Dec 19, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 19 December 2025

Content Replacing MGNREGA: Constitutional, Federal and Social Implications India’s Nuclear Energy Push: Development, Decarbonisation and the SHANTI Bill Replacing MGNREGA: Constitutional, Federal and Social Implications Why in News? The Central Government introduced and passed a Bill in the Lok Sabha to replace the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), 2005. The Bill, titled Viksit Bharat – G RAM G Bill, 2025, was passed using the government’s numerical majority. The proposed law has triggered strong opposition, particularly from: Left parties Labour unions Civil society groups Critics argue that: The Bill fundamentally alters the nature of MGNREGA It represents an attack on constitutional principles, especially Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) and federalism. Demand raised for: Reference to the Parliamentary Standing Committee. Relevance GS II: Constitution, DPSPs, Parliament, federalism, social justice GS III: Employment, rural distress, inequality, welfare economics Practice Question MGNREGA represented a partial realisation of Article 41 of the Constitution. Critically examine whether the proposed replacement undermines the constitutional vision of economic democracy.(250 Words) MGNREGA: Constitutional & Legal Foundations (Basics) Constitutional Basis Article 41 (DPSP): “The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work…” Constituent Assembly Debate Socialist members: Wanted Right to Work as a Fundamental Right Capitalist/liberal members: Opposed enforceable obligation Compromise: Included under Directive Principles Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: Called DPSPs a “novel feature” Described them as: “Instruments of instruction” “Essential for economic democracy” K.T. Shah: Dismissed them as “pious wishes” MGNREGA (2005) was the closest statutory realisation of Article 41. Why MGNREGA Was a Landmark Law ? Political Context (2004–05) UPA government without majority Dependent on Left party support Left parties: Played decisive role in: Drafting Universalisation Rights-based design Core Features of MGNREGA Partial legal recognition of Right to Work 100 days guaranteed wage employment Demand-driven: Work must be provided on demand Universality: Any rural adult volunteering for unskilled manual work Gender justice: Equal wages for men and women Fiscal responsibility: Entire wage cost borne by Centre Federal balance: States share ~10% States & Panchayats design works Decentralisation: Panchayats identify, plan, execute works Global significance First large-scale demand-driven employment guarantee in a capitalist economy. What the New Bill Changes ? 1. From Demand-Driven to Normative Allocation MGNREGA: Demand determines expenditure Centre legally bound to provide funds New Bill: Employment limited by “normative financial allocations” Decided unilaterally by Centre No legal obligation if demand exceeds allocation Implication Right to work becomes contingent, not guaranteed. 2. Shift in Fiscal Burden → Federal Erosion States’ share increased to 40% Occurs when: States already face: GST compensation loss Reduced tax devolution Strong centralisation: Project design Digital audits Monitoring controlled by Centre Constitutional Issue Assault on federalism (basic feature doctrine). 3. Prohibition of Work During Peak Agricultural Season Clause bans MGNREGA work during peak sowing/harvest. Why Critics Call It Class-Biased Reality: Workers choose MGNREGA only when: Farm work unavailable, or Agricultural wages < MGNREGA wages Effect: Weakens workers’ bargaining power Forces acceptance of: Lower wages Exploitative terms Women most affected: Already earn less in agriculture 4. Digital Conditionalities & Exclusion Mandatory: Aadhaar linkage Online attendance Digitised wage payment Evidence shows: Connectivity gaps Authentication failures Result: Exclusion of genuine workers Delayed or denied wages 5. Social Justice Rollback Composition of MGNREGA workforce: Adivasis: ~18% (population share ~8.6%) SCs: ~19% Women: >50% Over two-thirds from constitutionally protected groups New Bill: Removes their representation from: Advisory / redress councils Implication Violation of: Equality Social justice ethos of the Constitution Empirical Evidence of Distress (Data-Driven Critique) Workers: Increased from ~2 crore → 7.7–8.9 crore Budget: Never exceeded 0.2% of GDP 2024–25: 8.9 crore demanded work Only 7.9 crore provided 99 lakh turned away Average work per household: <50 days, not 100 Wage arrears: Up to ₹8,000 crore Inference Promise of 125 days seen as rhetorical, not real. Political Economy Perspective Since 2014: Declining real allocations to MGNREGA Rising: Corporate tax cuts Loan write-offs Critics argue: Welfare compression + corporate expansion Replacing MGNREGA: Seen as part of neoliberal restructuring of welfare Constitutional Concerns Summarised Dilution of Article 41 Undermining economic democracy Erosion of: Federalism Decentralisation Social justice DPSPs treated as dispensable, not guiding principles Why Standing Committee Scrutiny is Demanded ? Bill: Alters rights-based welfare architecture Has constitutional implications Standing Committee allows: Stakeholder consultation Evidence-based scrutiny Parliamentary accountability Conclusion MGNREGA was not merely a welfare scheme but a constitutional experiment—a statutory bridge between the Directive Principles and lived economic democracy. The proposed replacement, by shifting from demand-driven rights to budget-controlled entitlements, centralising power, and weakening labour protections, is viewed by critics as a regression from rights to discretion. In this sense, the debate is not only about employment policy but about the soul of India’s constitutional commitment to social and economic justice. India’s Nuclear Energy Push: Development, Decarbonisation and the SHANTI Bill Why in News? Parliament passed the Sustainable Harnessing and Advancement of Nuclear Energy for Transforming India (SHANTI) Bill, 2025. The Bill: Consolidates provisions of the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 and Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010. Supports India’s target of 100 GW nuclear installed capacity by mid-century. The move has reignited debate on: Nuclear power’s role in India’s development trajectory Energy–HDI linkage Decarbonisation and baseload electricity needs. Relevance GS III: Energy security, nuclear technology, climate change GS II: Regulatory institutions, public policy, legislation Practice Question In the context of India’s development and decarbonisation goals, examine the role of nuclear energy and critically analyse the significance of the SHANTI Bill, 2025.(250 Words) Energy and Human Development: Conceptual Basics Energy–Development Link Earl Cook (Scientific American, 1971): Human progress is closely tied to per capita energy consumption. Energy needs evolve from: Food (primitive stage) Housing & commerce (hunting stage) Agriculture, industry, transport (agrarian–industrial stage) Digital infrastructure (technological stage) Human Development Index (HDI) Composite index of: Per capita income Education Health Strong correlation between: HDI and per capita Final Energy Consumption (FEC) Inference High human development is energy-intensive, especially in the digital era. India’s Developmental Energy Requirement Target HDI G-20 peers: HDI > 0.9 To reach HDI ≈ 0.9: India needs ~24,000 TWh/year of energy generation Source: Current Science (2022) Energy Use Pattern ~60% as electricity ~40% for: Hydrogen production (via electrolysers) Decarbonisation of: Steel Fertilisers Plastics Present Situation Electricity generation (2023–24): ~1,950 TWh CAGR: ~4.8% At this rate: 24,000 TWh achievable in 4–5 decades The Decarbonisation Constraint Structural Challenges High fossil fuel dependence Electricity share in FEC: Only ~22%, must rise sharply Commitment to: Net-zero trajectory Climate goals Renewable Energy Limits Hydropower: Geographical and ecological constraints Solar & Wind: Land scarcity in a densely populated country Intermittency Seasonal variability Energy Storage: Expensive Seasonal storage is economically prohibitive Conclusion Renewables alone cannot sustain high-HDI energy demand. Why Nuclear Energy Becomes Critical ? Baseload Requirement Digital economy + electrified end-uses require: 24×7 reliable power Nuclear power: Non-intermittent High capacity factor Low lifecycle carbon emissions Strategic Role Complements: Solar Wind Hydro Enables: Affordable electricity Grid stability Deep decarbonisation India’s Nuclear Capability: Ground Reality Indigenous Nuclear Ecosystem Import dependency: Only uranium Indigenous strengths: Fuel fabrication Heavy water production Reactor equipment manufacturing Waste reprocessing PHWR Programme Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors: Indigenous design Highest capacity: 700 MW Status: 3 units operational 4th nearing completion 2 under advanced construction 2017: Sanction of 10 × 700 MW PHWRs Nuclear Safety & Regulation Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB): Established in the 1980s Developed regulatory capacity BARC: Spent fuel reprocessing Nuclear waste management Inference India’s nuclear programme is: Technically mature Safety-oriented Cost-competitive in baseload terms The SHANTI Bill, 2025: Core Provisions What the Bill Does Overarching nuclear legislation Integrates: Atomic Energy Act, 1962 Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010 AERB: “Deemed” to be constituted under the Act Safety responsibility: Primarily on licensee/operator Strategic Intent Facilitate: Nuclear scale-up Private & industrial participation Long-term capacity addition Support: 100 GW nuclear target Significance of the SHANTI Bill Developmental Significance Enables: High-energy, high-HDI growth Supports: Digital economy Industrial decarbonisation Climate Significance Low-carbon baseload power Reduces fossil fuel lock-in Strategic & Technological Significance Energy sovereignty Indigenous nuclear ecosystem Reduced import vulnerability Concerns & Critical Perspective Regulatory independence: AERB still linked to Department of Atomic Energy Nuclear liability framework: Public risk vs private participation Long gestation periods Public perception & safety concerns Cost overruns in large reactors Way Forward Strengthen: Independent nuclear regulation Parallel push: Renewables + grid modernisation Invest in: Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) Advanced fuel cycles Transparent safety communication Conclusion India’s aspiration to achieve high human development, deep decarbonisation, and digital-era growth makes energy availability the binding constraint. Given the limitations of renewables and storage, nuclear energy emerges not as a choice, but as a necessity. The SHANTI Bill, 2025, therefore, represents a bold and strategic legislative step to align India’s energy architecture with its developmental ambitions. Ambitious targets backed by institutional and technological capacity are indispensable if India is to transition from a developing to a developed nation.

Dec 19, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 19 December 2025

Content DHRUV64 Indigenous Microprocessor India Faces Its Greatest Strategic Challenge in Bangladesh Since 1971 Retired Judges Reluctant to Serve as Ad Hoc Judges under Article 224A IDF Diabetes Atlas 2025 Securities Market Code Bill, 2025 Bharat Stage–VI (BS-VI) Emission Norms India–Oman Trade Deal and India’s West Asia Strategy DHRUV64 Indigenous Microprocessor Why is it in News? 15 December 2025: Ministry of Electronics & IT (MeitY) announced the launch of DHRUV64, an indigenous microprocessor. Developed by C-DAC under the Microprocessor Development Programme. Projected as a key step in building India’s indigenous processor pipeline and reducing dependence on imported chip designs. Relevance GS III – Science & Technology Indigenous semiconductor and processor development Digital sovereignty and strategic technologies Electronics manufacturing ecosystem RISC-V and open-source hardware architecture What is DHRUV64? Type: General-purpose microprocessor Architecture: 64-bit, dual-core Clock speed: ~1 GHz Developer: Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) Parent Ministry: MeitY Instruction Set: RISC-V (open standard) Role: Acts as the “brain” of electronic systems, capable of running operating systems and embedded applications. Why Microprocessors Matter Strategically Microprocessors sit at the base layer of: Telecom networks Industrial control systems Automotive electronics Defence and space systems Control over processor design + toolchain + update pathways implies: Digital sovereignty Cybersecurity assurance Supply-chain resilience during sanctions or export controls India is a major consumer but a minor designer/manufacturer of processors. What Do DHRUV64’s Specifications Mean? Capability Assessment 64-bit design: Enables modern operating systems and contemporary software stacks. 1 GHz, dual-core: Modest by consumer standards Adequate for: Telecom base stations Routers Industrial automation Automotive modules Not designed for: High-end smartphones AI-heavy consumer computing (no GPU/AI accelerators disclosed) Comparative Perspective Global top-tier processors: Multiple cores Higher clock speeds Integrated GPUs and AI blocks DHRUV64 prioritises: Reliability Determinism Hardware–software co-design Suitable for mission-critical but non-consumer workloads. India’s Indigenous Processor Ecosystem DHRUV64 is not standalone, but part of a broader pipeline: Processor Institution Use Case SHAKTI IIT Madras Strategic & commercial systems AJIT IIT Bombay Control systems VIKRAM ISRO–SCL Space applications THEJAS64 (2025) C-DAC Industrial & strategic DHRUV64 C-DAC Platform-level processor DIR-V Programme (Digital India RISC-V) What is RISC-V? An open instruction set architecture (ISA). No licensing fees for the ISA itself. Modular and extensible design. Why Governments Prefer RISC-V Avoids dependence on proprietary ISAs (e.g., ARM, x86). Enables: Strategic autonomy Domestic innovation Custom security features DIR-V Objectives Build a portfolio of RISC-V processors for: Industry Defence Consumer electronics DHRUV64 is the third DIR-V chip after: THEJAS32 (fabricated in Malaysia) THEJAS64 (fabricated at SCL Mohali) Key Gaps & Unanswered Questions (Critical Analysis) 1. Performance Transparency No benchmarks disclosed: IPC, SPEC scores Cache sizes Memory controller features Performance per watt 2. Fabrication Ambiguity Foundry and process node not disclosed. Raises concerns about: Supply-chain sovereignty Yield and reliability Long-term availability (critical for telecom/auto sectors) 3. Meaning of “Fully Indigenous” Ambiguous claim: Indigenous ISA? (No — RISC-V is open, not Indian-origin) Indigenous core microarchitecture? Indigenous SoC integration? Indigenous fabrication? Indigenous toolchain? “Indigenous” may currently apply mainly to design ownership, not the entire value chain. 4. Ecosystem Readiness No clarity on: Developer boards OS support (Linux, RTOS, etc.) Security certifications Government anchor procurement Without an ecosystem, processors fail commercially. 5. Roadmap Uncertainty Next processors announced: DHANUSH: 1.2 GHz, quad-core, ~28 nm DHANUSH+: 2 GHz, quad-core, ~14/16 nm (reported) No timelines or fabrication commitments disclosed. Supporting Policy Ecosystem Key Government Schemes Chips to Startup Programme ₹250 crore over 5 years Focus: training, prototyping, startups Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme Encourages domestic chip design firms INUP-i2i Access to nanofabrication facilities Manufacturing Push India Semiconductor Mission (ISM): 10 projects approved 6 States Investment: ₹1.6 lakh crore Strategic Significance 1. Technological Sovereignty Reduces reliance on foreign-controlled architectures. Critical during geopolitical disruptions. 2. Defence & Strategic Autonomy Indigenous processors essential for: Secure communications Weapon systems Space missions 3. Platform Approach DHRUV64 positioned as: A testbed for startups, academia, and industry Lower-cost prototyping without foreign chips Success depends on: Software stacks Reference designs OEM adoption Way Forward Publish transparent technical documentation. Ensure: Anchor procurement by government agencies Strong software & OS ecosystem Clear fabrication roadmap within India Move from one-off chips to SoC families. Align processor design with: Telecom standards Automotive safety norms Defence certifications India faces its greatest strategic challenge in Bangladesh since 1971 Why is it in News? 2025: Report of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs (Chair: Shashi Tharoor). Assesses India–Bangladesh relations over the past two turbulent years. Trigger: Fall of Sheikh Hasina–led Awami League government (5 August 2024). Political churn, youth-led movements, Islamist resurgence. Growing Chinese and Pakistani influence in Bangladesh. Report warns of India potentially losing strategic space in Dhaka without timely recalibration. Relevance GS II – International Relations India–Bangladesh bilateral relations Neighbourhood First Policy Political transitions in neighbouring countries GS II – Foreign Policy & Diplomacy Managing strategic influence amid China–Pakistan outreach Diplomatic recalibration and institutional engagement Core Assertion of the Report India’s greatest strategic challenge in Bangladesh since 1971. Contrast drawn: 1971: Existential, humanitarian crisis; birth of a new nation. Today: Subtler but possibly graver challenge: Generational political shift Reorientation of strategic alignments Risk of India becoming irrelevant, not threatened by war. Background: India–Bangladesh Relations (Context) Traditionally strong pillars: Liberation War legacy (1971) Close ties with Awami League Cooperation on: Counter-terrorism Border management Connectivity River waters India’s Bangladesh policy heavily leader-centric, anchored around Sheikh Hasina. What Has Changed? 1. Political Transition Collapse of Awami League dominance. Rise of: Youth-led nationalism Anti-incumbency narratives India perceived as: Over-aligned with one political party Insensitive to generational aspirations. 2. Generational Discontinuity Younger Bangladeshi population: Less emotionally tied to 1971 legacy. More assertive about sovereignty. India’s historic goodwill no longer automatic. 3. Resurgence of Islamists Re-entry of Islamist groups into mainstream politics. Raises concerns for: Internal security Cross-border extremism Minority rights in Bangladesh. 4. Strategic Inroads by China & Pakistan China: Infrastructure, ports, power, digital systems. Defence supplies and economic leverage. Pakistan: Intelligence and ideological outreach. Bangladesh increasingly hedging between India and rivals. The Hasina Asylum Issue India’s Decision India provided shelter to Sheikh Hasina after her ouster. Parliamentary panel: Endorses humanitarian and moral rationale. Warns against political misuse of Indian soil. Diplomatic Sensitivities Bangladesh authorities accuse Hasina and associates of: Inciting unrest. Hasina: Issuing statements via personal communication devices. Indian position (as stated by Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri): India does not provide a political platform. No official facilitation of political activity from Indian territory. Strategic Risks for India 1. Loss of Strategic Space India risks being sidelined in: Security cooperation Infrastructure influence Norm-setting in the region. 2. Border & Internal Security Porous border + political instability: Risks of radicalisation Smuggling Insurgent revival. 3. Neighbourhood First Policy at Stake Bangladesh is: India’s most critical eastern neighbour. Gateway to Northeast India and Act East Policy. Erosion here undermines India’s regional credibility. Committee’s Warning Risk is not war, but irrelevance. Strategic loss through: Inattention Overdependence on past alignments Failure to engage emerging political forces. What Recalibration Means for India ? 1. De-hyphenate from One-Party Dependence Engage: Opposition parties Civil society Youth groups Shift from leader-centric to institutional engagement. 2. Narrative Reset Move beyond 1971-centric diplomacy. Address: Economic aspirations Employment Climate vulnerability Digital economy cooperation. 3. Strategic Competition Management Offer credible alternatives to Chinese financing: Quality infrastructure Transparent development projects Strengthen people-to-people ties: Education Health Skill development. 4. Clear Red Lines on Security Zero tolerance on: Anti-India terror activities Radical networks. Quiet but firm security cooperation. Retired judges don’t want to sit as junior ad hoc judges: CJI Why is it in News? December 2025: Chief Justice of India (CJI) Surya Kant disclosed that retired High Court judges are reluctant to return as ad hoc judges mainly due to institutional and personal discomfort—being “embarrassed” to sit as junior judges with younger serving judges. Comes after the Supreme Court (January 2025) activated Article 224A to tackle massive criminal case pendency in High Courts. Despite the ruling, many High Courts have not proposed names, leading to poor uptake. Relevance GS II – Polity & Constitution Judiciary and constitutional provisions (Article 224A) Separation of powers Judicial independence and accountability GS II – Governance Pendency of cases and access to justice Institutional reforms in higher judiciary Scale of the Problem (Data) Pending criminal cases in High Courts: 18,98,833 (25 HCs). Cases pending >1 year: 68.27% (≈ 12,96,374). Sanctioned HC judge strength: 1,122. Vacancies (as of 15 Dec 2025): 298 (~26.6%). Worst-affected HCs noted: Allahabad, Punjab & Haryana, Patna. Constitutional Basics: Article 224A Provision: Appointment of retired High Court judges as ad hoc judges. Authority: Initiated by Chief Justice of the High Court. Requires consent of the retired judge. President appoints after consultation. Purpose: Temporary augmentation to clear arrears, especially criminal appeals. Status: Not a substitute for regular appointments; a stop-gap measure. Supreme Court’s Intervention January 2025 judgment (building on April 2021 ruling): Reactivated Article 224A. Urged HCs to use ad hoc judges selectively for criminal backlogs. Emphasised structured deployment and time-bound mandates. Why Is the Uptake Poor? 1. Hierarchy & Bench Dynamics Criminal appeals typically heard by Division Benches. Retired judges feel discomfort sitting as junior members under younger judges. Serving judges question sitting with a retired judge heading the Bench. Result: Mutual hesitation disrupts bench formation. 2. Institutional Culture Strong seniority norms in Indian judiciary. Lack of clear protocols on bench composition involving ad hoc judges. Perceived dilution of institutional authority. 3. Administrative Inertia Several HCs have not forwarded names to the Supreme Court. Absence of: Incentive structures Clear tenure/role clarity Dedicated case allocation mechanisms. Critical Assessment of Article 224A as a Solution Strengths Quick augmentation without long appointment cycles. Utilises experienced judicial capital. Focused relief for criminal appeals. Limitations Not scalable without cultural acceptance. Risks creating a parallel, temporary judiciary. Does not address root causes: Chronic vacancies Appointment delays Procedural inefficiencies. Structural Causes of High Court Pendency Persistent vacancies due to: Delayed collegium recommendations Executive–judiciary friction Rising criminalisation and complex litigation. Limited judge-to-population ratio. Inadequate case management and listing practices. Way Forward 1. Normalize Article 224A Usage Clear guidelines on: Bench composition Seniority protocol Role clarity for ad hoc judges Fixed-term, outcome-linked assignments. 2. Fix the Core Deficit Fill sanctioned vacancies on priority. Time-bound appointment processes. Consider raising sanctioned strength in high-load HCs. 3. Procedural & Managerial Reforms Dedicated criminal appeal benches. Enhanced case-flow management. Technology-driven listing and prioritisation. 4. Alternative Capacity Measures Strengthen evening courts / special benches. Expand judicial clerkship and research support. Promote plea bargaining and ADR where appropriate. IDF Diabetes Atlas 2025 Why is it in News? 2025: 11th edition of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Diabetes Atlas released. Key findings published in The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology (2025). Projects a sharp global rise in diabetes prevalence by 2050, with middle-income countries bearing the heaviest burden. Relevance GS II – Social Justice & Health Public health challenges Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) Universal Health Coverage GS III – Human Capital & Development Productivity loss due to lifestyle diseases Demographic transition and health burden What is the IDF Diabetes Atlas? Flagship epidemiological assessment by the International Diabetes Federation. Estimates: Prevalence Trends Projections of diabetes (ages 20–79). Used by: WHO National health policymakers Global health financing agencies. Key Global Findings (Data-driven) 1. Scale of the Epidemic 2024: People living with diabetes: ~580 million adults Prevalence: 11.11% of global adult population 2050 (Projected): Affected population: ~850–900 million adults Prevalence: 12.96% Diabetes growth is structural, not cyclical. 2. Income-Level Distribution Middle-income countries: Highest prevalence and fastest growth. Reflects: Rapid urbanisation Lifestyle transition Nutrition shift without commensurate healthcare access. 3. Urban–Rural Divide 2024: Urban: ~400 million Rural: ~189 million 2050 (Projected): Urban: ~655 million Rural: ~198 million Indicates: Diabetes increasingly an urbanisation-linked disease. Rural burden stagnates but does not decline. Country-wise Diabetes Load (Top 10 Focus) 2024 Rankings China: ~148 million India: ~90 million United States Pakistan 2050 Projections China and India retain top two positions. Pakistan projected to rise to 3rd, overtaking the US. South and East Asia emerge as the global diabetes epicentre. Why Is Diabetes Rising? 1. Lifestyle Transition Sedentary work Reduced physical activity Ultra-processed food consumption 2. Urbanisation without Health Planning Poor walkability Stressful urban living Inadequate preventive health systems 3. Demographic & Metabolic Factors Population ageing Early-life malnutrition → adult metabolic disorders Genetic susceptibility (notably South Asians) India-Specific Implications Epidemiological Transition Shift from communicable to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Diabetes now: A leading cause of cardiovascular disease Major driver of kidney failure and blindness. Health System Stress Long-term care costs Productivity losses Increased out-of-pocket expenditure Policy & Governance Significance Global Health Diabetes threatens: SDG 3 (Good Health & Well-being) Universal Health Coverage goals Requires preventive-first approach. India’s Policy Landscape National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases & Stroke (NPCDCS). Ayushman Bharat: HWCs for early screening PM-JAY for tertiary care Gap remains in: Urban public health Lifestyle modification at scale. Expert Warning Diabetes epidemic has continued unchecked since 2000. Stronger action needed to: Slow progression Delay onset Reduce complications Way Forward 1. Population-Level Prevention Fiscal tools: Sugar-sweetened beverage taxation Urban planning: Active mobility infrastructure Food labelling and marketing regulations 2. Early Detection & Management Universal screening after 30 years. Integration with primary healthcare. Digital health monitoring. 3. Focus on High-Burden Countries Targeted financing for middle-income countries. South Asia–centric strategies. Securities Market Code Bill, 2025 Why is it in News? Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman tabled the Securities Market Code Bill, 2025 in the Lok Sabha. Referred to the Standing Committee on Finance. Implements a reform announced in Union Budget 2021–22 to modernise India’s securities market regulation. Relevance GS III – Economy Capital markets and financial regulation Investor protection and market efficiency Ease of doing business GS II – Polity & Governance Regulatory institutions (SEBI) Parliamentary oversight and delegated legislation Separation of powers concerns What is the Securities Market Code Bill, 2025? A consolidation and rationalisation law for securities markets. Seeks to unify three major legislations: Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 SEBI Act, 1992 Depositories Act, 1996 Objective: Provide a single, coherent regulatory framework Enhance investor protection Enable capital mobilisation at scale Reduce regulatory fragmentation Rationale for the Bill Existing framework: Multiple overlapping laws Procedural complexity Inconsistent enforcement provisions Global context: Need for agile capital markets Alignment with modern regulatory best practices Policy logic: Ease of doing business + effective deterrence Key Provisions of the Bill 1. Consolidation of Securities Laws Replaces three separate Acts with one unified Code. Benefits: Legal clarity Reduced compliance duplication Faster adjudication and enforcement 2. Expansion of SEBI Board SEBI strength increased: From 9 members → 15 members Composition: Chairperson 2 Central Government nominees (ex-officio) 1 RBI nominee (ex-officio) 11 other members At least 5 whole-time members Current situation: Only 3 whole-time members Objective: Strengthen institutional capacity Improve sectoral expertise and oversight 3. Conflict of Interest Disclosure Mandatory disclosure of: Direct or indirect interests by SEBI Board members. Intended outcome: Institutional integrity Transparency in decision-making Reduced regulatory capture risk 4. Decriminalisation of Minor Violations Shifts “minor, procedural, technical” violations: From criminal prosecution → civil penalties Criminal liability retained only for serious market abuse: Insider trading Trading on material non-public information Rationale: Faster enforcement Reduced compliance burden Business-friendly regulatory environment 5. Civil Penalties Framework Introduces civil penalties for: Unlawful gains or losses Aligns punishment with: Proportionality principle Economic harm caused 6. Limitation on Inspections No inspection allowed if: 8 years have passed since the date of contravention. Purpose: Legal certainty Protection from indefinite regulatory exposure Concern: Potential weakening of long-term enforcement in complex frauds Expert Assessment Legal experts view changes as: “Minor, procedural, and technical” Aimed at balancing: Speedy adjudication Effective deterrence Political & Constitutional Concerns Raised Opposition’s Objections Raised by: DMK MP Arun Nehru Congress MP Manish Tewari Argument: Excessive powers concentrated in SEBI Violates the principle of separation of powers Risk of over-centralised regulatory authority Government’s Response Finance Minister: Defended referral to Standing Committee Opened scope for parliamentary scrutiny and refinement Critical Analysis Strengths Simplifies securities regulation. Improves regulatory efficiency. Reduces fear of criminalisation for genuine compliance lapses. Strengthens SEBI’s institutional capacity. Concerns Over-centralisation of power in SEBI. Eight-year inspection bar may: Hinder investigation of long-running market manipulation. Increased SEBI strength without: Parallel accountability mechanisms. Broader Significance Economic Supports: Capital market deepening Startup and MSME fund-raising Long-term infrastructure financing Governance Reflects shift from: Punitive regulation → trust-based compliance Tests balance between: Regulatory autonomy Parliamentary oversight Bharat Stage–VI (BS-VI) Emission Norms Why is it in News? Delhi–NCR intensified enforcement against older, non-BS-VI private vehicles amid severe winter air pollution. Clarification issued that vehicles bought/registered after April 1, 2020 are BS-VI compliant, while older vehicles face: Entry restrictions Fines Deregistration or scrappage-linked action Public confusion over how to identify BS-VI vehicles triggered policy and enforcement debates. Relevance GS III – Environment & Ecology , Science & Techology Air pollution and mitigation strategies Vehicular emissions and urban air quality Climate co-benefits (black carbon reduction) What are Bharat Stage (BS) Emission Norms? Bharat Stage norms are India’s vehicle emission standards. Aim: Regulate pollutants from internal combustion engines. Pattern: Broadly aligned with European (Euro) standards. Progression: BS-I → BS-II → BS-III → BS-IV → BS-VI India skipped BS-V to fast-track pollution control. What is BS-VI? BS-VI implemented nationwide from 1 April 2020. Applies to: Petrol vehicles Diesel vehicles Two-wheelers, cars, commercial vehicles Covers: Vehicle engine standards Fuel quality standards How to Identify a BS-VI Vehicle? Registration Certificate (RC): Emission norm mentioned as BS-VI. Fuel/engine label: Often marked by manufacturer. VAHAN portal / mParivahan app: Official verification. Key rule: Registered on or after 1 April 2020 → BS-VI compliant Vehicles registered before April 2020 → not BS-VI, even if upgraded later. What Changed from BS-IV to BS-VI? 1. Emission Limits (Diesel Cars) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx): Reduced by ~68% Particulate Matter (PM): Reduced by ~82% 2. Emission Limits (Petrol Cars) Significant reduction in: NOx Hydrocarbons 3. Fuel Quality Sulphur content: BS-IV: 50 ppm BS-VI: 10 ppm Enables: Advanced emission-control systems Longer engine life Cleaner exhaust 4. Advanced Technologies Diesel vehicles: Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Petrol vehicles: Improved catalytic converters Mandatory On-Board Diagnostics (OBD). Why Are Older Vehicles More Polluting? Lack advanced emission-control systems. Higher emissions of: NOx PM2.5 and PM10 Diesel vehicles particularly harmful: Fine particulates penetrate lungs and bloodstream. Urban impact: Vehicles contribute disproportionately to winter smog due to: Temperature inversion Low wind speeds Why Does Delhi–NCR Enforce Stricter Rules? Delhi introduced tighter emission norms earlier than the rest of India. Context: Extremely high vehicular density Unfavourable meteorology Judicial backing: Supreme Court–mandated measures GRAP (Graded Response Action Plan) Data cited by authorities: ~37% of vehicles in NCR are highly polluting, mostly older models. Health & Environmental Rationale Health Impact Vehicular pollution linked to: Asthma Chronic bronchitis Cardiovascular diseases PM2.5 classified as carcinogenic by WHO. Environmental Impact Formation of: Urban smog Ground-level ozone Long-term climate co-benefits: Lower black carbon emissions. Economic & Social Implications Positive Cleaner air Reduced public health expenditure Push towards: Cleaner fuels Electric vehicles Challenges Costlier BS-VI vehicles. Maintenance issues: DPF clogging in low-speed urban driving. Impact on lower-income vehicle owners. Policy Linkages National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) Vehicle Scrappage Policy FAME scheme (EV push) GRAP for Delhi–NCR Critical Issues & Concerns Enforcement-heavy approach: Risks social backlash. Air pollution is multi-source: Construction dust Biomass burning Industrial emissions BS-VI alone cannot solve urban air pollution. Way Forward Combine BS-VI enforcement with: Public transport expansion EV adoption Urban planning reforms Scrappage incentives over punitive bans. Fuel quality monitoring nationwide. Address non-vehicular pollution sources. India–Oman CEPA (Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement) Why is it in News? December 2025: India and Oman signed a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) in Muscat. Marks: India’s second CEPA in West Asia after UAE A strategic response to: Rising global trade protectionism (US tariffs, EU CBAM-type measures) India’s need to de-risk supply chains away from China Basics: What is a CEPA? A deep, comprehensive trade agreement, broader than a Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Covers: Trade in goods Trade in services Investment Mobility of professionals Customs cooperation, standards, dispute settlement India’s existing CEPAs: UAE, Australia (ECTA), Japan, South Korea, now Oman Key Provisions of India–Oman CEPA 1. Market Access – Goods Oman → India 98.08% of tariff lines made duty-free Covers 99.38% of India’s exports to Oman One of the most liberal tariff concessions Oman has offered globally India → Oman Liberalisation of 77.79% of tariff lines Covers 94.81% of India’s imports from Oman 2. Trade in Services (High Relevance for India) Enhanced market access for Indian service providers in: IT & IT-enabled services Engineering & consultancy Healthcare Education & training Mobility provisions: Easier movement of Indian professionals Recognition of qualifications through Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs) (to be operationalised) Sector-specific gains: Nursing quotas in some categories raised from 20% to 50% 3. Investment & Business Facilitation Predictable and transparent investment regime Protection against arbitrary regulatory measures Encourages: Indian investment in Omani ports, logistics, hydrocarbons, renewables Omani sovereign investment in Indian infrastructure and manufacturing India–Oman Trade Snapshot (Data-driven) Total bilateral trade (2024–25): ~USD 10.6 billion India’s exports to Oman: USD 4.06 billion 0.93% of India’s total exports India’s imports from Oman: USD 6.5 billion 0.91% of India’s total imports India runs a trade deficit, largely due to energy imports CEPA aims to narrow the deficit through export expansion Composition of Trade (2024–25) India’s Key Exports Machinery & mechanical appliances Inorganic and organic chemicals Aircraft parts Plastics, textiles, jewellery Mineral fuels (re-exports) Export basket is manufacturing-intensive, aligned with Make in India India’s Key Imports Crude oil & LNG-related products Bituminous substances Fertilisers Iron ore and minerals Strategic Significance for India 1. Economic Significance Boosts exports of: Engineering goods Pharmaceuticals Automobiles & auto components Textiles and food products Reduces tariff disadvantage vis-à-vis: China ASEAN exporters Facilitates India’s integration into Gulf and global value chains 2. Strategic & Geopolitical Significance Oman’s geostrategic location: At the mouth of the Strait of Hormuz Gateway to West Asia, East Africa, and Europe Strengthens India’s: West Asia outreach Maritime security interests Complements India’s engagement with: GCC I2U2 Indo-Pacific trade diversification 3. Energy Security Dimension Oman is a key supplier of: Crude oil LNG CEPA deepens long-term energy partnerships New cooperation avenues: Green hydrogen Petrochemicals Renewables and energy storage Energy transition technologies 4. Labour & Diaspora Dimension Large Indian workforce in Oman CEPA improves: Job security Professional mobility Services export earnings Supports India’s human capital export strategy Why Oman Matters in India’s West Asia Strategy ? 1. Trade & Logistics Hub Ports such as Duqm, Sohar, Salalah: Less congested alternatives to Gulf hubs Gateways to Africa and Mediterranean markets Supports India’s hub-and-spoke trade model 2. Supply Chain De-risking Oman offers: Political stability Neutral foreign policy Strong maritime connectivity Helps India reduce dependence on: China-centric value chains Protectionist Western markets 3. West Asia Reset Shifts India’s engagement from: Energy-only and diaspora-centric ties Towards: Trade–investment–technology partnership Complements UAE CEPA: UAE as financial/re-export hub Oman as logistics and gateway hub Together, anchor India’s western maritime arc Concerns & Challenges Trade volumes still modest relative to potential Persistent trade imbalance Risks for Indian MSMEs: Limited awareness Compliance and certification costs Non-tariff barriers Services gains depend on: Effective implementation of mobility provisions Way Forward Establish CEPA utilisation cells for exporters and MSMEs Fast-track: Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs) Skill and qualification recognition Use Oman as: A platform, not merely a destination market Integrate CEPA with: Make in India PM Gati Shakti India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)

Dec 18, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 18 December 2025

Content Department of Space – Year End Review 2025 SABHASAAR Initiative Department of Space – Year End Review 2025 Strategic Missions & Technology Demonstrations SPADEX Mission: Successful in-orbit docking, undocking, circumnavigation and power transfer (Jan & Apr 2025) — foundational for space stations, on-orbit servicing, human missions under Space Vision 2047. Gaganyaan Progress: First Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT-01) validating parachute-based Crew Module recovery. Axiom-04 Mission: First Indian (Shubhanshu Shukla) completed 18-day ISS mission, executing 7 Indian microgravity experiments. Semi-Cryogenic Engine (SE2000): Third successful hot test of Power Head Test Article — critical for LVM3 payload enhancement. C25 Cryogenic Stage Restart: First-ever in-space restart during LVM3-M5, enabling multi-orbit deployment. Relevance : GS III – Science & Technology Strategic Missions & Technology Indigenous space docking, power transfer, cryogenic restart → advancement in critical frontier technologies. Human spaceflight technologies (Gaganyaan, ISS exposure) → transition from experimental to operational space capability. Semi-cryogenic engine (SE2000) → higher payload efficiency, launch cost optimisation. Demonstrates technology maturity curve of India’s space programme. Launch Infrastructure & Capacity Expansion Third Launch Pad (TLP) approved at Sriharikota for next-generation and human missions. SSLV Launch Complex, Kulasekarapattinam: Launch pad foundation laid; dedicated hub for SSLV & private launches. 100th Launch from Sriharikota: GSLV-F15/NVS-02 (milestone despite post-injection anomaly). ISRO’s 101st Launch Attempt: PSLV-C61/EOS-09 (partial mission shortfall; transparency maintained). Launch Vehicles & Satellites LVM3-M5: Successfully launched CMS-03, India’s heaviest GTO communication satellite (~4.4 t). NISAR (NASA–ISRO): Landmark Indo-US collaboration; dual-frequency SAR for global, all-weather Earth observation. EOS-09: Strengthening radar-based EO capability (mission anomaly acknowledged). PSLV POEM-4: Completed 1000 orbits with 24 payloads; record in low-cost in-orbit experimentation. Science, Research & Exploration CROPS-1: Successful seed germination & two-leaf growth in microgravity — leap in space biology. Aditya-L1: Public release of solar data; insights into photosphere, chromosphere, corona & solar wind. Exoplanet Discovery: PRL discovered TOI-6038A b (sub-Saturn) using PARAS-2 — strengthens India’s astronomy credentials. Space Analog Missions: HOPE mission in Ladakh simulating Mars-like conditions for human exploration readiness. Indigenous Technology & Manufacturing Make-in-India Space Microprocessors: VIKRAM3201 (launch vehicles). KALPANA3201 (SPARC V8, satellite applications). Electric Propulsion: 1000-hr life test of Stationary Plasma Thruster — mass savings, higher satellite efficiency. New Facilities: MPTTF & ITPF at LPSC (thruster testing, titanium tanks). Centre of Excellence (Fluid & Thermal Sciences) at IIT Madras. Industry, Startups & Reforms SSLV Technology Transfer to HAL — major step in commercialisation & private sector participation. Private Launch Ecosystem: Successful static test of KALAM-1200 solid motor (Skyroot). POEM Platform: Enabled startups to test AI models and novel sensors in orbit. Space Applications for Society Disaster Management Leadership: ISRO led International Charter on Space & Major Disasters (Apr–Sep 2025). Agriculture: Satellite-based wheat production estimate ~122.7 MT. CROP framework integrating SAR + optical data. Education & Outreach: NE-SPARKS: ~700 NE students exposed to ISRO facilities. National Space Day & NM 2.0 aligned with Viksit Bharat 2047. International Cooperation & Diplomacy GLEX 2025 (New Delhi): India positioned as a global space collaboration hub. IAC 2025 (Sydney): India Space Pavilion showcased missions, startups, and future vision. MoU on Space Medicine: ISRO–SCTIMST partnership supporting human spaceflight & biomedical research. Vision & Governance Chintan Shivir 2025: Roadmap for Space Vision 2047 and beyond, covering transportation, infrastructure, human exploration, industry enablement. Conclusion 2025 marks ISRO’s transition from mission-centric achievements to ecosystem leadership — combining human spaceflight readiness, indigenous deep-tech, private sector integration, and global collaboration, firmly anchoring India’s ambitions for Space Vision 2047. SABHASAAR Initiative What is SabhaSaar? SabhaSaar is an AI-enabled voice-to-text automated meeting summarisation tool. Launched by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj on 14 August 2025. Designed for Gram Sabha and Panchayat meetings to auto-generate Minutes of Meeting (MoM). Supports vernacular, large-scale grassroots governance digitisation. Relevance GS II – Polity & Governance Decentralisation & Local Governance Strengthens Article 243 (Panchayati Raj) institutions. Enhances Gram Sabha effectiveness, procedural legitimacy. Improves documentation of deliberative democracy. GS II – E-Governance Example of AI-enabled public service delivery. Demonstrates shift from digitisation → intelligent governance. Supports Digital India + Viksit Bharat 2047. Objectives Improve transparency, accountability and record-keeping in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). Reduce manual paperwork and dependence on clerical capacity. Enable data-driven local governance aligned with Digital India. Standardise documentation of Gram Sabha resolutions. Scale of Adoption (as of 3 Dec 2025) Total Gram Panchayats in India: 2,67,940 GPs using SabhaSaar: 92,376 (~34.5%) Rapid scale-up: 15 Aug 2025: 12,667 GPs 2 Oct 2025: 77,198 GPs Pilot success: Tripura: 1,047 out of 1,194 GPs (≈ 87%) used SabhaSaar on launch day. High Adoption States Tamil Nadu: 11,874 GPs Uttar Pradesh: 27,352 GPs Odisha: 6,239 GPs Chhattisgarh: 8,707 GPs Bihar: 5,988 GPs Tripura: 1,061 GPs → Indicates administrative readiness and digital capacity variation across states. Technology & Governance Framework Built on AI + cloud infrastructure via: India AI Compute Portal India AI Mission (MeitY) as nodal authority. Data sovereignty ensured: Data processed entirely within Government infrastructure. No third-party data sharing. Data protection: Governed by Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules, 2025. Legal backing via Gazette notification (13 Nov 2025). Capacity Building & Awareness Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) issued to all States/UTs. Multiple physical and virtual training sessions for officials. States responsible for last-mile dissemination to Panchayats. Designed for ease of use to overcome digital literacy barriers. Governance Significance Strengthens Article 243 (Panchayati Raj) institutions. Promotes procedural transparency in grassroots democracy. Converts deliberative democracy into machine-readable governance data. Supports Viksit Bharat 2047 through tech-enabled decentralisation. Key Challenges (Implicit) Uneven adoption across states and districts. Digital infrastructure and connectivity gaps. Need for language robustness and accent accuracy. Long-term issues of data standardisation and archival use. Conclusion SabhaSaar represents India’s first large-scale application of sovereign AI in grassroots governance, transforming Gram Sabha deliberations into transparent, standardised, and data-driven democratic records while operating fully within India’s data protection and AI governance framework.

Dec 18, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 18 December 2025

Content On quality control orders, a welcome regulatory reset The marital rape exception in criminal law is a colonial relic. It needs to go On quality control orders, a welcome regulatory reset Why is this in News? December 2025: Government of India withdrew Quality Control Orders (QCOs) on several products. Marks a policy shift from rigid mandatory certification to risk-based, sector-sensitive regulation. Comes amid: Slowing manufacturing growth. Export competitiveness concerns. Industry feedback on regulatory overload. Editorial views the move as a course correction in India’s industrial regulation strategy. Relevance : GS III – Economy & Industry Manufacturing competitiveness. Regulatory burden vs productivity. MSME viability. Export competitiveness and GVC integration. GS II – Governance Regulatory design. State capacity. Evidence-based policymaking. Balancing public interest and economic growth. Practice Question : Regulation that raises costs without improving safety undermines the very manufacturing strategy it seeks to build.In the context of India’s Quality Control Orders (QCOs), critically examine this statement.(250 Words) What are Quality Control Orders (QCOs)? Issued under: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Act. Purpose: Mandate compliance with Indian Standards (IS). Protect consumers from substandard / unsafe goods. Mechanism: Mandatory BIS certification. Ban on manufacture, sale, import of non-compliant goods. Coverage expanded rapidly since ~2018 across: Steel, chemicals, polymers, electricals, consumer goods, etc. Original Rationale Behind QCO Expansion Consumer safety: Prevent unsafe products. Import quality control: Especially low-quality imports. Industrial upgrading: Push firms towards better standards. Atmanirbhar Bharat narrative: Strengthen domestic manufacturing. What Went Wrong? 1. One-size-fits-all regulation Same strict certification applied to: High-risk goods (e.g., pressure vessels). Low-risk goods (e.g., household items). Ignored risk differentiation. 2. Manufacturing competitiveness suffered Compliance burden: Costly certification. Testing delays. Frequent changes in standards. MSMEs hit hardest: Limited capital. In-house compliance capacity absent. Result: Exit, informalisation, or scale-down. 3. Export & global value chain impact Global buyers depend on: ISO / IEC / international certifications. Indian QCOs: Often not internationally harmonised. Made Indian firms less attractive in global supply chains. Countries like Vietnam, China, Bangladesh gained advantage. 4. Import substitution illusion QCOs assumed domestic capacity exists. Reality: Many products not produced competitively in India. Led to supply shortages or cost inflation. Protection without productivity → inefficiency trap. Why the Withdrawal is Significant ? 1. Shift to risk-based regulation Focus regulation where: Consumer safety risks are real and high. Low-risk products: Move towards self-certification, voluntary standards. 2. Learning from global best practices EU, US, Japan, Korea: Rely more on: Supplier declarations. Market surveillance. Post-market penalties. India aligning with modern regulatory philosophy. 3. Improves ease of doing business Reduces: Compliance cost. Inspection raj. Approval delays. Frees up state capacity for enforcement instead of paperwork. What Replaces QCOs? Market-led compliance tools Voluntary BIS standards. Self-certification. Third-party conformity assessment. Risk-based inspections. Post-market surveillance instead of ex-ante approvals. Does This Mean Lower Standards? No. Key distinction: Quality ≠ Mandatory certification Quality can be ensured via: Transparency. Liability. Competition. Consumer choice. Regulatory focus should be on: Outcome (safety), not process (paper compliance). Way Forward 1. Risk-based classification High-risk goods → Mandatory standards. Low-risk goods → Voluntary/self-regulation. 2. Global harmonisation Align BIS standards with: ISO. IEC. Codex. Reduce technical barriers to trade. 3. Strong post-market enforcement Random sampling. Heavy penalties for violations. Product recalls. 4. MSME-friendly compliance Phased implementation. Subsidised testing. Shared certification infrastructure. 5. Regulatory impact assessments (RIA) Mandatory cost–benefit analysis before issuing QCOs. Sunset clauses for review. Conclusion A credible manufacturing strategy requires smart regulation—protecting consumers through risk-based oversight while allowing firms the flexibility needed to compete in global markets. The marital rape exception in criminal law is a colonial relic. It needs to go Why is this in News? Renewed public and legal debate in 2025 on the Marital Rape Exception (MRE) in Indian criminal law. Triggered by: Ongoing constitutional scrutiny of Exception 2 to Section 375 IPC / Section 63 BNS. Growing divergence between criminal law and constitutional morality. International pressure and comparative legal reforms. Editorial argues India must complete its constitutional transformation by removing MRE. Relevance GS II – Polity & Constitution Fundamental rights jurisprudence. Equality vs patriarchal exceptions. Constitutional morality. GS I – Society & Women Gender-based violence. Patriarchy in institutions. Social reform through law. Practice Question Explain how the marital rape exception violates Article 14 and Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.(250 Words) What is the Marital Rape Exception? Legal provision: Exception to rape law stating that sexual intercourse by a man with his wife (above a certain age) is not rape. Origin: Colonial-era IPC, 1860. Based on doctrine of implied marital consent. Current status: Retained in Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) with minimal change. Effect: A married woman has less bodily autonomy than an unmarried woman. Constitutional Framework Involved Key Fundamental Rights Article 14: Equality before law. Article 15: Non-discrimination on grounds of sex. Article 21: Right to life, dignity, bodily autonomy, privacy. Article 19: Decisional autonomy. Judicial Evolution Puttaswamy (2017): Right to privacy includes bodily autonomy. Navtej Johar (2018): Constitutional morality over social morality. Joseph Shine (2018): Marriage not a license for sexual control. Anuj Garg (2008): Protectionist laws violate equality. Core Argument of the Editorial 1. Marriage cannot extinguish consent Consent is: Specific Revocable Contextual Marriage ≠ perpetual consent. Treating marriage as consent violates modern consent jurisprudence. 2. Marital rape violates bodily autonomy Forced sex is: Physical violence. Psychological trauma. Violation of dignity. Article 21 protects: Control over one’s body. Sexual self-determination. MRE creates a constitutional blind spot. 3. Discriminatory classification Married women denied protection available to: Unmarried women. Widowed / separated women. Fails reasonable classification test under Article 14. Nexus between marital status and rape protection is arbitrary. 4. Colonial logic incompatible with Constitution IPC assumed wife as: Husband’s property. Subordinate legal subject. Constitution rejects: Patriarchy. Coverture. Retaining MRE = colonial continuity in post-colonial law. International Law & Comparative Perspective International Obligations CEDAW: Requires criminalisation of marital rape. ICCPR: Protects bodily integrity and dignity. Global Trend Most democracies have: Explicitly criminalised marital rape. India increasingly isolated among constitutional democracies. Counter-Arguments & Editorial’s Rebuttal Argument 1: Risk of misuse Rebuttal: Misuse cannot justify denial of fundamental rights. Same argument rejected in Section 498A, domestic violence laws. Argument 2: Threat to institution of marriage Rebuttal: Marriage based on consent and dignity, not coercion. Violence weakens, not protects, marriage. Argument 3: Existing remedies under DV Act Rebuttal: Civil remedies ≠ criminal accountability. Rape is a crime against bodily integrity, not merely domestic dispute. Way Forward 1. Legislative Action Remove marital rape exception explicitly. Define consent uniformly, irrespective of marital status. 2. Safeguards without dilution Procedural safeguards: Preliminary inquiry. Judicial oversight. Not substantive denial of offence. 3. Harmonise criminal and civil law Align rape law with: Domestic Violence Act. Constitutional jurisprudence. 4. Social sensitisation Training police, judiciary. Public discourse on consent within marriage. Conclusion A Constitution that guarantees dignity, equality and autonomy cannot permit a legal exception that sanctifies sexual violence within marriage. Decriminalising marital rape is not an attack on marriage, but a reaffirmation of constitutional morality.

Dec 18, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 December 2025

Content How is the Aravalli range to be protected? Preah Vihear Temple and Thailand–Cambodia Border Dispute KAVACH Anti-Collision System Desert Cyclone-II India–Oman Free Trade Agreement UNEA-7 talks end with 11 resolutions and lingering division How is the Aravalli range to be protected? Why is it in News? Supreme Court order (Nov 2025): Settled on a uniform definition of Aravalli hills & ranges. Paused fresh mining leases across Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat. Follow-up to: Long-standing illegal & excessive mining. Conflicting State-wise definitions enabling regulatory evasion. Linked with: India’s obligations under UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). Centre’s Aravalli Green Wall Project (June 2025). Relevance GS II: Role of Supreme Court in environmental governance. Federal issues: Centre–State coordination in environmental regulation. GS III: Environment & ecology: land degradation, mining impacts. Climate change adaptation, UNCCD commitments. What are the Aravalli Hills? Geological age: ~2 billion years (oldest mountain range in India). Extent: ~650 km (Delhi → Haryana → Rajasthan → Gujarat). Major rivers sourced/recharged: Chambal, Sabarmati, Luni. Mineral-rich: Sandstone, limestone, marble, granite. Lead, zinc, copper, gold, tungsten. Ecological Significance Natural climate barrier: Prevents eastward expansion of the Thar Desert. Groundwater recharge: Acts as a major aquifer recharge zone for NW India. Air quality regulation: Reduces dust storms and particulate load in NCR. Biodiversity support: Wildlife corridors, scrub forests, semi-arid ecosystems. Food & water security linkage: Protects Indo-Gangetic agricultural belt. How Do Aravallis Prevent Desertification of the Indo-Gangetic Plain? Topographic barrier: Blocks desert winds and sand movement eastwards. Rainfall modulation: Enhances local convection and moisture retention. Vegetative anchoring: Forests and scrub bind soil, reduce erosion. Hydrological function: Recharge of shallow & deep aquifers prevents aridification. Climate buffering: Reduces temperature extremes and land degradation. Problem: Mining & Ecological Degradation Since 1980s: Rampant quarrying for stone & sand. Impacts: Groundwater depletion. Air pollution (stone crushing). Habitat fragmentation. Rise of illegal mining syndicates. Regulatory failure: MoEFCC rules (1990s onwards) frequently violated. Why Was a Uniform Definition Necessary? State-level manipulation: Different criteria used to exclude areas from protection. Conflicting expert definitions: Forest Survey of India (2010) used slope, buffers, valley width. Regulatory arbitrage: Enabled selective mining approvals. Judicial clarity needed: For enforcement, mapping, and EIA consistency. What Definition Did the SC Settle On? Aravalli hills = elevations above 100 metres. Debate: Amicus Curiae: Too narrow, risks fragmentation. Centre: FSI definition would exclude even more areas. Court’s view: 100m criterion is more inclusive and administratively workable. Central Empowered Committee (CEC): Key Recommendations Scientific mapping of entire Aravalli range across States. Macro-level Environmental Impact Assessment. Zonation approach: Absolute no-mining zones: Protected forests. Water bodies. Tiger corridors. Aquifer recharge zones. NCR areas. Limited, highly regulated mining zones elsewhere. No new leases or renewals until mapping & EIAs completed. Strict regulation of stone-crushing units. Restoration & rehabilitation plans for degraded areas. Cumulative ecological carrying capacity assessment. Has the Supreme Court Completely Banned Mining? No blanket ban. Calibrated approach adopted: Existing legal mining may continue under strict regulation. Fresh mining paused until scientific plan finalised. Ecologically sensitive zones permanently off-limits. Rationale: Total bans often fuel illegal mining & sand mafias. Government Initiative: Aravalli Green Wall Project (2025) Coverage: 5 km buffer around Aravallis. 29 districts (Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, Delhi). Objective: Restore 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030. Alignment: UNCCD targets. India’s land degradation neutrality goals. Way Forward Science-based environmental regulation over ad-hoc bans. Uniform definitions as tools of ecological justice. Balance livelihood concerns with irreversible ecosystem loss. Aravallis as a national ecological security asset, not a State-wise resource. Preah Vihear Temple and Thailand–Cambodia Border Dispute Why is it in News? December 2025 escalation: Thailand launched airstrikes inside Cambodia after renewed border clashes. Both sides accused each other of violating a U.S.-brokered ceasefire (Oct 2025). U.S. intervention: After calls with both leaders, President Donald Trump announced a ceasefire on December 12. Marks the worst flare-up since July 2025 fighting, which killed dozens and displaced over 3 lakh civilians. Relevance GS II: International relations: border disputes, ICJ rulings, ASEAN role. Role of external powers (U.S. mediation). GS III: Internal security (regional instability spillovers). Basics: Thailand–Cambodia Border Length: ~817 km. Nature: Partially demarcated, heavily forested, mountainous. Dispute origin: Colonial-era boundary treaties (1904 & 1907). Strategic-cultural sensitivity: Hosts ancient Khmer temples, especially Preah Vihear. What is the Border Dispute About? Core issue: Sovereignty over un-demarcated stretches of the border. Colonial legacy: Treaties between France (Cambodia) and Siam (Thailand). Boundary supposed to follow Dangrek Mountains watershed. French maps placed key temples on the Cambodian side. Result: Thailand disputes map validity; Cambodia relies on them for claims. Centrality of Preah Vihear Temple Temple: 11th-century Hindu temple (Shaivite), symbol of Khmer civilisation. History: Construction began in the 9th century, with major expansions in the 11th and 12th centuries under Khmer kings Suryavarman I and Suryavarman II. Architecture: Unlike most Khmer temples, which face east, Preah Vihear follows a linear north-south axis over an 800-meter length, with a series of sanctuaries, pavements, and staircases. It is known for its exceptional stone carvings. ICJ rulings: 1962: Temple belongs to Cambodia. 2013 clarification: Cambodia has sovereignty over most surrounding area. Continuing friction: Thailand accepts temple ruling but disputes adjacent land. Nationalism factor: Cambodia: Cultural heritage & post-colonial sovereignty. Thailand: Territorial integrity & resistance to perceived loss. KAVACH Anti-Collision System Why is it in News? December 2025: Union Railway Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw informed Lok Sabha that: KAVACH has been fully commissioned on over 2,000 km of the Indian Rail network. Consequential train accidents reduced by ~90% (from 135 in 2014 to 11 now). Comes amid: Recurrent concerns on rail safety. Push for indigenous, tech-driven accident prevention. Expansion under Atmanirbhar Bharat and Viksit Bharat vision. Relevance GS III: Infrastructure: railways, public safety systems. Science & technology: indigenous innovation, ATP systems. What is KAVACH? KAVACH is India’s indigenous Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system. Objective: Prevent train collisions due to human error. Developed by: Research Designs & Standards Organisation (RDSO). In collaboration with Indian industry. Comparable to: ETCS (Europe), PTC (USA) — but much cheaper. What Problems Does KAVACH Address? Human errors by: Loco pilots. Station masters. Signal misinterpretation. High-risk scenarios: Signal Passed At Danger (SPAD). Head-on collisions. Rear-end collisions. Overspeeding. Limitation of legacy signalling systems. How Does KAVACH Work? (Core Architecture) KAVACH is a real-time, fail-safe system built on continuous communication. Five Major Components On-board unit (Loco KAVACH): Installed on locomotives. Applies automatic braking if danger detected. Track-side equipment: Along tracks to relay movement authority. Station KAVACH: Integrated with interlocking & signalling. Telecom network: Optical Fibre Cable (OFC). Telecom towers. Central data systems: Real-time monitoring & diagnostics. Operational Features Automatic braking when: Train overshoots signal. Collision risk detected. Speed exceeds permissible limit. Continuous loco-to-loco & loco-to-station communication. Works even in: Fog. Low visibility. Designed for: High-density mixed traffic (passenger + freight). Current Implementation Status (as per Govt) >2,000 km fully commissioned. 7,129 km OFC laid. 860 telecom towers installed. 767 stations connected to data centres. 3,413 km trackside equipment deployed. 4,154 locomotives equipped. ~40,000 staff trained. Expansion pace described as “very fast”. Why is KAVACH Considered Strategic? Safety dividend: Sharp fall in consequential accidents. Indigenous technology: Reduces import dependence. Cost-effective: ~₹50 lakh per km (far cheaper than global ATP systems). Scalable: Designed for India’s vast and diverse rail network. Employment & skilling: Large-scale technician training. Challenges & Limitations High upfront capital cost for pan-India rollout. Requires: Dense telecom infrastructure. Precision mapping & calibration. Integration with: Multiple signalling systems across zones. Not yet universal across: All routes. All locomotives. Policy & Governance Angle Linked schemes: Amrit Bharat Station Scheme (station modernisation). Governance challenge: Upgrading safety without suspending rail operations. India handles ~7.5 crore passengers daily. Minister highlighted: Unlike other countries, India cannot shut rail services for years. Conclusion KAVACH is India’s indigenous Automatic Train Protection system that uses real-time communication to automatically prevent train collisions, significantly improving rail safety while reinforcing technological self-reliance. Desert Cyclone-II Why is it in News? December 2025: An Indian Army contingent has departed for the UAE to participate in DESERT CYCLONE–II. Exercise scheduled at Abu Dhabi from December 18–30, 2025. Part of India’s expanding defence diplomacy in West Asia. Relevance GS II: India–UAE relations; defence diplomacy in West Asia. GS III: Security: military preparedness, joint exercises, interoperability. What is DESERT CYCLONE? Type: Bilateral joint military exercise. Participants: India: 45 personnel, mainly from Mechanised Infantry Regiment. UAE: 53 Mechanised Infantry Battalion. Edition: Second (DESERT CYCLONE–II). Domain: Land forces (mechanised infantry). Objectives of DESERT CYCLONE–II Enhance interoperability between Indian Army and UAE Land Forces. Improve joint operational preparedness in: Mechanised warfare. Desert and semi-desert conditions. Strengthen defence cooperation and trust. Exchange best practices, tactics, and procedures. Strategic Significance of UAE for India Key West Asia partner: Energy security. Indian diaspora (~3.5 million). Defence cooperation pillars: Joint exercises (army, navy, air force). Defence industrial collaboration. Maritime security in the Arabian Sea & Gulf region. UAE is among India’s closest strategic partners in the Gulf. Why Mechanised Infantry Matters Critical arm for: Rapid mobility. Combined arms warfare. Relevance for: Desert warfare scenarios. High-intensity conventional conflict. UAE terrain provides realistic training environment. Place in India’s Defence Diplomacy Complements exercises like: AL NAGAH (India–Oman). YUDH ABHYAS (India–USA). DUSTLIK (India–Uzbekistan). Reflects India’s shift towards: Theatre-level readiness. Interoperable coalition operations. Supports India’s “Act West” and Indo-Pacific–West Asia strategic continuum. Takeaway DESERT CYCLONE–II reflects India’s emphasis on practical military cooperation, not symbolic engagement. Enhances India’s capacity to operate with friendly foreign forces in diverse terrains. Reinforces India’s profile as a net security partner in West Asia. Conclusion DESERT CYCLONE–II is a bilateral India–UAE mechanised infantry exercise aimed at enhancing interoperability and strengthening defence cooperation in desert warfare conditions. India–Oman Free Trade Agreement Why is it in News? December 2025: India and Oman are set to sign a Free Trade Agreement (FTA), formally a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA). Announcement by Commerce & Industry Minister Piyush Goyal at the India–Oman Business Forum, Muscat. Marks India’s first bilateral FTA with a Gulf country outside the UAE model, strengthening India’s Act West strategy. Relevance GS II: International relations: Act West policy, India–Gulf relations. GS III: Economy: external trade, FTAs/CEPAs, energy transition, logistics. What is an FTA / CEPA? FTA: Reduces or eliminates tariffs on goods. Improves market access. CEPA (deeper than FTA): Trade in goods + services. Investment protection & facilitation. Customs cooperation, standards, mobility. India–Oman CEPA talks: Launched in 2023. Negotiated amid India’s renewed push for trade diversification. India–Oman Economic Snapshot Bilateral trade (2023–24): ~$12 billion. India’s exports: Refined petroleum products. Iron & steel. Machinery, textiles, gems & jewellery. India’s imports: Crude oil, LNG. Fertilisers, chemicals. Indian diaspora in Oman: ~7.8 lakh, among the largest expatriate groups. Oman’s strategic location: Outside Hormuz choke point. Ports: Duqm, Sohar, Salalah. Why Oman Matters Strategically for India? Gateway economy: Access to GCC, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Africa. Logistics hub potential: Duqm port linked to India’s west coast. Energy partner: LNG supply. Green hydrogen ambitions. Geopolitical reliability: Stable monarchy. Neutral foreign policy. Strategic Economic Gains for India Market diversification: Reduces over-dependence on traditional markets. Value-chain integration: Indian firms plug into Gulf–Africa trade routes. Services exports boost: IT, logistics, fintech, consultancy. Investment inflows: Omani sovereign & private capital into India. MSME opportunities: Preferential access to new export markets. Strategic Economic Gains for Oman Economic diversification beyond hydrocarbons. Access to: India’s large consumer market. Skilled manpower & digital services. Positioning as: Regional trade & logistics hub. Partnership in: Green hydrogen exports. Food security assurance. How This Fits India’s FTA Strategy ? Part of FTA 2.0 approach: Quality FTAs over quantity. Focus on trusted partners. Builds on: India–UAE CEPA. India–Australia ECTA. Supports: Atmanirbhar Bharat via export-led growth. Viksit Bharat 2047 trade vision. Risks & Challenges India’s past experience: FTAs leading to import surges (e.g., electronics). Need for: Strong rules of origin. Safeguards for MSMEs. Infrastructure readiness: Logistics costs still ~13–14% of GDP. Services mobility: Visa & labour norms need clarity. Analytical Takeaway India–Oman FTA is not merely a trade deal but a geo-economic bridge. Oman’s geography converts trade access into strategic leverage. Success will depend on: Effective implementation. Leveraging Oman as a regional hub, not just a bilateral partner. Conclusion The India–Oman CEPA aims to deepen trade, investment and energy cooperation while positioning Oman as India’s gateway to the GCC, Central Asia and Africa under India’s Act West strategy. UNEA-7 (United Nations Environment Assembly-7) Why is it in News? UNEA-7 concluded on December 12, 2025, in Nairobi, Kenya. Outcome: 11 resolutions adopted out of 15 draft proposals. Several key drafts, including one on strengthening UNEP, were dropped. Triggered criticism from civil society and environmental groups for: Weak ambition. Failure to address deep-sea protection and environmental crime adequately. Relevance GS III: Environment: mineral governance, chemicals & waste, marine ecology. What is UNEA? UNEA is the highest global decision-making body on environmental matters. Meets biennially under the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Membership: All 193 UN member states. Functions: Set global environmental agenda. Provide policy guidance. Strengthen international environmental governance. UNEA-7 at a Glance Theme (implicit): Responding to escalating global environmental crises. Duration: ~2 weeks of negotiations. Location: Nairobi (UNEP headquarters). Outcome: 11 adopted resolutions. Persistent North–South and ambition divides. Adopted Minerals & metals: Sustainable value chains; mining waste; capacity-building. Coral reefs: Boost climate resilience (supports ~25% marine biodiversity). MEAs: Better coordination; less policy/reporting overlap. Chemicals & waste: Stronger management under Basel–Rotterdam–Stockholm. Dropped / Diluted Deep-sea protection: No strong safeguards for deep-sea mining. Environmental crime: No tougher global action. Strengthening UNEP: Resolution removed. Leadership Transition President of UNEA-7: Abdullah bin Ali Al-Amri (Oman). President-elect for UNEA-8 (Dec 2026): Matthew Samuda (Jamaica). Stated priorities: Inclusivity. Stronger science–policy interface. Scaling adaptation and resilience finance. Analytical Assessment Achievements Maintained multilateral engagement amid geopolitical stress. Brought mineral governance firmly into global environmental discourse. Incremental progress on reefs, chemicals, MEAs. Shortcomings Avoidance of binding commitments. Weak response to emerging global commons issues (deep seas). Institutional timidity in strengthening UNEP. Global Significance Reflects the limits of consensus-based multilateralism in an era of: Climate urgency. Resource geopolitics. Signals growing tension between: Environmental ambition. Political feasibility. Way Forward Shift from dialogue to rule-based global standards, especially for minerals and oceans. Strengthen UNEP’s mandate, finances, and coordination role. Integrate: Environmental justice. Finance and capacity-building for developing countries. Ensure UNEA-8 focuses on implementation, not just negotiation. Conclusion UNEA-7 adopted 11 resolutions advancing cooperation on minerals, reefs and chemicals, but lingering divisions over deep-sea protection, environmental crime and UNEP’s authority exposed the limits of current global environmental governance.

Dec 17, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 17 December 2025

Content India–Jordan Relations India’s Traditional Medicine Systems (AYUSH) India–Jordan Relations Why is this in News? 15–16 December 2025: PM Narendra Modi’s first full-fledged bilateral visit to Jordan in 37 years. 75th anniversary of India–Jordan diplomatic relations (1950–2025). Five MoUs signed covering renewable energy, water management, culture, digital solutions, and heritage twinning (Petra–Ellora). India proposed bilateral trade target of USD 5 billion in 5 years. Visit occurred amid West Asia instability, highlighting Jordan’s moderating role. Relevance GS Paper II – International Relations India’s engagement with West Asia beyond the Gulf; diversification of regional diplomacy. Bilateral relations: Political, economic, defence, cultural dimensions. Counter-terrorism cooperation and shared concerns on regional instability (Gaza, West Asia). Role of middle powers in stabilising volatile regions. Diaspora diplomacy and people-to-people ties. Basics at a Glance Diplomatic relations established: 1950 Political system: Constitutional monarchy (King Abdullah II) Strategic location: Levant–West Asia bridge; regional stability anchor Indian diaspora: ~17,500 Trade status: India is Jordan’s 3rd–4th largest trading partner Countries Surrounding (Bordering) JordanIsrael & Palestine (West Bank) – WestSyria – NorthIraq – EastSaudi Arabia – South and Southeast Evolution of India–Jordan Relations Political & Diplomatic Engagement Foundational phase (1950–2000): Friendly, low-profile engagement. Consolidation phase (2000–2018): King Abdullah II’s 2018 India visit: 12 MoUs; C-DAC IT Centre; USD 5 million pharma aid. Strategic deepening (2018–2025): Regular meetings at UNGA, COP-28, G7 (Apulia). Foreign Office Consultations (2025) in Amman. Strong convergence on counter-terrorism, Gaza crisis, regional stability. Middle power diplomacy; West Asia engagement beyond Gulf. Trade & Economic Cooperation (Core Pillar) Trade Profile Total trade (2023–24): USD 2.875 billion India’s exports: Cereals, frozen meat, petroleum products, animal fodder India’s imports: Phosphates, potash (fertilizers) Strategic Fertilizer Linkage Jordan India Fertiliser Company (JIFCO) IFFCO + JPMC Investment: USD 860 million Critical for India’s phosphatic fertilizer security Arab Potash Company–IPL MoU 275,000–325,000 tonnes annually for 5 years 2022 fertilizer MoUs: USD 1.5 billion Manufacturing & Investment 15+ Indian garment firms in Jordan’s QIZs Investment: ~USD 500 million Exports under Jordan–US FTA Supply-chain security, fertilizer diplomacy, South–South economic integration. Defence & Security Cooperation MoU on Defence Cooperation (2018) SOFEX 2024: Indian tri-services delegation participated. Naval cooperation: Jordanian Royal Navy visit to Kochi & INA Ezhimala. Shared stance on terrorism, radicalisation, regional instability. Defence diplomacy without alliances; counter-terror cooperation. Science, Technology & Digital Cooperation India–Jordan Centre of Excellence in IT (IJCOEIT) Located at Al-Hussein Technical University Equipped with PARAM Shavak supercomputer Target: 3,000 Jordanian professionals trained Training areas: Cybersecurity AI & ML Big Data 2025 proposal: Linking Jordan’s digital payment system with UPI. Digital public infrastructure (DPI) as foreign policy tool. Education & People-to-People Ties ITEC slots: 50 annually Graduates from India: 2,500+ Jordanians 2024–25: 37 civilian ITEC slots 5 ICCR scholarships Manpower Agreement (2018) Visa facilitation: Visa on Arrival (since 2009) e-Visa (since 2023) Direct flight: Amman–Mumbai Human capital diplomacy; soft power. Cultural & Civilisational Linkages Strong popularity of Indian films and yoga. Jerash Festival 2024: Assamese folk dance troupe. 2025 MoU: Cultural Exchange Programme (2025–29) Petra–Ellora twinning: heritage diplomacy. Culture as instrument of strategic trust. Outcomes of PM Modi’s 2025 Visit Strategic Outcomes First bilateral visit in 37 years → symbolic reset. Clear articulation of USD 5 billion trade vision. Expanded agenda: Critical minerals Renewable energy Water security Health & pharma Digital transformation MoUs Signed (5) Renewable energy cooperation Water resource management Petra–Ellora twinning Cultural Exchange Programme (2025–29) Digital public solutions (population-scale) Strategic Significance for India West Asia balancing: Jordan as moderate, stable partner. Food & fertilizer security: Critical input supplier. Counter-terror convergence: Shared security concerns. Digital diplomacy: Exporting India Stack. Non-oil West Asia engagement: Diversification beyond Gulf monarchies. Challenges & Constraints Limited trade diversification beyond fertilizers. Jordan’s economic constraints and refugee burden. Regional volatility (Gaza, Israel–Iran tensions). Way Forward Fast-track CEPA feasibility. Long-term fertilizer offtake agreements. Scale up UPI-style DPI exports. Joint projects in water desalination & renewables. Enhanced defence training & counter-terror coordination. Conclusion India–Jordan relations exemplify quiet, trust-based diplomacy rooted in economic complementarities, counter-terror cooperation, and people-centric engagement. PM Modi’s 2025 visit marks a strategic upgrade, aligning Jordan firmly within India’s broader West Asia and Global South outreach, while reinforcing India’s image as a reliable economic and technological partner. India’s Traditional Medicine Systems (AYUSH) Why is this in News? India is hosting the 2nd WHO Global Summit on Traditional Medicine in New Delhi (17–19 December 2025). India hosted the 1st WHO Global Summit on Traditional Medicine on 17-18 August 2023 in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, alongside the G20 Health Ministers’ Meeting Theme: “Restoring Balance for People and Planet: The Science and Practice of Well-Being.” Launch of WHO Traditional Medicine Global Library (TMGL): World’s largest digital repository on traditional, complementary and integrative medicine. 1.5 million+ records. Reinforces India’s leadership following: 1st WHO Global Summit (Gandhinagar, 2023). Establishment of WHO Global Traditional Medicine Centre (GTMC), Jamnagar. Relevance GS II – Governance & Social Justice Public health policy and integration of AYUSH with allopathic systems. Role of Ministry of AYUSH in health governance. Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and primary healthcare strengthening. WHO-led global health governance and India’s leadership role. GS III – Science & Technology Scientific validation of traditional knowledge systems. Integration of AI, digital health, evidence-based research in AYUSH. Pharmacovigilance, drug standardisation, quality control. What is Traditional Medicine? WHO definition: Knowledge, skills and practices based on theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures, used for health maintenance and disease prevention. Global spread: Practised in 170 of 194 WHO member states. Integral to primary healthcare in Asia, Africa, Latin America. India’s Traditional Medicine Systems (AYUSH) Formally recognised under the Ministry of AYUSH: Types of Traditional Medicine Systems (AYUSH) – UPSC-Ready Ayurveda India’s ancient holistic medical system. Core principle: Balance of Tridosha – Vata, Pitta, Kapha. Focus areas: Preventive healthcare. Lifestyle regulation (Dinacharya, Ritucharya). Herbal formulations, Panchakarma. Objective: Harmony of body, mind and spirit. Unani Originated from Greco-Arab medicine; developed in India. Core concept: Balance of four humours (Akhlat): Blood, Phlegm, Yellow bile, Black bile. Emphasises: Dietotherapy (Ilaj-bil-Ghiza). Regimental therapy (Ilaj-bil-Tadbeer). Natural drugs (Ilaj-bil-Dawa). Strong focus on lifestyle and temperament (Mizaj). Sowa-Rigpa (Amchi Medicine) Traditional Himalayan medical system. Practised in Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim. Philosophical base: Buddhist principles. Influences from Ayurveda and Tibetan medicine. Health based on balance of: Lung (wind), Tripa (bile), Beken (phlegm). Uses herbal, mineral and animal-based medicines. Yoga and Naturopathy Yoga Mind–body discipline rooted in Indian philosophy. Components: Asana, Pranayama, Dhyana, Yama–Niyama. Promotes: Physical fitness. Mental well-being. Stress management and preventive health. Naturopathy Drugless healing system. Principle: Body’s inherent self-healing capacity. Methods include: Diet therapy. Hydrotherapy. Fasting, lifestyle correction. Emphasis on natural living and prevention. Siddha One of the oldest medical systems, originating in South India. Closely associated with Tamil civilisation. Core philosophy: Balance of Vata, Pitta, Kapha, with emphasis on minerals. Features: Highly individualised treatment. Use of herbs, metals, minerals. Diagnostic tools: pulse, tongue, urine examination. Focus on longevity and rejuvenation. Homoeopathy Founded by Samuel Hahnemann. Scientific medical system based on: Law of Similars (“like cures like”). Minimum dose principle. Treatment: Highly diluted remedies. Individualised prescription. Aim: Stimulate the body’s natural healing response. Core philosophy Holistic, preventive, person-centred. Emphasis on lifestyle, balance, and long-term well-being. Institutional Ecosystem under Ministry of AYUSH Scale of Infrastructure (as on 2024) AYUSH hospitals: 3,844 AYUSH dispensaries: 36,848 Registered practitioners: 7.55 lakh+ UG colleges: 886 PG colleges: 251 Annual intake: UG: 59,643 seats PG: 7,450 seats Integration with Public Health System National AYUSH Mission (NAM) – 2014 Centrally Sponsored Scheme. Objective: Mainstream AYUSH into public healthcare. Co-location model PHCs: 2,375 CHCs: 713 District Hospitals: 306 Significance Single-window access to allopathic + AYUSH care. Strengthens primary healthcare and preventive medicine. Regulation, Research & Quality Control Regulatory Focus Evidence-based practice. Drug safety, pharmacovigilance. Standardisation via pharmacopoeias. Research Ecosystem Central Councils conduct: Clinical trials. Observational studies. Drug standardisation research. Emphasis on: Scientific validation. Safety protocols. Integrative healthcare models. Major Schemes for Quality & Credibility National AYUSH Mission (NAM) Infrastructure upgradation. Supply of essential drugs. Integration with PHCs/CHCs/DHs. Ayurgyan Research & innovation scheme. Supports: Clinical validation. Medicinal plant research. Drug standardisation. Includes Continuing Medical Education (CME). Ayurswasthya Yojana Public health orientation. Components: AYUSH Public Health Interventions (PHI). Centres of Excellence (CoE). AOGUSY (AYUSH Oushadhi Gunvatta evum Uttapadan Samvardhan Yojana) Focus: Quality & regulation of AYUSH drugs. Supports: Drug-testing labs. Manufacturing standards. Pharmacovigilance systems. Medicinal Plants Conservation Scheme Sustainable cultivation. Farmer support. Supply-chain strengthening. Biodiversity conservation. Digitisation & Knowledge Protection Ayush Grid: Digital backbone for education, research, services. Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL): Prevents bio-piracy. Used by international patent offices. Medical Value Travel (MVT): Promotes AYUSH-based wellness tourism. International Cooperation (IC): Capacity building, global outreach. WHO Global Summit on Traditional Medicine, 2025 Key Features 100+ countries, 170+ speakers. 25+ sessions, 21 innovations. Representation from 6+ WHO biocultural regions. Three-Day Focus Day 1: Knowledge systems, planetary & human health. Day 2: Research, innovation, science of well-being. Day 3: Global standards, data systems, AI, implementation. WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2025–2034 Four Core Objectives Evidence generation via quality research and digital tools. Regulatory frameworks for products & practitioners. Integration into health systems, especially primary care. Cross-sectoral value: Biodiversity. One Health. SDG 3.8 (Universal Health Coverage). Alignment with India Matches AYUSH priorities: Scientific validation. Digitisation. Sustainability. Knowledge protection. Traditional Medicine Global Library (TMGL) Significance 1.5 million+ records. Global evidence maps, policies, standards. Integrated with Research4Life for LMICs. Strategic Value for India Positions India as knowledge hub. Boosts global confidence in AYUSH systems. Supports policymaking and research globally. Strategic Significance for India Health diplomacy: Leadership in global health governance. Soft power: Culture-rooted yet science-oriented systems. Universal Health Coverage: Affordable, preventive care. Economic potential: AYUSH drugs. Wellness tourism. Global markets. Environmental synergy: Biodiversity & One Health. Challenges Need for uniform global standards. Evidence gaps across systems. Risk of over-commercialisation. Ensuring ethical sourcing of medicinal plants. Way Forward Scale high-quality clinical research. Strengthen global regulatory harmonisation. Responsible AI & digital health integration. Sustainable medicinal-plant ecosystems. Position AYUSH as pillar of Viksit Bharat@2047. Conclusion India’s traditional medicine systems represent a unique convergence of ancient wisdom and modern science. By institutionalising quality, integrating AYUSH into public health, digitising knowledge, and shaping WHO-led global frameworks, India is redefining traditional medicine as a credible, evidence-based pillar of global healthcare. The 2nd WHO Global Summit marks a decisive step in transforming traditional medicine from cultural heritage into mainstream global health architecture.

Dec 17, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 17 December 2025

Content India’s Nuclear Governance Needs Regulatory Independence Dear students, wait, your teacher is on election duty India’s Nuclear Governance Needs Regulatory Independence Why is this in News? Editorial debate following the SHANTI Bill, 2025 (Sustainable Harnessing and Advancement of Nuclear Technology for India). Bill operationalises: Private participation in civil nuclear energy. Target of 100 GW nuclear capacity by 2047 (Viksit Bharat vision). Deployment of at least 5 indigenous Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) by 2033. Raises concerns over: Liability framework adequacy. Supplier accountability. Lack of regulatory independence in nuclear governance. Relevance GS II – Governance & Polity Role, powers and autonomy of regulatory bodies (AERB). Centre–regulator relationship; regulatory capture. Legislative reforms (SHANTI Bill, Atomic Energy governance). Accountability and transparency in high-risk sectors. GS III – Economy, Energy & Science & Technology Energy security and clean energy transition. Nuclear energy expansion and SMRs. Public–private partnerships in strategic sectors. Risk-sharing, liability regimes, and investment climate. Practice Questions India’s ambition of achieving 100 GW nuclear capacity by 2047 hinges as much on governance reforms as on technology and finance. Critically examine the SHANTI Bill in this context.(250 words) Nuclear Power in India: Share in electricity generation (2024–25): ~3%. Installed capacity: ~7.5 GW (largely PHWRs). Operator monopoly so far: NPCIL (under Department of Atomic Energy). Legal framework: Atomic Energy Act, 1962. Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA), 2010. What is the SHANTI Bill? Objective Enable large-scale nuclear expansion by: Mobilising domestic private capital. Reducing construction and financing risks. Accelerating approvals and commissioning. Key Shift From state monopoly → licensed participation by: Government entities. Public–private joint ventures. “Any other company” (subject to conditions). Design Logic of SHANTI Bill 1. Controlled Liberalisation Private entry permitted mainly in: Reactor construction. Plant delivery. Parts of supply chain. Sensitive fuel-cycle activities retained by the State: Enrichment. Reprocessing. Waste management. Rationale: Prevent nuclear proliferation. Balance energy expansion with strategic control. 2. Risk Sharing & Capital Mobilisation Expands pool of project developers. Allows sharing of: Construction risk. Time overruns. Financing burden. Essential for achieving 100 GW target. Liability Framework: Key Provisions & Concerns Provisions Operator liability cap: ₹3,000 crore. Beyond the cap: Central government assumes liability. Centre may: Assume full liability for non-government installations “in public interest”. Mandatory insurance or financial security for operators. Concerns ₹3,000 crore may be: Inadequate for mass casualty compensation. Insufficient for long-term environmental remediation. Government installations exempted from insurance: Raises transparency and public accounting concerns. Risk of socialising losses, privatising gains. Supplier Accountability Issues Operator’s right of recourse against suppliers allowed only: If expressly written into contracts, or If damage results from intentional acts. Implications: Supplier liability becomes contract-dependent, not statutory. Varies across projects. Weakens uniform safety incentives. Echoes criticism of dilution of original CLNDA intent post-2015. Regulatory Governance: The Core Weakness Current Structure Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB): Not fully independent. Linked institutionally to DAE. Under SHANTI: Appointments and oversight continue to vest heavily with: Central government. Atomic Energy Commission. Why Regulatory Independence Matters ? Public trust: Nuclear safety demands credibility and transparency. Investor confidence: Independent regulator reduces political and conflict-of-interest risks. Global best practice: IAEA norms emphasise separation of: Operator. Promoter. Regulator. Comparative Overview Countries with successful nuclear expansion (France, UK, Canada): Strong, arm’s-length nuclear regulators. Clear liability regimes. Predictable enforcement mechanisms. India risks: Regulatory capture. Perception of weak oversight. Overall Assessment Strengths Pragmatic response to India’s energy transition needs. Enables scale through domestic capital. Reduces legal ambiguity for new entrants. Can shorten project timelines. Risks Liability caps may under-protect victims. Supplier accountability diluted. Continued regulator dependence undermines trust. Way Forward Establish a statutorily independent nuclear regulator. Revisit operator liability caps with inflation-indexing. Create uniform statutory supplier liability floors. Ensure transparent accounting for government-run installations. Align governance framework with IAEA safety and independence standards. Dear students, wait, your teacher is on election duty Why is this in News? Editorial critique of routine deployment of government schoolteachers for election-related duties. Renewed relevance amid: Intensifying electoral schedules (frequent elections, by-polls). Learning losses post-COVID and concerns over foundational literacy. Debate on misuse of Article 324 powers and neglect of the Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009. Relevance GS II – Polity & Governance Powers of Election Commission under Article 324. Balance between constitutional bodies and fundamental rights. Implementation gaps in the Right to Education Act, 2009. Administrative ethics and state capacity. GS I – Social Issues Education inequality. Impact on disadvantaged children. Foundational literacy and learning outcomes. Practice Question Critically examine the impact of deploying government schoolteachers for election duties on the right to education and learning outcomes in India.(250 words) Core Issue in One Line India’s democracy relies on teachers for election management, but this comes at the systematic cost of children’s right to uninterrupted education, especially in government schools. Constitutional & Legal Basics Article 324: Empowers Election Commission of India (ECI) to conduct elections. Teachers as “government servants”: Routinely requisitioned for electoral rolls, polling, counting, logistics. Right to Education Act, 2009: Mandates regular schooling and teacher availability. Section 27: Allows deployment of teachers for non-educational duties only for decennial census, disaster relief, and elections. Tension: Constitutional democracy vs constitutional right to education. What Exactly Do Teachers Do During Elections? Preparation and revision of electoral rolls. Booth-level officer (BLO) duties. Training, polling, counting, supervision. Often involves: Long hours. Tight deadlines. Travel to remote locations. Risks: Documented cases of stress-related illness and deaths. Unequal Impact on Children Government vs Private Schools Government schools: Teachers pulled out → classes cancelled. Principals forced to “manage” students without instruction. Private schools: Largely insulated from election duties. Outcome: Discriminatory impact on poorer children. Reinforces educational inequality. Pedagogical Costs Teaching is not mechanical labour. Requires: Planning. Continuity. Classroom presence. Evaluation and feedback. Election duty disrupts: Academic calendars. Examination schedules. Foundational learning, especially at primary level. Editorial insight: Primary school learning gaps cannot be “covered up” later. Governance Paradox Highlighted Teachers are: Trusted to conduct free and fair elections. But not trusted enough to be shielded from non-academic burdens. State perception: Teaching treated as a “soft profession”. Assumption that teachers are “free” for administrative work. Democratic Irony Teachers: Have been pillars of Indian democracy since Independence. Provide electoral legitimacy at the grassroots. Yet: Costs of democracy are externalised onto children, not the state. Children “pay” through lost learning time. RTE Act: Missed Opportunity Original draft (pre-2009): Sought to minimise non-teaching duties. Final Act: Diluted safeguards via Section 27. Supreme Court: Has upheld election duty deployment as constitutional. Result: Legal sanction without pedagogical sensitivity. Ethical & Administrative Concerns Human cost: Teacher burnout, health risks, fatalities. Moral hazard: Easy availability of teachers discourages administrative innovation. Accountability gap: No learning-loss audit linked to election deployment. International Perspective Many democracies: Use dedicated election staff, retirees, or temporary civil services. India: Relies excessively on frontline social-sector workers (teachers, ASHAs, anganwadi staff). Way Forward: Policy Options Create a dedicated election services cadre. Limit teacher deployment to: Poll-day only, not preparatory phases. Compensatory mechanisms: Mandatory academic recovery plans. Additional teaching days. Digitisation: Reduce manual electoral roll burdens. RTE-compliant safeguards: Clear ceilings on non-teaching days per academic year.

Dec 17, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 17 December 2025

Content India’s Position on West Asian Conflicts Infiltration Along India’s Borders and Regulation of the Free Movement Regime AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopters and India’s Defence Modernisation Insurance Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2025: 100% FDI in Insurance Inhalable Microplastics: A New Frontier of Urban Air Pollution Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of Electoral Rolls and Voter Inclusion Concerns India’s Position on West Asian Conflicts Why is this in News? December 2025: PM Narendra Modi visited Jordan. EAM S. Jaishankar visited Israel. India publicly reiterated its stance on: Israel–Palestine conflict. Wider West Asian instability (Gaza war spillovers, regional escalation risks). Significance: Diplomatic signalling amid polarised global positions. India balancing strategic ties with Israel and traditional support to Palestine & Arab world. Relevance GS II – International Relations India’s West Asia policy: balancing strategic autonomy with issue-based alignment. India–Israel relations vs India’s support for Palestine & Two-State Solution. India–Jordan relations and role of moderate Arab states. India as a balancer power amid polarised global geopolitics. West Asia: Strategic Basics Region includes: Israel–Palestine Jordan, Gulf states, Iran, Iraq, Syria. Importance for India: ~60% of India’s crude oil & LNG imports. 9+ million Indian diaspora. Critical trade routes (Red Sea, Suez). Counter-terrorism cooperation. India’s Traditional Policy on West Asia Core principles: Strategic autonomy. Non-alignment (now issue-based alignment). Support for international law & UN resolutions. Historical pillars: Support for Two-State Solution. Strong ties with Arab states. Since 1992: Full diplomatic relations with Israel. India–Israel Relations: Snapshot Diplomatic ties: Since 1992. Key areas: Defence & weapons systems. Intelligence & counter-terrorism. Agriculture, water technology, innovation. Israel is among India’s top defence suppliers. Post-2017: De-hyphenation of Israel–Palestine policy. India–Jordan Relations: Snapshot Jordan’s role: Custodian of Islamic holy sites in Jerusalem. Moderate Arab state with diplomatic credibility. Cooperation areas: Defence training. Water & renewable energy. Infrastructure and skill development. Jordan often acts as a bridge between Arab concerns and Western diplomacy. Continuity and Change in India’s West Asia Policy Continuity Support for Palestinian cause. Emphasis on diplomacy and restraint. Non-interventionist approach. Change Clearer articulation against terrorism. Open strategic embrace of Israel. Willingness to engage all sides simultaneously. Challenges for India Diplomatic tightrope: Israel vs Arab & Muslim world sentiments. Diaspora safety amid conflicts. Energy security risks due to regional instability. Pressure from: Western allies. Global South expectations. Opportunities for India Mediation potential due to credibility with all sides. Strengthening role in: Humanitarian diplomacy. Conflict de-escalation narratives. Leveraging West Asia for: IMEC corridor. Energy transition cooperation. Infiltration Along India’s Borders Why is this in News? Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) informed Lok Sabha about: 878 infiltrators apprehended along the India–Myanmar border in the last two years. Status of border fencing across Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Pakistan borders. Update followed: Manipur ethnic violence (since 2023). Government decision to regulate (not fully scrap) the Free Movement Regime (FMR). Relevance GS III – Internal Security Border management challenges: porous borders, insurgency, illegal migration. Internal security implications of India–Myanmar border instability. Terrorism, arms trafficking (Pakistan border). Role of forces: Assam Rifles, BSF. Border Infiltration: Basic Understanding Infiltration: Unauthorized cross-border movement of persons. Motivations include: Illegal migration. Ethnic conflict spillovers. Insurgent movement. Economic distress. India shares porous land borders with: Myanmar (Northeast). Bangladesh (East). Pakistan (West). India–Myanmar Border: Key Facts Total length: 1,643 km. Terrain: Dense forests, hills, poor connectivity. Fencing status: Only 9.2 km fenced so far (<1%). Infiltration trend (2014–2025): Sharp rise post-2021 Myanmar coup and post-2023 Manipur violence. Annual arrests rose from double digits → 400+ in 2024–25. Free Movement Regime (FMR): Basics Introduced: 2018. Purpose: Facilitate movement of ethnically linked border communities (Naga, Kuki-Chin groups). Original provision: Visa-free movement up to 16 km across border. Recent Changes in FMR (Regulation, Not Abolition) Announcement (Feb 2024): Entire Myanmar border to be fenced. FMR to be scrapped (political intent). Actual implementation (Dec 2024): FMR regulated, not abolished. Key changes: Movement limit reduced: 16 km → 10 km. 43 designated entry–exit gates notified. Introduction of: Gate passes. Biometric registration. Rationale: Balance security concerns with humanitarian & ethnic sensitivities. Bangladesh Border: Infiltration Snapshot Border length: 4,096.70 km. Fencing status: 79.08% fenced (3,239.92 km). Arrests: 2024: 2,525 2025: 2,556 Nature of infiltration: Economic migration. Illegal stay beyond permits. Not primarily insurgency-driven. Pakistan Border: Snapshot Fencing status: 93.25% fenced. Remaining unfenced: Difficult terrain (riverine, marshy). Infiltration nature: Terrorism-centric. Arms & narcotics trafficking. Security Implications Internal Security : Nexus between: Illegal migration. Insurgency. Ethnic violence (Manipur). Demographic stress: Local resource competition. Ethnic balance concerns. Governance challenges: Law & order. Refugee vs infiltrator distinction. Government’s Border Management Strategy Physical measures: Accelerated fencing. Smart fencing (sensors, surveillance). Administrative measures: Regulated FMR. Biometric identification. Institutional mechanisms: Assam Rifles (Myanmar border). BSF (Bangladesh & Pakistan). Policy shift: From open-border pragmatism → security-first approach. Challenges Terrain constraints in Northeast. Ethnic ties across borders. Humanitarian concerns (refugees vs illegal migrants). Diplomatic sensitivity with Myanmar. Opportunities & Way Forward Integrated Border Management System (IBMS). Technology-driven surveillance (drones, AI). Clear refugee policy framework. Border-area development to reduce local collusion. Diplomatic engagement with neighbours for coordinated border management. AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopters Why is this in News? Indian Army received the final batch of three AH-64E Apache helicopters, completing its six-helicopter fleet. The helicopters were inducted into the 451 Army Aviation Squadron, based at Jodhpur, Rajasthan. Background: Deal signed in February 2020 with the United States for $600 million. Delivery was delayed by ~15 months due to global supply-chain disruptions. Strategic context: Comes amid high-level India–US defence engagement and review of bilateral cooperation. Relevance GS III – Defence & Security Military modernisation and force multipliers. Role of attack helicopters in conventional deterrence. Jointness and role demarcation between IAF and Army Aviation. Western front preparedness. GS II – International Relations India–US strategic and defence cooperation. Defence technology transfer and interoperability. Implications of foundational agreements (LEMOA, COMCASA, BECA). What is the AH-64E Apache? A heavy attack helicopter designed for: Close air support. Anti-armour warfare. Armed reconnaissance. Operated by: United States Army and several allied forces. AH-64E (“Guardian”) is the latest and most advanced variant. Key Technical Features Role: Multi-role attack helicopter. Capabilities: Precision strike. Night and all-weather operations. Network-centric warfare. Core systems: Advanced fire-control radar. Longbow sensors. Integrated electronic warfare suite. Armament: 30 mm chain gun. Air-to-ground missiles (e.g., Hellfire). Rockets and air-to-air missiles. Insurance Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2025 Why is this in News? Lok Sabha passed the Insurance Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2025. Key highlight: FDI limit in insurance raised from 74% to 100%. Context: Government push for financial sector reforms under Viksit Bharat vision. Need to improve insurance penetration, capital adequacy, and product innovation. Political context: Bill passed amid opposition protests over foreign ownership concerns. Relevance GS III – Economy Financial sector reforms and insurance penetration. FDI liberalisation and capital inflows. Role of insurance in risk management and economic stability. Reinsurance capacity and systemic risk reduction. GS II – Governance Role and powers of regulators (IRDAI). Legislative reforms and regulatory oversight. Public sector reforms and listing of PSUs. Basics: Insurance Sector in India Insurance in India governed by: Insurance Act, 1938 LIC Act, 1956 IRDAI Act, 1999 Two segments: Life insurance. General (non-life) insurance. Regulator: Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI). Key challenge: Low insurance penetration: ~4% of GDP vs global average ~7%. What is FDI in Insurance? FDI allows foreign entities to: Invest capital. Bring technology and managerial expertise. Evolution of FDI limits: 26% (pre-2015). 49% (2015). 74% (2021). 100% (2025 Bill). Key Provisions of the Bill 100% FDI in Insurance Companies Foreign insurers can: Set up wholly owned subsidiaries. Operate without mandatory Indian joint-venture partners. Conditions: All Indian laws applicable. Full regulatory oversight by IRDAI. Reinsurance Reforms Net Owned Fund (NOF) requirement for Foreign Reinsurance Branches (FRBs): Reduced from ₹5,000 crore → ₹1,000 crore. Objective: Attract global reinsurers. Expand domestic risk-bearing capacity. Reduce premium outflows abroad. Enhanced Powers of IRDAI New powers: Disgorgement of wrongful gains from insurers and intermediaries. Penalty rationalisation: Maximum penalty on intermediaries raised: ₹1 crore → ₹10 crore. Objective: Strong deterrence. Improved compliance and governance. Public Sector Insurance Strengthening Capital infusion: ₹17,450 crore into three public sector general insurers. Structural reforms: Listing of: LIC. GIC Re. New India Assurance. Objective: Market discipline. Transparency. Operational efficiency. Rationale Behind the Reforms Capital constraints in insurance sector. Need for: Better products. Deeper risk coverage. Digital and actuarial expertise. Ease of doing business: Joint ventures often complex and restrictive. Align India with: Global best practices in insurance regulation. Potential Benefits Increased capital inflow. Enhanced competition and innovation. Improved insurance penetration. Better reinsurance availability. Stronger regulatory enforcement and policyholder protection. Concerns and Criticism Foreign dominance fears in a sensitive financial sector. Profit repatriation risks. Public sector insurers’ competitiveness. Regulatory capacity of IRDAI under expanded mandate. Way Forward Phased and monitored implementation. Stronger consumer grievance redressal. Capacity building within IRDAI. Parallel reforms in: Financial literacy. Insurance awareness. Safeguards to protect public interest. Inhalable Microplastics and Urban Air Pollution Why is this in News? November–December 2025: A first-of-its-kind Indian study, published in Environment International, has flagged inhalable microplastics as a serious and overlooked air pollutant. Conducted across Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai by IISER Kolkata. Context: Severe winter smog episodes in NCR. Public protests demanding the right to clean air. Key finding: City residents inhale ~132 micrograms of microplastics daily, with Delhi and Kolkata worst affected. Relevance GS III – Environment & Public Health Emerging environmental contaminants. Limitations of AQI and existing pollution frameworks. Urban air pollution and health externalities. Plastic waste management failures. What are Microplastics? Microplastics: Plastic particles <5 mm in size. Inhalable microplastics: Particles <10 micrometres (µm). Small enough to: Bypass nasal filtration. Penetrate deep lung tissue. Source: Primary: Microbeads, synthetic fibres. Secondary: Breakdown of larger plastic waste. Traditional Air Pollution Framework Focus on criteria pollutants: PM2.5, PM10. SO₂, NOx, CO, ozone, lead. AQI: Does not explicitly account for microplastics. Gap: Emerging contaminants like microplastics remain outside regulatory radar. Key Findings of the Study Concentration Levels Average inhalable microplastics (4 cities): 8.8 µg/m³. Daily exposure: ~132 µg per person per day. City-wise exposure: Delhi: 14.18 µg/m³ Kolkata: 14.23 µg/m³ Mumbai: 2.65 µg/m³ Chennai: 4 µg/m³ Seasonal Variation Winter evenings: 32.7 particles/m³ Non-winter evenings: 18.8 particles/m³ 74% increase during winter due to: Temperature inversion. Low wind speed. Poor dispersion. “Trojan Horse” Effect Microplastics act as carriers for: Heavy metals: Lead (highest in Kolkata). Cadmium. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Diethyl phthalates. Microbes: Fungi like Aspergillus fumigatus. Antibiotic-resistance genes. Net impact: Amplifies toxicity beyond physical particles. Health Implications Deep lung penetration → chronic exposure. Linked risks: Respiratory diseases. Hormone-related disorders. Cancer. Breast and reproductive health issues. High-risk groups: Traffic police. Construction workers. Urban informal labour. Tyre-wear microplastics: Identified as particularly carcinogenic. Sources of Inhalable Microplastics Urban origins: Tyre wear. Synthetic textiles. Packaging materials. Cosmetics. Construction activities. Household waste. Waste management failures: Open dumping. Burning of plastics. Poor segregation. Why Delhi and Kolkata are Worse Affected High population density. Severe waste mismanagement. Landlocked geography. Adverse winter meteorology. Contrast: Mumbai and Chennai benefit from: Coastal winds. Better atmospheric dispersion. Governance and Policy Gaps AQI framework: Not designed to capture microplastics. Plastic regulation: Weak enforcement of single-use plastic bans. Occupational safety: No specific standards for microplastic exposure. Waste management: Persistent urban governance failures. Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of Electoral Rolls Why is this in News? Draft electoral rolls published after SIR in West Bengal, Rajasthan, Goa, Lakshadweep, and Puducherry. 1.02 crore names removed, causing the total electorate to shrink by 7.6%. Trigger: Election Commission of India (ECI) conducted Special Intensive Revision ahead of upcoming elections. Public debate: Concerns over large-scale deletions, transparency, and voter disenfranchisement. What is an Electoral Roll? Electoral Roll: Official list of eligible voters in a constituency. Constitutional basis: Article 324 – Superintendence of elections vested in ECI. Statutory framework: Representation of the People Act, 1950. Purpose: Ensure free, fair, and inclusive elections. What is Special Intensive Revision ? SIR: A comprehensive, door-to-door verification of electoral rolls. Conducted: Periodically or before major elections. Objective: Remove: Duplicate voters. Deceased voters. Shifted or non-resident voters. Add: Eligible but left-out citizens. Differs from: Routine annual revision (more limited, application-based). Key Findings from the 2025 SIR Total electors: Reduced from 13.35 crore → 12.33 crore. Net deletion: 1.02 crore voters. States/UTs affected: West Bengal. Rajasthan. Goa. Lakshadweep. Puducherry. Official reasons for deletion: “Shifted”. “Deceased”. “Untraceable”. Duplicate entries. State-wise Snapshot (Indicative) West Bengal: Largest absolute deletions. Rajasthan: Significant rural and urban deletions. Goa: Notable drop despite smaller electorate. Lakshadweep & Puducherry: Smaller numbers, but high proportional impact. Reasons Behind High Deletions Migration: Seasonal and inter-state mobility. Urbanisation: Address mismatches. Documentation gaps: Failure to submit required forms. Administrative factors: Booth Level Officer (BLO) discretion. Short verification windows. Digital divide: Limited awareness of verification procedures. Democratic Concerns Raised Voter disenfranchisement risk: Eligible voters may be wrongly deleted. Due process issues: Inadequate notice. Limited opportunity for appeal. Impact on vulnerable groups: Migrant workers. Urban poor. Elderly. Women. Political neutrality: Allegations of selective or uneven deletions. Election Commission’s Position Deletions are: Based on field verification. Subject to claims and objections process. Draft rolls: Not final; corrections allowed. Legal safeguards: Re-inclusion possible before final publication. Constitutional & Legal Dimensions Right to vote: Statutory right (not fundamental). Still central to democratic participation. Supreme Court view: ECI must ensure procedural fairness and transparency. Balance required: Roll purity vs inclusiveness. Governance and Federal Issues Centre–State coordination: SIR executed by state machinery under ECI. Trust deficit: Between voters, political parties, and election authorities. Institutional credibility: Directly affects legitimacy of electoral outcomes. Way Forward Improve transparency: Public disclosure of deletion reasons. Strengthen due process: Mandatory notice before deletion. Technology use: Aadhaar-linked but consent-based verification. Awareness drives: Especially for migrants and urban poor. Independent audit: Post-SIR review of deletions and additions.

Dec 16, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 16 December 2025

Content Setting up Five National Centres of Excellence (NCoEs) for Skilling India’s Green Maritime Odyssey Setting up Five National Centres of Excellence (NCoEs) for Skilling Why is this in News? Lok Sabha written reply (15 Dec 2025) by MoS (IC) for Skill Development & Entrepreneurship. Cabinet approval (07 May 2025) for five National Centres of Excellence (NCoEs) announced in Budget 2025–26. Marks a shift from generic skilling to sector-specific, industry-led, globally benchmarked training under PM-SETU. Relevance : GS II – Governance, Social Justice Government policies & interventions: PM-SETU scheme; Budget 2025–26 announcement. Institutional reforms: Shift from state-controlled ITIs to industry-led governance (IMC model). Cooperative federalism: Centre–State–Industry partnership in skilling. Role of international cooperation: India–Singapore collaboration in advanced manufacturing. Capacity building: Strengthening public institutions (NSTIs) for service delivery. What are National Centres of Excellence (NCoEs)? High-end skilling institutions embedded within select National Skill Training Institutes (NSTIs). Focus on: Advanced, future-ready skills. Deep industry integration. Global best practices and certifications. Act as hubs for training, curriculum innovation, and trainer upskilling. Institutional Framework: PM-SETU Scheme PM Skilling and Employability through Upgraded ITIs (PM-SETU). Objective: Modernise ITIs. Improve employability. Align skills with Industry 4.0 requirements. Two components: Component I: Upgradation of 1,000 Government ITIs (Hub-and-Spoke). Component II: Establishment of National Centres of Excellence. Approved NCoEs: Location & Rationale Bhubaneswar (Odisha) Chennai (Tamil Nadu) Hyderabad (Telangana) Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh) Ludhiana (Punjab) Selection criteria: Adequate land area. Trade diversity. Existing training capacity. Scope for expansion. Availability of qualified faculty. Regional logic: Covers east, south, north, and industrial belts. Aligns skilling with regional economic specialisation. Sectoral & Global Partnerships Global partnership with Singapore finalised. MoU signed for Advanced Manufacturing NCoE at NSTI Chennai. Expression of Interest (EoI) floated to onboard Lead Industry Partners for all five NCoEs. Reflects dual-track model: Global benchmarking. Domestic industry anchoring. Governance Model: Institute Management Committee (IMC) Chairperson: Nominated by Lead Industry Partner. Central Government nominees: DGT/MSDE. State Government nominee: Host state. Industry experts: Technical and financial contributors. Director of NSTI: Ex-officio Member Secretary. Industry Associations: FICCI, CII, SSCs, regional bodies. Academia representatives. Size: 9–15 members (flexible). Significance: Breaks traditional government-only control. Ensures industry-driven curriculum, assessment, and placement. Role & Functions of NCoEs Design and deliver industry-aligned training programs. Continuous curriculum upgradation. Trainer capacity building. Facilitate apprenticeships and placements. Serve as knowledge hubs for surrounding ITIs. Component I: Hub-and-Spoke ITI Upgradation 1,000 Government ITIs to be upgraded. Industry collaboration mandatory. States given flexibility to: Propose sector-specific skill centres. Align skilling with local economic needs. Examples: Agriculture, food processing, dairy. Region-specific focus like Seemanchal–Kosi (Bihar). Why is this Reform Significant? Addressing Structural Skill Gaps India faces: Low formal skilling rate (~5–6%). Mismatch between training and industry demand. NCoEs target quality, not just quantity. Industry 4.0 Readiness Focus on advanced manufacturing and emerging technologies. Supports Make in India, PLI-led manufacturing expansion. Federal & Cooperative Approach Centre–State–Industry collaboration. Regional customisation within national framework. Global Benchmarking Singapore partnership brings: Modular curricula. Competency-based certification. Strong industry linkage models. Challenges & Concerns Sustaining industry interest beyond initial phase. Ensuring uniform quality across centres. Avoiding regional imbalance in access. Measurable outcomes: placement quality, wage premiums. Prelims Pointers NCoEs approved under Component II of PM-SETU. Five locations: Bhubaneswar, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kanpur, Ludhiana. Global partner: Singapore (Advanced Manufacturing, Chennai). IMC chaired by Lead Industry Partner nominee. Component I targets 1,000 ITIs via Hub-and-Spoke model. India’s Green Maritime Odyssey Why is this in News? PIB release (15 Dec 2025) outlining India’s green maritime transition. Links Maritime India Vision (MIV) 2030, Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047, Sagarmala, Green Hydrogen Mission, and Indian Ports Bill, 2025 into a single sustainability narrative. Signals India’s intent to emerge as a global green maritime power, not just a logistics hub. Relevance : GS III – Infrastructure, Economy, Environment Infrastructure development: Ports, coastal shipping, inland waterways (Sagarmala). Green growth & decarbonisation: Green hydrogen, LNG, methanol, electric port equipment. Energy transition: National Green Hydrogen Mission (hard-to-abate sector). Blue Economy: Sustainable use of marine resources. Coastal livelihoods and ecosystem protection. Climate change mitigation: Emission reduction in shipping and ports. Logistics & competitiveness: Reduced turnaround time, lower logistics cost. Technology & innovation: Smart ports, digital corridors, shore-to-ship power. What is “Green Maritime”? Integration of economic efficiency + environmental sustainability + social responsibility in ports and shipping. Covers: Clean fuels and low-emission vessels. Renewable-powered ports. Marine ecosystem protection. Climate-resilient and digitally smart maritime infrastructure. Aligned with IMO decarbonisation goals and UN SDGs (9 SDGs relevant to ports). Context: Why Maritime Sustainability Matters for India Coastline: ~7,500 km with mangroves, reefs, lagoons, and dense coastal livelihoods. Maritime sector: Backbone of trade and logistics. Growing environmental footprint (emissions, oil spills, dredging). Challenge: Balance trade expansion with ocean health and coastal resilience. Vision Framework: India’s Green Maritime Roadmap 1. Maritime India Vision (MIV) 2030 Blueprint for: Greener ports. Cleaner shipping. Digital and efficient logistics. Projected investment: ₹3–3.5 lakh crore. Focus areas: Port modernisation. Inland waterways. Shipbuilding and ship repair. Green technologies. 2. Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047 Long-term roadmap aligned with 100 years of Independence. Investment commitment: ~₹80 lakh crore. More than 300 actionable initiatives. Key thrusts: Green shipping corridors. Methanol, LNG, hydrogen-based vessels. Smart and carbon-neutral ports. Making India a top global shipbuilding nation. Sagarmala Programme: Green Logistics Backbone Flagship port-led development programme. 840 projects worth ₹5.8 lakh crore by 2035. 272 completed (₹1.41 lakh crore). 217 under implementation (₹1.65 lakh crore). Objectives: Reduce logistics cost. Promote coastal shipping and inland waterways. Generate employment. Acts as the execution arm of MIV 2030 and Vision 2047. Clean Fuels & Energy Transition in Maritime Sector National Green Hydrogen Mission Target by 2030: 5 million tonnes/year green hydrogen. ₹8 lakh crore investment. 6 lakh jobs. ₹1 lakh crore fossil fuel import savings. Identified Green Hydrogen Port Hubs: Kandla Paradip Tuticorin Supports zero-emission shipping fuels: hydrogen, ammonia, methanol. India’s Green Port Initiatives (Supply-Side Decarbonisation) Renewable Energy at Ports Solar: Rooftop PV on warehouses and offices. Floating solar on calm port waters. Wind: Onshore wind on port land, breakwaters. Offshore wind near Okha, southern peninsula, Kutch salt fields. Tidal energy: Pilot in Gulf of Cambay/Kutch (8,000–12,000 MW potential). Wave & solar thermal: OWC wave energy pilots (Vizhinjam model). Flagship Green Maritime Programmes Harit Sagar – Green Port Guidelines (2023) Framework for: Carbon neutrality. Zero ecological disturbance. Promotes: Sustainable materials. Cleaner technologies. Ecosystem-sensitive port expansion. Green Tug Transition Programme (GTTP), 2024 Transition from diesel harbour tugs to green alternatives. Part of Panch Karma Sankalp. Government support: 30% financial assistance. Ports procuring green tugs: JNPA VO Chidambaranar Paradip Deendayal Aligns with Make in India and maritime manufacturing. Harit Nauka (Green Vessel) Initiative Promotes greener inland waterway vessels. Targets emissions reduction in riverine transport. Coastal Green Shipping Corridor First corridor: Kandla–Tuticorin. Partners: SCI Deendayal Port Authority VO Chidambaranar Port Authority. Pilot for low-emission coastal shipping. Cleaner Ports: Demand-Side & Operational Reforms Vehicle & Equipment Electrification Target: 50% port vehicles on clean fuels by 2030. Two-phase electrification: Phase I: Ship–shore cranes. Phase II: RTGCs, reach stackers, forklifts, yard equipment. Shore-to-Ship Power Ships at berth draw electricity from shore. Cuts emissions from onboard diesel generators. LNG Bunkering LNG advantages: 80% lower CO₂, PM, NOx than diesel. Sulphur ≤0.5% (IMO compliant). 40–50% cheaper than diesel. India promoting LNG bunkering awareness and infrastructure. Dust & Air Emission Control Diesel usage: 500–5,000 KL per port annually. Measures: Covered storage. Mechanised handling. Emission monitoring (towards automation). Green Belts MoEF&CC mandate: 33% green cover. Benefits: Carbon absorption. Noise and dust reduction. Biodiversity and groundwater recharge. Challenge: Land scarcity at ports. Indian Ports Bill, 2025: Legal Backbone Replaces outdated Indian Ports Act, 1908. Mandates: Global green norms. Disaster and oil-spill readiness. Context: Cargo handling: 855 MT (FY 2024–25). Port capacity: +87% since 2014–15. Turnaround time reduced to 48 hours. 9 Indian ports in World Bank CPPI. Marks shift from regulatory lag to global leadership. Global Green Maritime Diplomacy Sagarmanthan Dialogue Global platform on: Blue economy. Green logistics. Sustainable supply chains. India–Singapore Green & Digital Shipping Corridor Accelerates: Low-emission technologies. Digital maritime tools. Smart port operations. Green Shipping Conclave Focus on: GTTP. Harit Nauka. Sustainable ship recycling (Alang). Marine Pollution & Oil Spill Preparedness Robust oil-spill response plans. Satellite-based monitoring. Oil sensitivity mapping. Priority to mangroves, corals, aquaculture zones. Coordination with Navy and coastal agencies. Strategic Significance Economic Lower logistics costs. Global competitiveness in shipping and ports. Job creation in green maritime technologies. Environmental Decarbonisation of hard-to-abate sector. Marine biodiversity protection. Climate-resilient coastal infrastructure. Geopolitical Positions India as: Indo-Pacific maritime leader. Norm-setter in green shipping. Challenges High upfront cost of green fuels and vessels. Technology readiness (hydrogen, ammonia). Port land constraints for renewables and green belts. Coordination across Centre–State–Port Authorities. Prelims Pointers MIV 2030 investment: ₹3–3.5 lakh crore. Vision 2047 investment: ~₹80 lakh crore. Sagarmala: 840 projects, ₹5.8 lakh crore. First Green Shipping Corridor: Kandla–Tuticorin. Ports Bill replaces 1908 law.

Dec 16, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 16 December 2025

Content Governor’s Assent to State Bills Not Just Insurance, Indians Need Universal Healthcare Governor’s Assent to State Bills Why is this in News? April 2025: Supreme Court judgment in State of Tamil Nadu vs Governor of Tamil Nadu Fixed clear timelines for Governors to act on State Bills. Held that indefinite inaction is unconstitutional. Allowed judicial intervention, including deemed assent in cases of unexplained delay. Mid–2025: Supreme Court’s advisory opinion in Special Reference No. 1 of 2025 (Presidential Reference) Held that: Judicially imposed timelines lack textual constitutional basis. Deemed assent is alien to the constitutional scheme. Governors and President enjoy wide discretionary latitude, even permitting delays. Effectively diluted the April 2025 judgment, though formally not overruling it. Relevance GS II – Polity & Constitution Articles involved: Article 200, Article 201, Article 361 Themes: Role, powers, and discretion of the Governor Constitutional morality vs textualism Legislative procedure and assent mechanism Judicial review and advisory jurisdiction (Article 143) GS II – Federalism & Centre–State Relations Cooperative vs coercive federalism Union control through Governors Reservation of Bills for President and its misuse Sarkaria & Punchhi Commission recommendations Practice Question “The Governor’s power of assent under Article 200 is procedural, not supervisory.” Examine this statement in the light of recent Supreme Court judgments.(250 Words) Constitutional Basics: Article 200 Article 200 – Governor’s Options on a State Bill When a Bill is presented, the Governor may: Grant assent Withhold assent Return the Bill (except Money Bills) for reconsideration Reserve the Bill for the consideration of the President First Proviso to Article 200 If the Governor returns a Bill and the State Legislature re-passes it (with or without amendments), The Governor “shall not withhold assent” thereafter. Core principle: The Governor’s role is procedural, not supervisory. The April 2025 Judgment: State of Tamil Nadu Case Key Findings Indefinite delay by Governors violates: Federalism Democratic accountability Legislative supremacy Governors cannot convert assent power into a veto-by-silence. Major Innovations Timelines imposed for Governor’s action. Prolonged inaction treated as constitutionally impermissible. Courts empowered to: Direct action In extreme cases, deem assent granted Significance Strengthened: Federal balance Elected legislatures over unelected authorities Especially crucial for Opposition-ruled States facing Raj Bhavan obstruction. Special Reference No. 1 of 2025: The Course Reversal Core Holdings No explicit constitutional text authorising: Judicial timelines Deemed assent Governor’s discretion under Article 200 has “elasticity”. Advisory opinion claims not to overrule earlier judgment, but: Carries high persuasive authority due to Constitution Bench status. The “Constitutional Dialogue” Argument Court’s Position Article 200 creates a dialogue between: Legislature Governor President Critique Dialogue requires: Timely and meaningful response Governors’ motivated silence converts dialogue into: Obstruction Policy paralysis Problem: The Reference judgment tolerates silence while preaching dialogue. Dilution of Safeguards Under Article 200 1. Removal of Timelines April judgment: Clear, reasoned timelines. Reference opinion: Timelines unconstitutional. Effect: Prolonged inaction attracts only: A direction to “decide”, not consequences. 2. Undermining the First Provison Earlier Position (Tamil Nadu Case) After reconsideration by Assembly: Governor must assent Referral to President only in exceptional cases New Position (Special Reference) Governor can: Refer even reconsidered and re-enacted Bills to the President Do so without constraints Impact: Converts President’s reservation into a constitutional black hole. Negates the binding nature of legislative reiteration, contrary to text. False Equivalence: Checks vs Balances Court’s Justification Governor must act as a check to: Prevent repugnancy Prevent unconstitutional laws Counter-Argument Judicial review already exists to test constitutionality. Assent power is: Procedural Not a preliminary judicial review Key Distinction: Courts correct unconstitutional laws after enactment. Denial or delay of assent leaves no effective remedy. Federalism and Centre–State Relations Missed Opportunity States and Sarkaria Commission concerns: Arbitrary reservation of Bills to the President Reference could have: Subjected such referrals to judicial scrutiny Instead Confers unfettered discretion on Governors. Strengthens Union dominance over States. Constitutional Implications Democratic Deficit Unelected Governors gain: Blocking power over elected legislatures Federal Retrogression Shifts balance: From cooperative federalism To hierarchical control Separation of Powers Assent power elevated from: Procedural step To quasi-constitutional gatekeeping Overall Assessment April 2025 judgment: Progressive, democracy-affirming, federalist. Special Reference No. 1 of 2025: Constitutionally conservative in form, Politically enabling in effect. Net Result: Retreat from principled restraint on gubernatorial power. Assenting power transformed from a balance into a check, undermining legislative supremacy. Conclusion The advisory opinion in the 16th Presidential Reference represents a subtle yet significant constitutional retrogression. By dismantling judicially enforced discipline over gubernatorial assent and legitimising expansive discretion, the Court has weakened federalism, diluted democratic accountability, and reopened the door to executive obstruction of State legislatures—an outcome at odds with the spirit, structure, and text of Article 200. Not Just Insurance, Indians Need Universal Healthcare Why is this in News? December 12 marked Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Day. Renewed policy debate in India on: Rising out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE). Over-reliance on insurance-led models (e.g., PM-JAY). Weak public primary healthcare and growing private sector dominance. The editorial argues that insurance ≠ universal healthcare, and India must pivot towards a publicly funded, comprehensive health system. Relevance GS II – Social Justice (Health) Public health system design Universal Health Coverage (SDG 3.8) Equity, access, and affordability in healthcare Role of the State in welfare provisioning GS II – Governance & Federalism Health as a State subject (Entry 6, State List) Centre–State coordination under NHM and PM-JAY Fiscal federalism and health financing Practice Question Distinguish between Universal Health Coverage and Universal Healthcare.Why is this distinction important for India’s health policy? (250 Words) Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Defined by WHO as ensuring: Access to promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative, and palliative care Without financial hardship. Grounded in: Right to Health (International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights). WHO World Health Reports (2010, 2019). SDG 3.8. Universal Health Coverage vs Universal Healthcare UHC (Narrow, insurance-centric): Focus on financial protection. Emphasis on hospitalisation and tertiary care. Universal Healthcare (Comprehensive): Strong public provisioning. Focus on primary and secondary care. Addresses social determinants of health. India’s Health System: Structural Reality Persistent Challenges Low public health expenditure: ~1.3–1.5% of GDP. High OOPE: ~45–50% of total health expenditure. Insurance schemes mainly cover: Hospitalisation. Limited disease packages. Major exclusions: Outpatient care. Diagnostics. Medicines. Preventive services. Consequences Medical expenses remain a leading cause of impoverishment. Insurance often: Encourages over-medicalisation. Leads to provider-induced demand. Benefits private hospitals disproportionately. Insurance-Led Model: Core Limitations Does not strengthen health infrastructure. Treats health as a market commodity, not a public good. Fragmented disease-based packages distort care priorities. Fails to address: Continuity of care. Preventive and promotive health. Increases private sector leverage over public policy. Comparative Global Experience East and Southeast Asia Countries like China, South Korea, Thailand: Adopted UHC through insurance. Simultaneously invested heavily in public health systems. Outcomes: Strong primary and secondary care. Better health indicators. Caveat: High fiscal burden (China faced rising costs due to hospital-centric expansion). Key Lesson Insurance works only when embedded in a robust public healthcare backbone. Private sector dominance without regulation leads to: Cost escalation. Policy capture. India’s Missed Opportunity Historical Commitment Bhore Committee (1946): Advocated state-funded universal healthcare. Emphasised primary care as foundation. Post-independence: Chronic underinvestment. Gradual shift towards selective, insurance-based interventions. Current Schemes NHM (earlier NRHM): Strengthened primary care but remains underfunded. PM-JAY: Expanded insurance coverage. Did not significantly reduce OOPE. Result: Parallel systems with weak integration. False Equivalence: Insurance as Healthcare Insurance is a financing tool, not a healthcare system. Courts, policies, and political discourse often conflate: Financial coverage with health outcomes. Health outcomes depend on: Availability. Accessibility. Quality. Continuity of care. What India Actually Needs ? Strategic Shift Required From UHC-as-insurance → Universal Healthcare-as-public service. Core Pillars Substantial increase in public health spending (≥3% of GDP). Strengthening: Primary Health Centres. Community Health Centres. Urban primary healthcare. Integration of: Preventive, promotive, and curative care. Regulation of private sector: Standard treatment protocols. Price controls. Addressing social determinants of health: Nutrition. Sanitation. Housing. Education. Governance and Federal Dimensions Health is a State subject (Entry 6, State List). Central insurance-heavy schemes risk: Centralisation. Weakening State public health systems. Cooperative federalism needed: Flexible funding. State-led health system strengthening. Ethical and Constitutional Perspective Right to life under Article 21 increasingly interpreted to include health. Treating healthcare as insurance undermines: Equity. Universality. Dignity. Overall Assessment Insurance-based UHC is: Necessary but not sufficient. Without strong public provisioning: UHC becomes fiscally costly and socially inequitable. India stands at a policy crossroads: Either deepen marketisation of health, Or reclaim healthcare as a public good. Conclusion India’s health challenge is not merely one of financial protection but of systemic capacity and equity. Universal Health Coverage, when reduced to insurance, offers a narrow and inadequate solution. A genuine commitment to universal healthcare demands sustained public investment, strengthened primary care, and recognition of health as a constitutional and social obligation rather than a market-mediated entitlement.

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