CONTENTS

1. Comptroller and Auditor General
2. 16th Anniversary of 26/11 Attacks
3. One Nation One Subscription Scheme
4. Raja Raja Chola I
5. Gelephu Mindfulness City
6. Samos Island

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Comptroller and Auditor General

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Context:

K Sanjay Murthy has been appointed as the new Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India, succeeding Girish Chandra Murmu.

Relevance:

GS II: Polity and Governance

Dimensions of the Article:

1. Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India
2. Strengthening Democracy through the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)
3. Criticisms of the CAG’s Functioning
4. Proposed Reforms for the CAG

Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India

• Established under Article 148 of the Constitution, the CAG heads the Indian Audit and Accounts Department and monitors the country’s financial system at both central and state levels.
• Recognized as a fundamental pillar of Indian democracy, akin to the Supreme Court, Election Commission, and UPSC.
• Functions defined by the Comptroller and Auditor-General’s (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Act, 1971, with subsequent amendments.

Appointment and Tenure

• Appointment: The CAG is appointed by the President of India.
• Term: Serves a six-year term or until the age of 65, whichever comes first.
• Oath: Sworn to uphold the Constitution and perform duties without bias.
• Removal: Similar to a Supreme Court judge, removal requires a special majority in both Houses of Parliament.

Powers and Duties

• Audit Scope: Audits all expenditures from the Consolidated Funds of India and states, along with government corporations and public sector undertakings.
• Reporting: Audit reports are submitted to the President and then placed before Parliament for review by the Public Accounts Committee.
• Financial Autonomy: CAG’s salary and expenses are charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India and are not subject to Parliamentary vote.
• Post-retirement: Prohibited from holding any government position post-tenure.

Functions and Impact

• Safeguarding Public Money: Ensures lawful and efficient use of public funds and checks on unnecessary expenditures.
• Propriety Audits: Besides mandatory legal and regulatory audits, the CAG conducts discretionary propriety audits to evaluate the economy and efficiency of government spending.

International Roles

• IAEA Auditor (2022-2027): Serves as the External Auditor for the International Atomic Energy Agency.
• FAO Auditor (2020-2025): Audits the Food and Agriculture Organization to ensure financial prudence in global food security efforts.

Strengthening Democracy through the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)

• The CAG plays a crucial role in maintaining government accountability, ensuring that public funds are used efficiently and in accordance with the law, thus upholding the principles of accountability and transparency in a democracy.
• The CAG enhances the capacity of Panchayati Raj Institutions and urban local bodies, offering guidance and conducting Annual Technical Inspection Reports to assess and improve local governance.
• By integrating citizen feedback into its audit processes, the CAG helps ensure that government programs are implemented in ways that meet the public’s needs, fostering greater civic engagement and accountability.
• The CAG’s audits help maintain a check on the executive branch, ensuring that financial decisions align with legislative directives and safeguarding the balance of power within the government.

Criticisms of the CAG’s Functioning

• Declining Oversight: There has been a noticeable decrease in the number of audit reports presented to Parliament, which may diminish the CAG’s role in identifying and correcting fiscal discrepancies.
• Post-Facto Auditing: The CAG’s audits are primarily conducted after expenditures are made, which limits its ability to prevent financial mismanagement proactively.
• Limited Economic Expertise: Critics suggest that the CAG sometimes lacks the necessary economic expertise to effectively audit complex sectors, which could impact the accuracy and relevance of its findings.
• Staffing and Resource Challenges: Reductions in staffing levels over the years may affect the CAG’s ability to perform comprehensive and timely audits, potentially leading to less effective oversight.

Proposed Reforms for the CAG

• Legislative Updates: Amending the CAG Act of 1971 to better align with contemporary governance challenges could enhance the effectiveness of audits and accountability mechanisms.
• Improving Appointment Processes: Introducing a collegium system for the CAG’s appointment could ensure more impartiality and transparency in the selection process.
• Adapting to New Challenges: The CAG needs to expand its auditing capabilities to include emerging issues like climate change and advanced technologies to provide thorough oversight in these critical areas.
• Capacity Building: Strengthening the training and expertise of CAG personnel, particularly in specialized fields, is crucial for enhancing the quality and breadth of audits.
• Feedback Mechanisms: Establishing robust mechanisms to incorporate feedback from audited entities can help ensure that the CAG’s findings are constructive and lead to tangible improvements in governance and fiscal management.

-Source: The Hindu

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16th Anniversary of 26/11 Attacks

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Context:

On 26th November 2008, Lashkar-e-Taiba, a Pakistan-based terror group, carried out attacks at the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, Nariman House, Oberoi Trident, and Chhatrapati Shivaji Railway Station in Mumbai. 

Relevance:

GS II: Government Policies and Interventions

Dimensions of the Article:

1. Indian Security Vulnerabilities Exposed by 26/11 Attacks
2. Security Enhancements Post 26/11 Attacks
3. Continuing Gaps in Indian Coastal Security
4. Strategic Improvements for Enhanced Coastal Security

Indian Security Vulnerabilities Exposed by 26/11 Attacks

• Intelligence Sharing Failures: There was a critical gap in real-time intelligence sharing among various security agencies, which allowed the attackers to proceed undetected.
• Coastal Security Lapses: Inadequate surveillance and coordination among the Navy, Coast Guard, and Marine Police resulted in the terrorists infiltrating via the sea without detection.
• Counter-propaganda Inefficiencies: There was a failure to counter digital propaganda and online radicalization, which facilitated local logistical support for the attackers.
• Training Deficiencies: Security forces lacked the training to deal with simultaneous urban terrorist attacks across multiple locations.
• Response Delays: Slow and uncoordinated response allowed the terrorists to maintain control and cause extensive damage and loss of life.
• Communication Equipment: The terrorists used advanced communication tools to maintain contact with their handlers, demonstrating a need for better electronic surveillance and countermeasures.

Security Enhancements Post 26/11 Attacks

• Maritime Security Overhaul: The Indian Navy now oversees maritime security, coordinating with the Coast Guard and newly established marine police stations to secure the coastline.
• Improved Intelligence Sharing: The Multi-Agency Centre (MAC) has been strengthened for better intelligence coordination. The National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) integrates data from various national databases to aid in quick identification of threats.
• Legislative and Technological Advances: Implementation of the National Counter-Terrorism Centre (NCTC) and enhancements to the Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS) support data-driven policing and inter-agency cooperation.
• Modernization of Forces: Upgrades to police infrastructure, modernization of equipment, and specialized training for officers to handle terror-related scenarios.
• Rapid Deployment Forces: Establishment of National Security Guard (NSG) regional hubs for quicker response to terrorist threats.
• International Collaboration: Enhanced cooperation with Western countries, especially the US, in security matters and intelligence sharing, leading to global pressure on Pakistan to curb terror activities originating from its soil.

Continuing Gaps in Indian Coastal Security

• Challenging Geography: India’s extensive coastline, spanning over 7,517 km, presents significant surveillance challenges due to its length and the volume of maritime traffic.
• Inadequate Surveillance Coverage: The current mandate for Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) on vessels over 20 meters overlooks numerous smaller boats that might be exploited for illicit activities.
• Complex Threat Landscape: The coastal areas face diverse threats including terrorism, smuggling, and illegal migration, complicating security measures and responses.
• Reliance on Fishermen for Intelligence: Depending heavily on fishermen for crucial security intelligence is problematic due to possible non-cooperation stemming from fear or distrust.
• Insufficient Infrastructure and Training: State police forces often lack the necessary equipment and training, with political interference further obstructing effective maritime security operations.

Strategic Improvements for Enhanced Coastal Security

• Institutionalizing Proactive Counterterrorism: Embedding aggressive counterterrorism responses like surgical strikes into national policy to deter potential threats and assert India’s defensive posture.
• Expanded Multi-Agency Training: Enhancing the scale of NSG-led multi-agency security exercises across India to ensure comprehensive preparedness among all security echelons.
• Enhanced Local and National Coordination: Facilitating a seamless operational relationship between local police and national counterterrorism units for efficient crisis management.
• Empowering Decision-Makers: Granting more autonomy to security officials at all levels to make swift decisions during security breaches or attacks.
• Comprehensive Disaster Management Plans: Developing urban strategies that address both natural and human-made disasters, particularly focusing on terrorist threats.
• Interdisciplinary Security Training: Integrating training programs that cover both cyber and physical security aspects to prepare forces for modern threats.
• Community Engagement Initiatives: Establishing community-driven ‘Awake Cells’ to foster public cooperation with security agencies, enhancing grassroots intelligence and response to suspicious activities.

-Source: Indian Express

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One Nation One Subscription Scheme

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Context:

The One Nation One Subscription Scheme has been approved by the cabinet, with an allocated budget of Rs. 6,000 Crore for the year 2025-27. The scheme will provide seamless access to high-impact scholarly articles and journals for students, researchers and faculty members across government managed higher education and R&D institutions. The initiative has been launched in alignment with the vision of ViksitBharat@2047, NEP 2020 and Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) to foster a research driven learning environment. 

Relevance:

GS II: Government Policies and Interventions

One Nation One Subscription Scheme

• The scheme provides access to over 13,000 international e-journals from approximately 30 publishers, significantly enhancing the research resources available to the academic community.
• It aims to bolster detailed interdisciplinary research, with a focus on benefiting institutions and researchers in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities.
• Implementation of a unified portal to facilitate easier and faster access for students, researchers, and faculty members across India, simplifying the digital experience in academic research.

Implementing Authority of the One Nation One Subscription Scheme

• The Department of Higher Education, along with associated ministries, is tasked with conducting educational and informative campaigns to maximize awareness and user adoption.
• The Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) will oversee periodic reviews concerning resource utilization and contributions by Indian authors, ensuring the scheme’s effectiveness and relevance.

Significance of the One Nation One Subscription Scheme

• Alignment with National Education Policy: The scheme is strategically designed to align with the National Education Policy 2020, which promotes research synergy across various disciplines.
• Global Research Hub Aspiration: By providing widespread access to global research resources, the initiative supports India’s vision of becoming a leading international research hub.
• Bridging Knowledge Gaps: The availability of quality journal subscriptions even in rural and less-developed regions aims to bridge existing knowledge gaps, making high-quality research resources universally accessible.

-Source: The Hindu

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Raja Raja Chola I

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Context:

The birth anniversary of the legendary Chola emperor Raja Raja Chola I is celebrated every year during the Sadhaya Vizha in Thanjavur of Tamil Nadu

Relevance:

GS I: History

Raja Raja Chola I

• Born Arulmozhi Varman in 947 CE, he later became known as Raja Raja Chola I, one of the most renowned rulers in history.
• His rule, from 985 to 1014 CE, was characterized by significant military and cultural achievements.

Military Achievements and Expansion

• Raja Raja Chola I extended the Chola Empire beyond South India to include territories from Sri Lanka to Kalinga (modern-day Odisha).
• His reign marked the beginning of Chola naval dominance, with successful campaigns leading to control over the Malabar Coast, the Maldives, and Sri Lanka.

Cultural and Administrative Contributions

• In 1010 CE, he commissioned the construction of the Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur, a monumental Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva.
• The temple and Thanjavur, his capital, became central points for religious and economic activities.
• He played a crucial role in the preservation and compilation of Tamil poetry through the creation of the Thirumurai, an anthology of works by poets Appar, Sambandar, and Sundarar.

Titles and Honors

• Pandya Kulashani: This title, meaning ‘thunderbolt to the race of the Pandyas,’ was assumed after his victories over the Pandya dynasty.
• Mummudi Chola: Meaning ‘the Chola who wears the three crowns,’ this title reflected his sovereignty over Chola, Pandya, and Chera lands.

-Source: The Hindu

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Gelephu Mindfulness City

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Context:

Pitching the upcoming Gelephu Mindfulness City as the biggest “co-operative project” in Bhutan, the Bhutanese Prime Minister recently said that he was grateful for India’s support on the 2,500 sq.km. “Zero Carbon” city being developed.

Relevance:

Facts for Prelims

Gelephu Mindfulness City (GMC):

• Gelephu Mindfulness City is a pioneering urban initiative aimed at blending economic development with principles of mindfulness, holistic living, and environmental sustainability. Located in south-central Bhutan, this project expands over 2,500 square kilometers, making it larger than Singapore.

Strategic Vision and Benefits:

• Visionary Leadership: The project is a brainchild of King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck of Bhutan, designed to create a unique Special Administrative Region (SAR) within the country.
• Proximity to India: Strategically positioned along the border with Assam, India, GMC is expected to have significant positive impacts on its neighboring regions in terms of economic and cultural exchanges.

Key Features of GMC:

• Urban Design: The city is planned to feature inhabitable bridges and will maintain a low-rise architectural style to preserve scenic vistas and landscape integrity.
• Health and Education Facilities: Facilities for both Western and traditional medicine will be available, alongside a university, enhancing the city’s educational and health care capabilities.
• Community Layout: The urban layout includes eleven ribbon-like neighborhoods designed around the natural topography of 35 rivers and streams, resembling mandalas with central public spaces.
• Infrastructure: Key infrastructural developments will include an international airport, markets, and spiritual centers to support both the local economy and spiritual wellness of its residents.
• Environmental Strategies: Innovative measures such as urban terraces and paddy fields along rivers will address flood protection, integrating agricultural practices with urban planning.
• Governance and Legal Framework: GMC will operate with a high degree of autonomy, having its own government, legislative body, and independent judiciary.
• Conservation Areas: The planning includes two protected areas, a national park, and a wildlife sanctuary, highlighting the commitment to environmental conservation.

Strategic Impact and Future Prospects:

• GMC aims to be a model for future cities, focusing on sustainability and mindfulness as core principles of urban development.
• The city is poised to be a significant player in promoting regional development, particularly enhancing cross-border relations with India through cultural and economic interactions.
• By incorporating extensive green spaces and sustainable practices, GMC aligns with global goals for sustainable urban development and conservation.

-Source: The Hindu

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Samos Island

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Context:

A migrant boat recently sank off the Greek island of Samos, resulting in the deaths of eight people, including six children.

Relevance:

Facts for Prelims

Samos Island

• Samos Island is situated in the eastern Aegean Sea, near the coast of Turkey, only about 1700 meters from the Asia Minor Turkish Coast. It is one of the largest islands in the Aegean, covering an area of 478 square kilometers.

Natural and Cultural Highlights

• The island features a diverse landscape with steep mountain ranges, including Mount Kerketeus, which is the highest peak at 1,433 meters and forms the western tip of the island. The terrain also includes lush olive groves and green pine forests, complemented by sandy beaches and clear azure waters.
• Climate: Samos enjoys a Mediterranean climate characterized by long, hot summers and short, mild winters, making it a favored destination for tourists seeking a temperate weather getaway.
• UNESCO World Heritage Site: The island is renowned for its historical significance, particularly the Pythagoreion and the Heraion of Samos. This UNESCO World Heritage Site includes ancient marvels like the Eupalin Aqueduct, an ancient engineering feat.

Historical Significance

• Birthplace of Notable Figures: Samos is famously known as the birthplace of Pythagoras, the ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician credited with the Pythagorean theorem. Additionally, it is the birthplace of Aristarchus, a notable astronomer who was among the first to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system around 500 B.C.

Samos Island’s Role in Greek Heritage

• Cultural Heritage: The rich history and significant archaeological sites on Samos not only draw visitors from around the world but also play a crucial role in the study and appreciation of ancient Greek culture and science.
• Tourism and Economy: The island’s natural beauty, coupled with its historical and cultural assets, make it a popular destination, contributing significantly to its economy through tourism.

-Source: The Hindu