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Dec 9, 2024 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 09 December 2024

Content: A good beginning but China negotiations must continue The issue of India’s economic growth versus emissions A Good Beginning but China Negotiations Must Continue Context : The External Minister highlighted the disengagement process in Eastern Ladakh post-China’s 2020 intrusions. Relevance: GS 2( International relations) Practice Question: Explain current status of India-China border disengagement . Suggest measures for long-term peace and stability along the LAC.(250 Words) Disengagement yet to complete: Buffer Zones: Indirectly acknowledged but with limited details on their nature and extent. Disengagement prioritization lacks urgency for the termination of these “temporary measures.” De-escalation and Management: While disengagement has progressed, de-escalation and effective management remain incomplete. Peace and Tranquility Link: India reiterated that normalcy at the border is a prerequisite for better bilateral ties. Current troop deployments continue, indicating a lack of restored normalcy. No Reset in Relations: Despite some improvement, no major progress is evident due to persistent structural challenges. Economic integration with China, despite its history of weaponizing dependencies, was criticized. Unanswered Questions Ambiguities in Disengagement Terms: Limited clarity on patrolling rights and buffer zone arrangements: Will traditional patrolling points in Depsang and Demchok be fully accessible to Indian troops? Unclear “coordinated patrolling” mechanisms and restrictions on Indian patrols. Changed Status Quo: China’s post-2020 alterations of the LAC challenge the earlier status quo. The creation of “temporary buffer zones” may have territorial implications for India. Restoration of patrolling and grazing rights remains a priority. Policy Shift on Status Quo Ante: The Chief of Army Staff still emphasizes April 2020 as the benchmark for the status quo, while MEA statements have moved away from this. Implications China’s Grey Zone Tactics:Incremental territorial gains through buffer zones align with China’s grey zone strategy. Need for Consensus: Greater transparency and bipartisan cooperation are crucial for robust negotiations. Economic Security Concerns: Threat of China weaponizing supply chain. Way Forward Restore Status Quo Ante: End buffer zones; reinstate patrolling rights. Withdraw troops to April 2020 positions. Ensure Transparency: Share disengagement terms publicly. Regular bipartisan briefings on India-China developments. Tackle Structural Challenges: Prioritize border normalization for improved ties. Safeguard national security before pursuing economic integration. Unite Strategically: Build political consensus for stronger negotiations. The Issue of India’s Economic Growth Versus Emissions Intro : Decoupling is the process of breaking the link between economic growth and environmental degradation which is key step for sustainable development. Relevance: GS 3( Environment) Practice Question: What is Decoupling and explain how it is important in sustainable development (250 Words ) Types: Absolute Decoupling: Economic growth with decreasing emissions. Relative Decoupling: Economic growth surpassing emissions growth. India’s Claim of Decoupling Data Source: Economic Survey (2023-24) states GDP grew at 7% CAGR (2005-2019), while emissions grew at 4% CAGR. Nature: The survey does not clarify if this is absolute or relative decoupling. Indicators: From 1990, India’s GDP grew six-fold while GHG emissions tripled, signifying relative decoupling. Sectoral Insights Key Sectors: Agriculture and manufacturing are major emission contributors. Observation: Growth rates in sectoral gross value added (GVA) have outpaced emission growth, indicating sectoral relative decoupling. Significance of Relative Decoupling Sustainable Growth: Indicates progress in balancing economic growth and emissions. Challenges: Emissions continue to rise, limiting India’s ability to claim absolute decoupling. Barriers to Absolute Decoupling Economic Stage: As a developing country, India has not yet peaked its emissions, making absolute decoupling a distant goal. Growth Imperative: Addressing poverty, energy access, and living standards necessitates economic growth, often tied to emissions. Policy Imperatives Renewable Energy: Accelerate the shift to low-carbon energy sources. Emission Mitigation: Implement policies targeting GHG reduction across sectors. Sustainable Practices: Promote green technologies and sustainable industrial practices. Green Growth vs. Degrowth: Green Growth: Sustainable development alongside economic expansion. Degrowth: Reducing economic activity to minimize resource use (less practical for India). India’s Position: Aims to reconcile growth with climate goals, a challenging but necessary balancing act.

Dec 9, 2024 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 09 December 2024

Content: Militants in Syria capture Damascus as Assad flees Gamify India’s skilling initiatives Chandigarh leads in enforcing criminal laws Confederation of Indian Industry urges government to stick to fiscal deficit target Trump moots ‘immediate’ truce in Ukraine, threatens NATO withdrawal Militants in Syria capture Damascus as Assad flees Background: The militant group Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) declared the ouster of President Bashar al-Assad after more than 13 years of civil war in Syria. Relevance: GS 2 (International Relations) HTS Seizes Control: HTS took control of Damascus, ending Bashar al-Assad’s regime. Assad and his family reportedly fled to Moscow. Impact on Regional Influence: The fall of Assad deals a major blow to the influence of Russia and Iran in Syria, as they were key allies supporting his regime. Public Reaction: Syrians expressed joy at the end of Assad’s iron-fisted rule. Prime Minister Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali has called for free elections. HTS’s Role and History: HTS has been a significant player in the Syrian conflict, transitioning from its origins as a part of al-Qaeda to an independent militant group. Indian Embassy in Damascus: The Indian embassy remains operational and in contact with Indian nationals in Syria, ensuring their safety amidst the turmoil. Gamify India’s Skilling Initiatives Background: The issue of unemployment and the skills gap in India highlights the need for creating jobs and aligning the workforce with industry requirements. Relevance: GS 3 (Employment, Skill Development) Job Creation: India needs 78.5 lakh non-farm jobs annually until 2030. Skill Gap: Only 21% of youth (aged 15-29) received vocational/technical training in 2022-23, and just 51% of graduates are employable. Industry 4.0 and Skill Demand: Technological Shift: Industry 4.0 involves advanced technologies like AI, robotics, IoT, and big data. Skill Gap: Only 1.5% of engineers and 60% of the MSME workforce have the necessary digital skills. Government Initiatives: Support for Industry 4.0: The SAMARTH Udyog Bharat 4.0 initiative aims to prepare the industry, but the skill gap remains significant. Focus on Skilling: The 2024-25 Budget emphasizes improving skilling quality and aligning training with industry needs. Innovative Training Solutions: Gamified and Simulation-Based Learning: Engaging and Practical: Uses game elements and virtual environments to enhance learning. Successful Examples: Adopted in Singapore and Germany. Implementation in India: Platforms: SWAYAM and Skill India Digital Hub (SIDH) can host these training modules. Existing Demand: SWAYAM has over 40 million enrollees, indicating strong demand for technical education and training. Chandigarh Leads in Enforcing Criminal Laws Background: Union Territory is the first in the country to implement three new laws in their entirety. Relevance: GS 2 (Governance) New Criminal Laws: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, and Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita replaced the old Indian Penal Code, Evidence Act, and Criminal Procedure Code respectively. Chandigarh Implementation: First to fully implement the new laws, ramping up infrastructure with improved internet, new tablets for investigators, and videoconferencing for trials. Technology Use: “Chitra Khoji” facial recognition software. DigiLocker for storing crime scene videos. Mandatory audiovisual recording of crime scenes. Conviction Rate: Improved from 58% to around 85% since implementation. Over 11 lakh FIRs filed and judgments delivered in 9,500 cases nationwide. Zero FIRs: 14 Zero FIRs registered in Chandigarh, all related to sexual offenses against women. Digital Courts: Two courts fully online, with plans to digitize 30 more. Videoconferencing used for trials and witness depositions. Nationwide Rollout: States have five years to implement all aspects of the new laws. Confederation of Indian Industry urges government to stick to fiscal deficit target Context: The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) has cautioned that overly aggressive targets could negatively impact India’s economic growth. Relevance: GS 3 (Inflation Target, GDP) Fiscal Deficit Targets: CII suggests maintaining a fiscal deficit of 4.9% for 2024-25 and 4.5% for 2025-26 to ensure economic stability. Economic Growth: Prudent fiscal management has been crucial for India’s rapid growth amidst a slowing global economy. Debt-to-GDP Ratio: The Union Budget 2024-25 aims to reduce the debt-to-GDP ratio, with a medium-term target of below 50% by 2030-31 and a long-term target of below 40%. Fiscal Stability Reporting: CII recommends instituting annual reports on fiscal risks and long-term forecasting (10-25 years) to aid in fiscal planning and stability. State-Level Interventions: Encourage states to implement Fiscal Stability Reporting. Allow states to borrow directly from the market. Create an independent credit rating system for states to promote fiscal prudence. Trump Moots ‘Immediate’ Truce in Ukraine, Threatens NATO Withdrawal Background: President-elect Donald Trump recently called for an immediate ceasefire in the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war. Relevance: GS 2 (International Relations) Ceasefire Proposal: President-elect Donald Trump called for an immediate ceasefire and the commencement of negotiations to end the Russia-Ukraine war. Meeting in Paris: The proposal followed a meeting in Paris with French President Emmanuel Macron and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. Claim of Kyiv’s Willingness: Trump asserted that Kyiv is willing to make a deal to end the conflict. Kremlin’s Response: The Kremlin expressed openness to negotiations in response to Trump’s proposal. Zelenskyy’s Caution: Ukrainian President Zelenskyy emphasized that any deal must ensure lasting peace. Warning to NATO Allies: Trump reiterated his stance that the U.S. might withdraw from NATO if member countries do not increase their financial contributions.

Dec 7, 2024 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 07 December 2024

Content: 1. India’s 100-Day TB Elimination Campaign 2. Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture India’s 100-Day TB Elimination Campaign Context : On December 7, 2024 Ministry of Health launched the “100-day TB elimination campaign” to accelerate TB elimination efforts . Relevance:GS 2(Health) Objectives Accelerate TB Elimination by 2025 (ahead of the global SDG goal of 2030). Focus on: Improved case detection Reduced diagnostic delays Enhanced treatment outcomes for vulnerable populations Scope of Campaign Coverage: 347 districts in 33 states and UTs Aligned with: National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP) National Strategic Plan (NSP) for TB Elimination (2017–2025) Achievements Under NTEP (2015–2023) Reduction in TB Incidence: From 237 per 100,000 (2015) to 195 per 100,000 (2023) Decline: 17.7% Decline in TB-Related Deaths: From 28 per lakh population (2015) to 22 per lakh population (2023) Decline: 21.4% Diagnostics in 2023: 1.89 crore sputum smear tests 68.3 lakh nucleic acid amplification tests Expansion of TB Preventive Treatment (TPT): Beneficiaries increased to 15 lakh. Strategic Interventions Case Detection and Diagnostics: Target high-burden and vulnerable populations. Use Ayushman Aarogya Mandirs for grassroots-level access. Treatment and Support: Emphasis on shorter oral regimens for drug-resistant TB (DR-TB). Ni-kshay Poshan Yojana: ₹2,781 crores disbursed for nutritional support to 1 crore beneficiaries. Integration of PMTBMBA for comprehensive care of household contacts. Community Engagement: Over 1.5 lakh Ni-kshay Mitras involved in awareness campaigns. Engagement of ASHA workers, TB champions, and caregivers under the Ni-kshay SAATHI model. Integrated Care: Focus on co-morbidities Malnutrition, Diabetes, HIV, Substance Abuse India’s International Commitment Aligned with UN SDGs: End TB by 2025. Supports Gandhinagar Declaration (2023): Regional collaboration for TB elimination. Way Forward Enhanced Infrastructure: Leverage existing health systems for diagnostics and treatment. Continued Political Will: Strengthen policy support for TB-free India. Community-Centric Approach: Sustain engagement with local leaders and stakeholders. Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture Climate change threatens agriculture by disrupting productivity, livelihoods, and food security . Relevance: GS 3 (Environment) Challenges : Climate change significantly affects agriculture, including crops, livestock, horticulture, and fisheries. Extreme weather conditions like droughts, floods, heatwaves, and frost are major concerns. Policy Framework: National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): Initiated in 2008 to develop strategies for ecological sustainability and adaptation. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA): Focuses on enhancing climate resilience in agriculture. National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA): Flagship project by ICAR studying climate impacts on agriculture and promoting climate-resilient technologies. Outcomes: 2593 new crop varieties released (2014-2024), 2177 stress-tolerant. District-level vulnerability assessment for 651 agricultural districts. Identification of 310 vulnerable districts, including 109 as “very high” and 201 as “highly” vulnerable. Preparation of District Agriculture Contingency Plans (DACPs). Initiation of 448 Climate Resilient Villages (CRVs) in 151 districts across 28 states/UTs. Capacity Building for Farmers: Awareness and training programs on climate-resilient practices. Demonstration of location-specific technologies in CRVs. Key Government Schemes Under NMSA: Per Drop More Crop (PDMC): Micro-irrigation (drip and sprinkler) to improve water efficiency. Rainfed Area Development (RAD): Integrated Farming System (IFS) approach to enhance productivity and reduce climate risks. Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH): Focused on climate-resilient horticulture. National Bamboo Mission & Agroforestry: Promote sustainable farming practices. Risk Mitigation and Insurance: Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY): Comprehensive insurance against crop failures due to natural calamities. Weather-Based Crop Insurance Scheme (RWBCIS): Offers financial support for adverse weather-related losses.

Dec 7, 2024 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 07 December 2024

Content: 1. Silica scars 2. Public health — insights from the 1896 Bombay Plague 3. Building on the revival of the manufacturing sector Silica scars Context : Silicosis and Mining Industry Growth Relevance: GS 2 (Health) Practice Question: Evaluate growing cases of silicosis among mining workers in India. Analyse the need of balancing growth ambitions and well-being for a developing country like India (250 Words) India is extracting more quantities of crucial minerals like silica inorder to achieve its growth ambitions. Silica (silicon dioxide) is a component in sand and stone. Mine workers are at risk due to prolonged exposure to silica dust, leading to silicosis, a chronic lung disease. Magnitude of the Problem: In 1999, over 8 million people were reported to be highly exposed to silica dust. The NGT’s directive to draft new guidelines for silica mining and set up health-care facilities highlights the issue’s seriousness. Legal and Policy Framework: Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code 2020 requires mine employers to notify threats of silicosis and provides for annual health check-ups. Many operators fail to report to the Directorate General of Mines Safety, limiting the state’s ability to monitor and intervene. Health-care providers often misdiagnose silicosis as tuberculosis, missing early cases. Role of the National Green Tribunal: The NGT directed health-care facilities in silica mining areas to improve early diagnosis and treatment, but these initiatives have not been fully realized. Analysis of the Issue: Lack of Accountability and Passivity: Failure in Enforcement: Operators often do not comply with health reporting requirements, leading to inadequate state oversight. Data Gaps and Misdiagnosis: Silicosis is frequently misdiagnosed, which prevents accurate data collection and effective management of the disease. Impact on Workers: Delayed Diagnosis and Treatment: Many workers do not seek help until the disease is advanced, partly due to job insecurity. Environmental and Health Justice: The neglect of silicosis reflects broader challenges in balancing economic growth with worker health and environmental protection. Need for Proactive Measures: Specialized Health-Care Facilities: Establishing hospitals and clinics in mining areas can facilitate early diagnosis and treatment. Educational Campaigns: Raising awareness among workers about silicosis symptoms and risks can lead to earlier detection. Public health — insights from the 1896 Bombay Plague What is Plague? The plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It historically caused devastating epidemics, such as the 1896 Bombay Plague, affecting millions due to poor public health infrastructure and limited medical knowledge at the time. Relevance : GS 2( Health) Practice Question: What are lessons for today from 1896 Bombay plague. Highlight importance of advance data collection in mitigating the issue. (250 Words) The Bombay Plague (1896–97) exposed the inadequacies of colonial public health infrastructure in India. The Indian Plague Commission was established in 1898 under T.R.Fraser to investigate the outbreak, focusing less on community health and more on order through surveillance and control. Surveillance as a Tool for Control: Mapping was used to monitor movement through railways, inspection points, and police cordons. Maps emphasized where disease could spread rather than who was affected, suggesting control over the epidemic was about managing mobility. Surveillance infrastructure in the form of vibrant, detailed maps obscured the human impact and severity of the plague. Role of Policing: Quarantine measures, inspections, and confinements were enforced by police rather than relying on community trust. Observation camps and military involvement in hospitals highlighted a reliance on forceful control to manage the spread of the plague. Impact on Public Health Policy: The integration of policing into health management defined disease surveillance, reinforcing a coercive response. Over time, medical professionals took on some responsibilities, shifting the focus from force to medical oversight, but historical precedents influenced ongoing policy and practice. Ethical Considerations: Historical public health responses prioritized control over community well-being, often at the expense of individual rights and human dignity. The past invites more humane, participatory approaches to public health, ensuring transparency and respect for rights. The legacy of oppressive frameworks in public health surveillance reminds us to balance effective oversight with ethical obligations. Relevance to Contemporary Public Health Strategies: Lessons from the Bombay Plague highlight the importance of framing health crises in ways that affirm human dignity. Modern surveillance mechanisms must serve the collective good, avoiding the reintroduction of past inequities and hierarchies. The integration of advanced data collection methods should be done with caution, ensuring privacy, trust, and fair resource distribution. Building on the revival of the manufacturing sector Context: India is progressing toward becoming a global manufacturing hub, driven by strategic policy measures like the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme. Relevance:GS 3(Economy) Practice Question: Discuss the role of the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme in reviving India’s manufacturing sector.Suggest key challenges and measures.(250 Words) Performance and Impact of the PLI Scheme Sectoral Boost: Benefited industries such as mobile manufacturing, electronics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and automobiles. Positive Outcomes: Manufacturing output grew by 21.5%, and GVA increased by 7.3% in 2022-23, as per the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI). Major Contributors: Basic metals, petroleum products, chemicals, motor vehicles, and food products accounted for 58% of manufacturing output, growing collectively by 24.5%. Challenges Highlighted in ASI Data Input Costs: Input prices surged by 24.4% in 2022-23, leading to a disparity between manufacturing output growth (21.5%) and GVA growth (7.3%). Import Dependency: High dependence on imported inputs affects value addition and increases vulnerability to global disruptions. Strategies for Future Growth Expanding PLI Scope: Extend incentives to labour-intensive industries (e.g., apparel, leather, footwear) and sunrise sectors (e.g., aerospace, space technology, capital goods). Green Manufacturing: Encourage eco-friendly production and R&D in advanced technologies. Simplified Tariffs: Implement a three-tier import tariff system to lower input costs and improve global value chain integration. Regional Imbalances in Manufacturing Geographic Concentration: States like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh dominate manufacturing GVA and employment, creating regional disparities. Need for Equitable Growth: States should reform land, labour, and power markets, invest in infrastructure, and attract investments for balanced development. Focus on MSMEs and Women MSMEs: Contribute 45% of India’s manufacturing GDP and employ 60 million people. Tailored PLI incentives (lower thresholds and targets) can empower MSMEs to scale up and innovate. Women’s Participation: Increasing female workforce participation could raise manufacturing output by 9%, as estimated by the World Bank. Supportive infrastructure near factories can facilitate this. Vision for 2047 Sectoral Contribution: Manufacturing’s GVA share could rise from 17% to 27% by 2047 with sustained efforts and reforms. Key Drivers: Ease of doing business, cost reductions, and leveraging current policy measures will be critical to unlocking India’s manufacturing potential

Dec 7, 2024 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 07 December 2024

Content: Amid High Inflation, RBI Retains Repo Rate at 6.5% No Card, No Work’: MGNREGS Deletions Hit Rural Workers Hard European Space Agency to Support Gaganyaan Mission Nicobarese Ancestral Connection with Austroasiatic Populations Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation Wins Global Award No Plans for De-Dollarisation Amid High Inflation, RBI Retains Repo Rate at 6.5% Context: The RBI’s Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) has made key decisions balancing inflation management and economic growth. Relevance: GS 3 (Banking) Repo Rate Unchanged: Policy repo rate remains at 6.5% for the 11th consecutive meeting. Focus is on durable inflation alignment. CRR Cut: Cash Reserve Ratio reduced by 50 bps to 4% to ease liquidity. Infuses ₹1.16 lakh crore into the banking system. Revised GDP Growth Forecast: Growth forecast for 2024-25 revised downward from 7.2% to 6.6%. Reflects concerns over growth slowdown. Inflation Projections: Retail inflation projected at 4.8% (up from 4.5%). Rise attributed to increasing food prices. Support for Growth: Steps taken to ensure liquidity while balancing inflation concerns. Additional Insights: RBI Governor emphasized the challenge of balancing inflation and growth. Liquidity constraints expected in coming months due to tax outflows and currency circulation. ‘No Card, No Work’: MGNREGS Deletions Hit Rural Workers Hard Background: In Bihar, a significant number of workers have been deleted from the MGNREGS scheme. Relevance: GS 2 (Governance ) Mass Deletions: 84.8 lakh names deleted between April and September. Net deletion: 39.3 lakh workers after additions. Protests: Workers protested under NREGA Sangharsh Morcha in Delhi. Demands: Address delayed wages, deletion of job cards, and inadequate fund allocation. Aadhaar-Based Payment System (ABPS): Mandated nationwide from January 2023. Job card linking with Aadhaar and bank accounts made compulsory. Challenges: Workers without job cards face livelihood issues. App-based attendance and Internet issues disrupt wage payments. Government Response: Ministry denies correlation between ABPS and deletions. European Space Agency to Support Gaganyaan Mission Context: ISRO and ESA have signed a Technical Implementing Plan (TIP) for ground tracking support in Gaganyaan missions. Relevance: GS 3 (Science & Technology, Space) Ground Tracking Agreement: Enables continuous communication with the orbital module. Signed at Satish Dhawan Space Centre. Historical Collaboration: ISRO and ESA share a long-standing partnership in space missions. Gaganyaan Project Highlights: Aims to launch a 3-member crew into a 400 km orbit for 3 days. Safe return planned in Indian waters. Nicobarese Ancestral Connection with Austroasiatic Populations Relevance: GS 1 (Heritage & Culture, History, Society) Findings from Recent Genetic Research: Ancestral Links: Nicobarese show genetic ties with Austroasiatic populations from Southeast Asia. Likely settled in Nicobar ~5,000 years ago. Genetic Affinity: Closely linked to the Htin Mal community, an Austroasiatic-speaking group. Research Details: Conducted by CSIR-CCMB and BHU with DNA analysis of 1,559 individuals. Significance: This research enriches understanding of Austroasiatic heritage and migration patterns. Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation Wins Global Award Context : EPFO received the ISSA Good Practice Award (Asia-Pacific 2024) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Relevance: GS 2 (Governance) Recognized for innovations like e-proceedings, district outreach, and multilingual call centers. Reflects India’s commitment to social security reforms. EPFO Formation : EPFO is a statutory body under the Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India. It administers provident funds, pension funds, and insurance for workers in the organized sector in India. Objectives: Provide social security benefits to employees in the organized sector. Enforce the Employee Provident Funds & Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952. Operates multilingual call centers for assistance in various languages. No Plans for De-Dollarisation Context: RBI Governor clarified India’s stance on de-dollarisation amidst global discourse on a BRICS common currency. Relevance: GS 3 (Economy), GS 2 (International Relations) Local Currency Trade: Focus on de-risking trade, not replacing the U.S. dollar. BRICS Currency: Discussions are in preliminary stages; geographical challenges noted. Preparedness: Robust forex reserves to mitigate potential global spillovers. India prioritizes trade stability over currency shifts.

Dec 6, 2024 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 06 December 2024

Content: 1. Mahaparinirvan Diwas 2. PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana Mahaparinirvan Diwas Context: Mahaparinirvan Diwas Observed annually on December 6, commemorating Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s death anniversary. Relevance: GS1 (History) Significance of Mahaparinirvan Diwas Historical Context: The term “Mahaparinirvan” is rooted in Buddhist tradition, symbolizing ultimate liberation from the cycle of birth and death. Ambedkar’s death anniversary reflects his alignment with Buddhist philosophy and his role as a reformist leader. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s Contributions Advocacy for Social Justice Dalit Rights: Worked to eradicate untouchability and caste discrimination. Advocated for reservation policies in education, employment, and politics. Public Movements: Mahad Satyagraha (1927): Fought for Dalits’ right to access public water. Kalaram Temple Entry Movement (1930): Challenged caste hierarchies in religious spaces. Media and Organizations: Founded Mooknayaka to amplify marginalized voices. Established Bahishkrit Hitkarini Sabha for education and welfare. Constitutional Contributions Drafting the Constitution: As Chairman of the Drafting Committee, ensured provisions for equality, justice, and protection of downtrodden. Advocated for fundamental rights and social justice within governance frameworks. Poona Pact (1932): Replaced separate electorates with reserved seats for Dalits in legislatures. Economic and Infrastructure Vision Economic Thought: Advocated for systemic reforms in labor and finance sectors. Inspired the creation of the Reserve Bank of India through his doctoral research. Infrastructure: Instrumental in projects like the Damodar Valley Project and Hirakud Dam. Proposed a National Power Grid System to strengthen energy security. Buddhism and Ideology Adopted Buddhism in 1956 to fight caste oppression. Viewed Buddhism as a path to equality and liberation for the oppressed. Legacy Nation-Builder: His emphasis on equality and justice has shaped India’s social and political frameworks. Bharat Ratna Awardee (1990): Recognized for his immense contributions to the nation. Inspiration: His life urges us to build a society free from discrimination and oppression. PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana Introduction Launched on February 15, 2024, by PM Narendra Modi. Targets 1 crore rooftop solar installations by March 2027. Provides free electricity through subsidized solar panels. Key Benefits Free Electricity: Subsidized solar panels significantly reduce household energy costs. Government Savings: Expected to save ₹75,000 crore annually on electricity costs. Renewable Energy Promotion: Increases renewable energy usage nationwide. Environmental Benefits: Reduces carbon emissions, contributing to sustainability. Subsidy Details Subsidy amounts based on average monthly consumption: 0-150 units: ₹30,000 to ₹60,000 for 1-2 kW systems. 150-300 units: ₹60,000 to ₹78,000 for 2-3 kW systems. Above 300 units: ₹78,000 for systems above 3 kW. Applications via the National Portal with vendor ratings and benefits calculators. Collateral-Free Loans: Low-interest loans at 7% for up to 3 kW systems. Impact For Households: Substantial savings on electricity bills. Income generation by selling surplus power (e.g., 3 kW generates 300+ units/month). For India: Adds 30 GW solar capacity by 2027. Cuts 720 million tonnes of CO2 emissions over 25 years. Creates 17 lakh direct jobs in related sectors. Model Solar Village Initiative Establishes one solar village per district to promote energy self-reliance. ₹800 crore allocated, with ₹1 crore per village. Selection based on renewable energy capacity of villages (>5,000 population).

Dec 6, 2024 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 06 December 2024

Content: 1. A Slow Return 2. States and the challenge before the Finance Commission 3. A three-nation visit as a foray into summit diplomacy A Slow Return Context : Since 2020, the Line of Actual Control (LAC) has witnessed Chinese transgressions and the deadly Galwan clashes. India-China relations have been dominated by military and diplomatic negotiations to address friction points. Relevance : GS 2 (International Relations) Practice Question : Evaluate recent disengagement and de-escalation between India and China . Highlight potential opportunities and challenges.(250 Words ) Government Approach: Statements by External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar and Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri reflect a shift towards transparency. Until now, details about the border situation and negotiations were limited. Current Developments Disengagement and De-escalation: Agreements on disengagement reached at six friction points (2021-2024). Prioritization of de-escalation, troop de-induction, and management of ties in border areas. Negotiation Mechanisms: 17 meetings of the Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs. 21 meetings of Senior Military Commanders and several ministerial-level interactions. Buffer Zones: Temporary arrangements created in North and South Pangong Tso, Gogra, and Hot Springs. Patrolling arrangements for Depsang and Demchok are still under negotiation. Concerns Highlighted Lack of Transparency: No clarity on the reasons behind the Chinese actions (casus belli). Unclear timelines for returning to the status quo ante (pre-2020 positions). Terminological Shift: Statements emphasize “national security” but omit references to “territorial integrity.” Effectiveness of Prior Engagements: Despite Modi-Xi meetings prior to 2020, PLA’s aggressive actions suggest prior diplomacy did not prevent conflict. Recommendations Demarcation of Boundaries: Expedite efforts to build a common understanding of the LAC and finalize boundary demarcation. Strategic Communication: The government must provide the public with clarity on the progress and setbacks in negotiations. Future Engagement: Intensive and sustained dialogue remains essential for conflict resolution, though it is no guarantee of peace. National Security Strategy: Broaden focus to include territorial integrity in addition to national security. States and the Challenge Before The Finance Commission Background : Chaired by Arvind Panagariya, tasked with balancing Union-State fiscal relations. Finance Commission (Article 280): constitutional body Appointed by the President every five years . FC recommends distribution of taxes between the Union and States. Relevance: GS 2 (Polity ) Practice Question: Discuss how 16th finance commission can address growing opportunities and challenges. Suggest key recommendation.(250 Words ) Opportunities and Challenges Global Economic Trends Trends like friendshoring and reshoring offer investment opportunities. Tamil Nadu and other high-performing States can leverage these changes. Vertical Devolution Current share to States: 41% of divisible pool, but effective devolution: 33.16% due to cess and surcharges. Recommendation: Increase State share to 50% of gross central taxes. Horizontal Devolution Prior focus on less-developed States has limited outcomes. Balanced growth approach: Expand the national economic pie. Support less-developed States while incentivizing high-performing ones. Challenges for Progressive States Aging population: Reduced tax revenue, rising support costs. Urbanization: Tamil Nadu’s urban population to reach 57.30% by 2031, requiring infrastructure funding. Recommendations Increase fiscal autonomy: Higher share of taxes for States to fund local schemes. Progressive resource allocation: Incentivize performing States while supporting less-developed ones. Address State-specific issues: Aging population, urbanization, and sustainability. Focus on growth drivers: Manufacturing, infrastructure, and climate resilience. A Three-Nation Visit As A Foray Into Summit Diplomacy Overview : Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Nigeria, Brazil, and Guyana (November 16–21, 2024) marked significant Relevance: GS 2 (International Relations) Practice Question: Analyse India’s approach of summit diplomacy in strengthening its role of global south leader. Highlight significance of Africa -India relationship for prosperity of Global South.(250 Words) Regions Covered: Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Purpose: Strengthening bilateral, regional, and global partnerships. Nigeria Visit Significance of Nigeria Africa’s most populous nation, 4th largest economy, and member of BRICS and ECOWAS. Shares commonalities with India: diverse society and commitment to democracy and unity in diversity. Key Outcomes Honors for PM : Ceremonial welcome, national award, and gifting of Abuja city keys. Identified areas for collaboration: Agriculture, urban transportation, renewable energy, and digital transformation. Reaffirmed cooperation against terrorism, extremism, and radicalization. Signed 3 MoUs, despite delays on Nigeria’s side. Visit solidified the India-Nigeria strategic partnership. Brazil Visit: 19th G-20 Summit in Rio de Janeiro followed India’s 2023 presidency. Focused on social inclusion, sustainable development, and global governance reforms. Key Outcomes Global South Prioritization: Launched the Global Alliance Against Hunger and Poverty for resource mobilization. Adopted a roadmap for reforming Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs). Challenges: Limited progress on climate finance, WTO reform, and UN reforms. Bilateral Engagements PM Modi met leaders from the U.S., Europe, and Global South nations. India-China rapprochement advanced during External Affairs Minister’s meeting with Wang Yi. Reinforced India’s global leadership and commitment to implementing people-centric initiatives. Guyana Visit Significance of Guyana 40% population of Indian origin, with strong cultural and historical ties to India. Energy-rich nation with growing regional significance. Key Developments Signed 10 MoUs in sectors like energy, defence, education, and food security. Proposed 7 pillars for India-CARICOM cooperation: Capacity building, agriculture, renewable energy, trade, cricket, and ocean economy. Strengthened India’s ties with the Caribbean, ensuring deeper regional partnerships. Broader Implications for India’s Foreign Policy Global Leadership: Positioned as a bridge between the Global South and developed nations. Strengthened reputation as a champion of inclusive development. Strategic Partnerships: Fostered economic, cultural, and technological ties with emerging economies. Diplomatic Strategy: Balanced outreach to regions with distinct needs, ensuring inclusive global cooperation. Sustainability Focus: Renewed emphasis on renewable energy, climate action, and food security. Conclusion The six-day diplomatic mission across three continents showcased India’s evolving foreign policy priorities

Dec 6, 2024 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 06 December 2024

Content: UGC Draft Proposes Biannual Admissions SC Eases Anti-Pollution Curbs in NCR PSLV-C59 Places PROBA-3 Satellites into Orbit Is Syria’s Assad Regime in Danger? Bhutan and India Discuss Gelephu and Hydropower Projects Tuberculosis and Mental Health Bharatiya Vayuyan Vidheyak Bill Gets Nod in Rajya Sabha UGC Draft Proposes Biannual Admissions Background The University Grants Commission (UGC) has published the Draft UGC (Minimum Standards of Instructions in the Award of UG and PG Degrees) Regulations, 2024. These aim to introduce significant flexibility in India’s higher education system. Relevance : GS 2 ( Governance) Roles of UGC : Implementation and impact of policies like NEP. Social Justice: Policies for the development of education. Issues related to access and quality of education. Key Points Biannual Enrollment: Students can enroll twice a year (July/August and January/February). Dual Degree Option: Allows pursuing two UG or PG programs simultaneously. Flexible Admission: Students can enroll in any discipline, irrespective of past academic background, by qualifying relevant entrance exams. Multiple Entry and Exit Options: Facilitates varied learning paces and career needs. Recognition of Prior Learning: Enables earning credits for previous knowledge and skills. Credit Allocation: 50% credits in the major discipline, with others in skills, apprenticeships, or multidisciplinary subjects. SC Eases Anti-Pollution Curbs in NCR Context : The Supreme Court relaxed stage-IV restrictions under the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) to stage-II in NCR due to improved Air Quality Index (AQI) levels since November 30. Relevance : GS 2 (Judiciary), GS 3(Environment) Key Points Relaxation of Restrictions: GRAP-IV scaled down to GRAP-II, with GRAP-III measures ready for AQI levels above 350. Hybrid System: Suggested combining GRAP-III and GRAP-II to manage fluctuating AQI levels. Special Protocols: Emphasis on countering farm fires and garbage burning, with ISRO’s support. Socioeconomic Impact: Acknowledged effects on daily wagers and construction workers under GRAP-IV restrictions. Resumption of Physical Classes: DoE issued a circular for reopening schools following eased restrictions. PSLV-C59 Places PROBA-3 Satellites into Orbit Background : Initial launch was scheduled for December 4, 2024, but an anomaly in the propulsion system delayed it by a day. Relevance : GS 3 (Space) Successfully launched PROBA-3, a European Space Agency mission, aboard PSLV-C59. The mission highlights ISRO’s precision in satellite placement. Mission Details: PSLV-C59 rocket (44.5 meters) to carry the European Space Agency’s (ESA) PROBA-3 satellites. Mission aims to place 550-kg PROBA-3 satellites into a highly elliptical orbit. 61st flight of PSLV, 26th using the PSLV-XL configuration. Mission Objective: Study the Sun’s corona using two satellites in formation that block the solar disk, enabling detailed observation. Significance: Collaborative mission between NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) and the ESA, supported by ISRO’s expertise. Is Syria’s Assad Regime in Danger? Background Syrian civil war began in 2011 after Arab Spring protests. Led to widespread conflict and instability. Competing factions intensified geopolitical tensions. Recent events escalated the crisis further. Relevance :GS-2 (International Relations ) Assad Regime Under Threat Islamist militants, particularly Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), have captured key territories like Aleppo and Hama, endangering the regime’s stability. Russia’s Role in 2016 Russia’s intervention in 2015 turned the tide for Assad, enabling the recapture of major regions, including Aleppo, by December 2016. Recapture of Aleppo With Russian air support, Iranian-backed militias, and Hezbollah, the Assad regime successfully regained control of Aleppo. Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) HTS evolved from Jabhat al-Nusra (the Syrian branch of al-Qaeda) and, under Abu Mohammad al-Julani, became the dominant anti-government force in Idlib. Recent Militant Gains Reduced Russian presence, weakened Iranian forces due to Israeli airstrikes, and Turkish support have bolstered HTS, leading to the capture of key territories. Key Actors in Syria Assad Regime: Backed by Russia, Iran, and Shia militias HTS: Controls Idlib, with Islamist ideology Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF): Includes Kurdish YPG, controls parts of northern Syria. Implications The regime faces renewed conflict, risking prolonged instability. Reinforcements from Iran and Iraqi militias are being sought to counter militant advances. Bhutan and India Discuss Gelephu and Hydropower Projects Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi met Bhutan’s King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck and Queen Jetsun Pema in New Delhi to discuss bilateral cooperation across various sectors. Relevance: GS 2(International Relations) Gelephu Mindfulness City Project: India reassured support for the Gelephu project, aimed at fostering economic prosperity in Bhutan and border areas. Focus on strengthening investment and economic linkages. Hydropower Sector: Discussions included the near-completion of the 1020-MW Punatsangchhu-II project. Agreement on the early conclusion of the Punatsangchhu-I project. Plans to finalize modalities for new hydropower and reservoir-based projects. Cross-Border Connectivity: Joint efforts to enhance connectivity through rail lines and digital networks. Regional and Strategic Context: The visit follows diplomatic setbacks in India’s neighborhood, including challenges in Bangladesh and Nepal. Bhutan’s collaboration with Indian private players like the Adani Group was also highlighted. Adani Group Involvement: Bhutan has engaged with Adani for investments in infrastructure and renewable energy. Bhutan has not commented on recent controversies involving Adani, unlike other neighboring countries. Tuberculosis and Mental Health Relevance: GS-2 (Health) Stigma and Mental Health Impact: TB carries a deep stigma due to its association with contagiousness, poverty, and unhealthy behavior. Social and self-stigma contribute to mental health challenges like hopelessness, despair, and impaired decision-making. Co-Epidemic of TB and Mental Health: Mental illness and TB are interlinked Mental health issues can increase vulnerability to TB, and TB stigma exacerbates mental health problems. Up to 84% of TB patients experience depression. TB Treatment and Mental Health: TB treatment has long durations and severe side effects, which negatively affect mental health and self-confidence. Physical changes, such as rashes and psychotic episodes, also contribute to mental health distress. Bidirectional Relationship: Mental health issues, such as depression, increase the risk of TB due to weakened immune systems. Mental health disorders, including addiction (tobacco, alcohol, narcotics), correlate with a higher incidence of TB. Mental Health Screening : Despite routine screening for diabetes and HIV in TB patients, mental health screening is often overlooked in TB care. India should introduce mental health screening and psychological support as part of TB care to improve treatment adherence and outcomes. Digital Therapies: Remote digital therapies, such as cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), have shown promise in managing depression in TB patients India can leverage smartphone penetration to provide mental health services for TB patients. Community Engagement: Community-based support systems can help destigmatize TB and mental health issues. Support groups and informational campaigns can provide vital resources for TB-affected individuals and their families. Recommendations: Integrated policies should address both TB and mental health. Policymakers should allocate resources to mental health services within TB programs, ensuring mental health is considered at every stage of TB care. Urgency of Mental Health Care: TB cannot be effectively eliminated without addressing the mental health needs of patients. Training more psychiatrists and improving referral systems for psychiatric care is essential due to the shortage of mental health professionals in India. Bharatiya Vayuyan Vidheyak Bill Gets Nod in Rajya Sabha Background: The Bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha on December 5, 2024, after being introduced in the Lok Sabha on July 31, 2024. Relevance: GS 2 (Governance) Single-Window Clearance: Licensing for aviation personnel is shifted from the Department of Telecom to the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA). Regulation of Aircraft Design:The Bill expands regulatory oversight to include aircraft design. Penalties:Introduces fines and imprisonment for dangerous activities near airports. Second Appeal Mechanism: Provides a mechanism for appealing penalties under the Bill. Government Control: Regulatory bodies like DGCA, BCAS, and AAIB remain under Central government supervision

Dec 5, 2024 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 05 December 2024

Content: 1. National Digital Communication Policy, 2018 and its key developments 2. National Cooperative Policy National Digital Communication Policy, 2018 and its key developments Overview Launch Year: 2018 Vision: To establish a resilient, secure, accessible, and affordable digital communication infrastructure. Objective: Digital empowerment and vibrant digital ecosystem. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance) Key Achievements (2018–2024) Infrastructure Expansion: Optical Fiber Cable Network: 17.5 lakh km (2018) → 41.9 lakh km (2024). Base Transceiver Stations: 19.8 lakh (2018) → 29.4 lakh (2024). Broadband and Mobile Connectivity: Villages with Mobile Connectivity: 6,22,840 of 6,44,131 villages (2024). Broadband Subscribers: 48 crore (2018) → 94 crore (2024). Data Usage: 8.32 GB/month (2018) → 21.30 GB/month (2024). Tariff Reduction: ₹10.91/GB (2018) → ₹8.31/GB (2024). Digital Bharat Nidhi (formerly USOF): BharatNet expansion: ₹1,39,579 crore for broadband to 2.64 lakh Gram Panchayats and 3.8 lakh villages. Satellite Communication Reforms (2022) Simplified regulatory framework. Encouraged private sector participation in satellite systems. Connected 5,474 Gram Panchayats via satellites. Defined methodology for assigning spectrum for satellite-based services under Telecommunications Act, 2023. Regulatory Reforms TRAI’s Role: Established in 1997 as an independent regulator. Issued directives to promote competition and transparency. Impact Improved digital inclusivity and affordability. Accelerated deployment of 5G services. Enabled remote and underserved area connectivity through satellite. National Cooperative Policy Overview Ministry Formation: July 2021, operating under Cooperative Federalism principles. Objective: Strengthen rural cooperatives without infringing on state autonomy. Relevance:GS 2 (Governance) Key Developments National Urban Co-operative Finance and Development Corporation (NUCFDC) Established: 2024, as a Type II Non-Deposit Taking NBFC. Purpose: Enhance Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs) through: Unified Technology Platform for UCBs to match national-level banks’ services. Support for regulatory compliance, risk management, and financing. Promoting financial stability and resource efficiency. Legal Framework State Cooperative Societies: Governed by respective State/UT laws. Multi-State Co-operative Societies (MSCS): Regulated under MSCS Act, 2002. Major Initiatives (Annexure-I) Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) Initiatives Computerization of PACS: ₹2,516 crore project for ERP-based software linking PACS with NABARD, StCBs, and DCCBs. Aims: Efficiency via Common Accounting System (CAS) & Management Information System (MIS). Model Bye-Laws for PACS: Enables multipurpose activities, inclusive membership, and improved governance. Expansion of PACS/ Dairy/ Fishery Cooperatives: Establishing new cooperatives in uncovered Panchayats with support from NABARD, NDDB, NFDB, etc. Decentralized Grain Storage Plan: Warehouses, processing units, and agri-infrastructure at PACS level. Convergence of government schemes like AIF, SMAM, PMFME. PACS as Common Service Centers (CSCs): Offering 300+ e-services like banking, insurance, Aadhaar, health services, etc. PACS Diversification Retail Petrol/Diesel Outlets: Inclusion in Combined Category 2 for retail outlet allotments. LPG Distributorship: PACS eligible for LPG distributorships to expand economic activities. PM Bharatiya Jan Aushadhi Kendra: Operating Jan Aushadhi Kendras for rural access to affordable generic medicines. PM Kisan Samriddhi Kendras: PACS to provide fertilizers and related services to farmers. Other Key PACS Roles Micro-ATMs for Financial Inclusion: Dairy/Fisheries cooperatives as Bank Mitras with doorstep financial services. Convergence with PM-KUSUM: Promotion of solar water pumps and photovoltaic module installations. O&M of Rural Water Supply Schemes: PACS eligible for operations and maintenance under Ministry of Jal Shakti. Impact Strengthened financial and operational framework for UCBs and PACS. Enhanced rural employment, financial inclusion, and cooperative diversification. Improved governance and transparency in cooperative functioning. This policy promotes rural economic development through cooperative empowerment.

Dec 5, 2024 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 05 December 2024

Content: 1 .Cash transfer schemes for women as new poll plank 2. A cut in time Cash transfer schemes for women as new poll plank Context : Direct cash transfer schemes are gaining traction in India, especially targeting women. Relevance: GS 2 ( Governance) Practice Question: Evaluate reasons behind the growing popularity of direct cash transfer schemes specially targeting women in India. Highlight concerns associated ?(250 Words) Ex 1 : Maharashtra’s Mukhyamantri Majhi Ladki Bahin Yojana (monthly transfer of ₹1,500 ) Ex 2:Jharkhand’s Mukhyamantri Maiya Samman Yojana transfer of ₹1,000 per month. Reasons for the rising Popularity : Growing prominence of women voters Women’s electoral participation increased from 47% in 1962 to 66% in 2024. Women increasingly voting independently, creating a distinct “women constituency.” The passage of the Women’s Reservation Bill and emphasis on “Nari Shakti” highlight the rising political clout of women voters. Parties aim to secure this crucial swing vote in tightly contested elections. Efficiency of Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) Reduced leakage:DBT Bypasses middlemen. Direct relationships between political leaders and citizens, established by technology. This “techno-patrimonial” approach strengthens perceptions of government benevolence. Immediate Political Gains Cash transfers are quicker to implement and yield immediate results compared to long-term welfare projects like healthcare or education reforms. Regular payments remind beneficiaries of the ruling party’s generosity, reinforcing its electoral appeal. Populist schemes resonate with the poor, who constitute a significant voter base. Homogenization of Welfare Policies Across party lines, states are adopting similar schemes, reflecting a lack of innovation in welfare policy. Easy Winning Formula : Opposition parties also replicate cash transfer policies as winning strategies, highlighting limited vision for alternative welfare models. Concern: These schemes do not address structural issues like poverty and unemployment. Encouraging Privatization By relying on DBT, the state nudges citizens toward private alternatives for healthcare, education, and other basic needs. This shift reduces pressure on the state to improve public infrastructure and services. State Capacity Deficit The focus on “efficiency” through technology sidesteps the challenge of enhancing state capacity to deliver quality public goods. The poor, unlike the rich, cannot afford to disengage from public services. A Cut In Time Context: A 2022 initiated UN resolution called The Global Plastic Treaty aims to end plastic pollution. Five rounds of discussions including the Busan meeting have failed to agree on a framework. Relevance: GS 3( Environment) Practice Question: Explain how to resolve the deadlock of Global Plastic Treaty between the countries. Suggest a possible framework for other pollutions as well.(250 Words ) Deadlock :Nations are split between advocating for plastic production cuts and emphasizing recycling. 1. Producers of Virgin Polymer (Developing Countries & Oil Economies): View production cuts as trade barriers. Promote recycling as a solution instead. 2. Environmental Advocates (EU, Pacific Island Nations, etc.): Cite plastic’s health and ecological hazards. Support gradual production cuts to reduce pollution. 3. India’s Position: Opposes production cuts due to economic dependency on plastic. Recycling capacity is limited to one-third of annual plastic waste. Analysis of Impacts: Health Costs: Microplastics harm ecosystems, enter food chains, and affect human health. Environmental Costs: Cause marine pollution, biodiversity loss, and strain on waste systems. Economic Costs: Reliance on plastic in manufacturing and packaging industries. High costs of transitioning to alternatives. Way Forward: Global Consensus: Blend production cuts with improved recycling and financial support for developing nations. India’s Role: Boost recycling infrastructure and plan a phased reduction in plastic usage. Focus on health and ecological research to guide policies. Collaborative Solutions: Invest in biodegradable alternatives. Establish international funding to support economic transitions.

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