister, father’s widow, brother’s widow, etc. Testamentary Succession: The Act recognizes testamentary succession, allowing individuals to dispose of their property through a valid will, subject to legal requirements and restrictions. Rights of Widows: The Act acknowledges the rights of widows to inherit property from their deceased husbands. A widow has a share in the property left by her husband, along with other legal heirs. -Source: Hindustan Times China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Context: Despite having strong economic ties with China, Brazil has opted not to join China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), making it the second BRICS nation to make this choice after India.  Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) India’s Stance on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Issues Concerning the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a comprehensive development strategy launched in 2013 with the goal of enhancing global connectivity and cooperation. Initially named ‘One Belt, One Road,’ it was later rebranded as the BRI to emphasize inclusivity and openness rather than Chinese dominance. Components of BRI: The BRI consists of two primary components: Silk Road Economic Belt: This focuses on improving overland transportation routes, infrastructure, and trade links across Eurasia. Maritime Silk Road: Emphasizes maritime connections, including ports, shipping routes, and maritime infrastructure projects, extending from the South China Sea through Indo-China, Southeast Asia, the Indian Ocean, and reaching Africa and Europe. Objective: The primary objective of the BRI is to enhance international connectivity by improving infrastructure, trade, and economic cooperation. It encompasses a wide range of projects, including the development of railways, ports, highways, and energy infrastructure. Geographic Corridors: The land-based Silk Road Economic Belt includes six key development corridors: China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) New Eurasian Land Bridge Economic Corridor China-Indochina Peninsula Economic Corridor China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor China-Central Asia-West Asia Economic Corridor China-Myanmar Economic Corridor Economic Impact: Participation in the BRI has led to increased trade and investments with China for the involved countries. Trade with BRI partners experienced an annual growth rate of 6.4%, reaching USD 19.1 trillion between 2013 and 2022. India’s Stance on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Opposition Based on Sovereignty and Transparency: India opposes the BRI project primarily due to concerns related to sovereignty and transparency. India chose to boycott BRI summits organized by China in 2017 and 2019 and refrained from endorsing BRI joint statements issued by the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). Objection to CPEC and PoK: India’s primary objection to the BRI is the inclusion of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which traverses through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK), a territory claimed by India. India asserts that PoK is an integral part of its territory. Call for International Norms and Financial Sustainability: India emphasizes the need for BRI projects to adhere to international norms, uphold the rule of law, and ensure financial sustainability. India is concerned about the potential creation of debt traps, as well as environmental and social risks for the countries hosting BRI projects. Promotion of Alternative Initiatives: Instead of participating in the BRI, India has been actively promoting alternative connectivity initiatives. One such initiative is the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII), a G7 effort aimed at funding infrastructure projects in developing nations. Issues Concerning the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Debt Sustainability and Transparency: One of the primary issues associated with the BRI is the debt sustainability and transparency of its projects, especially in countries with weak governance, high corruption, and low credit ratings. Accusations of “debt-trap diplomacy” have arisen, with critics suggesting that countries like Sri Lanka and Zambia, unable to repay BRI-related loans, have faced pressure to surrender strategic assets or make political concessions. Decentralized and Bilateral Nature: The BRI consists of primarily bilateral projects rather than a centralized, multilateral initiative. This decentralized approach can lead to coordination and governance challenges. Unlike initiatives like the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), the BRI lacks a centralized governing structure, making collective issue resolution challenging. Geopolitical Rivalries and Disputes: Geopolitical rivalries and disputes, such as the India-China border dispute, have had repercussions on the implementation of BRI projects in certain regions. Political tensions can undermine the progress of the initiative, affecting project timelines and outcomes. Environmental and Social Impacts: BRI infrastructure development projects have faced criticism regarding their potential environmental and social impacts. The challenge is to ensure that BRI projects prioritize environmental sustainability and consider the well-being of local communities. Geopolitical Concerns and Influence: The BRI has raised geopolitical concerns, especially regarding China’s growing influence and control over critical infrastructure in partner countries. These concerns have led some countries to reevaluate their participation in the initiative and seek to balance their interests. -Source: The Hindu PM Vishwakarma Yojana Context: Since the launch of the PM Vishwakarma Yojana in 2023, it has made significant strides in supporting traditional craftspeople and artisans across the country. –  a substantial number of applications, with a large portion successfully completing the multi-step registration process.   Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Vishwakarma Yojana: Empowering Artisans and Craftsmen Empowering Rural Women: The Lakhpati Didi Scheme Vishwakarma Yojana: Empowering Artisans and Craftsmen The Vishwakarma Yojana is an innovative initiative aimed at uplifting skilled traditional craftsmen, particularly from the Other Backward Classes (OBC) community. This scheme is named after Vishwakarma, the divine architect and craftsman, and aims to perpetuate the guru-shishya parampara or teacher-pupil tradition within artisan families. Key Features: Recognition and Identity: Artisans and craftsmen enrolled in the scheme will be granted a PM Vishwakarma certificate and an official identity card. Financial Support: Beneficiaries are eligible for collateral-free credit support of up to ₹1 lakh (first tranche) and ₹2 lakh (second tranche) at a concessional interest rate of 5%. Budget Allocation: The Vishwakarma Yojana has been allocated a budget ranging from ₹13,000 crore to ₹15,000 crore for five financial years from 2023-2024 to 2027-2028. Skill Training and Tools: The scheme offers a stipend of ₹500 for skill training and ₹1,500 for the acquisition of modern tools. Diverse Traditional Trades: Encompassing both rural and urban areas, the scheme covers 18 traditional trades such as carpentry, boat-making, blacksmithing, pottery, sculpting, cobbling, tailoring, and more. Registration Process: Registration for the Vishwakarma Yojana can be completed at common services centers situated in villages. Collaborative Support: While the central government provides funding, collaboration with state governments is also sought for the successful implementation of the scheme. Market Integration: A significant goal of the scheme is to seamlessly integrate artisans into domestic and global value chains, opening doors to improved market access and opportunities. -Source: The Hindu Airships Context: Recently, a few companies are attempting to control the buoyancy of airships — a longstanding challenge that has prevented their use for cargo transportation. Relevance: Facts for prelims Overview of Airships Airships are a type of lighter-than-air aircraft that have played a unique role in the history of aviation. These vertical-lift vehicles achieve flight through the use of buoyant gases, such as helium or hydrogen, which are less dense than the surrounding air. Known for their distinctive bullet-shaped design, airships were once considered the future of aerial travel in the early 20th century. Types of Airships Non-rigid Airships (Blimps): These airships lack an internal structural framework and maintain their shape only when fully inflated. Semi-rigid Airships: These feature some form of structural support but rely largely on gas pressure to maintain their shape. Rigid Airships: Constructed with a complete metal framework, rigid airships maintain their shape regardless of the gas pressure within. Components of Airships Hull: The large balloon-like body of the airship, traditionally filled with a lifting gas. Gondola: The cabin attached to the underside of the hull where passengers and crew are carried. Propulsion System: Includes engines and rudders that control the airship’s movement and direction. How Airships Work The principle of flight for airships is similar to that of a helium balloon. The key to their buoyancy lies in using a gas that is lighter than the air around them: Hydrogen: Initially favored for its lightness and ease of production, hydrogen’s highly flammable nature made it a risky choice. Helium: Now the preferred choice due to its non-combustible properties, although more expensive and less readily available than hydrogen. Current Uses and Advantages Despite their decline in general transportation, airships still find niche applications across various sectors: Advertising: Often used as flying billboards due to their size and slow flight capabilities. Aerial Observation: Utilized by scientists for environmental research and by military forces for surveillance due to their ability to hover and provide stable platforms. Tourism: Offers unique leisure experiences, giving tourists a slow-moving panoramic view of landscapes. Environmental Impact Reduced Pollution: Airships are considered eco-friendlier than airplanes as they do not require large amounts of fossil fuels to stay aloft. Their operation leads to significantly lower emissions of pollutants. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 08 November 2024

CONTENTS Maha Kumbh Mela 3rd edition of MAHASAGAR Maha Kumbh Mela Context: The Mahakumbh Mela is scheduled to take place in the holy city of Prayagraj from January 13 to February 26. Relevance: GS I: Festivals Maha Kumbh Mela: A Profound Pilgrimage of Faith The Maha Kumbh Mela is not only a significant religious gathering in India but also the world’s largest peaceful assembly of pilgrims. This sacred pilgrimage occurs four times every 12 years, rotating among four sacred river locations in India: Haridwar, Ujjain, Nashik, and Prayagraj. Celebrating the Maha Kumbh Mela Each of the four locations holds its unique religious significance, closely tied to the holy rivers of India. Pilgrims flock to the Ganges in Haridwar, the Shipra in Ujjain, the Godavari in Nashik, and the sacred confluence (Sangam) of the Ganges, Yamuna, and mythical Sarasvati in Prayagraj. During the Mela, millions of devotees immerse themselves in the holy waters, a ritual believed to cleanse sins and assist in attaining Moksha (liberation from the cycle of birth and death). Historical Significance Ancient Origins: The Kumbh Mela’s origins trace back to ancient India, with early references found during the Maurya and Gupta periods. These periods highlight the long-standing spiritual and cultural importance of the Kumbh Mela. Royal Patronage and Diverse Participation: Throughout the medieval period, the festival received support from various dynasties across India—from the Cholas and Vijayanagar in the south to the Mughals in the north. Notably, Mughal Emperor Akbar participated in the festivities, reflecting an era of religious inclusiveness. British Observation: In the 19th century, British colonial administrators like James Prinsep documented the festival, intrigued by its vast scale and the mix of different cultures and traditions. Post-Independence Era: After India’s independence, the Maha Kumbh Mela gained heightened national importance, symbolizing unity and the resilience of India’s cultural heritage. UNESCO Recognition and Modern Relevance In 2017, UNESCO recognized the Kumbh Mela as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, underscoring its global cultural significance. This recognition helps ensure that the traditions and spirit of the Kumbh Mela are preserved and celebrated, even as India continues to modernize and evolve. 3rd edition of MAHASAGAR Context: Recently, the 3rd edition of MAHASAGAR, an Indian Navy’s flagship outreach for virtual interaction among IOR littorals, was conducted. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges MAHASAGAR MAHASAGAR, an acronym for Maritime Heads for Active Security And Growth for All in the Region, is a significant maritime initiative started in 2023. It focuses on fostering maritime security and cooperation among Indian Ocean Region (IOR) countries. The event is conducted bi-annually, bringing together maritime leaders and experts to address shared challenges and opportunities in the region. Purpose and Activities of MAHASAGAR Objective: The primary goal of MAHASAGAR is to enhance maritime security and promote sustainable growth among the nations within the Indian Ocean Rim. It serves as a platform for collaborative training, sharing of knowledge, and strategic discussions on maritime safety and security. Theme: The theme for MAHASAGAR centers around “Training Cooperation to Mitigate Common Maritime Security Challenges in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).” This theme underscores the commitment to collectively address and manage maritime security issues, such as piracy, illegal fishing, and maritime pollution, that affect the region. Participation and Impact 3rd Edition Participation: The 3rd edition of MAHASAGAR saw active participation from IOR littorals including Bangladesh, Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania. The involvement of these nations highlights the inclusive and cooperative spirit of the initiative. Collaborative Efforts: By bringing together maritime heads from various IOR countries, MAHASAGAR facilitates a unified approach to regional challenges. The bi-annual meetings are crucial for setting common goals, devising regional strategies, and implementing coordinated actions to ensure maritime security and economic growth.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 08 November 2024

Content : All eyes on Baku and the climate finance goal All or any India, Pakistan and modifying the Indus Waters Treaty Are pro-natalist policies the way to address the ageing population problem? All eyes on Baku and the climate finance goal Context: COP29 Details: Set to take place in Baku, Azerbaijan, from November 11 to 22, 2024.  Referred to as a “Finance COP” due to its special focus on climate finance. New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG): It is a climate finance target set by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to replace the previous target of $100 billion annually by 2020, focusing on meeting the “needs and priorities of developing countries” per Article 9 of the Paris Agreement. Relevance: GS 3 ( Environment ) Practice Question: Discuss the key expectations from the Baku Conference, with a focus on climate finance. Examine how the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) surpasses the previous $100 billion climate finance target. (250 words) Key Challenges: Scope of NCQG: countries have different perspectives on financial structure, contributions, and timeframe. Developing Countries’ viewpoint: Demand equitable climate finance with clear targets and a strong emphasis on public funding, grants, and concessional loans. Advocates for fair financial responsibility. Call for transparent timeframes, e.g., five- or ten-year commitments. Developed Countries’ Approach: Emphasise flexible finance structures. Prioritise results-focused strategies around low emissions and climate resilience. Distrust Rooted in Past Financial Commitments $100 Billion Pledge (2009): Originally set for 2020, the target was only met in 2022. Trillions Needed: Current climate action needs far surpass the $100 billion, with estimates reaching between $5 trillion and $7 trillion. Adaptation Funding Gap : Adaptation vs. Mitigation: While clean energy projects attract private investments, adaptation efforts (like infrastructure resilience) are underfunded. Debt Concerns: Heavy reliance on loans is increasing the debt of vulnerable countries, stressing the need for grant-based support. Expanding the Contributor Base: Canada and Switzerland’s Proposals: Demands strong contributions based on emissions and income levels, indirectly targeting China and oil-rich countries. Developing countries argue this undermines equity and historical responsibility principles. Risks of Delayed Negotiations: Expanding contributors may stall NCQG negotiations at COP29, jeopardising timely action. Climate Finance Definition and the Issue of Additionality Updated Definition by Standing Committee on Finance (SCF): lacks mention of “additionality”—the need for new and incremental support. Investment vs. Finance: Counting private investments within NCQG risks weakening accountability, as private funds prioritize profits and lack climate-specific oversight. Developing Countries’ Needs Beyond Finance Technology Transfer and Capacity Building: Critical to supporting both mitigation and adaptation efforts. Barriers to Funding Access: Multilateral mechanisms often prioritise cost-efficiency over genuine climate needs, complicating fund access for poorer nations. Path Forward: Trust in Multilateralism: For NCQG to succeed, it must bridge the trust gap and address historical responsibilities. Core Question: Will COP29 deliver genuine outcomes for developing countries or just promises? Conclusion: As COP29 looms, the world watches to see if climate finance negotiations will prioritise equitable solutions or lean toward promises that lack substantive impact. All or any Constitutional Background : The Indian Constitution supports socialist principles, aiming to prevent wealth concentration and resource sharing. Articles 39(b) and 39(c) direct the state to: Distribute resources for the common good. Prevent economic systems that harm society. Relevance: GS 2 (Indian Polity ) Practice Question: Analyze how Articles 39(b) and 39(c) of the Indian Constitution guide the state’s role in resource distribution for social welfare. Discuss the verdict’s implications on legislative discretion and economic equity in modern India. (250 words ) Supreme Court’s Key Ruling : The Court clarified that not every private asset falls under “material resources of the community.” Only specific resources, based on necessity and impact, qualify. Factors for State Action: Nature and Scarcity of the Resource: Is it crucial for society? Community Need: Would public access to this resource help society? Impact of Private Ownership: Does private control harm public interest? Approach to Modern Economic Needs Flexible Interpretation: The Court ruled that Articles 39(b) and (c) should be applied with today’s economic realities in mind, not through a strict ideological lens. Land and Natural Resource Rules: Land Acquisition: Justified under eminent domain for public necessity. Natural Resources: These should be distributed transparently to avoid unfair monopolies. Nationalization: Requires careful constitutional justification. Dissenting View : Justice Dhulia’s Opinion: He argued that the scope of “material resources” should stay broad, allowing the legislature to act more freely, especially with existing social inequalities. Verdict’s Implications Balance of Public Good and Private Rights: The decision supports state responsibility for public welfare but respects private rights by limiting unnecessary intervention. Emphasis on Legislative Discretion: The ruling suggests that elected lawmakers, not the courts, should lead on economic policy to address present challenges. Conclusion The verdict calls for a balance between economic equity and individual rights. States need to be flexible in adopting strategies as per dynamic economic needs. India, Pakistan and modifying the Indus Waters Treaty Context: On August 30, 2024, India formally served a notice under Article XII(3) of the IWT to review and modify the treaty. Indus Water Treaty: It is a water-distribution treaty between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank and signed on September 19, 1960. The treaty was signed by then-Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and then-Pakistani President Ayub Khan India controls the three eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej), while Pakistan has control over the three western rivers (Indus, Chenab, and Jhelum) Relevance GS 2 ( International Relations ) Practice Question Why is India seeking changes to the Indus Waters Treaty? Discuss the challenges between India and Pakistan regarding water use and the impact of climate change. Reasons Cited by India: Growing Domestic Water Needs: Addressing water needs with rising population and agricultural demands. Clean Energy Goals: Ensuring water use aligns with India’s sustainable energy targets. Cross-Border Tensions: Highlighting terrorism’s impact on smooth IWT operations. Treaty Modification: Article XII High Bar for Amendment: Modifications require a new ratified treaty agreed upon by both nations. Historical Precedent: Past disagreements (e.g., Kishenganga arbitration) suggest finding a mutual modification formula is challenging. Key Differences in Water Use Approaches : India (Upper Riparian): Aims for optimal use of water resources within treaty allowances. Pakistan (Lower Riparian): Prioritises uninterrupted flow of western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab). Case Reference: The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) allowed India’s hydropower projects on the Kishanganga River but required a minimum flow to prevent harm to Pakistan. Structural Challenges in Resource Management River Partition: The IWT divides rivers by region (eastern for India, western for Pakistan), disrupting natural hydrological connections. Cooperation Gaps: Lack of joint resource management undermines effective use and adaptation to modern challenges. No-Harm Rule: Though not explicitly in the treaty, this customary international law requires avoiding significant harm in shared water projects, especially those with potential cross-border impacts. Climate Change and Equitable Utilisation ERU Principle: The 1997 UN Watercourses Convention’s Equitable and Reasonable Utilisation (ERU) principle may guide resource-sharing adjustments in response to climate changes, such as glacial depletion. Joint Engineering Projects: Article VII of the IWT allows for collaborative projects, potentially enabling both nations to manage climate-driven water variability better. Recommendations Memorandum of Understanding (MoU): Establish MoUs within the IWT framework to address emerging issues without full treaty renegotiation. Enhanced Cooperation: Building trust through cooperative projects could help both countries better manage shared resources amidst environmental and political challenges. Are pro-natalist policies the way to address the ageing population problem? India’s Population Landscape : Declining Fertility: India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) dropped to 1.9 in 2021, below the replacement level fertility of 2.1. Regional Variations: Northern states have a younger population, while southern states (like Kerala and Tamil Nadu) are ageing faster due to lower fertility and increased longevity. Pro-Natalist Policies : Government initiatives are designed to encourage higher birth rates and support families in having more children. These policies aim to counteract declining population growth and address ageing demographics. Relevance: GS 1(Society ), GS 2 (Social Justice). Practice Question: Are pro-natalist policies the way to address the ageing population problem? Suggest key measures .(250 words ) Issues with Pro-Natalist Policies : Previous Policy Shifts: India once discouraged large families (e.g., forced sterilizations during the 1970s). Shifting to encourage more births can create chaos due to non-alignment with people’s actual desires or needs. Challenges in Encouraging Higher Birth Rates: High Living Costs: Raising children is costly due to housing, education, and healthcare. Opportunity Cost for Women: Women often bear the burden of childcare, which affects their careers and financial independence. Global Experiences: Countries like Hungary, Poland, and Sweden offer incentives (maternity/paternity leave, tax breaks) but still face resistance due to economic and social pressures. Alternatives to Pro-Natalism: Dynamic View of Ageing: Rather than viewing ageing populations as a burden, consider life expectancy and productivity. Silver Economy: Older adults can continue contributing to less physically demanding, skill-based jobs. Care Economy : Promote opportunities for trained caregivers for the elderly, addressing both ageing population needs and employment challenges. Healthcare and Social Support: Build robust healthcare, affordable eldercare, and social security for an ageing population to reduce dependency on family size. Ecological Considerations: Moving towards a sustainable population size aligns with environmental needs, supporting resource conservation and balanced development. Key Takeaways : Supportive structures focus on ageing, balanced resource use, and gender equality. Policies should prioritise human rights, work-life balance, and the quality of life. Representation metrics should recognise demographic shifts without pressuring families to increase size artificially. Conclusion : The focus should be on holistic social and economic policies that support ageing gracefully, equitably, and sustainably, which are likely to be more effective in addressing India’s demographic challenges.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 08 November 2024

CONTENTS Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004 Trump’s Economic Plans: Implications for the US and India World Cities Report 2024: Highlighting Urban Challenges in Climate Action Spinal Muscular Atrophy Al-Natah Okinawicius tekdi Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004 Context: Recently, the Supreme Court partially upheld the constitutional validity of the Uttar Pradesh Madrasa Education Board Act, 2004, overturning the Allahabad High Court ruling (March 2024) which declared it unconstitutional. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Why the Supreme Court Upheld the UP Madrasa Education Board Act, 2004? Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004 Why the Supreme Court Upheld the UP Madrasa Education Board Act, 2004? The Madrasa Act, 2004 effectively regulates the standards of education which aligns with the state’s obligation to ensure that students achieve a level of competency to participate actively in society. Hence, the Supreme Court held that the Madarsa Act falls well within the legislative competence of the State Legislature as the Entry 25 of List 3 (Concurrent List) of the Constitution falls in its fold. The Court made a difference between religious education and religious instruction. The Court held in Ms. Aruna Roy vs Union of India, 2002 that religious education promoting communal harmony is permissible, while religious instruction in the nature of mandatory worship is prohibited in state-recognized institutions under Article 28. Even though no one can challenge the constitutional validity of a statute against the violation of the Basic Structure of the Constitution (Indira Nehru Gandhi vs Raj Narain Case, 1975), in order to declare the legislation unconstitutional, statute should violate provisions of the Constitution regarding secularism. Striking down legislation for violating vague concepts like democracy, federalism, and secularism at the behest of courts creates unpredictability in constitutional adjudication. The Court also noted that the state government can pass legislation under the Act so that, without offending the principles of secularism, madrasas impart secular education along with the religious instructions. Appropriate directions should be given by the State in this regard so that the students studying in madrasas are not deprived of the quality of education which is made available by the State in other institutions. This move protected the Act and restated the entitlement of religious minorities to have educational institutions under Article 30 of the Indian Constitution . The instruction given to the court to make it possible that the madrasa students are availed of quality education also supports the integration of madrasa education into the overall plan of education of the state. Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004 Purpose and Objectives The Act was introduced to regulate and oversee the operations of madrasas (Islamic educational institutions) within Uttar Pradesh. It established a structured framework for the establishment, recognition, curriculum, and administration of these madrasas across the state. The Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education was set up under this Act to supervise and monitor the activities of madrasas in Uttar Pradesh. Concerns and Criticisms Regarding the Act Constitutional Concerns The Allahabad High Court (HC) has declared the Act unconstitutional, asserting that it promotes education based on religious segregation. Such a provision contradicts the secular principles enshrined in the Indian Constitution and fundamental rights. Quality of Education Criticisms were raised about the Act’s failure to guarantee compulsory education up to the age of 14 years, as stipulated by Article 21 A of the Constitution. Madrasas being excluded from the Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009 raised concerns about potentially depriving students of universal and quality school education. Curriculum Focus Examination of the madrasa syllabi revealed a heavy emphasis on Islamic studies, with modern subjects receiving limited attention. Students were obligated to study Islamic doctrines to progress, whereas modern subjects were either optional or offered minimally. Compatibility with Higher Education Standards The Act was found to be in conflict with Section 22 of the University Grants Commission (UGC) Act, 1956, raising doubts about its alignment with higher education standards. Court’s Verdict and Recommendations The Allahabad HC declared the Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004 unconstitutional due to its violations of secular principles and fundamental rights. The court directed the state government to accommodate madrasa students in recognized regular schools and expressed concerns about the limited focus on Islamic studies in the curriculum. This ruling underscored potential negative impacts on students’ access to quality education and spurred legal discussions about constitutional infringements. -Source: Indian Express Trump’s Economic Plans: Implications for the US and India Context: Donald Trump’s proposed economic measures include imposing a 20% tariff on all imports, over 200% duty on cars, mass deportations of undocumented immigrants, and maintaining extended tax cuts despite a soaring budget deficit. These strategies, while potentially bolstering American stocks and the Dollar, raise concerns for US treasuries due to the risk of fiscal profligacy. For India, Trump’s policies could disrupt global supply chains, escalate trade wars, increase forex volatility, and affect global fund flows, thereby posing significant challenges for its economic growth. Additionally, these changes in the US macroeconomic landscape may prompt the Federal Reserve to revisit its rate-cut agenda, influencing the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to adopt a more cautious approach in its monetary policy decisions amid these uncertainties. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Analyzing the Economic Risks of Trump’s Policies Trump’s Immigration Policies: Implications for Indian Students and the IT Sector Impact of Potential H-1B Visa Policy Changes Under Trump Administration Analyzing the Economic Risks of Trump’s Policies Inflation and Fiscal Deficits Under Trump Donald Trump’s administration has been characterized by policies that have sparked considerable debate regarding their long-term economic impact: Trade Policies: Increased tariffs and ongoing trade wars are anticipated to drive up inflation within the U.S. Fiscal Health: Trump’s approach, combining significant tax cuts with protectionist trade measures, may stimulate immediate economic growth but also raises concerns about ballooning fiscal deficits. Such fiscal policies could potentially end the Federal Reserve’s rate-cutting cycle prematurely due to heightened inflation. Global Trust and U.S. Debt: Rising deficits, coupled with a potential decline in institutional trust, might lead foreign lenders to reconsider their stance on U.S. Treasury debt, echoing concerns similar to those triggered by the 2022 freeze of Russian assets, where global central banks shifted their preference towards physical gold. Global Market Uncertainties Monetary Policy Impact: Trump’s economic strategies could also influence global monetary policies. For instance, central banks like India’s RBI might delay rate cuts to maintain financial stability amidst market volatility. Currency Valuation: A weaker U.S. dollar, experienced during Trump’s first term, along with ongoing fiscal pressures, might further complicate the global interest rate environment. Trump’s Immigration Policies: Implications for Indian Students and the IT Sector Immigration Reforms: Trump’s mixed stance on immigration could tighten the job market in a full-employment economy, adding further inflationary pressures. However, his proposal to grant automatic green cards to foreign graduates in the U.S. could benefit Indian students. Corporate Tax Cuts: Plans to reduce the corporate tax rate could lead to increased budgets for U.S. clients of Indian IT service providers, potentially boosting demand for their services and positively impacting Indian IT stocks. Potential Influence of Elon Musk in U.S. Administration Policy Influence: Elon Musk’s possible role in the U.S. administration could bring significant changes to India’s trade and economic policies, especially concerning technology and energy sectors. Negotiations and Pressures: Enhanced influence might lead India to revisit earlier decisions, such as import duties for Tesla, potentially resulting in more favorable terms for Musk-led ventures. Global Economic Landscape: Key Events and Their Implications Federal Reserve Policies: The upcoming Fed policy meeting is critical, with expected insights into future inflation trends, which could signal shifts in U.S. economic strategies. China’s Economic Moves: China’s potential massive stimulus package could significantly impact global growth dynamics, possibly reducing growth in other emerging markets like India by diverting foreign investment towards China. Impact of Potential H-1B Visa Policy Changes Under Trump Administration The H-1B visa program is a crucial pathway for skilled foreign professionals to work in the U.S., especially in sectors with significant skill shortages. Here’s an analysis of how Trump’s policies might reshape the H-1B visa landscape, particularly affecting Indian professionals and U.S. employers reliant on this talent pool. Overview of the H-1B Visa Program Purpose and Eligibility: The H-1B visa allows U.S. employers to hire foreign professionals in specialty occupations that require highly specialized knowledge and at least a bachelor’s degree, aiming to address skill gaps in the U.S. workforce. Annual Visa Caps and Exemptions: The program is subject to an annual limit of 65,000 visas, with an additional 20,000 for holders of a U.S. master’s degree or higher. Exemptions exist for certain employers such as higher education institutions and government research organizations. Dominance of Indian Nationals: Indian nationals significantly dominate the H-1B visa approvals, comprising 72.3% of the total in fiscal year 2023. Historical H-1B Restrictions Under Trump’s First Term Increased Scrutiny and Denial Rates: There was a marked increase in visa denial rates and Requests for Evidence (RFEs), with denial rates peaking at 30% by 2020, a substantial rise from the 3.2% denial rate during Obama’s presidency. Higher Wage Requirements: An attempt was made to increase the wage requirements for H-1B visa holders by 43-71%, although this was ultimately blocked in court. Speculation on Visa Limits: There were discussions about further reducing the number of visas issued and potentially prioritizing applicants with advanced skills. Planned Restrictions and Their Implications “America First” Policy: Trump’s campaign for stricter immigration controls suggests major reforms that may limit H-1B visas and enforce stricter eligibility criteria, potentially affecting major tech companies that heavily rely on this visa. Shorter Visa Durations: Proposals for shorter visa durations, particularly for those placed at third-party locations, could introduce more uncertainty for both employers and employees, complicating project planning and execution. Impact on Indian Professionals Reduced Job Prospects: Tighter H-1B policies could lead to decreased job opportunities for Indian professionals in the U.S. tech industry. Complications in Family Reunification: Stricter visa rules may also complicate the process of family reunifications for current H-1B visa holders. -Source: Indian Express World Cities Report 2024: Highlighting Urban Challenges in Climate Action Context: The UN-Habitat’s “World Cities Report 2024: Cities and Climate Action” reveals a critical dynamic: while cities are major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, they also suffer disproportionately from the impacts of climate change. This report underscores the urgent need for targeted climate action within urban areas to mitigate these effects and transition towards sustainability. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Findings of the World Cities Report 2024 United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) Key Findings of the World Cities Report 2024 The World Cities Report 2024 provides a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and opportunities cities will face by 2040 due to climate change. Here are the critical insights from the report: Climate Impact on Urban Areas Temperature Increases: By 2040, nearly two billion people in urban settings will face a temperature rise of at least 0.5°C, which could exacerbate living conditions and increase energy demands for cooling. Shift in Climate Patterns: Approximately 14% of cities will experience drier climates, while around 900 cities are expected to see a shift towards more humid, tropical climates. Rising Sea Levels: More than 2,000 cities, particularly those in low coastal areas and less than 5 meters above sea level, will expose over 1.4 billion people to increased risks from sea-level rise and storm surges. Urban Contribution to and Risks from Climate Change Disproportionate Impact: Urban areas not only contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions but are also highly vulnerable to climate-induced shocks like floods and cyclones. Financial Shortfall for Climate Resilience: An estimated $4.5 to $5.4 trillion per year is required to develop climate-resilient infrastructures in cities. However, the current financing is drastically lower, at just $831 billion annually. Increased Flood Risk and Urban Sprawl Growing Flood Exposure: Since 1975, flood exposure has increased 3.5 times faster in urban areas than in rural areas. By 2030, 517 million urban residents will be at risk of riverine flooding. Decline in Green Spaces: Urban greenery has decreased from 19.5% in 1990 to 13.9% in 2020, intensifying environmental issues and reducing quality of life in cities. Socioeconomic Impacts Vulnerability of Informal Settlements: Informal settlements are particularly vulnerable to climate impacts due to their precarious locations and lack of legal recognition, which inhibits residents’ ability to invest in property improvements. Green Gentrification: Efforts to introduce green infrastructure like parks can lead to green gentrification, where the original, less affluent residents are displaced by wealthier newcomers, further complicating social dynamics in cities. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) is mandated by the UN General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities.  UN-Habitat is the focal point for all urbanization and human settlement matters within the UN system. UN-Habitat works with partners to build inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities and communities. UN-Habitat promotes urbanization as a positive transformative force for people and communities, reducing inequality, discrimination and poverty. Mission UN-Habitat works in over 90 countries to promote transformative change in cities and human settlements through knowledge, policy advice, technical assistance and collaborative action. UN-Habitat’s strategic plan 2020-2023 adopts a more strategic and integrated approach to solving the challenges and opportunities of twenty-first century cities and other human settlements. UN-Habitat’s mission embodies the four main roles of the organization, which can be summarized as: think, do, share, and partner. THINK: UN-Habitat’s normative work, including groundbreaking research and capacity-building, sets standards, proposes norms and principles, shares good practice, monitors global progress and supports formulation of policies related to sustainable cities and human settlements. DO: UN-Habitat’s operational work takes various forms of technical assistance, drawing on its unique expertise in sustainable urbanization and crisis response. UN-Habitat implements projects to provide value-added and tailored support to countries. SHARE: Through advocacy, communication and outreach, UN-Habitat mobilizes public, political and financial support and collaborative action to inspire qualitative change in national development plans, policy frameworks, development practice and investment choices for sustainable urban development at the local, national and global level. PARTNER: UN-Habitat collaborates with governments, intergovernmental, UN agencies, civil society organizations, foundations, academic institutions and the private sector to achieve enduring results in addressing the challenges of urbanization. -Source: Down To Earth Spinal Muscular Atrophy Context: Recently, A 16-month-old child with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) was chosen for gene therapy and was administered the drug at a private hospital. Relevance: GS II: Health Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disorder that primarily affects the motor neurons—nerve cells in the spinal cord—resulting in muscle wasting and weakness. Here’s a closer look at this debilitating condition. Overview of SMA Nature of the Disease: SMA targets the central and peripheral nervous systems and impacts voluntary muscle movement across the body. Motor Neuron Degeneration: The disease involves the progressive loss of motor neurons, classifying it as a motor neuron disease. This degeneration leads to muscle weakness and atrophy, particularly in the muscles closer to the body’s center. Types of SMA SMA is categorized into several subtypes based on the age of onset and severity: Type 0: Evident at birth, extremely severe. Type 1: Appears in infants, highly severe. Type 2: Develops in toddlers, moderate severity. Type 3: Begins in childhood or adolescence, milder form. Type 4: Manifests in adulthood, least severe. Symptoms of SMA Muscle Weakness: The primary symptom is muscle weakness that worsens over time, particularly affecting the muscles near the trunk. Mobility Issues: As the condition progresses, symptoms can range from mild to disabling, leading to challenges in daily movement but not typically affecting involuntary muscles such as those in the heart or digestive tract. Treatment Approaches While there is no cure for SMA, treatments focus on managing symptoms and minimizing complications: Physical Therapy: Aims to improve posture, prevent joint problems, and maintain mobility. Occupational Therapy: Helps individuals manage daily activities and maintain independence. Assistive Devices: Includes braces, walkers, or wheelchairs to aid movement. Speech and Swallowing Therapy: Addresses difficulties in speech and eating. Nutritional Support: Includes feeding tubes for those who have difficulty swallowing. Respiratory Care: Assisted ventilation may be necessary for those with advanced respiratory weakness. Advances in Medications Recent breakthroughs in treatment have provided new hope for those affected by SMA: Disease-Modifying Therapies: These include drugs approved by the FDA that can alter the progression of the disease. Gene Replacement Therapy: A revolutionary approach that introduces a new gene to make up for the defective one causing SMA. -Source: The Hindu Al-Natah Context: Archaeologists have uncovered a 4,000-year-old fortified town in Saudi Arabia, illustrating the gradual shift from nomadic to urban lifestyles. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Discovering Al-Natah: A Bronze Age Marvel The excavation at Khaybar oasis, led by French archaeologist Guillaume Charloux, has unearthed Al-Natah, shedding light on a sophisticated Bronze Age town that existed between 2400 and 1500 BCE. This significant archaeological find challenges previous notions about societal structures during that era and highlights the advanced urban planning of the time. Features of Al-Natah Organized Settlement: Al-Natah demonstrates the presence of an organized settlement during a period traditionally thought to be dominated by nomadic pastoral societies. This finding indicates a more complex social and economic structure than previously recognized. Town Structure: The town was strategically enclosed by a 14.5-kilometer wall and spanned an area of 2.6 hectares. It supported a population of up to 500 residents, suggesting a well-established community. Architecture: Residents lived in multi-story dwellings made of stone and mudbrick, arranged around narrow paths that connected the various parts of the town. This layout not only optimized space but also facilitated social and economic interactions among the inhabitants. Socioeconomic Role: Al-Natah likely functioned as a center for agricultural production and trade. The cooperative society here managed to sustain itself in an arid environment, indicating advanced knowledge of agriculture and resource management. Cultural and Social Insights: The layout of the town included designated burial sites, with the presence of some graves and tiered towers possibly indicating higher social status among certain residents. Comparison with Al Faw Al-Natah shares similarities with another ancient town in southern Saudi Arabia, Al Faw, which was recently designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Both towns highlight the region’s historical significance and the unexpected complexity of early urban settlements in what is now Saudi Arabia. -Source: The Hindu Okinawicius tekdi Context: Researchers have found a new species of jumping spider on Baner hill, yet again highlighting the region’s rich biodiversity and the need to protect the city’s natural landscapes. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Okinawicius Tekdi A remarkable discovery has been made in the field of arachnology with the identification of a new species of jumping spider named Okinawicius tekdi. This addition enriches the already diverse spider fauna of India, bringing the total number of known jumping spider species in the country to 326. Discovery of Okinawicius Tekdi Naming and Significance: The spider is named after the Marathi word for hill, “tekdi,” reflecting its likely habitat or discovery location. This name underscores the cultural linkage and local biodiversity significance. Research and Discovery: The species was first described by Atharva Kulkarni, an MSc student in environmental science from MIT-World Peace University in Pune, marking a significant contribution to the local scientific community. Historical Context: This discovery is particularly notable as it marks the first new spider species identified in Pune in over 30 years, highlighting a breakthrough in regional biodiversity research. Overview of Spider Species Spiders, belonging to the class of arthropods, are fascinating creatures known for their complex behaviors and diverse adaptations. Physical Characteristics: Spiders are characterized by their segmented bodies, hard exoskeleton, and eight jointed legs, setting them apart from insects, which have six legs. Web Spinning: One of the most distinctive features of spiders is their ability to spin webs. These webs are used for various purposes such as trapping prey, shelter, and laying eggs. Diversity and Adaptation: Spiders exhibit a wide range of feeding and habitat preferences, contributing significantly to ecological balance by controlling insect populations. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 07 November 2024

CONTENTS IL-35 Protein PM Vidyalaxmi Scheme IL-35 Protein Context: Scientists at the Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST) in Guwahati, an autonomous institute under the Department of Science and Technology, have discovered a specific protein IL-35 that can aid in new treatments for type I and autoimmune diabetes mellitus. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology IL-35 Protein IL-35 is an immunoregulatory protein composed of the IL-12α and IL-27β chains. It plays a critical role in the immune system by regulating various immune cells and mechanisms: Immune Regulation: IL-35 is involved in regulating macrophage activation, T-cell responses, and regulatory B cells, which are all pivotal in maintaining immune homeostasis. Protection Against Diabetes: The protein is particularly significant in the context of autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes. It inhibits the activity of immune cells that attack pancreatic beta cells, which are crucial for insulin production. By reducing the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the pancreas, IL-35 helps mitigate the progression of autoimmune diabetes mellitus. Autoimmune Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, T1DM) Autoimmune diabetes mellitus, commonly known as Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), is a chronic autoimmune condition characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas:  In T1DM, the body’s immune system mistakenly targets and destroys beta cells in the pancreas, which produce insulin. This autoimmune attack leads to a reduction in insulin production, resulting in high blood sugar levels. The development of T1DM is influenced by both genetic predispositions and environmental factors. Potential environmental triggers include viral infections, dietary influences like vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acid deficiencies, and changes in gut microbiota. Individuals with T1DM require lifelong insulin therapy since their bodies can no longer produce sufficient insulin. This dependency is due to the irreversible damage to pancreatic beta cells caused by the autoimmune response. Challenges and Research Directions Currently, there are no preventive treatments or immunosuppressive therapies that effectively prevent the onset or progression of T1DM. This highlights the need for ongoing research into innovative treatment strategies, such as those involving immunoregulatory proteins like IL-35, which might offer new pathways for managing or even preventing autoimmune diabetes in the future. The exploration of IL-35’s role in autoimmune responses and its potential therapeutic applications represents a promising area of study that could lead to significant advancements in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including T1DM. PM Vidyalaxmi Scheme Context: The Union Cabinet, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has unveiled the PM Vidyalaxmi Scheme, a pivotal initiative under the National Education Policy 2020. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions About PM Vidyalaxmi: This scheme is designed to ensure that financial constraints do not hinder meritorious students from pursuing higher education. It offers financial assistance in the form of collateral-free, guarantor-free loans covering tuition fees and other related expenses. Eligibility and Coverage PM Vidyalaxmi targets students admitted to top-tier Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) as ranked by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF). This includes: HEIs ranked within the top 100 overall, category-specific, or domain-specific rankings. State government HEIs ranked within 101-200. All central government governed institutions. Initially, 860 HEIs qualify under the scheme, potentially benefiting over 22 lakh students. Loan and Credit Guarantees The scheme facilitates educational loans up to ₹7.5 lakhs, with a 75% credit guarantee on the outstanding default to mitigate the risk for banks and encourage the provision of loans. Interest Subvention Benefits For families with an annual income of up to ₹8 lakhs not eligible for other government subsidies, the scheme offers a 3% interest subvention on loans up to ₹10 lakhs during the moratorium period. This benefit is aimed at supporting one lakh students annually, prioritizing those from government institutions and enrolled in technical/professional courses. Financial Outlay and Impact An allocation of ₹3,600 Crore has been set aside for the period from 2024-25 to 2030-31, with an expectation to assist 7 lakh new students through the interest subvention. Digital and Simplified Processes The Department of Higher Education will manage the PM Vidyalaxmi scheme through a unified digital portal, which simplifies the application process for both loans and interest subventions. Payments for interest subvention will be executed using E-vouchers and Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) wallets, streamlining transactions and ensuring transparency. Supplementary Initiatives PM Vidyalaxmi complements existing programs like the Central Sector Interest Subsidy (CSIS) and the Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme for Education Loans (CGFSEL), part of the PM-USP. These schemes collectively aim to enhance access to quality higher education and support students pursuing technical and professional courses. Conclusion The PM Vidyalaxmi scheme is a significant step forward in making quality higher education accessible to all aspiring students across India. By removing financial barriers and integrating digital solutions, the scheme promises to broaden educational opportunities and foster an environment where merit trumps economic status, reinforcing the government’s commitment to educational and financial inclusion.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 07 November 2024

Contents : What Trump 2.0 means for India A win that will affect the global economy What Trump 2.0 means for India Context: A second Trump administration may reshape India-U.S. relations, offering both strategic opportunities and renewed challenges. Relevance: GS 2 ( International Relations ) Practice Question: Analyse the possible opportunities and challenges for India-U.S. relations in the event of a second Trump regime. (150 words ) Positive Areas for India-U.S. Relations under Trump: Economic co-operation : Trump aims to strengthen trade with India, reviving Free Trade Agreement discussions from 2019-2020. India could benefit from technology transfer, defence purchases, and greater access to U.S. markets. Energy Collaborations:  Trump likely favours increasing India’s purchase of U.S. oil and LNG, as seen in the past MoU for investment in the Driftwood LNG plant. Democratic Norms:  Unlike the Biden administration, Trump’s policies may reduce scrutiny on India’s human rights, minority issues, and NGO regulations. On Khalistan Activism: Expected a stricter approach towards Khalistani groups, promoting India’s stance. Stronger Stance on Canada:  Trump’s stance may align with India’s current tensions with Ottawa, particularly around the Nijjar case and related diplomatic disputes. Potential Trouble Areas : Trade Disputes: Trump’s tariff policies led to U.S.-India trade frictions, including WTO disputes and the removal of India’s GSP ( The Generalized System of Preferences )status. Unpredictable Communication: Trump’s tendency to reveal or exaggerate private discussions with world leaders potentially complicate diplomatic relations. For Instance, his comments on Kashmir with Pakistan’s Imran Khan and statements on the LAC standoff with China. Pressure on Allies : Trump can adopt a coercive approach to allies. For example, his pressure on India to halt Iranian oil imports strained India-Iran relations, affecting India’s energy security. Inconsistent South Asia Focus: Pakistan and Bangladesh may experience policy shifts. Reduced U.S. aid and attention might increase these countries’ dependency on other powers, like China, shifting regional balances. Complex Middle East Relations: With Trump’s warm relations with Russia, India may find it easier to balance ties with Moscow. Trump’s approach to Israel, Iran, and the Gulf countries may affect India’s trade, energy interests, and security. Conclusion: Trump 2.0 promises deeper economic and strategic ties, but India must cautiously navigate the complexities of his unpredictable approach to maintain a balanced and mutually beneficial partnership. A win that will affect the global economy Context: Trump’s victory may reshape the global economy, with significant implications for trade, inflation, and international relations. Relevance: GS 2 ( International Relations ) Practice Question:Evaluate how a Trump-led U.S. administration’s protectionist policies might impact global trade and inflation, with a special focus on emerging economies like India. (250 words ) Trade Sector : The USA may shift back to protectionist policies, particularly with China and India. This could involve raising tariffs on imported goods, particularly targeting China with tariffs as high as 60%. The U.S. is India’s second-largest trading partner, with a trade surplus in India’s favour ($36.74 billion). Trump’s protectionist approach could involve tariffs or import restrictions on Indian goods. Focus on Bilateral Deals: Trump’s preference for bilateral over multilateral trade could undermine global institutions like the WTO and may impact smaller economies. Inflation : Proposed import tariffs (e.g., 10% on all imports) could drive up consumer prices in the U.S., leading to increased inflation domestically and ripple through global supply chains. China’s Concerns : China as a Key Target: China’s substantial trade surplus with the U.S. ($380 billion) makes it a primary focus for Trump’s trade policies. China may face significant trade barriers on certain products (e.g., electric vehicles in the EU and steel in India) limiting its reach. Impact on India’s Key Sectors : Trump’s policies could again limit H1B and L1 visa approvals for skilled Indian workers, particularly affecting the IT sector. Indian companies might need to hire more U.S.-based workers, as seen with Infosys, which employed 10,000 American workers in response to prior restrictions. Pharmaceuticals: Indian Pharma and generic drugs could face more stringent regulatory or tariff barriers. Energy Sector Increased Fossil Fuel Production: Trump’s pledges to expand oil and natural gas exploration which hampers U.S. commitment to climate goals. NATO and Allies Strained NATO Partnerships: During his first term, Trump’s often contentious approach toward NATO and European allies signalled a shift from U.S.-EU cooperation. Conclusion: Trump’s policies may drive economic shifts worldwide, affecting trade balances, sectoral growth, and international alliances.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 07 November 2024

CONTENTS Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS)  A New Study Reports a Dietary Diversity Gap for Young Children in India Major Ralengnao ‘Bob’ Khathing Gravity Energy Storage Visible Emission Line Coronagraph Proba-3 Mission  Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS)  Context: The Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) remains a debated topic in India, with proponents arguing it empowers representatives to address local needs and critics claiming it undermines constitutional principles, particularly the separation of powers.   Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: MPLAD Scheme Background of the Court’s Ruling 2018 CIC Order: The Central Information Commission (CIC) raised concerns about Members of Parliament (MPs) strategically saving their MPLADS funds until the final year of their term. The CIC suspected this tactic was used to gain an unfair advantage during elections. MoSPI Suggestion: The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) was advised by the CIC to prevent this “abuse” by implementing guidelines to ensure the funds were distributed equally over each year of the five-year term. Legal Challenge: The MoSPI filed a legal challenge in the Delhi High Court against the CIC’s ruling related to a Right to Information (RTI) application. Court’s Ruling No Jurisdiction: The Delhi High Court ruled that the CIC does not have jurisdiction to comment on the utilization of funds by MPs under the MPLADS. RTI Act Scope: The court noted that the RTI Act is limited to providing access to information under the control of public authorities. Section 18 of RTI Act: According to Section 18 of the RTI Act, the CIC can only deal with issues related to the information sought under the RTI Act or any issue leading to the dissipation of such information. Publication of Details: The Court upheld the CIC’s instruction for public authorities to publish details of the funds, MP-wise, Constituency-wise, and work-wise under the RTI Act. MPLAD Scheme: MPLADS is an ongoing Central Sector Scheme which was launched in 1993-94.  The Scheme enables the Members of Parliament to recommend works for creation of durable community assets based on locally felt needs to be taken up in their constituencies in the area of national priorities namely drinking water, education, public health, sanitation, roads etc. Nodal Ministry: The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation has been responsible for the policy formulation, release of funds and prescribing monitoring mechanism for implementation of the Scheme. Features The annual MPLADS fund entitlement per MP constituency is Rs. 5 crore. MPs are to recommend every year, works costing at least 15 per cent of the MPLADS entitlement for the year for areas inhabited by Scheduled Caste population and 7.5 per cent for areas inhabited by S.T. population. In order to encourage trusts and societies for the betterment of tribal people, a ceiling of Rs. 75 lakh is stipulated for building assets by trusts and societies subject to conditions prescribed in the scheme guidelines. Lok Sabha Members can recommend works within their Constituencies and Elected Members of Rajya Sabha can recommend works within the State of Election (with select exceptions). Nominated Members of both the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha can recommend works anywhere in the country. All works to meet locally felt infrastructure and development needs, with an emphasis on creation of durable assets in the constituency are permissible under MPLADS as prescribed in the scheme guidelines. Expenditure on specified items of non durable nature are also permitted as listed in the guidelines. Release of Funds: Funds are released in the form of grants in-aid directly to the district authorities. The funds released under the scheme are non-lapsable. The liability of funds not released in a particular year is carried forward to the subsequent years, subject to eligibility. Execution of works: The MPs have a recommendatory role under the scheme. They recommend their choice of works to the concerned district authorities who implement these works by following the established procedures of the concerned state government. The district authority is empowered to examine the eligibility of works sanction funds and select the implementing agencies, prioritise works, supervise overall execution, and monitor the scheme at the ground level. -Source: Business Standards A New Study Reports a Dietary Diversity Gap for Young Children in India Context: A new study has thrown open the lid on a nutrition issue of massive proportions in the Indian context, as 77 pecent of children aged 6-23 months do not meet WHO standards for dietary diversity.  Almost the worst failure rates for minimum dietary diversity are reported in central India. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) What are the Major Limitations to Dietary Diversity in India? Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) The concept of Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) serves as a critical nutritional benchmark set by the World Health Organization (WHO) to evaluate and ensure adequate dietary intake for children aged 6-23 months. According to this standard, a child’s diet must include items from at least five of the eight designated food groups within a 24-hour period to be deemed sufficient. These groups encompass breast milk, grains, legumes, dairy products, flesh foods, eggs, and fruits and vegetables. Failure to meet this diversity threshold is a strong indicator of inadequate nutritional intake. Key Insights from Recent Findings Historical Progress: There has been a noteworthy reduction in the MDD failure rate from 87.4% in the earlier NFHS-3 survey (2005-06) to over 75% in the latest survey. Although this represents progress, the high percentage indicates that a significant number of children still do not receive sufficiently diverse diets. Regional Discrepancies: The study highlights stark differences across states, with Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh showing more than 80% inadequacy in dietary diversity. In contrast, states like Sikkim and Meghalaya reported better outcomes, with failure rates below 50%, suggesting more effective local nutritional policies. Nutritional Challenges: Despite global advances in child nutrition, inadequate nutrition continues to contribute significantly to child mortality and disease. In India, the statistics are particularly concerning, with a substantial proportion of children underweight, stunted, and wasted. Dietary Trends: There has been a slight decline in the consumption of breast milk and dairy products among Indian children, which could impact nutritional outcomes negatively. Breastmilk consumption decreased from 87% in NFHS-3 to 85% in NFHS-5, and dairy intake from 54% to 52%. Undernutrition and Anaemia: Undernutrition and anaemia remain prevalent, especially among children from rural areas or those born to mothers with limited education or access to health resources. Improvement Recommendations The study underlines the urgent need for focused government action to improve nutrition among children. Recommendations include: Stregthening the ICDS and PDS: This would also increase the scope and productivity of the Integrated Child Development Services and Public Distribution System for a very long time so that food items available can be more diverse in nature and richer in nutrients. Targeted Interventions: All interventions that focused on bringing regional inequalities and the most disadvantaged populations under closer examination would help reduce dietary inadequacies in India and improve child health outcomes. What are the Major Limitations to Dietary Diversity in India? Poverty and Regional Inequality: Significant spatial variations characterize poverty rates in India. Food diversity is severely limited by large regional inequalities, especially in central and western states. Lack of Awareness among Caregivers: Low levels of awareness among caregivers, especially in rural areas, restrict information on proper well-balanced diets and is a significant cause of undernutrition. PDS mainly focuses on staple grains. There is hardly any diversification and no nutrient-dense foods such as pulses, fruits, and vegetables. Inadequate access to health facilities and nutrition education lacks the desired information. Children’s eating habits are influenced by poor nutrition counseling. Certain food groups are not included in children’s diets owing to cultural practices that disregard the intake of specific groups of food. -Source: The Hindu Major Ralengnao ‘Bob’ Khathing Context: Recently, the Defence Minister inaugurated the Major Ralengnao ‘Bob’ Khathing Museum of Valour at Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: What was Bob Khathing’s Tawang expedition? Who was Bob Khathing? What is the record of his Army service? What did Bob Khathing do after the war ended? What was Bob Khathing’s Tawang expedition? In 1951, Maj Bob Khathing, then a member of the Indian Frontier Administrative Service, was tasked by the Governor of Assam, Jairamdas Daulatram, to occupy Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh. It was important to secure the area as there were indications that the Chinese were preparing to walk into Tibet and possibly re-align the boundary with India. Well-versed in jungle warfare, Bob Khathing started the expedition for Tawang on January 17, 1951, from the Lokhra Camp near Assam’s Charduar with troops of Assam Rifles. The terrain was hostile and the weather extreme, but Khathing and his men persevered. Once they arrived in Tawang, Khathing held parleys with the locals, winning over their trust. He officially took Tawang under Indian administration by hoisting the Indian flag on February 14, 1951. Thereafter, Khathing started the process of establishing an administrative set-up in the area around Tawang. He appointed Gaon Buras (village elders) in each village for that purpose, in keeping with the traditional practice of one Gaon Bura for groups of three to ten villages. Who was Bob Khathing? Ranenglao ‘Bob’ Khathing was born on February 28, 1912, in Manipur’s Ukhrul district. He was a Tangkhul Naga. He studied at Sir Johnstone High School in Imphal and did his matriculation from Shillong before joining Cotton College in Guwahati. He joined Ukhrul High School as its Head Master. He also founded a school at Harasingha in Assam’s Darrang district. In 1939, after the Second World War broke out, Khathing joined the Indian Army and got an Emergency Commission as an officer. What is the record of his Army service? In a short period of time, Bob Khathing was not only given the coveted award of Member of British Empire (MBE) for his role in galvanising Naga support against the Japanese in Burma and India, but also the Military Cross (MC) for his acts of bravery above and beyond the call of duty. Bob was commissioned into the 9/11 Hyderabad Regiment (now Kumaon Regiment). In 1942, he was transferred to the Assam Regiment in Shillong. During the Second World War, he was part of a guerrilla outfit called Victor Force, raised by the British to combat the Japanese on the Burma-India road. Later, another force known as SANCOL, comprising 153 Gurkha Parachute Battalion, was formed in June 1944 under command of Major John Saunders, and Bob Khathing was appointed Advisor to this force. Lightly equipped with only two days’ rations, SANCOL was tasked with tracking Japanese soldiers around Tangkhul Hundung and preventing them from escaping to the southeast. What did Bob Khathing do after the war ended? At the end of the Second World War, the Emergency Commissioned officers in the Army were demobilised. Known to be very close to the then Maharaja Kumar Priyabrata Singh of Manipur, Khathing joined the then interim government as minister in charge of the hill areas. In 1949, when Manipur merged with India, the interim government was dissolved and he joined the Assam Rifles. Khathing served with the 2nd Assam Rifles Battalion for two years.  In 1951, he joined the Indian Frontier Administrative Service as an assistant political officer. He went on to serve as Deputy Commissioner of Mokokchung (in Nagaland), Development Commissioner in Sikkim, and Chief Secretary of Nagaland. His career ended as ambassador to Burma in 1975 — making him possibly the first person of tribal origin to be appointed ambassador in independent India. He died in Imphal on January 12, 1990. -Source: Indian Express Gravity Energy Storage Context: Gravity energy storage is emerging as a viable solution to address a major challenge of solar and wind power. Relevance: GS III: Energy Gravity Energy Storage: Harnessing Potential Energy Gravity energy storage is an innovative technology designed to store electrical energy by leveraging the gravitational force. This method provides an alternative to traditional battery storage and pumped-hydro systems, with the potential to significantly impact the renewable energy sector. How Gravity Energy Storage Works The fundamental mechanism of gravity energy storage involves: Energy Conversion: During periods of surplus energy generation, such as midday solar peak times, the excess electricity is used to elevate a heavy mass. This could be water, concrete blocks, or compressed earth blocks. The lifting of this mass converts electrical energy into potential energy. Energy Release: When energy demand exceeds the current supply, especially during peak consumption hours or when renewable sources like solar are not available, the stored potential energy is converted back to electrical energy. This is achieved by allowing the elevated mass to descend, which drives a turbine as it forces water or another fluid through it, generating electricity. System Configuration Setup Details: A typical setup includes a heavy piston situated within a fluid-filled cylindrical container. This configuration allows for a controlled release of the mass, ensuring efficient energy generation. Site Flexibility: Unlike pumped-hydro storage, which requires specific geographical features, gravity energy storage systems can be installed in a wider range of locations, offering greater flexibility in site selection. Advantages of Gravity Energy Storage Longevity and Maintenance: Gravity energy storage systems are capable of lasting for decades with minimal maintenance requirements. This contrasts sharply with batteries, which require replacements due to degradation over time. Environmental Impact: This technology avoids the chemical reactions associated with batteries, reducing the risk of environmental contamination and the challenges associated with disposal. Cost-Effectiveness: For large-scale energy storage, gravity systems can be more economical, presenting lower costs of energy storage compared to other technologies. Space and Environmental Sensitivity: The system’s relatively compact and non-invasive nature makes it suitable for areas where space is at a premium or environmental regulations limit the deployment of large-scale energy storage facilities. -Source: The Hindu Visible Emission Line Coronagraph Context: Scientists at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) Bengaluru recently reported the “first significant” results from the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) payload onboard the ADITYA-L1 Mission. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Overview of the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) Coronagraph Overview of the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) The Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) is the primary payload of India’s pioneering Aditya-L1 Mission, which marks the country’s first venture to observe the Sun from an advantageous point about 1.5 million kilometers from Earth. Designed and built by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) at its CREST facility in Hosakote, Karnataka, the VELC embodies a multifaceted approach to solar observation. Design and Functionality The VELC integrates multiple components to perform its functions: Coronagraph: This instrument is essentially designed to block the Sun’s bright face, enabling the observation of its outer atmosphere, or corona. Spectrograph: This allows for the analysis of the Sun’s light, helping to identify the presence and concentration of various elements. Polarimetry Module: Essential for measuring the magnetic fields of the solar corona. Detectors and Auxiliary Optics: These are crucial for capturing and processing the data received from the other components. Objectives of the VELC Solar Corona Observation: The VELC is capable of imaging the solar corona closer than ever before, up to 1.05 times the solar radius. This proximity provides unprecedented clarity and detail in the images captured. Scientific Analysis: The instrument will analyze various aspects of the solar corona including temperature, plasma velocity, and density. Such data are vital for understanding the physical conditions of the Sun’s outermost atmospheric layer. Study of Solar Phenomena: Key solar phenomena such as Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) and solar wind will be studied extensively. These are critical for understanding space weather and its impact on Earth. Coronagraph A coronagraph is a highly specialized astronomical instrument crafted to observe the Sun’s corona, the outermost and hot layer of the solar atmosphere, which is usually obscured by the Sun’s bright light. Origins of the Coronagraph Inventor: The device was invented by French astronomer Bernard Lyot in the 1930s. Development: Lyot’s innovation allowed for detailed study of the solar corona outside of solar eclipses. Functionality of the Coronagraph The primary function of a coronagraph is to enable the observation of the Sun’s corona by blocking out the intense light from the Sun’s main body.  It employs a circular mask within a telescope to selectively filter out the sun’s light, mimicking the natural blocking effect of the Moon during a solar eclipse. Additional Uses of Coronagraphs Beyond solar studies, advanced coronagraphs are utilized in the field of exoplanetary science. These devices filter out the starlight of distant stars, making it possible to detect and study the light from orbiting exoplanets that are otherwise hidden in the star’s glare. -Source: The Hindu Proba-3 Mission Context: Recently, the union minister of Science and Technology said that India will launch the European Space Agency’s Proba-3 mission early next month from the spaceport at Sriharikota. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Overview of ESA’s Proba-3 Mission The Proba-3 mission, spearheaded by the European Space Agency (ESA), represents a groundbreaking venture in space technology and solar observation. As ESA’s first mission dedicated to precision formation flying, Proba-3 aims to enhance our understanding of the Sun’s corona through an innovative approach involving two spacecraft working in concert. Mission Design and Components Proba-3 consists of two small satellites: Coronagraph Spacecraft: Equipped to image the Sun’s corona. Occulter Spacecraft: Shaped like a solar disc, its primary function is to block the Sun’s intense light, simulating an eclipse. How Proba-3 Works Formation Flying: The two satellites will maintain a precise distance of approximately 150 meters from each other. Through this tight formation, the Occulter will cast a shadow over the Coronagraph’s telescope, effectively creating an artificial eclipse. Observation Capabilities: This setup allows the Coronagraph to capture images of the solar corona in visible, ultraviolet, and polarized light without the interference of the Sun’s bright light. Such observations can last for extended periods, providing continuous and detailed solar imaging. Scientific Objectives Study of the Solar Corona: By simulating an eclipse, Proba-3 will allow scientists to observe the solar corona in unprecedented detail. This region of the Sun, while typically obscured by its brightness, is crucial for understanding solar dynamics and the solar atmosphere. Insights into Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs): The mission will focus on the origins and properties of CMEs, which are significant eruptions of solar material. Understanding CMEs is vital for assessing their potential impacts on satellites, communication systems, and power grids on Earth. Solar Irradiance Measurements: Proba-3 will also track total solar irradiance, providing valuable data on the Sun’s energy output. Changes in solar irradiance are important for models of Earth’s climate, as they can influence global temperature and weather patterns. -Source: Indian Express

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