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Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 01 December 2023

CONTENTS GOBARdhan SchemePradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan GOBARdhan Scheme Context: In order to accelerate Compressed Biogas (CBG) sector through cross-sectoral linkages and promote dialogue and knowledge exchange among all stakeholders, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) is organising a conference ‘SBM-GOBARdhan Biogas Conference: Accelerating Waste to Wealth & Circular Economy’ Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: GOBARdhan SchemeCircular Economy: A Sustainable Model of Production and Consumption GOBARdhan Scheme: The GOBARdhan Scheme, which stands for Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources Dhan, is a significant initiative of the Government of India.It was launched in 2018 as a national priority project under the Swachh Bharat Mission Grameen-Phase II program.The aim of the scheme is to convert cattle dung, agricultural residue, and other organic waste into Biogas, CBG, and bio-fertilizers to generate wealth and energy.The scheme adopts a comprehensive approach involving various government departments to promote a circular economy by transforming waste into valuable resources.The Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti, is the nodal ministry responsible for the implementation of the GOBARdhan Scheme. Circular Economy: A Sustainable Model of Production and Consumption The circular economy is a production and consumption model that aims to minimize waste and maximize resource efficiency. It involves various practices, such as sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing, and recycling existing materials and products throughout their life cycle. The key characteristics of the circular economy model are: Extending Product Life Cycle: By promoting sharing, reusing, and recycling, the circular economy model extends the life cycle of products, reducing waste and minimizing environmental impact.Recycling for Resource Retention: When products reach the end of their life, materials are kept within the economy through recycling, ensuring that valuable resources are used productively again and again. Benefits of the Circular Economy Model: Environmental Impact: Reusing and recycling products reduce the consumption of natural resources, decrease landscape and habitat disruption, and help limit biodiversity loss. The circular economy contributes to lower greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change mitigation.Resource Security: Recycling raw materials mitigates risks associated with resource supply, such as price volatility, availability, and import dependency. This becomes especially crucial as the world’s population grows and demands for raw materials increase.Economic Growth and Competitiveness: Transitioning to a circular economy can stimulate innovation, increase competitiveness, and lead to economic growth. Redesigning materials and products for circular use fosters innovation across different sectors.Improved Quality of Life: Consumers benefit from durable and innovative products that save money in the long run. A circular economy offers more reliable and long-lasting products, enhancing the overall quality of life. Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan Context: Recently, the Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister of India approved Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN) with a total outlay of Rs. 24,104 crores. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN): Empowering Tribal Communities Comprehensive Scheme: PM JANMAN, comprising Central Sector and Centrally Sponsored Schemes, is a holistic initiative targeting 11 critical interventions through nine ministries, with a particular focus on the Ministry of Tribal Affairs. Key Interventions: Aims to address 11 critical interventions, including permanent housing, road connectivity, piped water supply, mobile medical units, hostel construction, ‘Anganwadi’ facilities, and skill development centers. Additional Ministries’ Involvement: Beyond the 11 critical interventions, other ministries contribute to the mission’s success.Ministry of Ayush:Establishes Ayush Wellness Centres based on existing norms.Extends Ayush facilities to Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) habitations through Mobile Medical Units.Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship:Facilitates skill and vocational training in PVTG habitations, multipurpose centers, and hostels, aligning with the specific skills of these communities.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 01 December 2023

CONTENTS GOBARdhan SchemePradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan GOBARdhan Scheme Context: In order to accelerate Compressed Biogas (CBG) sector through cross-sectoral linkages and promote dialogue and knowledge exchange among all stakeholders, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) is organising a conference ‘SBM-GOBARdhan Biogas Conference: Accelerating Waste to Wealth & Circular Economy’ Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: GOBARdhan SchemeCircular Economy: A Sustainable Model of Production and Consumption GOBARdhan Scheme: The GOBARdhan Scheme, which stands for Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources Dhan, is a significant initiative of the Government of India.It was launched in 2018 as a national priority project under the Swachh Bharat Mission Grameen-Phase II program.The aim of the scheme is to convert cattle dung, agricultural residue, and other organic waste into Biogas, CBG, and bio-fertilizers to generate wealth and energy.The scheme adopts a comprehensive approach involving various government departments to promote a circular economy by transforming waste into valuable resources.The Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti, is the nodal ministry responsible for the implementation of the GOBARdhan Scheme. Circular Economy: A Sustainable Model of Production and Consumption The circular economy is a production and consumption model that aims to minimize waste and maximize resource efficiency. It involves various practices, such as sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing, and recycling existing materials and products throughout their life cycle. The key characteristics of the circular economy model are: Extending Product Life Cycle: By promoting sharing, reusing, and recycling, the circular economy model extends the life cycle of products, reducing waste and minimizing environmental impact.Recycling for Resource Retention: When products reach the end of their life, materials are kept within the economy through recycling, ensuring that valuable resources are used productively again and again. Benefits of the Circular Economy Model: Environmental Impact: Reusing and recycling products reduce the consumption of natural resources, decrease landscape and habitat disruption, and help limit biodiversity loss. The circular economy contributes to lower greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change mitigation.Resource Security: Recycling raw materials mitigates risks associated with resource supply, such as price volatility, availability, and import dependency. This becomes especially crucial as the world’s population grows and demands for raw materials increase.Economic Growth and Competitiveness: Transitioning to a circular economy can stimulate innovation, increase competitiveness, and lead to economic growth. Redesigning materials and products for circular use fosters innovation across different sectors.Improved Quality of Life: Consumers benefit from durable and innovative products that save money in the long run. A circular economy offers more reliable and long-lasting products, enhancing the overall quality of life. Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan Context: Recently, the Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister of India approved Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN) with a total outlay of Rs. 24,104 crores. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN): Empowering Tribal Communities Comprehensive Scheme: PM JANMAN, comprising Central Sector and Centrally Sponsored Schemes, is a holistic initiative targeting 11 critical interventions through nine ministries, with a particular focus on the Ministry of Tribal Affairs. Key Interventions: Aims to address 11 critical interventions, including permanent housing, road connectivity, piped water supply, mobile medical units, hostel construction, ‘Anganwadi’ facilities, and skill development centers. Additional Ministries’ Involvement: Beyond the 11 critical interventions, other ministries contribute to the mission’s success.Ministry of Ayush:Establishes Ayush Wellness Centres based on existing norms.Extends Ayush facilities to Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) habitations through Mobile Medical Units.Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship:Facilitates skill and vocational training in PVTG habitations, multipurpose centers, and hostels, aligning with the specific skills of these communities.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 01 December 2023

CONTENTS Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna YojanaArgentina at a Crossroads: Dollarization as an Economic RemedyFast-Track CourtsParthenon SculpturesAngkor WatAyushman Arogya MandirX-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana Context: The Union Cabinet announced the extension of Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) scheme for another five years, starting from January 1, 2024. Relevance: GS II- Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: About Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna YojanaEligibility What are NFSA beneficiaries entitled to?How many persons are covered under the NFSA?How is the PM-GKAY different from the NFSA? About Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana: It is considered as world’s largest food security scheme, aims at ensuring sufficient food for the poor and needy during the coronavirus crisis.It was announced as part of the first relief package during the COVID-19 pandemic.Part of the scheme, the food needs to be provided to all the beneficiaries under public distribution system (TPDS) for Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) and priority household (PHH) ration cardholders.As per updates, the eligible beneficiaries will receive 5kg of foodgrains and 1 kg Gram per month. Eligibility  Families belonging to the Below Poverty Line – Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) and Priority Households (PHH) categories will be eligible for the scheme.PHH are to be identified by State Governments/Union Territory Administrations as per criteria evolved by them. AAY families are to be identified by States/UTs as per the criteria prescribed by the Central Government:Households headed by widows or terminally ill persons or disabled persons or persons aged 60 years or more with no assured means of subsistence or societal support.Widows or terminally ill persons or disabled persons or persons aged 60 years or more or single women or single men with no family or societal support or assured means of subsistence.All primitive tribal households.Landless agriculture labourers, marginal farmers, rural artisans/craftsmen such as potters, tanners, weavers, blacksmiths, carpenters, slum dwellers, and persons earning their livelihood on daily basis in the informal sector like porters, coolies, rickshaw pullers, hand cart pullers, fruit and flower sellers, snake charmers, rag pickers, cobblers, destitutes  and other similar categories in both rural and urban areas.All eligible Below Poverty Line families of HIV positive persons. What are NFSA beneficiaries entitled to? There are two categories of beneficiary households under the NFSA — the Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) households, and the Priority Households (PHs).Each AAY household is entitled to 35 kg of foodgrains every month irrespective of the number of members in the household. PHs are entitled to receive foodgrains according to the number of family members.Each member of a PH is entitled to receive 5 kg of foodgrains every month under the NFSA. So, the bigger a PH family, the greater is the quantity of foodgrains it gets. At what rate are foodgrains provided under the NFSA? NFSA beneficiaries are entitled to receive foodgrains at highly subsidised rates. Under the food law, rice is provided at Rs 3 per kg, wheat at Rs 2 per kg, and coarse grains at Re 1 per kg. How many persons are covered under the NFSA? The NFSA, enacted by the UPA government in 2013, aims at ensuring “access to adequate quantity of quality food at affordable prices” to 50 per cent of the urban and 75 per cent of the rural population of the country. The overall national coverage of the NFSA is about 67.5 per cent.Section 9 of the NFSA states that the number of persons to be covered in rural and urban areas of a state shall be calculated on the basis of population estimates as per the Census of which the relevant figures have been published.The latest published Census figures are from 2011, and based on that about 81.35 crore people can be covered by the NFSA.However, Food Ministry data show that of the accepted figure of 81.35 crore, 98.05 per cent, or 79.77 crore persons, had been identified until July 2022.Thus, even with the ceiling fixed at 81.35 crore, states can still identify and add about 1.58 crore people under the NFSA. How is the PM-GKAY different from the NFSA? The NFSA is a right-based scheme under a law of Parliament, while the PM-GKAY is a scheme announced by the executive as a top-up to the entitlements of beneficiaries covered under the NFSA.So, only those people who were already getting subsidised foodgrains can get free foodgrains under the PM-GKAY.The PM-GKAY provides additional benefits to NFSA beneficiaries, but does not cover additional beneficiaries beyond the accepted limit of 81.35 crore persons under the NFSA. -Source: The Hindu Argentina at a Crossroads: Dollarization as an Economic Remedy Context: Argentina, plagued by severe inflation and widespread poverty, faces a pivotal moment. Dollarisation is seen as a potential remedy for the country’s economic challenges. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Dollarization’s Economic Impact: Strategies and BenefitsMajor Challenges Associated with DollarisationDe-dollarisation: Reducing Reliance on the US Dollar Dollarization’s Economic Impact: Strategies and Benefits Curbing Hyperinflation: Dollarization introduces the stable United States Dollar, breaking the cycle of hyperinflation driven by uncontrolled money supply.Stabilization fosters economic confidence, encouraging investment and consumer spending. Export-Oriented Strategies: Dollarization incentivizes a shift toward export-oriented strategies, promoting economic growth. Foreign Investor Attraction: A stable currency attracts foreign investors, fostering foreign trade and enhancing economic stability.Predictable dollar value allows for more accurate long-term economic planning by businesses. Mitigating Speculative Risks: Dollarization mitigates risks associated with fluctuating exchange rates, making the economy more attractive to foreign investors. Fiscal Policy Emphasis: Dollarization shifts control away from monetary policy, prompting reliance on fiscal policies for economic stability.This shift encourages prudent fiscal management, potentially curbing government overspending. Ecuador’s Dollarization Experience: Lessons Learned Initial Challenges: Ecuador faced political upheaval following dollarization in 2000. Economic Progress: Despite challenges, Ecuador experienced reduced inflation rates, lowered debt ratios, and improved social welfare. Contributing Factors: Economic progress in Ecuador was not solely attributed to dollarization.Booming oil and gas reserves and expanded government intervention played significant roles in sustaining prosperity. Major Challenges Associated with Dollarisation Limited Monetary Policy Independence: Dollarisation significantly constrains a country’s ability to independently manage monetary policy. Loss of Control Over Money Supply and Interest Rates: The loss of control over money supply and interest rates can impede the government’s responsiveness to economic downturns. Vulnerability to External Economic Shocks: Fixed currencies in dollarized economies may heighten vulnerability to external economic shocks. Lack of Exchange Rate Flexibility: The absence of flexibility in adjusting exchange rates leaves dollarized economies unable to counterbalance sudden changes in the global economic environment. Greece’s Warning Example: The situation in Greece serves as a cautionary example of challenges associated with adopting a foreign currency.Despite some growth, the Eurozone crisis highlighted the difficulties of using a currency without control over its policies. Budgetary Constraints and Financial Assistance: Greece, after adopting the euro, faced the necessity of accepting strict budget cuts and financial assistance, revealing the limitations of using a foreign currency. Restriction on Currency Devaluation: Loss of control over the exchange rate limits a country’s ability to use currency devaluation as a tool to enhance export competitiveness. Inadequate Addressing of Internal Structural Issues: Dollarisation may not effectively address internal structural issues within an economy. Dependency Overshadowing Reforms: Relying on a foreign currency might overshadow the need for internal reforms, such as productivity improvements or addressing income inequality, essential for sustained economic development. De-dollarisation: Reducing Reliance on the US Dollar De-dollarisation is a deliberate or unintentional process undertaken by a country or region to diminish dependence on the US dollar within its financial system or economy. Measures Involved: Involves various measures aimed at decreasing the use of the dollar in transactions, reserves, trade, or as a standard for pricing goods and services. Reasons for Pursuit: Governments may pursue de-dollarisation to reduce exposure to the impact of US monetary policy.Asserting economic sovereignty, mitigating the effects of dollar fluctuations, or seeking greater independence in global finance are additional reasons. Strategies for De-dollarisation: Strategies include diversifying currency reserves, promoting alternative currencies in trade agreements, establishing currency swap agreements, or encouraging the use of regional currencies in financial transactions. Example: RBI’s March 2023 Initiative: In March 2023, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) implemented a mechanism for rupee trade settlement with 18 countries.Banks from these countries were permitted to open Special Vostro Rupee Accounts (SVRAs) for settling payments in Indian Rupees. -Source: The Hindu Fast-Track Courts Context: Recently, the Union Cabinet approved the continuation of fast-track courts dedicated to the dispensation of justice in cases of sexual offences, for a period of three years. Relevance: GS II- Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: About Fast-track courtsAdvantages of Fast track courtsIssues Faced by FTCs About Fast-track courts : Fast-track courts (FTCs) are created primarily to deal with the judicial backlog.A ‘special court’ is one which is to deal with special types of cases under a shortened and simplified procedure.Fast-track courts (FTCs) have been around for a long time, with the first ones being established in the year 2000.However, 56% of the States and Union Territories, including Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, had no FTCs.Judges are appointed on the ad hoc basis.Retired judges or eligible judicial officers who are selected by the High court of the respective states are the head of these courts. Need for Fast Track courts Clearing the considerable amount of pending casesExpected to reduce the number of undertrials in jailsNeed for Speedy TrialJudiciary’s commitment to end sexual and gender based violence Advantages of Fast track courts: Lessening of the general caseload burden: The objective with which the fast track courts were established has been very beneficiary for judiciary as it has solved over a million cases and has reduced the case load from other courts.Promotes specialization and professionalization: It has helped employ thousands of people from different fields, it also avails retired judges from high courts and district courts. The establishment of fast track courts has promoted the specialization of a category of law.Improves judicial efficiency and effectiveness: By the proper use of judiciary and by speedy trial and judgment, fast track courts boost the efficiency of the judiciary.High case clearance rate and speedy trial rate: Fast Track courts in India have the highest case disposal rate due to its speedy trial and judgment. And hence it is efficient in solving cases in a bound time.Guarantees consistency and predictability: Fast track courts have high performance rate and are stable and steady. It renders justice with high accuracy. Issues Faced by FTCs Non-Uniformity in Type of Cases: In a survey of FTCs conducted by National Law University Delhi, it was observed that there is a huge variation in the kinds of cases handled by these courts across States, with certain States primarily allocating rape and sexual offence cases to them and other States allocating various other matters.Infrastructural Issues: Most FTCs were not set up with different infrastructure or facilities, but were often housed in an existing court. Moreover, several States appoint FTCs special judges from the current pool of judges. This substantially increases the workload of the remaining judges.Technological Barrier: Several FTCs lacked technological resources to conduct audio and video recordings of the victims and many of them did not have regular staff.Adhocism: Setting up of FTCs was not based on actual problems of pendency, but was often in response to specific incidents such as securities scams, rape cases and sexual harassment of children.Lack of Coordination: In India, tribunals are managed by different ministries, and fast-track courts and special courts are administered under different judicial bodies, with little coordination or uniformity among them.Other Issues: There are delays in getting reports from the understaffed forensic science laboratories, judges make frivolous adjournments and inadequate staff adversely affect the efficiency of the fast track courts. -Source: Indian Express Parthenon Sculptures Context: British PM Rishi Sunak’s cancellation of a meeting with Greek PM Kyriakos Mitsotakis has escalated tensions over the status of the Parthenon Sculptures housed at the British Museum, commonly known as the Elgin Marbles. Athens accuses London of evading discussions on the contested artifacts. Greece has repeatedly requested the permanent return of the sculptures, but the British Museum has steadfastly refused to comply, exacerbating the longstanding dispute over cultural heritage. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Parthenon Sculptures: Ancient Treasures at the British MuseumJourney of the Parthenon Sculptures to Britain: A Controversial HistoryBritish Museum’s Response Parthenon Sculptures: Ancient Treasures at the British Museum The Parthenon Sculptures at the British Museum consist of more than 30 ancient stone sculptures from Greece, dating back over 2,000 years. Origin: Originally adorned the walls and grounds of the Parthenon temple on the Acropolis hill in Athens.Created between 447 BC and 432 BC during Athens’ Golden Age. Components: Frieze depicting the Panathenaic festival procession.Metopes illustrating the battle between Centaurs and Lapiths at Peirithoos’ marriage-feast.Figures of gods and legendary heroes from the temple’s pediments. History of the Parthenon: Construction:Built in the 5th century BC, symbolizing Athens’ power during that era.Symbolic Significance:Became a symbol for modern Greece after gaining independence in 1832.Transformations:Served as a temple, church, and mosque before becoming an archaeological site.Significant damage, including an explosion in 1687, left the Parthenon in ruins.Architectural Style:Designed in the Doric style with incorporated Ionic elements.Doric features include fluted columns without bases and simple rectangular capitals.Philosophy of Design:Reflects ancient Greek ideals of harmony, beauty, and balance based on mathematical ratios.Illustrates the integration of mathematical principles into architectural styles. Journey of the Parthenon Sculptures to Britain: A Controversial History Removal by Lord Elgin:The sculptures were removed from the Parthenon in the early 19th century by Thomas Bruce, the 7th Earl of Elgin, and the then-British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.Transport to Britain:Lord Elgin took the marbles to Britain and subsequently sold them to the British Museum in 1816. Controversy Surrounding the Removal: Accusations of Theft:Athens accused Lord Elgin of theft, while he maintained he had permission from the Ottoman Empire, which controlled Athens at the time.Disputed Permission:The original letter granting permission has been lost, and its contents remain disputed.Calls for Return:Athens has been demanding the return of the sculptures since gaining independence in the early 1830s.The movement gained momentum in the 1980s when Greek actress Melina Mercouri, serving as the culture minister, launched a campaign for their return. British Museum’s Response: Legal Contract Claim:The British Museum claims that Lord Elgin acquired the sculptures under a legal contract with the Ottoman Empire.Rejection of Return Demands:The British Museum has consistently rejected demands for the return of the sculptures. Recent British Stance: Asset to the UK:The British government, including Prime Minister Sunak, views the Parthenon Marbles as a significant asset to the UK.Legal Standpoint:In March, PM Sunak stated that the marbles were legally acquired, ruling out any change in laws allowing their return to Greece. -Source: Indian Express Angkor Wat Context: Angkor Wat temple, located in Cambodia, has defeated Pompeii in Italy to become the eighth Wonder of the World. The unofficial title “Eighth Wonder of the World” is sometimes given to buildings, structures, projects, designs, or even people who are thought to be comparable to the Seven Wonders of the World. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Angkor Wat: Majestic Temple ComplexDistinctive FeaturesGeographical Location Angkor Wat: Majestic Temple Complex Angkor Wat stands as the largest religious monument globally, constructed by Khmer King Suryavarman II in the first half of the 12th century.Originally dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu, it later transformed into a Buddhist temple by the late 12th century.Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992. Distinctive Features: Architectural Elements: Constructed using sandstone blocks.Protected by a 15-foot-high wall and a wide moat.Encompasses a vast area of 200 acres. Sacred Symbolism: The temple boasts five major towers symbolizing the peaks of Mount Meru, considered the abode of gods in Hindu and Buddhist mythology.Thousands of bas-reliefs on temple walls depict significant deities, figures, and narrative events from Hindu and Buddhist traditions. Geographical Location: Situated in the northwestern province of Siem Reap in Cambodia.Part of the larger city of Angkor, the capital of the Khmer Empire thriving from the 9th to 15th centuries.Angkor spans over 400 km2, housing remnants of various temples, including Angkor Wat, Angkor Thom, Bayon Temple, and Ta Prohm. -Source: Times of India Ayushman Arogya Mandir Context: Recently, the Union Government has decided to rename the existing Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres (AB-HWCs) as ‘Ayushman Arogya Mandir. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Ayushman Arogya Mandir: Revolutionizing Primary HealthcareKey Facts about Ayushman Bharat (AB): Ayushman Arogya Mandir: Revolutionizing Primary Healthcare Government Initiative (2018): In 2018, the Government of India unveiled plans to create 1.5 lakh Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) by transforming existing sub-health centres and primary health centres. This initiative was declared one of the two components of Ayushman Bharat. Funding and Design Strategy: The Centre committed to providing 60% of the funding, with states following a design manual outlined by the central government. Remarkable Progress: Currently, 61 lakh Ayushman Bharat – Health and Wellness Centres (AB-HWCs) have been operationalized nationwide, surpassing the initial target. Services Provided: AB-HWCs offer comprehensive primary healthcare, including maternal and child healthcare services, primary-level care for emergencies and trauma, along with free drugs and diagnostic services. New Tagline: The AB-HWCs’ new tagline is ‘Arogyam Parmam Dhanam,’ emphasizing the significance of health as the ultimate wealth. Key Facts about Ayushman Bharat (AB): Dual Initiatives Announced (2018): In 2018, the Union government introduced two pivotal health sector initiatives as part of the Ayushman Bharat program. Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY): Focuses on curative care, providing coverage of up to 5 lakhs per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization at private hospitals. Health and Wellness Centres (HWC): Aimed at strengthening primary healthcare, AB-HWCs are integral to the Ayushman Bharat program’s primary care component. National Health Authority (NHA): Tasked with the implementation of PMJAY, the National Health Authority plays a crucial role in the successful execution of the health initiatives. -Source: The Hindu X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) Context: Recently, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) announced that India is set to launch its first X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat). Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat): India’s Pioneering Polarimetry Mission XPoSat represents India’s inaugural dedicated polarimetry mission designed to explore the dynamics of bright astronomical X-ray sources in extreme conditions. Aim: The primary goal is to investigate the polarization of intense X-ray sources, advancing our understanding of celestial phenomena. Scientific Payloads: POLIX (Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays):Measures polarimetry parameters (degree and angle of polarization) in the medium X-ray energy range (8-30 keV) for astronomical photons.XSPECT (X-ray Spectroscopy and Timing) Payload:Provides spectroscopic information in the energy range of 0.8-15 keV. Orbit and Designation: Designated for observation from a Low Earth Orbit, specifically a non-sun synchronous orbit at an altitude of approximately 650 km with a low inclination of around six degrees. Mission Duration: Anticipated mission life is approximately five years. Observation Strategy: Payloads onboard XPoSat will observe X-ray sources during the spacecraft’s transit through Earth’s shadow, particularly during the eclipse period. Launch Details: The satellite is scheduled to be launched by the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. -Source: Indian Express

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 30 November 2023

CONTENTS Rat-Hole MiningHalal Certification Ban in Uttar PradeshInternational Labour Organization’s Report on Safer and Healthier Working Environments at WCSHWNASA’s Psyche SpacecraftRBI’s Move to Increase Risk Weight for LendingNolamba DynastyFattah 2 Rat-Hole Mining Context: The rescue operation for 41 workers trapped in the partially-collapsed Silkyara tunnel in Uttarakhand utilized two scientific mining methods, vertical drilling and auger (horizontal drilling), after 17 days of being trapped. The final phase of the rescue involved the use of rat-hole mining, a technique previously employed in Meghalaya. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: Overview of Rat-Hole MiningReasons for the Ban on Rat-Hole MiningFactors Leading to the NGT Ban on Rat-Hole MiningChallenges and Future Prospects Overview of Rat-Hole Mining: Rescue of Trapped Workers: Rat-hole mining was employed in the rescue operation of workers, including Ramprasad Narzary and Sanjay Basumatary, from the Silkyara tunnel in Uttarakhand. Irony and Local Context: Tragic History in Meghalaya: The use of rat-hole mining for rescue sparked local irony as lives from the Ramfalbil area in Assam had been lost in Meghalaya’s coal mines, where this method was banned by the National Green Tribunal in April 2014. Characteristics of Rat-Hole Mining: Tunnel Dimensions: Rat-hole mining involves digging tunnels 3-4 feet deep, allowing only crawling for workers.Extraction Process: Workers squat to extract coal using pickaxes in these narrow tunnels. Two Types of Rat-Hole Mining: Side-Cutting Method:Location: Usually performed on hill slopes by following a visible coal seam.Box-Cutting Method:Process: Involves digging a circular or squarish pit at least 5 sq. meters wide and up to 400 feet deep.Horizontal Digging: Miners descend using cranes or rope-and-bamboo ladders to dig horizontally from the pit edge. Pit Resemblance: Octopus-like Configuration: Tunnels are dug in various directions from the pit edge, resembling the tentacles of an octopus. Reasons for the Ban on Rat-Hole Mining: Government Control Challenges: Land Ownership Dynamics: Meghalaya operates under the Sixth Schedule, exempting it from the Coal Mines Nationalisation Act of 1973. Landowners, therefore, have control over both the land and minerals underneath.Limited Government Authority: The government faces challenges in regulating mining activities due to limited control over the land. Historical Context and Economic Factors: Post-Statehood Coal Boom: Coal mining surged after Meghalaya attained statehood in 1972.Limitations in Advanced Technology: Mine owners, deterred by challenging terrain and high expenses, opted for traditional methods like rat-hole mining.Exploitative Labor Practices: Workers, often from Assam, Nepal, and nearby Bangladesh, engaged in rat-hole mining due to higher earnings compared to agricultural or construction work. Hazards and Environmental Impact: Safety Concerns: Rat-hole mining posed risks such as asphyxiation, mine collapse, and flooding due to poor ventilation, lack of structural support, and inadequate safety measures.Environmental Degradation: Unregulated mining led to land degradation, deforestation, and water pollution with high concentrations of sulphates, iron, and toxic heavy metals.Acidic Rivers: Rivers like Lukha and Myntdu became too acidic to support aquatic life. NGT Ban and Observations: Legal Intervention: The National Green Tribunal (NGT) banned rat-hole mining in Meghalaya in 2014.NGT Observations: The NGT noted numerous cases of flooding during the rainy season causing deaths and emphasized the environmental and safety hazards associated with rat-hole mining. Continued Illegal Activities: Challenges in Enforcement: Despite the ban, illegal mining and coal transportation persisted, leading to loss of lives, including a tragic incident in Ksan, East Jaintia Hills, where 17 miners drowned in an illegal mine in December 2018 due to flooding from a river. Factors Leading to the NGT Ban on Rat-Hole Mining: Early Environmental and Social Concerns: Activist Warnings: Environmentalists and human rights activists raised concerns about the hazards of rat-hole mining in Meghalaya approximately two decades ago.Impulse NGO Campaign: The campaign against rat-hole mining gained momentum when Impulse, a Meghalaya-based NGO, focused on human trafficking and child labor issues within these mines. NGO Reports and Child Labor Issues: NGO Investigations: Impulse, in collaboration with other organizations, conducted three reports highlighting the prevalence of child labor and human trafficking in rat-hole mines.Child Labor Estimates: Reports estimated that around 70,000 children, mainly from Bangladesh and Nepal, were employed in these mines due to their size being suitable for such hazardous work.Government Admission: Initially refuted by the State’s Department of Mining and Geology, the government later admitted, under National Human Rights Commission pressure, that 222 children were indeed employed in rat-hole mines, specifically in the East Jaintia Hills district. National Green Tribunal (NGT) Intervention: NGT Ban: Responding to the alarming reports and environmental concerns, the NGT imposed a ban on rat-hole mining in Meghalaya in 2014.Human Rights and Environmental Focus: The ban aimed to address both human rights violations, particularly child labor, and the environmental degradation associated with this mining practice. Challenges and Future Prospects: Economic Viability and Thin Coal Seams: Miner Perspective: Miners argue that the thin coal seams in Meghalaya make rat-hole mining economically more viable than opencast mining.State’s Coal Reserves: Meghalaya possesses an estimated reserve of 576.48 million tonnes of low-ash, high-sulphur coal from the Eocene age. Government Approval for Legal Mining: Government Initiatives: In May 2023, Chief Minister Conrad K. Sangma announced Coal Ministry approval for mining leases, indicating a move toward ‘scientific’ mining.Sustainable Extraction: The approved leases are expected to facilitate scientifically conducted mining with minimal environmental impact, adhering to legal and sustainable extraction procedures. Debates and Activist Concerns: Profit-Driven Mining: Activists argue that the term ‘scientific’ might be a cosmetic label in a region where profit has historically driven coal mining.Ongoing Debates: The resumption of mining, even under approved leases, continues to be a subject of debate between pro-mining interests and those advocating environmental sustainability and social responsibility. -Source: The Hindu Halal Certification Ban in Uttar Pradesh Context: The Uttar Pradesh Government’s Food Security and Drug Administration has imposed an immediate ban on the “manufacture, sale, storage, and distribution of halal-certified products.” Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: About Halal Certification BanHalal Certificate Issuance ProcessWhat has the government done? About Halal Certification Ban Halal Definition: Arabic term signifying ‘permissible’ in Islam.Denotes products fit for consumption by followers of Islam, particularly crucial for meat items and when exporting to Muslim nations. Ban Reason: A complaint filed in Lucknow by a BJP youth wing office bearer prompted the ban.Halal certifying outfits accused of issuing “forged” certificates to boost sales among a specific community.Alleged violation of “public trust” and creation of “social animosity.” Government Stance: Legal Basis: The government asserts that the ban aligns with existing laws and fair trade practices.Objective: Official stance denies targeting any specific community, emphasizing adherence to legal and ethical standards. Enforcement Actions: Subsequent to the ban, police units conducted raids in various malls across Uttar Pradesh to seize halal-certified products. Controversial Implications: Community Concerns: Many view this government action as potentially marginalizing the Muslim community in the state.Official Clarification: The government maintains its position, stating the enforcement is rooted in legal provisions and trade regulations. Halal Certificate Issuance Process: Certifying Authorities: Organizations: Certificates issued by Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind’s Halal Unit and the Halal Shariat Islamic Law Board.Accreditation: Both organizations cleared by the National Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies.Scope: Shariat Islamic Law Board certifies food products, while Jamiat’s unit focuses on meat. Reaction to Ban: Surprise and Disapproval: Certifying agencies express surprise, claiming no prior notice from the government.Legal Consideration: Considering legal options, citing potential infringement on citizens’ fundamental right to consume faith-permissible food.Compliance Assertion: Jamiat emphasizes adherence to government regulations, including NABCB registration. Export Product Certification: Ban Scope: Ban applies to sales, manufacture, and storage within Uttar Pradesh, exempting export products.Jamiat’s Clarification: Halal certificates by Jamiat’s unit exclusively for export purposes.Misconception Clarification: Denial of issuing Halal certificates for vegetarian products in domestic markets. Retailer Insights: Business Disruption: Retailers affected by the sudden ban reveal complexities in the certification process.Vegetarian Products: Acknowledgement of vegetarian products carrying Halal certificates for export, sometimes entering the domestic market. Concerns and Clarifications: Sentimental Impact: Clarification that vegetarian products unlikely to hurt sentiments, emphasizing proper certification processes.Financial Transparency: Assurance of legality and transparency in financial transactions, including GST and income tax payments. Legal Exploration: Exploration of Options: Consideration of legal avenues to address the ban, emphasizing adherence to established regulations. What has the government done? Within a week of the announcement of the ban, the State government gave a belated breathing period to all concerned.It allowed retailers 15 days to withdraw any such food items from their shelves.It asked the 92 state-based manufacturers who had been getting halal certification from non-certified organisations, to recall and repackage their products. -Source: The Hindu International Labour Organization’s Report on Safer and Healthier Working Environments at WCSHW Context: The ILO has unveiled a report titled ‘A Call for Safer and Healthier Working Environments,’ set to be deliberated at the 23rd World Congress on Safety and Health at Work (WCSHW) in Sydney, Australia. The WCSHW, a prominent global conference since 1955, serves as a major platform for connecting leaders worldwide in the field of work health and safety, fostering discussions and initiatives to enhance workplace well-being. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the ILO Report on Work-Related Fatalities:International Labor Organization (ILO) Key Highlights of the ILO Report on Work-Related Fatalities: Global Work-Related Deaths: Approximately 30 lakh (3 million) workers die annually due to work-related accidents and diseases.More than 63% of these deaths occur in the Asia-Pacific region. Leading Causes of Fatalities (2016): Long working hours (55 hours or more per week) contributed to nearly 7.45 lakh deaths.Exposure to occupational particulate matter, gases, and fumes resulted in around 4.5 lakh deaths.Occupational injuries caused approximately 3.63 lakh deaths. Fatal Occupational Injury Rate (FOIR): Sectors like mining, construction, and utilities are identified as the most hazardous globally based on FOIR.FOIR is a statistical measure quantifying work-related deaths within specific occupational groups or industries. ILO Conventions: 79 out of 187 member countries ratified the ILO Occupational Safety and Health Convention.62 countries ratified the Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 2006.India has not ratified these conventions, prompting calls for their adoption after the Uttarkashi tunnel incident. Work-Related Diseases: 26 lakh work-related deaths are attributed to diseases like circulatory diseases, cancers, and respiratory diseases.Changing disease trends due to occupational exposure, including increased cases of cancers and asbestos-related diseases. Decrease in Deaths: Deaths due to asthmagens and particulate matter, gases, and fumes have decreased by over 20%. ILO Recommendations: ILO advocates five “Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work” for ensuring safety and health.Principles include freedom of association, elimination of forced labor and child labor, non-discrimination, and a safe working environment. International Labor Organization (ILO): Nature and Structure: The only tripartite United Nations (UN) agency.Brings together governments, employers, and workers from 187 member States, including India.Aims to set labor standards, develop policies, and create programs promoting decent work for all. Recognition and Awards: Received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1969 for its efforts in promoting social justice and labor rights. Establishment and Affiliation: Established in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles.Initially affiliated with the League of Nations.Became the first affiliated specialized agency of the UN in 1946. Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland. -Source: The Hindu NASA’s Psyche Spacecraft Context: NASA’s Psyche Spacecraft, currently journeying over 16 million kilometers away in space, recently achieved a ground breaking feat by successfully firing a laser signal at Earth. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: NASA’s Psyche MissionSignificance of Deep Space Optical Communications (DSOC) NASA’s Psyche Mission: Objective: Explore the asteroid Psyche, situated between Mars and Jupiter.Psyche is a rare metallic asteroid, believed to be the exposed nickel-iron core of an early planet.Directly study a planetary core to gain insights into the formation of terrestrial planets like Earth. Scientific Goals: Determine if Psyche is a core or unmelted material.Analyze relative ages of different regions on Psyche’s surface.Compare elemental composition with Earth’s core.Investigate whether Psyche’s formation conditions were more oxidizing or reducing than Earth’s core.Study Psyche’s surface features. Scientific Instruments: Multispectral Imager:Captures images across different wavelengths.Gamma Ray & Neutron Spectrometer:Analyzes elemental composition.Magnetometer:Measures magnetic fields; confirmation of a remanent magnetic field would support the asteroid’s formation from a planetary core.X-band Gravity Science Investigation:Studies gravitational effects of the asteroid on the spacecraft.Deep Space Optical Communication (DSOC):Tests laser-based communication technology for faster data transmission between the spacecraft and Earth, using near-infrared wavelengths. Significance of Deep Space Optical Communications (DSOC): Introduction on Psyche:Psyche is the first spacecraft featuring NASA’s Deep Space Optical Communications (DSOC) transceiver.Technology Overview:DSOC Encodes Data in Near-Infrared Light Photons:Departure from traditional radio waves for data transmission.Uses near-infrared light photons for encoding data.Enhanced Data Rates:Data rates at least ten times higher than current radio systems.Facilitates improved imaging, extensive scientific data transmission, and video streaming.Faster Data Transmission:Outperforms current space communication technologies reliant on radio waves.Near-infrared waves offer faster data transmission capabilities.Propagation Capabilities:Radio waves excel in traversing various mediums and obstacles due to their propagation capabilities.Limitations:Near-infrared waves have shorter wavelengths compared to radio waves.While useful for specific applications, they lack the penetration and distance capabilities of radio waves.Ongoing Technological Quest:Continued efforts to improve technology, addressing limitations in data transmission rates. -Source: Indian Express RBI’s Move to Increase Risk Weight for Lending Context: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has directed banks and non-banking financial companies (NBFCs) to reserve more capital for risk weights. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: BackgroundUnderstanding ‘Risk Weights’Reasons for Regulatory ChangesChief ConcernsImpact on ConsumersConclusion Background: RBI’s Risk Weight Adjustments:RBI has increased the risk weight for consumer loan, credit card exposures, and loans to NBFCs by 25%, reaching a total of 125%.Application Scope:Applies to personal loans, excluding housing loans, education loans, vehicle loans, and loans secured by gold and gold jewellery.Concerns Raised by RBI:RBI expresses concerns about the rapid expansion of consumer loans, prompting this regulatory move.Anticipates potential risks associated with the increasing volume of these types of loans.Impact on Costs:Adjustment leads to higher costs for both banks and non-banking lenders engaged in consumer lending. Understanding ‘Risk Weights’: Concept of ‘Credit Risk’:Core focus of RBI’s action is to address ‘credit risk.’Refers to the risk linked with a borrower’s inability to fulfill obligations, leading to defaults.Role of ‘Risk Weights’:Essential tool for banks to manage credit risk.Presented in percentage factors, it adjusts for the risk associated with a specific type of asset.Indicator for Risk Management:Indicates the ideal holding percentage that a lender should have to appropriately adjust for the associated risk.RBI has directed an increase in this indicator to align with the perceived rise in risk in consumer lending. Reasons for Regulatory Changes: Governor’s Concerns:Governor Shaktikanta Das, in October’s monetary policy statement, expressed worries about the “high growth” in specific components of consumer credit.Advised banks and NBFCs to strengthen internal surveillance, address risks, and institute safeguards.Monitoring by RBI:The apex banking regulator closely monitored signs of potential stress in the consumer credit segment.Moody’s Assessment:Higher risk weights aim to curb lenders’ enthusiasm for consumer loan growth.Rapid growth in the unsecured segment exposes financial institutions to elevated credit costs during economic or interest rate shocks.Data on Personal Loans:RBI’s latest figures indicate a 23% YoY increase in unsecured personal loans as of September 22.Outstanding loans from credit cards rose by about 30% during the same period.Concerns for Small Loans:Loans below Rs 50,000 carry high default risk, with delinquencies at 5.4% as of June.Shift in NBFC Focus:Some NBFCs, traditionally focused on secured lending, have shifted to riskier segments. Chief Concerns: Impact on Capital Adequacy:Primary concerns revolve around the impact on capital adequacy and overall profitability for banks.Capital adequacy ensures banks have sufficient capital to absorb losses from unforeseen events or risks.Asset Quality and Profitability:S&P;’s report suggests that slower loan growth and increased risk management could support better asset quality.Estimates a decline of about 60 basis points in Tier-1 capital adequacy.Tier-1 Capital Adequacy:Tier-1 capital adequacy represents banks’ highest-quality capital to absorb losses immediately.Potential Capital Raising:Drop in capital adequacy may prompt lenders with weaker positions to raise capital.Public sector banks generally have lower capital adequacy compared to large private sector banks.Impact on Finance Companies:Finance companies might be worst-affected, facing a surge in incremental bank borrowing and impacting their capital adequacy, according to S&P.; Impact on Consumers: Caution in Credit Extension:With increased risk weightage, banks may exercise caution in extending credit, especially to those with higher perceived risk.Some individuals might find it challenging to obtain credit cards or personal loans.Stricter Terms and Conditions:Eligible consumers may face stricter terms and conditions when availing credit.Lenders could implement more stringent criteria for loan approval.Objective of RBI:RBI’s move to raise risk weightage aims to manage growing defaults and risks associated with unsecured loans.Lenders must account for higher credit risk, leading to pricier lending.Higher Costs for Borrowers:Adjustment in risk weightage will result in higher costs for borrowers taking out unsecured loans.Interest rates in this loan category may see an increase. Conclusion: Growing Unsecured Loans:Unsecured loans, including personal loans and credit card dues, are experiencing rapid growth.Cost Implications:Due to higher risk provisioning, these loans may become marginally more expensive.Impact on interest rates will vary among lenders.Fundraising Challenges:Both banks and NBFCs need to raise funds while recalibrating priorities based on new risk weights.Balancing profit margins and managing risks from non-performing assets (NPAs) becomes crucial. -Source: The Hindu Nolamba Dynasty Context: Ancient inscriptions, hero stones, and idols of Shiva Linga and Nandi have been unearthed during recent research about the history of Nolamba Pallavas. Relevance: GS I: History The Nolamba Dynasty: Historical Significance: A significant political power in South India, the Nolambas held sway from the 8th to the 12th centuries C.E. Territorial Dominance: Ruled over Nolambavadi, covering southeast Karnataka, parts of Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh.Initially, served as feudatories to various powers, including Pallavas, Chalukyas of Badami, Gangas, Rashtrakutas, and later, Chalukyas of Kalyani. Capital Shifts: Capital was initially Chitradurga, later shifted to Hemavati in modern Andhra Pradesh during the 8th to 10th centuries AD. Self-Identification: Referred to themselves as Nolamba Pallava in inscriptions, suggesting a connection with the Pallava family. Founder and Origin: Mangala Nomabathi Raja (735–785 A.D.) is considered the founder.Originated as governors during the supremacy of Pallavas and Chalukyas. Political Changes: Initially, feudatories of Pallavas due to territorial changes after Pallava ruler Mamalla Narasimhavarman I seized Badami.Later, aligned with Chalukyas under Vikramaditya I after Chalukyas regained lost territories. Decline: Overrun by Ganga king Marasimha, marked by his title Nolambakulantaka. Temple Complexes: Three notable temple complexes attributed to the dynasty: Kalleshwara Temple in Aralaguppe, Bhoganandishwara Temple in Nandi, and Ramalingeshwara Temple in Avani. -Source: Indian Express Fattah 2 Context: Iran recently unveiled its new and improved hypersonic weapon, the Fattah-2. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Fattah 2: Name and Origin: Fattah: Conqueror in Farsi.Developed by Iran as an advanced version of its initial hypersonic ballistic missile named ‘Fattah.’ Features: Hypersonic Glide Vehicle (HGV):Equipped with an HGV warhead that can manoeuvre and glide at hypersonic speeds.Propellant:Uses a liquid-fuel rocket propellant.Range and Velocity:Precision-guided two-stage missile with a range of 1500 kilometres.Velocity of Mach 15 (fifteen times the speed of sound, approximately 18522 km/hr).Manoeuvrability:Capable of quick turns to evade defence systems.Warhead Characteristics:Equipped with a warhead featuring a spherical engine running on solid fuel and movable nozzles for course changes outside the atmosphere. Hypersonic Missile A missile flying at least at Mach 5 (five times the speed of sound) and is manoeuvrable.Extremely fast, making them challenging targets for surface-to-air missile defence systems. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 30 November 2023

CONTENTS Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS)National Cadet Corps Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Context: Recently, experts from research and academia highlighted the need for investment both from the government and industry in Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) and the importance of leading experts in the field to work collaboratively towards India’s net zero targets through CCUS. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS)Significance of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS)Benefits and Applications of CCUS Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) CCUS encompasses a set of technologies and processes designed to address carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions originating from significant point sources like power plants, industrial facilities, and refineries.The core aim of CCUS is to prevent the release of CO2 into the atmosphere, representing a crucial strategy for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in various industries. Key Steps in CCUS Implementation Capture Process: This step involves seizing CO2 emissions at their source before they are released.Various capture methods are employed, such as post-combustion capture, pre-combustion capture, and oxy-fuel combustion. Transportation: This stage encompasses the movement of compressed CO2, either by ship or pipeline, from the point of capture to the storage site. Storage: The transported CO2 finds its storage in underground geological formations, which may include depleted oil and gas fields or deep saline aquifers. Utilization: After capture, CO2 can be repurposed in various applications instead of being released into the atmosphere.Utilization can involve incorporating CO2 into industrial processes, such as the production of chemicals or fuels. Significance of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Policy Emphasis: The NITI Aayog’s report, ‘Policy Framework and Deployment Mechanism for Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage in India,’ underscores CCUS as a pivotal strategy for emission reduction, particularly in challenging sectors.Hard-to-abate industries, including steel, cement, and petrochemicals, benefit significantly from CCUS interventions. Global Imperative: The IPCC highlights the indispensability of CCUS technologies in achieving global net zero emissions, emphasizing its role as a crucial deployment mechanism. Benefits and Applications of CCUS Grid Flexibility:Incorporating CCUS into the energy mix enhances flexibility in the energy grid.Low-Carbon Energy Production:CCUS facilitates the production of low-carbon electricity and hydrogen, with the latter serving as a direct substitute for fossil fuels.This diversity contributes to energy security, aligning with the priorities of governments worldwide. Applications of CCUS in Industries Concrete and Cement Industry:CCUS technology captures CO2 emitted during the firing of limestone and clay in the concrete and cement industry.Recovered CO2 is injected into concrete mixtures, enhancing strength and durability through a process known as carbonation.Synthetic Gas Production:CCUS serves as a source of CO2 for synthetic gas production, a crucial component for the further production of bio-jet fuel, supporting sustainable aviation fuel initiatives.Fine Chemicals Industry:CCUS is employed in the fine chemicals industry by capturing CO2, blending it with biomass, and transforming it into oxygenated compounds like high-functional plastics.Infrastructure Utilization:CCUS enables industries to continue using existing infrastructure, such as power plants and manufacturing facilities, reducing the need for significant capital investments in new, low-carbon alternatives. About The National Cadet Corps Context: Recently, the National Cadet Corps (NCC) celebrated its 75th Anniversary on November 26, 2023 Relevance: Facts for Prelims About the National Cadet Corps (NCC) The National Cadet Corps (NCC) is a Tri-Services organization, encompassing the Army, Navy, and Air Force, dedicated to shaping the youth into disciplined and patriotic citizens.Established under the National Cadet Corps Act XXXI of 1948, it operates under the Ministry of Defence (MoD). Voluntary Recruitment: NCC operates as a voluntary organization, recruiting cadets from high schools, colleges, and universities across India. Training and Preferences: Cadets undergo basic military training in small arms and parades.They receive preferential consideration in military service selections over regular candidates. Aims of the National Cadet Corps: Character Development:Foster qualities of character, courage, comradeship, discipline, leadership, secular outlook, spirit of adventure, and sportsmanship among the youth.Youth Leadership:Create an organized, trained, and motivated youth resource capable of providing leadership across various domains, including the Armed Forces.Service to the Nation:Instill the ideals of selfless service, encouraging youth to be available for the nation’s service.Career Motivation:Establish an environment conducive to motivating youth to pursue careers in the armed forces. Leadership and Headquarters: The NCC is headed by the Director General (DG), an Army officer holding the rank of Lieutenant General.The headquarters of the National Cadet Corps is situated in New Delhi.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 29 November 2023

CONTENTS International Sugar OrganisationKashi Tamil Sangamam International Sugar Organisation Context: The recent announcement at the 63rd council meeting of the International Sugar Organisation (ISO), headquartered in London, heralded a significant moment for India. India is set to chair the organization in 2024, marking a pivotal milestone in its global stature within the sugar industry. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: International Sugar Organization (ISO)Status of the Sugar Industry in India International Sugar Organization (ISO): Interconnected Representation: The ISO functions as a crucial intergovernmental entity dedicated to advancing the dynamics of the worldwide sugar market.Global Reach: Representing 87% of global sugar production and 64% of consumption, the organization boasts a diverse membership of approximately 88 nations, including India.International Sugar Agreement (ISA), 1992: Administered by the ISO, the ISA aims to cultivate international cooperation in sugar-related affairs, stimulate discussions among governments to enhance the global sugar economy, disseminate market information, and promote diversified sugar use. Status of the Sugar Industry in India Global Dominance: Consumption and Production: India has secured its position as the largest consumer and the second-largest producer of sugar on the global stage. Boasting a considerable 15% share in worldwide sugar consumption and maintaining a robust 20% production rate, India wields significant influence over international sugar dynamics.Regional Leadership: Serving as the Eastern Hemisphere’s market leader in sugar, India complements Brazil’s dominant presence in the Western Hemisphere. This dual leadership solidifies India’s role as a pivotal player in shaping the global sugar landscape. Geographical Conditions: Temperature and Climate: The growth of sugar thrives in regions with temperatures ranging between 21-27°C, coupled with a hot and humid climate—a characteristic well-suited for the cultivation of sugarcane.Rainfall: A crucial factor in sugar cultivation, the optimal range of rainfall falls between 75-100 cm, ensuring the adequate moisture required for the growth of sugarcane.Soil Type: Deep and rich loamy soil serves as the preferred medium for sugar cultivation, providing the necessary nutrients for the thriving sugarcane crops. Distribution and Production Regions: Northern Belt: Encompassing states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, and Bihar, the northern belt stands as a significant hub for sugar production in India.Southern Belt: Spanning Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh, the southern belt capitalizes on a tropical climate. This region is conducive to higher sucrose content in crops, translating to increased yields per unit area when compared to northern India.Regional Disparities: The varying climatic conditions between the northern and southern regions contribute to regional disparities in sugar production, with the southern belt enjoying advantages in terms of yield and quality due to its tropical climate. Government Initiatives: Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP): The government sets the FRP annually, ensuring a minimum price for sugarcane paid by mills to farmers.Ethanol Blended Petrol Programme: India aims to achieve a 20% ethanol-blended petrol target by 2025, utilizing ethanol derived from sugarcane processing and alternative sources to reduce fossil fuel consumption in vehicles. Kashi Tamil Sangamam Context: The stage is all set for Kashi Tamil Sangamam Phase 2 with the launch of its registration portal by IIT Madras on 27th November, 2023. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: About Kashi Tamil SangamamCultural Significance: About Kashi Tamil Sangamam The Kashi Tamil Sangamam commemorates a variety of characteristics of the North and South of India’s shared history and culture.The overarching goal is to strengthen the bonds between the peoples of the North and the South by bringing their respective knowledge systems and cultural traditions closer together.It is being put on by the Ministry of Education in association with the Government of Uttar Pradesh and other ministries including Culture, Textiles, Railways, Tourism, Food Processing, Information & Broadcasting, etc.The project is in line with the National Education Policy (NEP), which places a strong emphasis on fusing the richness of Indian Knowledge Systems with contemporary knowledge systems by the year 2020.The program’s two implementing organisations are IIT Madras and Banaras Hindu University (BHU). Cultural Significance: In order to construct a temple for Lord Shiva, King Parakrama Pandya of the area around Madurai in the 15th century travelled to Kashi (Uttar Pradesh) and brought back a lingam.He took a break under a tree while travelling back, but when he tried to move on, the cow carrying the lingam stood still.When Parakrama Pandya realised that this was the Lord’s intention, he put the lingam in the area, which later became known as Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu.The Pandyas had constructed the Kasi Viswanathar Temple for devotees who could not go to Kashi at what is now Tenkasi in southern Tamil Nadu, near to the state’s border with Kerala.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 29 November 2023

CONTENTS NASA to Train an Indian Astronaut for ISS MissionModel Code of ConductDecentralised Autonomous OrganisationsGreen Leaf Volatiles (GLVs)AstroSatKalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger ReserveWalking Pneumonia NASA to Train an Indian Astronaut for ISS Mission Context: US space agency NASA will train an Indian astronaut for a mission to the International Space Station by the end of 2024. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: NASA’s Collaborative Endeavor with ISRO: Training an Indian Astronaut for ISS MissionIndia’s Endeavor: Bharatiya Antariksha Station and Lunar AspirationsWhat needs to be done?NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR): Advancing Earth Observation NASA’s Collaborative Endeavor with ISRO: Training an Indian Astronaut for ISS Mission Key Highlights: Training Collaboration: NASA commits to assisting in the training of an Indian astronaut selected by ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation).ISS Mission Timeline: The trained astronaut is slated to embark on a mission to the International Space Station (ISS) by the close of 2024.Selection Process: ISRO will be responsible for the selection of the astronaut, with potential candidates likely to emerge from the pool of individuals who have undergone foundational space astronaut training for the Gaganyaan mission.Mission Duration: The mission’s science objectives, spanning a two-week period, will be determined by India. Joint Working Group and Collaborative Areas: A joint working group has been established by both NASA and ISRO to explore collaborative ventures in various domains.The areas of collaboration encompass radiation impact studies, micro-meteorite investigations, orbital debris shield studies, and aspects related to space health and medicine. Future of the ISS: NASA has outlined plans to decommission the International Space Station (ISS) by 2031.The decommissioning involves guiding the ISS out of Earth’s orbit, causing it to plunge into the ocean at a location far removed from human settlements.Preparations for a seamless transition involve the anticipation of commercial replacement facilities that would sustain a continual human presence in low-Earth orbit. India’s Endeavor: Bharatiya Antariksha Station and Lunar Aspirations Indian Space Station – Bharatiya Antariksha Station (BAS): India’s planned space station is named the Bharatiya Antariksha Station.It will be both constructed and operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).The anticipated completion date for BAS is set for 2035.Prime Minister Modi has urged ISRO to establish the Indian Space Station by 2035 and send an Indian to the moon by 2040. Characteristics of BAS: The Indian space station is projected to be smaller in scale compared to the International Space Station (ISS).It will have a mass of 20 tonnes, distinguishing it from the ISS (450 tonnes) and the Chinese Tiangong Space Station (100 tonnes).Its primary purpose will be to facilitate microgravity experiments.The planned orbit for BAS is around 400 km above Earth’s surface. What needs to be done? Challenges and Technological Upgrades: Constructing and maintaining a space station necessitates distinct technological expertise.Areas such as life support systems, radiation protection, and ensuring long-term structural integrity pose challenges.India needs substantial technological advancements to meet these demands. International Collaborations and Funding: To overcome challenges, India must explore international collaborations and potentially involve the private sector for funding. Human Spaceflight Programs: The development and operation of a space station require a well-trained team of astronauts.Investment in human spaceflight programs, astronaut training, and essential infrastructure for crewed missions is crucial. NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR): Advancing Earth Observation Collaborative Effort: NISAR, the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar, is a joint venture between NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation). Innovative Technology: NISAR stands out as the first radar imaging satellite to utilize dual frequencies, marking a technological advancement in Earth observation capabilities. Comprehensive Earth Survey: The primary mission objective is to survey all of Earth’s land and ice-covered surfaces every 12 days, providing frequent and comprehensive data.The mission duration is slated for three years. Observing Complex Natural Processes: NISAR aims to observe intricate natural processes on Earth, including ecosystem disturbances, ice-sheet collapse, earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides. Functional Capabilities: Positioned in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), NISAR will meticulously measure Earth’s dynamic surfaces, changing ecosystems, and ice masses.Information gathering spans biomass, natural hazards, sea level rise, and groundwater. Dual Radar Frequencies: The satellite employs two distinct radar frequencies: L-band and S-band.This dual-frequency approach allows for precise measurements of changes on Earth’s surface, achieving a level of precision down to less than a centimeter. -Source: Indian Express Model Code of Conduct Context: The Election Commission of India (ECI) has withdrawn its earlier approval for the disbursement of funds under Telangana’s Rythu Bandhu scheme. This decision follows allegations of violations of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC). Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Rythu Bandhu Scheme OverviewECI’s Reversal of Rythu Bandhu DisbursementModel Code of Conduct (MCC)MCC (Model Code of Conduct) for political parties and candidatesCriticisms of the MCC Rythu Bandhu Scheme Overview: Initiated by the Telangana government, Rythu Bandhu supports farmers with investment aid for agriculture and horticulture crops.The scheme aims to alleviate the financial burden on farmers, offering a Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) of Rs.5,000 per acre each season for various agricultural needs.Since its launch in 2018, the number of Rythu Bandhu beneficiaries has increased from 50.25 lakh to 70 lakh farmers. ECI’s Reversal of Rythu Bandhu Disbursement: The Election Commission of India (ECI) initially permitted Rythu Bandhu disbursement during the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) period, provided it adhered to specific guidelines.Similar to the PM Kisan Samman Nidhi, the scheme aimed to support farmers without political exploitation.However, a violation of MCC occurred when a Telangana minister publicized the release of funds during the elections, leading to the ECI’s reversal of permission.The EC’s directive mandates an immediate halt to Rythu Bandhu disbursement during the MCC, impacting farmers’ financial assistance until the MCC period concludes.  Model Code of Conduct (MCC) The MCC refers to a set of guidelines created by the Election Commission of India (ECI).It serves as a regulatory tool for political parties and candidates in the run-up to elections.The primary objective of the MCC is to enable the EC to fulfill its constitutional mandate of supervising and conducting free and fair elections to the Parliament and State Legislatures. Duration and applicability: The MCC becomes operational from the date on which the election schedule is announced.It remains in effect until the date of the result announcement. MCC (Model Code of Conduct) for political parties and candidates: Campaign Conduct Political parties can criticize opponents based on policies, programs, past records, and work only.Prohibited activities include using caste or communal feelings, criticizing candidates based on unverified reports, bribing or intimidating voters, etc.Political parties must inform local police authorities of the time and venue of any meetings to allow for adequate security arrangements.Parties should establish contact to avoid clashes between processions of multiple candidates.Carrying and burning effigies representing members of other political parties is not allowed. Polling Booth and Identity Only voters and those with a valid pass from the EC can enter polling booths.Authorized party workers at polling booths should wear suitable badges or identity cards.Identity slips provided to voters by party workers should be on plain paper without symbols, candidate names, or party names. Conduct of Party in Power Ministers cannot combine official visits with election work or use official machinery for the same.The party in power cannot advertise at the cost of the public exchequer or use official mass media for publicity to improve election chances.The party in power cannot announce financial grants, promise construction of roads or provision of drinking water from the time of election announcement until the end of the election process.Public spaces and rest houses cannot be monopolized by the party in power. Election Manifesto Manifestos should not contain anything against the ideals and principles of the Constitution.Political parties should avoid making promises that may influence voters or vitiate the purity of the election process.Manifestos should indicate the rationale and ways to meet financial requirements for promises.Manifestos cannot be released during the prohibitory period prescribed under Section 126 of the Representation of the People Act 1951. Recent Additions to the MCC: Regulation of opinion polls and exit polls during the period notified by the ECI.Prohibition of unapproved print media advertisements on polling day and one day prior to it.Restriction on government advertisements featuring political functionaries during the election period. Legally Enforceable MCC: The MCC does not have statutory backing but is strictly enforced by the EC.Certain MCC provisions can be enforced through corresponding provisions in other statutes such as the IPC 1860, CrPC 1973, and RPA 1951.The Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice recommended making the MCC legally binding in 2013.The ECI is against making the MCC legally binding, citing the short duration of elections and the length of judicial proceedings. Criticisms of the MCC Limitations and Failures of the MCC: The MCC has not been effective in preventing various forms of electoral malpractices such as hate speech, fake news, money power, booth capturing, voter intimidation, and violence. Challenges with New Technologies and Social Media: The ECI faces difficulties in dealing with new technologies and social media platforms, which enable the rapid and extensive spread of misinformation and propaganda during elections. Non-Binding Nature of the MCC: The MCC is not a legally binding document, and its implementation depends on moral persuasion and public opinion, which makes it less effective in preventing electoral malpractices. Implications on Policy Decisions and Public Interest: The MCC places certain limitations on policy decisions, public spending, welfare schemes, transfers, and appointments, which can have implications for development activities and public interest. Criticism of Application Timing: The ECI has been criticized for applying the MCC too early or too late, which affects the timing of development activities and public interest. Lack of Awareness: The MCC is not widely known or understood by voters, candidates, parties, and government officials, which may lead to non-compliance with its provisions. -Source: The Hindu Decentralised Autonomous Organisations Context: Decentralised Autonomous Organisations (DAOs) represent a groundbreaking innovation at the intersection of Blockchain Technology and governance. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Decentralised Autonomous Organisations (DAOs): A Digital Paradigm ShiftSignificance of DAOsChallenges Associated with DAOs Decentralised Autonomous Organisations (DAOs): A Digital Paradigm Shift DAOs are digital entities functioning autonomously, free from centralized control, relying on smart contracts and member consensus.Utilizing cryptocurrencies for decision-making and resource allocation, DAOs have emerged across industries like finance, art, and governance. Use Cases Across Industries: Global Financial Ecosystem: Platforms like Compound and Maker DAOs redefine decentralized finance, providing global financial services beyond traditional banks.Art World: Artists tokenize creations, employing DAOs for royalty management and intellectual property control.Supply Chain Management: DAOs in supply chains ensure transparency and traceability, enhancing product authenticity and quality.Governance of Online Communities: Platforms like DAOstack facilitate decentralized governance structures for internet communities. Significance of DAOs: Decentralization: DAOs shift power away from central authorities, embodying a decentralized approach.Democratic Decision-Making: Token holders participate in proposing and voting on decisions, ensuring an inclusive and fair governance structure.Transparency and Immutability: DAOs leverage smart contracts for transparency and immutability, fostering trust and reducing opacity.Global Participation: DAOs transcend geographical and socio-economic barriers, promoting diversity and innovation.Direct Cooperation: DAOs facilitate direct collaboration among participants, eliminating the need for intermediaries.Encouraging Innovation: The structure of DAOs encourages innovation, cooperation, and the free flow of ideas, unrestricted by hierarchical structures. Challenges Associated with DAOs Security Concerns: Smart Contract Vulnerabilities: Notorious incidents like the 2016 DAO hack underscore the importance of addressing vulnerabilities in smart contracts.Security Audits: Rigorous security audits and ongoing improvements in code reliability are imperative to ensure the integrity of blockchain systems. Legal and Regulatory Challenges: Decentralized Nature: Legal classification, taxation, liability assignment, and regulatory compliance across jurisdictions pose challenges due to the decentralized nature of DAOs.Governance and Compliance: Unanswered questions regarding governance, Intellectual Property, and cross-border operations require regulatory adaptation. Dispute Resolution and Accountability: Decentralized Decision-Making: Decentralized decision-making complicates dispute resolution and responsibility assignment within DAOs.Smart Contract Automation: The automated nature of smart contracts raises concerns about accountability and conflict resolution without traditional legal mechanisms. -Source: The Hindu Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs) Context: Recently, for the first time, scientists were able to visualise plants sensing compounds called green leaf volatiles (GLVs) released by other plants in danger. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs)Volatiles Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs): Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs) stand out as a crucial category among plant volatiles, playing a pivotal role in various ecological interactions.Composition: This group comprises six-carbon (C6) compounds, featuring a diverse array of substances such as alcohols, aldehydes, and esters. Notably, these aromatic messengers are emitted by nearly every plant. Release Mechanisms: Triggered Responses: GLVs are unleashed into the atmosphere in response to specific stimuli, primarily mechanical damage inflicted upon the plant or in reaction to herbivory, including attacks by fungi or bacteria. Ecological Implications: Multifaceted Roles: GLVs participate in a wide spectrum of ecological interactions. They exhibit the capacity to either repel or attract herbivores and their natural predators, showcasing their versatility in the plant kingdom. Defence Mechanisms: Dual Defence Strategies: Plants employ two major defence mechanisms triggered by molecular cascades. When subjected to damage, GLVs are released as by-products, initiating a series of reactions. This defense response aims to render the plant less palatable or even indigestible to potential insect attackers.Calcium-Mediated Reactions: The intricate molecular cascade involved in plant defence is orchestrated by calcium, serving as a common mediator for both chemical and electrical signals. This calcium-mediated process underscores the sophistication of the plant’s defence strategy against external threats. Volatiles Volatiles refer to elements or compounds that undergo a phase change from a solid or liquid state to vapor at relatively low temperatures. Common Examples: Among the most prevalent volatiles are carbon dioxide, nitrogen, ammonia, hydrogen, methane, sulphur dioxide, and water. These substances are not only abundant in nature but also vital for the sustenance of living organisms. Characteristic Features:  A defining characteristic of volatiles is their ability to transition into a gaseous state at temperatures that are comparatively low, contributing to their dynamic presence in various natural processes. Significance: Essential for Life: The ubiquity of these volatiles, coupled with their transformative nature, underscores their indispensability in the intricate web of biological and ecological systems. They play a crucial role in sustaining life processes and maintaining environmental balance. -Source: The Hindu AstroSat Context: India’s first multi-wavelength space telescope, AstroSat, has successfully detected its 600th Gamma-ray Burst (GRB), an event named GRB 231122B. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: AstroSatScientific Objectives AstroSat AstroSat stands as India’s inaugural dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory, designed for the comprehensive study of celestial entities across X-ray, optical, and UV spectral bands simultaneously. Key Launch Details: Launched on September 28, 2015, by the Indian Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), AstroSat boasts a lift-off mass of 1515 kg.Positioned in a 650 km orbit with a 6-degree inclination to the equator. Mission Control: Ground Operations: The spacecraft is diligently managed by the spacecraft control center located at the Mission Operations Complex (MOX) of the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) in Bengaluru.Mission Life: With a minimum anticipated mission life of around 5 years, AstroSat continues to contribute to scientific exploration. Scientific Payloads: AstroSat is equipped with five scientific payloads, facilitating the imaging and analysis of galactic and extra-galactic cosmic sources across a broad spectrum of wavelengths on a unified platform. Scientific Objectives: Probing High Energy Phenomena: Uncover the intricacies of high-energy processes within binary star systems housing neutron stars and black holes.Magnetic Fields Exploration: Estimate the magnetic fields associated with neutron stars.Stellar Birth Regions: Investigate star birth regions and the high-energy phenomena within star systems beyond our Milky Way.X-ray Sky Exploration: Detect new, transiently luminous X-ray sources in the celestial expanse.Ultraviolet Universe Survey: Conduct a limited yet profound deep-field survey of the Universe in the Ultraviolet region. -Source: The Hindu Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve Context: Researchers have discovered a new plant species in the genus ‘Impatiens’ (Balsaminaceae) in Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Tirunelveli. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Discovery of ‘Impatiens Karuppusamyi’ in Agasthyamalai RegionKey Facts about Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve Discovery of ‘Impatiens Karuppusamyi’ in Agasthyamalai Region The recently discovered plant species is named ‘Impatiens Karuppusamyi’, paying tribute to S. Karuppusamy for his notable contributions to the taxonomy of South Indian angiosperms.It exclusively inhabits the Agasthyamalai region within the southern Western Ghats.Classified under the scapigerous group (stemless group), the plant graces the landscape during the monsoon season for a limited period. Impatiens Genus Overview: Genus Impatiens: Encompassing over 1,000 species of flowering plants, the genus is widespread across tropical Africa, Madagascar, India, Sri Lanka, and China. Key Facts about Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve: Location: Situated in the Southern Western Ghats, spanning the Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari districts of Tamil Nadu.Composite Sanctuaries: The reserve comprises three main sanctuaries: Kalakkad Sanctuary, Mundanthurai Sanctuary, and a segment of Kanyakumari Sanctuary.Agastya Malai Hill Range: Forming the core area of the sanctuary, this hill range is part of one of the world’s 18 biodiversity hotspots and is colloquially known as the “River Sanctuary” due to 14 rivers originating from the Tiger Reserve.Vegetation Diversity: Ranging from dry thorn forest to dry deciduous, moist deciduous, and a patch of West Coast wet evergreen forests on the higher elevations.Rich Fauna: Home to diverse wildlife, including the Lion-tailed Macaque, Nilgiri Tahr, Nilgiri Pipit, Grey Headed Bulbul, Blue Winged Parakeet, and more. -Source: The Times of India Walking Pneumonia Context: Recently, a mysterious influenza-like illness termed as Walking Pneumonia has gripped school children in China. Relevance: GS II: Health Walking Pneumonia: A Mild Form of Respiratory Infection Walking pneumonia, or atypical pneumonia, is a less severe form of pneumonia primarily caused by bacteria, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae.Termed “walking” pneumonia due to its mild symptoms, allowing individuals to continue daily activities without requiring hospitalization or bed rest. Prevalence and Transmission: Common in Children: More prevalent among children, especially those aged 5 to 15, often transmitted in close-contact settings like schools.Airborne Transmission: Spread through airborne droplets from coughing, sneezing, or talking, emphasizing the role of close contact in infection transmission. Symptoms: Mild Symptoms: Symptoms are generally mild and may include a persistent cough, fever, sore throat, headache, runny nose, ear pain, and occasional chest discomfort from coughing. Treatment: Antibiotics: Treatment involves antibiotics to target the specific bacteria causing the infection, aiding in a quicker recovery. -Source: The Hindu

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