Content

1. Pax Silica: India’s Likely Entry into a U.S.-Led Tech–Supply Chain Bloc
2. EV Retrofit Push in India: Converting Old Cars to Electric
3. AI Translation of Parliamentary Proceedings into 22 Languages
4. Two Consecutive PSLV Failures
5. PESA Act Implemented in Jharkhand after 25 Years: Will It Change Tribal Lives?

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Pax Silica: India’s Likely Entry into a U.S.-Led Tech–Supply Chain Bloc

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Context & Why in News ?

• India to be invited to join “Pax Silica”, a U.S.-led 8-nation initiative on:
  • Semiconductors
  • Critical minerals
  • Artificial Intelligence
• Signals reset in India–U.S. strategic-tech cooperation after months of trade frictions.
• India was excluded in the initial launch (Dec, Washington) despite Quad membership.

Relevance

GS II – International Relations

• India–U.S. strategic partnership
• Minilateralism (Quad, I2U2)
• Strategic autonomy vs alignment

GS III – Economy & S&T

• Semiconductors, AI, critical minerals
• Supply chain security
• Industrial policy (PLI, Semicon India)

What is Pax Silica?

• Strategic techno-economic bloc, not a formal treaty.
• Aims to:
  • Secure trusted semiconductor supply chains.
  • Reduce dependence on China-centric manufacturing & minerals.
  • Coordinate on AI governance, standards, and innovation.
• Part of broader U.S. vision of “friend-shoring” and tech alliances.

Strategic Context: Why Pax Silica Matters Now ?

• Semiconductors as geopolitics:
  • Chips = core of defence, AI, telecom, EVs.
• Critical minerals:
  • Lithium, cobalt, rare earths → energy transition & defence.
• AI race:
  • Economic productivity + military applications.
• Pax Silica complements:
  • Quad tech agenda
  • I2U2 economic corridor
  • U.S. CHIPS & Science Act ecosystem.

Why India’s Participation is Significant ?

Strategic Dimension  

• Indo-Pacific balancing:
  • Strengthens India’s role in shaping rules-based tech order.
• Trust-based alignment:
  • Without formal alliance → preserves strategic autonomy.
• Enhances India’s leverage in:
  • Quad
  • G20
  • Global tech governance forums.

Economic & Industrial Dimension

• Aligns with India’s:
  • Semicon India Programme
  • PLI schemes
• Access to:
  • Advanced chip design ecosystems.
  • Global value chains (fab, packaging, testing).
• Helps India move up from:
  • Assembly → design, materials, and equipment.

Supply Chain Security

• Reduces vulnerability to:
  • China-dominated rare earth processing.
• Diversification of:
  • Mineral sourcing
  • Manufacturing nodes.

Why India Was Initially Excluded ?

• Trade tensions:
  • U.S. imposed 50% tariffs on Indian goods.
• Friction over:
  • India’s Russian oil imports.
• Policy divergence:
  • Data localisation
  • Market access issues.
• Current invitation reflects:
  • Pragmatic reset rather than ideological convergence.

Challenges & Risks for India

Strategic Risks

• Over-alignment risks perception of bloc politics.
• China factor:
  • Possible retaliation in trade or border diplomacy.

Economic Risks

• High entry barriers:
  • Capital-intensive fabs.
  • Technology export controls (U.S. ITAR-like regimes).

Policy Risks

• AI governance:
  • U.S. model vs India’s development-first approach.
• Critical minerals:
  • India weak in domestic reserves → dependency persists.

Linkages with Other Groupings

• Quad:
  • Security + tech norms.
• I2U2:
  • Economic innovation corridor.
• BRICS:
  • India must balance tech alignment with Global South leadership.

Way Forward for India

• Selective participation:
  • Focus on semicon design, OSAT, minerals processing.
• Insist on technology access, not just market integration.
• Leverage Pax Silica for Global South:
  • Act as bridge between advanced tech & developing world.
• Domestic reforms:
  • Ease land, power, water bottlenecks for fabs.
• Parallel diversification:
  • Continue cooperation with EU, Japan, South Korea.

Pax Silica – Members

1. United States (Lead country)
2. Japan
3. Australia
4. South Korea
5. Singapore
6. United Kingdom
7. Netherlands
8. Israel
9. United Arab Emirates

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EV Retrofit Push in India

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Context & Why in News ?

• Delhi government announced incentives under its upcoming EV Policy to promote retrofitting of old ICE vehicles into EVs.
• Incentives include:
  • ₹50,000 for first 1,000 retrofitted vehicles.
  • Focus on 2-wheelers & 3-wheelers initially.
• Policy aims to address urban air pollution, vehicle scrappage gaps, and affordability barriers to EV adoption.

Relevance

GS III – Environment & Economy

• Electric mobility
• Urban air pollution
• Circular economy

GS II – Governance

• Urban transport policy
• Centre–State regulation (CMVR)

What is EV Retrofitting? 

• Retrofitting = converting an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicle into an Electric Vehicle (EV).
• Key components replaced:
  • Engine → Electric motor
  • Fuel tank → Battery pack
  • Transmission simplified
• Requires approval under Central Motor Vehicles Rules (CMVR) and testing by agencies like ARAI / ICAT.

Economic Analysis: Why Retrofitting Is Expensive ?

• Retrofit cost:
  • 2-wheelers: ~₹60,000–₹1 lakh
  • 4-wheelers: ₹3.5–6 lakh
• High cost drivers:
  • Battery (~40–50% of cost)
  • Low economies of scale
  • Certification & compliance costs

Concerns

• Battery sourcing & disposal:
  • Environmental costs of lithium extraction.
• Limited lifecycle benefit:
  • If retrofit lifespan < new EV lifespan.

Technology & Industry Dimension

• Market maturity:
  • Retrofit industry still nascent.
• Supply chain gaps:
  • Limited certified vendors.
• Warranty issues:
  • Retrofit kits often offer:
    • ~3-year battery warranty
    • ~1 lakh km motor warranty
• Safety & reliability:
  • Fire risk concerns if standards not enforced.

Key Challenges

Economic

• High cost vs declining cost of new EVs.
• Limited subsidy support compared to new EVs.

Institutional

• Complex approval & certification.
• Lack of uniform standards across states.

Environmental

• Battery recycling ecosystem still weak.

Market

• Low consumer confidence and limited scale.

Way Forward

• Targeted retrofitting strategy:
  • Focus on:
    • 2W, 3W, taxis, delivery fleets.
• Battery-as-a-Service (BaaS):
  • Reduce upfront retrofit cost.
• Stronger incentives:
  • Link with vehicle scrappage policy.
• Standardisation:
  • National retrofit standards & safety norms.
• Urban low-emission zones:
  • Mandate retrofitting or EV-only access.
• Parallel push:
  • Do not dilute incentives for new EVs.

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AI Translation of Parliamentary Proceedings into 22 Languages

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Context & Why in News ?

• From 2026, parliamentary proceedings and official paperwork will be translated using AI into 22 Scheduled Languages.
• Announcement by the Om Birla, aligned with Lok Sabha Secretariat’s digitisation drive.
• Aim: Full linguistic accessibility, real-time or near real-time translation.

Relevance

GS II – Polity & Governance

• Parliamentary functioning
• Linguistic inclusion
• E-governance

Constitutional & Legal Dimension

• Article 120:
  • Allows use of Hindi/English and permits other languages as authorised by Parliament.
• Eighth Schedule:
  • Recognises 22 Scheduled Languages → normative basis for inclusion.
• Article 350:
  • Right to representation in one’s language.
• Spirit of the Constitution:
  • Linguistic diversity + democratic participation.

Governance & Democratic Significance

• Deepening representative democracy:
  • MPs, especially from non-Hindi states, can engage more effectively.
• Public accessibility:
  • Citizens gain direct access to debates in their mother tongue.
• Legislative quality:
  • Better comprehension → informed debate and scrutiny.
• Transparency:
  • Entire proceedings, not just summaries, made accessible.

Technology & Administrative Dimension

• Use of AI/NLP tools:
  • Machine translation + human post-editing.
• Phased implementation:
  • Currently available in 10 languages → 22 by end-2026.
• Human–AI hybrid model:
  • Contract translators + younger AI-literate professionals.
• Digitisation push:
  • Linked with e-Vidhan, e-Parliament initiatives.

Ethical & Constitutional Concerns

• Accuracy & nuance:
  • Legislative language is technical; mistranslation can alter meaning.
• Accountability:
  • Who is responsible for errors—AI vendor or Secretariat?
• Bias & data training:
  • Regional dialects under-represented in datasets.
• Digital divide:
  • Access assumes digital literacy and connectivity.

Key Challenges

Technical

• Context loss in:
  • Legal terms
  • Sarcasm, interruptions, procedural phrases.
• Difficulty in low-resource languages.

Institutional

• Over-reliance on AI without robust human oversight.
• Version control between original and translated texts.

Democratic

• Risk of misinterpretation influencing public opinion.
• MPs may rely on AI translations during debates.

Way Forward

• Human-in-the-loop model mandatory for final versions.
• Authoritative language principle:
  • Original text prevails in case of dispute.
• Standardised legislative glossaries across languages.
• Independent audit of AI tools for bias and accuracy.
• Capacity building:
  • MPs & staff trained to use translated material responsibly.
• Gradual rollout with feedback loops.

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Two Consecutive PSLV Failures

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Context & Why in News ?

• Indian Space Research Organisation’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) has suffered two consecutive failures:
  • PSLV-C61 (May 2025): Pressure drop in PS3.
  • PSLV-C62 (Jan 2026): Disruption in roll rate of PS3, deviation from intended orbit.
• First time in PSLV’s 32-year history that back-to-back failures have occurred.
• Raises concerns beyond “bad luck” → systemic and organisational scrutiny.

Relevance

GS III – Science & Technology

• Space technology
• Failure analysis & reliability

PSLV at a Glance

• Four-stage launch vehicle:
  • PS1 & PS3: Solid stages
  • PS2 & PS4: Liquid stages
• Known for high reliability and cost-effectiveness.
• Backbone of India’s:
  • Earth observation
  • Navigation (IRNSS)
  • Commercial launches (earlier phase)

Failure History Snapshot

• 5 failures / partial failures in ~64 launches.
• Earlier failures were isolated & time-separated (1993, 1997, 2017).
• 2025–26 failures clustered around PS3 → commonality demands scrutiny.

Technical Analysis

Why PS3 Matters ?

• PS3 (third stage):
  • Solid motor
  • Provides crucial velocity shaping & attitude stability.
• Failures observed:
  • Pressure drop (C61)
  • Roll-rate instability (C62)
• Indicates possible issues in:
  • Motor casing integrity
  • Thrust vector alignment
  • Sensor-actuator feedback loop

Possible Technical Causes

• Manufacturing variability in solid propellant.
• Ageing supply-chain components.
• Quality assurance gaps in:
  • Pressure regulators
  • Inertial navigation sensors
• Configuration management challenges due to PSLV variants (CA, XL, DL).

Strategic

• PSLV supports:
  • Surveillance
  • Weather & disaster management
  • Strategic payloads
• Reliability dip → national security sensitivity.

Science & Technology Ecosystem Perspective

• Maturity paradox:
  • Highly mature systems risk complacency.
• ISRO increasingly focused on:
  • Gaganyaan
  • LVM3
  • Reusable Launch Vehicle
• Risk of attention dilution for “legacy” systems like PSLV.

Comparative Insight 

• NASA / ESA practice:
  • Mandatory public post-failure disclosures.
  • Independent review boards.
• Transparency improves:
  • Learning curve
  • Public confidence
  • International credibility

Way Forward

• Deep-dive PS3 audit:
  • Design, material science, manufacturing chain.
• Public release of FAC findings (non-sensitive parts).
• Digital twin & AI-based anomaly prediction.
• Independent safety oversight board within ISRO.
• Gradual phase-out / redesign of PSLV as small-launch ecosystem matures.
• Strengthen role of private launch vehicles to reduce strategic dependence.

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PESA Act Implemented in Jharkhand after 25 Years: Will It Change Tribal Lives?

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Context & Why in News ?

• Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act rules notified in Jharkhand in 2025–26, 25 years after statehood.
• Applies fully in 13 districts, partially in 3.
• Reignites debate on Gram Sabha supremacy, customary law, and administrative control in Fifth Schedule Areas.

Relevance

GS II – Polity & Governance

• Fifth Schedule
• Tribal self-governance
• Panchayati Raj in Scheduled Areas

GS I – Indian Society

• Tribal autonomy & customary law

Constitutional / Legal Dimension

• Fifth Schedule (Article 244):
  • Mandates special governance for Scheduled Areas to protect tribal autonomy.
• PESA, 1996:
  • Extends Part IX (Panchayats) to Scheduled Areas with modifications.
  • Core spirit: Gram Sabha as basic unit of self-governance.
• Key Constitutional Anchors:
  • Article 13 (customary law protection via PESA).
  • Articles 38, 39(b): distributive justice, community control over resources.
• Fault Line:
  • Jharkhand rules alleged to dilute Sections 4(a), 4(d) of PESA → erosion of protection to customary law, cultural identity, community ownership.

Governance & Administrative Dimension

• What the Rules Provide:
  • Gram Sabha declared “supreme” in Scheduled Areas.
  • President chosen as per traditional customs.
  • Powers over:
    • Minor minerals, forest produce, small water bodies.
    • Local dispute resolution; fines up to ₹2,000.
• Critical Governance Concerns:
  • District Deputy Commissioner:
    • Recognises and notifies Gram Sabhas and boundaries → top-down control.
  • Gram Sabha excluded from:
    • District Mineral Foundation (DMF).
    • Tribal Sub Plan (TSP).
• Institutional Tension:
  • Panchayati Raj Institutions + bureaucracy vs customary institutions (Manki-Munda, Majhi-Pargana).

Economic & Resource Governance Dimension

• Resource-rich State:
  • ~30% forest cover.
  • ~40% of India’s mineral reserves.
  • Annual mineral output: ~160 million tonnes.
• Disconnect:
  • High resource extraction vs persistent tribal poverty.
• Key Issue:
  • Gram Sabha authority limited to minor minerals, not major mining, DMF funds, or consent mechanisms.

Social & Human Development Dimension

• Demographic Reality:
  • STs = 26.3% of population (~32.9 million).
  • 32 tribal communities; 8 PVTGs.
• Persistent Deprivation:
  • Literacy (STs): 57.2% (2011).
  • Only 6.08% tribal households in salaried jobs.
• Health Indicators:
  • 28% tribal women with BMI < 18.5 (NFHS-5).
  • High anaemia, malaria burden.
• Water & Welfare:
  • Jal Jeevan Mission coverage: ~55%, tribal areas lagging.

Environment & Forest Rights Dimension

• Forest Rights Act (FRA) Interface:
  • 110,756 claims filed; only ~56% approved by Aug 2025.
• Civil Society Concern:
  • Jharkhand Forest Rights Forum alleges:
    • Bureaucratic dominance.
    • Community forest management rights diluted.
• Structural Issue:
  • PESA + FRA not harmonised in rules → fragmented tribal governance.

Criticisms

Institutional

• Gram Sabha authority conditional on administrative recognition.
• Weak linkage with DMF, TSP, major development planning.

Legal

• Omission of explicit terms like “community ownership”.
• Customary law subordinated to executive discretion.

Implementation

• Risk of symbolic decentralisation.
• Panchayat secretaries and officials can override traditional institutions.

Ethical

• Violates principle of self-rule as intrinsic tribal right, not state concession.

Way Forward

• Amend Rules to fully mirror PESA Section 4:
  • Explicit protection to customary law, culture, community ownership.
• Gram Sabha Primacy:
  • Recognition by community, not district officials.
• Expand Economic Powers:
  • Mandatory Gram Sabha consent for DMF utilisation, major mining impacts.
• PESA–FRA Convergence Framework:
  • Single institutional platform for forest and village governance.
• Capacity Building:
  • Legal literacy, financial powers, independent dispute resolution.
• Governor’s Fifth Schedule Role:
  • Active use of discretionary powers to safeguard tribal interests.

Prelims Pointers

• PESA applies only to Fifth Schedule Areas, not Sixth Schedule.
• Jharkhand: last major Fifth Schedule state to notify PESA rules.
• Gram Sabha under PESA ≠ Gram Sabha under normal Panchayati Raj.
• Customary law protection is core to PESA, not optional.