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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 27 November 2025

Content China’s JUNO vs India’s INO   Fighting the fire China’s JUNO vs India’s INO   Why is it in News? China has completed construction of the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) in 2025 and released its first scientific performance papers (Nov 18). Meanwhile, India’s India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) has remained stalled for over a decade, despite being conceptualised earlier than JUNO. JUNO has now begun reporting precision measurements (θ₁₂), while INO is stuck due to environmental, political and procedural hurdles. Relevance GS2 – Governance Centre–State coordination failures. Environmental clearance regime. Public communication in scientific projects. Political economy of large scientific infrastructure. GS3 – Science & Technology Indigenous high-energy physics capability. Impact of delays on global scientific standing. Role of Big Science in technology development (detectors, PMTs, computing). Practice Question Examine the reasons for the prolonged delay of the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO). Discuss its implications for India’s scientific progress in comparison with China’s JUNO project. Suggest governance reforms necessary to execute Big Science projects in India.(250 Words) What are Neutrinos? Fundamental, charge-less subatomic particles. Three flavours: electron, muon, tau. Extremely weak interaction with matter → need massive detectors. Demonstrate neutrino oscillation, implying neutrinos have mass. Key unsolved puzzle: neutrino mass ordering (normal vs inverted hierarchy). Why big detectors? Probability of neutrino interaction ≈ 10⁻³⁸ cm² → need kiloton-scale materials and natural shielding (mountains, underground labs). INO: Original Vision Proposed: 50-kilotonne magnetised iron calorimeter detector (ICAL) in Theni, Tamil Nadu. Mountain overburden was to provide 1 km rock shielding. Science goal: determine neutrino mass hierarchy using atmospheric neutrinos. Built by a national consortium led by TIFR, IMSc, BARC, etc. Estimated cost ~ ₹1,500–1,800 crore. Why INO Stalled? A. Environmental & Local Opposition Fear of “radioactivity” due to DAE involvement. Concerns: blasting, tunnelling, impact on water aquifers, wildlife. Project misunderstood as a “nuclear waste” facility. B. Procedural lapses (documented in hindsight) Delayed environmental clearances. Inadequate early-stage local consultations. Insufficient risk communication strategy. Underestimation of political sensitivities. C. Governance & Federal Challenges Tamil Nadu govt withdrawal → land transfer issues. Litigation in Madras HC and NGT. Repeated demands for fresh EIA. D. Strategic Timing International collaborations hesitated due to uncertain timelines. Competing projects (like JUNO) moved rapidly. JUNO: China’s Rise in Big Science Key Features Location: Jiangmen, Guangdong. Liquid scintillator detector: 20,000 tonnes. Light sensors: ~18,000 large PMTs, among the world’s most advanced. Depth: ~700 m rock overburden. Budget: ~$300 million. Progress Expected completion: 2020 → delayed to 2025 but eventually built. Released two major preprints in Nov 2025: Initial performance results (detector calibration, resolution). Precision measurement of θ₁₂ (consistent with global data). Internationality Authors from ~20 countries; no Indian scientists present, despite India’s long expertise. Scientific Significance Neutrino Oscillations Measured via mixing angles: θ₁₂, θ₁₃, θ₂₃. θ₁₃ measured earlier by Daya Bay (China), Double Chooz (France), and RENO (Korea). JUNO aims to determine: Neutrino mass ordering Precision tests of 3-flavour oscillation framework Search for new physics beyond Standard Model. INO’s Niche INO’s magnetised detector would uniquely measure: Charge identification of muon neutrinos. Better sensitivity to mass hierarchy via Earth’s matter effects. Comparison INO vs JUNO Scientific Capability JUNO Strength: ultra-high energy resolution. Goal: precise θ₁₂, mass hierarchy, new physics. INO Strength: magnetic field → charge discrimination. Unique capability no other detector globally offers. Funding & Governance JUNO: Strong state backing, integrated planning, political support. INO: Multi-level approvals, state-centre friction, litigation. Stakeholder Management JUNO: Strong early community engagement. Clear communication on safety. INO: Miscommunication → public mistrust. Project framed wrongly as “nuclear”. Timelines JUNO: ~12 years (2013–2025). INO: Proposed 2005; still pending. Why India’s Absence in JUNO’s Author List Matters ? India has a historic record: 1965: India detected atmospheric neutrinos first at Kolar Gold Fields. Strong theoretical groups (IMSc, TIFR). Absence indicates: Funding instability → foreign collaborations hesitate. Administrative delays reducing India’s global credibility. Missed opportunity in two frontier areas: neutrinos & lunar samples. Key Lessons A. Big Science ≠ Only Scientists Need: Political buy-in. Local cooperation. Clearances done correctly. Strong communication strategy. Stable multi-year funding. B. Delays Reduce Strategic Leverage Frontier science moves fast. If India misses one window, the next requires much more advanced capabilities. C. “Resource constraints” often administrative, not material India invests heavily in: LIGO-India (~₹2,600 crore) SKA participation Large telescope collaborations So neutrino science didn’t fail due to money alone. Fighting the fire Why is it in News? COP30 concluded in Belém, Brazil, marking 10 years since the 2015 Paris Agreement. Global temperatures in 2024 crossed the 1.5°C threshold for the first time, raising urgency. Brazil attempted to shift the narrative from pledges → implementation. Strong focus on adaptation, just transition, and multilateral cooperation, amid geopolitical fragmentation. India participated actively but did not update its NDCs. Relevance GS2 – IR Multilateral climate diplomacy Negotiation politics North–South divide GS3 – Environment Climate science basics Paris Agreement NDC framework Adaptation vs mitigation Just transition Loss & damage finance GS1 – Geography Amazon ecosystem, global warming patterns. Practice Question COP30 attempts to shift climate negotiations from ambition to implementation. Critically analyse the opportunities and constraints for such a shift.(250 Words) What is COP? Conference of Parties (COP): Annual meeting of 198 Parties to the UNFCCC to negotiate climate action. Mandates include: Setting global climate goals Developing rules for mitigation, adaptation, finance Negotiating equity and burden-sharing. Paris Agreement (2015) — Foundations Global temperature goal: Limit rise to well below 2°C. Preferably 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Every country submits Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Principles: CBDR–RC (Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities) Progressive ambition: NDCs must be enhanced every 5 years. Climate finance obligation on developed nations. Why 2024–25 Is a Turning Point ? 2024 is the first year global temperatures breached 1.5°C (not yet the “new normal”, but a warning). Emissions trends show → world on track for ~2.5–2.9°C warming by 2100. Extreme events (heat, floods, forest fires, Amazon dieback threat) intensifying. Hardening of global climate blocs: Developed bloc: push for fossil fuel phase-out deadlines. Developing/petro-states: equity, finance, development space. Why Belém (Amazon) Matters ? Symbolic choice: Amazon = world’s largest carbon sink; experiencing severe deforestation, drought, fires. Brazil wants to position itself as leader of the Global South and Amazon protection diplomacy. What COP30 Tried to Change — “Implementation COP” Shift from promises → action After a decade of lofty pledges, real progress on ground remains poor. Brazil pushed: Implementation frameworks Accountability mechanisms Cooperative multilateralism (“mutirão”). Key Themes A. Adaptation Recognises that warming impacts are already unavoidable. Focus areas: Resilient agriculture Climate-proofing infrastructure Coastal protection Heatwave management Adaptation finance post-2025. B. Just Transition Addresses social and economic disruptions from energy shifts. Protecting: Workers Marginalised groups Indigenous communities Ensures sustainability does not worsen inequality. C. Finance Renewed push but no solid commitments. USD 100 bn/year obligation still not fully met. Developing countries asked for: Grant-based finance Loss & damage support Technology access. India’s Role Vocal leader of developing countries (G77 + China positions). Welcomed focus on equity, adaptation, just transition. Did not update its NDCs, citing: Finance uncertainty Development priorities Already overachieving several 2030 targets (renewable capacity, emissions intensity). Continues opposition to: Forced fossil fuel phase-out One-size-fits-all mitigation roadmaps. Outcomes — Gains and Shortfalls Gains Adaptation and just transition elevated. Acknowledged Amazon protection significance. Renewed commitment to multilateralism. Stronger narrative on equity. Shortfalls No consensus on fossil fuel phase-out vs phase-down. Finance gaps remain unaddressed. Absence of the U.S. diluted negotiation power on mitigation. Incremental progress compared to the scale of crisis. Broader Implications Climate denialism, pollution, deforestation rising despite COP efforts. Global stocktake suggests current policies insufficient. COP process remains slow, but still the only multilateral forum capable of collective climate action.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 27 November 2025

Content Chief Justice of India on NJAC Revival Plea How to Navigate a Complex Global Paradigm SC Panel Suggests Creation of a Goa Tiger Reserve Safran LEAP Engine MRO Facility in Hyderabad Aravalli Hills Despite Forest Survey Warning Chief Justice of India on NJAC Revival Plea Why is it in News? A fresh plea has been filed in the Supreme Court seeking revival of the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) and abolition of the Collegium system. The petitioner has arraigned the CJI, the Supreme Court Collegium, the Union government, and several parties as respondents. The plea terms the 2015 striking down of NJAC as a “great wrong”, arguing that it replaced the will of Parliament with the opinion of four judges. CJI Surya Kant stated the Court would consider the plea. Parallel political context: Debate over judicial transparency, “judicial primacy”, and allegations of nepotism resurfaces. Relevance GS-II: Polity & Governance Separation of powers. Judicial independence. Constitutional amendments (99th CAA). Role of Parliament vs Judiciary. Appointment procedures. Basic Structure doctrine. GS-II: Parliament & Judiciary Relations Institutional trust deficit. Checks and balances architecture. Judicial Appointments in India Constitutional Scheme Articles 124, 217: Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts appointed by the President after consultation with CJI, judges of SC, and Governor/Chief Justice of the state. Original intent: Executive had a major role; judiciary was “consulted”. Shift to Judicial Primacy (Judges Cases) First Judges Case (1981): Executive primacy. Second Judges Case (1993): Judicial primacy; Collegium created. Third Judges Case (1998): Collegium expanded to 5 (SC) and 3 (HC). Collegium System — Key Features Supreme Court Collegium: CJI + 4 senior-most SC judges. High Court Collegium: Chief Justice + 2 senior-most HC judges. Functions: Recommends appointments, elevations, transfers. Known issues: Opacity (no stated criteria; limited public disclosure). Alleged nepotism, favouritism, regional bias. Frequent executive–judiciary clashes (delays in clearance). HC vacancies persistently high (30–35% over years). 99th Constitutional Amendment (2014) + NJAC Act (2014) Composition: CJI (Chairperson) Two senior-most SC judges Law Minister Two eminent persons (selected by PM, CJI, LoP panel) Objectives Democratise appointments. Introduce checks and balances. Increase transparency. Reduce allegations of judicial monopoly. Why NJAC Was Struck Down (2015, 4:1 bench) Core Reason: Violation of Judicial Independence Presence of Law Minister + eminent persons → possible executive interference. Judicial independence recognised as part of Basic Structure (Kesavananda Bharati). Eminent persons’ veto could block judicial choices. Justice J. Chelameswar dissent Criticised Collegium as opaque and unaccountable. Strongly supported NJAC as balancing mechanism. Current Plea: Key Arguments Judgment should be declared void ab initio. Collegium = “synonym for nepotism and favouritism”. Appointments remain a “riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma” (reference to Churchill). Parliament acted using its constituent power, yet its amendment was struck down. Striking NJAC down “reduced Parliament to an inferior tribunal”. CJI’s Initial Response CJI Surya Kant said the SC “would consider the plea”, indicating judicial openness to examine the argument (though reopening a decided Constitution Bench judgment is rare and requires rigor). Constitutional & Jurisprudential Analysis A. Can a past Constitution Bench judgment be reopened? Within Court’s powers under Article 137 (Review) + Curative jurisdiction, but: Very high threshold. Time-lapse of a decade reduces probability. B. Legislature vs Judiciary: Separation of Powers Debate Legislature: Claims judicial monopoly is anti-democratic. Judiciary: Claims executive’s presence jeopardises independence. C. Basic Structure Doctrine at Core Judicial independence = non-negotiable. The test: Does NJAC dilute independence? Academic debate: scholars like Upendra Baxi, Madhav Khosla argue both sides. Policy Issues Driving Renewed Debate Persistent vacancy crisis: 450+ HC vacancies (varied over years). Case pendency: Over 5 crore cases across courts. Perception battles: From “judicial overreach” to “executive non-cooperation”. Collegium’s opaque resolutions despite partial publication. Critical Evaluation  Strengths of Collegium Shields judiciary from executive capture. Ensures judicial primacy (consistently upheld by SC). Protects constitutional adjudication. Weaknesses of Collegium Opaque and non-accountable. No institutionalised criteria for merit/representation. Alleged kinship networks. Strengths of NJAC Idea Adds democratic legitimacy. Potential for transparency reforms. Balances judiciary–executive roles. Weaknesses of NJAC (as struck down) Eminent persons’ veto could stall judiciary. Politicisation of appointments possible. Ambiguous selection of “eminent persons”. Middle Path Possibilities (Recommended by Experts) Retain judicial primacy but: Increase transparency. Codify objective criteria (merit, diversity). Create an independent secretariat for appointments. Publish reasons for rejection/selection. How to Navigate a Complex Global Paradigm  Why is it in News? Hong Kong hosted the 6th China–U.S. Exchange Foundation (CUSEF) Forum in November 2025, titled “Circles for Peace”. The forum took place amid deepening U.S.–China rivalry, declining people-to-people ties, technology-driven competition, and rising global uncertainty. The discussions highlighted that traditional engagement frameworks (like guardrails, managed competition) are no longer adequate to manage today’s strategic rivalry. Hong Kong was viewed as an “uneasy middle space” — a vantage point to explore new ideas and frameworks. Relevance GS-II: International Relations U.S.–China strategic competition Middle-power diplomacy Strategic autonomy Taiwan question Crisis prevention mechanisms GS-III: Security & Technology AI governance Dual-use technologies Space governance Technology security dilemmas U.S.–China Relations in 2025 Relationship marked by strategic rivalry + deep economic interdependence. Areas of friction: Technology (semiconductors, AI, 5G) Trade and supply chains South China Sea Taiwan Human rights Military deterrence Both powers expect “sudden shocks” due to thin trust and high militarisation. Key Themes from the Hong Kong Forum A. Shrinking Space for Nuance Domestic politics in both states have hardened narratives. Specialist-level strategic anxieties have moved into public politics. Younger generations in both countries have declining familiarity due to reduced student exchanges. B. AI and Technology as the New Global Commons AI viewed as an international public good — too consequential for one country to dominate. Forum emphasised: Equity Transparency Accountability Concern over dual-use technologies (civilian + defence). Need for: Global AI governance regime Future governance for outer space activities C. Taiwan as a Driver of Militarised Tension China warned U.S. is drifting towards a “one China, one Taiwan” posture. Risk of accidental escalation (e.g., 2001 EP-3 incident). Region lacks a durable crisis-prevention mechanism insulated from domestic politics. D. The Diplomatic Climate Strategic fatigue visible among experts. Personality-driven diplomacy insufficient in a complex multipolar world. Need for new vocabulary and mechanisms beyond Cold War models. E. Ng Eng Hen’s “Dialectic Moment” Current global order is in structural flux, driven by competing pressures. U.S., Europe, and China will shape outcomes, but rest of the world must ensure: Global commons are not collateral damage No new hegemon emerges Multiparty stewardship of the future Hong Kong’s Role as a “Middle Space” A. Why Hong Kong Matters Historically a bridge between China and the West. Despite recent political pressures, retains: Connectivity Cultural hybridity Cosmopolitan networks Transparency advantages Acts as a metaphorical vantage point to think beyond binary geopolitics. B. Middle Spaces in Global Politics Enable: Cross-border ideas Dialogue outside official channels Crisis de-escalation conversations Hong Kong demonstrates that even constrained spaces can enable meaningful engagement. Lessons for India  A. India’s Strategic Autonomy Imperative India cannot control U.S.–China rivalry, but can manage its exposure. Avoid copying U.S. rhetoric or accepting China’s narratives. Must maintain: Independent decision-making Issue-based partnerships Non-alignment in new-age geopolitical conflicts B. Build Domestic Power Technological capability Economic resilience Institutional strength Innovation ecosystems High-skill workforce C. Avoid Rigid Binaries Not “with the U.S.” or “with China”. Build flexible, sector-specific cooperation with multiple poles (EU, Japan, ASEAN, Global South). D. Strengthen People-to-People Channels Youth exchanges, academic collaborations, technology partnerships. These ties act as ballast during political shifts. E. Develop Capabilities in Emerging Domains AI governance Space governance Critical mineral security Cyber norms Supply-chain risk management Implications for the Emerging World Order A. U.S.–China rivalry will persist It will not return to pre-2016 engagement. Atmospherics remain turbulent. B. The Alternative to Managed Rivalry is Worse Cascading global risks: Climate shocks Pandemics Fragile supply chains AI weaponisation Political polarisation C. Future Order = Cooperative Stewardship Practical cooperation > ideological competition. Key sectors: Energy Health Finance AI and space governance Climate adaptation D. Strategic Middle Powers Matter More India, ASEAN, South Korea, Gulf states, EU, African states — shape global “weather”. Their choices will influence whether rivalry escalates or remains managed. SC Panel Suggests Creation of a Goa Tiger Reserve Why is it in News? A Supreme Court–appointed Central Empowered Committee (CEC) has recommended the creation of a Goa Tiger Reserve in phases. The report arises from the Goa government’s challenge to a Bombay High Court (July 2023) directive ordering the notification of five protected areas as a tiger reserve within 3 months. The SC will now consider the CEC report in the next hearing. The case involves conflicting claims by the Goa government on: Human population inside sanctuaries Whether Goa has “resident” tigers or only “transient” individuals The CEC recommends linking Goa’s sanctuaries with Karnataka’s Kali Tiger Reserve, forming a 1,814 sq. km integrated landscape. Relevance GS-III: Environment & Ecology Tiger conservation Wildlife Protection Act NTCA powers Human–wildlife conflict Western Ghats ecology GS-I: Geography Western Ghats biodiversity Protected area management What is a Tiger Reserve? Legal basis: Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (Sec. 38V). Components: Core area: Inviolate, highest protection, minimal human pressure. Buffer area: Lower protection, regulated human use. Declared on recommendation of NTCA (National Tiger Conservation Authority). Objective: Secure tiger populations Protect prey base & habitat Maintain contiguous corridors across states Background of the Case High Court Order (2023) Directed Goa to notify five protected areas as a tiger reserve: Mhadei WLS Bhagwan Mahavir WLS Bhagwan Mahavir NP Netravali WLS Cotigao WLS Goa Government’s Objections Initially claimed 1 lakh people would be affected; later admitted only: 1,274 households 33 villages 5,000–6,000 individuals Claimed Goa has no resident tiger population, only “transient” individuals. Earlier affidavits contradicted this — reported by The Hindu. CEC’s Intervention Asked by SC to examine scientific, ecological and socio-economic implications. Recommended a phased, minimal-displacement approach. CEC Recommendations — Phased Tiger Reserve for Goa A. Phase 1: Core + Buffer from Low-Human Habitation Areas Core Zone (296.7 sq. km) Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary 50 households Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary 41 households Reason: Directly contiguous with Karnataka’s Kali Tiger Reserve core Lowest human presence Critical landscape for tiger movement Buffer Zone (171 sq. km) Areas contiguous with Kali TR’s buffer: Northern part of Bhagwan Mahavir WLS (9 households) Bhagwan Mahavir NP (2 households) Total Phase-1 Area 468.60 sq. km Connectivity Advantage Fully contiguous with Kali Tiger Reserve (1,345 sq. km) Combined protected landscape: ~1,814 sq. km B. Phase 2: Consider Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary Later Mhadei WLS: 208 sq. km 612 households Only a limited boundary touches Kali TR buffer To be included after extensive consultations due to: Higher human habitation Complex socio-economic implications Why Phased Implementation? Minimise displacement and livelihood disruption. Address socio-political resistance in Goa. Secure ecologically critical areas first. Ensure tiger corridor continuity with Karnataka. Build local trust before expanding the reserve. Ecological Significance A. The Goa–Karnataka Western Ghats Tiger Landscape One of India’s most biodiverse tiger corridors. Adjacent Kali Tiger Reserve has: Stable resident tigers Breeding females Rich prey base B. Why Tigers in Goa Matter Presence of tigers proven by: Camera traps Scat analysis Occasional sightings Ensures genetic flow from Karnataka to Goa forests. Protecting Goa’s forests helps: Freshwater security Climate regulation Biodiversity stability Governance and Legal Context Key Institutions Supreme Court NTCA State Forest Department CEC (Supreme Court panel) Legal Precedents SC has repeatedly ruled that: Core tiger habitats must remain inviolate States must prioritise biodiversity over unverified human-impact claims Federal Dynamics Inter-state conservation challenges (Goa–Karnataka). Need for collaborative ecological governance across Western Ghats. Governance Concerns Raised Goa govt submitted contradictory affidavits on presence of resident tigers. Inflated displacement numbers weakened credibility. CEC report implies: Political reluctance Administrative inconsistency Possible resistance due to mining/lobby interests High Court order forced accountability. Implications for Goa Positive Boost to tiger conservation Strengthening eco-tourism Forest protection from mining & encroachment Improved scientific monitoring Challenges Community rehabilitation Human-wildlife conflict management Funding requirements Need for transparent community engagement Safran LEAP Engine MRO Facility in Hyderabad  Why is it in News? Prime Minister inaugurated Safran’s largest global MRO facility (Maintenance–Repair–Overhaul) for LEAP aircraft engines in Hyderabad. It is Safran’s biggest such facility worldwide and a major addition to India’s aviation manufacturing ecosystem. Marks India’s push from ‘Make in India’ → ‘Design in India’ in aerospace. Strategic for civil aviation, defence, FDI inflows, and the domestic engine ecosystem. Relevance GS3 – Economy & Infrastructure Aviation growth, foreign investment, PLI, MSMEs. GS3 – Science & Technology LEAP engine tech, 3D printing in aerospace, CMC materials. GS2 – International Relations India–France strategic partnership in defence & high tech. What is an MRO Facility? MRO = Maintenance, Repair, Overhaul of aircraft engines and components. Essential for: Flight safety and regulatory compliance. Reducing turnaround time for grounded aircraft. Lowering operating costs for airlines. India currently sends majority of engines to Singapore, UAE, France, causing higher costs. The LEAP Engine  What is the LEAP engine? LEAP = Leading Edge Aviation Propulsion. Manufactured by CFM International (joint venture of Safran, France + GE Aerospace, US). Powers modern narrow-body aircraft (single-aisle) like: Airbus A320neo family Boeing 737 MAX COMAC C919 Key Technical Features Fuel efficiency: ~15% better than previous generation (CFM56). Materials: Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) 3D-printed fuel nozzles Carbon-fibre fan blades Lower emissions: CO₂ ↓ by 15% NOx emissions ↓ 50% compared to regulatory limits Noise reduction: 15–20% lower Why LEAP matters for India? India is among the fastest-growing aviation markets globally. 70% of India’s narrow-body fleet uses LEAP engines.   Massive domestic demand ensures stable MRO business and future engine localisation. Why India wants engine design capability ? Only a few countries have full aero-engine manufacturing capability (US, UK, France, Russia, China). Engines are the highest-value component of an aircraft (25–30% of aircraft cost). Defence dependency: Indigenous fighter jets need indigenous engines (e.g., AMCA, Tejas Mk2). GE–HAL F414 manufacturing is a step, but complete design capability remains absent. Policy Framework Supporting Aerospace Manufacturing FDI liberalisation 100% FDI permitted under automatic route in most sectors. 74% FDI automatic in defence manufacturing. PLI schemes Encouraging domestic component manufacturing in: Electronics Drones Semiconductors Aerospace components Space and Aviation Reforms Private participation allowed in: Space launch services Satellite services Boosts high-tech ecosystem → spillover to aviation engines. Why This Facility is Strategically Important for India ? Economic Gains Saves India’s airlines hundreds of millions annually in overseas MRO expenses. Captures Asia’s growing MRO market (projected at $40+ billion by 2030). Geopolitical & Strategic Gains Deepening ties with France (Rafale, submarines, engines). Reduces reliance on Singapore/Middle East. Strengthens India as an aviation hub in South Asia. Technology Transfer Potential Safran’s presence could: Enable joint R&D labs. Improve supply chain localisation. Create opportunities for Indian MSMEs in engine components. Challenges & Caveats India still lacks: Core turbine design capabilities. High-temperature material manufacturing (e.g., single-crystal blades). MRO requires large certified workforce → skill gap. Regulatory harmonisation needed with FAA/EASA. Aravalli Hills Despite Forest Survey Warning Why is it in News?   Supreme Court (20 Nov 2024) accepted a Union Environment Ministry panel’s recommendation to define Aravalli Hills as only those landforms with 100 m or more elevation + local relief. This new definition excludes over 90% of Aravalli landforms, allowing potential mining and construction. A Forest Survey of India (FSI) internal analysis had warned the government that such a definition would be ecologically disastrous — this “red flag” was ignored. New data show only 1,048 of 12,081 Aravalli hills in Rajasthan (8.7%) are ≥100 m, meaning 91.3% lose protection.  Relevance GS1 – Geography Geomorphology of ancient fold mountains. Desertification & land degradation. GS2 – Governance Environmental decision-making. Regulatory bodies (MoEFCC, SC committees). GS3 – Environment & Conservation Air pollution (PM2.5, PM10). Wildlife corridors. Forest governance & definitions (critical). Mining regulation and ecological risk. Aravali Range One of the oldest fold mountains (Precambrian). Length: ~700 km (Gujarat–Rajasthan–Haryana–Delhi). Natural barrier to dust storms from Thar Desert into NCR. Key wildlife corridors (Sariska–Ranthambore, Kumbhalgarh, etc.) Major groundwater recharge zone for semi-arid regions of Haryana & Rajasthan. The “100m cut-off” Hills counted as Aravalli only if: Height ≥100 metres, AND Local relief ≥100 metres, AND Considered with slopes + adjacent land Implication: Anything <100 m elevation = not Aravalli, even if geomorphologically part of the range. FSI’s red flag   FSI analysis (reviewed by Indian Express): Only 1,048 of 12,081 hills in 15 Rajasthan districts exceed 100 m. Thus >90% Aravalli hills lose protection under the new definition. FSI emphasized importance of lower hills: Block coarse dust and slow down easterly dust flow into NCR. Act as buffers against desertification. Maintain ecological connectivity. The ministry ignored these warnings in submissions to SC. Why this matters for NCR Pollution ? Upper Aravallis obstruct fine pollutants (PM2.5). Lower Aravallis obstruct heavier dust particles. Together they create a barrier protecting Delhi from dust inflow. Removing protection accelerates: Dust-laden winds into NCR Temperature rise and heat-island effects Loss of wildlife corridors Groundwater depletion What was the earlier yardstick(FSI – 2010 onwards) FSI used a 3-degree slope method to identify Aravallis. A 2024 technical committee revised this: Slope ≥4.57° Height ≥30 m This older method covered ~40% of Aravallis, far more than the new definition. Govt’s Submission The ministry submitted: Only hills ≥100 m count as Aravalli. Confused height with slope, creating a subjective & improper definition. Ignored FSI’s scientific warnings. SC nevertheless accepted the panel’s recommendations. Environmental Impacts Mining intensification (legal + illegal). Real estate expansion, especially in Gurgaon–Faridabad–Aravali belt. Accelerated desertification of NCR and Haryana. Decline in groundwater aquifers (Aravallis as recharge zones). Collapse of wildlife corridors (leopards, hyenas, ungulates). Increased PM10/PM2.5 loads in NCR.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 26 November 2025

Content Hamara Samvidhan- Hamara Swabhiman Campaign National Milk Day Hamara Samvidhan- Hamara Swabhiman Campaign Why in News? Government launched the next phase of its nationwide constitutional outreach: “Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Swabhiman” on 24 Jan 2025, building on the year-long 2024–25 “Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Samman” campaign. Part of DISHA Scheme (2021–26); aims to deepen constitutional literacy, legal empowerment, and citizen engagement. Reported 1+ crore citizens, 13,700+ events, and outreach to 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats. Relevance GS2 – Governance, Polity, Social Justice Constitutional values dissemination Access to justice architecture Legal empowerment of marginalised groups Role of digital governance (MyGov, Tele-Law)   26 November – Constitution Day (Samvidhan Diwas) Marks adoption of the Constitution on 26 Nov 1949; came into force on 26 Jan 1950. Instituted in 2015 to promote constitutional literacy, duties, values. Celebrated nationwide through Preamble reading, legal awareness drives, school programmes, and MyGov campaigns. Reinforces core ideals: justice, liberty, equality, fraternity, constitutional morality, and democratic citizenship. 75th Constitution Day (2024–25) – 75 Years of Adoption   Basics Purpose Create mass awareness of Constitution & legal rights. Strengthen last-mile access to justice via DISHA (Tele-Law, Nyaya Bandhu, legal literacy). Instill pride, duty consciousness, constitutional nationalism. Timeline 24 Jan 2024: Launch of Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Samman. 24 Jan 2025: Transition to Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Swabhiman. Associated Scheme DISHA (2021–26): National legal empowerment framework Tele-Law Nyaya Bandhu (Pro Bono) Legal Literacy & Awareness Programmes Objectives Create permanent public memory markers for the Constitution. Deepen legal-literacy, especially among marginalised groups. Highlight Constituent Assembly’s work. Promote Panch Pran values. Build pride in India’s constitutional journey towards Viksit Bharat 2047. Major Components of the Campaign A.Sabko Nyay – Har Ghar Nyaya Aim: Grassroots access to justice. Key Elements Panch Pran Pledge Development-first mindset Removal of servile mentality Pride in heritage Unity & integrity Duty consciousness Nyaya Seva Mela Held in 25 States/UTs Tele-Law books, Voice of Beneficiaries editions, field functionaries’ felicitation Reached 84.6 lakh+ citizens Nyaya Sahayak Model Community legal messengers 14,598+ cases registered Vidhi Baithaks at village/block level Participation: Anganwadi, SHGs, SMCs, Panchayats B. Nav Bharat Nav Sankalp Aim: Youth engagement via MyGov. Activities: Pledge-taking, quizzes, contests, idea generation linked to Panch Pran & Constitution. C. Vidhi Jagriti Abhiyaan Aim: Deepening legal awareness among rural & marginalised communities. Key Initiatives Gram Vidhi Chetna Student-led village legal literacy events 10,000+ beneficiaries Vanchit Varg Samman Abhiyaan With IGNOU & Doordarshan Legal protections for: children, women, SCs, PwDs, transgender community, senior citizens Nari Bhagidari Gender rights webinars & village-level programmes (NLSIU, NLU, VIPS etc.) Focus on crimes against women, social protections Impact  1 crore+ citizens reached 13,700+ nationwide events 2.5 lakh+ Gram Panchayats involved 14,598+ cases supported via Nyaya Sahayaks 84.6 lakh+ digital outreach through Tele-Law awareness 10,000+ direct beneficiaries in Gram Vidhi Chetna Massive youth engagement through MyGov pledges/quizzes Analytical Assessment Strengths Largest constitutional outreach ever undertaken in India. Bridges gap between legal awareness & actual legal access. Digital + grassroots hybrid model ensures inclusivity. Constitutes a behavioural-change campaign—pride, duties, civic values. Strong alignment with Viksit Bharat 2047 narrative and citizen-state partnership. Challenges Sustaining momentum beyond campaign cycles. Need for institutionalisation at school/university level. Digital divide may limit remote-area engagement. Measuring quality of legal empowerment, not just participation. Opportunities Can evolve into a permanent constitutional literacy mission. Integration with NEP 2020 modules: civic education, legal literacy. Scale-up of Tele-Law/Pro Bono ecosystems. Building grassroots constitutional culture akin to civic republicanism models (US, EU). Conclusion Demonstrated India’s largest-ever constitutional outreach, embedding constitutional literacy from grassroots to digital platforms. Shifted public engagement from mere awareness to active participation, legal empowerment, and constitutional pride. National Milk Day Why is it in News? Observed annually on 26 November; 2025 marks National Milk Day with major policy pushes in dairy (GST reform, White Revolution 2.0). PIB (25 Nov 2025) released a comprehensive status report on India’s dairy sector. Announcement of Gopal Ratna Awards 2025; new infrastructure and cooperative expansions highlighted. Relevance GS3 – Economy / Agriculture Dairy as a 5% of GDP contributor; core to rural livelihoods and agri-value chains. Policy interventions: GST reform (2025), White Revolution 2.0, NPDD, RGM → productivity, processing capacity, cooperative strengthening. Importance for food security, nutrition, women-led growth, and export potential. GS2 – Governance / Welfare Delivery Cooperative federalism via NDDB, State Federations, MPOs; expansion of doorstep breeding, veterinary, AI services. Inclusion of women (70% workforce) and marginal farmers through targeted schemes. Institutional strengthening: digital databases, village labs, MAITRIs, disease eradication roadmap. Basics Celebrated on birth anniversary of Dr. Verghese Kurien, architect of India’s White Revolution. Purpose: honour dairy farmers, strengthen cooperative spirit, spread awareness on nutrition and dairy-led livelihoods. India is the world’s largest milk producer (≈25% of global supply), contributing ~5% of GDP; 8 crore farmers engaged. India’s Dairy Significance Essential source of protein, calcium, micronutrients; near-complete food. Dairy = backbone of rural economy, especially for small/marginal farmers. 70% of dairy workforce are women, making it a major gender-inclusive sector. Historical Evolution 1950s–60s: Low productivity, milk deficit, import-dependent; production CAGR collapsed to 1.15%. Anand/Amul model under Sardar Patel, Tribhuvandas Patel → foundation of cooperative success. NDDB (1965) under Kurien → mission to replicate the cooperative model nationally. Operation Flood (1970–96): transformed India into a milk-surplus nation; NDDB declared Institution of National Importance (1987). Decadal Performance (2014–2025) Milk output rose from 146.3 MT (2014-15) → 239.3 MT (2023-24) (63.56% rise). Per-capita availability jumped 124 g/day → 471 g/day. Bovine population: 303.76 million; productivity up 27.39% (global avg. 13.97%). Indigenous breeds’ milk: 29 MT → 50 MT. Rise in milch animals: 86 million → 112 million. Key Drivers of Growth Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM) Budget raised to ₹3,400 crore (2021–26 cycle). Focus on genetic improvement, semen stations, sex-sorted semen. 92 million animals covered, benefitting 56 million farmers. Artificial Insemination & NAIP Coverage still low (33% of breedable bovines). 14.12 crore inseminations, 9.16 crore animals reached. 22 IVF labs, 1 crore+ sex-sorted semen doses. MAITRIs 38,736 technicians deployed; doorstep breeding/veterinary services. Progeny Testing 3,747 bulls tested; 132 breed multiplication farms approved. National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD) Strengthens procurement, processing, chilling, marketing. 31,908 dairy cooperatives organised/revived. 17.63 lakh new producers added; procurement up by 120.68 lakh kg/day. 61,677 village labs, ~6,000 bulk coolers, 279 plant labs upgraded. Large new plants: Mehsana, Indore, Bhilwara, Karimnagar; Chittoor (₹219 crore). Cooperative Dairy Ecosystem 22 federations, 241 unions, 25 MPOs; coverage: 2.35 lakh villages, 1.72 crore farmers. Women: 70% workforce, 35% cooperative membership; 48,000 women-led cooperatives, 16 all-women MPOs. Shreeja MPO (AP) → global award recognition. GST Reforms (56th GST Council, 2025) Effective 22 Sep 2025. UHT milk & packaged paneer → GST 0%. Butter, ghee, cheese, condensed milk, milk beverages → 12% → 5%. Ice cream 18% → 5%. Milk cans 12% → 5%. Impact: lowers cost, boosts demand, strengthens supply chain, benefits 8 crore rural households. White Revolution 2.0 (2024–29) 75,000 new cooperatives to be created; 46,422 existing strengthened. Focus on: procurement expansion (target 1007 lakh kg/day), women’s participation, sustainability. Creation of three MSCS for feed, organic manure/circular economy, and animal by-product management. Infrastructure Expansion Sabar Dairy Plant, Rohtak (₹350 cr) India’s largest plant for curd, buttermilk, yoghurt. Supports NCR demand; empowers farmers across 9 states. Future Outlook (2025–30) India to supply 32% of global milk (2025-26). Milk output projected: 242 MT (2026). Cattle population share rising 35% → 36%. Processing capacity target: 100 million litres/day by 2028–29. FMD & Brucellosis eradication by 2030 through free vaccines. Pashudhan digital database for precise planning. Export potential expected to rise significantly. Recognition and Awards National Gopal Ratna Awards 2025 announced. Categories: Best farmers (indigenous), best cooperatives/MPOs, best AI technicians. Prizes: ₹5 lakh / ₹3 lakh / ₹2 lakh. Conclusion India’s dairy sector has evolved from scarcity to global leadership through cooperative strength, scientific breeding, and sustained reforms. National Milk Day 2025 reflects this transformation—rising productivity, strengthened infrastructure, women-led expansion, and wide-ranging fiscal reforms. The next phase (White Revolution 2.0) aims to elevate India from being the largest producer to becoming a major global dairy exporter, ensuring inclusive, resilient, and sustainable rural growth.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 26 November 2025

Content A landmark law in 2013, it needs a spine in 2025 Decoding personality rights in the age of AI A landmark law in 2013, it needs a spine in 2025 Why is it in News? Chandigarh case where a college professor was terminated after ICC inquiry under POSH Act (2013) — rare instance of decisive, time-bound action. Complaint (Sept 2024) proved sexual harassment, signalling institutional accountability but also revealing systemic gaps in POSH implementation in higher-education spaces. Case has reignited debate on consent, power imbalance, evidence standards, timelines, and institutional hesitation in POSH processes. Relevance GS2 – Governance / Social Justice Workplace dignity and gender justice as part of India’s constitutional mandate (Art. 14, 15, 21). Institutional accountability: functioning of ICC, procedural fairness, grievance redressal. Gaps in regulatory architecture: timelines, coordination, evidentiary standards. GS2 – Polity / Law Reform POSH’s statutory limitations vs. evolving forms of harassment (emotional, digital, relational manipulation). Need for clearer definitions, informed consent, multi-institution coordination, and digital forensics. Revisiting malicious complaint clause and survivorship-friendly processes. GS1 – Society Power asymmetry in academia; hierarchical vulnerabilities in mentor–student relationships. Social stigma, delayed reporting, emotional fatigue as barriers to justice. Importance of gender sensitisation and behavioural-pattern recognition. Practice Question “Despite being a progressive law, the POSH Act, 2013 remains structurally weak in addressing modern forms of workplace harassment.” Analyse with reference to recent higher-education cases.(250 Words) Basics POSH Act, 2013 enacted to prevent, prohibit, and redress sexual harassment at the workplace; mandates Internal Complaints Committees (ICC). Applies to all workplaces, including universities, colleges, research institutions. Sexual harassment definition includes unwelcome physical, verbal, non-verbal conduct, quid pro quo, hostile environment. Timeline: complaint must be filed within 3 months (extendable by ICC). Conceptual Gaps in the Law Consent vs Informed Consent Act does not recognise “informed consent”; ignores emotional manipulation, authority-based persuasion, or information asymmetry. In campuses and workplaces, earlier “consent” becomes invalid once manipulation surfaces; Act fails to capture such relational exploitation. Emotional & Psychological Harassment Law primarily recognises explicit acts; emotional coercion, grooming, betrayal, and manipulation fall outside statutory scope. Educated perpetrators exploit what leaves “no evidence,” operating in legal grey zones. Procedural Flaws Exposed by the Case Three-Month Limitation Period Survivors experiencing coercion/manipulation take longer to recognise harassment. In universities (multi-year engagement), evidence or realisation surfaces later; strict timeline empowers perpetrators. Fear of ‘Malicious Complaint’ Clause Provision meant as a safeguard ends up intimidating genuine complainants, discouraging delayed reporting. Terminology Diluting Seriousness Calling accused as “respondent” softens gravity, unlike criminal law. Same conduct outside workplace is a cognisable offence; workplace label cannot trivialise harm. Investigative and Evidentiary Challenges Vague Definitions Burden of proof shifts heavily to women. Harassment usually occurs as a pattern, not an isolated act; ICCs often dismiss cases for lack of direct evidence. Need for Behavioural Assessment Tools Anonymous student feedback, corroborative testimonies, pattern recognition essential. ICC should read circumstantial evidence, social behaviour patterns, informal networks. Digital Evidence Gap Technology allows ephemeral messages, disappearing media, encrypted chats. ICCs lack technical training; POSH lacks protocols for digital forensics, leaving cases unproven despite real digital harassment. Inter-Institutional Blind Spot No mechanism to handle misconduct across multiple campuses, collaborations, conferences, visiting faculty roles. Repeat offenders evade accountability due to institutional silos; Act silent on sharing information or joint proceedings. Institutional Barriers Procedural delays, institutional hesitation, fear of controversy, and lack of sensitisation cause secondary victimisation. Women face emotional fatigue, reputational risks, power imbalance, especially in academia where mentor-student hierarchies shape vulnerability. Needed Reforms  Extend or remove three-month limitation period. Recognise informed consent, emotional coercion, digital harassment within statutory definitions. Standardised digital evidence protocols and legal–technical training for ICC members. Enable inter-institutional coordination, especially for academia. Strengthen role clarity, confidentiality norms, survivor-centric processes. Replace chilling clauses (“malicious complaint”) with nuanced safeguards. Conclusion Chandigarh case is a rare success, but it exposes structural gaps: narrow definitions, procedural rigidity, digital blind spots, and institutional hesitancy. Without reforms, POSH remains strong on paper but weak in implementation, especially in universities where power asymmetry and delayed recognition are common. The Act needs clearer language, extended timelines, recognition of emotional/digital abuse, and stronger investigative frameworks to deliver consistent, empathetic justice. Decoding personality rights in the age of AI  Why it is in News? Actors Abhishek Bachchan and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan have sued Google and YouTube in the Delhi High Court for hosting AI-generated deepfake videos depicting them in fabricated, often explicit scenarios. Petition alleges violation of personality rights (name, image, likeness, voice), reputational harm, commercial loss, and seeks future AI-training safeguards. Case spotlights India’s legal vacuum on AI-enabled impersonation and the rising challenge of deepfake abuse across platforms. Relevance GS2 – Governance / Regulation of Technology Rising legal vacuum in regulating AI-enabled impersonation, deepfakes, and identity misuse. Intermediary liability, safe-harbour limits, and absence of a dedicated Personality Rights framework. Constitutional dimensions under Article 21 (privacy, dignity). GS3 – Cybersecurity / Emerging Tech Deepfakes as threats to trust, authenticity, national information integrity. Need for AI watermarking, provenance logs, dataset consent, and high-risk classification. Comparative global models: EU (dignity-based), US (publicity right), China (strict synthetic content rules). GS1 – Society / Ethics Ethical issues: autonomy, consent, posthumous identity, commodification of persona. UNESCO’s rights-based framework for human-centric AI. Manipulation, misinformation, reputational harm, and psychological effects. Practice Question “The rise of deepfake technologies has exposed a critical gap between India’s constitutional guarantees of dignity and the absence of a statutory personality-rights regime.” Discuss with global comparisons.(250 Words) Personality Rights Protects control over a person’s name, image, likeness, voice, signature, gestures, persona. Origin: Common law doctrines of privacy, dignity, and unjust enrichment. Economic dimension: Prevents unauthorised commercial exploitation. Moral dimension: Upholds individual autonomy, honour, and human dignity. Enforcement mechanisms: tort law, passing off, privacy claims, IP principles (copyright/trademark analogies). Personality Rights Strain and AI era Deepfakes and generative models rapidly replicate faces/voices, making unauthorised impersonation easy and scalable. Blurs lines between authenticity vs. syntheticidentity, enabling: misinformation, harassment and explicit content, commercial misappropriation, erosion of public trust. AI models often train on scraped internet data without consent, leading to use of celebrity likeness in outputs. India’s Legal Position (Hybrid Model) 1. Constitutional Basis Personality rights derive from Article 21 (privacy, dignity); affirmed in Puttaswamy (2017). 2. Key Judicial Precedents Amitabh Bachchan v. Rajat Nagi (2022): court recognised personality rights and restrained unauthorised commercial use. Anil Kapoor v. Simply Life India (2023): prohibited AI-generated recreations of Kapoor’s face/voice and misuse of “Jhakaas”. Arijit Singh v. Codible Ventures (2024): Bombay HC restrained AI cloning of his voice. 3. Statutory Gaps No codified personality rights statute. IT Act 2000 + 2021/2024 Intermediary Guidelines → address impersonation, harmful deepfakes, takedown duties. Enforcement issues: anonymity of creators, cross-border platforms, absence of explicit liability for AI training datasets, reactive takedown rather than preventive obligations. Comparative Global Framework United States (Property–Centric Model) “Right of Publicity”: heritable, assignable property right. Haelan Labs v. Topps (1953) established monetisation of identity. Tennessee’s ELVIS Act (2024): bans unauthorised AI use of voice/likeness. Character.AI sued for bots generating harmful outputs; First Amendment defence rejected. European Union (Dignity–Centric Model) GDPR requires consent for processing biometric data. EU AI Act (2024): deepfakes labelled high-risk → mandatory transparency, watermarking. China Beijing Internet Court (2024): synthetic voices must not mislead users. Voice actor awarded damages for AI-replicated voice sold without consent. Academic Proposals Westkamp et al. (2025): expand rights to include style, persona, aesthetic signatures. Scholars propose global harmonisation, high-risk categories, and explicit prohibitions on deceptive AI impersonation. Ethical Debates AI threatens autonomy, authorship, posthumous identity. UNESCO’s Recommendation on the Ethics of AI (2021) → human-centric, rights-based approach. Concerns: use of dead artists’ voices, non-consensual explicit deepfakes, AI becoming quasi-author, risks in granting AI legal personhood (Forrest 2023: human rights dilution). Key Problems No statutory definition of personality rights. No binding obligations for AI watermarking, provenance tracking, dataset consent. Weak intermediary liability and safe-harbour loopholes. Lack of cross-border cooperation given global AI models. Way Forward Enact a Personality Rights Act: define rights, remedies, licensing, posthumous scope. Mandate: watermarking and provenance logs for all synthetic content, compulsory consent for training datasets, strict liability for deceptive deepfakes, rapid takedown + penalties. Create an AI Ombudsman + high-risk AI registry. Global alignment using UNESCO standards. Public digital literacy on AI harms.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 26 November 2025

Content China’s Global Lending Power Play Draft Seeds Bill Air Pollution Exposure in India INR Depreciation Why Did Hayli Gubbi Erupt Now? Climate Change and Assam’s Tea Crisis China’s Global Lending Power Play Why is it in News? AidData (William & Mary University) released a major dataset (2000–2023) showing China lent over $2 trillion to 80%+ of the world, revealing a strategic shift from development lending to commercial lending. Shows unexpected top beneficiaries: U.S. firms received ~$200 billion, making the U.S. the largest single-country beneficiary. Data indicates: BRI’s decline, shift to high-income economies, and greater opacity through offshore structures. Relevance:   GS2 – International Relations China’s transformation from development lender → commercial financier. Rise of parallel financial architecture challenging WB–IMF dominance. Strategic leverage through corporate lending, tech acquisition, and supply-chain influence. GS3 – Economy Global credit flows, debt sustainability, hidden debt risks. Impact on developing economies’ fiscal health and India’s external sector. Basics: What is Chinese Global Lending? State-driven external finance system led by: China Development Bank Export–Import Bank of China State-owned enterprises People’s Bank of China Two broad categories: Official Development Assistance (ODA) → concessional, development-oriented. Other Official Flows (OOF) → commercial, market-rate, strategic. Key Data & Trends (2000–2023) Scale Total global lending/grants: >$2 trillion. Recipients: 179 of 217 countries/territories. 2023 lending alone: $140 billion → makes China the world’s largest creditor. Top beneficiaries (country entities) U.S. companies: ~$200 billion (2,500 projects; 95% from Chinese state-owned institutions). Russia: $172 billion. Australia: $130 billion. EU (27 states): $161 billion. Shift in beneficiary profile High-income countries received $943 billion → ~20%+ of total Chinese lending. Only 25% of 2023 portfolio is now BRI-linked, down from 75% earlier. Decline in aid Typical annual China ODA: ~$5.7 billion. 2023 ODA plunged to $1.9 billion. Sectoral pattern Earlier: Infrastructure → energy, transport, connectivity. Now: Commercial finance → mergers, acquisitions, corporate lending. Structural Shift: From Aid Provider to Commercial Financier Earlier Model (2000–2015) Focus on: Low-income nations BRI infrastructure Strategic influence + resource access Concessional loans, long maturity, tied procurement. Current Model (2016–2023) Pivot to high-income economies for: Access to advanced technologies Financial returns Corporate stakes U.S. lending surged from $320 million (2000) → $19 billion (2023). 75% of U.S. transactions are commercial; only 7% developmental. Methods & Concerns Raised by AidData 80% success rate in overseas M&A approvals due to: Weak foreign investment screening in recipient countries. Opaque mechanisms: Use of offshore shell companies. Syndicated international banks. Complex creditor structures reducing transparency. Rising risk of hidden debt in low-income countries. Implications for Global Finance & Geopolitics For Global Financial Architecture China emerging as: Largest official creditor, surpassing World Bank + IMF individually. Parallel financial ecosystem → reduces Western institutional dominance. For Developed Economies China’s commercial lending → deeper corporate penetration. Strategic concerns around: Technology acquisition Supply chain leverage National security vulnerabilities For Developing Countries Decline in aid → widening financing gap for: Infrastructure Social development Increased exposure to: Debt distress Collateral-backed lending (ports, minerals) For BRI Downscaling but not disappearing. Prioritisation of: Quality over quantity Higher-return projects Geopolitical essentials India Angle Total Indian borrowing/aid from China (2000–2023): $11.1 billion. Sectors: Energy Banking & financial services Nature: Mix of commercial + developmental. India remains cautious due to: Strategic competition Supply chain dependencies Security concerns (FDI scrutiny after 2020) Draft Seeds Bill Entail  Why is it in News? The Union Agriculture Ministry released the draft Seeds Bill on November 12, 2025; public comments invited till December 11. Objective: update and modernise the Seeds Act, 1966 and the Seeds (Control) Order, 1983 in line with technological advances, commercial changes, and global commitments. Comes amid rising tensions between seed industry demands (modernisation) and farmers’ unions’ concerns (corporatisation & seed sovereignty). Relevance: GS2 – Governance / Policy Overhaul of Seeds Act, 1966; regulatory modernisation. Centre–State regulatory overlap, federal tensions. Alignment with PPVFR Act, CBD, ITPGRFA → treaty compliance. GS3 – Agriculture Seed quality standards → productivity, crop failure reduction. Impact on small farmers, seed sovereignty, traditional varieties. Liberalising imports → biosecurity, corporate consolidation risks. Why a Seeds Law? Seeds are the primary determinant of crop productivity (35–40% contribution). India has moved from: 1960s: Public-sector dominated seed systems 2020s: Hybrid technologies, GM traits, corporate breeding, biotech, global IPR regimes Need for: Quality assurance Traceability Regulation of producers/dealers Alignment with PPVFR Act (2001) and biodiversity conventions History & Context Seeds Act, 1966 and Seeds (Control) Order, 1983 now outdated. Seed industry demand: Law must reflect advancements in biotechnology, hybrid seeds, transgenics, R&D intensity, global trade. India’s seed requirement 2023–24: 462.31 lakh quintals Availability: 508.60 lakh quintals → 46.29 lakh quintal surplus Farmers’ unions’ position: fear of corporatisation, loss of seed sovereignty, and restriction of farmers’ traditional practices. New Provisions: What the Draft Bill Proposes Regulatory Architecture Covers import, production, processing, certification, distribution, sale of seeds. New definitions for farmer, dealer, distributor, producer. Farmers’ Rights Farmers retain right to grow, sow, re-sow, save, exchange, share, sell farm-saved seed. Restriction only when seed is sold under a brand name. Embedded link to Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPVFR) Act, 2001. Institutional Framework Central Seed Committee (27 members) → sets: Minimum standards on germination, genetic purity, physical purity, seed health, traits. State Seed Committees (15 members) → registration of: Seed producers Seed processing units Dealers/distributors Plant nurseries Seed Registration & Testing Mandatory registration of all: Seed producers Seed processing units Provision for: National Register of seed varieties Field trials for Value for Cultivation & Use (VCU) Central & State seed testing laboratories Import Liberalisation More open system for seed imports, with quality safeguards. Central Accreditation System Merit-based accreditation for companies operating in multiple States to reduce compliance burden. Enforcement Mechanism Seed inspectors empowered to search, seize, sample, and test. Framework aligned with Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS). Offences & Penalties: What Has Changed from 2019 Draft? Changes from 2019 Draft Earlier penalties (2019): ₹25,000–₹5 lakh, imprisonment up to 1 year. Covered largely under consumer protection laws. New Draft (2024) Penalties significantly enhanced: ₹50,000 to ₹30 lakh Imprisonment up to 3 years Categorisation into trivial, minor, major offences. Much stronger punitive framework to curb: Misbranding Spurious seed sales Fake labels Trait misrepresentation Farmers’ Concerns Key objections by All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) / Samyukt Kisan Morcha Bill will increase cost of cultivation due to: Corporate entry Potential for predatory pricing Seen as part of a centralised, corporatised regulatory architecture. Fear of: Undermining India’s seed sovereignty Weakening of farmer-centric protections Dilution of biodiversity safeguards Legal & International Commitments Farmers Invoke Must not conflict with: PPVFR Act, 2001 (farmers’ rights) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources (ITPGRFA) Major apprehensions Centralised regulation may: Reduce autonomy of States Increase dependence on corporate seed lines Marginalise traditional varieties Industry’s Position Federation of Seed Industry of India: Calls the draft timely and much-needed. Supports: Higher standards Liberalisation of imports Accreditation-based regulation Clear penalties Says it aligns India with global seed trade standards. Critical Analysis Strengths Updated quality standards → reduced spurious seeds, higher yields. Clarity on farmers’ rights → compliance with PPVFR Act. Modernised regulation → ease of doing business for legitimate players. Strong penalties → deterrence against adulteration. National Register + lab network → greater traceability and transparency. Weaknesses / Risks Centralisation risks limiting State autonomy (Key in agri-sector). Liberal import regime → risk to domestic breeders, biosecurity. Accreditation system may favour large corporations. VCU trials may increase cost and time, disadvantaging small breeders. Opportunities Harmonisation with global standards → export potential for Indian seed industry. Improved seed quality → reduced crop failures, higher productivity. Stimulates R&D, hybrid seed development, biotech innovation. Threats Corporate consolidation → increased input costs. Farmers’ distrust → protests, political backlash. Inadequate protection for traditional varieties → biodiversity loss. Air Pollution Exposure in India Core Findings 60% districts (447/749) record annual PM2.5 above NAAQS (40 µg/m³). 0 districts meet WHO guideline (5 µg/m³). Indicates year-round exposure, not only winter-linked. Relevance:   GS3 – Environment India-wide PM2.5 exposure trends; compliance gap with NAAQS/WHO standards. Seasonal divergence (winter vs monsoon) → atmospheric science relevance. Urban–rural health burden; link to climate–pollution interactions. GS2 – Governance Air quality regulation, monitoring deficits, federal coordination challenges. Policy gaps in Clean Air Programme, emission control, district-level planning. Geographical Pattern Major hotspots (Top 50 districts) Delhi – 11 Assam – 11 Bihar – 7 Haryana – 7 UP – 4 Tripura – 3 Rajasthan – 2 West Bengal – 2 Cleaner States (mostly within NAAQS) AP, Telangana, Kerala, Sikkim, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu Indicates North–East and North dominance vs South–Coastal cleaner belt. Seasonality Winter (Dec–Feb) 82% districts (616/749) exceed NAAQS. Reasons: stable atmosphere, low wind, increased emissions. Monsoon (Jun–Sep) 90% districts within safe limits (675/749) due to rain scavenging. Technical Notes PM2.5 = toxic chemical + organic aerosol particles. Population exposure differs from ambient readings due to population density distribution. Study by Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA); not peer-reviewed. INR Depreciation  Current Status INR = worst-performing Asian currency in 2025 (Jan–Dec CYTD). Depreciation: 4.3% vs USD (CYTD); 4% CYTD as per Axis Bank estimate. Recent movement: Broke RBI’s defended 88.8 level → touched 89.66 (21 Nov 2025) → recovered to 89.22. Relevance:   GS3 – Economy Exchange-rate dynamics; comparison with Asian currencies. Drivers: strong USD, tariffs, gold imports, capital outflows. Trade deficit, external vulnerabilities, BoP pressures. Monetary policy implications; RBI intervention strategy. GS2 – International Relations Impact of U.S. tariffs on India; geopolitical trade pressures. Currency as a geo-economic tool in India–U.S. relations. Comparison with Asian Peers Indonesian Rupiah (IDR): –2.9% CYTD. Philippine Peso (PHP): –1.3% CYTD. Chinese Yuan (CNY): Appreciated due to PBOC/SAFE interventions. INR weaker vs Asia FX, especially vs current account surplus economies. Still stronger than JPY, KRW, which face domestic policy fragility. Drivers of Depreciation Strong USD (global) USD appreciated 3.6% in last two months → pressure across emerging markets. U.S. Tariffs on India (Trump administration) 50% tariff on Indian exports. Triggered record trade deficit: $41.7 bn (Oct 2025). Direct negative impact on export competitiveness. Surge in Gold Prices & Imports Massive spike in global gold prices → investors shifted to gold & Gold ETFs. Gold demand up 200% (Oct). Gold import bill = $14.72 bn (Oct) → worsened trade deficit. Capital Outflows Depreciation pressure not due to current account (benign). Due to portfolio outflows amid global risk-off and high USD yields. Adverse Geo-economic Environment Combination of tariffs, commodity price shock, and geopolitical instability affecting trade flows. Forward Outlook INR may slide to 90/USD if India–U.S. trade deal is delayed. Rupee trajectory dominated by global USD strength, not domestic fundamentals. Why did Hayli Gubbi erupt now ?  Why is it in News? Erupted on 23 November 2025 after being dormant for ~12,000 years. Produced an explosive ash-rich eruption, unusual for a shield volcano. Located in the Afar Region, a tectonically sensitive area within the East African Rift System. Eruption monitored mainly via satellite imagery due to remoteness. Relevance: GS1 – Geography Shield volcano characteristics; Afar Rift tectonics; triple-junction dynamics. Dormant volcano reactivation after millennia; magma chemistry. Rift-related volcanism → creation of future ocean basin. GS3 – Disaster Management Monitoring challenges in remote volcanic systems. Role of satellite-based early warning; preparedness gaps. What is a Shield Volcano? Broad, gently sloping volcanic structure. Formed by multiple thin, fluid basaltic lava flows. Low viscosity magma → flows long distances → “warrior’s shield” shape. Typically non-explosive eruptions due to low gas content. Location & Tectonic Setting Situated in Afar, Ethiopia, part of the Erta Ale volcanic range. Lies on the boundary of: African Plate Arabian Plate Region forms a triple junction (Afar Triple Junction). Part of the active East African Rift, where continents are pulling apart (divergent plate boundary). Geological Composition of Hayli Gubbi Dominantly basaltic lava (dark, fluid). Also contains trachyte and rhyolite (higher silica content). High-silica magma → more viscous → traps gases → explosive potential. Why Did the Eruption Occur Now After 12,000 Years? Tectonic Drivers Rifting continues → plates pulling apart. This allows hot mantle material to rise. Magma Generation Rising mantle undergoes partial melting. Fresh magma accumulates in shallow crustal chambers. Long-term Magma Buildup Over millennia: Magma slowly pressurises surrounding rocks. Gas-rich, silica-rich pockets evolve. Crustal Faulting or Cracking Rifting causes fault slippage or crustal fractures. A new pathway to the surface opens suddenly. Sudden Ascent of Gas-Rich Magma Once pathway opens: Pressurised magma rises rapidly. Dissolved gases expand into bubbles → explosive eruption. Explains why a shield volcano (usually gentle) produced ash-heavy explosive activity. Why Was It Explosive This Time? Presence of more silica-rich magmas (trachyte, rhyolite). These magmas: Viscous, slow-flowing → gas cannot escape. High gas content → explosive release when decompressed. Long dormancy → pressure buildup significant. Monitoring Challenges Region is remote, poorly instrumented. Very limited seismic stations, gas sensors, ground deformation tools. Scientists rely on: Satellites (thermal anomalies, ash plume movement). Ash chemistry samples. Infrasound and remote radar. Current assessments are provisional, pending better data. Broader Geological Significance Shows that rift-zone volcanoes can reawaken after millennia. Demonstrates mixed-magma systems in shield volcanoes. Highlights the dynamic nature of the East African Rift → one of the few places on Earth where a new ocean basin is forming. Case Study : Climate Change and Assam’s Tea Crisis Why is it in News? Persistent heat, delayed rainfall, high humidity continue into November, disrupting Assam’s traditional post-monsoon cooling. Unpredictable weather causing wilting, blackening, and irregular flush cycles, hitting productivity and quality. Climate change + stagnant prices squeezing margins of tea growers and estates. New research using 50 years’ climate data + IPCC RCP 2.6 & 4.5 models shows suitability decline by 2050, forcing tea cultivation to shift to higher altitudes. Tea tribes (a major workforce constituency) becoming a key factor ahead of Assam 2026 elections. Relevance:   GS1 – Geography Climate–crop interactions; temperature/rainfall variability. Regional vulnerability: floodplains, monsoon dependence. GS3 – Environment & Agriculture Climate impacts on productivity, quality, pest outbreaks. Modelling (RCP scenarios) → future suitability shifts to higher altitudes. Adaptation technologies: irrigation, clonal varieties, agroforestry. GS2 – Governance / Social Issues Tea tribes’ socio-economic vulnerability. Labour rights, health impacts, political relevance ahead of 2026 elections. Tea Basics — The Science of the Crop Optimal temperature: 13–28°C, best growth at 23–25°C. Optimal rainfall: 1,500–2,500 mm, evenly distributed. Soil: Acidic (pH 4.5–5.5), deep, well-drained, high organic matter. Growth pattern: Continuous but in flush cycles, driven by temperature + moisture. Quality determinants: Flavour and aroma depend on slow growth, cool nights, and predictable rainfall. What Climate Change Is Doing to Assam’s Tea Temperature Mean minimum temperature rise of 1°C over 90 years → destroys night-time cooling needed for flavour compounds. More days >35°C → nutrient absorption falls; leaves wilt. Rainfall Winter & pre-monsoon rainfall declining → poor early-season flush. Monsoon rainfall becoming erratic → flooding + soil nutrient leaching. ~200 mm annual rainfall loss over 90 years → chronic moisture stress. Seasonality Shift Heat lingering till November → mismatched harvest cycles, disease risk rises. Pests & Diseases Warmer, more humid conditions → explosion of red spider mite, tea mosquito bug, blister blight. New pest behaviour observed after night temperatures rose. Impact on Tea Quality Reduced polyphenol and flavonoid formation → weaker aroma, lower global competitiveness. Economic Stress: Weather Gets Worse, Prices Don’t Improve Tea auction price rise: only 4.8% per year for 30 years. Staples like wheat/rice: ~10% annual price rise. Real returns stagnant → growers cannot invest in new clones, irrigation, or R&D. Rising input costs: labour, energy, agrochemicals, logistics, irrigation. Ageing bushes (40–60 years old) + no funds for replantation → productivity stagnation. Why Assam Tea Is Especially Vulnerable Grown in floodplains, not hills → hydrological stress higher. Monoculture plantations → low ecosystem resilience. High labour dependence → wages rise but productivity does not. Climate-sensitive product where quality directly follows weather cycles. Social & Political Dimensions  12 lakh workers, majority women → highest climate vulnerability. Increased heat stress, mosquito-borne disease risk, water shortages. Wages stagnant, living conditions poor → climate shocks hit hardest. With elections due in 2026, tea tribes are emerging as a decisive political constituency. Issues gaining traction: Rising cost of living Poor housing & healthcare Climate-driven drop in working days Stagnant wages Adaptation Pathways — What the Industry Is Trying Agronomic Solutions Drought-resilient clonal varieties + seed-grown plants with deep roots. Mulching, cover cropping → retain soil moisture. Agroforestry → shade trees reduce heat, stabilise microclimate. Organic amendments → rebuild soil carbon. Water Management Micro-irrigation, sprinklers, drip systems. Rainwater harvesting for dry patches. Drainage redesign to handle sudden downpours. Pest Management Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Biological controls, pheromone traps, precision spraying. Supply-Chain Reform trustea (India Sustainable Tea Code) 1.4 lakh small growers verified 6.5 lakh workers covered Focus on efficient water use, safe agrochemicals, shade cover, soil health. Structural Reforms Needed Policy parity: treat tea as agriculture, not an industry only. Income diversification for estates: spices, fruits, agri-tourism, livestock, fisheries, direct-to-consumer sales. Investment in climate forecasting, early-warning systems. Subsidised replantation, drip irrigation, and disaster-compensation schemes (like MSP-linked crops). Big Picture — The Tea–Climate Paradox Assam produces 50%+ of India’s tea and drives a $10 billion economy. Climate is becoming harsher just as global tea prices stagnate. Domestic labour, logistics, compliance costs rising → margins collapse. Without decisive adaptation + policy support, India risks losing global leadership in premium tea.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 25 November 2025

Content Industrial Relations Code, 2020: Promoting Harmony and Ease of Doing Business International Day for Elimination of Violence Against Women Industrial Relations Code, 2020: Promoting Harmony and Ease of Doing Business Why is it in News? The Ministry of Labour released a detailed 2025 update highlighting compliance reduction, digital systems, gender-equity provisions, and implementation readiness. IRC, 2020 has gained policy relevance as states prepare rules for nationwide rollout of labour codes. It is cited by government as a major Ease of Doing Business reform and part of labour governance modernization. Basics Objective of the Code Consolidates Industrial Disputes Act (1947), Trade Unions Act (1926) and Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act (1946). Creates a uniform framework for trade unions, industrial disputes, layoffs, retrenchment, service conditions and dispute resolution. Balances worker protection with business flexibility. Core Rationale National Commission on Labour recommended simplification of 100+ labour laws, which were outdated, overlapping and litigation-prone. IRC reduces: Rules: 105 → 51 Forms: 37 → 18 Registers: 3 → 0 Uniform Definitions – Major Structural Reform 1. Expanded Definition of “Worker” Includes sales promotion employees, working journalists, supervisory employees earning ≤ ₹18,000/month. Broader protections under dispute resolution, service conditions, collective bargaining. Implications Extends coverage to semi-white-collar segments. Reduces grey zones exploited for misclassification. 2. Expanded Definition of “Industry” Covers all systematic activity with employer-worker cooperation, even without capital or profit motive. Brings NGOs, non-profits, certain service organisations within scope. Impact Wider access to tribunals, conciliation, and collective bargaining. Resolves earlier ambiguity created post–Bangalore Water Supply Case. 3. Unified Definition of “Wages” 50% cap on exclusions—ensures allowances cannot be inflated to reduce social security contributions. Worker Gains Higher gratuity, retrenchment compensation, PF/ESI contributions. Prevents wage-splitting fraud. Clear basis for courts to adjudicate. Trade Union Reforms – Institutionalising Collective Bargaining Statutory Recognition 51% membership = Negotiating Union. If not, a Negotiating Council with unions having ≥20% membership. Advantages Reduces inter-union rivalry. Creates a single legitimate negotiating body. Boosts industrial democracy. Fixed-Term Employment (FTE) Features Direct contract with employer for fixed period. All benefits equal to permanent workers. Eligibility for gratuity after 1 year. Analysis Reduces contractor dependence. Aligns with global hiring flexibility norms. Supports seasonal, project-based industries. New Definition of “Strike” Includes mass casual leave (>50% workers in a day). Mandatory 14-day notice for all industries. Restriction during conciliation/tribunal proceedings. Impact Prevents sudden production disruptions. Encourages negotiations. Balances right to strike with business continuity. Dispute Resolution Mechanism – Speed & Certainty 1. Decriminalization & Compounding Many minor offences converted to monetary penalties. Fine-only offences can be compounded at 50% of maximum fine. Imprisonment ≤1 year + fine can be compounded at 75%. Impact Reduces litigation burden. Predictable compliance encourages investment. Reduces adversarial environment. 2. Time-Bound Adjudication 2-member tribunal: judicial + administrative member. Direct approach to tribunal if conciliation fails within 90 days. Benefits Eliminates bureaucratic delay in “government reference”. Faster resolution → fewer man-days lost. Strikes / Lockouts Regulation Prior notice compulsory across all establishments. No strikes during conciliation/tribunal processes. Outcome Industrial peace, smoother production cycles. Encourages mature conflict resolution. Retrenchment & Closure 1. Worker Re-Skilling Fund Employer contributes 15 days’ wages to retrenched worker within 45 days. Significance First statutory skilling-linked severance mechanism. Softens economic shocks. 2. Threshold Raised to 300 Workers Permission required for layoff/retrenchment/closure only if workforce ≥300. States allowed to increase further. Impact MSMEs get flexibility to restructure. Encourages formal hiring without fear of rigid exit laws. Aligns with Rajasthan’s model, which showed higher job formalisation after raising threshold. Gender Equity Provisions Women in Grievance Redressal Committees Representation must match workforce proportion. Benefits Safer, inclusive dispute resolution. Better handling of harassment/maternity issues. Higher trust in internal mechanisms. Work from Home Provision Explicitly allowed in Model Standing Orders for services sector. Important for women, IT/ITES, distributed workplaces. Digital Compliance Electronic registers, returns, filings. Reduces corruption and paperwork. Strengthens audit trail and transparency. Overall Impact Assessment Pro-Labour Expanded worker protections Clearer wage definitions Stronger unions FTE parity with permanent workers Re-skilling fund Gender-sensitive mechanisms Pro-Employment Flexible hiring Lower compliance burden Predictable industrial relations Reduced litigation Pro-Growth Ease of doing business Digital systems Faster dispute disposal Stable industrial environment Attracts domestic and global investment Challenges & Criticisms Trade unions argue 14-day strike notice restricts spontaneous collective action. Increasing threshold from 100 → 300 seen as diluting job security. Implementation depends on states; uneven rollout likely. FTE may lead to gradual decline in permanent jobs if misused. Digital systems require capacity-building in small enterprises. Conclusion The Industrial Relations Code, 2020 modernises India’s industrial relations ecosystem by merging fragmented laws into a coherent, streamlined framework. It strengthens worker rights, expands social security, institutionalises union recognition, and ensures fair compensation. Simultaneously, it introduces hiring flexibility, digital compliance, faster dispute resolution, and predictable processes for businesses. Overall, it is a pro-labour, pro-employment, and pro-growth reform aimed at harmonising industrial relations—essential for investment, productivity, and inclusive economic growth. International Day for Elimination of Violence Against Women Why is it in News? Observed globally on 25 November, marking the start of the UN 16 Days of Activism (Nov 25–Dec 10). 2025 theme highlights digital violence: online harassment, deepfakes, cyberstalking, doxxing, algorithmic bias, coordinated misogynistic attacks. India showcased its year-long initiatives under Mission Shakti, strengthened digital safety tools, FTSC performance, NCW helplines, SHe-Box reforms, and online-offence tracking systems. Launch of updated NCW digital helplines, new data on FTSC disposal rates, expanded Women Help Desks, and enhanced implementation of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023. Meaning and Global Context UNGA Resolution 54/134 (2000) designated Nov 25 as the day. Aimed at eliminating physical, sexual, emotional, economic and digital violence. Linked with CEDAW, Beijing Platform for Action, SDG 5 (Gender Equality). Violence against women seen as structural, tied to gender discrimination, patriarchy, unequal access to digital spaces, and weak justice mechanisms. India’s Ecosystem to Combat Violence Against Women National Commission for Women (NCW) Statutory body: 31 Jan 1992. Monitors safeguards, recommends reforms, investigates complaints. Helpline: 7827170170 (24×7 digital support via IVR). Receives both offline and online complaints. Relevance to digital violence Handles cyberstalking, deepfake threats, online blackmail, impersonation. Runs Digital Shakti (digital literacy + cyber safety training). Legal Framework in India Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (replacing IPC from 1 July 2024) Stricter punishments for sexual offences (e.g., life imprisonment for rape of minors). Mandates audio–video recording of victim statements. Prioritises offences against women/children in court processes. Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 Covers physical, sexual, emotional, verbal, and economic abuse. Wide definition of domestic relationship. Ensures protection orders, residence orders, monetary relief, custody, counselling. Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013 (POSH Act) Mandatory Internal Committees (ICs) for workplaces with >10 employees. Local Committees for smaller workplaces. Inquiry must conclude within 90 days. SHe-Box enables unified digital filing and tracking. Mission Shakti: India’s Umbrella Programme Two components: Sambal – safety and security Samarthya – empowerment Key Schemes : One Stop Centres (OSCs) Provide police linkage, legal aid, medical aid, counselling, temporary shelter. Women Helpline (181) + ERSS (112) 24×7 support for all forms of violence. Integrated with district authorities for quick referral. Swadhar Greh Shelter + rehabilitation for women in difficult circumstances. Stree Manoraksha (NIMHANS) Training OSC staff on psycho-social and mental health counselling. Digital Shakti 4.0 Pan-India programme for cyber awareness + reporting + digital hygiene. Technology-Enabled Safety and Justice Investigation Tracking System for Sexual Offences (ITSSO) Online monitoring of police investigations in sexual crime cases. National Database on Sexual Offenders (NDSO) Centralised registry of convicted sexual offenders. Crime Multi-Agency Centre (Cri-MAC) Real-time sharing of info on heinous crimes across states. SHe-Box Portal (Upgraded) Central repository of ICs/LCs. Auto-routing of workplace sexual harassment complaints. Real-time tracking. Women Help Desks (14,658 police stations; Feb 2025) Frontline gender-sensitive reporting platform. Fast Track Special Courts (773 FTSCs; Aug 2025) Over 3.34 lakh cases disposed since inception. Speeds up POCSO + rape trials. Challenges: Offline and Digital Violence Landscape Offline Violence Domestic violence underreported. Patriarchal norms, economic dependency. Delays in court processes outside FTSCs. Digital Violence Deepfakes and AI-enabled image/video morphing rising. Cross-border servers make enforcement difficult. Low digital literacy among women → poor detection/reporting. Online platforms slow in content takedown. Government Countermeasures for Digital Violence Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) for incident tracking. Cyber Crime Reporting Portal (cybercrime.gov.in) for anonymous complaints. IT Rules 2021: 24-hour takedown for sexual content/deepfakes. Grievance appellate mechanism. Deepfake detection tools under MeitY pilot projects. Digital Shakti + NCW digital literacy sessions. Institutional Architecture for Women’s Safety National → State → District NCW → SCWs → District-level OSCs + Women Help Desks. Judiciary: FTSCs + POSH LCs + POCSO courts. Police: Cyber Cells, Anti-Human Trafficking Units, Women Help Desks. Overview Strengths Comprehensive legal framework (physical + digital violence). Technology integration (FTSC dashboards, digital FIR systems, ITSSO). Mission Shakti creates a unified safety network. Rapid expansion of Women Help Desks and OSCs. Digital Shakti builds long-term cyber resilience. Gaps / Issues Underreporting due to fear, stigma, weak ICs in private sector. Limited cyber-forensics capacity in many districts. Deepfake-related offences still poorly mapped in law enforcement SOPs. Inconsistent implementation across states (POSH, OSCs, FTSCs). Need for gendered AI governance: algorithms often reinforce biases. Way Forward Strengthening IC/LC compliance audits under POSH. Dedicated Deepfake Response Units with AI labs in police cyber cells. Digital literacy as part of school curriculum. Training judiciary and police on cyber-laws + digital violence. Data-sharing frameworks with social media platforms. Community-driven awareness + male engagement programmes. Conclusion India is expanding from a violence-response model to a violence-prevention + digital-protection ecosystem. With Mission Shakti, advanced helplines, FTSCs, digital tools like SHe-Box and ITSSO, and a stronger legal regime under BNS 2023, the country is building an integrated offline–online safety architecture. As digital violence intensifies globally, India’s approach—combining law, technology, institutional support, and gender empowerment—is critical for ensuring that every woman and girl can live with dignity, safety, and equal opportunity.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 25 November 2025

Content Governor’s Discretion on Bills (Article 200)  Polarisation, Neutrality & Civil Discourse Governor’s Discretion on Bills (Article 200)  Why is it in News? President sought SC’s advice under Article 143 on 14 questions regarding the powers of Governors over Bills passed by State legislatures. Trigger: Conflict in Tamil Nadu—Governor delaying/withholding assent, prompting judicial intervention. SC has now answered 11 of 14 questions, reshaping the understanding of gubernatorial discretion & timelines under Article 200. Relevance GS-II: Polity & Governance Centre–State relations Federalism and constitutional friction Role, powers, limitations of Governor Article 200, 201, 163, 143 Judicial review of constitutional authorities Anti-defection, legislative process Sarkaria, Punchhi Commissions on Governors Issues in Union–State trust deficit Constitutional morality & democratic mandate GS-II: Separation of Powers Unelected head (Governor) vs elected Assembly Delays in assent → legislative paralysis Judicial intervention vs constitutional autonomy GS-II: Indian Constitution—Historical Evolution Departure from 1935 Act Constituent Assembly’s intent to avoid discretionary veto Post-1985 changes in political discipline Practice Questions “The Supreme Court’s advisory opinion on Article 200 expands gubernatorial discretion contrary to constitutional intent.” Discuss.(250 Words) Constitutional Scheme Governor’s Role in State Legislation Under Article 200, when a Bill is presented, Governor can: Assent. Withhold assent. Return Bill (except Money Bills). Reserve for President. Foundational Principles Governor acts on aid & advice of Council of Ministers (Article 163). Discretion is exceptional, not the rule. Not an “employee” of Union (Hargovind Pant case). Constituent Assembly Intent Draft Article 175 originally gave explicit discretion → deleted. B.N. Rau’s constitutional note: Governor not meant to be an alternative power center. Evolution: Historical Background Government of India Act, 1935 Explicit discretionary power with Governor-General/Governor. Constitution deliberately moved away from this colonial design. Pre-1985 Reality Before Anti-Defection Law (Tenth Schedule): Parties could split. Government’s “majority” could fluctuate. Returning Bills had a real legislative effect. Post-1985: Party whip discipline → SC implies this limits need for discretion. Contemporary Conflict: Why Governors Became Controversial Recurring Issues Delays in giving assent. Returning Bills after long gaps. Reserving Bills for President without justification. Alleged political misuse when Union–State relations are adversarial. Empirical Evidence Ramakrishna Hegde’s data (1991): 74 Bills pending with President. Some pending 6–7 years. Indicates systemic delay, not isolated incidents. Supreme Court Opinion (2024–25): Core Findings A. SC on Discretion Governor does have discretion in: Assenting. Withholding. Reserving for President. BUT this discretion is: Not unlimited. Subject to limited judicial review when delays are “prolonged, unexplained, indefinite”. B. No Strict Time Limit SC refuses to prescribe a fixed timeline. But emphasises: “As soon as possible” must have practical meaning. Court can intervene in egregious cases. C. Resubmitted Bills Once Assembly re-passes the Bill: Governor must give assent “as soon as possible”. Cannot withhold again. D. Withholding Assent SC clarifies: Withholding cannot be simpliciter. Must be accompanied with message (reasons). The Flaws/Concerns in SC’s Logic – Expert Critiques Coalition Scenario Overlooked SC assumes Council always backs its own Bill. Real-world contradiction: Coalition government changes. New government may not support old Bill. Returning the Bill may reflect genuine political change, not misuse. Aid and Advice Issues SC assumption: Ministers may give unconstitutional advice → Governor needs discretion. Critiques: Ministers take oath to uphold Constitution. For unconstitutional advice: Governor can report under Article 356 without their advice. President also does not have absolute discretion; bound by Cabinet. Broadening Discretion is Dangerous Sarkaria/Venkatachaliah/Punchhi Commissions: Discretion should be narrow, only in 2nd proviso of Article 200. SC now widens it and makes it non-justiciable. Risks: Parallel veto authority. Legislative paralysis. Structural Problem: Appointment System Soli Sorabjee (1985) Governor posts used as: “Consolation prizes”. “Parking spaces” for political aspirants. Commission Recommendations Ignored Sarkaria (1988) Venkatachaliah (2002) Punchhi (2010) Recommendations: Fixed criteria for appointment. Consultation with Chief Minister. Non-political backgrounds. None implemented → institutional conflict remains baked in. Key Constitutional Concerns A. Federalism Excessive discretion → weakens State autonomy. Creates vertical political leverage for Union. B. Separation of Powers Governor becomes a de facto legislative check without electoral accountability. C. Democratic Mandate People elect Assembly → Governor (appointed) stalls its will. Reform Pathways A. Constitutional Amendment (Article 200) Introduce: Clear timelines (e.g., 3 months). Procedure for assent, withholding, reservation. B. Reform Governor Appointments Merit-based criteria. Mandatory consultation with State. Fixed tenure protection. C. Make Discretion Justiciable Courts should be able to review: Reasons for withholding. Unreasonable reservation. Delays beyond prescribed limits. Conclusion SC’s advisory opinion broadens gubernatorial discretion and removes enforceable timelines, reversing the reform-oriented Tamil Nadu judgment. This risks reviving a quasi-colonial veto model, contrary to constitutional intent. Without timelines and accountability, federal friction will intensify. Structural reforms in Article 200 and the appointment process of Governors are necessary for stable Union–State relations. Polarisation, Neutrality & Civil Discourse Why is it in News? Justice N. Anand Venkatesh (Madras High Court) highlights the erosion of neutrality, collapse of civil dialogue, and rise of polarisation in public discourse. Warns that democracy, governance, and societal cohesion face existential risk if neutrality continues to be mocked and polarisation normalised. Relevance GS-II: Polity & Governance Democratic culture, quality of public discourse Institutional credibility: legislature, judiciary, executive Civil society and media behaviour Impact of polarisation on policy-making Threats to deliberative democracy (Habermas) GS-I: Society Social fragmentation Erosion of trust, rise of tribalism Mental health and community cohesion challenges Hate crimes and political violence GS-III: Internal Security Digital manipulation, misinformation Algorithmic polarisation and radicalisation Weakening of social resilience Practice Questions Discuss how polarisation undermines the functioning of democratic institutions in India. (250 Words ) What is Neutrality & Civil Discourse? Neutrality = impartial judgment, evaluating facts without partisan bias. Civil discourse = reasoned, respectful debate essential for democracy. In classical democratic theory (Habermas), open dialogue allows deliberation, problem-solving, and legitimacy of institutions. Contemporary Crisis: What Has Gone Wrong? A. Structural Shifts Public forums (TV, social media, political rallies) now prioritise conflict over content. Digital platforms monetise emotional outrage. Discussion becomes spectacle, not reasoning. B. Binary Thinking Left vs Right, nationalist vs liberal: no middle ground. Moderation viewed as weakness; neutrality attacked as betrayal. C. Tribes Over Truth Group loyalty replaces fact-based thinking. Confirmation bias and motivated reasoning dominate. Opponents treated as enemies, not citizens. Impact on Democratic Institutions A. Legislature Polarisation → deadlock, abrupt boycotts, rubber-stamp laws. Complex policy issues reduced to ideological binaries. B. Judiciary Courts accused of partisanship → weakened legitimacy. Judgments viewed through political lens, not legal reasoning. C. Executive Leadership Leaders become faction heads, not representatives of the entire polity. Compromise equated with weakness; negotiation space collapses. D. Public Sphere Debate replaced by hostile rhetoric, memes, and dog whistles. Civic trust steadily erodes. Societal and Individual Consequences A. Mental Health Rising stress, anxiety, and anger fatigue from political hostility. Decision-makers face emotional burnout. B. Social Integration Social networks shrink; people cluster with ideological mirrors. Cross-cutting ties weaken → communal cohesion suffers. C. Workplace Dynamics Ideological divisions influence hiring, collaboration, interpersonal conflict. D. Extremism & Violence Polarisation linked to: Rise in hate crimes. Political violence. Targeting of minority groups. Erosion of public safety norms. The Digital Dimension A. Algorithmic Manipulation Platforms amplify outrage; sensational posts get disproportionate reach. Echo chambers reinforce group identity. B. Homophily Effect (Evidence-Based Insight) Increased connectivity → people cluster with similar views. This widens opinion gaps, as per multiple social network studies. C. Misinformation Disinformation ecosystems exploit grievance, identity, fear. Creates alternate realities and deepens distrust. Misuse of Neutrality A. Selective Neutrality Condemn others’ faults; ignore own side’s misconduct. Neutrality becomes performative rather than principled. B. Hypocrisy and Erosion of Trust Public loses faith in fairness when neutrality is inconsistently applied. The Middle Path – Why It Matters Now A. Philosophical Foundations As taught by Buddhist ethics and political theorists: Middle path = balance, humility, openness. Rejects absolutism. B. Jay Garfield’s Warning Polarisation destroys civil discourse → democracy collapses. Urges dialogue with: Openness. Humility. Recognition of opponents’ humanity. Acceptance of uncertainty in one’s own beliefs. C. Why Middle Path Is Essential Encourages problem-solving, trust-building, and shared citizenship. Protects institutions from ideological capture. Rebuilding Dialogue: What Must Be Done A. Defend Neutrality Treat impartiality as a moral imperative, not passive stance. Institutional training for civil servants, judiciary, and media. B. Strengthen Civic Spaces Encourage fact-based discussions. Promote citizen forums, deliberative assemblies, and community dialogue. C. Digital Reforms Transparency in algorithms. Stronger misinformation checks. Civic literacy on online manipulation. D. Political Leadership Leaders must normalise compromise. Promote language of unity instead of mobilisation through fear. E. Societal Responsibility View opponents as citizens, not adversaries. Accept ambiguity in complex issues. Encourage pluralism and empathy. Conclusion The collapse of neutrality is not merely political but existential. Without respectful engagement, democratic institutions lose legitimacy, society becomes segregated, and public trust evaporates. Reclaiming neutrality, balance, and genuine dialogue is essential to defend governance, peace, and social cohesion. Middle path is not idealism—it’s the only sustainable model for modern democracies facing deep polarization.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 25 November 2025

Content BNSS Section 356: Trial in Absentia India’s Doctor–Population Ratio Debate SC Advisory Opinion on Governor’s Powers (Art. 200) INS Mahe Commissioning Hayli Gubbi Volcano Eruption & DGCA Advisory COP30 Brazil & the Concept of Mutirão BNSS Section 356 Why is it in news ? Delhi Police invoked Section 356 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) for the first time. Against Jitendra Mehto, accused of murder and evading arrest. The provision enables trial in absentia, marking a significant shift under the new criminal law framework. Relevance GS2 – Governance / Polity New criminal procedure architecture under BNSS. Due process concerns: rights of absconding accused vs Article 21. Oversight on police powers; risk of misuse in politically sensitive cases. Judicial scrutiny of absentee trials; alignment with global standards. Impact on pendency reduction and court efficiency. GS2 – Federalism Harmonisation of State police functioning under new central law. Centre–State friction potential in high-profile cases. What is Section 356 (BNSS) Enables trial of an absconding accused without their presence. Preconditions: Accused must be declared a proclaimed offender. Must have absconded or evaded arrest despite repeated summons/warrants. Objective: Prevent accused from stalling trials and ensure timely justice. Key features of Section 356 Court may: Conduct trial in absence of the accused. Record evidence, examine witnesses, and pass judgment. Assign legal aid counsel to represent the absconding accused. Safeguards: Public notice, proof of intentional evasion, right to re-opening of trial upon arrest. Difference from old CrPC CrPC allowed declaring someone a proclaimed offender (Sections 82–83) but did not permit full trial in absentia. BNSS introduces a complete absentee-trial mechanism, inspired by European systems. Supports BNSS goals: Time-bound trials, ** Victim-centric justice**, Reduced judicial delay. Application in the Delhi cases Protest-related case: Officials were obstructed; pepper spray allegedly used. Accused evaded notices; police sought Section 356 to prevent delay. Murder case: Accused absconding; Section 356 triggered to continue trial. Legal and constitutional analysis Merits Addresses chronic problem of absconding accused. Strengthens victim’s right to speedy justice (Article 21; Hussainara Khatoon). Prevents deliberate stalling of criminal proceedings. Concerns Risk of misuse in politically sensitive cases. Could impact fair hearing if safeguards not strictly followed. Requires robust judicial oversight in declaring someone absconding. Judicial position (likely) SC has upheld flexible modes of trial (Praful Desai, video trials). Will insist on procedural safeguards to uphold Article 21. Administrative significance Helps police tackle habitual evaders. Strengthens enforcement of summons/warrants. Reduces pendency caused by non-appearance of accused. Supports the BNSS’s time-bound trial architecture. Impact on criminal justice system Faster disposal of serious offences (murder, organised crime). Reduces backlog linked to absconding behaviour. Enhances accountability in politically sensitive or public-order situations. Moves the system toward certainty of trial, not merely certainty of arrest. 1 doctor per 1,000 population Why it is in news ? Government replies in Parliament (2015 and 2024) cited a WHO benchmark of 1 doctor per 1,000 population. The Hindu’s investigation shows WHO has never prescribed this norm. WHO issued a written clarification to The Hindu confirming: it does not recommend doctor-population ratios for countries. Government calculations were found inconsistent: Only 80% availability factor applied to allopathic doctors. No availability factor applied to AYUSH practitioners. Inclusion of AYUSH doctors helped the government claim it meets the supposed ratio. Raises questions on data transparency, policy accuracy, and misinterpretation of global health norms. Relevance GS2 – Health / Governance HRH planning under National Health Policy. Data integrity and parliamentary accountability. Rural–urban health workforce maldistribution. Overreliance on “composite workforce” metric. GS3 – Economy Impact on health expenditure planning. Workforce shortages affecting productivity, demographic dividend. What is the claimed “WHO ratio”? Popularly cited norm: 1 doctor per 1,000 population. Policymakers, medical bodies, and public discourse often present it as WHO-prescribed. Reality: No WHO document prescribes this ratio. No global standard exists for doctor-only ratios. The figure spread through academic citations, policy reports, and government statements without primary source evidence. What does WHO actually prescribe? WHO clarified that it does not issue country-level doctor ratios because health workforce needs depend on: National disease burdens, Health labour markets, Infrastructure, Demography and epidemiology. WHO uses composite workforce benchmarks, not doctor-only ratios. WHO benchmarks: 2006 global threshold: 2.25 doctors, nurses, midwives per 1,000 population Minimum required for essential maternal and child health services. Revised SDG Composite Index (current): 4.45 doctors + nurses + midwives per 1,000 population Needed to achieve 80% coverage on 12 SDG-linked health indicators. How did the 1:1,000 myth originate? Public health expert Dr. Kumbhar traced the earliest official Indian reference to: Medical Council of India (MCI) “Vision 2015” report (2011). That report—based on expert consultations—recommended 1:1,000 as a target, not a WHO norm*. Later, the figure was cited in: Parliamentary answers Academic articles Policy discussions Media narratives Over time, it became politicised, especially in debates over: Need for more medical colleges Inclusion of AYUSH doctors in workforce counts Shortages exaggerated to justify rapid medical infrastructure expansion Government’s use of the ratio (2015–2024) Government replies cited the 1:1,000 ratio while measuring India’s doctor availability. Issues in calculation: Allopathic doctors: only 80% counted, as per availability AYUSH doctors: 100% counted, no availability adjustment Inclusion of AYUSH boosted India’s numbers closer to the “benchmark” Result: Produced inconsistent doctor-population ratios (shown in multiple Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha responses). Demonstrates selective application of workforce metrics. What do global datasets show? Based on WHO’s National Health Workforce Accounts (NHWA): a) Doctors per 1,000 population (Chart 2) India: 0.7 per 1,000 Rank: 118 out of 181 countries b) Composite health workers (doctors + nurses + midwives) per 1,000 (Chart 3) India: 3.06 per 1,000 Rank: 122 out of 181 countries Below WHO’s SDG threshold: 4.45 Real issue: maldistribution, not raw numbers Urban–rural divide is the core problem: Large concentration of doctors in metros and Tier-1 cities. Severe shortages in rural PHCs, CHCs, tribal areas. State variation is high: Some states exceed global benchmarks; others are far below. Raw national ratios hide structural gaps in: Quality of care Skilled nursing supply Midwifery cadres Rural incentives Regulatory standards Policy implications Misstating WHO norms risks: Misaligned workforce planning Policy errors in medical education expansion Overreliance on numeric targets Shift needed toward: Local workforce forecasting State-specific staffing models Strengthening nurses and midwives Incentivising rural practice Accurate measurement and availability-adjusted counts Conclusion India’s debate on doctor shortages is driven by a mythical benchmark, not evidence. WHO’s actual focus is on composite health workforce sufficiency, not doctor-specific norms. What does the SC’s advisory opinion imply?    Why it is in news ? Supreme Court delivered its opinion on a Presidential Reference under Article 143, triggered by the April 2025 two-judge Bench decision in State of Tamil Nadu vs Governor of Tamil Nadu. The April 2025 judgment had: Imposed a three-month timeline for Governors/President to act on Bills. Declared decisions on Bills justiciable even before enactment. Invoked Article 142 to grant deemed assent to certain Tamil Nadu Bills. The Union government sought clarity on 14 issues, particularly the scope of Article 200/201, justiciability, and limits of Article 142 powers. The Constitution Bench has largely negated the 2025 two-judge ruling. Relevance GS2 – Polity / Federalism Limits of Governor’s discretion in bill assent. Clarification of timelines → smoother State legislative process. Strengthening constitutional conventions. Judicial review boundaries in pre-enactment stages. GS2 – Governance Reducing executive delays; improving accountability in lawmaking. Articles 200 and 201 Article 200 – Governor’s options on State Bills: Assent Withhold assent Return Bill (except Money Bills) Reserve for President Article 201 – President’s options on reserved Bills: Assent Withhold assent Return (except Money Bills) Neither Article prescribes time limits. What was the Presidential reference? (14 questions) Can courts create time limits when Constitution is silent? Are Governor’s/President’s actions on pending Bills justiciable? Does Governor act with discretion or on aid and advice in Article 200 matters? Can Supreme Court under Article 142 grant deemed assent? Can courts review actions before a Bill becomes law? Do delays amount to constitutional impropriety reviewable by courts? Supreme Court’s current opinion (Constitution Bench) a) Governor’s options and discretion Governor has three constitutional options under Article 200. Governor enjoys discretion in exercising these options. This discretion is not bound by the Council of Ministers’ aid and advice. Court interprets Shamsher Singh (1974) and Nabam Rebia (2016) narrowly: Article 200 is a discretionary field. b) Justiciability Actions under Articles 200 and 201 are not justiciable before enactment. Courts cannot question the content or choice of assent/withholding. c) Limited judicial intervention Courts may only issue a limited mandamus asking the Governor to “decide”, in rare cases of prolonged, unexplained inaction. Courts cannot direct the outcome. d) Timelines Courts cannot prescribe timelines where Constitution prescribes none. Punchhi Commission’s six-month suggestion is non-binding. April 2025 ruling granting three-month limit is overruled. e) Article 142 Article 142 cannot substitute constitutional powers of Governor/President. Deemed assent is unconstitutional. f) Reservation of Bills Reservation to President is a discretionary power, consistent with Sarkaria and Punchhi Commission principles.  What issues arise from the opinion? a) Potential derailment of State legislative intent Treating Article 200 decisions as discretionary allows Governors to delay/withhold assent. Weakens the parliamentary executive model in States. b) Weakens judicial oversight Earlier State of Tamil Nadu (2025) ruling enabled accountability; current ruling reduces review space. Before-enactment stages become largely immune from judicial scrutiny. c) Federalism concerns Empowers an unelected Governor (appointed by Centre) vis-à-vis elected State governments. Increases possibility of politicised obstruction of State policies. d) Inconsistency with purposive interpretation tradition Court itself created time limits (e.g., K.M. Singh, 2020 — 3 months for Speakers). Refusal here marks a shift away from purposive constitutionalism. e) Sidestepping Commission recommendations Sarkaria: Reservation for President should be rare, not routine. Punchhi: Decision on Bills ideally within six months. Current opinion chooses restraint, not reform. Broader constitutional implications Reasserts textual fidelity over purposive interpretation. Alters balance between: State legislature (majoritarian mandate) Governor (constitutional head) President (central executive) Signals a conservative approach to judicial intervention in federal disputes. Way forward Need for statutory or constitutional clarification on time limits. Governors must follow constitutional morality, not political expediency. Inter-governmental forums (e.g., Inter-State Council) should evolve operational protocols. Strengthen conventions: Timely assent Minimal reservation of Bills Transparent communication between Raj Bhavan and State governments Preserve balance between executive stability and federal autonomy. INS Mahe Why is it in News? India’s first Mahe-class Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) Shallow Watercraft, INS Mahe, commissioned at Naval Dockyard, Mumbai. Commissioned by Army Chief General Upendra Dwivedi — first-ever time an Indian Army Chief presided over a naval warship commissioning. Represents a major step in naval indigenisation, with 80%+ indigenous components. Enhances coastal ASW capability, crucial amid rising Chinese undersea presence in the IOR. Relevance GS2 – Governance / Security Defence indigenisation push under Aatmanirbhar Bharat. Strengthening coastal & ASW capabilities. GS3 – Internal and External Security Countering Chinese submarine presence in IOR. Enhancing littoral surveillance and deterrence posture. Boost to shipbuilding ecosystem. What is a Mahe-class ASW Shallow Watercraft? A small, agile anti-submarine warfare vessel designed for coastal and near-shore operations. Optimised for detecting and neutralising mini-submarines, midget subs, diver-delivery vehicles, and shallow-water intrusions. Designed and built by Cochin Shipyard Limited. Part of the 8-vessel ASW Shallow Watercraft Project. Key Features Indigenous Content: Over 80% locally sourced systems and components. Stealth profile: Low acoustic signature. Motto: Silent Hunters — reflects stealth ASW capability. Advanced systems: Integrated combat suite Modern Sonar, radars, electronic warfare systems Precision ASW weapons Long endurance for persistent coastal patrols. Interoperable with larger naval platforms, submarines, and aircraft. Operational Role: Why is it Important? Forms the first line of coastal defence against undersea threats. Crucial for littoral ASW operations where larger ships cannot manoeuvre effectively. Enhances surveillance over choke points, harbour approaches, EEZ areas, and critical maritime infrastructure. Addresses increasing Chinese submarine activity and grey-zone operations in the IOR. Strengthens the coastal security grid post-26/11. Strategic Significance Strengthens India’s Near-Sea Dominance Doctrine. Supports Sea Control + Sea Denial missions in shallow waters. Enhances India’s ability to monitor sub-surface intrusions by state and non-state actors. Contributes to deterrence posture in Eastern Arabian Sea / Bay of Bengal. Indigenisation Significance Demonstrates India’s increasing ability to design, integrate, and deploy complex combatant vessels. Part of the larger Aatmanirbhar Bharat in defence shipbuilding. Reduces dependency on foreign sonar, sensors, and propulsion systems. Boosts competence of shipyards like CSL, essential for future larger combatant projects. Tri-Service/Jointness Significance Commissioning done by Army Chief → symbolism of jointness, integration, and Theatre Command readiness. Highlights the shift toward: Multi-domain operations Unified maritime-land-air integration Future tri-service maritime theatre command Technical-Operational Capabilities (Condensed) ASW Sensors: Hull-mounted sonar, variable depth sonar. ASW Weapons: Lightweight torpedoes, ASW rockets. Navigation & Communication: Integrated bridge system, modern communication suite. Endurance: Long-duration coastal operations. Other: High-speed manoeuvrability in shallow waters. Broader Maritime Security Context Rising submarine traffic in the region demands persistent ASW presence. China’s submarine docking in Sri Lanka / Pakistan increases littoral surveillance needs. Coastal vulnerability after Mumbai 26/11 → need for layered security. Supports SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) doctrine. Hayli Gubbi volcano Why is it in News? Hayli Gubbi volcano in Ethiopia’s Afar region erupted after ~10,000 years of dormancy, sending massive ash plumes up to 14 km into the atmosphere. Ash travelled across Red Sea → Yemen → Oman → India, entering through Rajasthan and drifiting toward Delhi, UP, Bihar, Northeast. DGCA issued urgent advisories directing all Indian airlines to avoid ash-affected flight routes and altitudes. Multiple flight diversions and cancellations (e.g., Indigo Kannur–Abu Dhabi flight diverted to Ahmedabad). Raises major concerns about aviation safety, atmospheric circulation patterns, and volcanic hazards in South Asia. Relevance GS3 – Disaster Management Aviation hazard management; ICAO compliance. Early warning & ash cloud monitoring systems. GS1 – Geography East African Rift dynamics; Afar triple junction. Atmospheric transport of aerosols affecting distant regions. Where is the Hayli Gubbi Volcano? Located in Afar Depression, northern Ethiopia. Part of the East African Rift System (EARS), one of the world’s most active tectonic zones. A rift volcano associated with continental plate divergence (African Plate splitting into Nubia and Somalia plates). Dormant for ~10,000 years → now active. Type of Volcano & Eruption Characteristics Rift-zone basaltic volcano (common to Afar). Eruption produced: High-altitude ash plume (up to 14 km) reaching the tropopause. Volcanic ash and fine pyroclasts carried by upper-level winds. No major lava flow reported; eruption dominated by explosive ash generation. Path of Ash Transport (Atmospheric Science) Strong westerlies and subtropical jet stream transported ash eastwards. Sequence: Ethiopia → Red Sea → Yemen → Oman → Arabian Sea → India. Entered India via western Rajasthan, then moving northeast. Expected spread: Delhi (near midnight), UP, Bihar, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh. Why Volcanic Ash is Dangerous for Aviation ? Extremely abrasive fine particles of glassy volcanic silica. At engine temperatures, ash melts → forms glass-like coating → sticks to turbine blades → engine stall/failure. Can cause: Compressor surges / flameouts Erosion of fan blades Pitot tube blockage → instrument failure Windshield abrasion → visibility loss Damage to avionics & filters Worst-case: multi-engine failure (e.g., 1982 BA Flight 9, 1989 KLM Alaska incident). DGCA Advisory — Key Directives Avoid flights through ash-contaminated airspace/altitudes. Mandatory reporting of: Engine performance changes Smoke/odour in cabin Airports: Inspect runways for ash deposits Restrict/suspend operations if contamination detected India’s first large-scale volcanic ash intrusion in years → precautionary measures intensified. Impact on India Flight disruptions: diversions, cancellations, re-routing. Visibility reduction possible in some sectors. Surface-level impact limited, as ash concentrations dilute with distance. Health impact low but sensitive groups may feel irritation if ash reaches ground level. Meteorology impact: Potential scattering of sunlight, minor cooling effect locally Monitoring by IMD, satellite agencies Geological Significance Shows the tectonic dynamism of the Afar Triple Junction where Africa is splitting. Could indicate increased rifting activity in East Africa. Afar Depression is one of the only places where mid-ocean ridge volcanism occurs on land. Why Volcano Ash Can Travel to India ? High-altitude eruption reaching jet stream level (approx. 12–16 km). Jet streams can carry ash thousands of kilometres rapidly. Dry conditions over the Arabian region prevent washout, allowing long-distance travel. COP30 & Mutirão  Why is it in News? COP30 concluded in Belém, Brazil, and its entire Action Agenda was built around the concept of mutirão. First time a global climate summit formally adopted a Brazilian–Indigenous governance philosophy as its operational principle. Brazil highlighted mutirão to showcase participatory climate action and centre the role of Indigenous knowledge in rainforest protection, especially the Amazon. Relevance GS3 – Environment Community-driven climate governance model. Integration of indigenous knowledge into global climate action. Amazon conservation as global climate stabiliser. GS2 – Governance / International Relations Multi-stakeholder participation shaping global negotiations. Climate justice, inclusivity, and consensus-building diplomacy. What is Mutirão? A Brazilian term meaning collective effort, joint mobilisation, community work. Originates from Tupi-Guarani, an Indigenous language family of the Amazon. Core idea: Problems are solved together, not individually. Decisions emerge from consensus, not hierarchy. Action is continuous, not event-based. Why is the Concept Symbolically Powerful? Indigenous-led → strengthens climate justice narrative. Brazil’s Amazon location makes mutirão a culturally rooted climate framework. COP30 intended to shift focus from top-down negotiations to ground-level participation. What Did COP30 Mean by a “Mutirão Approach”? Brazil framed mutirão as a governance method, not a slogan. Key elements: Before COP: Mobilising Indigenous groups, scientific communities, youth, cities, and private firms. During COP: Decision-making through broad consultations, shared responsibilities. After COP: Implementation monitored through community-led networks rather than state-only mechanisms. Essentially, mutirão = climate action as a continuous, participatory, community-driven process. Indigenous Angle — Why It Matters Worldwide, 5,000+ Indigenous groups steward 80% of global biodiversity (IPBES). Amazon Indigenous communities: Manage vast forest areas Prevent deforestation far more effectively than state agencies COP30 placed Indigenous guardianship at the centre of global climate solutions, not the margins. Relevance of Belém, Brazil Gateway to the Amazon → epicentre of global rainforest protection. COP30 in Belém symbolised: Country’s commitment to reduce Amazon deforestation Return of Brazil as climate leader after years of rollback Visibility for Amazonian Indigenous struggles What COP30 Wanted to Achieve Through Mutirão ? Governance Shift From elite-led climate diplomacy → mass-participatory model. Encourage shared ownership of mitigation & adaptation. Climate Action Benefits Strengthen local monitoring, especially against illegal mining, logging, land invasion. Promote community-based carbon sinks, regenerative agriculture, riverine conservation. Ensure just transition for Amazonian and forest-dependent livelihoods. How Mutirão Addresses Climate Summit Weaknesses ? Past COP Problems Repeated failures due to: State-centric negotiations Poor implementation Exclusion of local communities North–South trust deficit Slow mobilisation of climate finance Mutirão Response Broadens participation → reduces exclusion. Anchors action in social consensus → better implementation. Recognises Indigenous authority → increases legitimacy. Builds South American leadership in climate diplomacy. Global Implications Could inspire similar community-led climate governance models. Increases pressure on high emitters to include marginalised groups. Helps remove false dichotomy between scientific and Indigenous ecological knowledge. Positions Brazil as a bridge leader between Global North and South.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 November 2025

Content Defence Atmanirbharta: Record Production and Exports World Fisheries Day 2025: Strengthening Marine Resources & Livelihoods Defence Atmanirbharta: Record Production and Exports Why is this in the News? India recorded highest-ever defence production: ₹1.54 lakh crore (FY 2024–25). Defence exports hit₹23,622 crore, up from less than ₹1,000 crore in 2014. 16,000 MSMEs, 462 companies with 788 industrial licences, expanded role in indigenous manufacturing. Government targets₹3 lakh crore production and₹50,000 crore exports by 2029. DAP 2020 + DPM 2025 reforms → fastest procurement era + highest-ever domestic contracting. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance, Policy, Institutions): – Defence procurement reforms (DAP 2020, DPM 2025). – Institutional strengthening, regulatory liberalisation, FDI norms, export governance (OGEL). – Role of MoD, DPSUs, inter-agency coordination in defence industrialisation. • GS 3 (Security, Economy, S&T): – Indigenous defence production, innovation, R&D ecosystem (iDEX, DRDO TDF, DIA-CoEs). – MSME integration, defence corridors, industrial licensing. – Defence exports, strategic autonomy, technology sovereignty. – Modernisation of armed forces, reduced import-dependence, multi-domain capabilities. Context India was historically 65–70% import-dependent in defence. Policy reforms since 2014 aimed at self-reliance, reducing import bills, boosting exports, strengthening R&D, and widening private participation. Atmanirbharta in defence is now a strategic, economic, technological, and geopolitical priority. Pre-Reform Challenges (Before 2014–15) Slow, multi-layered procurement → capability gaps. High import dependence → FX drain, supply-chain vulnerabilities during crises. Private sector largely excluded; PSU monopoly limited innovation. Defence exports extremely low (₹686 crore in FY 2013–14). R&D weak; academia–industry links minimal. Fragmented policies → no integrated plan for production + technology + exports. Policy Response & Objectives of Reforms Atmanirbhar Bharat in defence aims at a competitive, innovation-led ecosystem. Key objectives: Faster procurement with DAP 2020, DAC clearances. Promote indigenous design via POSITIVE INDIGENISATION LISTS. Liberalised FDI up to 74% automatic / 100% govt route. ₹1 lakh crore RDI Scheme for deep-tech R&D. Build export capacity via simplified processes, OGEL, digital authorisations. Integrate procurement, innovation, production, and global market access under one framework. Defence Acquisition Reform (DAP 2020) Indian-first acquisition hierarchy: Buy Indian-IDDM at the top. Reduced timelines via digital approvals, simplified contracting. Dedicated provisions for AI, cyber, robotics, space, autonomous systems. Industry-friendly measures via iDEX, start-up ecosystem integration. Empowered acquisition wings → fewer procedural chokepoints. Defence Procurement Manual (DPM) 2025 Standardisation across Services + MoD for revenue procurement (~₹1 lakh crore annually). Lower liquidated damages for indigenisation projects (0.1%/week). Guaranteed 5-year orders for indigenous products. No need for NOC from former OFB. Fully digital, transparent system → faster contract execution. Domestic Defence Production: Key Trends a) Record Output ₹1.54 lakh crore in FY 2024–25. From ₹46,429 crore (2014–15) → 174% rise in indigenous production (FY 2023–24). Government target: ₹3 lakh crore by 2029. b) DPSU + Private Sector Dynamics DPSUs: 77% of total production. Private sector: 23%, rising from 21% last year → strong upward trend. c) Defence Industrial Corridors UPDIC + TNDIC: Investment realised: ₹9,145 crore. 289 MoUs, potential: ₹66,423 crore. d) Expansion of Defence Ecosystem DRDO pushes deep-tech with ₹500 crore TDF vertical. 15 DIA-CoEs linking academia, start-ups, R&D labs. OFB corporatisation → 7 DPSUs with better autonomy and efficiency. 16,000 MSMEs integrated into supply chain. e) Industrial Licences & Investment Climate 788 licences issued to 462 companies. Export portal approvals increased 17% YoY (1,762 approvals). Record signing of 193 MoD contracts worth ₹2.09 lakh crore, of which ₹1.69 lakh crore to domestic industry. Defence Acquisitions (2024–25): Rapid Modernisation a) Budget Push Capital allocation (2024–25): ₹1.72 lakh crore (+20% over FY 2022–23). b) Key DAC Approvals March 2025: ₹54,000 crore (T-90 engines, Varunastra torpedoes, AEW&C). July 2025: ₹1.05 lakh crore (EW systems, SAMs, MCM vessels, autonomous vessels). Aug 2025: ₹67,000 crore (BMP night sights, Compact Autonomous craft, BrahMos FCS). Oct 2025: ₹79,000 crore (NAMIS Mk-II, GBMES, LPDs, ALWT torpedoes, CLRTSDS). c) Strategic Impacts 65% of defence equipment now domestically manufactured (reversing earlier import dependency). Multi-domain modernisation with indigenous platforms. Defence Exports: India’s Global Rise a) Export Record FY 2024–25: ₹23,622 crore (+12% YoY). Private sector: ₹15,233 crore. DPSUs: ₹8,389 crore (42.85% growth). India now exports to ~80–100 countries. b) Export Basket Bulletproof jackets, patrol boats, UAVs, radars, torpedoes, sub-systems, components. Dornier aircraft, Chetak helicopters, interceptor boats. Expanding footprint in South-East Asia, Africa, Latin America. c) Export Facilitation OGEL licences, digital portal, rationalised SOPs. Export processes shifted from weeks to days. Defence exports used as defence diplomacy → deeper strategic partnerships. Strategic Significance Enhances national security by reducing critical dependencies. Boosts economy, jobs, MSMEs, tech innovation. Strengthens geopolitical leverage through defence diplomacy. Enhances India’s standing as a reliable global defence supplier. Conclusion India’s defence sector has moved from import-dependent to innovation-driven self-reliance. Production, procurement, R&D, private participation, and exports have all hit record highs. With DAP 2020 + DPM 2025 + Defence Corridors + MSME ecosystem + export reforms, India is transitioning into a global defence manufacturing hub. The trajectory is strongly aligned with the targets of ₹3 lakh crore production and ₹50,000 crore exports by 2029, marking a decisive shift towards strategic autonomy. World Fisheries Day 2025: Strengthening Marine Resources & Livelihoods Why in the News? India observed World Fisheries Day 2025 (21 Nov) with focus on sustainability, blue economy, and value addition in seafood exports. India released the National Framework on Traceability in Fisheries & Aquaculture. GST on key seafood products reduced 12% → 5%, boosting affordability and export competitiveness. Marine product exports (Oct 2024 → Oct 2025) rose 11.08% (US$ 0.81B → US$ 0.90B). India remains 2nd-largest fish producer and top global shrimp producer. Major launches: SOPs for Mariculture, Smart Harbour Guidelines, Reservoir Fisheries Guidelines, Compendium on Coastal Aquaculture, plus traceability standards. Delegations from 27 nations participated, signalling India’s global leadership in the blue economy. Relevance : GS 1 (Society & Livelihoods): – Socio-economic profile of fishing communities; role in coastal livelihoods; women’s participation. – Impact of climate risks on fisher households; migration, vulnerability, resilience. GS 2 (Governance, Welfare Schemes, Digital Delivery): – PMMSY, PM-MKSSY, FIDF, EEZ Rules 2025, Smart Harbour Guidelines. – Digital governance: ReALCRaft, VCSS, NABHMITRA, Marine Fisheries Census 2025. – Traceability framework, SPS standards, regulatory reforms, institutional coordination (DoF, MPEDA). • GS 3 (Economy, Environment, Agriculture & Blue Economy): – Fisheries contribution to GDP, exports, processed seafood value chain. – Blue economy expansion, mariculture, deep-sea fishing regulation, sustainability norms. – Climate-resilient infrastructure, biodiversity conservation, SDG-14 alignment.   Importance of Fisheries Food Security: Key protein source, low carbon footprint. Livelihoods: Supports 30+ million people; crucial for coastal & inland rural economies. Blue Economy: High multiplier sectors (exports, processing, mariculture, deep-sea fishing). Ecosystem Role: Biodiversity management, climate resilience, mitigation of overfishing. India’s Fisheries Growth – Data & Trends Fish production doubled: 96 lakh tonnes (2013–14) → 195 lakh tonnes (2024–25). Inland fisheries grew 140%. Seafood exports (2024–25): ₹62,408 crore. Coastal states: 3,477 villages, Contribute 72% of production, 76% of exports. Infrastructure push: 730 cold storages, 26,348 transport units, 6,410 fish kiosks, 202 retail & 21 wholesale markets. GST Reforms (2025) – Significance Key marine products GST cut: 12% → 5%. Impacts: Strengthens value addition & processed seafood industry. Boosts domestic affordability. Improves export price competitiveness. Encourages processed seafood units in coastal clusters. Key Schemes Driving the Blue Economy 1.Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) Objective: Blue Revolution through sustainable, inclusive growth. Investment: ₹20,312 crore (2020–21 to 2025–26). Achievements: Cold-chain + processing infra (as above). Transformation of 100 Coastal Fishing Villages into Climate-Resilient CFVs. Women beneficiaries: 60% assistance (vs 40% others). Financial inclusion: Kisan Credit Card coverage, SHGs, cooperatives, training. Significance: Reduces post-harvest losses, improves climate resilience, increases incomes. 2.PM Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY) Investment: ₹6,000 crore, duration 2023–24 to 2026–27. Core: Formalisation + insurance + traceability across aquaculture value chain. Key Features: Premium support: 40% (max ₹25,000/ha, cap ₹1 lakh). Farms up to 4 ha WSA eligible. ₹11.84 crore sanctioned (as of Apr 2025). Supported by World Bank–AFD mission for design & implementation. Significance: Brings aquaculture into formal credit & insurance net. Protects small farmers’ incomes from climate shocks/disease. 3. Fisheries & Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF) Corpus: ₹7,522.48 crore (extended to 2026). Features: Concessional finance (interest subvention 3%, effective rate ≥ 5%). Nodal agencies: NABARD, NCDC, Scheduled Banks. Digital FIDF portal for project proposals. Status: 178 projects, investment ₹6,369.79 crore, subvention ₹4,261.21 crore (as of July 2025). Significance: Enhances post-harvest, harbour, deep-sea & processing infrastructure nationwide. 4. Sustainable Harnessing Rules for the EEZ (2025) Purpose: Regulate deep-sea fishing, improve governance, boost incomes. Key Provisions: Priority access to cooperatives & FFPOs for deep-sea fishing licences. Digital Access Pass System via ReALCraft for mechanised vessels. Traditional fishers exempt. Integration with MPEDA + EIC for quality, traceability, certification. Ban on destructive fishing methods; promotion of seaweed farming & sea-cage farming. Significance: Unlocks deep-sea potential. Ensures sustainability & global compliance. Strengthens income diversification. 5. ReALCRaft – Digital Governance Platform End-to-end online vessel registration, licensing, payments. Also handles ownership transfer, hypothecation, vessel modifications. Physical visit needed only for biometrics + original document check. Governance Gains: Transparency, reduced delays, better compliance. Improved marine monitoring and safety. 6. Vessel Communication & Support System (VCSS) Over 36,000 transponders distributed (as of Jan 2025). Enhances real-time tracking, safety, search & rescue. 7. NABHMITRA Safety + communication for small vessels (<20m). SOS alerts, location sharing, resource mapping. Strengthens enforcement & reduces maritime accidents. Marine Fisheries Census 2025 (MFC 2025) Timeline: 3 Nov – 18 Dec 2025. Coverage: 1.2 million households, 5,000 villages, 13 coastal States/UTs. Digital Innovations: VyAS–NAV, VyAS–BHARAT, VyAS–SUTRA apps. Real-time geo-referenced enumeration. Integrated with National Fisheries Digital Platform (NFDP). Outcome: First-ever socio-economic profiling of fisher communities. Direct linkage with PM-MKSSY entitlements. Significance: Evidence-based policymaking for climate resilience. MPEDA’s Role Ensures certification, traceability, quality compliance. Promotes eco-friendly aquaculture & responsible fishing. Expands market access, trains exporters, farmers, processors. Drives research, new technologies, value-added products. Thematic Focus 2025: “India’s Blue Transformation: Strengthening Value Addition in Seafood Exports” Emphasis on: Processing infrastructure, Quality standards, Traceability framework, Low-GST, Deep-sea governance, Smart harbours, Digital platforms. Strategic Significance Enhances: Livelihoods of fishers, Marine biodiversity protection, Export competitiveness, Formalisation & insurance penetration, Blue economy contribution to GDP, Women’s leadership in the sector. Advances India toward SDG 14: Life Below Water. Conclusion India’s fisheries sector is undergoing a structural transformation driven by sustainability, digital governance, deep-sea diversification, value addition, and global compliance. With PMMSY, PM-MKSSY, EEZ Rules, FIDF expansion, and digital systems like ReALCRaft and MFC 2025, India is strengthening livelihoods while responsibly managing marine ecosystems. The trajectory reflects a shift from volume-led growth toward value-led, climate-resilient, export-competitive blue economy development.PIB Summaries 20 November 2025

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 21 November 2025

Content Gen Z Revolts: Mobilisation Power vs Governance Weakness Reaffirming Constitutional Morality in Legislative Assent Gen Z Revolts: Mobilisation Power vs Governance Weakness Why is it in news? Fresh youth-led mass protests in Mexico have drawn global attention due to their scale, generational character, and political impact. These protests are now seen as part of a wider global pattern of Gen Z political mobilisation, also observed in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Europe. The article frames these protests as evidence that a new political generation has emerged—digitally fluent, anti-corruption focused, but lacking formal political pathways to convert agitation into lasting reform. Relevance GS 1 – Society Youth movements, social change, demographic aspirations Changing civic culture, political consciousness GS 2 – Polity & Governance Political participation, legitimacy crisis State response: surveillance, shutdowns, misinformation Civil liberties, freedom of assembly Role of digital platforms in governance Practice Question  “Youth-led digital movements are effective in mobilisation but ineffective in delivering lasting political reform.” Analyse with global examples.(250 Words) What are youth-led protests? Movements where young people (largely Gen Z) dominate mobilisation, communication, slogans, and political framing. Organised through decentralised digital networks rather than traditional leaders or organisations. Triggered by corruption, unemployment, democratic decline, injustice or governance failures. Use of memes, TikTok, Discord groups, hashtags as political vocabulary and protest tools. Context Globally rising youth dissatisfaction with: Corruption and political unresponsiveness Joblessness and inequality Democratic backsliding High cost of living Protests since 2010s: Arab Spring → Hong Kong → Chile → Sri Lanka 2022 → Indonesia 2021–22 → Nepal youth movements → now Mexico 2025. Article Argument A new political generation is emerging that: Understands how to topple governments, but Does not yet know how to rebuild institutions sustainably. Their movements are leaderless, which makes them democratic but also institutionally fragile. Governments increasingly use digital surveillance, shutdowns, misinformation, intimidation to quickly neutralise protests. Movements often gain momentum but fade without organisational depth. Overview Drivers of Youth Mobilisation Economic distress: unemployment, underemployment, precarity. Political cynicism: distrust of parties, institutions, elites. Digital empowerment: cheap smartphones + viral communication. Identity & expression: Gen Z political language shaped by pop culture, internet humour, sarcasm. Global cross-learning: protesters borrow tactics from Chile, Hong Kong, Thailand, Sri Lanka, etc. Tactics of Modern Youth Movements Decentralised, rapid mobilisation Messaging via memes, reels, TikTok, Discord Protest formats: flash mobs, symbolic marches, viral hashtags Live-streaming police actions to resist repression “Borrowed repertoire“: slogans, visuals, formats from global protests Strengths Speed & scale: mobilisation within hours. Collective creativity: meme-based persuasion. Low coordination cost: no central leadership needed. Cross-border solidarity through online networks. Weaknesses Lack of formal leaders → difficult negotiations. Movements dissipate quickly. Vulnerability to: digital crackdowns disinformation infiltration Failure to convert protest energy into: institutional reform political organisation policy outcomes Comparative Examples in Article Bangladesh: Youth celebrated Yunus as caretaker PM but were later sidelined. Nepal: “Hamro Nepal” youth group active earlier but now sidelined. Myanmar: 2021 protests violently suppressed. Indonesia: Protests contained through intimidation and messaging control. Sri Lanka (2022): Youth-driven protest toppled Rajapaksas but couldn’t sustain political change. Conclusion Youth uprisings worldwide—from Mexico to South Asia—reflect a digitally empowered generation that can destabilise political establishments but still lacks robust pathways to achieve durable democratic reform. Reaffirming Constitutional Morality in Legislative Assent Why is it in news ? The Supreme Court has given a unanimous opinion on a Presidential Reference regarding the Governor’s role in granting assent to Bills. The key query: Can courts prescribe time-lines for Governors and the President to act on Bills? This comes amid several States accusing Governors of delaying or withholding assent, causing legislative paralysis. The judgment reasserts constitutional boundaries, clarifies limits of judicial intervention, and stabilises Centre–State dynamics. Relevance GS 2 – Polity & Governance Governor’s discretionary powers Legislative process under Articles 200–201 Separation of powers and constitutional boundaries Federal tensions and gubernatorial conduct Constitutional conventions vs textual interpretation GS 2 – Judiciary Presidential Reference (Article 143) Judicial restraint doctrine Review of mala fide inaction Non-justiciability of merits of executive decisions Practice Question “Discuss how the recent Supreme Court opinion on the Governor’s assent power strengthens constitutional governance and clarifies the limits of judicial intervention.”(250 Words) Governor’s Roles Article 200: Governor may assent, withhold assent, return (non-Money Bills), reserve for President. Article 201: President’s options on reserved Bills. No explicit constitutional time-limit for action. Constitutional Question ? Can courts force the Governor to decide within a fixed time (e.g., 3 months)? Can delay be treated as “deemed assent”? Can judiciary review prolonged delays? Where is the line between judicial review and executive constitutional discretion? Supreme Court Findings 1. Courts cannot impose time-limits Prescribing deadlines amounts to judicial legislation. Constitution deliberately avoids specifying timelines. 2. Yet Governors must follow an “appropriate standard” While no strict deadlines exist, indefinite delay is unconstitutional. Court discourages misuse of inaction as a political tool. 3. “Deemed assent” is unconstitutional Automatic approval due to passage of time cannot be read into Articles 200/201. This would distort the structural design of the Constitution. 4. Judicial review remains limited Courts cannot examine the merits of Governor’s decisions. They can intervene if delay is prolonged, unexplained, arbitrary, or mala fide. 5. President’s advisory jurisdiction reaffirmed President is not obligated to seek Supreme Court’s advisory opinion under Article 143 whenever a Governor reserves a Bill. Protects executive autonomy and avoids converting judicial advice into mandatory control. 6. Reinforces separation of powers Judiciary preserves its limits. Executive retains discretionary judgment. Legislature’s supremacy in law-making remains unharmed. Overview A. Constitutional Architecture The verdict reaffirms two constitutional pillars: Deliberative design of law-making, Autonomy of constitutional authorities. B. Prevents governance paralysis States have complained that Governors block Bills by simply doing nothing. Court’s clarification: inaction cannot be a tool for constitutional subversion. C. Stability in Centre–State relations Avoids judicial overreach but prevents gubernatorial overreach. Maintains balanced federal functioning. D. Clarifies judicial boundaries Courts cannot rewrite Articles 200/201. Courts can only ensure constitutional good faith, not micromanage timelines. E. Protects constitutional morality Governor’s discretion must be exercised with transparency, reason, and constitutional purpose. Substantive executive decisions stay outside judicial domain unless mala fide or procedurally irregular. Conclusion The Supreme Court has ruled that courts cannot impose timelines for Governor’s assent, but Governors cannot indefinitely delay Bills either—ensuring constitutional balance, preventing misuse of office, and preserving federal stability.

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