Dec 17, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 17 December 2025

Content India’s Nuclear Governance Needs Regulatory Independence Dear students, wait, your teacher is on election duty India’s Nuclear Governance Needs Regulatory Independence Why is this in News? Editorial debate following the SHANTI Bill, 2025 (Sustainable Harnessing and Advancement of Nuclear Technology for India). Bill operationalises: Private participation in civil nuclear energy. Target of 100 GW nuclear capacity by 2047 (Viksit Bharat vision). Deployment of at least 5 indigenous Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) by 2033. Raises concerns over: Liability framework adequacy. Supplier accountability. Lack of regulatory independence in nuclear governance. Relevance GS II – Governance & Polity Role, powers and autonomy of regulatory bodies (AERB). Centre–regulator relationship; regulatory capture. Legislative reforms (SHANTI Bill, Atomic Energy governance). Accountability and transparency in high-risk sectors. GS III – Economy, Energy & Science & Technology Energy security and clean energy transition. Nuclear energy expansion and SMRs. Public–private partnerships in strategic sectors. Risk-sharing, liability regimes, and investment climate. Practice Questions India’s ambition of achieving 100 GW nuclear capacity by 2047 hinges as much on governance reforms as on technology and finance. Critically examine the SHANTI Bill in this context.(250 words) Nuclear Power in India: Share in electricity generation (2024–25): ~3%. Installed capacity: ~7.5 GW (largely PHWRs). Operator monopoly so far: NPCIL (under Department of Atomic Energy). Legal framework: Atomic Energy Act, 1962. Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA), 2010. What is the SHANTI Bill? Objective Enable large-scale nuclear expansion by: Mobilising domestic private capital. Reducing construction and financing risks. Accelerating approvals and commissioning. Key Shift From state monopoly → licensed participation by: Government entities. Public–private joint ventures. “Any other company” (subject to conditions). Design Logic of SHANTI Bill 1. Controlled Liberalisation Private entry permitted mainly in: Reactor construction. Plant delivery. Parts of supply chain. Sensitive fuel-cycle activities retained by the State: Enrichment. Reprocessing. Waste management. Rationale: Prevent nuclear proliferation. Balance energy expansion with strategic control. 2. Risk Sharing & Capital Mobilisation Expands pool of project developers. Allows sharing of: Construction risk. Time overruns. Financing burden. Essential for achieving 100 GW target. Liability Framework: Key Provisions & Concerns Provisions Operator liability cap: ₹3,000 crore. Beyond the cap: Central government assumes liability. Centre may: Assume full liability for non-government installations “in public interest”. Mandatory insurance or financial security for operators. Concerns ₹3,000 crore may be: Inadequate for mass casualty compensation. Insufficient for long-term environmental remediation. Government installations exempted from insurance: Raises transparency and public accounting concerns. Risk of socialising losses, privatising gains. Supplier Accountability Issues Operator’s right of recourse against suppliers allowed only: If expressly written into contracts, or If damage results from intentional acts. Implications: Supplier liability becomes contract-dependent, not statutory. Varies across projects. Weakens uniform safety incentives. Echoes criticism of dilution of original CLNDA intent post-2015. Regulatory Governance: The Core Weakness Current Structure Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB): Not fully independent. Linked institutionally to DAE. Under SHANTI: Appointments and oversight continue to vest heavily with: Central government. Atomic Energy Commission. Why Regulatory Independence Matters ? Public trust: Nuclear safety demands credibility and transparency. Investor confidence: Independent regulator reduces political and conflict-of-interest risks. Global best practice: IAEA norms emphasise separation of: Operator. Promoter. Regulator. Comparative Overview Countries with successful nuclear expansion (France, UK, Canada): Strong, arm’s-length nuclear regulators. Clear liability regimes. Predictable enforcement mechanisms. India risks: Regulatory capture. Perception of weak oversight. Overall Assessment Strengths Pragmatic response to India’s energy transition needs. Enables scale through domestic capital. Reduces legal ambiguity for new entrants. Can shorten project timelines. Risks Liability caps may under-protect victims. Supplier accountability diluted. Continued regulator dependence undermines trust. Way Forward Establish a statutorily independent nuclear regulator. Revisit operator liability caps with inflation-indexing. Create uniform statutory supplier liability floors. Ensure transparent accounting for government-run installations. Align governance framework with IAEA safety and independence standards. Dear students, wait, your teacher is on election duty Why is this in News? Editorial critique of routine deployment of government schoolteachers for election-related duties. Renewed relevance amid: Intensifying electoral schedules (frequent elections, by-polls). Learning losses post-COVID and concerns over foundational literacy. Debate on misuse of Article 324 powers and neglect of the Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009. Relevance GS II – Polity & Governance Powers of Election Commission under Article 324. Balance between constitutional bodies and fundamental rights. Implementation gaps in the Right to Education Act, 2009. Administrative ethics and state capacity. GS I – Social Issues Education inequality. Impact on disadvantaged children. Foundational literacy and learning outcomes. Practice Question Critically examine the impact of deploying government schoolteachers for election duties on the right to education and learning outcomes in India.(250 words) Core Issue in One Line India’s democracy relies on teachers for election management, but this comes at the systematic cost of children’s right to uninterrupted education, especially in government schools. Constitutional & Legal Basics Article 324: Empowers Election Commission of India (ECI) to conduct elections. Teachers as “government servants”: Routinely requisitioned for electoral rolls, polling, counting, logistics. Right to Education Act, 2009: Mandates regular schooling and teacher availability. Section 27: Allows deployment of teachers for non-educational duties only for decennial census, disaster relief, and elections. Tension: Constitutional democracy vs constitutional right to education. What Exactly Do Teachers Do During Elections? Preparation and revision of electoral rolls. Booth-level officer (BLO) duties. Training, polling, counting, supervision. Often involves: Long hours. Tight deadlines. Travel to remote locations. Risks: Documented cases of stress-related illness and deaths. Unequal Impact on Children Government vs Private Schools Government schools: Teachers pulled out → classes cancelled. Principals forced to “manage” students without instruction. Private schools: Largely insulated from election duties. Outcome: Discriminatory impact on poorer children. Reinforces educational inequality. Pedagogical Costs Teaching is not mechanical labour. Requires: Planning. Continuity. Classroom presence. Evaluation and feedback. Election duty disrupts: Academic calendars. Examination schedules. Foundational learning, especially at primary level. Editorial insight: Primary school learning gaps cannot be “covered up” later. Governance Paradox Highlighted Teachers are: Trusted to conduct free and fair elections. But not trusted enough to be shielded from non-academic burdens. State perception: Teaching treated as a “soft profession”. Assumption that teachers are “free” for administrative work. Democratic Irony Teachers: Have been pillars of Indian democracy since Independence. Provide electoral legitimacy at the grassroots. Yet: Costs of democracy are externalised onto children, not the state. Children “pay” through lost learning time. RTE Act: Missed Opportunity Original draft (pre-2009): Sought to minimise non-teaching duties. Final Act: Diluted safeguards via Section 27. Supreme Court: Has upheld election duty deployment as constitutional. Result: Legal sanction without pedagogical sensitivity. Ethical & Administrative Concerns Human cost: Teacher burnout, health risks, fatalities. Moral hazard: Easy availability of teachers discourages administrative innovation. Accountability gap: No learning-loss audit linked to election deployment. International Perspective Many democracies: Use dedicated election staff, retirees, or temporary civil services. India: Relies excessively on frontline social-sector workers (teachers, ASHAs, anganwadi staff). Way Forward: Policy Options Create a dedicated election services cadre. Limit teacher deployment to: Poll-day only, not preparatory phases. Compensatory mechanisms: Mandatory academic recovery plans. Additional teaching days. Digitisation: Reduce manual electoral roll burdens. RTE-compliant safeguards: Clear ceilings on non-teaching days per academic year.

Dec 17, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 17 December 2025

Content India’s Position on West Asian Conflicts Infiltration Along India’s Borders and Regulation of the Free Movement Regime AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopters and India’s Defence Modernisation Insurance Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2025: 100% FDI in Insurance Inhalable Microplastics: A New Frontier of Urban Air Pollution Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of Electoral Rolls and Voter Inclusion Concerns India’s Position on West Asian Conflicts Why is this in News? December 2025: PM Narendra Modi visited Jordan. EAM S. Jaishankar visited Israel. India publicly reiterated its stance on: Israel–Palestine conflict. Wider West Asian instability (Gaza war spillovers, regional escalation risks). Significance: Diplomatic signalling amid polarised global positions. India balancing strategic ties with Israel and traditional support to Palestine & Arab world. Relevance GS II – International Relations India’s West Asia policy: balancing strategic autonomy with issue-based alignment. India–Israel relations vs India’s support for Palestine & Two-State Solution. India–Jordan relations and role of moderate Arab states. India as a balancer power amid polarised global geopolitics. West Asia: Strategic Basics Region includes: Israel–Palestine Jordan, Gulf states, Iran, Iraq, Syria. Importance for India: ~60% of India’s crude oil & LNG imports. 9+ million Indian diaspora. Critical trade routes (Red Sea, Suez). Counter-terrorism cooperation. India’s Traditional Policy on West Asia Core principles: Strategic autonomy. Non-alignment (now issue-based alignment). Support for international law & UN resolutions. Historical pillars: Support for Two-State Solution. Strong ties with Arab states. Since 1992: Full diplomatic relations with Israel. India–Israel Relations: Snapshot Diplomatic ties: Since 1992. Key areas: Defence & weapons systems. Intelligence & counter-terrorism. Agriculture, water technology, innovation. Israel is among India’s top defence suppliers. Post-2017: De-hyphenation of Israel–Palestine policy. India–Jordan Relations: Snapshot Jordan’s role: Custodian of Islamic holy sites in Jerusalem. Moderate Arab state with diplomatic credibility. Cooperation areas: Defence training. Water & renewable energy. Infrastructure and skill development. Jordan often acts as a bridge between Arab concerns and Western diplomacy. Continuity and Change in India’s West Asia Policy Continuity Support for Palestinian cause. Emphasis on diplomacy and restraint. Non-interventionist approach. Change Clearer articulation against terrorism. Open strategic embrace of Israel. Willingness to engage all sides simultaneously. Challenges for India Diplomatic tightrope: Israel vs Arab & Muslim world sentiments. Diaspora safety amid conflicts. Energy security risks due to regional instability. Pressure from: Western allies. Global South expectations. Opportunities for India Mediation potential due to credibility with all sides. Strengthening role in: Humanitarian diplomacy. Conflict de-escalation narratives. Leveraging West Asia for: IMEC corridor. Energy transition cooperation. Infiltration Along India’s Borders Why is this in News? Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) informed Lok Sabha about: 878 infiltrators apprehended along the India–Myanmar border in the last two years. Status of border fencing across Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Pakistan borders. Update followed: Manipur ethnic violence (since 2023). Government decision to regulate (not fully scrap) the Free Movement Regime (FMR). Relevance GS III – Internal Security Border management challenges: porous borders, insurgency, illegal migration. Internal security implications of India–Myanmar border instability. Terrorism, arms trafficking (Pakistan border). Role of forces: Assam Rifles, BSF. Border Infiltration: Basic Understanding Infiltration: Unauthorized cross-border movement of persons. Motivations include: Illegal migration. Ethnic conflict spillovers. Insurgent movement. Economic distress. India shares porous land borders with: Myanmar (Northeast). Bangladesh (East). Pakistan (West). India–Myanmar Border: Key Facts Total length: 1,643 km. Terrain: Dense forests, hills, poor connectivity. Fencing status: Only 9.2 km fenced so far (<1%). Infiltration trend (2014–2025): Sharp rise post-2021 Myanmar coup and post-2023 Manipur violence. Annual arrests rose from double digits → 400+ in 2024–25. Free Movement Regime (FMR): Basics Introduced: 2018. Purpose: Facilitate movement of ethnically linked border communities (Naga, Kuki-Chin groups). Original provision: Visa-free movement up to 16 km across border. Recent Changes in FMR (Regulation, Not Abolition) Announcement (Feb 2024): Entire Myanmar border to be fenced. FMR to be scrapped (political intent). Actual implementation (Dec 2024): FMR regulated, not abolished. Key changes: Movement limit reduced: 16 km → 10 km. 43 designated entry–exit gates notified. Introduction of: Gate passes. Biometric registration. Rationale: Balance security concerns with humanitarian & ethnic sensitivities. Bangladesh Border: Infiltration Snapshot Border length: 4,096.70 km. Fencing status: 79.08% fenced (3,239.92 km). Arrests: 2024: 2,525 2025: 2,556 Nature of infiltration: Economic migration. Illegal stay beyond permits. Not primarily insurgency-driven. Pakistan Border: Snapshot Fencing status: 93.25% fenced. Remaining unfenced: Difficult terrain (riverine, marshy). Infiltration nature: Terrorism-centric. Arms & narcotics trafficking. Security Implications Internal Security : Nexus between: Illegal migration. Insurgency. Ethnic violence (Manipur). Demographic stress: Local resource competition. Ethnic balance concerns. Governance challenges: Law & order. Refugee vs infiltrator distinction. Government’s Border Management Strategy Physical measures: Accelerated fencing. Smart fencing (sensors, surveillance). Administrative measures: Regulated FMR. Biometric identification. Institutional mechanisms: Assam Rifles (Myanmar border). BSF (Bangladesh & Pakistan). Policy shift: From open-border pragmatism → security-first approach. Challenges Terrain constraints in Northeast. Ethnic ties across borders. Humanitarian concerns (refugees vs illegal migrants). Diplomatic sensitivity with Myanmar. Opportunities & Way Forward Integrated Border Management System (IBMS). Technology-driven surveillance (drones, AI). Clear refugee policy framework. Border-area development to reduce local collusion. Diplomatic engagement with neighbours for coordinated border management. AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopters Why is this in News? Indian Army received the final batch of three AH-64E Apache helicopters, completing its six-helicopter fleet. The helicopters were inducted into the 451 Army Aviation Squadron, based at Jodhpur, Rajasthan. Background: Deal signed in February 2020 with the United States for $600 million. Delivery was delayed by ~15 months due to global supply-chain disruptions. Strategic context: Comes amid high-level India–US defence engagement and review of bilateral cooperation. Relevance GS III – Defence & Security Military modernisation and force multipliers. Role of attack helicopters in conventional deterrence. Jointness and role demarcation between IAF and Army Aviation. Western front preparedness. GS II – International Relations India–US strategic and defence cooperation. Defence technology transfer and interoperability. Implications of foundational agreements (LEMOA, COMCASA, BECA). What is the AH-64E Apache? A heavy attack helicopter designed for: Close air support. Anti-armour warfare. Armed reconnaissance. Operated by: United States Army and several allied forces. AH-64E (“Guardian”) is the latest and most advanced variant. Key Technical Features Role: Multi-role attack helicopter. Capabilities: Precision strike. Night and all-weather operations. Network-centric warfare. Core systems: Advanced fire-control radar. Longbow sensors. Integrated electronic warfare suite. Armament: 30 mm chain gun. Air-to-ground missiles (e.g., Hellfire). Rockets and air-to-air missiles. Insurance Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2025 Why is this in News? Lok Sabha passed the Insurance Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2025. Key highlight: FDI limit in insurance raised from 74% to 100%. Context: Government push for financial sector reforms under Viksit Bharat vision. Need to improve insurance penetration, capital adequacy, and product innovation. Political context: Bill passed amid opposition protests over foreign ownership concerns. Relevance GS III – Economy Financial sector reforms and insurance penetration. FDI liberalisation and capital inflows. Role of insurance in risk management and economic stability. Reinsurance capacity and systemic risk reduction. GS II – Governance Role and powers of regulators (IRDAI). Legislative reforms and regulatory oversight. Public sector reforms and listing of PSUs. Basics: Insurance Sector in India Insurance in India governed by: Insurance Act, 1938 LIC Act, 1956 IRDAI Act, 1999 Two segments: Life insurance. General (non-life) insurance. Regulator: Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI). Key challenge: Low insurance penetration: ~4% of GDP vs global average ~7%. What is FDI in Insurance? FDI allows foreign entities to: Invest capital. Bring technology and managerial expertise. Evolution of FDI limits: 26% (pre-2015). 49% (2015). 74% (2021). 100% (2025 Bill). Key Provisions of the Bill 100% FDI in Insurance Companies Foreign insurers can: Set up wholly owned subsidiaries. Operate without mandatory Indian joint-venture partners. Conditions: All Indian laws applicable. Full regulatory oversight by IRDAI. Reinsurance Reforms Net Owned Fund (NOF) requirement for Foreign Reinsurance Branches (FRBs): Reduced from ₹5,000 crore → ₹1,000 crore. Objective: Attract global reinsurers. Expand domestic risk-bearing capacity. Reduce premium outflows abroad. Enhanced Powers of IRDAI New powers: Disgorgement of wrongful gains from insurers and intermediaries. Penalty rationalisation: Maximum penalty on intermediaries raised: ₹1 crore → ₹10 crore. Objective: Strong deterrence. Improved compliance and governance. Public Sector Insurance Strengthening Capital infusion: ₹17,450 crore into three public sector general insurers. Structural reforms: Listing of: LIC. GIC Re. New India Assurance. Objective: Market discipline. Transparency. Operational efficiency. Rationale Behind the Reforms Capital constraints in insurance sector. Need for: Better products. Deeper risk coverage. Digital and actuarial expertise. Ease of doing business: Joint ventures often complex and restrictive. Align India with: Global best practices in insurance regulation. Potential Benefits Increased capital inflow. Enhanced competition and innovation. Improved insurance penetration. Better reinsurance availability. Stronger regulatory enforcement and policyholder protection. Concerns and Criticism Foreign dominance fears in a sensitive financial sector. Profit repatriation risks. Public sector insurers’ competitiveness. Regulatory capacity of IRDAI under expanded mandate. Way Forward Phased and monitored implementation. Stronger consumer grievance redressal. Capacity building within IRDAI. Parallel reforms in: Financial literacy. Insurance awareness. Safeguards to protect public interest. Inhalable Microplastics and Urban Air Pollution Why is this in News? November–December 2025: A first-of-its-kind Indian study, published in Environment International, has flagged inhalable microplastics as a serious and overlooked air pollutant. Conducted across Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai by IISER Kolkata. Context: Severe winter smog episodes in NCR. Public protests demanding the right to clean air. Key finding: City residents inhale ~132 micrograms of microplastics daily, with Delhi and Kolkata worst affected. Relevance GS III – Environment & Public Health Emerging environmental contaminants. Limitations of AQI and existing pollution frameworks. Urban air pollution and health externalities. Plastic waste management failures. What are Microplastics? Microplastics: Plastic particles <5 mm in size. Inhalable microplastics: Particles <10 micrometres (µm). Small enough to: Bypass nasal filtration. Penetrate deep lung tissue. Source: Primary: Microbeads, synthetic fibres. Secondary: Breakdown of larger plastic waste. Traditional Air Pollution Framework Focus on criteria pollutants: PM2.5, PM10. SO₂, NOx, CO, ozone, lead. AQI: Does not explicitly account for microplastics. Gap: Emerging contaminants like microplastics remain outside regulatory radar. Key Findings of the Study Concentration Levels Average inhalable microplastics (4 cities): 8.8 µg/m³. Daily exposure: ~132 µg per person per day. City-wise exposure: Delhi: 14.18 µg/m³ Kolkata: 14.23 µg/m³ Mumbai: 2.65 µg/m³ Chennai: 4 µg/m³ Seasonal Variation Winter evenings: 32.7 particles/m³ Non-winter evenings: 18.8 particles/m³ 74% increase during winter due to: Temperature inversion. Low wind speed. Poor dispersion. “Trojan Horse” Effect Microplastics act as carriers for: Heavy metals: Lead (highest in Kolkata). Cadmium. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Diethyl phthalates. Microbes: Fungi like Aspergillus fumigatus. Antibiotic-resistance genes. Net impact: Amplifies toxicity beyond physical particles. Health Implications Deep lung penetration → chronic exposure. Linked risks: Respiratory diseases. Hormone-related disorders. Cancer. Breast and reproductive health issues. High-risk groups: Traffic police. Construction workers. Urban informal labour. Tyre-wear microplastics: Identified as particularly carcinogenic. Sources of Inhalable Microplastics Urban origins: Tyre wear. Synthetic textiles. Packaging materials. Cosmetics. Construction activities. Household waste. Waste management failures: Open dumping. Burning of plastics. Poor segregation. Why Delhi and Kolkata are Worse Affected High population density. Severe waste mismanagement. Landlocked geography. Adverse winter meteorology. Contrast: Mumbai and Chennai benefit from: Coastal winds. Better atmospheric dispersion. Governance and Policy Gaps AQI framework: Not designed to capture microplastics. Plastic regulation: Weak enforcement of single-use plastic bans. Occupational safety: No specific standards for microplastic exposure. Waste management: Persistent urban governance failures. Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of Electoral Rolls Why is this in News? Draft electoral rolls published after SIR in West Bengal, Rajasthan, Goa, Lakshadweep, and Puducherry. 1.02 crore names removed, causing the total electorate to shrink by 7.6%. Trigger: Election Commission of India (ECI) conducted Special Intensive Revision ahead of upcoming elections. Public debate: Concerns over large-scale deletions, transparency, and voter disenfranchisement. What is an Electoral Roll? Electoral Roll: Official list of eligible voters in a constituency. Constitutional basis: Article 324 – Superintendence of elections vested in ECI. Statutory framework: Representation of the People Act, 1950. Purpose: Ensure free, fair, and inclusive elections. What is Special Intensive Revision ? SIR: A comprehensive, door-to-door verification of electoral rolls. Conducted: Periodically or before major elections. Objective: Remove: Duplicate voters. Deceased voters. Shifted or non-resident voters. Add: Eligible but left-out citizens. Differs from: Routine annual revision (more limited, application-based). Key Findings from the 2025 SIR Total electors: Reduced from 13.35 crore → 12.33 crore. Net deletion: 1.02 crore voters. States/UTs affected: West Bengal. Rajasthan. Goa. Lakshadweep. Puducherry. Official reasons for deletion: “Shifted”. “Deceased”. “Untraceable”. Duplicate entries. State-wise Snapshot (Indicative) West Bengal: Largest absolute deletions. Rajasthan: Significant rural and urban deletions. Goa: Notable drop despite smaller electorate. Lakshadweep & Puducherry: Smaller numbers, but high proportional impact. Reasons Behind High Deletions Migration: Seasonal and inter-state mobility. Urbanisation: Address mismatches. Documentation gaps: Failure to submit required forms. Administrative factors: Booth Level Officer (BLO) discretion. Short verification windows. Digital divide: Limited awareness of verification procedures. Democratic Concerns Raised Voter disenfranchisement risk: Eligible voters may be wrongly deleted. Due process issues: Inadequate notice. Limited opportunity for appeal. Impact on vulnerable groups: Migrant workers. Urban poor. Elderly. Women. Political neutrality: Allegations of selective or uneven deletions. Election Commission’s Position Deletions are: Based on field verification. Subject to claims and objections process. Draft rolls: Not final; corrections allowed. Legal safeguards: Re-inclusion possible before final publication. Constitutional & Legal Dimensions Right to vote: Statutory right (not fundamental). Still central to democratic participation. Supreme Court view: ECI must ensure procedural fairness and transparency. Balance required: Roll purity vs inclusiveness. Governance and Federal Issues Centre–State coordination: SIR executed by state machinery under ECI. Trust deficit: Between voters, political parties, and election authorities. Institutional credibility: Directly affects legitimacy of electoral outcomes. Way Forward Improve transparency: Public disclosure of deletion reasons. Strengthen due process: Mandatory notice before deletion. Technology use: Aadhaar-linked but consent-based verification. Awareness drives: Especially for migrants and urban poor. Independent audit: Post-SIR review of deletions and additions.

Dec 16, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 16 December 2025

Content Setting up Five National Centres of Excellence (NCoEs) for Skilling India’s Green Maritime Odyssey Setting up Five National Centres of Excellence (NCoEs) for Skilling Why is this in News? Lok Sabha written reply (15 Dec 2025) by MoS (IC) for Skill Development & Entrepreneurship. Cabinet approval (07 May 2025) for five National Centres of Excellence (NCoEs) announced in Budget 2025–26. Marks a shift from generic skilling to sector-specific, industry-led, globally benchmarked training under PM-SETU. Relevance : GS II – Governance, Social Justice Government policies & interventions: PM-SETU scheme; Budget 2025–26 announcement. Institutional reforms: Shift from state-controlled ITIs to industry-led governance (IMC model). Cooperative federalism: Centre–State–Industry partnership in skilling. Role of international cooperation: India–Singapore collaboration in advanced manufacturing. Capacity building: Strengthening public institutions (NSTIs) for service delivery. What are National Centres of Excellence (NCoEs)? High-end skilling institutions embedded within select National Skill Training Institutes (NSTIs). Focus on: Advanced, future-ready skills. Deep industry integration. Global best practices and certifications. Act as hubs for training, curriculum innovation, and trainer upskilling. Institutional Framework: PM-SETU Scheme PM Skilling and Employability through Upgraded ITIs (PM-SETU). Objective: Modernise ITIs. Improve employability. Align skills with Industry 4.0 requirements. Two components: Component I: Upgradation of 1,000 Government ITIs (Hub-and-Spoke). Component II: Establishment of National Centres of Excellence. Approved NCoEs: Location & Rationale Bhubaneswar (Odisha) Chennai (Tamil Nadu) Hyderabad (Telangana) Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh) Ludhiana (Punjab) Selection criteria: Adequate land area. Trade diversity. Existing training capacity. Scope for expansion. Availability of qualified faculty. Regional logic: Covers east, south, north, and industrial belts. Aligns skilling with regional economic specialisation. Sectoral & Global Partnerships Global partnership with Singapore finalised. MoU signed for Advanced Manufacturing NCoE at NSTI Chennai. Expression of Interest (EoI) floated to onboard Lead Industry Partners for all five NCoEs. Reflects dual-track model: Global benchmarking. Domestic industry anchoring. Governance Model: Institute Management Committee (IMC) Chairperson: Nominated by Lead Industry Partner. Central Government nominees: DGT/MSDE. State Government nominee: Host state. Industry experts: Technical and financial contributors. Director of NSTI: Ex-officio Member Secretary. Industry Associations: FICCI, CII, SSCs, regional bodies. Academia representatives. Size: 9–15 members (flexible). Significance: Breaks traditional government-only control. Ensures industry-driven curriculum, assessment, and placement. Role & Functions of NCoEs Design and deliver industry-aligned training programs. Continuous curriculum upgradation. Trainer capacity building. Facilitate apprenticeships and placements. Serve as knowledge hubs for surrounding ITIs. Component I: Hub-and-Spoke ITI Upgradation 1,000 Government ITIs to be upgraded. Industry collaboration mandatory. States given flexibility to: Propose sector-specific skill centres. Align skilling with local economic needs. Examples: Agriculture, food processing, dairy. Region-specific focus like Seemanchal–Kosi (Bihar). Why is this Reform Significant? Addressing Structural Skill Gaps India faces: Low formal skilling rate (~5–6%). Mismatch between training and industry demand. NCoEs target quality, not just quantity. Industry 4.0 Readiness Focus on advanced manufacturing and emerging technologies. Supports Make in India, PLI-led manufacturing expansion. Federal & Cooperative Approach Centre–State–Industry collaboration. Regional customisation within national framework. Global Benchmarking Singapore partnership brings: Modular curricula. Competency-based certification. Strong industry linkage models. Challenges & Concerns Sustaining industry interest beyond initial phase. Ensuring uniform quality across centres. Avoiding regional imbalance in access. Measurable outcomes: placement quality, wage premiums. Prelims Pointers NCoEs approved under Component II of PM-SETU. Five locations: Bhubaneswar, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kanpur, Ludhiana. Global partner: Singapore (Advanced Manufacturing, Chennai). IMC chaired by Lead Industry Partner nominee. Component I targets 1,000 ITIs via Hub-and-Spoke model. India’s Green Maritime Odyssey Why is this in News? PIB release (15 Dec 2025) outlining India’s green maritime transition. Links Maritime India Vision (MIV) 2030, Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047, Sagarmala, Green Hydrogen Mission, and Indian Ports Bill, 2025 into a single sustainability narrative. Signals India’s intent to emerge as a global green maritime power, not just a logistics hub. Relevance : GS III – Infrastructure, Economy, Environment Infrastructure development: Ports, coastal shipping, inland waterways (Sagarmala). Green growth & decarbonisation: Green hydrogen, LNG, methanol, electric port equipment. Energy transition: National Green Hydrogen Mission (hard-to-abate sector). Blue Economy: Sustainable use of marine resources. Coastal livelihoods and ecosystem protection. Climate change mitigation: Emission reduction in shipping and ports. Logistics & competitiveness: Reduced turnaround time, lower logistics cost. Technology & innovation: Smart ports, digital corridors, shore-to-ship power. What is “Green Maritime”? Integration of economic efficiency + environmental sustainability + social responsibility in ports and shipping. Covers: Clean fuels and low-emission vessels. Renewable-powered ports. Marine ecosystem protection. Climate-resilient and digitally smart maritime infrastructure. Aligned with IMO decarbonisation goals and UN SDGs (9 SDGs relevant to ports). Context: Why Maritime Sustainability Matters for India Coastline: ~7,500 km with mangroves, reefs, lagoons, and dense coastal livelihoods. Maritime sector: Backbone of trade and logistics. Growing environmental footprint (emissions, oil spills, dredging). Challenge: Balance trade expansion with ocean health and coastal resilience. Vision Framework: India’s Green Maritime Roadmap 1. Maritime India Vision (MIV) 2030 Blueprint for: Greener ports. Cleaner shipping. Digital and efficient logistics. Projected investment: ₹3–3.5 lakh crore. Focus areas: Port modernisation. Inland waterways. Shipbuilding and ship repair. Green technologies. 2. Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047 Long-term roadmap aligned with 100 years of Independence. Investment commitment: ~₹80 lakh crore. More than 300 actionable initiatives. Key thrusts: Green shipping corridors. Methanol, LNG, hydrogen-based vessels. Smart and carbon-neutral ports. Making India a top global shipbuilding nation. Sagarmala Programme: Green Logistics Backbone Flagship port-led development programme. 840 projects worth ₹5.8 lakh crore by 2035. 272 completed (₹1.41 lakh crore). 217 under implementation (₹1.65 lakh crore). Objectives: Reduce logistics cost. Promote coastal shipping and inland waterways. Generate employment. Acts as the execution arm of MIV 2030 and Vision 2047. Clean Fuels & Energy Transition in Maritime Sector National Green Hydrogen Mission Target by 2030: 5 million tonnes/year green hydrogen. ₹8 lakh crore investment. 6 lakh jobs. ₹1 lakh crore fossil fuel import savings. Identified Green Hydrogen Port Hubs: Kandla Paradip Tuticorin Supports zero-emission shipping fuels: hydrogen, ammonia, methanol. India’s Green Port Initiatives (Supply-Side Decarbonisation) Renewable Energy at Ports Solar: Rooftop PV on warehouses and offices. Floating solar on calm port waters. Wind: Onshore wind on port land, breakwaters. Offshore wind near Okha, southern peninsula, Kutch salt fields. Tidal energy: Pilot in Gulf of Cambay/Kutch (8,000–12,000 MW potential). Wave & solar thermal: OWC wave energy pilots (Vizhinjam model). Flagship Green Maritime Programmes Harit Sagar – Green Port Guidelines (2023) Framework for: Carbon neutrality. Zero ecological disturbance. Promotes: Sustainable materials. Cleaner technologies. Ecosystem-sensitive port expansion. Green Tug Transition Programme (GTTP), 2024 Transition from diesel harbour tugs to green alternatives. Part of Panch Karma Sankalp. Government support: 30% financial assistance. Ports procuring green tugs: JNPA VO Chidambaranar Paradip Deendayal Aligns with Make in India and maritime manufacturing. Harit Nauka (Green Vessel) Initiative Promotes greener inland waterway vessels. Targets emissions reduction in riverine transport. Coastal Green Shipping Corridor First corridor: Kandla–Tuticorin. Partners: SCI Deendayal Port Authority VO Chidambaranar Port Authority. Pilot for low-emission coastal shipping. Cleaner Ports: Demand-Side & Operational Reforms Vehicle & Equipment Electrification Target: 50% port vehicles on clean fuels by 2030. Two-phase electrification: Phase I: Ship–shore cranes. Phase II: RTGCs, reach stackers, forklifts, yard equipment. Shore-to-Ship Power Ships at berth draw electricity from shore. Cuts emissions from onboard diesel generators. LNG Bunkering LNG advantages: 80% lower CO₂, PM, NOx than diesel. Sulphur ≤0.5% (IMO compliant). 40–50% cheaper than diesel. India promoting LNG bunkering awareness and infrastructure. Dust & Air Emission Control Diesel usage: 500–5,000 KL per port annually. Measures: Covered storage. Mechanised handling. Emission monitoring (towards automation). Green Belts MoEF&CC mandate: 33% green cover. Benefits: Carbon absorption. Noise and dust reduction. Biodiversity and groundwater recharge. Challenge: Land scarcity at ports. Indian Ports Bill, 2025: Legal Backbone Replaces outdated Indian Ports Act, 1908. Mandates: Global green norms. Disaster and oil-spill readiness. Context: Cargo handling: 855 MT (FY 2024–25). Port capacity: +87% since 2014–15. Turnaround time reduced to 48 hours. 9 Indian ports in World Bank CPPI. Marks shift from regulatory lag to global leadership. Global Green Maritime Diplomacy Sagarmanthan Dialogue Global platform on: Blue economy. Green logistics. Sustainable supply chains. India–Singapore Green & Digital Shipping Corridor Accelerates: Low-emission technologies. Digital maritime tools. Smart port operations. Green Shipping Conclave Focus on: GTTP. Harit Nauka. Sustainable ship recycling (Alang). Marine Pollution & Oil Spill Preparedness Robust oil-spill response plans. Satellite-based monitoring. Oil sensitivity mapping. Priority to mangroves, corals, aquaculture zones. Coordination with Navy and coastal agencies. Strategic Significance Economic Lower logistics costs. Global competitiveness in shipping and ports. Job creation in green maritime technologies. Environmental Decarbonisation of hard-to-abate sector. Marine biodiversity protection. Climate-resilient coastal infrastructure. Geopolitical Positions India as: Indo-Pacific maritime leader. Norm-setter in green shipping. Challenges High upfront cost of green fuels and vessels. Technology readiness (hydrogen, ammonia). Port land constraints for renewables and green belts. Coordination across Centre–State–Port Authorities. Prelims Pointers MIV 2030 investment: ₹3–3.5 lakh crore. Vision 2047 investment: ~₹80 lakh crore. Sagarmala: 840 projects, ₹5.8 lakh crore. First Green Shipping Corridor: Kandla–Tuticorin. Ports Bill replaces 1908 law.

Dec 16, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 16 December 2025

Content Governor’s Assent to State Bills Not Just Insurance, Indians Need Universal Healthcare Governor’s Assent to State Bills Why is this in News? April 2025: Supreme Court judgment in State of Tamil Nadu vs Governor of Tamil Nadu Fixed clear timelines for Governors to act on State Bills. Held that indefinite inaction is unconstitutional. Allowed judicial intervention, including deemed assent in cases of unexplained delay. Mid–2025: Supreme Court’s advisory opinion in Special Reference No. 1 of 2025 (Presidential Reference) Held that: Judicially imposed timelines lack textual constitutional basis. Deemed assent is alien to the constitutional scheme. Governors and President enjoy wide discretionary latitude, even permitting delays. Effectively diluted the April 2025 judgment, though formally not overruling it. Relevance GS II – Polity & Constitution Articles involved: Article 200, Article 201, Article 361 Themes: Role, powers, and discretion of the Governor Constitutional morality vs textualism Legislative procedure and assent mechanism Judicial review and advisory jurisdiction (Article 143) GS II – Federalism & Centre–State Relations Cooperative vs coercive federalism Union control through Governors Reservation of Bills for President and its misuse Sarkaria & Punchhi Commission recommendations Practice Question “The Governor’s power of assent under Article 200 is procedural, not supervisory.” Examine this statement in the light of recent Supreme Court judgments.(250 Words) Constitutional Basics: Article 200 Article 200 – Governor’s Options on a State Bill When a Bill is presented, the Governor may: Grant assent Withhold assent Return the Bill (except Money Bills) for reconsideration Reserve the Bill for the consideration of the President First Proviso to Article 200 If the Governor returns a Bill and the State Legislature re-passes it (with or without amendments), The Governor “shall not withhold assent” thereafter. Core principle: The Governor’s role is procedural, not supervisory. The April 2025 Judgment: State of Tamil Nadu Case Key Findings Indefinite delay by Governors violates: Federalism Democratic accountability Legislative supremacy Governors cannot convert assent power into a veto-by-silence. Major Innovations Timelines imposed for Governor’s action. Prolonged inaction treated as constitutionally impermissible. Courts empowered to: Direct action In extreme cases, deem assent granted Significance Strengthened: Federal balance Elected legislatures over unelected authorities Especially crucial for Opposition-ruled States facing Raj Bhavan obstruction. Special Reference No. 1 of 2025: The Course Reversal Core Holdings No explicit constitutional text authorising: Judicial timelines Deemed assent Governor’s discretion under Article 200 has “elasticity”. Advisory opinion claims not to overrule earlier judgment, but: Carries high persuasive authority due to Constitution Bench status. The “Constitutional Dialogue” Argument Court’s Position Article 200 creates a dialogue between: Legislature Governor President Critique Dialogue requires: Timely and meaningful response Governors’ motivated silence converts dialogue into: Obstruction Policy paralysis Problem: The Reference judgment tolerates silence while preaching dialogue. Dilution of Safeguards Under Article 200 1. Removal of Timelines April judgment: Clear, reasoned timelines. Reference opinion: Timelines unconstitutional. Effect: Prolonged inaction attracts only: A direction to “decide”, not consequences. 2. Undermining the First Provison Earlier Position (Tamil Nadu Case) After reconsideration by Assembly: Governor must assent Referral to President only in exceptional cases New Position (Special Reference) Governor can: Refer even reconsidered and re-enacted Bills to the President Do so without constraints Impact: Converts President’s reservation into a constitutional black hole. Negates the binding nature of legislative reiteration, contrary to text. False Equivalence: Checks vs Balances Court’s Justification Governor must act as a check to: Prevent repugnancy Prevent unconstitutional laws Counter-Argument Judicial review already exists to test constitutionality. Assent power is: Procedural Not a preliminary judicial review Key Distinction: Courts correct unconstitutional laws after enactment. Denial or delay of assent leaves no effective remedy. Federalism and Centre–State Relations Missed Opportunity States and Sarkaria Commission concerns: Arbitrary reservation of Bills to the President Reference could have: Subjected such referrals to judicial scrutiny Instead Confers unfettered discretion on Governors. Strengthens Union dominance over States. Constitutional Implications Democratic Deficit Unelected Governors gain: Blocking power over elected legislatures Federal Retrogression Shifts balance: From cooperative federalism To hierarchical control Separation of Powers Assent power elevated from: Procedural step To quasi-constitutional gatekeeping Overall Assessment April 2025 judgment: Progressive, democracy-affirming, federalist. Special Reference No. 1 of 2025: Constitutionally conservative in form, Politically enabling in effect. Net Result: Retreat from principled restraint on gubernatorial power. Assenting power transformed from a balance into a check, undermining legislative supremacy. Conclusion The advisory opinion in the 16th Presidential Reference represents a subtle yet significant constitutional retrogression. By dismantling judicially enforced discipline over gubernatorial assent and legitimising expansive discretion, the Court has weakened federalism, diluted democratic accountability, and reopened the door to executive obstruction of State legislatures—an outcome at odds with the spirit, structure, and text of Article 200. Not Just Insurance, Indians Need Universal Healthcare Why is this in News? December 12 marked Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Day. Renewed policy debate in India on: Rising out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE). Over-reliance on insurance-led models (e.g., PM-JAY). Weak public primary healthcare and growing private sector dominance. The editorial argues that insurance ≠ universal healthcare, and India must pivot towards a publicly funded, comprehensive health system. Relevance GS II – Social Justice (Health) Public health system design Universal Health Coverage (SDG 3.8) Equity, access, and affordability in healthcare Role of the State in welfare provisioning GS II – Governance & Federalism Health as a State subject (Entry 6, State List) Centre–State coordination under NHM and PM-JAY Fiscal federalism and health financing Practice Question Distinguish between Universal Health Coverage and Universal Healthcare.Why is this distinction important for India’s health policy? (250 Words) Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Defined by WHO as ensuring: Access to promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative, and palliative care Without financial hardship. Grounded in: Right to Health (International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights). WHO World Health Reports (2010, 2019). SDG 3.8. Universal Health Coverage vs Universal Healthcare UHC (Narrow, insurance-centric): Focus on financial protection. Emphasis on hospitalisation and tertiary care. Universal Healthcare (Comprehensive): Strong public provisioning. Focus on primary and secondary care. Addresses social determinants of health. India’s Health System: Structural Reality Persistent Challenges Low public health expenditure: ~1.3–1.5% of GDP. High OOPE: ~45–50% of total health expenditure. Insurance schemes mainly cover: Hospitalisation. Limited disease packages. Major exclusions: Outpatient care. Diagnostics. Medicines. Preventive services. Consequences Medical expenses remain a leading cause of impoverishment. Insurance often: Encourages over-medicalisation. Leads to provider-induced demand. Benefits private hospitals disproportionately. Insurance-Led Model: Core Limitations Does not strengthen health infrastructure. Treats health as a market commodity, not a public good. Fragmented disease-based packages distort care priorities. Fails to address: Continuity of care. Preventive and promotive health. Increases private sector leverage over public policy. Comparative Global Experience East and Southeast Asia Countries like China, South Korea, Thailand: Adopted UHC through insurance. Simultaneously invested heavily in public health systems. Outcomes: Strong primary and secondary care. Better health indicators. Caveat: High fiscal burden (China faced rising costs due to hospital-centric expansion). Key Lesson Insurance works only when embedded in a robust public healthcare backbone. Private sector dominance without regulation leads to: Cost escalation. Policy capture. India’s Missed Opportunity Historical Commitment Bhore Committee (1946): Advocated state-funded universal healthcare. Emphasised primary care as foundation. Post-independence: Chronic underinvestment. Gradual shift towards selective, insurance-based interventions. Current Schemes NHM (earlier NRHM): Strengthened primary care but remains underfunded. PM-JAY: Expanded insurance coverage. Did not significantly reduce OOPE. Result: Parallel systems with weak integration. False Equivalence: Insurance as Healthcare Insurance is a financing tool, not a healthcare system. Courts, policies, and political discourse often conflate: Financial coverage with health outcomes. Health outcomes depend on: Availability. Accessibility. Quality. Continuity of care. What India Actually Needs ? Strategic Shift Required From UHC-as-insurance → Universal Healthcare-as-public service. Core Pillars Substantial increase in public health spending (≥3% of GDP). Strengthening: Primary Health Centres. Community Health Centres. Urban primary healthcare. Integration of: Preventive, promotive, and curative care. Regulation of private sector: Standard treatment protocols. Price controls. Addressing social determinants of health: Nutrition. Sanitation. Housing. Education. Governance and Federal Dimensions Health is a State subject (Entry 6, State List). Central insurance-heavy schemes risk: Centralisation. Weakening State public health systems. Cooperative federalism needed: Flexible funding. State-led health system strengthening. Ethical and Constitutional Perspective Right to life under Article 21 increasingly interpreted to include health. Treating healthcare as insurance undermines: Equity. Universality. Dignity. Overall Assessment Insurance-based UHC is: Necessary but not sufficient. Without strong public provisioning: UHC becomes fiscally costly and socially inequitable. India stands at a policy crossroads: Either deepen marketisation of health, Or reclaim healthcare as a public good. Conclusion India’s health challenge is not merely one of financial protection but of systemic capacity and equity. Universal Health Coverage, when reduced to insurance, offers a narrow and inadequate solution. A genuine commitment to universal healthcare demands sustained public investment, strengthened primary care, and recognition of health as a constitutional and social obligation rather than a market-mediated entitlement.

Dec 16, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 16 December 2025

Content Viksit Bharat – Guarantee For Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Bill (VB-GRAM Bill) Viksit Bharat Shiksha Adhishthan (VBSA) Bill, 2025 One in Six People Exposed to Conflict Worldwide (ACLED Report, 2025) Biosecurity in India: Risks, Preparedness, and the Need for a Unified Framework Amicus Suggestions on Disabled Cadets Similar to DMA’s 2022 Plan GRAP-IV in Delhi–NCR Viksit Bharat – Guarantee For Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Bill (VB-GRAM Bill) Why is this in News? The Union Government is set to introduce the VB-GRAM Bill in the Lok Sabha to replace MGNREGA, 2005. The Bill proposes a structural shift: From demand-driven employment guarantee → supply-driven, budget-capped framework. Strong Opposition objections on: Dilution of legal right to work. Increased State financial burden. Removal of Mahatma Gandhi’s name. Centralisation of power via area notification by the Union. Relevance GS II: Welfare schemes, rights-based vs executive-driven governance Federalism, Centre–State fiscal relations Decentralisation, role of Panchayati Raj Institutions GS III: Inclusive growth, rural employment, poverty alleviation Public finance, fiscal discipline vs social protection MGNREGA (2005): Core Basics Legal right to employment under Article 21 (Right to livelihood – judicial interpretation). Guarantees: 100 days of unskilled manual work per rural household per year. Work on demand within 15 days, failing which unemployment allowance is payable. Cost sharing: Centre: ~90% (wages + material). States: ~10% (mainly unemployment allowance). Decentralised: Gram Panchayat as principal planning and implementing authority. Key objectives: Livelihood security. Creation of durable rural assets. Strengthening grassroots democracy. What is VB-GRAM Bill? Replaces MGNREGA with a new employment and livelihood mission. Key shifts: Supply-driven scheme (no statutory demand guarantee). Fixed annual budget cap decided by Union Government. Employment only in Centre-notified rural areas. Guaranteed workdays increased from 100 → 125 days. State contribution raised to 40% of total expenditure. Demand-Driven vs Supply-Driven: Conceptual Difference Demand-Driven (MGNREGA) Employment is a right, not discretion. Fiscal outlay expands automatically with demand. Strong shock absorber during: Droughts. Pandemic-like crises. Agrarian distress. Supply-Driven (VB-GRAM) Employment limited by budget ceilings. Government decides: Where work is provided. How much work is available. Converts entitlement into welfare discretion. Key Changes at a Glance Aspect MGNREGA VB-GRAM Bill Nature Legal right Welfare scheme Workdays 100 125 Trigger Worker demand Govt allocation Budget Demand-responsive Fixed, capped Area coverage All rural India Centre-notified areas State share ~10% ~40% Federal tilt Decentralised Centralised Constitutional & Federalism Concerns Article 246 + Seventh Schedule: Rural employment, agriculture, land → State List/Concurrent List orientation. Increased State share: Unfunded mandate. Violates spirit of cooperative federalism. Central notification of eligible areas: Weakens Gram Sabha autonomy (Article 243). Socio-Economic Implications Positive Arguments (Government’s Likely Rationale) Fiscal predictability and expenditure control. Better targeting of backward regions. Alignment with Viksit Bharat 2047 productivity narrative. Shift from relief-oriented work to “livelihood mission”. Negative Implications Exclusion risk for distress-hit but non-notified areas. Loss of automatic safety net during economic shocks. Higher State burden may lead to: Delays in wage payments. Reduced work provision. Weakens women’s participation (MGNREGA had ~55–60% women workers). Potential rollback of poverty reduction gains: MGNREGA contributed significantly to fall in rural poverty and distress migration. Political Economy Dimension Removal of Mahatma Gandhi’s name: Symbolic break from rights-based welfare architecture. Shift reflects broader trend: From rights-based legislations (RTI, MGNREGA, NFSA) To executive-driven missions. Raises question: Welfare state → Developmental state with fiscal discipline? Governance & Accountability Issues No clarity on: “Parameters” for budget allocation. Criteria for area notification. Reduced legal enforceability: No unemployment allowance guarantee. Potential erosion of social audit effectiveness. Way Forward Retain statutory demand-based core, even with budget rationalisation. Transparent, rule-based criteria for area notification. Restore balanced Centre-State cost sharing. Strong social audit and grievance redress mechanisms. Parliamentary scrutiny via Standing Committee. Viksit Bharat Shiksha Adhishthan (VBSA) Bill, 2025 Why is this in News? The Union Government has introduced the VBSA Bill, 2025 to replace the University Grants Commission (UGC). Government has proposed referring the Bill to a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) amid strong Opposition resistance. Opposition alleges: Executive overreach in higher education. Erosion of federalism and institutional autonomy. Imposition of Hindi through nomenclature. Excessive regulatory and penalty powers. Relevance GS II: Governance, regulatory institutions, executive accountability Federalism (education in Concurrent List) Parliamentary processes (JPC, legislative scrutiny) GS I: Education, linguistic diversity, cultural pluralism UGC: Background and Role Established under UGC Act, 1956. Constitutional basis: Entry 66, Union List – coordination and determination of standards in higher education. Core functions: Funding universities. Setting minimum standards. Recognition of institutions. Criticism of UGC: Over-centralisation. One-size-fits-all regulation. Slow approvals and compliance-heavy culture. What is the VBSA Bill, 2025? Proposes creation of Viksit Bharat Shiksha Adhishthan (VBSA) as a single, overarching regulator for higher education. Aligns with NEP 2020 vision of regulatory overhaul and graded autonomy. Seeks to subsume or replace existing regulatory architecture led by UGC. Key Features of the VBSA Bill Regulatory Restructuring UGC replaced by VBSA with: Expanded powers over recognition, compliance, penalties, and closure. Stronger executive involvement in appointments and oversight. Graded Autonomy Framework Institutions categorised based on performance. Autonomy linked to: Accreditation scores. Compliance history. Critics argue autonomy is conditional, not inherent. Compliance and Penalty Regime Introduces: Intrusive inspections. Heavy financial penalties. Powers to suspend or shut institutions. Shift from facilitative regulation → command-and-control oversight. Language and Nomenclature Issue Naming the authority and Bill in Hindi. Opposition from non-Hindi-speaking States: Seen as cultural centralisation. Contradicts linguistic pluralism under Articles 29–30. Federalism Concerns Education is in the Concurrent List (Entry 25). VBSA centralises: Regulatory power. Norm-setting. Enforcement mechanisms. States fear: Reduced say in higher education governance. Marginalisation of State universities. Kerala and Tamil Nadu objections reflect: Long-standing Centre–State friction in education policy. Executive Overreach: Core Criticism Concentration of powers: Rule-making. Enforcement. Penalisation. Weak parliamentary or independent checks. Undermines: Institutional autonomy. Academic freedom. Risks politicisation of: Curriculum. Appointments. Institutional functioning. Implications for Higher Education Potential Advantages Uniform national standards. Faster decision-making. Alignment with global benchmarks. Reduced multiplicity of regulators. Serious Risks Chilling effect on academic freedom. Compliance burden on public universities. Disproportionate impact on State-funded institutions. Possible decline in diversity of pedagogical models. Comparison: UGC vs VBSA Aspect UGC VBSA (Proposed) Nature Statutory regulator Statutory super-regulator Autonomy Limited but institutional Conditional, performance-linked Federal balance Relatively accommodative Strong central tilt Penalty powers Limited Extensive, including closure Language sensitivity Neutral Hindi-centric nomenclature Why JPC Reference Matters Allows: Detailed clause-by-clause scrutiny. Stakeholder consultations (States, universities, faculty). Signals: Political sensitivity. Federal and cultural contestation. However: Final outcome still depends on government majority. Constitutional & Governance Lens Article 246 + Seventh Schedule: Balance between Centre and States. Academic freedom as part of: Article 19(1)(a) (judicial interpretation). Risk of undermining university autonomy, a core democratic institution. Way Forward Clearly demarcate: Standard-setting vs day-to-day regulation. Independent appointments mechanism. Strong appellate and grievance redress bodies. Linguistically neutral nomenclature. Formal role for States in regulatory councils. One in Six People Exposed to Conflict Worldwide (ACLED Report, 2025) Why is this in News? ACLED (Armed Conflict Location and Event Data) released its 2025 global conflict assessment. Key headline: 831 million people exposed to conflict in 2025. Roughly one in six people globally. Reveals: Sharp rise in violent events. Increasing state involvement in violence, including against civilians. Changing nature of warfare, especially use of commercial drones by non-state actors. Relevance GS II: International relations, global conflict trends Role of UN, multilateralism, peacekeeping GS III: Internal security: non-state actors, emerging technologies in warfare What is ACLED? An independent, globally recognised conflict data collection and analysis organisation. Tracks: Political violence. Armed conflict. Protest events. Used by: UN agencies. Governments. Researchers and humanitarian organisations. Key Global Findings (2025) Scale of Conflict ~200,000 violent events recorded globally. Nearly double compared to four years ago. 10% of global population exposed to conflict environments. Nature of Contemporary Conflicts 1. Increased Violence, Reduced Restraint Armed actors show: Higher willingness to use force. Disregard for civilian harm. Reflects erosion of: International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Norms protecting non-combatants. 2. Rising Role of State Forces 74% of violent events involved state forces in 2025. State-led violence against civilians: Increased from 20% (2020) → 35% (2025). Indicates: Militarisation of internal conflicts. Shrinking space for civilian protection. Civilians at the Centre of Violence 56,000+ incidents of violence directed at civilians. Highest in the last five years. Two critical patterns: States increasingly targeting civilians. Non-state groups causing the majority of fatalities. Region-wise Trends Europe Largest increase in violence globally. Driven overwhelmingly by: Russia–Ukraine war. Highest number of people affected since 2022 invasion. West Asia 48% decline in violent events compared to 2024. Key reasons: End of Syria’s civil war. Ceasefires in Gaza and Lebanon. Reduced Israeli and Turkish air campaigns: Led to 17% global drop in aerial warfare. Africa Continues to bear: High civilian fatalities. Complex multi-actor conflicts. Sudan, DRC, Myanmar remain major hotspots. State vs Non-State Actors: A Nuanced Picture State Actors Israel and Russia: Responsible for ~90% of cross-border state violence targeting civilians. Myanmar military: Accounted for ~33% of state violence against its own civilians. Non-State Armed Groups Responsible for ~60% of civilian fatalities. Major perpetrators: Rapid Support Forces (RSF), Sudan: 4,200 civilians killed. ~11% of all non-state group fatalities globally. Allied Democratic Forces (ADF): ≥1,370 civilian deaths. M23 movement (DRC): 1,100 civilian deaths. Numbers likely undercounted due to reporting gaps. Technological Shift in Warfare Weaponisation of Commercial Drones 469 non-state armed groups have used drones at least once in last five years. 14% increase over the previous year. Significance: Democratisation of military technology. Low-cost, high-impact tools bypass traditional state monopoly on force. Raises challenges for: Airspace control. Counter-terrorism. Civilian safety. Broader Implications International Humanitarian Law (IHL) Rising civilian targeting signals: Weak enforcement of Geneva Conventions. Normalisation of civilian harm. Global Security Conflicts are: More frequent. More lethal. More fragmented. Multi-actor conflicts harder to resolve diplomatically. Humanitarian Impact Increased displacement. Food insecurity. Collapse of health and education systems in conflict zones. India and Global Governance Lens Reinforces need for: Stronger multilateral conflict prevention. UN Security Council reform. Regulation of emerging military technologies (drones, AI). Relevant for India’s role in: UN peacekeeping. Global South diplomacy. Norm-building on warfare ethics. Biosecurity in India: Risks, Preparedness, and the Need for a Unified Framework Why is this in News? Renewed policy focus following expert commentary highlighting: Gaps in India’s biosecurity preparedness. Absence of a unified national biosecurity framework. Concerns amplified by: Rapid advances in biotechnology. Rising role of non-state actors. India’s low response capacity score on the Global Health Security Index (GHSI) (Rank: 66). Relevance GS II: Governance, institutional coordination, national security architecture GS III: Internal security, disaster management, science & technology Health security, bioterrorism, dual-use technologies What is Biosecurity? Biosecurity: Set of practices, policies, and systems to prevent intentional misuse of: Biological agents. Toxins. Biotechnology. Covers: Laboratory security. Surveillance and early detection. Containment of deliberate outbreaks. Protection of human, animal, and plant health. Biosecurity vs Biosafety: Biosafety: Prevents accidental release of pathogens. Biosecurity: Prevents deliberate misuse. Strong biosafety protocols are a prerequisite for biosecurity. Global Context: Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) Adopted in 1975. First treaty to: Prohibit development, production, stockpiling of biological weapons. Mandate destruction of existing stockpiles. India: A signatory to the BWC. Participates in export-control regimes like the Australia Group. Why Does India Need Robust Biosecurity? Structural Vulnerabilities Geography: Porous borders → cross-border bio-risks. Ecology: Biodiversity-rich zones vulnerable to zoonotic spillovers. Demography: High population density → rapid transmission potential. Economy: Heavy dependence on agriculture and livestock. Emerging Threat Landscape Non-state actors exploring biological tools: Example: Alleged preparation of Ricin toxin for terror use. Rapid spread of new-age biotechnologies: Gene editing. Synthetic biology. Lower entry barriers: Dual-use research increasingly accessible. India’s Existing Biosecurity Architecture Legal Framework Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Governs hazardous microorganisms and GMOs. Biosafety Rules, 1989 2017 Guidelines Recombinant DNA research. Biocontainment standards. WMD Act, 2005 Criminalises biological weapons and delivery systems. Institutional Mechanisms Department of Biotechnology (DBT): Research governance and lab safety. National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC): Outbreak surveillance and response. Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying: Livestock biosecurity, transboundary animal diseases. Plant Quarantine Organisation of India: Agricultural import-export regulation. National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA): Guidelines on biological disaster management. Key Gaps in India’s Biosecurity System Fragmentation Multiple agencies with overlapping mandates. Lack of: Central coordination. Unified command during bio-emergencies. Capability Deficits GHSI Ranking: 66 Detection score: Improved. Response capacity: Declined. Indicates: Surveillance without commensurate response readiness. Inadequate surge capacity. Governance Gaps No dedicated National Biosecurity Policy or Authority. Limited integration of: Health. Agriculture. Defence. Internal security. Risks Ahead if Gaps Persist High-impact, low-probability events: Bioterror attacks. Engineered pandemics. Massive human cost: Lives of billions potentially at risk. Economic consequences: Food security shocks. Supply-chain disruptions. Strategic vulnerability: Biosecurity as a national security issue, not just public health. Way Forward: Building a National Biosecurity Framework Core Elements Needed Unified National Biosecurity Strategy: Clear roles and responsibilities. Central Coordinating Authority: Inter-ministerial integration. Capability Mapping: Identify lab, surveillance, response gaps. Regulation of Dual-Use Research: Ethical oversight. Capacity Building: Skilled workforce. Rapid response units. International Cooperation: Intelligence-sharing. Norm-setting on emerging biotechnologies. Amicus Suggestions on Disabled Cadets Similar to DMA’s 2022 Plan Why is this in News? The Supreme Court, in a case concerning medically discharged officer cadets, received amicus curiae recommendations. The amicus suggested adopting provisions similar to the Department of Military Affairs (DMA) 2022 proposal. The issue highlights: Disability rights in armed forces. Gaps between policy intent and implementation. Constitutional guarantees of equality and dignity. Relevance GS II: Welfare of armed forces, role of judiciary Executive accountability and policy implementation GS I: Disability issues, social justice Who are Medically Discharged Cadets? Officer cadets discharged due to: Injuries or disabilities attributable to or aggravated by military training. Many are released before commissioning, leading to: Denial of pensions and post-service benefits. Unequal treatment compared to commissioned officers. Legal & Constitutional Background Constitutional Provisions Article 14: Equality before law. Article 21: Right to life with dignity. Article 33: Permits restrictions on armed forces, but not arbitrary discrimination. Statutory Framework Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 (RPwD Act): Recognises service-related disability. Mandates non-discrimination and reasonable accommodation. Judicial trend: Courts have repeatedly held that training-related injuries are service-related. What Did the DMA Propose in 2022? A comprehensive welfare package for disabled officer cadets, including: Statutory disability pension with parity: Same benefits as commissioned officers. Broad-banding of disability percentage: Prevents denial due to marginal assessment differences. Family pension provisions. Healthcare coverage: Access to Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Scheme (ECHS). Rehabilitation support: Prosthetics. Physiotherapy. Mental health care. Resettlement assistance: Skill development and alternative employment. Status: Proposal approved by Service Headquarters. Yet to be implemented by the government. Amicus Curiae’s Key Suggestions Implement DMA 2022 plan in toto for disabled cadets. Extend statutory disability pension even if discharge occurs pre-commission. Apply broad-banding to ensure parity and fairness. Ensure continuity of medical and rehabilitation support. Avoid ad hoc, case-by-case relief; adopt a uniform policy. Core Issues Highlighted Arbitrary Classification Cadets injured: Before commissioning → denied benefits. After commissioning → eligible. Violates reasonable classification test under Article 14. Gap Between Policy and Practice DMA framework exists. Non-implementation reflects: Bureaucratic inertia. Weak accountability mechanisms. Dignity and Moral Obligation Cadets injured while preparing to serve the nation. Denial of support undermines: State’s duty of care. Military morale and ethical governance. Broader Implications Military Human Resource Management Discourages talented youth from joining armed forces. Weakens trust in institutional fairness. Disability Rights Discourse Tests inclusivity within uniformed services. Aligns with India’s commitments under: UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD). Civil-Military Relations Welfare of soldiers and cadets central to: Democratic oversight. Professional armed forces. Way Forward Immediate implementation of DMA 2022 proposal. Statutory backing to avoid executive discretion. Time-bound decision-making in disability assessment. Independent medical boards with transparency. Harmonisation with RPwD Act, 2016. GRAP-IV in Delhi–NCR Why is this in News? On 13 December 2025, air quality in Delhi–NCR deteriorated to ‘Severe+’ levels. Daily average AQI crossed 450, prompting authorities to invoke GRAP-IV, the strictest stage of India’s air-pollution emergency framework. Decision taken by the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) following an emergency meeting, citing: Rising AQI trend. Unfavourable meteorological conditions (low wind speed, temperature inversion). Relevance GS III (Environment & Disaster Management) Air pollution and urban environmental challenges Public health emergencies due to environmental degradation Disaster management: response to severe air-quality events Sustainable urban development What is GRAP? GRAP – Graded Response Action Plan: A pre-defined, stage-wise emergency response framework to tackle air pollution in Delhi–NCR. Approved by the Supreme Court in 2016 (MC Mehta case). Statutory backing: Implemented and enforced by CAQM under the CAQM Act, 2021. Objective: Move from ad-hoc bans → predictable, rule-based escalation of actions as pollution worsens. GRAP Stages and AQI Thresholds GRAP Stage AQI Range Air Quality Category GRAP-I 201–300 Poor GRAP-II 301–400 Very Poor GRAP-III 401–450 Severe GRAP-IV >450 Severe+ / Hazardous What is GRAP-IV? Emergency pollution control stage activated when: AQI exceeds 450. Reflects conditions posing serious health risks, even to healthy individuals. Focus: Immediate reduction of pollution sources, regardless of economic disruption. Measures Enforced Under GRAP-IV Transport Restrictions Ban on entry of BS-IV trucks into Delhi. Exceptions: Vehicles carrying essential commodities. Emergency services. Construction and Infrastructure Complete ban on: Construction and demolition (C&D) activities. Highways, roads, flyovers, overbridges. Power transmission, pipelines, telecom infrastructure. Rationale: C&D dust is a major PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ contributor. Educational Institutions Hybrid mode for: Classes VI–IX and XI. Objective: Reduce exposure of children to toxic air. Lower transport-related emissions. Offices and Workplaces 50% capacity rule for: Public, municipal, and private offices. Remaining staff: Work From Home (WFH). Aim: Curtail vehicular movement and congestion. Institutional Framework Behind GRAP Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) Statutory body (2021). Jurisdiction: Delhi + NCR states (Haryana, UP, Rajasthan). Powers: Issue binding directions. Override State government actions if required. Addresses: Fragmentation in air-quality governance. Why Does Delhi–NCR Repeatedly Enter GRAP-IV? Structural Causes Geography & meteorology: Landlocked region. Winter temperature inversion. Emission sources: Vehicular emissions. Construction dust. Biomass and waste burning. Industrial emissions. Seasonal factors: Crop residue burning (October–November). Low wind speeds in winter. Critical Evaluation of GRAP-IV Strengths Rule-based, predictable response. Judicial backing ensures compliance. Region-wide coordination via CAQM. Immediate health protection focus. Limitations Reactive, not preventive: Triggered after pollution becomes hazardous. High economic and social cost: Construction halt. Disrupted livelihoods. Weak enforcement at local levels. Does not address year-round emission sources. GRAP-IV vs Long-Term Air Pollution Control Aspect GRAP-IV Long-Term Measures Nature Emergency response Structural reform Time horizon Short-term Continuous Focus Source suppression Emission reduction Examples Bans, WFH, closures Clean energy, transport reform, urban planning Way Forward Short-Term Better forecasting and early activation of lower GRAP stages. Strict enforcement of dust-control norms year-round. Medium to Long-Term Shift from seasonal firefighting to: Clean transport transition. Industrial emission standards. Waste management reforms. Strengthen airshed-based governance beyond NCR. Integrate GRAP with: National Clean Air Programme (NCAP). State-level clean air action plans.

Dec 15, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 15 December 2025

Content Lok Adalats: Justice That Speaks for the People From Red Corridor to Naxal-Free Bharat: A Decade of Decisive Gains (2014–2025) Lok Adalats: Justice That Speaks for the People Why is it in News? PIB release (13 December 2025, Delhi) highlighted Lok Adalats as a key pillar of people-centric justice delivery. Emphasis on: Expansion of National Lok Adalats and E-Lok Adalats. Strengthening Permanent Lok Adalats (PLAs) for public utility services. Their role in reducing pendency, speedy justice, and inclusive access. Context: India’s courts face over 5 crore pending cases (NJDG). Push towards ADR mechanisms aligned with Article 39A (Access to Justice). Relevance GS-II (Polity & Governance) Access to justice. Judicial reforms. Alternative Dispute Resolution. Article 39A. What are Lok Adalats? (Basics) Lok Adalat literally means People’s Court. A statutory Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanism. Core philosophy: Consensus, not contest Conciliation, not adjudication Objective: Speedy, inexpensive, informal, and amicable settlement of disputes. No strict application of: Civil Procedure Code (CPC) Indian Evidence Act Constitutional & Legal Basis Constitutional Foundation Article 39A: Equal justice and free legal aid. State obligation to ensure justice is not denied due to economic or social disability. Statutory Backbone Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 Institutionalised free legal aid and Lok Adalats nationwide. Converted a social experiment into a legally enforceable justice mechanism. Key Legal Features (LSA Act, 1987) Lok Adalats can take up: Pending court cases Pre-litigation disputes No court fee; if already paid → refunded. Procedure: Purely non-adversarial. Award of Lok Adalat: Deemed a civil court decree. Final and binding. No appeal permitted. Enhances: Finality Certainty Speed Institutional Architecture (4-Tier Structure) Ensures justice from Supreme Court to grassroots. National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) Head: Chief Justice of India Functions: Policy formulation. National Lok Adalat calendar. Monitoring & coordination. State Legal Services Authority (SLSA) Head: Chief Justice of High Court Functions: Implement NALSA policies. Organise State & High Court Lok Adalats. Legal aid delivery. District Legal Services Authority (DLSA) Head: District & Sessions Judge Functions: District-level Lok Adalats. Coordination with Taluk committees. Local legal aid. Taluk Legal Services Committee (TLSC) Head: Senior-most Judicial Officer Functions: Grassroots access. First contact point for citizens. Rural & semi-urban justice delivery. National Lok Adalats (NLAs): Mission-Mode Justice Conducted simultaneously across India on pre-notified dates. NALSA releases annual calendar. Covers: Pre-litigation matters. Pending cases at all judicial levels. Process: Pre-Lok Adalat sittings. Identification of settlement-prone cases. Technology: Disposals updated on National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG). Innovation: E-Lok Adalats during COVID → virtual participation. Significance Massive scale settlement in single-day drives. Reduces backlog with: Speed Uniformity Administrative coordination Permanent Lok Adalats (PLAs) Legal Basis Sections 22B–22E, LSA Act, 1987. Scope Public Utility Services, such as: Transport Electricity Water supply Postal services Telecom Key Features Pre-litigation forum only. Jurisdiction: Disputes up to ₹1 crore. Composition: Chairperson (judicial background) Two members (subject expertise). Unique power: If conciliation fails → PLA can adjudicate. Award: Final and binding. Importance Prevents routine service disputes from entering courts. Ensures certainty and continuity of essential services. Performance & Impact Millions of cases resolved annually through: National Lok Adalats State/District Lok Adalats Permanent Lok Adalats E-Lok Adalats Tangible outcomes: Reduced pendency. Faster compensation (MACT, bank recovery, service disputes). Cost and time savings. Intangible outcomes: Increased public trust. Reduced litigation fatigue. Humanised justice delivery. Advantages Speedy disposal. Zero or minimal cost. Informal, citizen-friendly process. Enforceable outcomes. Strengthens participatory justice. Limitations & Critiques Only compoundable / settlement-friendly cases. Risk of: Pressure to settle. Unequal bargaining power. Limited scope in: Serious criminal offences. Complex constitutional disputes. Conclusion Lok Adalats represent procedural justice with a human face. They shift focus from: Winning vs losing → mutual settlement. In a system burdened by pendency, Lok Adalats demonstrate that: Justice can be fast yet fair, Efficient yet empathetic, Legal yet humane. They reaffirm a core constitutional promise: Justice must reach the last person, not wait at the last step. From Red Corridor to Naxal-Free Bharat: A Decade of Decisive Gains (2014–2025) Why is it in News? PIB release (13 December 2025) highlighted near-elimination of Left Wing Extremism (LWE). Key claims: LWE-affected districts reduced from 126 (2014) → 11 (2025). Most-affected districts down from 36 → 3. Target announced: Naxal-free India by March 2026. Significance: One of the largest internal security turnarounds since Independence. Demonstrates shift from reactive policing to integrated counter-insurgency + development strategy. Relevance GS-III (Internal Security) LWE strategy. Counter-insurgency doctrine. Role of development in security. GS-II (Governance) Cooperative federalism. State capacity building. What is Left Wing Extremism (LWE)? Ideology: Based on Maoist–Marxist revolutionary thought. Advocates armed struggle against the Indian State. Organisational core: CPI (Maoist) and its armed wing PLGA (People’s Liberation Guerrilla Army). Geography: Historically concentrated in the Red Corridor: Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh–Telangana belt, parts of Bihar, MP, WB. Nature of threat: Internal security challenge under Seventh Schedule – Union responsibility. Targets state authority, infrastructure, elections, and civilians. Why Did Naxalism Grow? Chronic underdevelopment and tribal alienation. Land and forest rights issues. Weak local governance and service delivery. Poor connectivity enabling insurgent sanctuaries. Exploitation of grievance narratives by armed cadres. Strategic Shift After 2014: The Core Doctrine From fragmented responses → unified national strategy Guiding Principles Dialogue → Security → Development → Coordination Clear political resolve and time-bound target (March 2026). Measurable Outcomes: 2014–2025 Decline in Violence (2004–14 vs 2014–24) Violent incidents: –53% Security force deaths: –73% Civilian deaths: –70% Territorial Shrinkage Total affected districts: 126 → 11 Most-affected districts: 36 → 3 Police stations reporting incidents: 330 (2013) → 52 (2025) Operational Successes (2024–2025) 2025 (till date): 317 Naxals neutralised. 862 arrested. 1,973 surrendered. Leadership decapitation: 28 top leaders neutralised since 2024. Major operations: Operation Black Forest. Clearing of Abujhmad and PLGA core zones. Result: Collapse of Tactical Counter Offensive Campaign (TCOC) 2024. Security Perimeter Strengthening 586 fortified police stations (vs 66 pre-2014). 361 new forward camps in last 6 years. 68 night-landing helipads for rapid deployment. Bastions liberated after 30 years: Budha Pahad, Parasnath, Chakrabandha, Baramasia, Abujhmad. Financial Choking of Naxals Dedicated anti-Naxal vertical in NIA. Asset seizures: NIA: ₹40+ crore. States: ₹40+ crore. ED attachments: ₹12 crore. Impact: Disruption of logistics, propaganda, and urban support networks. Capacity Building of States Security Funding ₹3,331 crore under SRE scheme (155% increase). Special Infrastructure Scheme (SIS): ₹371 crore (SF & SIB). ₹620 crore + ₹140 crore for fortified police stations. SCA to LWE districts: ₹3,817.59 crore. ACALWEMS: Camp infrastructure + hospitals. Human Resources Bastariya Battalion: 1,143 recruits. Local youth from worst-affected districts. Converts former conflict zones into security manpower hubs. Infrastructure as Counter-Insurgency Roads 12,000 km constructed (2014–25). 17,589 km approved, ₹20,815 crore. Ends Maoist geographical isolation. Telecom 2G towers: 2,343. Additional towers: 2,542. 4G saturation: 8,527 towers approved. Strategic impact: Intelligence flow. Civilian–state integration. Governance reach. Financial Inclusion 1,804 bank branches. 1,321 ATMs. 37,850 banking correspondents. 5,899 post offices. Result: Weakens parallel Maoist “taxation” system. Integrates locals into formal economy. Education & Skill Development 48 ITIs (₹495 crore). 61 Skill Development Centres. Focus: Youth employment. Reducing recruitment pool. Long-term deradicalisation through livelihoods. Surrender & Rehabilitation Policy High-rank cadres: ₹5 lakh. Middle/lower rank: ₹2.5 lakh. Monthly stipend: ₹10,000 for 36 months. Result: 1,000+ surrenders recently. Collapse of cadre morale and cohesion. Strategic Assessment Why the Strategy Worked ? Simultaneous pressure: Security + Development + Finance + Ideology. No safe havens: Physical, financial, or informational. Local participation: Tribal youth in forces. Institutional coordination: Centre–State–Agency alignment. Challenges Ahead Residual pockets in dense forests. Risk of ideological mutation into: Urban networks. Digital propaganda. Need for: Sustained governance. Rights-based development. Post-conflict reconciliation. Conclusion Between 2014 and 2025, India has broken the territorial, financial, and ideological spine of Naxalism. The Red Corridor has been reduced to isolated remnants. While vigilance must continue till March 2026, the evidence is decisive: LWE is no longer a pan-Indian insurgency but a residual security issue. The transition from guns to governance marks one of India’s most consequential internal security successes.

Dec 15, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 15 December 2025

Content Courts must protect, not regulate free speech The right moment to boost India-Ethiopia ties Courts must protect, not regulate free speech Why is this in the News? Supreme Court observations (Nov 27, 2025) in Ranveer Allahbadia vs Union of India raised concerns by: Suggesting creation of neutral, autonomous bodies to regulate online content. Asking the government to publish draft regulatory guidelines for public consultation. The Court also expanded the scope of the case (March 3, 2025) to examine regulation of content “offensive to moral standards”, triggering debate on judicial overreach in free speech regulation. Relevance GS II – Polity & Constitution Fundamental Rights: Scope and limits of Article 19(1)(a) and Article 19(2). Judicial Role: Constitutional umpire vs policy-maker. Separation of Powers: Judicial restraint, institutional competence. Judicial Overreach: Expansion of case scope beyond pleadings. Practice Questions “Courts must act as sentinels of free speech, not as architects of its regulation.”Critically examine this statement in light of recent Supreme Court observations on online content regulation.(250 words) Free Speech: Constitutional Basics Article 19(1)(a): Guarantees freedom of speech and expression. Article 19(2): Permits reasonable restrictions, only on enumerated grounds: Sovereignty and integrity of India Security of the State Friendly relations with foreign states Public order Decency or morality Defamation Contempt of court Incitement to an offence Key principle: Grounds under Article 19(2) are exhaustive, not illustrative. Existing Legal Framework Regulating Speech Criminal & Statutory Provisions IT Act, 2000: Section 66: Computer-related offences. Section 66E: Violation of privacy (publishing personal images). Section 66F: Cyber terrorism. Section 67: Obscenity online. Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023: Sections 294–296: Obscenity and offences against religious sentiments. Subordinate Legislation IT (Intermediary Guidelines & Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021: Central government oversight mechanism. Prior restraint obligations on publishers. Clause II(c): Requires “due caution and discretion” regarding religious or racial groups. Criticism: Overbreadth. Chilling effect. Executive dominance in oversight. Core Concern Raised by the Editorial Nature of the Case Case concerned quashing FIRs against accused creators. Online content regulation was not the original subject matter. Judicial expansion of scope raises issues of: Procedural propriety. Separation of powers. Separation of Powers: Constitutional Red Line Legislation and policy design fall within the legislative domain. Common Cause vs Union of India (2008): Court cautioned itself against entering policy-heavy areas beyond institutional competence. Constituent Assembly Debates: Pandit Thakur Dass Bhargava: Supreme Court as constitutional umpire, not law-maker. Role limited to testing reasonableness of restrictions, not creating them. Implication: Courts must adjudicate validity, not initiate regulatory frameworks. Regulation vs Unlawful Restraint Thin constitutional line between: Permissible regulation. Impermissible prior restraint. Sahara India Real Estate Corp. vs SEBI (2012): Five-judge Bench: Blanket pre-censorship must be avoided at all costs. Postponement orders on media only as last resort, with strict proportionality. Judicially driven regulatory enthusiasm risks: Prior censorship. Statutory gag on speech. Exhaustiveness of Article 19(2) Kaushal Kishor (2023) — Constitution Bench: No additional restrictions beyond Article 19(2). Competing fundamental rights cannot justify new speech restrictions. Direct relevance: Court cannot invent new moral or societal standards as independent grounds. Judicial Self-Restraint: Past Practice Adarsh Co-operative Housing Society vs Union of India (2018): Court refused to mandate disclaimers in films. Held: Decision lies with Censor Board, not judiciary. Even Censor Board acts post-creation, not as pre-emptive censor. Indicates a tradition of restraint, now at risk. Comparative Perspective: Global Democracies Liberal Democracies EU – Digital Services Act, 2022: Focus on content removal, not pre-censorship. Germany – Network Enforcement Act, 2017: Time-bound takedown of unlawful content. UK – Online Safety Act, 2023: Removal + fines for non-compliance. Australia – Online Safety Act, 2021: Penalties for failure to act, not prior control. Illiberal States China, Russia: Surveillance-driven. Pre-censorship. Draconian controls. Risk: Democratic backsliding when courts enable restrictive regimes. Scholarly Warning David Landau & Rosalind Dixon (2020): Courts can be captured by “would-be authoritarians”. Judicial review itself may become a tool of democratic erosion. Relevance: Judicial endorsement of speech regulation legitimises executive excess. Broader Democratic Implications Court-driven calls for stricter laws + executive readiness: Normalise censorship. Shrink civic space. Undermine marketplace of ideas. Salman Rushdie’s dictum captures the core: Free speech is foundational to all liberties. Conclusion In a constitutional democracy, courts must act as sentinels of free speech, not as architects of its regulation, lest protection turn into pre-censorship and guardianship into democratic erosion. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes. The right moment to boost India-Ethiopia ties Why is Ethiopia in the News? Renewed high-level engagement: Meeting between PM Narendra Modi and PM Abiy Ahmed Ali on the sidelines of the G20 Summit, Johannesburg has reinvigorated bilateral ties. Ethiopia’s entry into BRICS: Enhances its geopolitical weight and opens new multilateral convergence with India. Post-conflict political transition: Ethiopia is rebuilding after civil conflict, creating a strategic opening for external partnerships. Strategic churn in the Horn of Africa: Red Sea security, access to ports, and great-power competition have brought Ethiopia into sharper focus. Relevance GS II – International Relations India–Africa Relations: Strategic partnerships, South–South cooperation. Multilateralism: BRICS, G20, AU engagement. Diplomacy: Post-conflict engagement, capacity building, defence cooperation. GS III – Economy & Security Critical Minerals: Supply-chain security. Energy Security: Renewables, hydropower diplomacy. Defence Exports: Indigenous defence manufacturing. Trade Architecture: AfCFTA, DFTP scheme. Practice Question Why is Ethiopia emerging as a pivotal partner for India in Africa? Analyse the strategic, economic, and geopolitical dimensions of India–Ethiopia relations.(/250 words) Ethiopia: Basic Profile Population: ~109 million (2024) – second-largest in Africa. Political system: Federal parliamentary republic. Capital: Addis Ababa. Strategic location: Horn of Africa; close to Red Sea trade routes. Special status: Headquarters of the African Union (AU). Economy: Among Africa’s fastest-growing; large domestic market. Energy potential: Hydropower-driven renewable energy hub (GERD). Strategic Importance of Ethiopia Regional anchor state in a conflict-prone Horn of Africa (Somalia, Sudan, Eritrea). Military capacity: One of Africa’s largest and most experienced armed forces. Energy geopolitics: Potential exporter of renewable electricity to East Africa. Logistics ambition: Landlocked but seeks diversified access beyond Djibouti. Outreach to Somaliland and Eritrea reflects push for strategic autonomy. Gateway role: Under AfCFTA, Ethiopia can serve as a manufacturing and trade hub. Historical Depth of India–Ethiopia Relations Education as foundation: Indian teachers and professors shaped Ethiopia’s modern education system for over a century. High social capital and goodwill for India. Digital education pioneer: Ethiopia was the pilot country (2007) for India’s Pan-African e-Network Project. Long-standing tele-education partnership with IIT Delhi. Human capital linkage: One of the largest African student cohorts in India. Highest number of African PhD students in India. Graduates helped staff Ethiopia’s newly established universities. Education Cooperation: Future Potential Priority domains: Digital learning platforms. Vocational and skill-based training. University-to-university linkages. Revised scholarship frameworks. Strategic value: Soft power amplification. Capacity building aligned with Ethiopia’s demographic dividend. Economic & Investment Relations Current Status Indian investment stock: Over $4 billion. Indian investors: ~2,500 companies. Sectors: Earlier focus: Agriculture (many exited due to taxation and operational issues). Emerging focus: Pharmaceuticals, agro-processing, light manufacturing, mining. Structural Challenges Foreign exchange shortages. Regulatory inconsistency. Taxation disputes. Approval delays. What India Can Do Update DTAA and Bilateral Investment Treaty. Align investments with IMF conditionalities Ethiopia is operating under. Promote export-oriented manufacturing with buy-back arrangements. Mining & Critical Minerals: Strategic Opportunity Untapped potential: Gold. Critical minerals. Rare earth elements. Indian Embassy mining survey: Identifies high potential with regulatory and logistics constraints. Strategic relevance for India: Renewable energy. Batteries. Semiconductors. Way forward: Joint commissioning and operation of mines. Mining as a pillar of strategic economic partnership. Defence & Security Cooperation Historical roots: Establishment of Harar Military Academy (1956) with Indian assistance. Ongoing engagement: Indian defence training teams active since 2009. Current Ethiopian needs: Post-conflict military modernisation. Replacement of Soviet-era platforms. India’s advantage: Cost-effective, battle-tested defence platforms. Recent developments: New Defence Cooperation MoU. First meeting of Joint Defence Cooperation Committee. Financing: Ethiopia’s credible repayment record under IDEAS strengthens case for defence LoCs. Multilateral & Trade Convergence Platforms: BRICS. G20. South–South cooperation frameworks. Trade architecture: AfCFTA enables Ethiopian-based Indian firms to access continental markets. Global context: Uncertainty in US–EU trade regimes (e.g., AGOA). India’s Duty-Free Tariff Preference (DFTP) scheme remains crucial for Ethiopian exports. Indian Diaspora Factor Influential and organised via the India Business Forum. Acts as a bridge for investment and policy feedback. Highlights foreign exchange access as the single biggest bottleneck. Challenges in the Relationship Domestic political fragility in Ethiopia. Regulatory unpredictability affecting investors. Infrastructure and logistics gaps. Foreign exchange controls. Way Forward: Strategic Roadmap Align India–Ethiopia partnership with: Ethiopia’s post-conflict reconstruction. India’s supply-chain diversification goals. Prioritise: Education and skills. Mining and critical minerals. Defence exports and training. Export-oriented manufacturing. Leverage: BRICS membership. AfCFTA market access. Long-standing people-to-people trust. Conclusion With historical goodwill, converging strategic interests, and Ethiopia’s political regeneration, India–Ethiopia relations are poised to emerge as one of India’s most consequential partnerships in Africa over the next decade.

Dec 15, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 15 December 2025

Content Are Methane Emissions in India Being Missed? MH-60R Seahawk Helicopters Bill for overhaul of higher education regulatory framework likely soon Trat province Insurance Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2025 Karnataka Hate Speech and Hate Crimes (Prevention) Bill, 2025 Are methane emissions in India being missed? Why is this in News? Satellite-based studies (ISRO, 2023–25) reveal actual methane emissions from major Indian landfills far exceed official model-based estimates. NGT has constituted committees to verify satellite-detected methane hotspots (e.g., Ghazipur, Bhalswa, Pirana, Kanjurmarg). Highlights a critical data gap in India’s waste-sector emissions, directly affecting: Climate commitments (NDCs) Urban safety (landfill fires) Public health and air quality Renewed policy relevance under Swachh Bharat Mission, GOBARdhan, and revised Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Rules. Relevance GS III – Environment & Climate Change Methane as a short-lived climate pollutant (SLCP) Waste management and landfill emissions India’s NDCs and climate mitigation strategies GS III – Urban Development Solid waste management, landfill fires, urban safety Methane: The Basics What is Methane (CH₄)? A short-lived climate pollutant (SLCP). 84 times more potent than CO₂ over a 20-year period (GWP-20). Atmospheric lifetime: ~12 years. Why dangerous in landfills? Generated via anaerobic decomposition of organic waste. Accumulates in open dumps → fires, explosions, toxic smoke. Paradox: Useful fuel (Bio-CNG, PNG, power generation). Severe climate and urban hazard if unmanaged. Landfills as Methane Factories Processes mimic natural gas formation, but at accelerated rates: High organic content (wet waste). Poor segregation. Inadequate capping and gas capture. India-specific context: Large open dumpsites, not sanitary landfills. High moisture + heat = faster methane generation. India’s Methane Profile (Waste Sector Focus) ~15% of India’s methane emissions come from the waste sector. Key advantage: Unlike agriculture or energy, waste offers quick mitigation wins. Technology, policy, and incentives already exist. The Core Problem: Measuring an Invisible Gas Model-based Estimation (Traditional) Uses: Waste inflow volumes. Standard decay coefficients. Limitations: Outdated data (State-level, often 2018). Aggregated → cannot locate specific hotspots. Heavily assumption-driven. Ground-based Monitoring Challenges: Expensive sensors. Skilled manpower. Continuous maintenance. Difficult to scale across India’s urban landscape. Satellite Monitoring: The Game Changer Types of Satellite Data Regional-scale monitoring Covers km-level grids. Tracks national/regional trends. High-resolution hotspot detection Detects emissions at few square metres. Crucial for targeted action. Key Missions & Platforms ISRO methane study (2023). International missions: CarbonMapper (Tanager). SRON (Netherlands). Data aggregators: ClimateTRACE WasteMap What Satellites Are Revealing: The Discrepancy ? Global finding: Actual landfill methane ≈ 1.8× higher than model estimates. Indian City Examples Delhi Official (2018): 1.07 Mt CO₂e (entire waste sector). Satellite: Ghazipur + Bhalswa alone → 0.85–0.96 Mt CO₂e. Mumbai Model: Kanjurmarg ≈ 11% of city waste emissions. Satellite: 1.05 Mt CO₂e (~10× higher; ~50% of Maharashtra’s waste emissions). Ahmedabad Gujarat total (model): 0.73 Mt CO₂e. Pirana landfill alone: 0.60–0.81 Mt CO₂e. Inference Indicates: Gas capture failures. Accelerated decomposition. Engineering flaws. Risks were invisible earlier due to data blindness. Why This Matters Beyond Climate ? Urban safety: Methane-driven landfill fires. Public health: Toxic emissions, PM spikes. Governance: Weak accountability of ULBs. Economy: Lost opportunity for Bio-CNG and power. The Way Forward: A Three-Pillar Strategy Expand Satellite Coverage Mandatory monitoring of all major dumpsites. Public, transparent emission dashboards. Ground Validation Systems Rapid-response teams for satellite-flagged hotspots. Diagnose: Poor capping. Gas collection leaks. Illegal dumping. Integrated Data Architecture Standardised data-sharing between: ULBs. SPCBs. NGT, CAQM (for NCR). Expand proposed centralised waste data portal under MSW Rules to include methane tracking. Institutional & Policy Linkages Swachh Bharat Mission: Integrate methane reduction targets. GOBARdhan Scheme: Scale Bio-CNG plants (Indore model). CAQM (NCR): Regional oversight for landfill emissions. State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCCs): Update with satellite-based waste data. Key Observation Methane mitigation from waste is India’s lowest-hanging climate fruit: High impact. Low cost. Immediate gains. Core governance lesson: “What gets measured gets managed.” Data integration can convert urban waste from a liability into a climate asset. Conclusion By synchronising satellites, street-level action, and standardised data governance, India can turn landfill methane—from a fire hazard and climate threat—into its smartest, fastest climate solution. MH-60R Seahawk Helicopter Why is this in News? The Indian Navy will commission its second MH-60R Seahawk helicopter squadron (INAS 335 – “Ospreys”) on December 17 at INS Hansa, Goa. Marks a key milestone in naval aviation modernisation and strengthening India’s blue-water and Indian Ocean Region (IOR) presence. Follows the commissioning of the first MH-60R squadron at Kochi in March 2024. Relevance GS III – Internal Security & Defence Military modernisation Naval aviation and force multipliers GS II – International Relations India–US defence cooperation Indo-Pacific and Indian Ocean Region (IOR) security MH-60R Seahawk: The Basics Origin: US-made, Lockheed Martin / Sikorsky. Type: Multi-role naval helicopter. Role spectrum: Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) Anti-Surface Warfare (ASuW) Surveillance & reconnaissance Search and Rescue (SAR) Maritime interdiction Replaces: Ageing Sea King helicopters. Key Technical Capabilities Sensors & Avionics Advanced maritime surveillance radar. Dipping sonar + sonobuoys (critical for ASW). Electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) systems. Weapons Air-launched torpedoes. Anti-ship missiles. Network-centric warfare Fully integrated with fleet operations. Real-time data sharing with ships and command centres. Strategic Significance for India Boost to Blue-Water Navy Ambitions Extends operational reach far from the coastline. Enables sustained deployments in the IOR. Anti-Submarine Warfare Edge Direct response to: Expanding Chinese submarine presence in the IOR. Growing undersea contest in the Indo-Pacific. Enhances India’s sea denial and deterrence posture. Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) Persistent aerial surveillance over: Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs). Chokepoints such as Malacca Strait approaches. Supports QUAD and IOR security architecture. Operational Impact of INAS 335 (Goa) Western Seaboard focus: Arabian Sea. Protection of critical maritime trade routes. Complements assets deployed on: Aircraft carriers. Destroyers and frigates. Improves rapid response to asymmetric threats: Piracy. Maritime terrorism. Grey-zone operations. Conclusion By inducting the second MH-60R squadron, the Indian Navy decisively strengthens its maritime strike, surveillance, and deterrence capabilities, reinforcing India’s role as a net security provider in the Indian Ocean Region. Bill for overhaul of higher education regulatory framework likely soon Why is this in News? The Union Government has listed the Viksit Bharat Shiksha Adhishthan (VBSA) Bill, 2025 for introduction in Parliament’s Winter Session. Proposes a complete overhaul of higher education regulation by: Creating a single umbrella commission (VBSA). Subsuming UGC, AICTE, and NCTE. Seen as the legislative backbone for implementing NEP 2020 in higher education. Relevance GS II – Governance Regulatory reforms and institutional restructuring Centre–State relations in education GS III – Human Capital Higher education quality, research, innovation ecosystem GS II – Social Sector Education reforms under NEP 2020 Background: Existing Regulatory Architecture UGC: Funding + regulation of universities. AICTE: Technical education regulation. NCTE: Teacher education regulation. Problems identified: Overlapping jurisdictions. Excessive compliance and inspections. Input-based regulation over outcomes. Weak coordination between funding, accreditation, and standards. What is the VBSA? (Basic Design) Viksit Bharat Shiksha Adhishthan (VBSA): A 12-member umbrella commission. Three functional councils under VBSA: Viksit Bharat Viniyaman Parishad – Regulation. Viksit Bharat Gunvatta Parishad – Accreditation. Viksit Bharat Manak Parishad – Standards. Each council: Up to 14 members. Key Structural Changes Proposed Single Regulator Model Ends the multi-regulator fragmentation. Clear separation of: Rule-making (standards). Oversight (regulation). Quality assurance (accreditation). UGC’s Funding Role Removed Grants to be disbursed through mechanisms devised by the Ministry of Education. Regulatory body no longer controls funding → reduces conflict of interest. Scope of Applicability Covers: All Central and State universities. Colleges and HEIs. Technical, teacher, architectural education. Institutions of National Importance. Institutes of Eminence. Explicit exemptions: Medicine. Dentistry. Law. Pharmacy. Nursing. Veterinary sciences. Rationale: Sector-specific statutory councils already exist. Accreditation Reform: Outcome-Based Model Gunvatta Parishad mandated to: Develop outcome-based institutional accreditation. Shift from: Infrastructure/input metrics → learning outcomes, research output, innovation, governance. Aligns with global best practices (OECD, QS/THE frameworks). Internationalisation of Higher Education Foreign Universities in India Regulatory Council empowered to: Set standards for Centre-approved foreign universities operating in India. Ensure quality control and academic parity. Indian Campuses Abroad Facilitate high-performing Indian universities to establish overseas campuses. Supports India’s ambition as a global education hub. Preventing Commercialisation VBSA tasked with developing a coherent policy against commercialisation of higher education. Balancing: Autonomy and competition. Public purpose and accessibility. Alignment with NEP 2020 Reflects NEP principles: Light but tight regulation. Institutional autonomy. Outcome-based evaluation. Internationalisation. Reduced inspector raj. Mirrors earlier proposal of Higher Education Commission of India (HECI), now rebranded and refined. Key Concerns & Debates Centralisation vs Federalism Applies to State universities. Potential friction with States over regulatory autonomy. Ministry-Controlled Funding Shifting grants to Ministry mechanisms may: Increase executive discretion. Reduce arms-length academic governance. Capacity & Transition Risks Smooth merger of UGC, AICTE, NCTE functions critical. Risk of regulatory vacuum during transition phase. Takeaway The VBSA Bill marks a paradigm shift from control-based to coordination-based regulation. Success hinges on: Transparent accreditation. Protection of academic autonomy. Federal consensus-building. Conclusion If implemented with safeguards, the Viksit Bharat Shiksha Adhishthan Bill, 2025 can transform India’s higher education governance from fragmented control to coherent quality-led regulation, aligning education with the vision of Viksit Bharat 2047. Trat province Why is this in News? Thailand imposed a curfew in five districts of Trat province after armed clashes with Cambodia spread to coastal border areas. Fighting continues despite Cambodia reiterating openness to a ceasefire and US mediation claims. First confirmed civilian death in the current escalation reported in Thailand. Conflict has displaced hundreds of thousands on both sides, signalling a serious regional security escalation. Relevance GS II – International Relations Border disputes and conflict escalation ASEAN’s role in regional security GS III – Security Regional instability and humanitarian consequences Where is Trat Province? Location: Southeastern Thailand, bordering Cambodia’s Koh Kong province. Geostrategic importance: Coastal access to the Gulf of Thailand. Proximity to disputed land and maritime boundary zones. Curfew area: Five mainland districts bordering Cambodia. Tourist islands Koh Chang and Koh Kood excluded (economic protection). Thailand–Cambodia Border Dispute: Background Rooted in colonial-era boundary demarcations (French Indochina maps vs Thai interpretations). Historically volatile regions: Preah Vihear temple area (earlier flashpoint). Eastern and southeastern border zones (current focus). Periodic military skirmishes despite ASEAN norms of peaceful dispute resolution. Why Coastal Expansion Matters ? Indicates horizontal escalation beyond traditional land flashpoints. Raises risks of: Maritime incidents in the Gulf of Thailand. Disruption to trade and fishing. Increases international concern due to proximity to sea lanes. Strategic Implications Regional Security Undermines ASEAN’s credibility as a peace-maintaining bloc. Risks militarisation of Southeast Asian coastal borders. Humanitarian Dimension Large-scale displacement. Civilian casualties mark a shift from controlled skirmishes to population-impacting conflict. Great Power Context External mediation attempts highlight: Growing interest of extra-regional powers in Southeast Asian stability. Strategic sensitivity of the Indo-Pacific periphery. Conclusion The curfew in Thailand’s Trat province marks a dangerous widening of the Thailand–Cambodia border conflict, exposing the limits of regional diplomacy and the enduring volatility of colonial-era boundary disputes in Southeast Asia. Insurance Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2025 Why is this in News? The Union Cabinet has approved the Insurance Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2025, to be introduced in Parliament. The Bill proposes structural reforms in India’s insurance regulatory framework, including: Raising FDI limit from 74% to 100%. Expanding IRDAI’s regulatory and enforcement powers. Introducing new capital norms and easing business operations. Aimed at aligning India’s insurance sector with global best practices and boosting penetration under the Viksit Bharat 2047 vision. Relevance GS III – Economy Financial sector reforms Insurance penetration and risk management FDI liberalisation GS II – Governance Role and powers of regulatory institutions (IRDAI) Background: India’s Insurance Framework Governed by: Insurance Act, 1938 IRDA Act, 1999 Persistent challenges: Low insurance penetration (~4% vs global ~7%). Capital constraints. Limited product innovation. Fragmented regulation and slow approvals. Key Provisions of the Bill FDI Liberalisation FDI cap raised to 100% (from 74%). Objective: Attract stable, long-term foreign capital. Strengthen solvency and balance sheets. Enable scale, technology infusion, and risk management. Expected impact: Entry of global insurers and reinsurers. Increased competition and consumer choice. Capital & Entry Norms Reform Proposal to lower minimum capital requirements: Currently: ₹100 crore (insurers) ₹200 crore (reinsurers) Rationale: Existing norms seen as entry barriers, especially for: Micro-insurance. Digital-only insurers. Health and specialised insurers. Outcome: Encourages niche, region-specific, and low-cost insurance models. More Powers to IRDAI IRDAI to be empowered with: SEBI-like enforcement powers. Authority to recover illegally earned profits. Stronger penalties for violations. Significance: Shifts regulator from procedural oversight → outcome-based supervision. Enhances consumer protection and market discipline. Simplified Regulatory Processes One-time registration instead of repeated approvals. Risk-based supervision replacing rule-based micromanagement. Introduction of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to: Improve predictability. Reduce regulatory delays. Faster approvals for: Product launches. Business expansion. Intermediary operations. Reinsurance & GIFT-IFSC Boost Greater operational freedom for: Foreign reinsurance branches. IFSC-based insurance entities (LICI). Objective: Position India as a regional reinsurance hub. Reduce capital flight to overseas markets. Improve domestic risk absorption capacity. What the Bill Does Not Allow Composite licences rejected: Life + non-life + health under a single licence not permitted. Reason: Underwriting risks, liabilities, and actuarial models differ sharply. Prevents systemic risk and regulatory arbitrage. Captive Insurers: Deferred Reform Proposal to allow captive insurance companies shelved for now. Why controversial: Parent companies could underprice risks. Potential for profit shifting and solvency concerns. However: Long-term possibility remains under tighter safeguards. Economic & Governance Significance Insurance as Growth Infrastructure Mobilises long-term savings. Reduces household vulnerability. Supports infrastructure, health, and climate risk coverage. Market Structure Impact Encourages: Consolidation where inefficient. Competition where entry barriers fall. Improves product diversity: Health, crop, climate, and catastrophe insurance. Risks & Criticisms Over-centralisation of power in IRDAI. 100% FDI may: Reduce domestic promoter control. Lead to profit repatriation. Consumer protection depends on regulatory capacity, not just law. Takeaway The Bill marks a shift from protectionist regulation to competitive, capital-driven insurance governance. Success depends on: Strong IRDAI enforcement. Prudential safeguards. Consumer-centric supervision. Conclusion The Insurance Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2025 seeks to transform India’s insurance sector into a capital-rich, competitive, and innovation-driven market, making insurance a core pillar of economic resilience under Viksit Bharat 2047. Karnataka Hate Speech and Hate Crimes (Prevention) Bill, 2025 Why is this in News? The Karnataka government has tabled the Karnataka Hate Speech and Hate Crimes (Prevention) Bill, 2025 in the State Legislative Assembly. The Bill proposes: A new, expansive statutory definition of hate speech. Stricter punishments than existing central laws. Executive powers to block online content deemed hateful. Has triggered debate on free speech, overcriminalisation, federal overlap, and constitutional validity, especially in light of recent Supreme Court jurisprudence. Relevance GS II – Polity Fundamental rights: Article 19(1)(a) vs Article 19(2) Federalism and concurrent legislative powers GS III – Internal Security Social cohesion, communal harmony, online hate Existing Legal Framework on Hate Speech Indian Penal Code (now BNS): Section 153A / 196 BNS: Promoting enmity. Section 295A: Outraging religious feelings. Section 505: Statements conducing to public mischief. Judicial position: No single codified definition of “hate speech”. Courts rely on context, intent, and tendency to incite violence or disorder. Supreme Court trend: Repeated emphasis on “bail, not jail”. Caution against chilling effect on free speech. What Does the Karnataka Bill Propose? Broad Definition of Hate Crime Includes any communication of hate speech: Spoken, written, signs, symbols, electronic communication. Targets speech against individuals or groups based on: Religion, race, caste, sex, gender, sexual orientation. Language, place of birth, residence, tribe, disability, etc. Objective: To meet a “prejudicial interest”. Key Changes Introduced by the Bill Expanded Definition of Hate Speech Hate speech can be invoked even without direct incitement to violence. Covers: Insults. Humiliation. Promotion or justification of hatred. Concern: Vagueness and overbreadth, risking arbitrary application. Increased Punishment Mandatory minimum imprisonment: 1 year. Maximum punishment: Up to 7 years. If offence invites punishment under other laws: Enhanced punishment up to 10 years. Contrast: Many BNS hate speech offences carry lower or non-mandatory sentences. Government’s Takedown Powers State empowered to: Order removal of online content. Direct service providers, intermediaries, platforms to block material. Based on Information Technology Rules, 2009. Appeals mechanism: Bureaucratic and executive-dominated. Limited immediate judicial oversight. Collective Liability Provisions Organisations and institutions can be punished if: Hate crimes are committed by members. They fail to show “due diligence” to prevent it. Shifts burden of proof: Accused must prove lack of knowledge or preventive action. Raises presumption-of-guilt concerns. Constitutional & Legal Concerns Article 19(1)(a) vs Article 19(2) Free speech can be restricted only on enumerated grounds. Critics argue: The Bill goes beyond “reasonable restrictions”. Punishes speech without clear nexus to public order or violence. Vagueness Doctrine Supreme Court has repeatedly struck down laws that: Use open-ended, undefined terms (e.g., Shreya Singhal case). Terms like: “Prejudicial interest” “Humiliation” “Promotion of hatred” lack precise legal thresholds. Chilling Effect Fear of prosecution may: Deter legitimate dissent. Affect academic, journalistic, and artistic expression. Though the Bill provides exemptions for: Academic inquiry. Fair reporting. Critics argue exemptions are narrow and discretionary. Federalism Issue Criminal law is in the Concurrent List. Risk of: State law conflicting with central statutes (BNS, IT Act). Fragmentation of hate speech regulation across States. Supreme Court Context Amarnath Kumar Guidelines (procedural safeguards). Recent observations: Hate speech enforcement failures often stem from selective application, not absence of law. Courts have questioned whether new laws are needed or better implementation of existing ones. Arguments in Favour of the Bill Addresses: Rising identity-based violence. Online hate ecosystems. Provides: Victim-centric framework. Strong deterrence. Signals political commitment to social harmony. Arguments Against the Bill Overcriminalisation of speech. Executive overreach via takedown powers. Risk of misuse against political opponents, activists, journalists. Inconsistency with SC’s free speech jurisprudence. Takeaway The Karnataka Bill reflects a shift from harm-based regulation to speech-based criminalisation. The core question is not intent, but constitutional proportionality and precision. Without narrow tailoring and strong safeguards, the law risks curing hate by chilling liberty. Conclusion While the Karnataka Hate Speech Bill aims to combat rising social polarisation, its expansive definitions, harsh penalties, and executive-heavy enforcement raise serious concerns about free speech, federal balance, and constitutional overreach.

Dec 13, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 13 December 2025

Content Cabinet approves scheme of Conduct of Census of India 2027 A Sprinting Revival: The Return of the Cheetah Cabinet approves scheme of Conduct of Census of India 2027 Why is this in news? Union Cabinet approved the Census of India 2027 with a financial outlay of ₹11,718.24 crore (PIB, 12 Dec 2025). First fully digital census and first to include nationwide caste enumeration (as per decision of 30 April 2025). Census delayed from 2021 due to COVID; 2027 becomes India’s 16th Census and 8th after Independence. Relevance GS-I: Indian Society Caste enumeration enables updated understanding of social stratification, inequalities, and demographic changes. Migration, literacy, fertility, and religious composition data help assess population dynamics and their impact on society. Urbanisation and housing data reflect changing social patterns, amenities, and living conditions. GS-II: Governance, Constitution & Social Justice Census Act, 1948 → Statutory basis of data governance. Strengthens evidence-based policymaking in health, education, welfare, federal transfers, reservations, and targeted schemes. Enhances cooperative federalism through Centre–State execution, digital monitoring, and training. Real-time digital census contributes to transparency, accountability, and administrative efficiency. What is the census? World’s largest administrative and statistical exercise. Legal basis: Census Act, 1948 and Census Rules, 1990. Provides granular, village/ward-level data on: Housing, amenities, assets Demography, religion SC/ST population Language, literacy, education Migration, economic activity Fertility indicators Structure of census 2027 Two phases Houselisting & housing census: April–September 2026 Population enumeration: February 2027 Exception: Ladakh, snow-bound J&K, HP, Uttarakhand → September 2026 Scale 30 lakh field functionaries deployed nationwide. 1.02 crore man-days of employment generated. Key features and new digital initiatives Digital-first census: Data collected using mobile apps (Android & iOS). Self-enumeration option: Citizens can submit their own data online. CMMS portal: Real-time, nationwide monitoring of enumerators and progress. HLB Creator web mapping: Geospatial mapping of every houselisting block. Census-as-a-service (CaaS): Clean, machine-readable datasets for ministries. Enhanced security protocols: Encryption, authentication, secured digital storage. Caste enumeration: Integrated into the population enumeration questionnaire. Nationwide publicity campaign: Awareness, inclusive participation, last-mile reach. Benefits and governance significance Higher quality & faster data: Digital capture reduces errors and improves speed. Micro-level targeting: Enables accurate beneficiary identification and resource allocation. Support for SDGs: Better planning in health, education, sanitation, gender indicators. Skill development: 18,600 technical personnel trained in GIS, data systems. Improved public access: Data dissemination with dashboards and visualisation tools. Administrative process and implementation Census work conducted by government teachers as enumerators, supervised by a multi-tier structure (district → charge officers → supervisors). Two detailed questionnaires used: Houselisting & housing schedule Population enumeration schedule (includes caste details) State governments appoint most field staff; Centre coordinates design and training. Macro significance Strengthening digital state capacity: Comparable to Aadhaar and UPI in scale. Evidence-based policymaking: Caste + socio-economic data enables redesign of welfare architecture. Cooperative federalism: Requires close Centre–State coordination for staff and real-time reporting. Privacy & data sovereignty debates: Digital census raises issues of consent, encryption, access control. Implications of delay: Policies like delimitation, poverty estimates, population projections were operating on 2011 data; 2027 data will reset baselines. A Sprinting Revival: The Return of the Cheetah Why is this in news? India has reported a revived cheetah population of 30 individuals (12 adults, 9 sub-adults, 9 cubs) as of December 2025. Marks the completion of the world’s first inter-continental translocation of a large carnivore, with 20 cheetahs brought from Namibia and South Africa (2022–23). Birth of second-generation cheetahs in 2025 (Mukhi’s litter of five cubs) signifies ecological success. India is on track to establish a self-sustaining metapopulation of 60–70 cheetahs across 17,000 km² by 2032, with Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary prepared for the next phase. Over 450 Cheetah Mitras, 380 jobs, and 5% eco-tourism revenue are already benefiting local communities. Relevance: GS-III: Environment, Ecology, Biodiversity Species reintroduction programme aligned with IUCN translocation guidelines. Restores a keystone/umbrella species → improves ecological health of grassland & scrub ecosystems. Contributes to SDG-15 (Life on Land) and CBD commitments. Demonstrates success in metapopulation planning, habitat restoration, prey base augmentation. Use of tech such as GPS collars, GIS mapping, distance sampling → scientific wildlife management. Community involvement (Cheetah Mitras, eco-tourism revenue) reflects inclusive conservation. Addresses challenges: human–wildlife conflict, carrying capacity, mortality reduction, genetic viability. What is Project Cheetah? India’s official programme to reintroduce the cheetah, declared extinct in India in 1952. Led by MoEFCC and NTCA, launched on 17 September 2022 when the PM released the first 8 cheetahs in Kuno NP. Based on the 2013 Action Plan, updated in 2022, and implemented as per Supreme Court directions permitting experimental reintroduction. Aligns with CBD mandates and SDG-15 (Life on Land). Uses cheetah as a flagship species to restore India’s grasslands and savanna ecosystems. Historical context: extinction to revival Cheetahs historically ranged across Punjab to Tamil Nadu and Gujarat to Bengal, occupying scrublands, savannas, and semi-arid habitats. Last confirmed sighting: 1947 in Koriya district (present-day Chhattisgarh). Declared extinct in 1952 due to: Over-hunting and coursing Habitat loss from agriculture Decline of prey base Genetic limitations and low reproduction Kuno NP chosen after relocation of 24 villages (1,545 families), creating 6,258 ha of inviolate habitat. Prepared under guidelines of NTCA, WII, and IUCN. Key milestones Sept 2022: First 8 cheetahs from Namibia released by PM. Feb 2023: 12 cheetahs from South Africa arrive under bilateral MoU. 2023–24: First births in India in 70 years; multiple litters follow. Nov 2025: Botswana gifts 8 more cheetahs; Mukhi (India-born) gives birth to 5 cubs. 2024–25: Phase-wise open releases, expansion beyond Kuno. Objectives and strategic framework Establish a metapopulation of 60–70 cheetahs in the 17,000 km² Kuno–Gandhi Sagar landscape. Restore grassland and semi-arid ecosystems, improving prey availability and ecological functioning. Treat the cheetah as an umbrella species for savanna conservation. Maintain 5% annual population growth toward long-term viability. Phased ecological strategy Start with 12–14 genetically diverse founder animals; supplement as needed. Expand from Kuno’s 748 km² core to 3,200 km² landscape. Link with Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary (368 km²) and wider 2,500 km² potential habitat. Monitoring tools: GPS collars Camera traps Distance sampling (734–816 km transects) Budgeting Phase-1 budget: ₹39 crore, integrated into CSS–Project Tiger, plus additional funds for prey augmentation and infrastructure. Population status 30 cheetahs as of Dec 2025: 11 founder animals 19 India-born individuals Presence of second-generation births (e.g., Mukhi’s cubs) confirms successful adaptation. Community and livelihood impact 450+ Cheetah Mitras trained across 80 villages. Employment creation: 80 local trackers 200 protection staff (“Suraksha Shramik”) Youth trained as safari guides Eco-development works in 100+ villages: roads, water structures, sanitation. 5% eco-tourism revenue shared with local communities. Model aligns with UNEP–CBD community-led conservation principles. International collaboration Formal MoUs with Namibia (2022) and South Africa (2023) for translocation, training, and joint management. Expertise exchange in: Carnivore capture and transport Quarantine and boma design Radio-collaring and post-release protocols Project documented internationally as a case study in rewilding. India’s leadership reinforced through the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA): Global platform for seven big cat species ₹150 crore support up to 2027–28 Strengthens research, technology transfer, and multilateral cooperation Why ecological scientists consider Project Cheetah a success ? Early reproduction indicates stress-free habitat adaptation. Adequate prey base and stable social behaviour observed. Minimal mortality relative to global relocation benchmarks. Clear evidence of site fidelity, territory formation, and sustained breeding cycles. Foundation laid for long-term genetic and demographic stability. Challenges and critical evaluation Ensuring prey augmentation to sustain carrying capacity. Managing human–wildlife interface as populations expand beyond core zones. Addressing collar-related injury risks and refining monitoring tech. Diversifying habitats beyond Kuno to avoid overcrowding and inbreeding. Maintaining political and financial commitment over decades. Significance for India and global conservation Restores an extinct species after 70+ years, a rare global achievement. Revives neglected grassland ecosystems, often overshadowed by forest-centric conservation. Positions India as a leader in rewilding science and large carnivore diplomacy. Enhances India’s environmental soft power through IBCA and CBD frameworks. Provides a replicable model for transboundary species recovery. Conclusion Project Cheetah marks a turning point in India’s ecological narrative—an experiment that has matured into a scientifically validated, community-inclusive revival of a lost species. With breeding success, metapopulation planning, and global partnerships, India has transformed an extinct echo into a living, thriving presence. The cheetah’s sprinting revival is not just a conservation milestone—it is a statement of national commitment to biodiversity stewardship.

Dec 13, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 13 December 2025

Content From Licence Raj to Jan Vishwas, what we need to set our entrepreneurs free The Indian Ocean as cradle of a new blue economy From Licence Raj to Jan Vishwas, what we need to set our entrepreneurs free Why is this in news? The editorial discusses the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, a major reform aimed at decriminalising business laws, reducing compliance burdens, and improving ease of doing business. The context includes India’s long struggle with overregulation, inspector raj, and criminalisation of minor business offences. With new measures such as rule simplification, perpetual self-registration, randomised inspections, and performance management of civil servants, the article argues India is moving from a permission-based state to a trust-based governance system. The discussion becomes relevant amid global slowdown, unemployment concerns, and the push for India to become a productivity-driven, innovation-led economy. Relevance GS-II Governance reforms. Decriminalisation of minor offences. Administrative reforms (randomised inspection, performance management). Policy-making and legislative processes. Role of the state in enabling vs controlling enterprise. GS-III Economic growth and job creation. Ease of doing business. Regulatory reforms in industries and MSME sector. Technology-driven monitoring and compliance. Practice Question “India’s entrepreneurship crisis is rooted more in regulatory overreach than in lack of enterprise.” Examine in the context of the Jan Vishwas Act.(15 marks) What is the Licence Raj? A system between 1950s–1991 where entrepreneurs required approvals for almost every business decision. Characterised by: Heavy state control over private enterprise Red-tapism and inspector raj Criminal penalties for administrative lapses Restrictions on scale, pricing, production, imports 1991 LPG reforms reduced but did not eliminate the regulatory overhang. The Editorial argues that many “licence raj instincts” still survive within Indian bureaucracy. What is the Jan Vishwas Act? A legislative reform passed to amend 180+ provisions across 42 laws. Core objectives: Decriminalise minor offences (especially where no harm is caused) Replace jail terms with monetary penalties Enable voluntary compliance Establish perpetual self-registration for many licences Reduce the interface between businesses and inspectors Make the system less adversarial, more trust-driven Areas amended include: environment, agriculture, media, IT, patents, trade, and archival laws. India’s entrepreneurship problem is regulatory, not cultural Indians are naturally entrepreneurial but are held back by: Excessive permissions Criminal penalties for routine errors Opaque decision-making Arbitrary inspections Discretionary powers Example cited: Parents in the 1980s asking “ijazat hai?”—a mindset shaped by prior approval cultures. India suffers from four core regulatory pathologies Prior approval culture Too many activities require prior permission, often discretionary. Over 3,000 forms, licences and permissions required for business activity. This slows down job creation and investment. Compliance overload 1,000+ acts, 58,000 compliances, 26,000 criminal provisions. Entrepreneurs spend excessive time on compliance instead of innovation. Many laws impose criminal liability for technical, non-malicious errors. Criminalisation of economic activity Minor lapses (late filings, non-material compliance errors) can lead to arrest or jail. Creates fear, reduces risk-taking, and pushes MSMEs into informality. Leads to case backlogs in judiciary. Punitive enforcement instead of facilitation Government tends to punish rather than guide. Most cases filed by government are those where no harm has occurred—yet prosecution continues. Only 5% of cases result in conviction, showing systemic inefficiency. Missing priority: non-rule instruments The editorial stresses not just laws (“Acts”) but rules and subordinate legislation (“Act–rules–punishments” chain). India has: 1,600+ central rules 700+ state rules Hundreds of circulars, FAQs, guidance notes Entrepreneurs struggle because while Acts are well-known, rules are numerous and complex. State capacity constraints With 25 million civil servants, the state spends ₹10 lakh crore annually on salaries, but performance is often poor. Emphasis on: Reducing inspector discretion Randomised inspections Third-party evaluation Digitisation The Jan Vishwas Act is a structural leap, not a patch It decriminalises approx. 150+ minor offences. Introduces self-certification, perpetual registration, compounding, and ease-of-compliance norms. Central message: “Government should trust first, verify later, punish only if harm occurs.” Consequences of over-criminalisation Backlogs in courts: 3.4 crore cases. Criminalisation increases fear, costs, and delays. Instead of fostering entrepreneurship, system becomes punitive. Compliance officers spend more time avoiding penalties than creating value. A modern regulatory philosophy required The article proposes three pillars: Aspirational, facilitative state Predictable, transparent rules Proportionate punishments and risk-based regulation This aligns with global norms of smart regulation. Macro significance of reforms Economic Lower cost of doing business. Higher formalisation. Boost to MSMEs and startups. Encourages FDI and global competitiveness. Governance Reduces bureaucratic discretion. Increases regulatory clarity. Frees judicial capacity from low-value cases. Societal Promotes job creation and economic mobility. Reduces harassment of small business owners. Strengthens trust between state and citizen. Conclusion The editorial argues that India’s economic future depends not only on capital and labour, but on creating a regulatory environment that unleashes entrepreneurship. The Jan Vishwas Act is an important step toward shifting India from inspector raj to trust-based governance, reducing criminalisation, and positioning the country for innovation-driven growth. The Indian Ocean as cradle of a new blue economy Why is this in news? India is emerging as a key player in global ocean governance, with major milestones occurring in 2025–26, including: COP30 (Belém) prioritising ocean-climate linkages. UNOC3 (Nice) outcomes pushing new commitments for sustainable oceans. Entry into force of the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement. Surge in global blue economy financing, including: €8.7 billion new commitments at BEFF 2025 $20 billion One Ocean Partnership (COP30) India’s preparation to ratify the BBNJ Agreement and potential leadership role in IORA. The article highlights how India, historically a champion of “common heritage of mankind” during UNCLOS negotiations, now stands at a pivotal moment to lead ocean sustainability in the Indian Ocean, the world’s most climate-stressed basin. Relevance GS-III Blue economy & sustainable development Climate resilience and ocean-based mitigation Marine biodiversity conservation IUU fishing, coral reef loss, coastal degradation Financing sustainable oceans (blue bonds, blended finance) Marine technology transfer and innovation Maritime security through sustainability Practice Question “Security in the Indian Ocean will increasingly depend on sustainability rather than naval power.” Analyse.(15 marks) What is UNCLOS and India’s legacy? UNCLOS (negotiated 1973–82) is the global “constitution of the oceans”. India aligned with small island states, arguing that the international seabed should be a global commons, not controlled by powerful states. India advocated fairness, equity, and resource sharing—strengthening its moral leadership in ocean diplomacy. Post-independence vision: 1950s Nehru recognized seas as central to security and prosperity. India consistently promoted freedom of navigation, sustainable resource use, and equitable ocean governance. Why new ocean leadership is needed now ? Oceans face unprecedented stress: Climate warming Ocean acidification Sea-level rise Illegal, unreported, unregulated (IUU) fishing Habitat & coral degradation The Indian Ocean: Home to 1/3rd of humanity One of the most climate-vulnerable marine regions Key for global shipping, food security, energy routes Hence, India must lead not just law-making but practice-setting. India’s Blue Ocean Strategy — three pillars Stewardship of the commons Promote the Indian Ocean as a shared space, not strategic battleground. Lead efforts on: Marine ecosystem restoration Biodiversity conservation Sustainable fisheries Cooperative resource management Build frameworks that prioritise sustainability over competition. Climate and ocean resilience Establish a Regional Resilience and Ocean Innovation Hub for: Ocean observation systems Early warning systems Climate adaptation technology Technical support for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and African littoral nations Inclusive and sustainable blue growth Unlock the Indian Ocean’s economic potential through: Green shipping & maritime decarbonisation Offshore renewable energy Sustainable aquaculture Marine biotechnology Blue bonds and blended finance Ensure benefits reach all littoral states, not just large economies. Financing momentum: Why this moment matters ? Recent global commitments signal an unprecedented expansion of ocean finance: BEFF 2025 (Monaco): €25 billion ocean investment pipeline €8.7 billion new blue finance commitments 20 public development banks pledging $7.5 billion annually Dev Bank of Latin America: doubles blue economy target to $2.5 billion by 2030 COP30 Belém: One Ocean Partnership: $20 billion for ocean action India can now: Mobilise funds Direct financing to Indian Ocean priorities Establish an Indian Ocean Blue Fund for regional projects Security through sustainability: a shift in India’s maritime doctrine Current discourse focuses on: Indo-Pacific Naval competition Freedom of navigation Securing Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs) But the article argues real security threats begin with ecological collapse, not military imbalance. Examples of ecological security threats IUU fishing undermines food security Coral reef loss destroys livelihoods Storm surges intensify Marine ecosystem collapse fuels instability Alignment with SAGAR India’s SAGAR doctrine (2015) positions the Indian Ocean as a: Zone of peace, Stability, and Prosperity for all Not a theatre of geopolitical rivalry. India’s Navy, Coast Guard, and civilian agencies can jointly lead: Marine domain awareness Disaster response Ecosystem monitoring Capacity building for island nations This reframes the Indian Ocean as a zone of responsibility, not dominance. Global governance moment: Why 2026 is pivotal ? Three global processes converge: UNOC3 outcomes BBNJ Agreement entering into force COP30 aligning climate & ocean agendas India’s readiness to ratify BBNJ strengthens its credibility as a leader in: Equitable marine biodiversity conservation Fair access to marine genetic resources Inclusive marine technology transfer Blue carbon and ocean-based climate mitigation Opportunity: India can shape norms for emerging fields like: Green shipping corridors Blue bonds Ocean-based CO₂ removal Fair governance of high-seas resources India’s historic responsibility India has moral authority from its UNCLOS-era leadership. It now has global expectations due to its economic and geopolitical rise. Indian Ocean, cradle of old civilisations, can become cradle of a new blue economy founded on: Sustainability Inclusive prosperity Climate justice Conclusion The editorial argues that India is at a historic juncture: It once shaped global norms through UNCLOS; It can now lead global practice by transforming the Indian Ocean into a model of sustainability, innovation, and shared prosperity. India’s leadership—rooted in ambition, humility, inclusivity, and climate justice—can ensure the Indian Ocean becomes a beacon of cooperation rather than conflict.

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