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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 31 December 2025

Content Track record In 100 years, quantum physics has touched every aspect of our lives Track record  Why in News ? A fire broke out in two air-conditioned (AC) coaches of the Tatanagar–Ernakulam Express near Yelamanchili, Andhra Pradesh. The toll remained low (one passenger) due to: early alarm by a passenger crew response & emergency chain use diversion to a loop line with platform timely assistance from agencies and existing safety systems. Incident highlights persistent fire-risk concerns in AC coaches and the need to upgrade detection, suppression, and evacuation protocols. Relevance   GS-III | Infrastructure, Disaster Management, Technology & Safety Public transport safety as a critical infrastructure and risk-mitigation challenge Shift from reactive accident response → preventive, risk-anticipatory governance Role of technology (detection, suppression, sensors, predictive monitoring) Fire accidents as 10–20% of total rail accidents despite ↓ 70% fall in overall accidents Need for design-level safety engineering & redundancy in AC coaches Practice Question “Despite significant improvement in overall railway safety indicators, fire accidents remain a persistent risk, especially in AC coaches.” Discuss the systemic vulnerabilities and suggest a technology- and governance-led strategy to build a risk-anticipatory safety culture in Indian Railways.(250 Words) Basic Context — Rail Safety Trend Overall safety performance has improved sharply over a decade. Accidents in 2024–25: down by >70% compared to 10 years ago. However: major accidents fluctuate year-to-year fire accidents form 10–20% of total accidents annually causes include rolling-stock defects, wiring faults, passenger-borne inflammables. Facts & Data — Fire Safety Measures Fire & Smoke Detection Systems installed in ~20,000 AC coaches (as per 2023–24 Annual Report). Target: coverage of all AC coaches including new stock. Fire extinguishers fitted in all AC and non-AC coaches. In this incident: alarm system activated coach mechanic, bed-roll staff, TTE alerted passengers portable extinguishers used, limiting spread before full dousing. Fire was contained in ~2 hours. Why AC Coaches Need Higher Safety Standards ? Closed, insulated compartments → smoke retention risk. Higher electrical load (HVAC, lighting, charging points). Flammable furnishings & luggage increase burn intensity. Night-time fires → reduced reaction time + evacuation difficulty. Risk Analysis — Likely Systemic Vulnerabilities Residual wiring / insulation faults in older stock Passenger carriage of inflammables Gaps in early-stage suppression capability Crew training variance across zones Evacuation & crowd-management constraints at night Policy & Technology Priorities — Way Forward Fixed / automatic fire-suppression systems in AC coaches capable of dousing electrical & thermal fires trigger-based activation to stop flashover spread. Full roll-out of detection systems to 100% AC fleet + periodic audits. Fire-safe coach design standards low-smoke / flame-retardant interiors protected wiring channels & redundancy. AI / sensor-based health monitoring predictive alerts on heating, cable load, bearing temperatures. Strict enforcement against inflammable luggage scanning in sensitive routes, awareness + penalties. Crew & passenger readiness standardised night-evacuation drills, signage, briefing protocols. Independent safety review mechanism post-incident learning loops across zones. In safety-critical public transport, “no feature is too expensive” compared to loss of life. Impact & Governance Perspective Reinforces shift from accident-reactive to risk-anticipatory safety culture. Aligns with: infrastructure resilience human-factor training technology-enabled safety modernisation. Essential for high-speed expansion, passenger trust, and service reliability. Takeaways Accidents ↓ >70% in 10 years (2024–25 vs baseline) Fire incidents = ~10–20% of accidents annually ~20,000 AC coaches fitted with fire/smoke detection (target = full coverage) Policy need: automatic suppression + stricter inflammable-luggage controls + design upgrades In 100 years, quantum physics has touched every aspect of our lives Why in News ? 2025 marks a century-long journey of modern quantum physics, tracing back to: Werner Heisenberg’s matrix mechanics (1925) followed by contributions from Schrödinger, Bohr, Born, Dirac, Pauli, and others The UN earlier declared 2025 the “Year of Quantum Science and Technology” to recognise: the transformation of science, technology, economy, and daily life through quantum principles. The article reflects on how quantum theory moved from abstraction to real-world innovation shaping: electronics, computing, communication, materials, medicine, national security, and emerging quantum industries. Relevance   GS-III | Science & Technology — Basics, Applications, Innovation Foundation of modern electronics, semiconductors, lasers, sensors, MRI, GPS, photonics Transition from abstract theory → technology backbone (first quantum revolution) Emerging frontier fields — quantum computing, communication, sensing, materials (second quantum revolution) Role of precision technologies, cybersecurity, AI acceleration, climate & material science Practice Question “Quantum physics has moved from abstract theory to the backbone of modern technology.” Explain with examples how quantum principles underpin everyday technologies, and assess the opportunities and challenges of the second quantum revolution.(250 Words ) What is Quantum Physics? Studies matter and energy at atomic & subatomic scales. Key principles: Wave–particle duality (particles exhibit wave-like behaviour) Quantisation of energy Uncertainty principle (limits to simultaneous measurement of position & momentum) Superposition & entanglement (multiple states; correlated particles) Counterintuitive nature is why Richard Feynman famously said: “No one understands quantum mechanics.” Historical Evolution — Facts & Timeline 1900 — Max Planck introduces quantised energy to explain black-body radiation. 1905 — Einstein explains photoelectric effect → photons. 1925 — Heisenberg develops matrix mechanics. 1926 — Schrödinger proposes wave mechanics. 1927 — Born’s probabilistic interpretation of wavefunction. 1927 — Copenhagen interpretation (Bohr–Heisenberg). 1930s–1950s — Dirac, Pauli, Fermi advance quantum field theory. Post-war era → quantum principles drive electronics revolution. Key shift: From abstract theory → technological foundation of the 20th & 21st centuries. Where Quantum Physics Shows Up in Daily Life? The “first quantum revolution” powered technologies based on semiconductors, photon behaviour, atomic physics: Transistors & microchips → modern computers & smartphones Lasers → telecom fibre optics, barcode scanners, surgery MRI & PET scans → quantum spin & nuclear magnetic resonance LEDs, solar cells, sensors, atomic clocks GPS timing & navigation Chemical & materials engineering Digital cameras & photodetectors Almost every modern device rests on quantum principles, even if invisible to users. Second Quantum Revolution — Emerging Frontier Technologies Modern research now exploits superposition & entanglement directly: Quantum computing solves optimisation, cryptography, molecular simulation problems Quantum communication & encryption ultra-secure networks (QKD) Quantum sensing & metrology ultra-precise measurement, navigation, climate & mineral mapping Quantum materials superconductors, graphene, topological insulators Global race underway — strategic, economic, and security implications. India’s Quantum Push — Facts & Policy Context National Quantum Mission (NQM), India (2023–2031) Outlay: ₹6,003 crore goals: quantum computing, secure communication, sensing, materials Establishment of Quantum Technology hubs in IITs, IISc & research centres DRDO–ISRO–MeitY projects in quantum communication pilots & satellites Start-up ecosystem in QKD, cryogenic hardware, photonics Why Quantum Matters ? — Strategic & Developmental Significance Economic value creation in: pharma, logistics, finance, climate modelling, AI acceleration National security post-quantum cryptography, secure warfare networks Scientific competitiveness leadership in emerging-tech value chains Sovereignty in high-tech ecosystems Challenges & Debates  Hardware scalability, decoherence, cryogenic constraints Talent, research-to-industry translation gaps Ethical & governance issues in crypto, defence, data security Risk of quantum divide between nations Quick Facts 1925 — Heisenberg’s matrix mechanics → foundation of modern quantum theory Technologies derived: semiconductors, lasers, MRI, GPS, solar cells, sensors Second quantum revolution → computing, cryptography, sensing, materials India NQM outlay: ₹6,003 crore (2023–31)

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 31 December 2025

Content Law on Suspension of Sentence India as the Fourth-Largest Economy Ammonium Sulfate in Delhi’s PM2.5 Farmer Suicides in India PM-KUSUM 2.0 Law on Suspension of Sentence Why in news?  The Supreme Court (Dec 29, 2025) stayed the Delhi High Court order suspending the life sentence and granting bail to former MLA Kuldeep Singh Sengar in the 2017 Unnao rape case, pending appeal. Relevance : GS-II (Polity) Criminal justice & appellate powers under CrPC/BNSS; limits of judicial discretion. Balancing Article 21 (fair trial) with victim/witness protection, esp. in POCSO / heinous offences. Core Concept (Doctrinal Basics) Meaning “Suspension of sentence” pauses the execution of punishment after conviction during pendency of appeal. It does not set aside conviction; the finding of guilt remains operative. Statutory Basis Section 389, CrPC, 1973 → now Section 430, BNSS, 2023. Operates only post-conviction and is discretionary, not automatic. Distinct from Related Remedies Suspension of sentence → temporary halt of punishment. Stay of conviction → exceptional; affects disqualification consequences. Commutation / Remission / Pardon → executive powers, not appellate discretion. When is Suspension the Norm vs the Exception? Fixed-term sentences under appeal General rule → courts lean towards suspension to prevent appeal becoming infructuous Bhagwan Rama Shinde Gosai (1999). Heinous offences / Life imprisonment cases Not routine; treated as exceptional relief. Requires heightened scrutiny of facts, risk, and merits. Governing Tests Applied by Appellate Courts Key evaluation matrix distilled from Supreme Court jurisprudence: A. Nature & Gravity of Offence Seriousness, brutality, societal impact (Shivani Tyagi, 2024). B. Strength of Appeal / Chance of Acquittal Must show prima facie serious infirmity or palpable error in trial judgment likely to reverse outcome Chhotelal Yadav, 2025. C. Long Incarceration Alone — Not Sufficient Period already undergone cannot be the sole ground in life-sentence matters Shivani Tyagi, 2024. D. Risk of Threat / Witness Intimidation / Victim Safety Prior conduct, history of intimidation, power asymmetry, vulnerability. E. Likelihood of Delay in Appeal Hearing Relevant, but secondary in heinous crimes. F. Conduct of Accused Behaviour in custody, criminal antecedents, compliance with earlier bail. Operational rule emerging: Suspension in life-imprisonment cases is justified only when (i) appeal shows credible prospects of reversal, and (ii) release does not compromise public interest or victim/witness safety. Procedural Safeguards & Requirements Reasoned Orders are Mandatory Courts must show application of mind to gravity, evidence, risks. Victim / State must be heard in serious offences. Conditions may be imposed travel limits, sureties, periodic reporting, non-contact directions. Bail on suspension ≠ right — remains judicial discretion tied to case facts. Special Considerations in Life-Imprisonment & Sexual-Offence Cases Courts apply higher caution where offences involve minors, custodial or authority-based abuse, organised violence, or systemic intimidation. In POCSO-type contexts, courts recognise the victim-centric and protective purpose of the statute; suspension requires stricter scrutiny of safety and societal interest. Jamna Lal, 2025 — trial court findings on minority or core facts are not to be unsettled lightly at suspension stage. Suspension vs Human Rights & Article 21 Balance Rationale for the doctrine Prevents undue hardship if conviction is later reversed. Preserves the right to meaningful appeal. Counter-balancing considerations Public confidence in justice, deterrence in grave crimes, survivor rights, equality before law. Courts therefore calibrate between fairness to the convict and societal / victim-protection interests. Neutral Policy & Practice Issues (Current Debates) Consistency problem Divergent High Court thresholds in life-sentence suspension orders. Backlog-driven pressures Delayed hearings often cited — but SC insists delay cannot override gravity in heinous crimes. Need for structured guidelines A uniform check-list / risk-assessment framework could improve predictability and victim-safety evaluation. Witness-protection integration Suspension decisions in high-risk cases need robust monitoring conditions and accountability for enforcement. Key Takeaways Suspension of sentence = execution paused, conviction intact. Routine in short / fixed-term sentences; exceptional in life-sentence / heinous offences. Core determinants → gravity, merits of appeal, safety risk, conduct, delay (secondary). Long custody alone is insufficient; courts must see credible prospects of acquittal. Orders must be reasoned, cautious, and victim-sensitive, especially in POCSO / sexual-violence contexts. India as the Fourth-Largest Economy  Why in news? Govt. statement (2025 reform snapshot) says India’s GDP ≈ $4.18 trillion, surpassing Japan to become the world’s 4th-largest economy; projected to overtake Germany by ~2030 with GDP ≈ $7.3 trillion. Real GDP growth (Q2 2025-26): 8.2% — six-quarter high; Q1: 7.8%, Q4 FY25: 7.4%. Growth led by domestic demand, private consumption, credit expansion, and resilient services. Multiple international agencies project 6–7%+ medium-term growth. Relevance :  GS-III (Economy) Growth indicators, structural reforms, inclusion vs. size, global ranking vs per-capita gaps. Policy drivers for sustained growth and move toward #3 economy. What does “fourth-largest economy” mean? Nominal GDP (USD terms) used for global size comparison; reflects output × current prices × exchange rate. Real GDP measures volume growth (inflation-adjusted) — relevant for welfare and productivity trends. Per-capita income remains much lower than advanced economies — size ≠ prosperity level. Growth Drivers (Macro-Level Evidence) Domestic demand-led expansion Strong urban consumption, services, housing, and credit to commercial sector. Public capex & supply-side reforms Infrastructure push, manufacturing incentives, digitalisation, tax base formalisation. Financial conditions Benign liquidity, robust banking balance-sheets, rising credit off-take. Exports & resilience Gradual improvement despite global trade uncertainty. Growth Outlook — What agencies are projecting ? World Bank: ~6.5% (2026). IMF: 6.6% (2025), 6.2% (2026). OECD: 6.7% (2025), 6.2% (2026). ADB: 7.2% (2025). Fitch: 7.4% (FY26). S&P / Moody’s: 6.4–6.7% range, fastest in G20. Inference: Consensus anchors India as a high-growth outlier among large economies. Macroeconomic Stability Signals Inflation below lower tolerance band (as per release); Unemployment trending down; Exports improving; Demand conditions firm, especially urban; Credit flows strong → supports investment cycle. Strategic Significance of Reaching #4 (Neutral Assessment) Positives Scale effects: Larger economy → deeper markets, investment magnetism, geopolitical weight. Fiscal capacity over the long run → social sector, infrastructure, technology. Domestic-demand model offers insulation from global shocks. Constraints / Caveats Per-capita gaps remain wide; inequality and informality persist. Labour participation & skilling constraints in some segments. Private capex breadth uneven across sectors and firm sizes. Export diversification & manufacturing depth still evolving. State-capacity and governance heterogeneity affects outcomes. What will determine the move from #4 → #3 by 2030? Enablers Sustained 6.5–7%+ real growth with productivity gains. Manufacturing & supply-chain integration, logistics efficiency, energy transition. Human-capital investments — health, education, skilling. Judicial, land, labour, and compliance simplification to crowd-in private investment. Financial-sector depth (corporate bond market, MSME credit, fintech inclusion). Risks to watch Global slowdown / geo-economic fragmentation. Climate shocks / food-fuel volatility. Persistent core inflation or external-account pressures. Execution slippages in reforms / capex. Welfare & Distribution Lens (Neutral) Rapid GDP expansion must translate into: Employment intensity outside capital-heavy sectors. Rural income strengthening, not only urban consumption. Regional balance and social-mobility gains (health, education outcomes). High-growth with weak inclusion can dampen long-run productivity. Exam-ready Takeaways India has overtaken Japan in nominal GDP to become 4th-largest economy; remains fastest-growing major economy. Recent growth driven by domestic demand, credit expansion, macro-stability, and reforms. Medium-term consensus: 6–7%+ growth; pathway to #3 by ~2030 depends on investment depth, productivity, inclusion, and risk management. Size milestone ≠ per-capita prosperity — structural reforms and human-capital gains are decisive. Ammonium Sulfate in Delhi’s PM2.5  Why in news?  A CREA (Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air) analysis finds that ammonium sulfate — a secondary inorganic aerosol — accounts for ~1/3rd of Delhi’s annual PM2.5 load, rising sharply in post-monsoon and winter months when pollution episodes peak. Signals a shift from primary emissions to atmospheric chemical formation as a major pollution driver. Relevance : GS-III (Environment) Secondary aerosols, SO₂–NH₃ chemistry, coal emissions, winter spikes. Airshed governance + SO₂ control & ammonia management. Basics — What is Ammonium Sulfate? A secondary pollutant formed in the atmosphere, not directly emitted. Chemical composition: (NH₄)₂SO₄ Formed when: Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) → oxidises to sulfate (SO₄²⁻) Sulfate reacts with ammonia (NH₃) in the air → ammonium sulfate aerosol Appears as fine particulate matter (PM2.5) — microscopic particles that penetrate deep into lungs. Primary vs Secondary PM2.5  Primary PM2.5 → Directly emitted (dust resuspension, waste burning, diesel exhaust, industry). Secondary PM2.5 → Forms in the air via chemical reactions among precursor gases (SO₂, NOx, NH₃), influenced by humidity, temperature, and sunlight. Delhi’s problem: Secondary aerosols now contribute ≥ one-third of PM2.5 — meaning local emission control alone is not sufficient. How is Ammonium Sulfate Formed?  SO₂ sources Coal-fired power plants (dominant) Oil refineries, diesel combustion, brick kilns, industry, shipping NH₃ sources Fertiliser use & urea volatilisation Livestock waste, sewage, open drains Atmospheric process SO₂ → oxidises → forms sulfate Sulfate + Ammonia → Ammonium Sulfate aerosol (PM2.5) Persists for days, travels long distances, enabling regional pollution transport. Why is it a concern in India? (Evidence & Scale) India is the world’s largest emitter of SO₂, largely from coal-based thermal power generation. CREA satellite-based 2024 estimates: high ammonium-sulfate contribution in coal-dominated states like Chhattisgarh (42%), Odisha (41%), Jharkhand & Telangana (≈40%). High PM2.5 sulfate shares also reported in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal. Policy context 2023 policy exemption allowed ~78% of coal plants to avoid FGD (flue-gas desulphurisation) retrofits → weak SO₂ control, despite earlier deadlines. Experts flag mismatch between official compliance claims vs satellite-based SO₂ evidence. Why does it matter especially for Delhi-NCR? Delhi records one of the highest annual PM2.5 levels globally. Secondary aerosols: Travel hundreds of km into the city Intensify the regional nature of pollution Worsen episodes during post-monsoon stagnation & winter inversion. Result → Pollution spikes are driven not only by local sources, but also regional emissions + atmospheric chemistry. Seasonal Behaviour — Why spikes in winter/post-monsoon? High humidity & fog → speed up aqueous-phase chemical reactions. Lower temperatures → stabilise aerosols. Low wind & inversion → trap pollutants near surface. Agricultural NH₃ + regional SO₂ → accelerate ammonium-sulfate formation. CREA estimates: ~33% of Delhi’s annual PM2.5 from ammonium sulfate; ~49% contribution during post-monsoon & winter episodes. Health & Environmental Implications Deep-lung penetration → cardiopulmonary disease, stroke, cancer risk. Long atmospheric lifetime → regional haze & visibility loss. Sulfate aerosols influence radiative forcing and cloud interactions. Policy & Control — What needs focus ? Current gaps Insufficient SO₂ control at coal plants (slow FGD rollout). Weak NH₃ management in agriculture, wastewater, and livestock systems. Air-quality governance still city-centric, while the problem is regional & chemical-process driven. Priority strategies Accelerate FGD installation & tighten SO₂ emission compliance. Ammonia mitigation fertiliser efficiency, urease inhibitors, controlled application livestock waste management, sewage treatment upgrades. Regional airshed approach for Delhi-NCR (multi-state coordination). Expand chemical-speciation monitoring to track secondary aerosols. Integrate meteorology-based early-warning and episodic response plans. Takeaways Ammonium sulfate = secondary PM2.5 formed from SO₂ + NH₃ via atmospheric reactions. India = largest global SO₂ emitter, mainly due to coal power → high sulfate aerosol formation. In Delhi, ammonium sulfate contributes ~1/3rd of PM2.5 annually and ~1/2 during winter episodes. Pollution episodes are regional & chemistry-driven, not only local-source based. Effective control requires SO₂ cuts + NH₃ management + regional airshed policy. Farmer Suicides in India  Why in news?  A 28-year analysis of NCRB (1995–2023) by the Centre for Sustainable Agriculture (CSA) shows: >3.94 lakh farmer & agricultural-labour suicides in India (avg. ~13,600/year). Maharashtra & Karnataka report suicide rates ~2.5× the national average consistently since the mid-1990s. Southern & Western India account for ~72.5% of total suicides. Decline after 2010 (linked to MGNREGA & welfare measures) but sharp reversal in 2023, with labourers now forming the largest share of victims. Relevance : GS-III (Agriculture & Social Issues) Agrarian distress, debt-risk in rain-fed belts, labourer vulnerability. Role of MGNREGA/insurance; need for income-stabilisation reforms. Who is counted as a “farmer suicide” in NCRB data? Two categories Cultivators (farmers / landowners / leaseholders) Agricultural labourers (wage-dependent rural workers) Classification depends on primary livelihood, not landholding size. Limitations: Possible under-reporting / misclassification Excludes indirect distress deaths (migration, health collapse due to debt). Long-term trend (1995–2023) — What the data shows ? Total deaths: ~3,94,206 (farmers + agri labourers). Peak distress phase: 2000–2009 → >1.54 lakh deaths; 2002 highest year: 17,971 suicides. Decline phase: 2010–2019 → reduction associated with MGNREGA, debt relief, insurance expansion. Re-acceleration:2023 → 10,786 suicides 6,096 agricultural labourers 4,690 cultivators → shift toward wage-worker distress. Analysts caution: part of the 2023 spike may reflect delayed reporting post-COVID. Regional concentration — Where is the crisis most severe? Persistent high-burden states (since mid-1990s): Maharashtra — 4,151 suicides in 2023 (highest) Karnataka — 2,423 suicides in 2023 Andhra Pradesh + Telangana — >1.7 lakh suicides cumulatively (1995–2023) Madhya Pradesh — consistently among top contributors Pattern Crisis concentrated in rain-fed, commercial-crop, input-intensive belts of Western, Southern & Central India. Intra-state contrasts Telangana’s cotton-belt districts show structural distress Coastal Andhra historically reports lower suicide rates Structural drivers of farmer suicides (evidence-based synthesis) Economic & production-risk drivers High input costs + rising credit dependence Bt cotton expansion (early 2000s) in rain-fed belts: Higher seed & pesticide expenditure Pest resistance shifts, yield volatility Increased financial risk exposure for smallholders Repeated crop failures (rainfall variability, droughts) Weak price support / market instability Limited crop-insurance effectiveness Dependence on informal credit → debt traps Globalisation & policy context (late 1990s–2000s) Trade liberalisation & import competition Decline in producer price protection for small farmers Social-institutional vulnerabilities Fragmented landholdings Lack of non-farm employment buffers Mental-health invisibility & stigma Weak rural safety nets for labour households Why are agricultural labourers now more affected? (2023 shift) Wage insecurity & seasonal unemployment Exposure to food price shocks & inflation Lower access to institutional credit / insurance Weak bargaining power & limited social protection Distress amplified during drought / climate stress periods Implication: Distress is no longer confined to cultivator-debt crises — it reflects broader rural economic fragility. What worked during the decline phase (2010–2019)? Evidence-linked buffers MGNREGA — income support during lean seasons & drought years Debt relief & loan restructuring episodes Insurance expansion (partial protection against crop loss) Diversification into non-farm income in some regions State examples Kerala: decline from 1,118 (2005) → 105 (2014) West Bengal: reported zero farmer suicides by 2012 (per NCRB) Madhya Pradesh: sustained fall during mid-2010s Limitation: In rain-fed commercial-crop states (Maharashtra, Karnataka), gains remained fragile without deeper agrarian reform. Neutral assessment — What keeps the crisis persistent? Production model risk-heavy: mono-crop, rain-fed, input-intensive systems Policy bias toward price exposure, not income stabilisation Insurance coverage ≠ effective payout certainty Rural labour precarity rising faster than farm incomes Climate variability increasing frequency of shocks Institutional responses remain episodic, not structural Way forward — Evidence-backed policy priorities Risk-reduction in rain-fed belts Crop-diversification, climate-resilient seeds, water-harvesting Region-specific cotton-pest management & extension services Income and credit stability Strengthen price-support + procurement reach beyond cereals Reform crop-insurance (timely claims, basis-risk reduction) Expand institutional credit for tenants & labour households Labour-centric protection MGNREGA intensity in drought blocks Urban & rural non-farm job linkages Portable welfare for migrant labour Governance & data District-level distress-monitoring dashboards Suicide-prevention + mental-health services in rural blocks Accurate recording of farmer vs labourer categories Takeaways 3.94 lakh+ suicides (1995–2023); peak 2000–09; decline post-2010; sharp rise in 2023. Maharashtra & Karnataka = persistent epicentres; South-West India ~72.5% share. Drivers: debt-linked risk in Bt-cotton belts, crop failures, price volatility, weak insurance, labour precarity. Post-2010 decline linked to MGNREGA & welfare buffers; distress persists without structural agrarian reform. Recent shift: agricultural labourers now form majority of suicides → deepening rural vulnerability. PM-KUSUM 2.0  Why in news? Ahead of Union Budget 2026-27, the Union Government is preparing PM-KUSUM 2.0, a redesigned follow-on to the ongoing PM-KUSUM scheme (till March 2026). Objective: strengthen decentralised solar in agriculture, with sharper emphasis on feeder-level solarisation, agro-PV models, and improved financial viability. As of Nov 2025 → 10,203 MW installed under all components at an expenditure of ₹7,106 crore (MNRE). Relevance : GS-III (Energy & Agriculture) Decentralised solar, feeder-level solarisation, discom subsidy relief, climate-agri convergence. Design issues: financing, land/use, execution capacity. What is PM-KUSUM? Launched to: Reduce diesel dependence in irrigation Cut agriculture power subsidies & discom losses Provide reliable daytime power to farmers Support climate & energy-transition goals Three components (current phase) A: Decentralised grid-connected solar plants (≤2 MW) B: Stand-alone solar pumps C: Solarisation of existing grid-connected pumps (incl. feeder-level solarisation – FLS) Scheme outlay (current phase, till 2026): ₹34,422 crore; target ~34,800 MW Why PM-KUSUM 2.0? Strong demand from states, but implementation bottlenecks in Components A & C. Need for: More technically robust & bankable design Better integration of feeder-solar + decentralised plants Options like agro-PV and storage, where viable. Shift from scheme extension → new phase with revised architecture. What changes are likely in PM-KUSUM 2.0?  Sharper focus on feeder-level solarisation (Component C) Priority tool for reliable day-time power, lowering subsidy burden on discoms. Agro-PV inclusion under discussion Elevated panels enabling simultaneous cultivation + solar power Addresses land constraints in dense or politically sensitive regions. Higher capex expectation Costs likely to rise if agro-PV / storage are added. Greater private-sector participation in decentralised projects. Access-to-credit reforms via Agri Infrastructure Fund for Component-A projects. Financial architecture — What continues from current scheme ? Central Financial Assistance (CFA) ~30% of benchmark cost (up to 50% in NE & hilly states). Feeder-solarisation (Component C) — current norms CFA up to ₹1.05 crore/MW (≈30% of ₹3.5 crore/MW benchmark). Discom incentives: ₹6.6 lakh per MW per year (₹33 lakh over 5 yrs). State + beneficiary cost-sharing continues as core structure. Component-wise performance & lessons Component A — Decentralised grid-connected plants Challenges Low discovered tariffs → financially unviable after land & evacuation costs. Financing bottlenecks; high margin money discourages farmers. Land near substations scarce; delays in conversion & PPAs. DCR norms & procedural slowdowns. Corrective steps Routing projects through Agri Infrastructure Fund for concessional credit. Increasing alignment with feeder-solarisation demand centres. Component B — Stand-alone solar pumps Strengths High uptake in diesel-dependent & weak-grid regions. Strong farmer interest where power supply unreliable. Risks / gaps Up-front costs, quality control, O&M service gaps. Potential groundwater over-extraction without micro-irrigation / demand-side measures. Does not supply to grid → limited role in subsidy or discom reform. Component C — Solarisation of grid-connected pumps (incl. FLS) Strategic importance Seen as most scalable lever for dependable day-time supply, lower subsidy burden, reduced grid stress. Local-demand-first model; surplus exported to grid. Implementation constraints Feeder separation delays Payment lags from discoms Varied state-level execution capacity Policy direction Core focus area for PM-KUSUM 2.0. Alignment between Components A & C Not formally merged, but increasing functional linkage: Component-A plants serving as generation backbone for feeder-solarisation under C. Supplies agri load first, exports surplus to grid. Considered a scalable template for next phase; improves land-use efficiency and supports agro-PV models. Installed vs sanctioned progress (as reported) Component A: ~667 MW installed of ~9,964 MW sanctioned Component B: ~9.42 lakh pumps installed of ~13.09 lakh sanctioned Component C (IPS + FLS): ~11 lakh capacity solarised of ~35.8 lakh sanctioned Inference: Uptake strongest in Component B, reform leverage highest in Component C, structural constraints persist in Component A. Why feeder-level solarisation matters ? Benefits Predictable day-time power for irrigation Lower cross-subsidy & budgetary subsidy burden Reduced technical losses & grid stress Enables localised renewable transition in agriculture Risks / prerequisites Requires payment security to developers Timely approvals & feeder separation Strong state-level coordination & discom capacity Takeaways PM-KUSUM 2.0 aims to re-architect decentralised solar for agriculture, not just extend the old scheme. Feeder-level solarisation (Component C) emerges as the central reform lever. Agro-PV + A-C alignment expected to improve scalability & land efficiency. Financing, payment security, feeder separation, and execution capacity remain critical bottlenecks. Outcomes will shape the intersection of agriculture, power-sector reform, and climate transition in rural India.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 30 December 2025

Content Pinaka Long Range Guided Rocket INSV Kaundinya’s Maiden Voyage Pinaka Long Range Guided Rocket Why in News ? DRDO successfully conducted the maiden flight test of the Pinaka Long Range Guided Rocket (LRGR-120) on 29 December 2025 at the Integrated Test Range, Chandipur. The rocket achieved its maximum range of 120 km with high-precision target impact, validating guidance, control and in-flight manoeuvre capabilities. The system was launched from an in-service Pinaka launcher, proving compatibility across Pinaka variants and enhancing operational flexibility. Relevance GS-III | Defence Technology & Internal Security Indigenisation & Aatmanirbhar Bharat in Defence Manufacturing — indigenous R&D ecosystem (DRDO, ARDE, HEMRL, DRDL, RCI). Strategic Forces Modernisation — precision-guided long-range artillery bridging gap between guns and tactical missiles. Internal & External Security Preparedness — counter-battery fire, deep-strike support, battlefield deterrence. Understanding the Pinaka System Origin & Role Indigenous Multi-Barrel Rocket Launcher (MBRL) developed by DRDO in the 1990s; inducted post-Kargil for area saturation fire support. Variants (Evolution) Pinaka Mk-I — ~40 km range (unguided, battlefield support) Pinaka Mk-II / Guided Pinaka — ~70–90 km, improved accuracy with guidance kit Pinaka LRGR-120 (New) — 120 km, precision-guided long-range strike Platform Mounted on high-mobility launch vehicles; rapid shoot-and-scoot capability. Technical Features of LRGR-120  Range & Accuracy 120 km maximum range, precision impact (“textbook precision”). Guidance & Navigation Likely INS-GPS based guidance, mid-course corrections, terminal accuracy enhancements. Design & Development Ecosystem Developed by ARDE with support from HEMRL, DRDL, RCI. Trial coordinated by ITR & Proof & Experimental Establishment. Launcher Compatibility Fired from existing Pinaka launcher, enabling multi-range munitions from a single platform. Operational Advantages Higher standoff distance, survivability, quick deployment, reduced logistics footprint. Strategic Significance for India’s Armed Forces Extended Battlefield Reach Bridges gap between tube artillery and tactical ballistic missiles. Precision-Strike over Long Range Enables counter-battery fire, interdiction of logistics hubs, and deep-area targeting. Indigenisation & Self-Reliance Strengthens Aatmanirbhar Bharat in defence munitions & rocket systems. Game-Changer Capability Enhances deterrence, joint-force firepower, and cost-effective long-range strike options. Comparative Perspective Similar Global Systems Comparable class to HIMARS / MLRS (US), Lynx (Israel), Tornado-S (Russia). Differentiator Cost-effective, indigenous, modular launcher supporting multiple rocket ranges. Implications for Future Capability Development Pathway to Larger Ecosystem Integration with network-centric warfare, ISR-targeting chains, UAV-based cueing. Potential Enhancements Higher-range variants, improved seekers, swarming salvo doctrines. Export Potential Strong candidate for friendly foreign militaries under defence diplomacy. INSV Kaundinya’s Maiden Voyage  Why in News ? INSV Kaundinya, an indigenously built traditional stitched sailing vessel of the Indian Navy, embarked on its maiden overseas voyage from Porbandar to Muscat on 29 December 2025. The expedition aims to revive and celebrate India–Oman maritime heritage, retracing ancient trade and cultural routes across the Arabian Sea. The voyage underscores maritime diplomacy, cultural connect, and heritage preservation as strategic pillars of India’s naval outreach. Relevance GS-I | Culture & Heritage Maritime Heritage & Civilisational Exchanges — revival of stitched-boat traditions, ancient India–Oman trade links. GS-III | Maritime Security & Indian Ocean Region Naval Outreach & Maritime Presence — symbolic assertion of India’s maritime identity. Indian Ocean Geopolitics — cultural diplomacy complementing security cooperation. From Basics — Understanding INSV Kaundinya & Stitched Vessels What is a stitched vessel? Traditional shipbuilding method where planks are stitched together with natural fibre cords, not metal fasteners. Historically used along India’s western coast — Gujarat, Konkan, Kerala — for long-distance Indian Ocean navigation. Civilisational Context Reflects India’s role in pre-modern maritime trade networks — spices, horses, dates, textiles, pearls. Echoes accounts from Arab chroniclers, Sangam texts, and maritime archaeology (Lothal, Sohar links). Voyage Highlights (Expedition) Route: Porbandar (Gujarat) → Muscat (Oman) Purpose: Re-enact ancient sea routes connecting western India with Oman. Crew: 4 officers + 13 sailors; Design & Heritage Features Indigenously constructed using traditional stitched shipbuilding techniques and natural materials. Based on historical and iconographic evidence — recreating indigenous seamanship, navigational practices, and hull design traditions. Acts as a “living laboratory” of maritime history, linking craft traditions with contemporary naval heritage initiatives. Strategic & Diplomatic Significance Maritime Diplomacy Reinforces India–Oman strategic partnership through heritage-led engagement. Deepens people-to-people ties, cultural memory, and shared oceanic identity. Indian Ocean Civilisational Continuity Reaffirms India’s historic seafaring ethos and coastal trade networks. Soft Power & Narrative Building Positions India as a culturally rooted, responsible maritime nation in the IOR. Regional Geopolitical Context Complements SAGAR vision, Indian Navy outreach, Western Indian Ocean engagement. India–Oman Maritime Linkages Historical Gujarat–Oman ties via Kutch, Mandvi, Porbandar trading communities. Shared maritime routes across Gulf of Oman & Arabian Sea for centuries. Contemporary Strategic partnership, defence cooperation, access arrangements, energy & diaspora linkages. Oman hosts one of the largest Indian expatriate communities in West Asia.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 30 December 2025

Content To tap India’s clean energy potential , a to-do list Model conduct To tap India’s clean energy potential , a to-do list Why in News ? The editorial discusses India’s emerging clean-energy manufacturing ecosystem and the structural bottlenecks limiting its full potential — particularly in solar, transmission infrastructure, financing, and green hydrogen deployment. It highlights how domestic solar manufacturing capacity has expanded sharply in 2024, aided by the PLI scheme and TOPCon technology adoption, but warns that policy gaps, grid constraints, and financial stress in DISCOMs could stall momentum. Relevance   GS-III | Economy, Infrastructure, Environment Renewable energy transition, domestic manufacturing ecosystem, grid & DISCOM reforms. GS-II | Governance & Policy Regulatory stability, investment climate, public–private risk management. Practice Question “India’s clean-energy transition is constrained less by capacity creation and more by grid, financing and institutional bottlenecks.” Discuss with reference to transmission constraints, DISCOM stress and investment risk in the renewable energy sector.(250 Words) From Basics — India’s Clean Energy Shift Past dependence on imports India long relied on Chinese solar modules & cells to meet renewable expansion. Current transition Domestic firms added ~25.3 GW of new module capacity in 2024, nearly doubling national manufacturing strength. Policy catalyst PLI Scheme → promotes indigenous manufacturing & upstream integration. Technological upgradation Shift toward TOPCon and higher-efficiency modules → signals move from assembly to innovation-led manufacturing. Core Issues Highlighted in the Editorial   1) Import Dependence Shifting — Not Eliminated Upstream integration weak: Only ~2 GW wafer capacity vs ~40× higher module production. Risk → dependence shifts from modules to wafers & polysilicon (new vulnerability). 2) Policy Uncertainty & Contractual Risks Frequent tariff changes, duty tweaks, and retrospective renegotiations after auctions. Developers & financiers face uncertain revenue outlook, hurting investments. 3) Transmission Bottlenecks  ~60 GW renewable capacity stuck / under-utilised due to: Inadequate grid connectivity Curtailment by grid operators Result: Clean power cannot flow where needed Developers often get no compensation, weakening project viability. 4) DISCOM Financial Stress Unpaid dues & weak balance sheets affect: PPA enforcement Payment discipline Investor confidence in RE projects 5) Renewable Finance Risk Premium India’s renewable financing costs are nearly 80% higher than advanced economies due to: Grid risks Curtailment uncertainty Regulatory unpredictability 6) Green Hydrogen — Promise vs Reality National Mission target → 5 million metric tonnes per year by 2030. Challenges: High costs ($4.1–$5.0/kg vs conventional hydrogen) Demand creation uncertain Sectors like steel, refining, transport face retrofit risks & no guaranteed offtake. Likely needs: subsidies, price-support, contracts-for-difference, clearer transmission planning. Strategic Significance Energy security → reduce import dependence in critical technologies. Industrial competitiveness → build full value-chain (polysilicon → wafers → modules). Climate commitments → enable Net Zero & RE targets. Geo-economic leverage → positioning India as global clean-energy manufacturing hub. Actionable To-Do Priorities  Strengthen upstream manufacturing Incentivise polysilicon & wafer production, not just module assembly. Stabilise policy & contracts Reduce retrospective changes; ensure predictable tariff framework. Accelerate grid expansion Invest heavily in transmission corridors & storage integration. Fix DISCOM finances Enforce payment discipline, reform tariff structures. De-risk renewable investments Curtailment compensation norms; credit enhancement mechanisms. Green hydrogen roadmap clarity Demand-side guarantees, price support models, export strategy. Model conduct Why in News ? The editorial examines India’s evolving approach to regulating Artificial Intelligence (AI) — currently anchored in existing IT, financial, privacy and data-protection rules — and argues that India lacks a dedicated consumer-safety / duty-of-care framework for AI-driven harms, especially psychological harms. It contrasts India’s approach with China’s newly-proposed rules for emotionally interactive AI systems, and calls for India to improve AI capabilities, expand access to compute, upskill its workforce, and regulate high-risk AI use cases without stifling innovation. Relevance GS-III | Science & Tech, Internal Security, Economy AI governance, responsible innovation, digital infrastructure, financial-sector risk management. GS-II | Governance & Regulation Duty of care, consumer protection, privacy, regulatory design, state capacity. Practice Question “India currently regulates AI through adjacent legal frameworks rather than a unified duty-of-care regime.” Examine the strengths and limitations of this approach, especially in the context of psychological and behavioural harms.(250 Words) From Basics — India’s Current AI Governance Approach Regulatory basis (indirect / adjacent regulation) IT Act & IT Rules → platform due-diligence, deepfake and fraud response, labelling synthetic content. Privacy & Data Protection rules → control over data use and consent. Financial-sector governance RBI — model-risk governance & FREE-AI framework for credit-risk and AI adoption. SEBI — accountability norms for AI use by regulated market entities. Nature of regulation so far Largely reactive and sector-specific, not a unified AI-product-safety regime. No explicit duty of care for psychological or behavioural harms from AI systems. Global Contrast — China’s ‘Emotional AI’ Rules Draft rules require platforms to: Warn users about excessive reliance / addictive use Intervene when signs of emotional distress appear Benefit → addresses psychological dependence & behavioural harms. Risk → could push platforms toward intrusive emotional surveillance / monitoring. India’s stance Less intrusive but incomplete — avoids over-surveillance, but does not directly address AI-safety harms beyond unlawful content or fraud. Core Policy Challenges Highlighted Capability gap India has a large AI-adoption ecosystem, but lags the U.S. & China in frontier-model development. Regulate-first, build-later risk Over-regulation without domestic capacity may increase technological dependency. Fragmented oversight Controls downstream harms, but not model-safety obligations across high-risk deployments. Psychological & behavioural harms AI systems influencing emotions, dependence, or decision-making remain weakly governed. Strategic Way Forward — Two-Track Approach Suggested 1) Build Capability & Ecosystem Strength Improve access to computational resources (compute, GPUs, public cloud capacity) Upskill workforce — AI engineering, safety, evaluation, governance. Increase public procurement of AI — anchor demand, scale domestic solutions. Translate research → industry — support labs, startups, academia–industry bridges. Avoid paralysis by consensus — faster execution to prevent dependency. 2) Regulate Downstream Use — Without Choking Innovation Upstream Focus on high-risk AI contexts (finance, health, welfare delivery, biometric systems, employment screening). Add obligations to existing privacy / consumer-protection frameworks: Incident-reporting duties for model failures, bias, safety breaches. Monitoring & response requirements for harmful model behaviour. Accountability & transparency norms for deployed systems. Prefer risk-based governance over emotion-monitoring mandates or intrusive surveillance. Strategic Significance for India Balances innovation and safety — avoids over-broad surveillance-led regulation. Supports technological self-reliance — compute access + talent + public demand. Protects citizens in high-risk deployments — without deterring domestic model development. Positions India as a pragmatic regulator — use-case regulation > model-control mandates.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 30 December 2025

Content What is the India-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement? Mega AI summit Indian Navy’s stitched sailing vessel INSV Kaundinya sets off for Oman Karen and Arakan (Rakhine) Regions The importance of being a hill Explained -What is the India-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement? Why in News ? India and New Zealand have concluded a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in December 2025 — hailed as the fastest-negotiated FTA (nine months) — providing zero-duty access for 100% of India’s exports to New Zealand and targeting $20 billion FDI inflows by 2030. The deal is positioned as a gateway to Oceania and Pacific Island value chains, aims to double bilateral trade (~$1.3 bn) in five years, and is notable for being negotiated by an entirely women-led team. Strategically, it marks India’s push toward trade diversification, supply-chain resilience, and deeper integration into global value chains (GVCs) amid tariff headwinds and slowing progress on the Indo-U.S. trade track. Relevance GS-III | Economy, Trade, Infrastructure Trade diversification, export competitiveness, supply-chain resilience. Global Value Chains (GVCs), FDI inflows, manufacturing & services linkages. MSMEs, labour-intensive sectors, tariff policy, rules-of-origin safeguards. GS-II | International Relations & Economic Diplomacy Bilateral engagement, strategic partnerships, market access diplomacy. Geopolitics of FTAs, diversification beyond U.S./EU/China. From Basics — Strategic Context Trade diversification push Shift away from over-dependence on U.S., EU, and China-centric markets. New FTAs → U.K., Oman, Russia (ongoing), Pacific & West Asia partners. GVC positioning FTAs aligned with Make in India, PLI, technology transfer, and manufacturing integration. Objective → move from market access dependence to value-chain participation. Key Features of the India–New Zealand FTA Market Access Zero-duty access for all Indian exports. India to liberalise 95% of imports, 57% duty-free from Day-1 (calibrated list). FDI Commitment $20 bn over 15 years with clawback safeguards. Focus → skills, services, mobility, 118 sectors. Services & Mobility Gains Easier movement for students, professionals, youth. Opportunities → IT, healthcare, education, construction, chefs, yoga & music instructors. Cultural & Soft Power Linkages Indian diaspora ~5% of NZ population (~3 lakh) strengthens people-to-people ties. Traditional Knowledge Access First-time facilitation of Ayurveda, yoga, traditional medicine services. Sensitive-Sector Safeguards Agriculture & Dairy kept outside FTA No concessions on milk, butter, cheese, yogurt, oils, sugar, spices, rubber, onions. Protects farmers, SMEs and cooperatives against a major global dairy exporter. Cooperation without Market Opening NZ to assist India’s fruit & honey productivity, supply chains, quality standards, centres of excellence. Relevance to Global Value Chains (GVCs) Moves India up the value ladder Encourages manufacturing collaboration, skill-linked services exports, MSME participation. Gateway to Oceania & Pacific supply networks Expands market reach, logistics corridors, export diversification. Investor-friendly framework Predictable rules → supports value-chain anchoring and cross-border co-production. Strategic Significance Geo-economic diplomacy FTAs as instruments for long-term trade alliances, not transactional access. Resilience against tariff shocks U.S. tariff tightening + slow bilateral progress → push for alternate market footholds. Employment & skills pathway Labour-intensive sectors gain → textiles, leather, gems & jewellery, engineering goods, processed food. Criticisms & Risks In New Zealand Criticised for excluding dairy & agriculture — called “not fair or free” by political partners. In India Concerns over trade deficits and asymmetric gains from past FTAs. Success depends on implementation, monitoring, rules-of-origin discipline, anti-dumping enforcement. Way Forward  Strengthen domestic competitiveness Quality standards, productivity, export capability, MSME upgrading for GVC participation. Enforce safeguards Robust ROO checks, supply-chain traceability, anti-dumping provisions. Invest in R&D & capability building Move from market-access gains → value-addition positioning. Leverage services + manufacturing synergy Skill mobility + production partnerships → GVC embedding, not shallow trade growth. Mega AI summit  Why in News ? India is set to host the AI Impact Summit 2026, positioned at a global scale comparable to the 2023 G-20 Summit, with participation expected from 15–20 heads of state and around 1,00,000 delegates at the main event. The summit is part of the annual multilateral AI governance track that began at Bletchley Park (U.K., 2023) and continued through Seoul (2024) and Paris (2025), where India was handed the mandate to host the 2026 edition. The event seeks to shape global discourse on AI safety, trust, governance, and economic transformation, while strengthening India’s role as a leader of the Global South in AI policy coordination. Relevance GS-III | Science & Technology, Innovation, Economy AI governance, frontier-AI safety, digital public infrastructure. Future of work, skills, innovation diplomacy, technology leadership. Evolution of the Global AI Summit Process Bletchley Park Declaration (2023) → 27 participating countries; focus on frontier AI safety risks. Subsequent editions expanded participation to 100+ countries, signalling widening consensus-building on AI governance. India’s mandate for 2026 reflects growing geopolitical relevance in digital diplomacy & tech governance. Summit Scale & Stakeholders Participation Heads of State (15–20), ministers, regulators, and multilateral institutions. Top AI labs & firms — Anthropic, Google DeepMind, and other global leaders (tentative confirmations). Significant presence from Global South countries. Engagement Format Large ecosystem mobilisation through multiple pre-summit events in India and abroad. Core Themes for Deliberation AI & the Future of Work — productivity, labour-market transitions, skills & inclusion. Trust, Safety & Governance Protocols — frontier model safeguards, accountability, evaluation frameworks. Sectoral AI Applications — health, finance, manufacturing, public services, climate, education. Global Coordination Architecture — cooperation between governments, research labs, and industry. Strategic Significance for India Positions India as a rule-shaper in emerging AI governance, not just a technology user. Strengthens Global South leadership in debates on access, equity, capacity-building, and responsible innovation. Enhances innovation diplomacy — collaboration with major AI firms & research institutions. Supports domestic AI agenda — investments in compute, skills, and industry-research linkages. Opportunities & Challenges Opportunities Platform to push risk-based governance + innovation-friendly frameworks. Chance to secure partnerships, funding, and technology collaboration. Framework for inclusive global AI standards reflecting developing-country needs. Challenges Translating declarations into implementation & institutional mechanisms. Balancing safety norms with growth and market innovation. Avoiding over-securitised or firm-dominated governance structures. Indian Navy’s stitched sailing vessel INSV Kaundinya sets off for Oman Why in News ? INSV Kaundinya, the Indian Navy’s indigenously built traditional stitched sailing vessel, has embarked on its maiden overseas voyage from Porbandar (Gujarat) to Muscat (Oman). The expedition aims to revive and celebrate India’s ancient maritime heritage, retracing historic sea routes that fostered trade, cultural exchange, and civilisational linkages between India and Oman across the Indian Ocean. Relevance GS-I | Culture & Heritage Maritime heritage, indigenous shipbuilding traditions, historical trade routes. GS-II | International Relations Maritime diplomacy, India–Oman ties, IOR cultural linkages, SAGAR vision. What is a Stitched Sailing Vessel? Construction technique Hull planks are stitched together using natural fibre cords, instead of metal nails or rivets. Historical use Practised for centuries along India’s western coast — Gujarat, Konkan, Kerala. Enabled long-distance Indian Ocean navigation, monsoon sailing, and coastal trade. Civilisational significance Symbol of indigenous shipbuilding, seamanship, and navigation traditions rooted in maritime archaeology and textual references. Voyage & Mission Highlights Route: Porbandar → Muscat (retracing ancient trade corridors). Crew: 4 officers + 13 sailors; Symbolism: Re-affirmation of Gujarat-Oman historical maritime ties and people-to-people connect. Overview 1) Heritage Revival (Cultural & Historical Lens) Recreates living maritime traditions rather than museum-based remembrance. Strengthens awareness of India’s pre-modern oceanic trade networks and cultural interchanges in the Arabian Sea littoral. 2) Maritime Diplomacy (Strategic & Soft-Power Lens) Functions as heritage-led diplomacy, deepening relations with Oman and the wider Gulf & Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Supports India’s SAGAR vision (Security and Growth for All in the Region). 3) Naval Identity & Institutional Learning Reinforces the Navy’s evolution from colonial maritime narratives to indigenous seafaring identity. Provides a practical learning platform for seamanship, traditional navigation, and endurance sailing. 4) Cultural Economy & Tourism Linkages Potential to develop maritime heritage tourism, coastal craft revival, skill preservation, and community livelihoods along the western seaboard. 5) Geopolitical & Civilisational Signalling (Advanced Context) Positions India as a civilisational maritime power with deep historical roots in the IOR. Complements contemporary naval engagements with symbolic soft-power projection and people-centric diplomacy. Strategic Significance for India–Oman Relations Reinforces trust, friendship, and historic connectivity between the two nations. Adds cultural depth to an already strong partnership in defence, energy, diaspora ties, and logistics cooperation. Karen and Arakan (Rakhine) Regions  Why in News ?  Elections are underway in Myanmar (three-phase polling from Dec 28, 2025 to Jan 2026), and rebel groups from the Karen and Arakan/Rakhine regions have expressed dissatisfaction with India’s response, urging stronger pressure on the junta for an inclusive process. Relevance GS-II | International Relations — Neighbourhood First India–Myanmar relations, border security, refugee flows, democratic processes. China factor, ethnic armed groups, diplomatic signalling. Where are Karen & Arakan (Rakhine) Regions? Karen (Kayin) State Location: Southeastern Myanmar, bordering Thailand; mountainous–forest terrain. People: Predominantly Karen ethnic minority. Capital: Hpa-An. Arakan / Rakhine State Location: Western Myanmar, along the Bay of Bengal, bordering Bangladesh. Capital: Sittwe. Known for ethnic contestations, including Rakhine groups and Rohingya communities. The importance of being a hill  Why in News ? The article reflects on the ecological, cultural, historical, and civilisational importance of hills and hill ranges in India, in the backdrop of the Supreme Court’s November 20, 2025 judgment on the Aravalli range, which critics fear could dilute protections and enable destructive land-use changes. Using examples such as Pavagadh, the Vindhyas, Satpuras, Eastern Ghats, and the Aravallis, it argues that hills are not minor landforms, but critical ecosystems, strategic landscapes, and heritage spaces essential to human history and environmental stability. Relevance GS-III | Environment, Ecology, Biodiversity Ecosystem services of hill ranges — watersheds, climate buffers, carbon sinks. Conservation vs land-use change, sustainable hill governance. GS-I | Geography & Culture Physiography of Indian hill ranges; civilisational, archaeological significance. What is a Hill and Why It Matters ?a Hills vs Mountains  Mountains are typically higher and steeper; hills are smaller but geologically, ecologically, and culturally significant. Global significance Hills and mountains cover ~25% of Earth’s land area and support ~40% of the world’s population (Ecological Indicators, 2024). Core ecosystem services Water storage & watershed protection Flood moderation & climate regulation Carbon sequestration & oxygen production Natural barriers & wind / desert-sand buffers (e.g., Aravallis) Historical & Civilisational Importance — Key Illustrations 1) Pavagadh Hill (Gujarat) — Culture, Power & Settlement Part of Deccan Traps / Aravalli-extension zone; strategic height fostered urban settlement & dynastic control. Capital of Mahmud Begada’s Champaner (1484) — a symbol of trade control, political authority, and architectural legacy. 2) Vindhya Range — Boundary, Watershed, Culture Acts as a civilisational and geographic divide between Indo-Gangetic plains & Deccan Plateau. Major river systems arise here (Betwa, Ken, Son, Parbati, Kali Sindh). Hosts rich teak–sal–bamboo ecosystems and megafauna. 3) Satpura Range — Biodiversity Corridor & “Faunal Bridge” Satpura Tiger Reserve → rare & endemic flora (bryophytes, pteridophytes). Satpura Hypothesis → corridor enabling faunal dispersal between Himalayas & Western Ghats. 4) Eastern Ghats — Tribal Landscapes & Seed Diversity Home to ancient tribal communities and 454 endemic plant species. Jeypore Tract → secondary centre of origin of cultivated rice (high agro-biodiversity value). 5) Archaeological & Anthropological Significance Rock shelters like Bhimbetka → evidence of early human habitation, art, and evolution. Why Hills Are Irreplaceablec? Ecological buffers → regulate rainfall, microclimates, groundwater recharge. Cultural geographies → pilgrimage, heritage landscapes, identity spaces. Strategic terrain → control over trade routes, defence vantage, settlement evolution. Human–nature continuity → habitats supporting communities, wildlife, livelihoods. The critique warns that reducing hills to narrow legal/technical definitions risks legitimising mining, real-estate expansion, and ecological fragmentation, undermining their multidimensional value. Key Takeaway Hills are not expendable minor elevations; they are living ecosystems, historical archives, climate stabilisers, and cultural anchors. Any policy or judicial framework must treat them with ecological sensitivity, historical awareness, and long-term sustainability, rather than purely economic or land-use lenses.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 29 December 2025

Content Ministry of Railways — Year End Review 2025 Traditional Medicines of India on International Platforms Ministry of Railways — Year End Review 2025 Why in News ? Year-End Review 2025 released by the Ministry of Railways . Highlights transformation in infrastructure, safety, freight capacity, passenger amenities, indigenisation & technology-driven operations, laying groundwork for 2026. Relevance GS-III (Infrastructure, Economy, Transport, Inclusive Growth) Rail infrastructure scale-up — tracks, electrification, bridges, DFCs, MAHSR, corridors Freight productivity & logistics cost reduction; Gati Shakti terminals, PPP, Make-in-India Green transition — near-total electrification, solar stations, road-to-rail modal shift Tech-led safety — Kavach 4.0, AI surveillance, signalling & track modernisation Passenger Services — Expansion, Speed, Inclusivity Vande Bharat 164 services in operation (as of 26 Dec 2025); 15 new trains added in 2025. Vande Bharat Sleeper to redefine overnight long-distance AC travel. Amrit Bharat Trains (Non-AC, affordable comfort) 13 new trains in 2025; 30 services operational. Namo Bharat Rapid Rail 2 services functional — Bhuj–Ahmedabad & Jaynagar–Patna. Special Trains for peak demand 43,000+ trips in 2025 including 17,340 (Maha Kumbh) 12,417 (Summer) 12,383 (Chhath Puja) 1,144 (Holi) Significance: Passenger mobility + festival load management without systemic congestion. Track, Speed & Electrification — Safety + Capacity Backbone Track Commissioning (Apr–Nov 2025): 900+ km new lines. Track Renewal 2025 6,880 track-km rails renewed 7,051 track-km complete renewal 9,277 turnout renewals Long-term expansion (2014–25): 34,428 km new track (8.57 km/day vs 4.2 km/day in 2009–14). Speed Upgrades 130 kmph over 599 km 110 kmph over 4,069 km Electrification 99.2% BG network electrified 14 Zones + 25 States/UTs = 100% electrified Higher than UK (39%), Russia (52%), China (82%). Inference: Mission-mode modernisation + reduced diesel dependence + faster operations. Bridges, ROB/RUB & Level-Crossing Safety 2025: 1,161 ROB/RUBs constructed. 2014–25: 13,600+ bridges, >3× (2004–14: 4,148). 268 manned LC eliminations (2025–26 till Nov). 1,799 bridges rehabilitated in same period. Outcome: Reduced collision risk + smoother road-rail interface. Rolling Stock & Indigenisation LHB Coaches (Apr–Nov 2025): 4,224 units (+18% YoY) ICF: 1,659 | MCF: 1,234 | RCF: 1,331 2014–25: 42,600+ LHB coaches produced (18× over 2004–14). Wagon Production (FY 2024–25): 41,929 — highest in 3 years Jan–Nov 2025: 33,703 wagons. Strategic Impact: Safer trains, higher load capacity, Make-in-India ecosystem. Landmark Connectivity Projects USBRL (272 km) completed — All-weather Kashmir rail link Chenab Arch Bridge (359 m high) — world’s highest. Anji Cable-Stayed Bridge, T-50 longest tunnel. Bairabi–Sairang (51 km, Mizoram) — Aizawl enters rail map 45 tunnels, 55 major bridges; Rajdhani to Delhi flagged off. New Pamban Vertical-Lift Sea Bridge (2.08 km) 72.5 m lift span, 100-yr design life; boosts tourism + future India–Sri Lanka link prospects. High-Speed Rail — MAHSR Progress (Japan Cooperation) Physical progress: 55.63% (Nov 2025) Financial progress: 69.62% | ₹85,801 crore spent Foundations: 412 km, Piers: 405 km, Girder Casting: 344 km, Launching: 330 km Relevance: Tech-transfer, corridor-based urbanisation, high-skill jobs. Freight, DFCs & Logistics Push — Toward 3,000 MT by 2030 India now world’s 2nd-largest freight carrier. DFC Operations (Nov 2025): 403 trains/day on EDFC+WDFC FY25-26 cumulative: 82,718 trains | 64,111 MT-NTKM 1 Billion Tonne freight milestone (FY 2025-26) 4.4 MT/day loading driven by coal, iron ore, cement, containers. Tariff Reform: Flat ₹0.90/tonne-km for cement. 25 Gati Shakti Cargo Terminals commissioned (first/last-mile efficiency). Case Studies First foodgrain rake to Anantnag — 1,384 tonnes. Cement & automobiles to Mizoram via Sairang line. Inference: Lower logistics cost + hinterland market integration. Safety — Historic Low Accident Levels Consequential accidents 2004–14: 1,711 (avg 171/yr) 2024–25: 31 2025–26 (till Nov): 11 Safety Budget: ₹39,463 cr (2013-14) → ₹1,16,470 cr (2025-26). Fog devices: 90 → 25,939 (2014→2025). Kavach 4.0: 738 Rkm, higher accuracy + EI-OFC integration; large-scale rollout planned. CCTV: 1,731 stations | 11,953 coaches. Outcome: Tech-enabled safety + human-error mitigation. Station Redevelopment & Passenger Amenities Amrit Bharat Stations: 1,337 selected; 155 completed. Upgrades: wider concourses, lifts/escalators, modern toilets, F&B courts, OSOP kiosks, Divyang facilities. Solar Adoption: 2,626 stations solar-powered | 898 MW installed (≈70% traction use). Free Wi-Fi: 6,117 stations. RailOne App: UTS tickets, live tracking, e-catering, grievances, taxi/porter. Impact: Urban integration + sustainability + travel convenience. Governance, Digital Reforms & RPF Outcomes Aadhaar-linked ticketing First 15 min booking + Tatkal restricted to verified users. 5.73 cr suspicious accounts deactivated. RPF Operations (2025-till Nov) 376,205 passenger-help cases 17,231 children rescued (Nanhe Faristey) 2,868 lives saved (Jeevan Raksha) 53,607 luggage returns | ₹79.85 cr value AAHT rescues: 978 victims | 292 traffickers arrested NDPS seizures: ₹2,08,52,03,671 | 1,601 arrests Signal: Passenger security + social protection + crime deterrence. PPP-Led Manufacturing & Exports Madhepura (Alstom): 576 of 12,000-HP locos (76 in 2025–26 till Nov). Marhowra (Wabtec): 773 diesel locos; $400 mn export order to Guinea. Dahod (Siemens): 9,000-HP D9 locos, 90% indigenous components. Strategic Payoff: Aatmanirbhar supply chains + export capability. AI & Telecom Modernisation AI-based Intrusion Detection (Elephant Corridors): 141 Rkm (NFR). Video Analytics + FRS at 1,731 stations. Digital VHF radios, Tunnel communications, 67233 Rkm OFC, Coach Guidance: 1,064 stations | Train Boards: 1,449 stations. Effect: Operational reliability + passenger guidance + wildlife safety. Recruitment & Sports 1,20,579 vacancies under recruitment (2024–25 calendar). RPF: 452 SI posts filled; 4,208 constable recruitment ongoing. Sports promotions: Pratika Rawal, Sneh Rana, Renuka Singh (ICC Women’s World Cup 2025). Strategic Significance  Economic: Logistics cost reduction, freight dominance, PPP-led asset creation. Social: Regional inclusion (Kashmir, Northeast), safer mobility, festival traffic management. Technological: Kavach 4.0, AI surveillance, high-speed rail ecosystem. Sustainability: Network electrification, solar stations, modal shift from road. Geostrategic: Border-hinterland connectivity + export-ready rail manufacturing. Gaps & Watch-Points DFC final sections & last-mile linkages pending in some nodes. Cost-time overruns risk in mega projects (HSR, Himalayan works). Freight diversification still coal-heavy — needs container & MSME logistics push. Urban crowding & punctuality challenges on saturated corridors. Kavach coverage still limited vs network size — requires rapid scaling. Traditional Medicines of India on International Platforms Why in News ? MoS (IC) Ayush informed Rajya Sabha about India’s global initiatives to promote Traditional Medicine (TM) through collaborations, MoUs, WHO-partnerships, scholarships, research linkages and export-oriented support under the International Cooperation (IC) Scheme. Relevance GS-II (Health Governance, IR, Global Institutions) Health diplomacy / soft power via Ayush MoUs & collaborations WHO partnership leadership — GTMC Jamnagar, norms & UHC-linked TM policy Global rule-making — ICHI TM module, taxonomy & evidence frameworks Academic diplomacy — Ayush Chairs, training, research networks Scholarships & capacity-building for global practitioners/students Policy Instrument — International Cooperation (IC) Scheme Objective Focus Promote export of Ayush products & services and market development abroad. Support Ayush manufacturers & service providers at international events/platforms. Establish Ayush Academic Chairs overseas, conduct training/workshops/symposia. Sponsor R&D, teaching and institutional collaborations with reputed global entities. Partnerships with UN agencies, esp. WHO for standards, research & policy alignment. Significance: Converts Ayush from cultural heritage to globally mainstreamed health-sector asset. WHO Collaboration — India as Global Hub for Traditional Medicine WHO Global Traditional Medicine Centre (GTMC), Jamnagar, Gujarat First-ever global out-posted WHO Centre for Traditional, Complementary & Integrative Medicine (TCIM). Supports countries in integrating TM with Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Acts as knowledge & evidence hub for standards, safety, efficacy and accessibility. Core Functions Global positioning & leadership on TM. Norms, standards, guidelines, tools & methodologies for evidence and analytics. Creation of TM Informatics Centre — federated databanks & virtual libraries. Capacity-building & training incl. WHO Academy partnerships. Outputs Delivered Benchmark documents (2022) — training & practice standards for Ayurveda & Unani. WHO Terminology documents — Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha (harmonised glossary for integration). ICHI Collaboration (Agreement: 24 May 2025) Development of Traditional Medicine intervention categories & index in the International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI). First-ever global TM-specific classification module covering Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani. Implication: Embeds Indian TM within global health taxonomies & regulatory science. International Partnerships — Scale & Footprint   Country-to-Country MoUs: 25 (Traditional Medicine & Homoeopathy cooperation). Academic Chairs abroad: 15 (Ayush Chairs in foreign universities/institutes). Institute-to-Institute MoUs: 52 (collaborative research & academics). Ayush Information Cells: 43 cells in 39 countries (public outreach & awareness). Scholarships / Fellowships: Dedicated International Ayush Fellowship/Scholarship for foreign students in Indian Ayush institutions. Strategic Outcomes Knowledge diplomacy • Soft power projection • Research networks • Export ecosystem support. Export & Market Development Dimensions IC Scheme supports: Participation of Ayush firms abroad, branding & certification credibility. Service-sector expansion (clinics, wellness, Panchakarma, education). Recognition of Ayush in global supply chains & regulatory frameworks. Policy Relevance Contributes to services exports, health diplomacy, South-South cooperation, and Aatmanirbhar-led wellness economy. Opportunities & Caution Opportunities Evidence generation → improves clinical acceptability & insurance inclusion. ICHI & WHO-GTMC → opens pathway for global regulation & reimbursement frameworks. Academic chairs & info-cells → sustained knowledge dissemination & talent pipeline. Challenges  Need for high-quality clinical trials & pharmacovigilance. Harmonisation with country-specific regulatory regimes. Avoid over-commercialisation without standards & safety validation.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 29 December 2025

Content Linked civilisations, a modern strategic partnership A grand vision and the great Indian research deficit Linked civilisations, a modern strategic partnership Why in News ? Chabahar Port long-term agreement (2024–25) revived operational momentum despite earlier sanctions-driven delays; India Ports Global Ltd. advancing terminal operations and multimodal linkages. INSTC revival & Eurasian connectivity push amid Red Sea supply-chain risks and Suez Canal congestion; renewed strategic relevance of the India–Iran–Russia corridor. Energy security recalibration as India weighs diversification beyond Gulf monarchies and reassesses post-sanctions crude sourcing from Iran. West Asia security flux (Israel–Iran tensions, Hormuz Strait vulnerabilities, Afghanistan instability) increasing the strategic salience of Tehran–New Delhi coordination. Relevance GS-II — International Relations / India & its Neighbourhood / West Asia Civilisational ties → cultural diplomacy, soft power Energy security & connectivity geopolitics (Chabahar, INSTC) Strategic autonomy, multipolarity & regional stability Impact of sanctions, great-power competition, maritime chokepoints Practice Questions  “India–Iran ties are shifting from a culture-led relationship to a geo-economic and connectivity-driven partnership.” Examine, with reference to Chabahar Port and the INSTC. (15 marks) Foundational Basics Civilisational Linkages Shared Indo-Iranian linguistic & cultural roots; parallels between Rigveda & Avesta traditions. Persian as court & cultural language in India for >600 years; deep literary-intellectual exchange. Diplomatic Milestone Formal relations: 1947–48; upgraded to Strategic Partnership (2003 Tehran Declaration). Strategic Pillars of the Partnership Energy Security (Core Driver) Before sanctions, Iran was India’s 2nd–3rd largest crude supplier (≈10–13% of imports in 2016–18). Payment mechanisms earlier used: rupee–rial trade via UCO/IDBI, escrow-linked settlements. Post-sanctions reality: imports dropped to near-zero after 2019; raises: Higher freight & risk exposure via alternative suppliers. Loss of access to discounted crude & long-term contracts. Future pathways Resumption under sanction relief; LNG, petrochemicals, upstream investments (ONCG Videsh prospects). Connectivity & Geo-Economics Chabahar Port (Shahid Beheshti Terminal) India’s only overseas port investment; gateway to Afghanistan, Central Asia & Eurasia. Bypasses Pakistan; complements Zaranj–Delaram highway access. INSTC (International North-South Transport Corridor) Multimodal India–Iran–Caspian–Russia–Europe route. Evidence from pilot runs: ~40% shorter & ~30% cheaper vs Suez-centric routes (time-cost advantage in dry bulk & general cargo). Strategic payoff: trade resilience + logistics hedging during maritime chokepoint disruptions. Security & Regional Stability Common concerns: terrorism, radicalisation, narcotics trafficking, instability in Afghanistan. Quiet cooperation in maritime awareness, West-Asia crisis management, and evacuation logistics. Hormuz & Arabian Sea security: stability critical for India’s energy lifelines and shipping. Technology, Knowledge & New-Economy Synergies Diversification beyond hydrocarbons: IT services & digital solutions (Indian strength). Nanotechnology, biotech, medical sciences (Iranian research ecosystem). Potential in pharma co-production, tele-medicine, science exchanges. Constraints & Structural Challenges Sanctions & third-party pressures — constrain banking, shipping insurance, technology transfer. Dollar-denominated trade exposure — volatility in settlement channels. Regional rivalries — balancing ties with US, GCC, Israel while engaging Iran. Project delays & execution gaps — episodic progress in Chabahar & rail spurs. Policy Adaptations & Opportunities (Data-Focused) Local-currency trade & escrow clearing to de-risk settlements. Dedicated INSTC logistics windows (rail-port integration, container aggregation). Energy diplomacy mix — partial restoration of Iranian crude under waivers/relief to reduce import concentration risk. Maritime-industrial cooperation — ship repair, port IT systems, coastal security tech. Regional value-chains — fertilizers, petrochemicals, food-grains corridor via Chabahar. Strategic Significance for India Trade diversification + Eurasian access without Pakistan transit. Resilient supply chains in a world of contested sea lanes. Balance-of-power diplomacy in West Asia amid multipolar realignment. Strategic autonomy through multi-vector partnerships. Way Forward Fast-track Chabahar operationalisation (equipment, berth capacity, hinterland links). Institutionalise INSTC timetables, unified tariffs, digital documentation. Re-engineer rupee–rial/alternative clearing to stabilise trade. Expand innovation-driven cooperation (IT-health-science) to reduce oil-dependence. Maintain calibrated diplomacy that protects India’s energy & connectivity interests while managing geopolitical risk. A grand vision and the great Indian research deficit Why in News ? Debate on innovation capacity & Viksit Bharat 2047 goals amid concerns that low R&D intensity may constrain technological leadership and productivity growth. Global comparison alarms — India’s total R&D spend (~0.65–0.7% of GDP) lags far behind innovation economies (US, China, Israel, South Korea). Government push — launch of the ₹1 lakh-crore Research, Development & Innovation (RDI) Fund, semiconductor & deep-tech mission announcements, renewed demand for private-sector participation. Relevance GS-III — Economy / Science & Tech / Growth & Development Innovation–productivity link & tech-sovereignty Public vs private R&D funding structure Brain drain, academia-industry disconnect, governance bottlenecks Mission-mode tech programmes, IP ecosystem, deep-tech industrialisation Practice Questions Low R&D intensity is India’s biggest structural barrier to technological leadership and productivity growth. Critically analyse with evidence and reform priorities. (15 marks) Foundational Basics — What is R&D and Why It Matters R&D = knowledge creation → technology → productivity → competitiveness (Schumpeterian innovation-growth link). Strong R&D ecosystems drive: Industrial upgrading & export complexity Strategic tech autonomy & national security High-wage job creation & scientific leadership Global pattern: in advanced economies, industry finances 65–75% of R&D; universities & government play catalytic roles. India’s R&D Performance — The Numbers Research Output Population share ≈ 17.5% of world, research share ≈ ~3% → large capacity-output gap. Patents (WIPO 2023) 64,480 total filings; global rank: 6th; growth: +15.7% (from a low base). Share in global applications: ~1.8% (of 3.55 million). Resident filings per million people: rank ~47 → weak innovation intensity. R&D Spending (GERD as % of GDP) India: ~0.6–0.7% (stagnant / slipping as GDP grows). China: ~2.4% | US: ~3.5% | Israel: ~5.4%+ | Korea: ~4–4.5%. Private vs Public Funding Government-linked sector share ≈ 63.6%; Private industry ≈ 36.4% (inverse of global best-practice pattern). Benchmark Contrast Huawei R&D (2023): CNY 164.7 bn ≈ $23.4 bn → exceeds India’s total national R&D outlay across sectors, signalling under-scale investment. Structural Causes of the Deficit Low private-sector appetite Focus on incremental upgrades, tech-licensing, cost-efficiency—not frontier innovation. Risk-averse capital markets, weak returns to deep-tech investment. Academia–Industry Disconnect Limited joint labs, contract research, tech-transfer offices, incubation pipelines. Research often theoretical, poorly commercialised (“valley of death” problem). Talent Leakage & Ecosystem Gaps Brain drain to better-funded global labs; weak domestic lab infrastructure, salaries, tenure tracks. Bureaucratic Frictions Slow approvals, staggered fund release, compliance overload → disrupts long-horizon projects. Fragmented Research Missions Scattered, small-ticket grants; insufficient mission-scale, outcome-linked programmes in critical tech. Macro-Level Risks if the Gap Persists Slower productivity growth & manufacturing upgrading. Import dependence in semiconductors, electronics, defence & energy tech. Missed opportunities in AI, quantum, advanced materials, biotech, green tech. Reduced export competitiveness & tech sovereignty. Reform Agenda — Data-Focused Policy Priorities Raise GERD to ≥2% of GDP in 5–7 years Public pump-priming + tax credits, weighted deductions, matching grants to push industry share ≥50%. Operationalise the ₹1-lakh-crore RDI Fund effectively Prioritise frontier domains: semiconductors, AI, quantum, clean-energy, space, defence tech. Ensure time-bound disbursal, milestone-based outcomes, independent evaluation. Mission-Mode Innovation Platforms Large, multi-year national missions with program managers, unified roadmaps, and industry co-funding. University Transformation Convert universities into research-intensive institutions: More PhD fellowships, tenure-track research chairs, core labs, shared facilities. Mandatory industry-sponsored centres, co-incubators, IP-sharing frameworks. Strengthen IP Culture Simpler filing, faster examination, commercialisation incentives, revenue-sharing for inventors; robust enforcement. Talent Strategy Global-standard grants, return fellowships, young-PI schemes, and lab-to-startup pathways. Procurement & Demand-Pull Tools Innovation-linked public procurement, sandboxing, advance market commitments in priority sectors. Governance & Delivery Cut approval lags, adopt single-window digital grant management, transparent dashboards. Strategic Payoffs of Reform Technological self-reliance, stronger industrial complexity, higher-value exports. Creation of deep-tech startups, high-skill employment, and competitive manufacturing ecosystems. Alignment with Viksit Bharat 2047 through productivity-led growth rather than factor-driven expansion. Way Forward Set legally-anchored GERD targets with annual glide-path. Incentivise corporate R&D consortia in priority technologies. Build national tech-transfer network linking labs, startups, and industry. Monitor outcomes via patent quality, commercialisation rate, export tech intensity, not volume alone.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 26 December 2025

Content Celebrating 25th Anniversary: Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) First-ever Santhali translation of the Constitution of India  Celebrating 25th Anniversary: Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Why is it in News? The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) has completed 25 years (2000–2025). As of Dec 2025: 8,25,114 km sanctioned 7,87,520 km completed (~95% progress) Phase-IV (2024–29) launched to connect 25,000 habitations via 62,500 km roads, outlay ₹70,125 crore. Increasing focus on quality assurance, digital monitoring, climate-resilient materials, and maintenance systems. Relevance GS-3 | Infrastructure, Inclusive Growth, Economy Rural infrastructure → farm productivity, labour mobility, logistics efficiency Market integration → agri-value chains, price realisation, rural industrialisation GS-3 | Agriculture & Rural Development Connectivity → input access, storage & mandi linkages Strengthening GrAMs, SHGs, rural services ecosystem Why Rural Roads Matter ? Rural roads reduce market isolation, price distortion, and transport frictions (Michael Lipton, Jeffrey Sachs). Evidence shows: 20–25% rise in agricultural incomes in newly connected villages 10–15% increase in farm-to-market sales Higher school attendance & institutional deliveries PMGSY became a poverty-reduction & mobility-led growth instrument, not just an infrastructure scheme. Evolution of PMGSY — Phases & Strategic Shifts Phase-I (2000): Universal Basic Connectivity Target: connect unserved habitations 1,63,339 habitations sanctioned Phase-II (2013): Consolidation & Upgradation Focus on economic corridors, rural markets, service centres RCPLWEA (2016): Roads in LWE-Affected Districts Coverage: 44 high-intensity LWE districts in 9 States Dual objective: security + development Phase-III (2019): Market-Link Connectivity Target: 1,25,000 km through-routes & major rural links Status (Dec 2025): 1,22,393 km sanctioned 1,01,623 km constructed (83%) Phase-IV (2024–29): Last-Mile Universalisation 62,500 km roads | 25,000 habitations Priorities: NE, Himalayas, Tribal, Aspirational & Desert regions Budgetary & Financial Snapshot FY 2025–26 allocation: ₹19,000 crore Funding model: Centre–State sharing + multilateral assistance support (ADB, WB historically) Shift towards maintenance-linked payments & lifecycle costing Technology, Monitoring & Accountability Reforms OMMAS — Real-time project & financial monitoring QMS App — Geo-tagged inspection reporting GPS-linked Vehicle Tracking (since 2022) — Prevents idle deployment e-MARG — Performance-linked maintenance payments (5-yr DLP) Three-tier Quality Monitoring: Tier-1: Implementing agencies Tier-2: State Quality Monitors Tier-3: National surprise audits Innovation, Sustainability & Climate Resilience Use of eco-materials (as per IRC standards): fly ash, slag, C&D waste, plastic waste, crumb rubber, bio-bitumen, geosynthetics 1.24 lakh km roads built using sustainable technologies (as of Jul 2025) Techniques promoted: Cold-mix, Full Depth Reclamation, green pavements Alignment with SDGs: 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11 Impact — Socio-Economic Outcomes Market access & price realisation improved Reduction in travel time & transaction costs Boost to non-farm rural employment Better healthcare & school access Enabled women’s mobility & labour participation Strengthened agri-value chains & logistics integration Regional & Strategic Significance Enhanced governance & mobility in: LWE regions Border & tribal belts Himalayan & NE hill terrains Acts as a force multiplier for security, welfare delivery, disaster response Gaps & Challenges Maintenance backlog in resource-constrained states Variations in construction quality across districts Land & environmental clearance delays in ecologically fragile zones Low integration with public transport & freight ecosystems Climate-induced damage risk in: flood-prone, coastal & hilly regions Way Forward  Lifecycle-based funding + ring-fenced maintenance corpus Integrate PMGSY roads with: rural logistics, e-NAM markets, SHG clusters, OD-connectivity Expand green pavement technologies & resilience standards AI-enabled predictive maintenance Strengthen citizen-audit & social audit frameworks Road-linked rural industrialisation & services corridor strategy Conclusion PMGSY has evolved from a connectivity-expansion programme to a network-consolidation, market-integration, and resilience-driven rural infrastructure mission, making it one of India’s most successful scale infrastructure interventions in 25 years. First-ever Santhali translation of the Constitution of India  Why is it in News? On 25 December 2025 (Good Governance Day), the first-ever Santhali translation of the Constitution of India was released at Rashtrapati Bhavan. Published by the Legislative Department, Ministry of Law & Justice and released by the President of India, Droupadi Murmu. Coincides with the Birth Centenary year of the Ol Chiki script (1925) developed by Pandit Raghunath Murmu. Marks a major milestone in linguistic inclusion and constitutional accessibility for tribal communities. Relevance GS-2 | Polity & Constitution Linguistic inclusion & constitutional accessibility Strengthening constitutional literacy & citizen participation Supports Articles 29–30 (cultural & educational rights) Role of Legislative Department in legal publications GS-2 | Governance & Democratic Deepening Language-based inclusion → better civic engagement Good Governance & citizen-centric administration Access to law in mother-tongue = trust in institutions Santhali Language & Constitutional Status Santhali included in the Eighth Schedule via the 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003. Written in Ol Chiki script (distinct, non-derivative script of tribal linguistic heritage). Linguistic spread: Major presence in Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar Also spoken across tribal belts of eastern and central India Recognized as one of India’s ancient living tribal languages. Why This Translation Matters — Constitutional & Governance Perspective ? Enhances constitutional literacy among tribal communities. Strengthens linguistic justice and cultural dignity (Article 29 — protection of cultural rights). Supports inclusivity in governance & democratic participation. Advances principles of: Access to law in native language Participatory citizenship Decentralised constitutional awareness Institutional & Policy Significance Aligns with: Good Governance & Citizen-centric administration Tribal empowerment & inclusion agenda Eighth Schedule linguistic promotion Supports broader initiatives: Promotion of vernacular legal translations Enhancing justice delivery & legal awareness in rural/tribal regions Symbolic & Socio-Cultural Significance Major representation milestone for Adivasi identity and knowledge systems. Reinforces script-based heritage preservation (Ol Chiki). Encourages: Mother-tongue learning of civic values Inter-generational cultural continuity Deepens State–citizen relationship in tribal regions through language inclusion. Comparative Governance Lens   Democracies with multilingual frameworks show: Higher legal compliance Better civic participation Reduced alienation of minority groups This move strengthens constitutional nationalism rooted in diversity, not uniformity. Critical Issues & Way Forward Need for translations in more tribal and Scheduled languages Training local civic educators & legal volunteers in mother-tongue constitutional literacy Expand: Court judgments & government schemes in tribal languages Digital & audio formats for non-literate communities Build school-level civics resources in indigenous languages Conclusion This initiative represents a landmark step in linguistic inclusion, constitutional accessibility, and tribal empowerment, strengthening democratic participation by enabling citizens to engage with the Constitution in their own language and script.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 26 December 2025

Content A year of dissipating promises for Indian foreign policy The urban future with cities as dynamic ecosystems A year of dissipating promises for Indian foreign policy Why is it in News? 2025 began with high diplomatic expectations for India — renewed great-power engagement, trade deals, energy partnerships, and regional outreach. By the end of the year, these expectations unravelled across four critical domains: Economic security Energy security Global strategic stability Regional security The year highlighted the limits of performative diplomacy, the risks of over-reliance on great-power goodwill, and widening vulnerabilities in India’s neighbourhood and external partnerships. Relevance GS-2 (International Relations) India–U.S., India–China, India–Russia relations Sanctions, tariffs, immigration, energy security Regional security, cross-border terrorism, neighbourhood policy Role of great-power politics, changing global order, NSS realignment Practice Question “India’s foreign policy in 2025 reveals the limits of performative diplomacy.”Discuss with reference to economic security, energy choices and regional challenges. (15 marks) Basics & Background  Post-2024 elections, India aimed to re-energise foreign policy activism through: High-level summits and bilateral visits Reset in ties with the U.S. under Trump-2.0 Progress on long-pending Bilateral Trade Agreements (BTAs) / FTAs Re-engagement with China and Russia Outreach to the neighbourhood and extended neighbourhood Mid-year onwards, developments produced strategic frictions instead of gains. Key Facts & Data U.S. Tariffs 25% reciprocal tariff on Indian exports — hit apparel, gems & jewellery, seafood. 25% surcharge on Indian purchases of Russian oil. Russian Oil Imports Imports rose to ~$52 billion before sanctions pressure tightened. Trade Negotiations FTAs signed: U.K., Oman, New Zealand Pending: U.S. and EU (the major expected deals of 2025). India–China Links restored: flights, visas, pilgrimages LAC security guarantees unresolved Economic restrictions on Chinese investments unchanged Regional Security Pahalgam attack (April 2025) → Operation Sindoor retaliation Questions over loss of Indian jets weakened credibility Emergence of Saudi–Pakistan mutual defence pact Ties strained with Türkiye & Azerbaijan Neighbourhood Political Flux Bangladesh regime-change fallout (2024) Nepal Gen-Z protests (2025) Uncertain transitions ahead of 2026 elections Myanmar elections under junta control. Issue-wise Overview Economic Security Tariff escalation by the U.S. reversed trust-building trends. Impact concentrated on: Labour-intensive export sectors MSME-linked value chains Withdrawal of GSP earlier + new tariff regime → competitiveness loss. Immigration restrictions on H-1B visas Risk to remittances, a key foreign exchange stabiliser. Trade diplomacy gap FTAs signed were secondary partners High-value agreements (U.S., EU) remained unfinished. Strategic takeaway: India’s export-growth model remains vulnerable to policy swings in major markets. Energy Security Russian crude became a low-cost anchor post-Ukraine war. New sanction wave + U.S. surcharge → potential compulsion to reduce / exit Ural crude. Precedent risk: Similar exit earlier from Iran and Venezuela under U.S. pressure. India–Russia summit outcome: No breakthrough in defence, energy, nuclear, space Raised doubts about strategic depth of the partnership. Strategic takeaway: Energy choices now carry economic + geopolitical reputational costs. Global Strategic Environment 2025 U.S. National Security Strategy shift: Softer references to China & Russia India’s role narrowed to Indo-Pacific + critical minerals Indications of U.S.–China accommodation (“G-2” narrative) increased anxiety in Asia. Peace plans in Gaza & Ukraine criticised as status-quo-favouring. China’s promotion of alternative “Global Governance” frameworks signalled Contest to Western-led rules-based order. Strategic takeaway: The world moved toward transactional alignments and power bargains, shrinking space for middle-power diplomacy. Regional & Security Environment Pahalgam terror attack exposed: Persistent cross-border threat capability Gaps in internal movement surveillance Operation Sindoor: Tactical success But limited diplomatic backing for cross-border response Speculation over aircraft losses eroded credibility. Pakistan’s posture hardened under Field Marshal Asim Munir. Saudi–Pakistan defence pact changed West Asian strategic equations. Political volatility in Bangladesh & Nepal reduced predictability. Myanmar elections reinforced junta-first architecture. Strategic takeaway: Regional theatre turned fragile, reactive and escalation-prone. Interpretation & Strategic Implications for India Over-reliance on summit optics & symbolic gestures does not secure outcomes. Performative diplomacy ≠ structural gains. Economic, energy, and strategic vulnerabilities now intersect, creating: Supply-chain risk Alliance uncertainty Neighbourhood instability India must address credibility gaps in messaging vs practice: Democracy, minority rights, and neighbourhood advocacy must be consistent. With global politics becoming transactional, India must: Anchor policy in institutional depth, economic resilience, energy diversification, and neighbourhood trust-building. Lessons for 2026 Move from symbolism to substance in diplomacy. Prioritise trade competitiveness over tariff-exemption dependency. Diversify energy sources & payment channels to reduce sanctions shock. Strengthen deterrence + diplomatic coalition-building simultaneously. Adopt consistent principles on democracy, rights, and regional norms. Develop a clear Indian vision for global order reform, not only reactive balancing. The urban future with cities as dynamic ecosystems Why is it in News? The editorial highlights the growing debate on urban inclusion, migrant integration, and linguistic barriers in Indian cities. Rapid urbanisation has intensified concerns about: Exclusion of internal migrants Language-based discrimination in services, jobs, and governance Design of cities that privilege “insiders” over “new residents” The article argues that urban planning often ignores belonging, identity and cultural diversity, creating what it terms an “invisible linguistic tax” on migrants. Relevance GS-1 (Society & Urbanisation) Internal migration, identity, belonging, social exclusion Urban diversity and demographic change GS-2 (Governance & Welfare Delivery) Barriers to access: language, documentation, service design Inclusive urban governance, participatory planning Practice Question “Language exclusion functions as an invisible economic tax on urban migrants.”Explain the statement and suggest policy measures for inclusive urban governance. (15 marks) Basics & Background  Cities are economic, political and technological hubs, but they are also social ecosystems shaped by people. Migration to cities drives: Labour supply Construction, services, gig economy, manufacturing Knowledge and creative economies However, urban planning traditionally assumes a static, homogenous resident, overlooking: New migrants Linguistic minorities Culturally diverse populations Core conceptual problem: Cities are designed as physical infrastructures, not as human habitats of belonging and identity. Key Facts & Data Context Urbanisation in India 36% of India’s population lives in urban areas (World Bank est., 2023); projected to cross 50% by 2047. Internal Migration Over 450+ million internal migrants (Census & PLFS trends). Major flows: UP–Bihar → Maharashtra, Delhi, Gujarat, Punjab, Karnataka. Language Diversity India has 22 Scheduled languages + 1,600+ mother tongues (Census 2011). Most municipal & welfare documents remain monolingual. Labour Profile of Migrants High concentration in construction, domestic work, transport, gig platforms, food delivery, hospitality, informal trade. Informal employment share in urban labour market: ~70–75%. Implication: Migrants sustain cities economically but face institutional and linguistic exclusion. Core Argument of the Editorials The “Invisible Linguistic Tax” Migrants are expected to assimilate linguistically (“speak like locals”). Failure to do so results in: Difficulty accessing jobs, housing, health care, welfare schemes Barriers in documentation, contracts, and grievance redress Exclusion from formal economy → greater vulnerability to exploitation Economic outcome: Language exclusion → lower earnings, informality trap, limited mobility. Misaligned Urban Planning Assumptions Cities are planned for the already-settled resident, not the newcomer. “Smart cities” become smart only for the documented and linguistically aligned. Migrants become administratively invisible despite contributing: Labour Taxes (GST, indirect taxes) Urban productivity Structural flaw: Planning ignores dynamic demographic change. Governance Without Cultural Diversity Planning institutions often lack: Linguistic diversity Migrant representation Community voice Policies on schools, transit, housing, public spaces fail to reflect: Multilingual needs Social realities of mobile populations Result: Cities become exclusionary by design. Why This Matters ? Economic risks Under-utilisation of migrant skills Productivity loss due to bureaucratic exclusion Urban resilience risks Weak social cohesion Heightened informalisation and precarity Democratic risks Unequal access → erosion of rights and belonging Planning risks Infrastructure success without social inclusion fails development outcomes Central message: Cities succeed only when infrastructure + empathy + belonging move together. Policy & Reform Lens — What Needs to Change? Designing Cities “for All” — Key Directions Multilingual urban interfaces Welfare, transport, municipal services in multiple major migrant languages Inclusive documentation Simplified forms, icon-based instructions, translation support desks Cultural-sensitivity training Frontline staff: hospitals, ration offices, police stations, transport hubs Participatory planning Representation of migrant communities in ward committees Urban social integration policies Community spaces, language-bridging programmes, local networking platforms Shift from static to dynamic planning Cities designed as evolving social ecosystems, not closed settlements Takeaways Urbanisation & Social Justice Internal Migration and Informality Language, Identity, and Access to Governance Human-centric vs Infrastructure-centric Planning Inclusivity as a pillar of Sustainable Cities (SDG-11) Conclusion The editorials argues that the true measure of urban success is not roads, metros, or glass towers — but whether people feel recognised, secure, and “belong”. Empathy and belonging are not soft values; they are core drivers of economic efficiency, democratic legitimacy, and social resilience.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 26 December 2025

Content Communist Party of India — From Origins to Consolidation Aravalli Mining — What the “No New Leases” Claim Really Means India’s Renewed Tilt Toward Coal Power Despite Cheaper Renewable Options Fake / Adulterated Paneer and FSSAI’s Proposed Regulatory Action Indian Army’s Revised Social-Media Policy — Passive Participation with Operational Safeguards Communist Party of India — 100 Years Foundation & Early Evolution Formal founding: Kanpur, 26 December 1925 Alternate ideological origin claim: Tashkent, 1920 (M.N. Roy–Comintern initiative) Nature of rise: Gradual convergence of diaspora activists + urban labour groups + peasant movements Key pioneers: M.N. Roy, S.A. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmad, Ghulam Hussain, Shaukat Usmani, Singaravelu Chettiar Relevance GS-I | Modern Indian History Left movements, labour & peasant mobilisation Role of ideological currents in the freedom struggle GS-II | Political Ideologies & Party Systems Evolution of Left politics in parliamentary democracy Global-Ideological Background Industrial capitalism → inequality → socialist critique Karl Marx: class struggle, surplus value, historical materialism Russian Revolution (1917): inspiration to anti-imperialist movements Comintern (1920s): coordination of revolutionary groups in colonies Streams Feeding the Indian Communist Movement Internationalist–diaspora strand (M.N. Roy) Independent Left circles in India: Bombay, Calcutta, Madras Worker–Peasant activism: trade unions → AITUC (1920) as mass platform Early State Response & Repression Meerut Conspiracy Case (1929–33): arrests, bans, underground re-organisation Established CPI as a serious labour-based ideological force Role in the National Movement Labour & Peasant mobilisation: strikes, plantation & mill workers 1930s: cooperation with Congress Socialist Party WWII phase: “People’s War line” after Nazi invasion of USSR Regional bases: Bengal, Bombay Presidency, Andhra, Punjab agrarian belts Aravalli Mining — What the “No New Leases” Claim Really Means Core Facts — What the Supreme Court / Union Government Have Stated ? The statement “No new mining leases in Aravalli” is not absolute. The restriction currently applies only to general minerals — and only until a Management Plan for Sustainable Mining (MPSM) is finalised. Exemption exists for: Critical minerals Strategic minerals Atomic minerals (First Schedule, MMDR Act, 1957) Existing mines may continue, and renewals may be allowed under strict regulation. Bottom line: This is not a permanent ban; it is a temporary pause for general minerals while guidelines are prepared — with exceptions for strategic resources. Relevance GS-III | Environment & Ecology Ecologically fragile landscapes, biodiversity corridors Desertification barrier, groundwater recharge role GS-III | Economy & Mineral Resources Critical minerals → energy transition & strategic security Why Exemptions Exist — Strategic & Economic Rationale ? Committee report (Uniform Definition of Aravalli Hills & Ranges) notes: Aravallis host deep-seated, site-specific critical minerals. India remains import-dependent for many of these resources. Minerals flagged as strategically important include: Lead, zinc, copper, silver Tin, graphite, molybdenum, nickel Niobium, lithium, rare earth elements (REEs) These are essential for: Energy transition technologies High-technology manufacturing Defence & national security Economic growth & supply-chain resilience Policy logic: Strategic minerals are treated as national-interest resources, hence exempt from blanket restrictions. Temporary Ban + Future Mining under Guidelines The MoEFCC letter (Dec 24, 2025) directs States (Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat): No new mining leases until MPSM for the entire Aravalli landscape is finalised. MPSM preparation agency: Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education (ICFRE) Final approval by MoEFCC MPSM will: Map ecologically sensitive, conservation-critical, and restoration-priority zones Identify areas where mining could be allowed under strict, science-based conditions Approach modeled on Saranda–Chaibasa (Jharkhand) sustainable mining precedent: Geo-referenced ecological assessment Zones marked as: No-mining / conservation priority Conditional mining Permissible mining Implication: Mining is expected to resume selectively, not disappear. Ecological Significance of Aravallis Among the oldest mountain ranges on Earth Key environmental functions: Barrier against Thar desertification Groundwater recharge & aquifer protection Biodiversity corridors (Aravali-Delhi Ridge landscape) Urban climate-buffering for NCR & Rajasthan Landscape already impacted by: Illegal quarrying Habitat fragmentation Dust pollution & slope destabilisation Trade-off: Critical mineral extraction vs ecological integrity & climate resilience. Governance Reality — Gaps & Risks Public messaging vs policy nuance mismatch Claim of “no new leases” can mask exemptions → risk of misinterpretation. Future permissions likely after MPSM, especially for strategic minerals. Monitoring challenges: Enforcement inconsistencies across States Potential for misclassification of leases as ‘strategic’ Community & environmental concerns: Risk of incremental ecological creep Possible conflicts in restoration-priority zones Policy Implications — What Needs Safeguarding ? Transparent mineral zoning maps (public domain) Clear distinction between: General vs critical vs atomic mineral leases Independent ecological audits & social impact review Cumulative-impact assessments, not mine-wise approvals Strict no-go protection for: Wildlife corridors High-biodiversity & recharge zones Restoration-linked mining permissions (progressive reclamation norms) India’s renewed tilt toward coal power despite cheaper renewable options Why is it in News? Multiple States — Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh — have recently signed high-tariff coal-based PPAs (₹5.4–₹6.64/unit) even though: Solar/Wind costs = ₹2.5–₹4/unit Hybrid + Storage = ~₹5/unit or lower Meanwhile, 43 GW renewable capacity (~₹2.1 lakh crore investment) is stuck without buyers. Signals weakening demand for renewables and raises doubts over India’s energy-transition trajectory as the country also plans to add 100 GW new coal capacity by 2032. Relevance GS-III | Energy, Economy & Environment Energy security vs energy transition Coal dependency, grid reliability, baseload economics GS-II | Centre–State Energy Governance DISCOM behaviour, PPA structures, policy incentives India’s Power Mix & Transition Goals Installed capacity (approx. profile) Coal/Lignite: ~55–57% share in generation Renewables (solar, wind, biomass, SHP): ~30% capacity share, lower in actual generation Key targets 500 GW non-fossil capacity by 2030 Net-zero by 2070 Demand trend: Power demand is growing ~8–10% annually, driven by industry, AC load, urbanisation, EVs, and digital infrastructure. Tension line: Rising demand + reliability concerns → states reverting to coal for baseload security. Why States Prefer Coal Despite Higher Tariffs?  1. Baseload & Reliability Advantage Renewables are intermittent (“no sun → no power, no wind → no power”). Coal provides round-the-clock firm power for grids. Battery-storage–based RE is still perceived as risky/untested at scale. 2. Battery-Storage Constraints Current storage supports 5–7 hours, not 24×7 supply. Import dependence + supply-chain uncertainty 18% GST on battery services increases effective tariff. Discoms wary of technology + price volatility risk. 3. Discom Incentives & Risk Aversion Discoms prioritise short-term reliability over long-term cost efficiency. Failure of power supply → political & social backlash. Coal PPAs shift risk to generators, not discoms. 4. Curtailment of Renewables States like Rajasthan & Gujarat have curtailed solar output. Developers lose revenue → bankability issues → project slowdown. Economic Signals Emerging Coal PPAs at ₹5.5–₹6.6/unit vs RE at ₹2.5–₹4/unit = → States are paying more for what they perceive as reliable power. 43 GW RE stranded = capital locked, threatens investor confidence. Push toward new 100 GW coal capacity → long-term carbon lock-in risk. Strategic Implications for India’s Energy Transition Opportunities Coal ensures immediate grid stability & peak-demand support. Prevents blackouts during seasonal demand spikes. Supports industrial growth phase. Risks Transition slowdown → jeopardises 2030 climate commitments. Long-term stranded coal assets if RE + storage becomes cheaper. Increased emissions & air-pollution burden. India may lose competitiveness in global green-manufacturing supply chains. Governance & Policy Challenges Identified Absence of firm RE + storage procurement frameworks Weak incentives for Round-the-Clock renewables (RTC) Discoms’ financial stress → conservative power-purchase behavior Lack of: Grid-balancing infrastructure Peaking power markets Ancillary services pricing Policy-tariff misalignment (GST on storage, import dependence). Way Forward  Short-Term Scale RTC renewable + storage tenders with viability-gap support. Reduce GST on batteries / storage services. Standardise RE-storage risk-sharing PPA models for discoms. Medium-Term Build Green Grids + Transmission corridors. Develop peaking & ancillary services markets. Invest in domestic battery supply chains (PLI, recycling ecosystem). Long-Term Shift from coal-centric baseload → diversified dispatch mix. Promote flexible thermal operation instead of new capacity. Align state-level PPA policies with national transition goals. Fake / Adulterated paneer and FSSAI’s proposed regulatory action   Why is it in News? The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is proposing stricter labelling and disclosure norms to curb the sale of fake or non-dairy paneer substitutes in markets. Many loose / unpackaged paneer products sold locally are made using: Vegetable oils Skimmed milk powder Starches & emulsifiers These products imitate the look and texture of real paneer but lack its nutritional profile and may pose health risks. FSSAI proposes that such products must be: Labelled as “Paneer Analogue” Prohibited from using dairy-related terminology Sold only in sealed packages Carry clear consumer warnings The issue is significant because paneer forms an important protein source for a large vegetarian population and the market is ₹65,000-crore+, largely unorganised. Relevance GS-II | Governance & Regulatory Institutions Role of FSSAI, consumer protection, labelling norms GS-III | Public Health & Food Security Adulteration risks, nutrition quality, public health burden What is Food Adulteration?  Food adulteration refers to: Addition, substitution or removal of ingredients With the intent to increase profit, reduce quality or mislead consumers Leading to health risks, fraud, or nutritional loss Types Intentional — dilution, substitution, artificial colouring, synthetic fat use Unintentional — contamination during storage, processing, transport Relevant Law Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 Establishes FSSAI as the national regulator Provides for: Standards & labelling Licensing & inspections Penalties for adulteration & misbranding What is the Issue in This Case? Real Paneer Made by curdling milk Rich in milk fats, protein, calcium Fake / Substitute Paneer Uses vegetable oils + starch + emulsifiers Designed to look identical Cheaper, widely sold in loose unpackaged form Often not disclosed to consumers Market Dynamics Organised brands = ~10% market Majority sold in unorganised informal sector Loose paneer ~₹300–340/kg Branded paneer ~₹450–500/kg → Price arbitrage drives adulteration Public Health & Governance Concerns Consumers unknowingly consume: Trans fats Low-protein substitutes Poor-quality oils Risk of: Obesity & heart disease Nutrient deficiency Food safety violations Violates: Right to informed choice Food-labelling ethics Consumer protection norms Why Enforcement is Weak ? Large, fragmented unorganised dairy markets Lack of routine inspections in local mandis Low consumer awareness Weak supply-chain traceability Seasonal festival demand → adulteration spikes Incentives for traders are high, penalties limited FSSAI’s Proposed Measures Mandatory Labelling Non-dairy substitutes to be marked “Paneer Analogue” Ban on Dairy Terminology Cannot be sold as paneer / dairy product Colour Marking Visual differentiation from natural paneer Sealed Packaging Only Loose sale to be restricted Disclosure of Ingredients & Nutrition To prevent consumer deception Regulatory Rationale: Shift from post-facto enforcement → preventive labelling + traceability. Way Forward — Policy Recommendations Regulation & Enforcement Strengthen supply-chain audits & random sampling Expand food testing infra at district level Strict penalties for repeat offenders Introduce QR-code traceability for dairy chains Consumer Protection Public campaigns on how to identify real paneer Labelling literacy programs Encourage certified dairy cooperatives Market Reform Support formalisation of local dairy value chains Incentivise quality-assured small producers Promote self-regulation & cooperative branding Indian Army’s revised social-media policy  Why is it in News? The Indian Army has revised its social-media policy to allow “passive participation” on select platforms such as Instagram, X, YouTube, Quora, etc. Personnel may only view or monitor content on these platforms. Active engagement remains banned — posting, sharing, commenting, reacting, messaging, uploading content. Limited use of WhatsApp, Signal, Telegram, Skype is permitted only for general, unclassified communication with known persons. Policy reiterates strict operational security (OPSEC) and warns against: VPNs, torrents, cracked software, proxy sites, anonymous forums, risky cloud storage. This replaces the stricter 2020 policy, when officers and soldiers were ordered to delete Facebook, Instagram and 89 mobile apps amid heightened security risks (including apps with China links). Signal: The policy reflects a shift from total restriction → controlled, security-aware digital discipline. Relevance GS-III | Internal Security & Cyber Security Operational security (OPSEC), espionage & information warfare GS-II | Constitutional & Governance Dimension Article 19(2) — reasonable restriction on speech in disciplined forces Article 355 — duty to ensure national security Why Do Armed Forces Restrict Social Media? Operational Security (OPSEC): Location leaks, troop movement exposure, geotags, photos, logistics hints. Espionage & Phishing Risks State-sponsored hackers, honey-traps, identity spoofing. Psychological & Information Warfare Disinformation, profiling, cognitive targeting. Privacy & Data Harvesting Apps collecting sensitive behavioural metadata. Core principle: Even harmless posts can reveal actionable intelligence. Conceptual Value-Addition  State’s Duty under Article 355 Ensuring security of the nation includes safeguarding operational secrecy and military preparedness — social-media discipline supports this constitutional obligation. Reasonable Restrictions under Article 19(2) Army personnel, as members of disciplined forces, face constitutionally valid limits on free expression in the interest of: Sovereignty & integrity Security of the State Public order & discipline Doctrine of Institutional Discipline Armed forces operate on command hierarchy, confidentiality, and collective responsibility — unrestricted online expression can undermine this structure. Administrative Law Principle — “Proportionality” Shift from blanket bans (2020) to risk-based, limited relaxation reflects a proportional policy approach balancing: National security  Individual autonomy  Civil–Military Relations Perspective The policy reinforces that the armed forces remain politically neutral, preventing: political commentary ideological mobilisation identity-based polarisation via social media.

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