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Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 12 March 2025

Content: Building compassion into the health-care structure More signs of overhauling the compliance framework Building compassion into the health-care structure Context The World Health Organization (WHO) released a report on February 7, 2025, titled “Compassion and Primary Health Care”, emphasizing compassion as a transformative force in health care. WHO Director-General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus called for the role of compassion to be explored in improving the quality of health-care services. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues , Health) Practice Question : Compassion is the foundation upon which a people-centric health-care system must be built. In the light of the recent WHO report, discuss the role of compassionate health care in improving health outcomes and reducing burnout among medical professionals. Suggest measures to institutionalize compassion in India’s health-care framework. (250 words) Significance of Compassion in Health Care Impact on Patients Studies indicate that compassionate care leads to faster recovery and shorter hospital stays. Stanford University (CCARE) Research: Patients treated with compassion recover more quickly. Johns Hopkins Study on Cancer Patients: 40 extra seconds of compassionate communication led to reduced patient anxiety and better recovery outcomes. Impact on Health-Care Professionals Reduced stress and burnout: Compassion helps doctors and nurses avoid empathy fatigue. Improved job satisfaction due to stronger patient-doctor relationships. Leads to high-quality, sustainable health care. Understanding the Difference: Compassion vs. Other Emotional Responses Term Definition Impact on Health Care Providers Sympathy Feeling pity for someone’s suffering. Temporary response, not action-oriented. Empathy Deeply immersing oneself in another’s suffering. Can lead to emotional exhaustion and burnout (Empathy Fatigue). Compassion Recognizing suffering and taking mindful action to alleviate it. Enables balanced care without being emotionally overwhelmed.   Compassionate health care = Mindful problem-solving + Emotional stability + Action-driven care. Compassion in Mental Health Urgency: Depression is being seen as the “next pandemic” due to its widespread impact. Case Study: Pradeep (A Rescued Child at Bal Ashram) Labeled as a “cursed child” and nearly sacrificed. After receiving compassionate care, he overcame trauma, started socializing, and shared his story. Key takeaway: Compassion transforms mental health rehabilitation by fostering trust and healing. Strategies to Integrate Compassion into Health Care Awareness and Leadership Commitment Compassion should be a decision-making parameter in hospitals, think tanks, and industry leadership. Shift from a profit-driven approach to patient-centric care. Training and Capacity Building Invest in quality training for doctors, nurses, and paramedical staff. Differentiate between empathy (emotionally draining) and compassion (sustainable care). Incorporate experiential learning and practical case studies. Equitable and Accessible Health Care Compassionate health care must be available to all, irrespective of socio-economic status, gender, or caste. Universal health care policies should integrate compassion as a fundamental principle. More signs of overhauling the compliance framework Context : The Persistent Issue of Corruption in Business Compliance The “India Business Corruption Survey 2024” highlights the pervasiveness of bribery in business operations. 66% of businesses admitted to paying bribes. 54% stated that bribes were necessary to expedite processes, secure permits, or comply with regulations. Sectors most affected: Labour, GST, income tax, pollution, provident fund, property registration, drugs, and health departments. Impact on Investment: EY-FICCI survey reveals that 80% of respondents believe corruption deters Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Regulatory unpredictability discourages global businesses from investing in India. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) , GS 3(Economy) Practice Question : India’s compliance framework is plagued by excessive regulation, corruption, and unpredictability. Discuss the key challenges and suggest measures to create a transparent, efficient, and business-friendly regulatory environment. (250 words) Government Reforms and the Jan Vishwas Act The Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023 was a step toward decriminalizing business laws. Removed 180 provisions that imposed imprisonment clauses. Budget 2025 introduced Jan Vishwas 2.0, proposing decriminalization of 100 more provisions. Challenge: Over 20,000 provisions with imprisonment clauses remain untouched, keeping businesses vulnerable to bureaucratic harassment. Compliance Complexity and Corruption Nexus Regulatory officials often misuse compliance laws to demand bribes. Subjectivity in inspections leads to arbitrary factory shutdowns and penalties. Excessive regulatory updates create uncertainty: In 2023 alone, 9,420 compliance changes were issued (average of 36 per day). Such frequent updates either indicate poor policy planning or deliberate intent to enable corruption. Case Study: Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) New directive ensures annual compliance updates, reducing unpredictability. Similar measures should be extended to other regulatory bodies. Labour Law Reforms: A Stalled Initiative Labour laws are under the Concurrent List, requiring both Central and State action. 29 colonial-era laws replaced by four new labour codes, but implementation remains stalled. Need for state cooperation to operationalize the long-overdue labour reforms. The Case for a Digital-First Compliance System Current Scenario: Setting up a factory requires submitting hundreds of self-attested and notarized documents across 40+ departments. Multiple identity numbers (PAN, GSTIN, CIN, professional tax, factory licence, etc.) create inefficiencies. Proposed Solution: A unified ‘One Nation, One Business’ Identity System Single digital identity for businesses. Uses Digi Locker to store verified, tamper-proof documents. Could reduce approval time from months to days. Success Model: Digi Yatra in airport security, which streamlined passenger verification. Global Competition: The Urgency of Reform United States Example: New Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) is simplifying business regulations. A more efficient US economy ($27 trillion GDP) will attract global investment. India at Risk: With excessive bureaucracy, India ($4 trillion GDP) may fail to attract global capital and talent. Without a predictable and transparent compliance framework, investors may choose other emerging markets. Conclusion: The Need for Decisive Action Jan Vishwas 2.0 is a step forward but not enough. The government must focus on: Predictable regulatory updates (like FSSAI’s annual update model). Implementing labour reforms without further delay. Digitization of compliance for faster and corruption-free approvals. Establishing a single business identity system to streamline processes.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 12 March 2025

Content: Delhi most polluted Capital in world: report What’s in a (disease’s) name? In 2023, U.S. spent 0.24% of its national income on foreign aid Is rising consumer credit cause for concern? New immigration Bill seeks to tighten existing regulations New, Greener Electrochemical Process Turns Urine into Plant Fuel Delhi most polluted Capital in world: report Context : India’s air pollution crisis 13 out of the world’s 20 most polluted cities are in India. Byrnihat  is the most polluted city globally. Delhi remains the most polluted capital city worldwide. India is the 5th most polluted country in 2024. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Comparative Air Quality Trends India saw a 7% decline in PM2.5 levels (from 54.4 mgpcm in 2023 to 50.6 mgpcm in 2024). However, Delhi’s air pollution worsened, with PM2.5 levels rising from 102.4 mgpcm in 2023 to 108.3 mgpcm in 2024. Other severely polluted cities: 4 in Pakistan, 1 in China. Factors Contributing to Delhi’s Pollution Crisis Year-Round Pollution Sources Vehicular emissions (Delhi has one of the highest vehicle densities in the world). Industrial emissions from NCR regions like Ghaziabad, Noida, and Faridabad. Construction dust due to rapid urban expansion. Winter-Specific Aggravating Factors Paddy-straw burning in Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh. Meteorological conditions (low wind speed, temperature inversion trapping pollutants). Diwali firecrackers contributing to severe pollution spikes. Household emissions (biomass and coal burning for heating). Implications of Severe Air Pollution Health Risks Increased cases of respiratory diseases (asthma, bronchitis, COPD). Higher risk of cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer. PM2.5 exposure linked to reduced life expectancy. Economic and Social Impact Increased healthcare costs due to pollution-related illnesses. Productivity loss due to air-quality-induced health issues. Negative impact on tourism and international image. Environmental Consequences Reduced visibility and frequent smog episodes. Damage to crops and local ecosystems. Way Forward: Policy Interventions and Solutions Strengthening Pollution Control Measures Strict enforcement of Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP). Promotion of cleaner fuel alternatives (electric vehicles, bio-CNG). Phasing out older diesel vehicles. Agricultural & Industrial Reforms Large-scale adoption of crop residue management solutions to curb stubble burning. Transition to cleaner industrial technologies and emissions monitoring. Urban Planning and Public Transport Expansion of metro networks, buses, and non-motorized transport infrastructure. Implementation of congestion pricing and odd-even traffic schemes. Public Awareness & Citizen Participation Encouraging community-led initiatives like urban forests, rooftop gardens. Stricter firecracker regulations and behavioral change campaigns. What’s in a (disease’s) name? Introduction Diseases named after geographical locations (toponymous diseases) can lead to misinformation, stigma, and racial prejudice. Examples: Spanish flu, Delhi boil, Madura foot, West Nile Virus. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Historical Example: Spanish Flu Misnomer The 1918-1920 influenza pandemic was called Spanish flu, despite not originating in Spain. Reason: Spain, being neutral in World War I, had a free press that reported on the disease openly, unlike countries involved in the war. Impact: 500 million people affected, 20+ million deaths, yet the name wrongly associated the disease with Spain. WHO’s Intervention in Disease Naming (2015 Onwards) WHO mandated scientific names instead of geographical references. Example: Zika Virus: Originally named after the Zika forest (Uganda), causing Congenital Zika Syndrome. Monkeypox → Mpox: Renamed due to racist and stigmatizing language. The Trichophyton Indotineae Controversy A new fungal species causing severe, drug-resistant ringworm infections was named Trichophyton indotineae. Objections: Indian & international dermatologists (from 14 countries) opposed it. Named by Japanese researchers based on cases found in India and Nepal, though origin is still unknown. Pejorative connotations and violates WHO’s naming guidelines. The fungus has spread to 40+ countries, proving its non-localized nature. Impact: Inaccurate name blames a region without scientific basis. Hinders global cooperation in medical research. WHO’s Guidelines & Renaming Practices WHO renames diseases to avoid controversy and correct unethical attributions. Example: Reiter’s Syndrome → Reactive Arthritis (due to its namesake’s Nazi affiliations). WHO’s disease naming considerations: Scientific appropriateness Pronounceability across languages Avoiding geographic/zoological references Historical retrievability Need for Responsible Disease Naming Naming should aid scientific progress, not politicize diseases. Microbes do not respect borders, but stigmatization divides people. Unified, scientific naming fosters global cooperation in disease prevention and treatment. In 2023, U.S. spent 0.24% of its national income on foreign aid Context :  U.S. Foreign Aid Spending vs. Public Perception In 2023, the U.S. spent 0.24% of its Gross National Income (GNI) on foreign aid. However, public perception is vastly different – surveys show Americans believe it to be as high as 31% of the national budget. The disparity suggests a lack of awareness about actual foreign aid expenditures. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) The Role of Foreign Aid in Global Health Achievements In the 1980s, polio paralyzed nearly 500,000 children annually. By 2023, polio cases were as low as two days’ worth of cases from 1981. Foreign aid programs, particularly government funding and private donations, were crucial in the eradication of polio. Similar success stories: PEPFAR (U.S. initiative): Saved 25 million lives from HIV. Bednets and antimalarial treatments: Reduced malaria mortality. Global Fund and USAID: Helped curb tuberculosis deaths. How Much Foreign Aid Is Actually Given? Total global foreign aid in 2023: $240 billion (a tiny fraction of rich countries’ economies). Norway is the only country spending more than 1% of its GNI on foreign aid. The UN target for developed nations: 0.7% of GNI to foreign aid. Only five countries met this in 2023: Norway Luxembourg Sweden Germany Denmark Who Funds Foreign Aid? Governments vs. Private Donors More than 95% of global foreign aid came from national governments. Private donations accounted for just 4.5% ($11 billion) of the total. Implications: If governments reduce foreign aid budgets, it can have a huge impact on global aid. If the U.S. had cut its aid by just 20%, global aid would have dropped by $13 billion, wiping out private philanthropic contributions. Can Public Perception Drive Higher Foreign Aid? Public support influences government spending. If all developed nations met the UN’s 0.7% target, global foreign aid would nearly double (+$216 billion). However, most citizens drastically overestimate aid spending: A 2015 U.S. survey found Americans believed foreign aid made up 31% of the federal budget (actual: under 1%). When asked how much should be spent, the average response was 10%, 10 times the actual figure. Is rising consumer credit cause for concern? Overview of Rising Consumer Credit Household Debt Increase: Household debt in India has risen from 36.6% of GDP in June 2021 to 41% in March 2024, reaching 42.9% by June 2024, per the FSR 2024. Comparison to Emerging Markets: Despite this increase, India’s household debt-to-GDP ratio remains lower than many emerging market economies. Shift in Borrowing Purpose: A notable portion of this debt is being used for consumption rather than asset creation, signaling potential macroeconomic weaknesses. Relevance : GS 3(Economy) Positive Indicators Highlighted by RBI Increase in Borrowers, Not Indebtedness: The RBI notes that the rise in household debt stems from more individuals borrowing, not an increase in average debt per borrower. Shift to Healthier Borrowers: The proportion of sub-prime borrowers has decreased, with nearly two-thirds of debt held by prime and super-prime borrowers (those with high credit quality). Super-Prime Borrowing Trends: Rising per-capita debt is primarily among super-prime borrowers, who tend to use loans for asset creation (e.g., housing, vehicles). Post-Pandemic Credit Growth: Consumer borrowing has driven credit growth since the pandemic, but RBI measures introduced in 2023 have slowed this growth, shifting it toward healthier borrowers. Reduction in Sub-Prime Borrowing: Sub-prime borrowing has relatively declined, suggesting a healthier credit market focused on asset-building by creditworthy individuals. Concerning Trends in Consumption Borrowing Rising Consumption Loans: The share of loans for consumption (e.g., personal loans, credit card debt) has increased, rather than for productive purposes like housing or education. Decline in Household Assets: Household assets dropped from 110.4% of GDP in June 2021 to 108.3% in March 2024, indicating borrowing is not translating into asset accumulation. Income Disparity in Borrowing: While 64% of super-prime borrowers’ loans are for assets, nearly 50% of sub-prime borrowers’ loans are for consumption, disproportionately affecting lower-income households (earning less than ₹5 lakh annually). Unsecured Loan Stress: Personal loans and credit card debt delinquencies rose in September 2024 compared to September 2023, reflecting financial strain among lower-income borrowers. Cascading Risk: About 50% of borrowers with unsecured loans (e.g., credit card debt) also have housing or vehicle loans; defaults in one category could classify all loans as non-performing assets (NPAs), amplifying risk to the financial system. Potential Causes of Increased Consumption Borrowing Income Insecurity: Post-pandemic income challenges may be pushing lower-income households to rely on credit cards and unsecured loans to bridge consumption gaps, suggesting a weak macroeconomy. Financial Innovation: The proliferation of credit instruments (e.g., credit cards) may be enabling easier access to debt, potentially exposing lower-income households to financial fragility. Unanswered Questions: The text raises whether this trend reflects structural economic weakness or overreach by financial institutions, with implications for stability. Macroeconomic Implications Impact on the Multiplier Effect: Lower-income households typically have a higher income multiplier (more income spent on consumption), but rising debt reduces disposable income as funds go toward debt servicing, lowering consumption and economic growth. Reduced Growth Potential: An economy with high household debt, especially among poorer households, may experience weaker growth for the same level of investment due to this diminished multiplier. Policy Effectiveness: Macroeconomic policies (e.g., tax cuts) may have limited impact if indebted households prioritize debt repayment over spending. Is Rising Consumer Credit a Cause for Concern? Yes, for Lower-Income Households: Rising unsecured debt and delinquencies among sub-prime and lower-income borrowers signal financial stress. Consumption-focused borrowing, rather than asset creation, limits wealth-building and increases vulnerability. Potential for defaults to spill over into higher-value loans (e.g., housing) poses systemic risks. No, in the Broader Context (RBI’s View): The shift toward prime and super-prime borrowers suggests a healthier credit profile overall. Increased borrowing reflects broader participation rather than excessive leverage per borrower. RBI interventions have moderated credit growth and improved borrower quality since 2023. Mixed Outlook: While the credit market appears stable for wealthier, prime borrowers, the growing reliance on consumption loans among lower-income groups is a red flag. The decline in household assets alongside rising debt undermines long-term economic resilience. New immigration Bill seeks to tighten existing regulations Objective of Consolidation: The bill unifies four existing laws—the Foreigners Act, 1946; Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920; Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939; and Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Act, 2000—eliminating overlaps and modernizing India’s immigration framework. It replaces colonial-era laws with contemporary security measures. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Strengthening Regulatory Framework: The bill introduces stricter provisions for foreigners, increasing penalties for unauthorized entry, fake documents, or overstaying visas (fines up to ₹10 lakh, imprisonment up to 7 years). Immigration officers gain expanded powers to detain, investigate, and deport illegal immigrants without a warrant. Shift in Burden of Proof: Section 16 places the burden of proof on individuals to establish their legal status, similar to laws like PMLA and PCA. This reduces the evidentiary burden on authorities and curbs document fraud but may raise constitutional concerns. Enhanced Registration Requirements: Foreigners must register with the Foreigners Regional Registration Office (FRRO). Private hosts, universities, hospitals, and institutions must report foreign guests’ details, ensuring better tracking and accountability. Carrier Liability and Enforcement: Airlines and shipping companies must remove foreigners denied entry at their own expense, with fines up to ₹5 lakh for violations. Non-compliance may lead to vehicle seizure, reinforcing border control. Security and Monitoring Implications: The bill strengthens internal security through real-time tracking but raises concerns about overreach and harassment. Implementation challenges include FRRO staffing and technological constraints. Critics argue the burden of proof shift may violate fundamental rights. Broader Context: The bill aligns with global immigration trends, focusing on illegal immigration from neighboring countries. Its success depends on coordinated enforcement and balancing security with India’s tourism-friendly image. New, Greener Electrochemical Process Turns Urine into Plant Fuel Historical Context & Urine’s Value Urine, rich in phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen, has historically been considered “liquid gold.” In the 17th century, Hennig Brand discovered phosphorus while distilling urine, showcasing its chemical potential. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology, Agriculture) The Problem Addressed Humans excrete 450–680 liters of urine annually, containing enough nitrogen and phosphorus to sustain crop growth. Current wastewater treatment lacks efficient urea extraction, leading to resource wastage and environmental issues. Innovation: Electrochemical Conversion to Percarbamide A new process converts urine into percarbamide (a nitrogen-rich crystalline peroxide) using graphitic carbon-based catalysts. Two reaction pathways: Direct reaction of urea with hydrogen peroxide. Urea binding to hydroperoxyl intermediates, forming percarbamide. Catalyst & Optimized Conditions Uses an activated graphitic carbon catalyst to stabilize hydrogen peroxide and enhance conversion. Optimal conditions: Urea concentration: 15–38% pH: ~4 (slightly acidic) Temperature: Just above freezing Dual Benefits—“Two Birds, One Stone” Wastewater Treatment: Removes urea, reducing nitrogen pollution. Resource Recovery: Produces percarbamide, a slow-release fertilizer. Percarbamide’s Properties & Applications Acts as both a nitrogen source and an oxygen-releasing agent, benefiting plant growth. Potential applications beyond agriculture (e.g., industrial processes). Sustainability & Efficiency Greener alternative to the energy-intensive Haber-Bosch process. Reduces dependency on synthetic fertilizers, lowering carbon footprints. Scientific Breakthrough & Practical Implications Discovery that urine-based urea stabilizes hydrogen peroxide led to a dual-purpose solution. Farmers can use percarbamide as a locally sourced fertilizer, and wastewater plants can integrate it into resource recovery systems. Challenges & Future Directions Scaling requires electrochemical reactors & catalyst production. Needs real-world wastewater testing beyond lab conditions. Broader Significance Promotes circular economy by turning waste into a resource. Transforms urine from a waste product to a sustainable fertilizer, echoing historical discoveries with modern innovation.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 11 March 2025

Content: Safety Audit of Coal Mines DECLINING GROUNDWATER LEVELS Safety Audit of Coal Mines The Ministry of Coal has undertaken significant measures to enhance coal mine safety, modernization, and worker welfare through regulatory updates and technological advancements. The introduction of the National Coal Mine Safety Report Portal (2024) and Coal Mines Regulations 2017 reflects a strong commitment to safety, environmental sustainability, and mechanization in coal mining operations. Relevance : GS 3(Economy , Infrastructure) Safety Health Management System Audit & Safety Report Portal As per the Ministry of Coal Guidelines (December 2023), an annual Safety Health Management System Audit is conducted. On 17th December 2024, the Ministry launched the National Coal Mine Safety Report Portal with an integrated safety audit module for streamlined submission of audit reports. Amendments to Coal Mine Safety Regulations Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS) replaced the outdated Coal Mines Regulation 1957 with Coal Mines Regulations 2017. The revision was aimed at: Modernization & Mechanization of mining processes. Strengthening emergency response and evacuation systems. Modernization & Mechanization for Worker Safety Blast-free mining technologies introduced to minimize risks: Continuous Miner & PSLW (Powered Support Longwall) for underground (UG) mines. Surface Miner & Hybrid High Wall Mining for open-cast (OC) mines. Eccentric/Vertical Ripper for better efficiency in OC mines. Real-time environmental monitoring: Environmental Telemonitoring System (ETMS) for underground conditions. Gas Chromatographs for accurate mine air sampling and hazard detection. Strata Stability Measures: Mechanized roof bolting systems (UDM, QUAD, Twin Bolter) with advanced instrumentation. Dust suppression technologies: Truck-mounted Fog Canons and Sprinkler-mist sprays to reduce dust inhalation risks. Training & Skill Development: Simulator-based training for Heavy Earth Moving Machinery (HEMM) operators. Virtual Reality (VR) training programs for better risk preparedness. Geotechnical advancements for safety monitoring: 3D Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) for mine mapping. Slope Stability Radars for monitoring overburden stability. GPS-based Operator Independent Truck Dispatch System (OITDS) for tracking heavy machinery. Environmental Management in Coal Mining Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies are mandatory for new/expansion projects. Key measures under EIA/Environmental Management Plan (EMP): Assessment of mining impact on biodiversity, air, and water quality. Compliance with MoEF&CC clearance norms before project approval. Continuous environmental monitoring during operational phases. Worker Welfare Initiatives Legal Framework: Mines Act, 1952 and Mines Rules, 1955 mandate essential welfare facilities. Mine Vocational Training Rules, 1966 ensure proper training for workers. Worker Welfare Provisions: Regular health check-ups, first aid, and welfare officers in mines. Shelters, canteens, creches, and pit-head baths to improve worker living conditions. Financial & educational support: Scholarships and financial assistance for children, including support for IIT & NIT admissions. Compassionate employment to married, divorced, and deserted daughters in case of worker deaths. Skill Development & Safety Training: Structured vocational training for skill upgradation. Advanced simulator-based training for specialized mining operations. Specialized job-based training for drilling, blasting, roof support, and firefighting. Conclusion The Ministry of Coal has taken proactive steps to modernize, mechanize, and improve safety standards in coal mining. The initiatives ensure safer working conditions, reduced environmental impact, and improved worker welfare. Advanced technology adoption, enhanced monitoring systems, and rigorous safety audits contribute to a more sustainable and safe coal mining sector. Declining Groundwater Levels Context: Water being a State subject under the Seventh Schedule (Entry 17, State List) of the Constitution of India places the primary responsibility of groundwater management on State Governments. However, groundwater depletion is a national concern, necessitating Central Government intervention through policies, schemes, and technical assistance. The Ministry of Jal Shakti and other central ministries have been implementing various initiatives to ensure sustainable groundwater management, prevent over-extraction, and promote community participation in water conservation. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Constitutional and Institutional Framework Water is a State subject under the Indian Constitution, giving State Governments primary responsibility for groundwater management. The Central Government provides technical and financial assistance through schemes and projects. Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA), under the Ministry of Jal Shakti, regulates groundwater development under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Regulatory Mechanisms: CGWA issues NOCs for groundwater abstraction, ensuring compliance with sustainability norms. 17 States/UTs have implemented their own groundwater regulation frameworks. Model Groundwater Bill drafted and circulated to all States/UTs, with 21 States/UTs adopting it. Environmental Compensation (EC) charges are levied for violations. Key Central Initiatives for Groundwater Conservation Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA) Launched in 2019, aims at rainwater harvesting and water conservation. JSA 2024 focuses on 151 water-stressed districts. Over 1.07 crore water conservation structures built in four years. National Aquifer Mapping (NAQUIM) Project Conducted by Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). Mapped 25 lakh square km of aquifers. District-wise aquifer maps and management plans prepared for localized interventions. Master Plan for Artificial Recharge to Groundwater (2020) Provides blueprint for constructing 1.42 crore recharge structures. Estimated to harness 185 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM) of water. Per Drop More Crop (PDMC) Scheme Launched in 2015-16, focuses on micro-irrigation and efficient water use. 94.36 lakh hectares covered under micro-irrigation (till Dec 2024). Mission Amrit Sarovar Targets development of 75 water bodies per district. Nearly 69,000 Amrit Sarovars constructed/rejuvenated. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) & Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY-WDC) Provide funds for water conservation and rainwater harvesting. Strengthening Community Participation in Groundwater Management Atal Bhujal Yojana Implemented in 7 States, emphasizes community-led groundwater management. Gram Panchayat-level water budgeting and Water Security Plans (WSPs) developed. Public Awareness and Training Programs Public Interaction Programs (PIP), Mass Awareness Programs (MAP) conducted by CGWB. Jal Shakti Kendras (JSKs) established for community engagement. Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari Initiative (Launched in 2024) Promotes whole-of-society and whole-of-government approach to water conservation. Community Involvement in Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) 24 lakh women trained for water quality testing using Field Test Kits (FTKs). Impact of Groundwater Conservation Efforts Increased groundwater recharge Total annual groundwater recharge improved from 433 BCM (2017) to 446.90 BCM (2024). Enhanced efficiency in water use through micro-irrigation and artificial recharge structures. Improved water conservation infrastructure with large-scale rainwater harvesting. Challenges and Way Forward Regulatory Gaps Despite progress, many states have not yet adopted the Model Groundwater Bill. Need for better enforcement of groundwater extraction regulations. Climate Change and Depleting Resources Climate variability impacts groundwater recharge. Promotion of nature-based solutions like wetland conservation, afforestation. Strengthening Local Governance Need for institutional capacity building at Panchayat levels. Decentralized water governance for better management. Technology Integration Expanding use of remote sensing and AI-based water resource monitoring. Encouraging sensor-based irrigation systems to optimize water use

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 11 March 2025

Content: The Indian university and the search for a V-C An India-U.S. trade agreement and the test of WTO laws The Indian university and the search for a V-C Context: The UGC’s Draft Regulations 2025 propose changes in the appointment of Vice-Chancellors, reducing State executive influence and broadening eligibility criteria, sparking debates on autonomy, governance, and academic leadership. Relevance :GS 2(Education ,Governance) Practice Question: Discuss the implications of the UGC’s Draft Regulations 2025 on the appointment of Vice-Chancellors, focusing on institutional autonomy, federalism, and academic leadership in India. (250 words) Reservations on UGC Draft Regulations 2025 The draft regulations have raised concerns, especially regarding: The method of appointment of Vice-Chancellors (V-Cs) Broadening the criteria for selecting V-Cs These concerns are significant in the context of: Federal structure of governance Legal precedents set by the Supreme Court The Role of State Executive in V-C Appointments The Supreme Court has minimized the role of State executives in V-C appointments. Earlier, State statutes allowed government nominees in search-cum-selection committees. The Court has ruled against this in several landmark cases: Gambhirdan K. Gadhvi vs State of Gujarat (2019) Sonali Chakravarti Banerjee (2022) Professor (Dr.) Sreejith P.S vs Dr. Rajasree M.S. (2022) Dr. Premachandran Keezhoth vs Chancellor, Kannur University (2023) Key ruling: Any influence of the State executive renders the appointment process void ab initio (invalid from the beginning), even if the appointee is qualified. UGC’s Proposed Changes in the Selection Process The search-cum-selection committee will include only highly qualified persons who have held V-C or equivalent positions. Members will be nominated by: Chancellor of the university University executive body UGC This structure aligns with Central University statutes, where the Visitor (President of India) and UGC nominees, rather than government representatives, conduct the selection process. Counterarguments by State Governments State executives argue that: State universities are established through State Legislature statutes. State governments provide the majority of funding. State universities must align with regional development needs. They contribute to the State’s innovation ecosystem and must work with government research bodies. Central universities have limited enrollment capacity, and private universities may not be affordable for many students. Possible Solutions Option 1: Consensus-based Selection The university executive could nominate an independent former academic, acceptable to the government. The nominee must not be a government officer or politically affiliated person. This ensures neutrality while considering State concerns. Option 2: Limited State Representation The UGC may allow a State-nominated member in the search committee. The nominee must be: A former V-C or equivalent. Independent of direct political influence. The idea is to balance participation while ensuring academic autonomy. Broadening Eligibility Criteria for V-Cs The draft regulations propose expanding V-C eligibility beyond traditional academia. Previously, courts (especially the Madurai Bench of the Madras High Court) interpreted UGC regulations strictly, limiting eligibility to: 10 years of professorship Teaching and research experience Need for a Wider Talent Pool Universities require leaders with: Expertise in public policy, government, industry, and international organizations. High-impact research, communication, networking, and strategic vision. Backgrounds in public diplomacy, creative fields, and even sports. Globally, universities value diverse leadership skills, not just academic credentials. The UGC’s attempt aligns with modern higher education leadership trends. Need for a Paradigm Shift in University Leadership Indian universities must evolve into dynamic, innovative institutions. Traditional selection based solely on academic seniority is outdated. Amanda Goodall’s view (from “Socrates in the Boardroom”): V-Cs should not be reclusive scholars. They must blend philosophy with business acumen and vision. The UGC’s move to diversify leadership selection is a step toward modernizing Indian universities. An India-U.S. trade agreement and the test of WTO laws Background and Context On February 13, 2025, India and the U.S. agreed to negotiate a Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) by the fall of 2025. This agreement is not labeled as a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) but remains a multi-sector trade agreement. Given that both nations are WTO members, the agreement must comply with WTO trade law, particularly the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) provisions. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question: Discuss the challenges India faces in negotiating a Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) with the U.S. under WTO regulations. How can India ensure compliance with WTO laws while safeguarding its economic interests? (250 words) WTO’s Most Favoured Nation (MFN) Principle and Exceptions MFN Principle: Prohibits discrimination between trading partners. Any preferential trade treatment offered to one country must be extended to all WTO members. Exceptions: Free Trade Agreements (FTAs): Allowed under Article XXIV of GATT. Interim Agreements: Temporary arrangements leading to an FTA. Enabling Clause: Allows developed countries to provide trade preferences to developing countries. Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) under WTO Law FTAs are permitted as exceptions to the MFN principle but must meet strict conditions: Article XXIV.8(b) of GATT: Requires elimination of tariffs and trade barriers on “substantially all trade” between FTA members. The meaning of “substantially all trade” is undefined but implies high coverage of trade sectors. WTO members must be notified of the FTA. Concerns for India-U.S. BTA: If it reduces tariffs on only selective products, it may violate WTO law. For legality, it must cover a large proportion of trade or be categorized as an interim agreement. Interim Agreements: A Possible Legal Route Article XXIV.5 of GATT allows countries to enter an interim agreement to prepare for an eventual FTA. Conditions: Must be necessary for forming an FTA. Must include a clear plan and schedule to establish the FTA, ideally within 10 years. Challenges for India-U.S. BTA: If used only to bypass MFN rules and not genuinely leading to an FTA, it would be legally questionable. The Enabling Clause and Its Limitations Allows preferential market access to developing countries. However, India-U.S. BTA cannot use this route because: The agreement seems to provide better access for U.S. products in India. The spirit of the enabling clause is to support developing countries, not to mutually reduce tariffs between a developing and a developed country. WTO Compliance and India’s Strategic Position Potential WTO Violations by the U.S.: Reciprocal Tariffs Policy: Introduced during Donald Trump’s presidency, conflicts with WTO principles. Violates MFN Principle and Special and Differential Treatment (S&DT) for developing countries. Contradicts bound tariff rate obligations, which cap tariff increases. India’s Policy Considerations: As a country advocating a rule-based trading order, India must resist any compromise on WTO principles. The BTA should align with legal trade frameworks rather than short-term economic or political gains

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 11 March 2025

Content : Flawed food regulations fuel the obesity crisis Income levels of salaried class have stagnated in recent years What is behind the rise of quick commerce? India second-largest arms importer after Ukraine in 2020-24, says SIPRI SEBI may rejig short-selling norms Looking for a potent cosmic particle accelerator? There’s one near earth Flawed food regulations fuel the obesity crisis The Rising Obesity Crisis in India Statistics: 1 in 4 Indian adults are obese; 1 in 4 are diabetic or pre-diabetic (NFHS-5). Government Response: Government has called for action against obesity; Economic Survey 2025 suggests a ‘health tax’ on ultra-processed foods (UPFs). Relevance : GS 2(Health) Failure of Food Regulations Weak Labelling Laws: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has not enforced labelling and advertising regulations proposed in 2017. No front-of-pack (FoP) warning labels exist on HFSS (high fat, sugar, salt) foods. Flawed Indian Nutrition Rating (INR) System (2022): Modelled on Australia’s unsuccessful ‘health star’ rating. Misleading ratings: UPFs like biscuits, soft drinks, and corn flakes receive 2-3 stars despite being unhealthy. FSSAI ignored its own 2021 draft regulation recommending traffic light warning labels and bowed to industry pressure. Advertising and Regulatory Gaps Ineffective Advertisement Restrictions: Four existing laws to curb HFSS advertising remain weak and ambiguous. Consumer Protection Act (2019): Defines misleading ads but does not mandate disclosure of sugar/salt/fat content. HFSS and UPFs lack clear definitions and threshold limits under FSSAI rules. Impact of Weak Advertising Laws: UPFs are widely marketed, especially targeting children. Global evidence: Chile’s black warning labels cut UPF consumption by 24%. . The Way Forward Scrap the INR system and introduce mandatory ‘high in’ warning labels as per WHO/NIN guidelines. Define HFSS and UPFs with clear sugar, salt, and fat limits. Strengthen advertising laws: Amend existing laws or create a unified law banning HFSS/UPF ads. Launch a public awareness campaign on UPF risks in multiple languages. Income levels of salaried class have stagnated in recent years Context : Findings from PLFS Data Salaried Class Stagnation: Real wages for salaried workers have stagnated since 2019. In June 2024, they were 1.7% lower than in June 2019. Casual Labour Wages Rise: Wages for casual labour increased by 12.3% in real terms since 2019, despite a dip during the pandemic. Self-Employment Struggles: Wages for self-employed workers declined by 1.5% in real terms compared to 2019. The share of self-employed workers has increased. Relevance : GS 3(Income , Economy) Expert Opinions on Stagnation Labour Market Mismatch: Overqualified workforce and lack of well-paying jobs (Anamitra Roychowdhury). Skill Deficit: Need for skill development at all levels (Arvind Virmani). Low Private Investment: Depressed demand leads to fewer jobs and wage stagnation (Rahul Menon). Sector-wise Wage Trends Salaried Workers Wages increased by 2% in June 2020 but dipped by 6% in 2021 and 1% in 2022. Declining returns to higher education; employment growth lacks quality. Casual Labour Real wages rose by over 12% in rural areas and 11.4% in urban areas. Growth in casual labour not a net positive due to irregularity and job insecurity. Self-Employed Workers Rural self-employed wages increased by 3.02%, but urban wages fell by 5.2%. Increase in unpaid helpers in household enterprises (from 15.9% in 2019-20 to 19.4% in 2023-24). Higher self-employment share is a sign of distress rather than growth. Macroeconomic Implications Weak Consumption Demand: Wage stagnation affects demand, slowing economic growth. Policy Impact: Demonetisation and GST led to economic shocks affecting wages. Government Response: Budget changes in tax slabs suggest an attempt to address low domestic demand. Future Outlook Private investment remains weak, making wage recovery uncertain. Without wage growth, consumption-driven economic growth may remain sluggish. What is behind the rise of quick commerce? What is driving the rise of Q-commerce? Q-commerce gained popularity during the COVID-19 lockdown as consumers sought rapid delivery services. Despite the end of lockdowns, the model has persisted due to convenience, urban demand, and changes in consumer behavior. The availability of low-cost, employable manpower in India has boosted operational efficiency. Platforms benefit from economies of scale, making it easier to distribute perishable or frozen products without high infrastructure costs. Relevance : GS 3(Economy , Commerce) How does Q-commerce function? Q-commerce is a subclass of e-commerce that delivers products within 10–20 minutes. It relies on dark stores (warehouses dedicated to online order fulfillment) to ensure proximity to customers. Unlike traditional retail, Q-commerce leverages customer data from mobile apps to: Personalize shopping experiences. Predict demand trends (e.g., seasonal or demographic influences). Optimize inventory management. How do dark stores facilitate Q-commerce? Dark stores are strategically located mini-warehouses ensuring quick deliveries. They eliminate the need for in-person shopping, making fulfillment efficient. Their placement in urban centers enables hyper-local distribution. How does customer data enhance the shopping experience? Q-commerce apps track user behavior to offer personalized recommendations. Data helps platforms plan inventory efficiently, stocking high-demand products in advance. Dynamic pricing and discounts can be optimized based on purchasing patterns. Market Growth & Economic Impact The Indian Q-commerce market was valued at $3.34 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $9.95 billion by 2029 (Grant Thorton Bharat). The sector saw a 76% YoY growth in FY 2024. Increased brand visibility benefits retailers and manufacturers, enhancing consumer engagement. Challenges & Concerns from Traditional Retailers Allegations of Anti-Competitive Practices: The All-India Consumer Products Distribution Federation (AICPDF) has filed complaints against Blinkit, Zepto, and Swiggy Instamart with the Competition Commission of India (CCI). Accusations include predatory pricing, deep discounting, and the use of venture capital funding to eliminate competition. Impact on Traditional Retailers: Local kirana stores and distributors claim they cannot compete with artificially lowered prices. Concerns over data-driven differential pricing, which may disadvantage certain customers. Call for Regulation: Traditional retail associations demand a level playing field to ensure fair competition. Conclusion Q-commerce has revolutionized shopping habits in urban India, offering speed and convenience. The sector is experiencing rapid growth but faces regulatory scrutiny over pricing strategies. Balancing innovation with fair competition remains a key challenge in India’s evolving retail landscape. India second-largest arms importer after Ukraine in 2020-24, says SIPRI Context : Global Arms Imports: Ukraine became the largest arms importer globally (2020-24), with a 100-fold rise from 2015-19 due to the ongoing war. India ranked second-largest despite a 9.3% decline in imports compared to 2015-19. China dropped out of the top 10 arms importers for the first time since 1990-94, reflecting its domestic industrial growth. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) India’s Arms Suppliers & Trends: Russia remains India’s top supplier, but its share dropped to 36% (from 55% in 2015-19 & 72% in 2010-14). France emerged as a key supplier, with India receiving 28% of French arms exports, the highest share among all nations. India continues to import major military platforms, including Rafale jets & Scorpene-class submarines, with more deals lined up (e.g., 26 Rafale-M jets & three submarines). Pakistan’s Growing Imports: Pakistan’s arms imports increased by 61% (2015-19 to 2020-24). China dominates as Pakistan’s supplier, providing 81% of total imports (up from 74% in 2015-19). Global Arms Export Trends: USA expanded its share in global arms exports to 43%. Russia’s arms exports declined by 64%, now comprising 7.8% of global exports. France became the 2nd largest arms exporter (9.6%), surpassing Russia. Italy climbed to 6th place, with a 4.8% share in exports. European Arms Build-up: European arms imports surged by 155% (2015-19 to 2020-24) due to security concerns post-Ukraine war. France’s arms exports to European nations tripled (187%), mainly due to combat aircraft deliveries to Greece, Croatia, and arms supplies to Ukraine post-2022 invasion. At least 35 countries have supplied weapons to Ukraine since 2022, accounting for 8.8% of global imports. Global Arms Transfer Trends: Overall arms transfers remained stable (compared to 2015-19 and 2010-14), with regional variations. Major importers like Saudi Arabia, India, and China saw declines due to policy changes, domestic production, or geopolitical factors. Key Takeaways India remains one of the largest arms importers, diversifying suppliers beyond Russia. France’s rise as a key defense partner for India signals strategic shifts. Pakistan-China defense ties continue to strengthen, with Beijing dominating Pakistan’s imports. European arms trade is surging, driven by the Ukraine conflict and NATO’s security concerns. Russia’s declining arms exports reflect its geopolitical and economic challenges post-Ukraine war. Relevance for India Strategic Shift: Reduced dependence on Russia, increasing reliance on Western suppliers like France. Self-reliance Push: India’s focus on domestic defense production (e.g., Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat) may explain the decline in imports. Geopolitical Impact: The growing Indo-French defense partnership aligns with India’s broader global security and strategic interests. SEBI may rejig short-selling norms SEBI is considering revamping short-selling norms to expand access, remove disclosure requirements, and address settlement challenges. Relevance : GS 3(Economy ) Broader Short-Selling Access: SEBI is considering allowing short selling for all stocks, except those in the trade-to-trade (T2T) segment. Removal of Disclosure & Penalty Norms: The regulator may scrap the requirement for upfront short-sale disclosures and penalties imposed by exchanges. Current Short-Selling Regulations: Investors can sell stocks without owning them but must settle the transaction. Only stocks in the Futures & Options (F&O) segment are allowed for short selling. Observations by SEBI: Non-institutional investors are already engaging in short selling for non-F&O stocks by squaring off positions within the same day. Impact of Direct Payout of Securities: Strategies like buy-today-sell-tomorrow (BTST) may be affected. Stocks purchased in earlier settlements but awaiting delivery may not be counted as short sales. Expected Regulatory Changes: Removal of weekly scrip-wise short-sale disclosure requirement. Elimination of penalties for settlement failures at the exchange level, reducing double charges. Rationale Behind the Move: Advancements in clearing and settlement infrastructure (like the Securities Lending and Borrowing Mechanism) make disclosure norms redundant. Ensuring a level playing field for brokers by removing the need for real-time access to clients’ demat accounts. Next Steps: A consultation paper on the proposed changes is expected soon. Looking for a potent cosmic particle accelerator? There’s one near earth Scientists discovered that Earth’s bow shock acts as a natural particle accelerator, boosting electrons to near-light speeds. This finding helps explain cosmic ray acceleration and suggests planetary shock interactions may contribute to high-energy particles across the universe. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Discovery of High-Energy Particles: Data from NASA’s MMS, THEMIS, and ARTEMIS missions (2017) revealed an unusual large-scale phenomenon upstream of Earth’s bow shock (where the solar wind meets Earth’s magnetosphere). Electrons in the Earth’s foreshock (leading region of the bow shock) were found with 500 keV of energy, moving at 86% the speed of light—far above the usual 1 keV energy levels. Scientific Significance Shock Waves as Natural Particle Accelerators: The study, published in Nature Communications, shows that collisionless shock waves (formed in plasma) act as powerful cosmic particle accelerators. These waves can energize electrons without direct collisions, using electromagnetic interactions instead. Such processes could be responsible for generating high-energy cosmic rays observed across the universe. Resolving the “Electron Injection Problem”: A major puzzle in astrophysics is how electrons get their first acceleration to 50% the speed of light before further boosting. The study identifies multiple plasma acceleration mechanisms occurring in Earth’s foreshock as a potential solution. Broader Implications Connection to Cosmic Phenomena: Similar shock waves are found near pulsars, magnetars, black holes, and supernovae. The findings suggest planetary systems with massive magnetic fields (e.g., gas giants orbiting close to stars) might produce relativistic electrons via the same process. Raises the possibility that some cosmic rays originate not just from supernovae but also from planetary shock interactions. Future Research Directions Further validation required from stellar astrophysics and particle acceleration communities. Studying other planetary systems to see if they exhibit similar particle acceleration mechanisms.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 10 March 2025

Content: KHANJAR-XII India’s Legacy in UN Peacekeeping: Leadership, Commitment, and Sacrifice KHANJAR-XII Context & Background The 12th edition of the India-Kyrgyzstan Joint Special Forces Exercise KHANJAR-XII is scheduled from 10 March to 23 March 2025 in Kyrgyzstan. Established in 2011, the exercise has become an annual event, alternating between India and Kyrgyzstan. The previous edition was held in India (January 2024). Participating Forces: India: The Parachute Regiment (Special Forces). Kyrgyzstan: Kyrgyz Scorpion Brigade. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations)  , GS 3(Internal Security) Objective: Exchange counter-terrorism and special forces operational techniques. Training in urban and mountainous high-altitude terrain scenarios. Specialized Training Areas: Sniping techniques. Building intervention operations in complex environments. Mountain warfare & survival skills. Cultural Exchange: Celebration of Nowruz, enhancing diplomatic ties beyond military cooperation. Government’s Stand & Policies Strengthening defense cooperation under India’s Central Asia outreach policy. Enhancing bilateral military engagement and strategic partnership. Aligning with India’s “Neighbourhood First” and “Extended Neighbourhood” approach in Eurasia. Addressing regional security concerns, particularly terrorism and extremism. Critical Analysis (Pros, Cons, Challenges) Pros:  Enhanced Counter-Terrorism Cooperation: Joint exercises strengthen India’s anti-terror capabilities in Central Asia. Strategic Outreach to Central Asia: Strengthens India’s geopolitical presence in the region amid increasing Chinese and Russian influence. Tactical Skill Exchange: Advanced Special Forces training fosters interoperability. Soft Power Diplomacy: Cultural engagements boost bilateral people-to-people ties. Cons:  Limited Scale: The exercise involves only Special Forces, excluding broader military cooperation. Dependency on Annual Engagements: Lack of a permanent institutional framework for sustained collaboration. Geopolitical Complexities: Central Asia’s security landscape is influenced by Russia, China, and regional conflicts. Challenges:  Security Volatility in Central Asia: Unstable Afghanistan and rising extremism in the region can complicate joint operations. Geopolitical Balancing: India must manage its ties with Russia and China while deepening engagement in Central Asia.  Logistical and Climate Barriers: High-altitude, rugged terrains pose operational challenges. Way Forward (Reforms, Policy Suggestions) Institutionalized Defense Partnership: Establish a permanent defense cooperation framework beyond annual exercises. Expanded Military Training Programs: Include joint cyber warfare, intelligence sharing, and drone warfare training. Trilateral & Multilateral Engagements: Collaborate with other Central Asian nations for regional security mechanisms. Infrastructure & Logistics Support: Improve military mobility & supply chains for high-altitude operations. India’s Legacy in UN Peacekeeping: Leadership, Commitment, and Sacrifice Context & Background The United Nations (UN) was founded in 1945 with the primary goal of maintaining international peace and security. UN peacekeeping operations (PKOs) play a crucial role in conflict resolution, peacebuilding, and humanitarian support. India has been a major contributor to UN peacekeeping, with over 2,90,000 personnel serving in more than 50 missions globally. In 2023, India received the UN’s highest peacekeeping honor, the Dag Hammarskjöld Medal, posthumously awarded to its peacekeepers for their sacrifices. A recent event, the ‘Conference on Women Peacekeepers from the Global South,’ hosted by India in February 2025, highlighted India’s commitment to inclusive peacekeeping. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Key Highlights Definition & Scope: UN peacekeeping missions support ceasefires, peace agreements, and civilian protection. Key Functions: Facilitating political processes and governance. Protecting civilians and preventing human rights violations. Disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) of ex-combatants. Supporting free and fair elections. Strengthening rule of law and governance institutions. Evolution: Started with observer missions in 1948 (UNTSO in the Middle East). Expanded after the Cold War with multidimensional operations addressing governance and security challenges. Reforms like the Brahimi Report (2000) led to robust mandates and enhanced capabilities. The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine shaped modern interventions. India’s Role: India’s peacekeeping efforts align with its non-violence philosophy and Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam. Currently, over 5,000 Indian peacekeepers are deployed in nine active missions. India provides specialized training through the Centre for UN Peacekeeping (CUNPK) and supports Global South nations in capacity building. Government’s Stand & Policies Commitment to UN Peacekeeping: India views peacekeeping as a cornerstone of its foreign policy. Actively promotes South-South cooperation and regional stability. Support for Women Peacekeepers: Hosting the ‘Conference on Women Peacekeepers from the Global South’ to enhance female participation in UN missions. Training programs for women peacekeepers from ASEAN and African nations. Operational Contributions: Deployment of battalions, medical units, and police personnel in critical conflict zones (e.g., DR Congo, South Sudan, Lebanon, Central African Republic). India advocates for fair representation in UN decision-making, pushing for greater recognition of troop-contributing nations. Critical Analysis (Pros, Cons, Challenges) Pros: Enhances India’s global diplomatic standing and soft power. Provides operational experience to Indian armed forces in multinational settings. Promotes gender inclusivity in peacekeeping operations. Strengthens India’s claim for a permanent seat in the UN Security Council. Cons: High casualties: Nearly 180 Indian peacekeepers have died in operations. Lack of political influence: Despite major contributions, India remains underrepresented in key UN decision-making bodies. Operational challenges: Harsh conditions, asymmetric warfare, and limited resources affect peacekeeping efficiency. Challenges: Rising threats: Increasing involvement in volatile regions with non-state actors and hybrid warfare. Financial constraints: India bears significant costs without proportionate reimbursements from the UN. Need for better coordination with host nations and regional organizations. Way Forward (Reforms, Policy Suggestions) Strategic Advocacy: Push for structural reforms in UN peacekeeping decision-making, ensuring fair representation of troop-contributing nations. Strengthen India’s case for a permanent seat in the UN Security Council. Capacity Building & Innovation: Expand specialized peacekeeping training, particularly in cyber security, counter-terrorism, and civilian protection. Increase investment in modernizing peacekeeping equipment and technology. Women’s Participation: Enhance recruitment and training programs for women peacekeepers. Advocate for gender-sensitive policies in UN peacekeeping mandates. Financial & Operational Efficiency: Seek better financial compensation and logistical support from the UN. Strengthen cooperation with regional organizations like the African Union for joint peacekeeping efforts

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 10 March 2025

Content: The empowerment of India’s women with bold policies India, Mauritius and a visit to deepen long-standing ties The empowerment of India’s women with bold policies Context & Background The article discusses India’s progress in women’s empowerment in light of International Women’s Day (March 8). It highlights government policies that have improved access to sanitation, clean water, financial inclusion, and entrepreneurship, reshaping women’s roles in governance, the workforce, and community leadership. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues , Schemes) Practice Question : How has digital expansion through BharatNet and PM-WANI contributed to women’s economic and social empowerment in India? Analyze with relevant examples. (250 Words) Sanitation & Clean Water Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBM): Improved sanitation and safety, benefiting 116 million households. Self-Help Group (SHG) Initiatives: Example of the Maa Tarini SHG in Rourkela, aiding leprosy patients and promoting menstrual hygiene. Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM): Increased tap water access from 17% to over 150 million rural households, reducing women’s burden of water collection. Economic Impact: Rural female labour force participation rose from 24.6% to 41.5% (2017-2023), particularly in Bihar and Jharkhand. Women-led Businesses & Financial Inclusion Startup India Initiative: 73,000+ startups with at least one female director. Stand-Up India Scheme: ₹53,609 crore loans to 236,000 entrepreneurs. Mudra Yojana: ₹32.36 lakh crore sanctioned, 68% of loans to women. Digital Expansion: BharatNet, PM-WANI enabled high-speed internet in 199,000 villages. Jan Dhan Yojana: Opened 300 million bank accounts for women. GeM Portal: Women entrepreneurs make up 8% of sellers;₹46,615 crore contracts secured. Women’s Representation in Governance 33% reservation in legislative bodies enhancing women’s political decision-making. Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs): 1.4 million women now serving, constituting 46% of elected representatives. STEM Representation: Women constitute 43% of STEM graduates, strengthening the technical workforce. Government’s Stand & Policies Multi-pronged approach integrating sanitation, digital access, financial inclusion, and governance. Government’s Reforms: Legislative reservations (33%) to enhance political representation. Infrastructure development (SBM, JJM, digital connectivity) to reduce daily hardships. Economic empowerment via Stand-Up India, Mudra Yojana, Jan Dhan Yojana. Policy shift in governance to ensure women’s participation in decision-making. Pros  Improved Living Standards: SBM and JJM enhanced women’s safety, health, and economic participation. Financial Independence: Schemes like Mudra Yojana and Jan Dhan Yojana increased women’s access to credit and banking. Political Empowerment: Higher representation in governance leads to gender-sensitive policymaking. STEM & Entrepreneurship Growth: Digital connectivity and startup-friendly policies support women-led businesses. Cons & Challenges  Implementation Gaps: Infrastructure projects face maintenance and service delivery issues. Societal Barriers: Deep-rooted patriarchal norms hinder women’s leadership and business expansion. Credit Constraints: Despite loan availability, many women entrepreneurs lack collateral and financial literacy. Digital Divide: Despite internet expansion, rural women face challenges in technology adoption. Way Forward Strengthen Policy Implementation: Ensure efficient delivery and long-term maintenance of sanitation, water, and digital infrastructure. Enhance Financial Literacy: Bridge the gap between financial access and effective utilization. Promote Skill Development: Focus on entrepreneurship training, digital literacy, and STEM education for women. Tackle Social Barriers: Implement awareness campaigns to break patriarchal mindsets and promote women in leadership. Encourage Private Sector Involvement: Foster corporate partnerships to scale women-led businesses India, Mauritius and a visit to deepen long-standing ties Context & Background Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Mauritius (March 11-12, 2025) marks a significant moment in India-Mauritius relations, coinciding with Mauritius’ Independence Day celebrations. Mauritius has a newly elected government led by Navinchandra Ramgoolam, a known ally of India. Historical and cultural ties between the two nations remain strong, with nearly 70% of Mauritius’ population having Indian ancestry. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Questions :Despite deep-rooted historical and cultural ties, India’s relations with Mauritius face new challenges. Analyze the contemporary challenges and suggest ways to strengthen the bilateral partnership.(250 Words) Key Highlights Historical Ties: Deep-rooted connections through indentured labor migration, cultural similarities, and political solidarity during the independence movement. Economic Partnership: Bilateral trade has grown to $554 million (2022-23), and Mauritius remains a major financial hub, benefiting from the Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA). Maritime Security: India has invested in Mauritius’ maritime capabilities, including setting up coastal radar stations, modernizing Agaléga island, and integrating Mauritius into the Indian Navy’s surveillance framework. Strategic Importance: Given China’s increasing presence in the Indian Ocean, India’s partnership with Mauritius is crucial for regional security. Government’s Stand & Policies Economic Cooperation: India supports Mauritius as a financial gateway to Africa, leveraging its bilingual workforce and trade agreements with African nations. Security & Defense: Strengthening Mauritius’ surveillance capabilities aligns with India’s Indo-Pacific strategy and countering China’s influence. Cultural & Linguistic Support: Institutions like the Mahatma Gandhi Institute and World Hindi Secretariat reinforce India’s soft power diplomacy. Pros: Strong Historical & Cultural Ties: Shared heritage fosters goodwill and trust in diplomatic engagements. Strategic Maritime Partnership: Enhances India’s security in the western Indian Ocean. Economic Benefits: The DTAA makes Mauritius a critical hub for foreign investment into India. Diplomatic Leverage in Africa: Mauritius’ economic ties with African nations align with India’s outreach efforts. Cons:  Balancing Diplomatic Equations: While India enjoys deep cultural ties, it must engage other ethnic groups in Mauritius to avoid perceived favoritism. China’s Expanding Influence: India’s initiatives face competition from China’s financial and infrastructure investments in the region. Financial Transparency Concerns: The DTAA, despite boosting investments, has raised concerns over tax evasion and round-tripping of funds. Challenges: Sustaining Long-term Economic Relations: India must ensure continued economic incentives for Mauritius despite global financial shifts. Maintaining Regional Stability: The strategic Indo-Pacific framework requires Mauritius’ long-term commitment despite external pressures. Way Forward Strengthening Security Cooperation: Expand the scope of intelligence sharing and joint maritime exercises. Revamping Economic Engagement: Introduce new trade and investment agreements beyond DTAA to ensure transparency and growth. Enhancing Cultural Diplomacy: Foster engagement with all communities in Mauritius, reinforcing inclusivity. Expanding Developmental Assistance: Increase infrastructure and technological cooperation for mutual benefit.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 10 March 2025

Content: Madhav National Park in M.P. becomes India’s 58th Tiger Reserve, to get more big cats soon Closing the gender gap in the higher judiciary As imports of semiconductor chips rise, India eyes local production What does NEP, 2020 state about languages? Are unique electoral ID numbers being duplicated? Having our own foundational AI models is vital as our demography is different’ First rear fuselage for LCA Mk1A manufactured by Indian private sector handed over to HAL Madhav National Park in M.P. becomes India’s 58th Tiger Reserve, to get more big cats soon Context : Madhav National Park in Shivpuri district, Madhya Pradesh, has been declared India’s 58th Tiger Reserve. Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav made the announcement. This is Madhya Pradesh’s 9th Tiger Reserve, further strengthening its status as the “Tiger State of India.” Madhav Tiger Reserve currently has five tigers, including two cubs born recently. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology ) Tiger Reintroduction Efforts In 2023, three tigers, including two females, were introduced to Madhav National Park. Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Mohan Yadav is expected to release two more tigers into the reserve soon. Conservation Significance & Ecological Impact Strengthening Tiger Conservation: Madhya Pradesh already leads with the highest number of tigers in India (~785 as per the 2022 Tiger Census). The addition of Madhav Tiger Reserve further reinforces the State’s commitment to tiger conservation. Biodiversity & Ecological Benefits: Enhances habitat connectivity in the Chambal region. Supports the prey population and promotes natural forest regeneration. Challenges & Future Prospects Habitat Management: Need for adequate prey base, water sources, and territorial space to support the growing tiger population. Human-Wildlife Conflict: Measures needed to mitigate conflicts with nearby human settlements. Ecosystem Restoration: Continuous efforts required to restore grasslands, water bodies, and degraded forests. Tourism & Conservation Balance: Responsible eco-tourism policies to ensure sustainable development without harming wildlife. Closing the gender gap in the higher judiciary Progress of Women in Law Women have made significant strides in the legal profession over the past century. Cornelia Sorabji became the first woman lawyer to practice in India in 1924. The number of women lawyers has increased, with many achieving the rank of Senior Advocate. Women have been appointed as judges in lower courts, but disparities persist in higher judiciary. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues , Judiciary) Inequality at the Top Disproportionate Representation in High Courts Women constitute only 14.27% (109 out of 764) of High Court judges. Eight High Courts have just one woman judge, and three High Courts (Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, Tripura) have none. Allahabad High Court, India’s largest, has only 3 women judges (2% of total strength). Women judges are appointed later than men (average age: men – 51.8 years, women – 53 years). Only one woman Chief Justice (Gujarat High Court) out of 25 High Courts. Severe Underrepresentation in the Supreme Court Only two women judges at present – Justice B.V. Nagarathna and Justice Bela Trivedi. Justice Bela Trivedi’s retirement in 2025 will leave only one woman judge in the apex court. No woman judge appointed to the Supreme Court since 2021. 28 judges appointed since 2021 – all men. Over 75 years, only one woman has been elevated directly from the Bar to the Supreme Court, compared to nine men. Barriers to Women’s Appointment in Higher Judiciary Systemic and Deep-Rooted Gender Inequality Justifications given: lack of eligible women candidates, lack of seniority, lack of interest – all unfounded. Women face heightened scrutiny and must prove merit more than men Opaque Collegium System No transparent criteria for judicial appointments. Collegiums are male-dominated, leading to fewer women being recommended. Even when recommended, women face higher rejection rates from the government. Since 2020, 9 women were recommended for High Courts but not confirmed; 5 were the only ones rejected. Steps Towards Equality Transparent and Merit-Based Appointment Process The collegium must establish clear, transparent criteria for judicial appointments. A process should be in place for lawyers to express interest in judgeship. Merit-based selection with a time-bound recommendation process. Focus on Gender Diversity in Appointments Gender diversity and merit are not contradictory; diversity enhances judicial legitimacy. One-third to half of the higher judiciary should be women. Gender representation should be considered alongside state-wise, caste, and religious representation. The judiciary must explicitly state gender balance as an objective in appointments. As imports of semiconductor chips rise, India eyes local production Background: Rising Imports of Semiconductor Chips Sharp Increase in Imports: Monolithic Integrated Circuits (ICs) imports reached ₹1.05 lakh crore in FY24. 2,000% rise in Monolithic IC imports compared to FY16. 4,500% increase in memory chip imports since FY16. 4,800% rise in amplifier imports since FY16. Relevance : GS 3(Economy ,Import ,Export) Import Dependence on China: China has been the largest supplier of semiconductor chips to India for the past decade (except FY19). Other key suppliers: Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan. Increasing Share in Total Imports: Monolithic ICs now constitute 2.09% of total imports (FY25, April-November), up from 0.19% in FY16. Government’s Push for Domestic Production First India-Made Semiconductor in 2024: Announced by Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw at WEF, January 2024. Aims to reduce import dependency and boost self-sufficiency. Key Semiconductor Manufacturing Facilities: Tata Semiconductor Assembly & Test Facility (Morigaon, Assam). Dholera Semiconductor Fabrication Facility (Tata Electronics + Taiwan’s Powerchip Semiconductor). Total of 5 manufacturing plants under construction. The Semicon India Programme Launched in 2021 to develop semiconductor and display manufacturing ecosystems. Budget Allocation vs. Actual Spending: FY23: ₹13 crore spent vs. ₹200 crore (RE). FY24: ₹681.11 crore spent vs. ₹1,503.36 crore (RE) vs. ₹3,000 crore (BE). FY25: ₹3,816 crore (RE) vs. ₹6,903 crore (BE). Budget cuts indicate implementation challenges, but RE for FY25 has doubled compared to FY24. Challenges in India’s Semiconductor Ecosystem Limited Value Addition: India’s current focus is on assembly, testing, packaging, and fab segments. Missing Capabilities: EDA (Electronic Design Automation): Software used for chip design. Core IP: Semiconductor patents. Wafers & Fab Tools: Raw semiconductor materials and fabrication machinery. Advanced Packaging Tools (ATP). Chip Design Expertise. Strategic Importance & Future Outlook Reducing Dependence on China: Critical for supply chain resilience. Strengthening Domestic Industry: Need for incentives, R&D investment, and infrastructure development. Global Positioning: India aims to integrate into the global semiconductor value chain by expanding fabrication, design, and research capabilities. What does NEP, 2020 state about languages? Background NEP 2020 replaces the National Education Policy of 1986, introducing reforms across school and higher education. The policy emphasizes promoting multilingualism, strengthening Indian languages, and ensuring flexibility in language learning. Tamil Nadu has opposed the three-language formula, rekindling the language debate. Relevance : GS 2(Education ) Medium of Instruction NEP 2020 recommends that the medium of instruction up to at least Grade 5, preferably till Grade 8 and beyond, should be in the home language, mother tongue, local language, or regional language. The policy cites research showing that children grasp concepts better in their mother tongue between the ages of 2 and 8. Bilingualism (mother tongue along with English) is encouraged. Findings of the 8th All India School Education Survey (AISES) Conducted by NCERT, AISES studies the medium of instruction and languages taught in schools. Declining trend in mother tongue as the medium of instruction: Primary stage: 86.62% of schools use the mother tongue (down from 92.07% in the previous survey). Urban-rural divide: 87.56% of rural schools vs. 80.99% of urban schools use the mother tongue. Previously, it was 92.39% (rural) and 90.39% (urban). Three-Language Formula Evolution of the Three-Language Formula: 1968 Policy: Hindi-speaking states: Hindi, English, a modern Indian language (preferably a South Indian language). Non-Hindi-speaking states: Hindi, English, and a regional language. NEP 2020:Greater flexibility—no language will be imposed on any state.Encourages classical languages like Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Pali, Persian, and Prakrit.Pushes for Sanskrit as an option in the three-language formula. Implementation Challenges Poor execution of the three-language policy: Haryana (1969): Tamil was made the second language but removed in 2010 due to lack of Tamil speakers. Himachal Pradesh: Unable to offer Tamil and Telugu due to the unavailability of teachers. State Initiatives: Assam (2023): Introduced bilingual textbooks for Science and Maths in Assamese, Bodo, and Bengali. Andhra Pradesh (2023): Launched Telugu-English bilingual textbooks. NCERT (2024): Released digital books in 104 regional languages, including Bengali, Tulu, Dogri, and Car Nicobarese. Foreign Languages in NEP 2020 Foreign languages like Korean, Japanese, Thai, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, and Russian will be offered at the secondary level. CBSE Plan: Till Class 10 → Students must learn two Indian languages. Class 11 & 12 → Option to choose one Indian language and one foreign language. Are unique electoral ID numbers being duplicated? Background: Allegation: Trinamool Congress (TMC) has claimed that multiple voters have been assigned the same Electors Photo Identity Card (EPIC) numbers across different States. Election Commission’s (EC) Response: The duplication issue arose due to the manual, decentralized system before ERONET. The EC assured that no voter can cast their vote outside their designated polling station despite EPIC duplication. TMC’s Counterargument: The party claims that duplicate EPIC numbers can lead to voter suppression, especially against non-BJP voters, due to mismatched voter photos in electoral rolls. Relevance : GS 2(Election ) What is an EPIC Card? Definition: A 10-digit unique voter ID card number assigned by the EC to prevent impersonation. Introduced: 1993, under the Registration of Electors Rules, 1960 for electoral transparency. Generation Process: Assigned via ERONET, a digital platform ensuring regional uniqueness by linking voter data to the State and constituency level. What is ERONET? Full Form: Electoral Roll Management Network. Function: A web-based platform for election officials to manage electoral roll processes. Purpose: Ensures accurate voter registration, migration, and deletion of names. Automates electoral roll management and prevents duplication. Election Commission’s Response to Allegations Acknowledgement of Issue: Identical EPIC numbers exist due to the old manual mechanism used before ERONET integration. Technical Explanation: Earlier, different State/UT CEO offices used the same EPIC series, leading to unintentional duplication across Assembly Constituencies. Clarifications: Despite duplicate EPIC numbers, demographic details, constituency, and polling booths are different for each voter. A voter can only cast a vote in their designated polling station. Action Plan: EC will assign unique EPIC numbers to all affected voters. ERONET 2.0 will be updated to prevent such errors in the future. Having our own foundational AI models is vital as our demography is different India’s AI Strategy and Need for Foundational Models Government’s AI Mission: India launched an AI Mission in 2019, but COVID-19 delayed its progress. The mission aims to develop India-specific foundational AI models. Computing Infrastructure Development: The government has floated tenders for the private sector to establish compute facilities. Plans are in place for 18,000 GPU worth of computing resources. Seven to eight private players are investing in AI infrastructure. Relevance : GS 3(Technology , Science) Need for Indigenous AI Models: India’s demographic and linguistic diversity necessitates AI models trained on localized datasets. Open-source models may not align with India’s cultural and linguistic complexities. Both approaches—custom models and adaptations of existing open-source ones—are essential. DeepSeek and India’s AI Preparedness DeepSeek’s Breakthrough: Achieved efficiency by processing data sector-wise and linking it in parallel. Claims of development at $5 million are likely underestimated. Assembled 15,000–20,000 GPUs, indicating significant resource investment. India’s Readiness: Government-led initiatives and private-sector collaboration provide foundational AI capabilities. Compute infrastructure expansion is a priority to develop and train AI models domestically. AI’s Role: Supportive, Not Replacing Humans AI as an Enhancer: Should automate routine tasks to allow humans to focus on higher-order cognitive functions. Explainability of AI Models: Essential for trust and accountability. AI outputs should be interpretable, ensuring transparency. Government’s Role: The Ministry of Electronics and IT is addressing AI ethics and explainability in policy frameworks. India’s Approach to Quantum Computing Majorana 1 and Topological Qubits: Microsoft’s breakthrough in quantum computing could enable more stable and scalable qubits. Topological qubits are more resilient to disturbances than superconducting qubits. India’s Position in Quantum Computing: Indian research groups are engaged in quantum computing but need to transition research into practical applications. Long-term commitment is required, similar to Microsoft’s 15-year effort in Majorana-based quantum computing. Future Prospects: Quantum AI and Next-Gen Computing Quantum AI: The intersection of AI and quantum computing could revolutionize machine learning models. Potential for India: Developing quantum computing capabilities will be crucial to staying competitive in future AI advancements. Global Scientific Paradigm Shift: Quantum computing and AI advancements mark the beginning of a transformative era in technology. First rear fuselage for LCA Mk1A manufactured by Indian private sector handed over to HAL Significance of the Event Historic Milestone: First time an Indian private sector company has manufactured and delivered a key structural module (rear fuselage) for LCA Mk1A. Strengthening Defence Manufacturing: Part of India’s push for self-reliance (Aatmanirbhar Bharat) in defence production. Public-Private Partnership (PPP): Enhanced collaboration between HAL (public sector) and private enterprises in aerospace manufacturing. Relevance : GS 3(Technology ,Internal Security) Technical Aspects What is the Rear Fuselage? Supports the tail section and associated components of the aircraft. A critical part of the airframe, impacting aerodynamics, stability, and structural integrity. Integration with LCA Mk1A HAL has already manufactured 12 rear fuselages in-house. New private-sector-produced fuselages will enhance production capacity. Ensures timely delivery of 83 LCA Mk1A aircraft to the Indian Air Force (IAF) from 2025-26. Strategic Importance Boost to Indigenization: Reduces reliance on foreign suppliers for critical aerospace components. Encourages Indian MSMEs to participate in high-tech defence manufacturing. Impact on Defence Procurement: Strengthens India’s Make-in-India initiative in aerospace. Enhances India’s capability to export defence equipment in the future. Operational Readiness of IAF: Timely delivery of LCA Mk1A enhances India’s air combat capability. Provides IAF with a modern, indigenous fighter aircraft with advanced avionics and capabilities. Broader Implications Economic Impact: Encourages private investment in the defence sector. Technological Growth: Enhances India’s capability in complex aerospace manufacturing. Geopolitical Leverage: Strengthens India’s position as a global defence manufacturer

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 08 March 2025

Content: International Women’s Day 2025 Nourishing the Nation International Women’s Day 2025 Historical Legacy of Women in India Trailblazers of the Freedom Struggle: Women like Rani Lakshmibai, Sarojini Naidu, and Captain Lakshmi Sahgal not only fought for independence but also ensured future generations of women had the right to dream. Universal Adult Franchise: India granted voting rights to women from the very beginning (1950), unlike many established democracies that delayed suffrage for women. Women in Constitution-Making: 15 women in the Constituent Assembly played a pivotal role in shaping women’s rights in the Indian Constitution. Relevance : GS 1(Society) ,GS 2(Social Justice) Women in Leadership and Governance Female Head of State: India has had women in top constitutional positions, including President, Prime Minister, Governors, and Chief Ministers. Political Representation: Article 243D mandates reservation for women in Panchayati Raj institutions. 50% reservation for women in Panchayats across 21 states and 2 Union Territories has empowered rural women. The Women’s Reservation Bill (2023) aims to reserve 33% seats in Parliament and state assemblies. Women’s Role in Science & Technology Key Women Scientists at ISRO: Women played a crucial role in Chandrayaan-3, Mangalyaan, and Gaganyaan. Dr Tessy Thomas, known as the Missile Woman of India, leads crucial DRDO projects. NaMo Drone Didi Initiative: Trains women-led Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in drone technology for agriculture. Enhances women’s role in precision farming and rural technology. Economic & Financial Empowerment Jan Dhan Yojana: Over 55% of accounts under this scheme belong to women, ensuring financial independence. Self-Help Groups (SHGs): 10 crore+ women have been mobilized into SHGs, boosting entrepreneurship and rural economy. Stand-Up India & Start-Up India: 75,935 startups (as of Dec 31, 2024) have at least one woman director. Encouraging women-led innovation and business ownership. Women in Higher Education & Workforce Rising Enrollment in Higher Education: Women’s participation has increased by 32%, from 1.57 crore (2014-15) to 2.07 crore (2021-22). Women in Diverse Fields: Women are excelling in Medical Sciences, Social Sciences, Arts, and STEM. Increasing presence in urban planning, engineering, and infrastructure development. Social Welfare & Grassroots Impact Mid-Day Meal Scheme: Thousands of women are employed to ensure nutritious meals for children. Sanitation & Water Conservation: Women-led Panchayats play a key role in rural sanitation and water resource management. Justice & Legal Empowerment: Justice (Retd) S. Vimala was the first woman judge of Chennai Mahila Court. Breaking Barriers in Sports & Adventure Global Sporting Achievements: PV Sindhu, Mary Kom, Vinesh Phogat, Mithali Raj—women dominating international sports. Adventurers & Pioneers: Anita Kundu—first Indian woman to scale Mount Everest from both Indian & Chinese sides. Ishrat Akhter—first international wheelchair basketball player from Kashmir. The Future of Women’s Empowerment Women are no longer exceptions; they are the norm. From governance to space, finance to rural development, sports to technology—women are shaping India’s future. International Women’s Day 2025 is not just a celebration—it is a reminder that the journey continues. Nourishing the Nation Introduction Launched: 8th March 2018, by PM Narendra Modi in Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan. Focus: Improving the nutritional status of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women, and children (0-6 years). Key Approach: Technology-driven solutions Cross-sectoral convergence Community involvement (Jan Andolan) Targeted reduction of malnutrition indicators Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues,Schemes) Objectives of Poshan Abhiyaan Reduce stunting (low height-for-age) in children (0-6 years). Lower under-nutrition (underweight prevalence) in children (0-6 years). Reduce anaemia in: Children (6-59 months). Women and adolescent girls (15-49 years). Reduce low birth weight (LBW) among newborns. Strategic Pillars of Poshan Abhiyaan Access to Quality Services Implemented through ICDS, NHM, PMMVY. Focus on the first 1,000 days (conception to 2 years) for early interventions. Cross-Sectoral Convergence Coordination among multiple ministries (health, sanitation, water supply). Integration with Swachh Bharat Mission & National Drinking Water Mission. Leveraging Technology Poshan Tracker App: Real-time data collection, monitoring, and analysis. ICDS-CAS (Common Application Software): Digitization of Anganwadi services. Jan Andolan (Community Mobilization) Mass awareness campaigns on nutrition and wellness. Encouraging behavioural change for a malnutrition-free India. Key Focus Areas & Priorities 1. The First 1,000 Days – A Critical Window of Opportunity Ensuring optimal nutrition and healthcare for pregnant women and newborns. Prevention of stunting, wasting, and anaemia at an early stage. 2. Ensuring Access to Essential Services Expansion of evidence-based interventions under ICDS, PMMVY, NHM. Strengthening Anganwadi services to improve child nutrition. 3. Jan Andolan for Behavioural Change Mobilization of community, civil society, and stakeholders for awareness. Encouraging breastfeeding, dietary diversity, and hygiene practices. 4. Multi-Sectoral Convergence National Council on India’s Nutrition Challenges under NITI Aayog. Quarterly reviews for policy coordination and effective implementation. 5. Technology-Driven Service Delivery ICDS-CAS Mobile App: Anganwadi workers record real-time child growth data. Dashboard available at state and ministry levels for monitoring. Mission Saksham Anganwadi & Poshan 2.0 Integrated initiative for improving health, nutrition, and immunity. Scale: 14 lakh Anganwadi Centres (AWCs) across 36 States/UTs. 13.3 lakh Anganwadi workers supporting 10 crore beneficiaries. Infrastructure Enhancements: 6.77 lakh AWCs with permanent buildings. 10.07 lakh AWCs with functional toilets. 12.43 lakh AWCs with drinking water access. Challenges & Way Forward Challenges High Prevalence of Malnutrition: India still faces 35.5% stunting and 19.3% wasting (NFHS-5). Anaemia Concern: 57% of women (15-49 years) and 67% of children (6-59 months) remain anaemic. Service Delivery Gaps: Uneven implementation and data discrepancies in rural areas. Way Forward Strengthen last-mile delivery through better Anganwadi monitoring. Expand dietary diversity by promoting millets and fortified foods. Improve anaemia control measures via Iron & Folic Acid supplementation. Leverage AI & Big Data for precise nutritional interventions. Enhance community-led participation to sustain long-term behavioural change.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 08 March 2025

Content: Inclusion in public spaces — from fear to freedom An equitable future for women in science, in India Diversify now Himalayan tragedy Inclusion in public spaces — from fear to freedom Context: India ranked 128 out of 177 countries in the Women, Peace and Security Index 2023. Women’s accessibility to public spaces is a critical but often-ignored issue. Despite academic research, little practical change has occurred. Visibility of women in public spaces remains significantly lower than men. Relevance : GS 1(Society) ,GS 2(Social Issues) Practice Question : Discuss the role of gendered spatial control in restricting women’s mobility in public spaces. How can urban design modifications help create safer and more inclusive public areas? (250 words) Gendered Spatial Control Public spaces are arenas where socio-economic life thrives, shaping identities and participation. Presence of women in public spaces is a key indicator of safety. Women’s mobility is restricted due to deeply ingrained patriarchal norms. NFHS-4 (2015-16) Data: 54% of women could visit markets alone. 50% could access healthcare independently. 48% were allowed to travel outside their village unaccompanied. PLFS 2023-24: Female LFPR is at 35.6%, showing improvement but highlighting restricted economic participation. Public spaces for working women are transitional zones, used for commuting rather than leisure. Reclaiming Public Spaces Key Idea from ‘Why Loiter?’ (Phadke, Ranade, Khan, 2011): Women should use public spaces without purpose or urgency to assert their right to belong. True inclusion means unrestricted access, not just necessity-driven presence. Women’s engagement in public spaces remains purpose-driven and time-bound, reinforcing restrictions. Curated spaces like malls, cafes, and theatres are more welcoming, but everyday spaces (footpaths, streets, parks) remain unwelcoming. The Issue of Safety Violence against women is not confined to public spaces; it also occurs in homes. Public space risks: Gendered violence from multiple strangers is high. Perceived need for protection leads to further mobility restrictions. Social paradox: Public spaces represent freedom, yet families see this as a loss of control over women’s mobility. Risk is inevitable, but exclusion is not the solution. Men face street violence too, but their vulnerability is different. Reclaiming spaces involves women normalizing leisure and unrestricted presence in public places. Policy-Level Interventions Urban design modifications: Better street lighting to enhance safety. Safe and accessible public toilets. Street furniture (benches, rest areas) to encourage casual presence. More recreational spaces for women beyond workplaces and markets. Strengthening legal frameworks: Low conviction rates for gender-based crimes in public spaces must be addressed. Need for stricter enforcement of laws against harassment and assault. End impunity for offenders—many secure bail and repeat offenses. Shift focus from victim-blaming to perpetrator accountability. Social and Cultural Shifts Public space design should challenge patriarchal control rather than reinforce fear. Conversations about women’s freedom in public spaces should be normalized. Women must reclaim spaces with confidence, fostering autonomy over restriction. Encouraging social acceptance of women using public spaces for leisure, not just necessity. An equitable future for women in science, in India Despite progress, women in India face persistent challenges in STEM fields due to societal norms, workplace biases, and structural barriers. Addressing these inequities is crucial for fostering innovation, ensuring diversity, and strengthening India’s scientific progress. Relevance : GS 1(Society), GS 2(Social Issue) Practice Question :Why do women face higher attrition rates in STEM fields despite policy interventions? Suggest measures to improve women’s retention in science and technology careers. (250 words) Persistent Barriers for Women in STEM Early Educational Challenges: Limited access to quality education, particularly in rural areas. Societal norms discouraging girls from pursuing STEM fields. Gender bias in school curricula and classroom dynamics. Workplace Discrimination & Cultural Expectations: Women are expected to prioritize family responsibilities over careers. Bias in hiring, promotions, and access to research funding. Harassment and discrimination in academic and research settings. Higher Attrition Rates: A global study across 38 countries reveals that women drop out of STEM careers at higher rates due to: Non-inclusive work environments. Struggles with work-life balance. Limited access to leadership roles and professional networks. The postdoc-to-faculty transition is particularly challenging for women due to:Lack of female role models.Familial responsibilities and career interruptions.Confidence gaps and imposter syndrome. Why Women’s Retention in STEM Matters Enhancing Innovation & Diversity: Diverse teams bring multiple perspectives, fostering creativity and innovation. Inclusion of women leads to more holistic scientific advancements. Breaking the Cycle of Exclusion: More women in STEM create role models for younger generations. Greater representation challenges deep-seated gender stereotypes. Historical Struggles & Continued Challenges: Matilda Effect: Women’s scientific contributions have historically been overshadowed by male colleagues. Leaky Pipeline Metaphor: Women drop out at various career stages due to biased systems, lack of mentorship, and hostile work environments. Chutes and Ladders Model: Highlights systemic barriers, including lack of access to influential networks and knowledge. Gender Inequities in Indian STEM Data from an Indian Survey (2020-21) Across 98 Institutions: Women faculty members constitute only 17% of all fields. Representation varies by discipline: Biology: 23% Engineering: 8% Lower representation in senior faculty roles and prestigious institutions. Women are underrepresented in conferences and key research collaborations. Conservative Attitudes & Structural Barriers: Societal expectations limit career aspirations and opportunities. Gendered division of labor affects work-life balance. Unconscious biases in hiring, research funding, and leadership roles. Recommendations for Change Institutional Reforms: Flexible work policies (remote work, part-time options). Affordable childcare and maternity leave policies. Equal pay and unbiased hiring/promotion policies. Increased Visibility & Recognition: Public acknowledgment of women’s achievements in science. Showcasing successful women in STEM to inspire future generations. Addressing biases in academia through platforms like BiasWatchIndia. Career Support & Re-Entry Programs: Removing age restrictions on research grants. Strengthening mentorship programs for women in STEM. Supporting women returning to research after career breaks. Promoting women’s leadership roles in decision-making bodies. Government Initiatives for Women in STEM Gender Advancement for Transforming Institutions (GATI) (2020): Aims to create an inclusive research environment. WISE-KIRAN & Women Scientists Scheme (WOS): Supports women’s participation in STEM research. Biotechnology Career Advancement and Re-orientation (BioCARe): Helps women re-enter research careers after breaks. ICMR Initiatives: Focus on training and capacity-building for women scientists. The Road Ahead Scaling Up Reforms: Government initiatives must be expanded to reach more women. Cultural Shifts: Challenging stereotypes and encouraging gender-neutral career aspirations from an early age. Global Leadership: India must set an example by prioritizing gender equity in science as a key driver of its scientific progress. Diversify Now Economic Indicators: Resilience Amidst Global Challenges Services PMI Surge: Jump to 59 in February from 56.5 in January (25-month low), indicating strong expansion. Manufacturing PMI Decline: Fell to 56.3 (14-month low), signaling concerns in the industrial sector. GDP Growth (Q3FY25): 6.2% real GDP growth reported by NSO, showing economic momentum despite global uncertainties. Sensex Performance: Solid net profit growth across major companies highlights robust corporate earnings. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) ,GS 3(Trade , Economy) Practice Question : How does global protectionism impact India’s economic growth and trade policies? Suggest measures to enhance India’s trade competitiveness. (250 words) Key Challenges for Indian Economy Global Protectionism: US Tariffs: Reciprocal tariffs by the U.S. (effective April 2) threaten Indian manufacturing exports. Geopolitical Uncertainties: NASSCOM identifies rising trade restrictions and supply chain disruptions as key risks. Technological Disruptions: AI Transformation: Impacting India’s IT sector, slowing revenue growth and altering hiring patterns. Growth Slowdown: IT sector expected to grow 5.1% in FY25 (up from 3.8% in FY24), a sharp decline from past 16% CAGR. Risk of U.S. Recession: U.S. as Largest Trade Partner: Any slowdown in the U.S. could dampen India’s exports, especially in services and tech. Capital Outflows: Rising U.S. interest rates and global uncertainties leading to fund withdrawals from Indian markets. Strategic Need for Trade Diversification Reducing Overdependence on the U.S.: Expanding trade partnerships with Europe, ASEAN, Africa, and Latin America. Strengthening regional agreements like India-EU FTA and Indo-Pacific trade collaborations. Boosting Domestic Manufacturing & Exports: PLI (Production-Linked Incentive) Schemes to enhance self-reliance in key sectors like electronics, pharma, and defense. Encouraging export-driven MSMEs to penetrate emerging markets. Enhancing Competitiveness in Services & IT: Investing in AI and emerging technologies to remain globally competitive. Skilling workforce to adapt to AI-driven industry shifts. Strengthening Trade Infrastructure: Upgrading port connectivity, logistics, and supply chains to improve export efficiency. Conclusion: India’s economic fundamentals remain strong, but global trade headwinds demand proactive measures. Diversification of trading partners, technological upgradation, and policy support are crucial for long-term resilience. Policymakers must adopt a balanced strategy—protecting domestic industries while expanding global market access. Himalayan tragedy Context : A severe avalanche struck Mana village, Uttarakhand, affecting a Border Roads Organisation (BRO) construction site. Casualties: 8 workers lost their lives; 23 were rescued by Indian Army and ITBP. The rescue operation lasted 60 hours in extreme conditions at 10,500 feet AMSL. Helicopters and drone-based detection were employed due to road blockages from heavy snowfall. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Practice Question :Evaluate the role of technology in improving disaster management in remote and high-altitude regions. How can India enhance its disaster response capabilities? (250 words) Vulnerability of the Himalayan Region Avalanches, landslides, and flash floods are frequent hazards in the Himalayan states. High seismic activity and glacial retreat due to climate change exacerbate risks. Traditional wisdom dictates seasonal migration during winter months to safer regions. Increasing human activity, military presence, infrastructure projects, and tourism, escalates risk. Challenges in Disaster Management Limited predictability: Avalanches are hard to forecast with high precision. Harsh terrain and extreme weather slow down rescue and relief efforts. Inadequate infrastructure: Shelters and worker accommodations may not be designed to withstand disasters. Lack of risk awareness: Migrant workers might not be adequately briefed on local hazards. Rescue Operation: Strengths and Shortcomings Strengths: Quick mobilization: Indian Army, ITBP, IAF, and civilian helicopters coordinated effectively. Use of technology: Drones helped locate buried containers. Efficient evacuation: Patients were airlifted to Joshimath Army Hospital. Shortcomings: Delayed response due to weather constraints. No prior warning systems in place for predicting avalanche risk. Workers’ shelters were not disaster-resistant. Need for a Shift in Disaster Preparedness Infrastructure Planning: Worker shelters must be modeled on bomb shelters or Antarctic research stations to withstand extreme conditions. Early Warning Systems: Deploying AI-based avalanche forecasting and glacier monitoring sensors. Mandatory Training: Migrant laborers should receive disaster preparedness drills before deployment. Resilient Road Networks: Engineering solutions like snow tunnels and climate–adaptive road construction. Permanent Disaster Response Units: Pre-deployed rapid-response teams with air rescue capacity in high-risk zones. Long-Term Strategic Considerations Balancing Development and Ecology: Unregulated construction and deforestation worsen the impact of disasters. Integrating Indigenous Knowledge: Local communities have historical wisdom about migration patterns and safe zones. Strengthening Inter-agency Coordination: Army, BRO, NDRF, and meteorological agencies must work proactively rather than reactively. Conclusion: Rethinking ‘Inevitable’ Disasters Natural disasters may not be fully predictable, but their impact can be minimized. Proactive planning, technological intervention, and policy reforms are essential to prevent tragedies like Mana from recurring. A worker-first approach in disaster-prone areas is not just humane but also strategically vital for India’s border security and infrastructure development.