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Dec 18, 2024 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 18 December 2024

Context; India-Sri Lanka Bilateral Relations Legal Gaps in India’s Unregulated AI Surveillance Stuck in the Classroom — Students, Teachers, NEP 2020 The Challenge of Universal Health Coverage India-Sri Lanka Bilateral Relations Visit Significance: Sri Lankan President Anura Kumara Dissanayake’s visit to India marks continuity in bilateral relations. Security Assurance: Dissanayake assured that Sri Lanka will not allow its territory to be used against India’s security. Relevance : GS 2 (International Relations ) Practice Question : Discuss the impact of Chinese influence on India-Sri Lanka relations and suggest ways the two countries can strengthen their bilateral ties. (250 Words ) Key Issues: Chinese Ships: Frequent presence of Chinese ships has been a major irritant in bilateral ties. Adani Group Projects: Joint statement did not mention the status of Adani Group projects. Areas of Cooperation: Agriculture and Digital Economy: India committed to helping Sri Lanka in these areas. Joint Working Group: Proposal to establish a joint working group on agriculture. Economic and Technological Cooperation Agreement (ETCA): Negotiations: 14 rounds of negotiations held so far. Focus Areas: Trade in goods, services, and technology cooperation. Fisheries Dispute: Stated Positions: Both sides stuck to their positions. Facilitation: Colombo should facilitate early meetings between fishermen’s associations. 13th Amendment to the Sri Lankan Constitution: Autonomy: Envisages autonomy to Provincial Councils. JVP Opposition: JVP ran a campaign against the Amendment. Political Dynamics: Massive Mandate: Dissanayake’s coalition secured a massive mandate in the November 14 parliamentary election. New Direction: Opportunity to show a new direction in ties with India The Legal Gaps In India’s Unregulated AI Surveillance Background: 2019 Announcement: India announced the creation of the world’s largest facial recognition system for policing. Relevance : GS 3(Technology , Internal security ) Practice Question : Analyze the constitutional and legal challenges posed by the deployment of AI-powered surveillance systems in India. Discuss need of balancing technological advancement with citizens’ privacy rights.(250 Words ) Deployment: AI-powered surveillance systems deployed across railway stations and Delhi Police preparing for AI crime patrols. Future Plans: Launching 50 AI-powered satellites to enhance surveillance infrastructure. Legal and Constitutional Concerns: Global Parallels: AI surveillance often results in “dragnet surveillance”, collecting data indiscriminately. US Example: Section 702 of FISA shows how well-intended laws can overreach, infringing on rights. Concerns in India: Telangana Police Data Breach: Revealed concerns about data collection practices. Scope of Data Collection: Hyderabad police accessed databases from social welfare schemes, raising transparency issues. Right to Privacy: Article 21: Right to privacy guaranteed under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. K.S. Puttaswamy vs Union of India (2017): Recognised privacy as a fundamental right, extending to “informational privacy”. Lack of Safeguards: Current surveillance infrastructure lacks proportional safeguards. Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA) 2023: Framework: Aimed to manage consent and ensure data privacy accountability. Criticism: Broad exemptions grant government unchecked power to process personal data. Exemptions: Section 7(g): Waives consent for data processing during epidemics. Section 7(i): Exempts government from consent for employment-related data. Citizen Obligations: Section 15(c) requires accurate data submission, potentially punitive. Impact on Civil Liberties: Western Approach: EU’s AI Act: Risk-based approach categorizing AI activities into risk levels. Prohibitions: Real-time biometric identification for law enforcement is prohibited unless exceptions apply. India’s Lack of Regulation: AI deployment without legislative debate or guidelines. Regulatory Void: Citizens vulnerable to privacy infringement, discrimination, and data breaches. Recommendations: Regulatory Framework: Needed to address AI’s impact on civil liberties. Transparent Data Collection: Public disclosure of data collection practices. Consent Mechanisms: Narrow exemptions with independent judicial oversight. Risk-Based Approach: Adopt a framework similar to the EU’s, categorizing AI activities based on risk. Conclusion: Balancing Technology and Rights: AI in governance must balance technological potential with constitutional rights. Proactive Regulatory Approach: Ensuring AI serves public interest without compromising civil liberties. Stuck in the Classroom — Students, Teachers, NEP 2020 Concern: Indian Higher Education (HE) Students: Spending more time in classrooms compared to EU and North American counterparts, but at risk of being undereducated. Relevance : GS 2(Eduction ) Practice Question :Discuss the impact of increased classroom time on the quality of education and student learning outcomes in Indian higher education institutions. Compare this with EU and North America standards? (250 Words ) Reason for Concern: Higher Proportion of Teaching Time: More time spent in courses. Higher Number of Courses: Increased number of courses per semester under the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. Contrast and Impact: EU/North America: Courses: Approximately four per semester. Lecture Time: Max three hours per course per week. Total Classroom Time: Max 12 hours per week. India: Courses: Approximately five per semester. Lecture Time: Four hours per course per week. Total Classroom Time: 20 hours per week. Result: Less time for self-study, reading, assignments, leading to exhaustion and reduced learning. Impact on Assessments: Previous System: Four courses per semester, more scope for continuous assessment. Current System: Increased classroom time reduces feasible assessments to two per course. Impact: Favors multiple choice questions over more complex assessments like term papers or reflective essays. Learning Dynamics: Risk of Rote Learning: Increased classroom time risks perpetuating school dynamics where students are passive recipients. Need for Reflective Learning: Students need time to reflect, plan, and execute their learning individually and with peers. Continuous Assessment: NEP 2020 Emphasis: Continuous assessment with three or four components over the semester. Benefits: Mix of low and high stakes assessments, continuous effort, tailored frequency and type, continuous feedback for both faculty and students. Impact on Teaching Quality: Indian Teachers: Extra classroom hours reduce time for research, course revisions, development, and cross-disciplinary collaborations. EU/North America: Two to three courses per semester, average nine hours teaching load per week. India: 14-16 hours teaching load per week, dependent on interpretation of UGC guidelines. Elite Institutions vs. Public Universities: Elite Institutions (IITs, IIMs, Central Universities): Possibly fewer than eight classroom hours per week, higher resources. Public Universities and Colleges: Bulk of teaching and learning happens here, not in elite institutions. Recommendation: Reconsider Number of Courses and Classroom Time: In new four-year undergraduate programs. Goal: Improve teaching and learning outcomes, align with global standards, reduce rote learning, enhance self-learning skills, ensure readiness for higher education. The challenge of Universal Health Coverage Current Issue: Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in India: Discussion often overlooks the complexity of multiple health systems and their unique challenges. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance ) Practice Question :What are the main challenges to achieving universal health coverage (UHC) in India, and how do regional disparities in health expenditure and health metrics impact this goal?(250 Words ) Variation in Government Health Expenditure: High Spending States: Himachal Pradesh (₹3,829), Kerala (₹2,590), Tamil Nadu (₹2,039). Low Spending States: Uttar Pradesh (₹951), Bihar (₹701). Source: National Health Accounts — Estimates for India 2019-20. State-Specific Health Metrics: West Bengal: Low Fertility Rate: 1.64. High Teenage Pregnancy Rate: 16%. Kerala and Himachal Pradesh: Low Fertility Rates: Comparable to West Bengal. Low Teenage Pregnancy Rates: 2.4% and 3.4%. Funding Gaps: West Bengal: Government health expenditure (₹1,346 per capita) is 61% of the required ₹2,205 for UHC. Madhya Pradesh: Similar shortfall with expenditure at ₹1,249 per capita. Implication: Increased government expenditure alone may not solve healthcare issues. Out-of-Pocket Expenditure: West Bengal: High out-of-pocket expenditure at 67%. Andhra Pradesh: Similar trend with 64%. Source: National Health Accounts — Estimates for India 2019-20. Design Challenges: Systemic Issues: Increased government spending not reducing out-of-pocket rates, indicating deeper systemic issues. Out-of-Pocket Expenditure: High in both poor and prosperous states (e.g., Jharkhand, Bihar, Kerala, Punjab). Public Sector Healthcare Supply: West Bengal: Adequate public sector hospitals; high C-section rates. Scheme Redundancy: Swasthya Sathi scheme may not be needed if public hospitals can provide free care. Health Concerns: High Blood Sugar Rates: Significant in West Bengal, Bihar, Gujarat. Low Hypertension Rates: Relative to other states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Telangana. Primary Care: Urgent need to address genetically inherited insulin insufficiency through primary care. Healthcare Infrastructure: Primary Health Centres: 58% shortfall in West Bengal, impacting healthcare delivery. Complex Healthcare Landscape: Unique Challenges: Healthcare is a complex system with unique local challenges. Holistic Approach: Essential to integrate public health initiatives, regional policy adaptations, and climate resilience. Recommendation: Tailored Strategies: Address health system challenges with region-specific strategies and proactive primary care. Holistic Solutions: Avoid blanket solutions, focus on unique local health profiles and cultural contexts.

Dec 18, 2024 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 December 2024

Content : Two Bills on simultaneous elections rock Parliament. Delhi remains India’s most polluted city for second day in a row. The Constitution on minority rights. Failing PDS beneficiaries in Odisha MGNREGS wages do not match rising cost of living: House panel Finance Minister asserts Q2 growth ‘blip’ is temporary Temple bodies challenge HC directive on use of elephants. Two Bills on Simultaneous Elections Rock Parliament Background: The idea of simultaneous elections, or “One Nation, One Election,” aims to synchronize the election cycles of the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies. Relevance: GS 2 (Polity & Governance) Introduction of Bills: Law Minister Arjun Ram Meghwal introduced two Bills in the Lok Sabha for implementing simultaneous elections. Constitution (129th Amendment) Bill: Passed after a 90-minute debate, with 263 members voting in favor and 198 against. Union Territories Amendment Bill: Proposes aligning elections in Puducherry, Delhi, and Jammu & Kashmir with Lok Sabha polls. Opposition’s Stance: Opposition, led by Congress, criticised the Bills as “anti-federal” and undermining the Constitution’s basic structure. Government’s Assurance: Meghwal clarified that the Bills uphold federal principles, judicial review, and states’ powers. Next Steps: The Bills will be reviewed by a Joint Parliamentary Committee. Important Provisions of Simultaneous Election Bill: Constitutional Amendments: A new Article 82A (1-6) will be introduced to facilitate simultaneous elections. Amendments proposed to Articles 83 (Parliament term) and 172 (State Assembly term) to allow synchronisation. The Election Commission of India (ECI) will manage elections under Article 82A(3). Legislative Measures: The 129th Constitution Amendment Bill proposes to curtail or extend Assembly terms to align with Lok Sabha elections. Mid-term polls will elect Lok Sabha or Assemblies for the unexpired term of the dissolved House. Exclusions: Municipal and local body elections are excluded at this stage, avoiding ratification by state legislatures. Union Territories: The Union Territories Laws (Amendment) Bill modifies Acts governing UTs to align their election schedules with the Lok Sabha. Implications: Election Cycle: Full implementation expected by 2034. Continuity Issues: Mid-term elections for incomplete terms may raise questions on governance consistency. Challenges: Requires political consensus and significant logistical changes. Delhi Remains India’s Most Polluted City for Second Day in a Row Background: Severe winter air pollution in Delhi continues to impact public health. Relevance: GS 3 (Pollution) Air Quality Index (AQI): Delhi’s AQI reached 433, categorising it as “severe.” Health Risks: PM2.5 levels were over 16 times the WHO permissible limit, endangering health. Forecast: Poor air quality is likely to persist due to reduced wind speed. Government Action: Hybrid learning reinstated in schools for Classes 10 and 12. Health Impact: CPCB cautioned that severe pollution affects even healthy individuals. Air Quality Index (AQI) Launched by the Central Government in 2014 under the Swachh Bharat Campaign. Objective: Simplify the common understanding of air pollution. Key Features Converts complex air quality data from various pollutants into a single index value, nomenclature, and colour code. Measures pollutants such as:PM10PM2.5Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂)Ozone (O₃)Carbon Monoxide (CO)Other harmful pollutants. Based on the National Air Quality Index (NAQI) provided by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Data Representation Uses a 24-hour average of pollutant levels. Provides a colour-coded system for easy public and governmental understanding. Purpose Helps in understanding the air quality condition. Guides the government and public on actionable measures to address pollution based on severity. Six Categories of AQI Good (0-50): Minimal impact on health. Satisfactory (50-100): Minor breathing discomfort for sensitive individuals. Moderately Polluted (100-200): Breathing discomfort for people with respiratory issues. Poor (200-300): Breathing discomfort for most people with prolonged exposure. Very Poor (300-400): Significant health impact, especially for sensitive groups. Severe (400-500): Serious health impact, even on healthy individuals. The Constitution on Minority Rights Background: Commemorated on December 18, Minority Rights Day highlights the 1992 UN declaration on minority rights. Relevance: GS 2 (Polity & Governance) Constituent Assembly Debate: Articles 25-30 were enacted to protect minority rights. Purpose: Ensures cultural preservation alongside individual rights. Judicial Interpretation: Recent rulings reaffirm minority rights as part of the Constitution’s basic structure. Defining Minority :The Constitution does not explicitly define ‘minority’. The Supreme Court has held that minorities should be defined at the state level, allowing groups like Hindus in Punjab and Kashmir to claim minority rights. Supreme Court Judgments :Recent judgments, including those on Aligarh Muslim University (2024) and St. Xavier’s College Society (1974), have reaffirmed that Article 30 ensures equality and non-discrimination. The right under Article 30 is part of the Constitution’s basic structure. Provisions: Article 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice, and propagation of religion. Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs. Article 27: Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion. Article 28: Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions. Article 29: Protection of culture, language, or script of minorities. Article 30: Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions. Article 350A & B: Education in the mother tongue and a special officer for linguistic minorities. Defining Minority: Determined at the state level (e.g., Hindus in Punjab). Failing PDS Beneficiaries in Odisha Context: Three women in Odisha died after consuming toxic mango kernel gruel, highlighting PDS issues. Relevance: GS 1 (Society, Poverty) PDS Delays: Digitization and e-KYC mandates caused delays in food distribution. Historical Context: Hunger deaths in marginalized Adivasi communities are recurrent. Impact on Women: High anemia rates (49%) due to poor nutrition. Accessibility Challenges: Remote areas lack proper PDS infrastructure. Policy Issues: Welfare schemes rely on universal mobile and Aadhaar access, often unfeasible in rural areas. PDS Scheme overview : Purpose: To distribute food grains and other essential commodities at affordable prices to the poor. Operational Responsibility: Joint responsibility of the Central and State Governments. Central Government Role: Procurement, storage, transportation, and bulk allocation of food grains through the Food Corporation of India (FCI). State Government Role: Allocation within the state, identification of eligible families, issue of ration cards, and supervision of Fair Price Shops (FPSs). MGNREGA Wages Do Not Match Rising Cost of Living: House Panel Context: The House panel recommended revising wages under MGNREGS to reflect inflation. Relevance: GS 2 (Governance) Key Points: Inadequate Wages: Nominal wages fail to meet rising living costs, discouraging participation. Regional Disparity: Wages range from ₹234 in Nagaland to ₹374 in Haryana. Outdated Base Rates: Based on 2019 rates or ₹100 minimum, whichever is higher. Worker Concerns: Workers demand fair, timely wages to sustain the scheme’s objectives. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) – 2005 MGNREGA is a law passed by the Indian government in 2005, ensuring the “right to work” for rural citizens. The Act guarantees a minimum of 100 days of unskilled manual work to an adult member of eligible rural households. Its primary objective is to provide employment to rural citizens and improve their economic conditions. Provisions: Eligibility Criteria: Citizen of India Age: 18 years or older at the time of application Rural Household Willingness to do unskilled work Guaranteed Employment: The Act guarantees 100 days of unskilled employment for rural citizens at the government-set minimum wage. Unemployment Allowance: If work is not assigned within 15 days, the applicant is entitled to an unemployment allowance: 1/4th of minimum wage for the first 30 days. 50% of minimum wage for the subsequent period. Social Audit: Mandated by Section 17, all works under MGNREGA are subject to a social audit to ensure transparency, community participation, and government accountability. Preference of Employment Near Residence: Work is typically provided within a 5 km radius of the applicant’s village. Travel allowances are provided for work beyond this distance. Decentralized Planning: Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) play a major role in planning, executing, and monitoring MGNREGA works. Gram Sabhas have the authority to propose work and must complete at least 50% of the total work in their respective areas. Working Conditions and Payments: Proper working conditions, medical facilities, and compensation are provided by implementing agencies. Payments are made on a weekly basis, with no delays of more than 15 days. Compensation for delays: If payment is delayed, complaints can be made and addressed within 7 days. Finance Minister Asserts Q2 Growth ‘Blip’ is Temporary Context: India’s GDP growth slowed to 5.4% in Q2 2024-25, attributed to temporary factors. Relevance: GS 3 (Economy) Temporary Nature: Sitharaman linked the slowdown to general elections and festival timing. Growth Context: India remains the fastest-growing major economy, averaging 8.3% growth over three years. Manufacturing Resilience: 50% of IIP sectors remain robust; capital expenditure rose by 6.4%. Inflation Control: Food inflation tackled via buffer stocks and subsidies. Festival Impact: Uneven consumer spending due to festival alignment. Temple Bodies Challenge HC Directive on Use of Elephants Background: Kerala HC ruled that using elephants in festivals like Thrissur Pooram is not an “essential religious practice.” Relevance: GS 2 (Polity & Governance) Cultural Significance: Elephant parades symbolize devotion and cultural heritage, central to Thrissur Pooram. Historical Continuity: The tradition spans over 200 years. Ethical Concerns: Critics highlight mistreatment and safety risks for elephants and the public. Legal Standards: Animal rights laws necessitate reevaluating traditional practices. Conclusion: Balancing cultural preservation with animal welfare and public safety is crucial. A compromise can uphold both traditions and ethical standards.

Dec 17, 2024 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 17 December 2024

Content: Urban Heat Island Effect on Top Cities Government Initiatives for the Promotion of Biofuels Urban Heat Island Effect on Top Cities The urban heat island effect is when cities are warmer than surrounding rural areas due to the concentration of buildings, roads, and other infrastructure that absorb and re-emit the sun’s heat Urbanisation and Warming in Indian Cities. Relevance : GS 3 (Environment ) Urbanisation contributes to warming through: Reduced vegetation cover. Heat-retaining construction materials. Increased energy demands. Urban planning and development is a constitutional function of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) under the 12th Schedule. Government Initiatives to Address Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT): AMRUT (Phase I):2,429 park projects worth ₹5,044.28 crore developed, adding 5,044 acres of green space. AMRUT 2.0:1,729 park projects worth ₹1,027.62 crore approved.3,078 water body rejuvenation projects worth ₹6,159.29 crore approved. Policy Guidelines by Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) Model Building Bye-Laws (MBBL), 2016: Addendum on “India Cooling Action Plan, 2019” issued as an advisory to states. Urban Green Guidelines, 2014: Guidance for creating green spaces in urban areas. Urban and Regional Development Plans Formulation and Implementation (URDPFI) Guidelines: Advocates a Compact and Green City approach to increase open/green spaces and reduce urban heat islands. Climate Smart Cities Assessment Framework (CSCAF), 2019 Focuses on energy efficiency, water and waste management, green cover, and climate adaptation. Key Findings from Cities Readiness Report 3.0: 95 cities have disaster management plans with Hazard Risk, Vulnerability, and Capacity Assessments. 85 cities meet the green cover norm of more than 12%. 76 cities have allocated budgets for rejuvenation of water bodies and open areas. 41 cities have developed or are developing Climate Action Plans. Climate Change and Temperature Trends IPCC Synthesis Report (2023): Human activities are the primary cause of global warming. Global surface temperature reached 1.1°C above pre-industrial levels (2011–2020). India’s National Temperature Trend: From 1901–2022, the annual mean temperature in India increased by 0.64°C per 100 years (TNC Report, 2023). Government Initiatives for the Promotion of Biofuels Intro : Biofuels are liquid, gaseous, or solid fuels that come from renewable biological sources, such as plants, algae, and animal products Relevance : GS 3 ( Environment ) Government Initiatives for the Promotion of Biofuels The Government, since 2014, has taken several measures to enhance blending of ethanol in petrol. These include: Expansion of feedstock for ethanol production. Administered price mechanism for procurement of sugarcane-based ethanol under the Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme. Lowered GST rate to 5% on ethanol for the EBP Programme. Ethanol Interest Subvention Schemes (EISS) (2018-22) for ethanol production from molasses and grains. Long Term Offtake Agreements (LTOAs) by Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) with Dedicated Ethanol Plants (DEPs). Notification of “Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN Yojana” (2019, amended in 2024) to provide financial support for Advanced Biofuels projects using lignocellulosic biomass and other renewable feedstock. Guidelines for sale of biodiesel for blending with high-speed diesel for transportation purposes (2019). Reduction in GST rate for biodiesel procurement for blending programmes from 12% to 5%. Amendment in the National Policy on Biofuels (2018) mandating 5% blending of biodiesel in diesel. Promotion of Compressed Biogas (CBG): Financial assistance to CBG producers for biomass aggregation machinery and pipeline infrastructure. Mandated sale of CBG in Compressed Natural Gas (Transport) and Piped Natural Gas (Domestic) segments. Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme Achievements (2023-24) (as of 30.09.2024): Payment of approximately Rs 23,100 crore to farmers. Savings of more than Rs 28,400 crore in foreign exchange. Substitution of more than 43 lakh metric tonnes of crude oil. Net reduction of about 29 lakh metric tonnes of CO2 emissions.

Dec 17, 2024 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 17 December 2024

Content: The hidden cost of greenwashing the Indian Railways Levy a higher GST rate on tobacco, sugared beverages Green hydrogen and the financing challenge The Hidden Cost of Greenwashing the Indian Railways Context : RITES Ltd., consultancy arm of Indian Railways, won contracts to repurpose six broad gauge diesel-electric locomotives for export to African railways. Relevance : GS 3(Environment ) Practice Question : Critically examine the impact of Mission 100% Electrification on the operational efficiency, environmental sustainability, and asset utilisation of Indian Railways. (250 words) Locomotives will be converted for Cape Gauge (1,067 mm) from Indian broad gauge (1,676 mm). Marks the first significant attempt at exporting second-hand locomotives post gauge conversion. Policy and Asset Management As of March 2023, 585 diesel locomotives were idling due to railway electrification; the number has since risen to 760. Over 60% of these locomotives have a residual life exceeding 15 years. Government’s rapid electrification policy rendered these assets prematurely redundant. Electrification Justifications Objectives outlined by the Ministry of Railways include: Reducing crude oil imports (foreign exchange savings). Reducing environmental pollution. Promoting renewable energy like solar and wind along railway tracks. However, railway diesel oil consumption accounts for only ~2% of the transport sector’s total diesel usage. Environmental Concerns Nearly 50% of India’s electricity is coal-generated, making electrification less environmentally sustainable. Indian Railways relies heavily on coal freight, which constitutes 40% of its total freight earnings. Electrification shifts pollution from diesel locomotives to coal-fired power plants, negating “green” claims. Economic Viability 100% electrification may not be cost-effective due to reliance on coal power and the continued use of diesel locomotives for freight and disaster management. Financial sustainability hinges on coal freight, potentially leading to a crisis if alternative commodities are not found. Redundancy and Utilization of Diesel Locomotives Indian Railways retains 2,500 diesel locomotives for disaster management and strategic purposes, questioning their utility in a “green railway.” Another 1,000 locomotives remain operational to meet traffic demands. Majority of idle locomotives face premature scrapping, representing colossal asset wastage. Flawed Policy Design Electrification should be driven by pragmatic policymaking, leading to efficient usage of taxpayers’ money. Unplanned electrification has created a dichotomy where diesel locomotives coexist with a supposed “green” railway. Levy a Higher GST Rate On Tobacco, Sugared Beverages Context : The proposed GST hike from 28% to 35% on tobacco and sugar-sweetened beverages aims to curb their consumption and address public health and fiscal challenges. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Practice Question :Discuss the potential impacts of raising the GST rate from 28% to 35% on tobacco and sugar-sweetened beverages in India. What further tax reforms could be implemented to address public health and challenges.(250 Words) GST on Harmful Products No significant GST rate increases on tobacco and sugar-sweetened beverages in the last seven years. Only two minor hikes in National Calamity Contingent Duties (NCCD) on tobacco. Products have become more affordable, undermining consumption control efforts. Proposal by Group of Ministers (GoM) Recommendation: Raise highest GST tier on tobacco and sugar-sweetened beverages from 28% to 35%. Further Tax Reforms: Essential for tackling public health and fiscal challenges. Impact of Proposed GST Rate Hike India’s Tobacco Consumption: Second-largest consumer globally. 28.6% of adults and 8.5% of students (aged 13-15) use tobacco. Leading risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Causes over 3,500 daily deaths in India. Economic burden (2017): ₹2,340 billion (1.4% of GDP). Annual tobacco tax revenue: ₹538 billion. Expected Outcomes: 35% GST rate would reduce tobacco consumption and increase tax revenues. Additional ₹43 billion annually from beedis, cigarettes, and smokeless tobacco. Higher Impact with 40% GST Rate: Greater price increase, larger consumption reduction. Additional ₹72 billion in revenue. Reduces tax burden discrepancy among tobacco products. WHO FCTC Recommendation: Comparable taxation for all tobacco products. Concerns About Illicit Trade Tobacco Industry Claims: Increased illicit trade due to higher taxes. Evidence: Tax hikes have minimal impact on illicit trade. Key Factors: Quality of tax administration, regulatory frameworks, government commitment, governance, social acceptance, and informal distribution networks. Balancing GST and Excise Taxes Current Issue: Reliance on ad valorem GST to regulate tobacco consumption. Effectiveness: Specific excise taxes more effective than ad valorem taxes. Decline in Excise Taxes: Since GST introduction, reducing effectiveness. Recommendation: Raise excise taxes alongside GST for a stronger tax framework. Proposed GST Hike on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Significance: Major contributor to obesity, diabetes, and other NCDs. 35% GST Rate: Could discourage consumption and align with public health goals. Additional Health-Focused Levies: Consider specific excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverages. Key Considerations for GST Council Raise GST Rates to 40%: For tobacco and sugar-sweetened beverages. Mixed Tax Structure: Pair with higher excise taxes. Reduce Discrepancy in Tax Burden: Among beedis, cigarettes, and smokeless tobacco. Public Health and Economic Impact: Reduce health and economic impacts while generating vital revenue. Green Hydrogen and The Financing Challenge Context : India’s Green Hydrogen Ambition Goal: Produce 5 million metric tonnes (MMT) of green hydrogen annually by 2030. Challenge: Economics of financing these projects. Relevance : GS 3(Environment ) Practice Question: Analyse the challenges and opportunities of achieving India’s goal of producing 5 million metric tonnes of green hydrogen annually by 2030. Discuss the challenges and opportunities .(250 Words ) Current Progress: Analysis by BloombergNEF: India on track to meet only 10% of its stated goal. Cost Disparity: Green hydrogen production ($5.30-$6.70 per kg) vs. grey/blue production ($1.9-$2.4 per kg). Market Deadlock: High costs hinder domestic off-take and private investment; scaling needed to reduce costs. Barriers: Key Factors: Levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) and electrolysed costs. Cost of Capital: Higher borrowing costs in emerging markets like India increase WACC, impacting overall costs. Impact of WACC: Increase from 10% to 20% can raise hydrogen costs by up to 73%. Electrolyzer Costs: $500-1,400/kW (alkaline) and $1,100-1,800/kW (proton exchange membrane). Global Perspective: Investment Status: By May 2024, only 27.6% of large-scale clean hydrogen projects had reached final investment decisions. Structural Barriers: Extend beyond technological readiness. Policy Approaches: UK: Low Carbon Hydrogen Standard Certification. Strategic Hydrogen Hubs: US, Japan, and Australia focus on integrated ecosystems. De-risking Investments: Comprehensive Policy Framework: Long-term hydrogen purchase agreements. Partial loan guarantees to reduce investor uncertainty. Regulatory sandboxes for rapid experimentation. Innovative Financial Products: Move beyond traditional project finance paradigms. Develop products for hydrogen’s unique challenges. Modular project financing for scalable phases. Anchor-plus financing models. Equipment-leasing structures for manageable operational expenses. International Collaboration: Standardised carbonintensity and hydrogenorigincertification. Cross-border partnerships for demand certainty. Strategic Focus for India: Industrial Hubs: Early projects in Odisha, Maharashtra, and Gujarat to demonstrate viable models. Financial Structuring: Integration from the outset. Price Suitability: Delivering hydrogen at competitive prices.

Dec 17, 2024 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 17 December 2024

Content: 1 . SC seeks govt. response on PIL for chemical castration. 2 .How does La Niña affect India’s climate? 3 .What is the procedure for removing judges? 4 .Wholesale food inflation eased in Nov. 5 .UN talks on drought deal in Saudi fail to produce pact. SC Seeks govt. Response on PIL for Chemical Castration Context: Supreme Court Seeks Government Response on PIL for Stricter Measures Against Sex Offenders: A law mandating chemical castration for sex offenders. A complete ban on free online pornography. Denial of bail for accused in heinous crimes against women until the trial begins. Relevance: GS 2 (Polity & Governance) The petition, filed by the Supreme Court Women Lawyers’ Association and represented by senior advocate Mahalakshmi Pavani. Advocate Pavani highlighted that 12 years after the Nirbhaya case, women still do not feel safe and called for pan-India safety guidelines for women. Court’s Observations: Justice Surya Kant described chemical castration as a “radical” suggestion. The Bench emphasized that crimes against women persist not due to a lack of laws but because of poor enforcement. Proposals : The petition asked for the Law Commission of India to consider drafting a law that includes: Chemical castration for all convicts of sexual offences against women and children. Permanent castration for those sentenced to life imprisonment or the death penalty. It also proposed fast-track courts to expedite cases involving serious crimes. How does La Niña affect India’s climate? Context: La Niña is significantly influences global weather, particularly in India, where it impacts the monsoon and winter seasons. Relevance: GS 1 (Geography ) , GS 3 (Climate Change) La Niña is a climate phenomenon that occurs when the ocean surface temperatures in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific cool periodically. The term “La Niña” is Spanish for “little girl”. Monsoon Impact: Brings normal or above-normal rainfall during India’s monsoon season, boosting agriculture. Winter Impact: Results in colder winters, especially in northern India. Global Effects: Leads to droughts in Africa and intensifies hurricanes in the Atlantic. Current Situation (2024): A low 57% likelihood of La Niña forming this winter. If it forms, it is expected to remain weak. Meteorological Insights: Higher wind speeds during La Niña winters may reduce air pollution. Lower Planetary Boundary Layer Height (PBLH) could trap pollutants near the ground. Future Outlook A persistent La Niña into 2025 could: Mitigate summer heatwaves. Support robust monsoons, contrasting with the disruptive effects of El Niño. What is the Procedure for Removing Judges? Context: Fifty-five Rajya Sabha MPs filed a motion seeking Justice Yadav’s removal. Relevance: GS 2 (Polity) Issue: Justice Shekhar Kumar Yadav of the Allahabad High Court made communally charged remarks, stating the country should be run by the majority’s wishes. His speech violates the Reinstatement of Values of Judicial Life (1997), which mandates judicial impartiality and integrity. While the Judges (Inquiry) Bill, 2006 proposed minor penalties for misconduct, it remains unpassed. The stringent removal process ensures judicial independence but often delays action, even in cases of proven misconduct. Procedure for Removal: Articles 124 and 217 of the Constitution provide for the removal of Supreme Court or High Court judges on grounds of ‘proved misbehaviour’ or ‘incapacity’. Removal requires: Motion passed in both Houses of Parliament by a special majority (two-thirds of members present and voting, plus a majority of total membership). Approval by the President of India. The Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 outlines the process: 1. Notice of Motion: Signed by 50 Rajya Sabha or 100 Lok Sabha members. 2. Admittance: By the Chairman or Speaker. 3. Inquiry Committee: Comprising judges and a jurist investigates. 4. Parliamentary Vote: If the judge is found guilty, the motion proceeds. The Chairman of the Rajya Sabha is unlikely to admit the motion, while the Supreme Court has sought details of Justice Yadav’s speech, highlighting the need for judges to uphold the dignity of their office. Wholesale Food Inflation Eased in NOV Context: Overall inflation in wholesale prices cooled to a three-month low of 1.9% Relevance: GS 3 (Inflation) Overall Inflation: Wholesale price inflation eased to 1.89% in November, compared to 2.4% in October. Food Price Trends: Food price inflation declined to 8.9% from 11.6%. Vegetable inflation fell sharply to 28.6% from over 63%. Potato prices surged by 82.8%, while onion inflation dropped to 2.85%. Primary Articles and Fuel: Inflation for primary articles reduced to 5.5% from 8.1%. Prices in the fuel and power category declined by 5.83% year-on-year. Manufactured Products: Inflation for manufactured products rose to 2%, driven by higher prices for food products, furniture, and pharmaceuticals. Economic Impact: Rising prices of food and manufacturing inputs are likely to squeeze industry profit margins, indicating economic challenges ahead. UN talks On Drought Deal in Saudi Fail To Produce Pact Context: The 12-day meeting of parties to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), known as COP16, concluded as parties tried to finalise a deal. Relevance : GS 3(Climate Change ) Negotiation Outcome: The UN-hosted COP16 talks in Saudi Arabia failed to produce a binding protocol on drought response. The meeting concluded a day later than planned, with negotiators unable to finalise an agreement. Progress Made: While no binding deal was reached, significant progress was made toward a future global drought regime, with plans to finalise it at COP17 in 2026 in Mongolia. Drought Impact: Droughts, exacerbated by environmental destruction, cost over $300 billion annually. By 2050, 75% of the global population is expected to be affected by drought. Disagreements on Framework: Developed nations pushed for a non-binding framework, while African countries and indigenous groups sought a binding protocol to hold governments accountable for drought preparedness. Financial Support: The talks resulted in over $12 billion in pledges, aimed at bolstering drought resilience, alongside the formation of the Riyadh Global Drought Resilience Partnership. Future Goals: The UNCCD emphasised the need to restore 1.5 billion hectares of land by the decade’s end, requiring $2.6 trillion in global investments.

Dec 16, 2024 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 16 December 2024

Content: Public Sector Banks – A Resurgent Force Prime Minister pays tributes to Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel on his death anniversary Public Sector Banks – A Resurgent Force A public sector bank (PSB) is a bank that is owned by the government, either directly or through other government agencies or corporate bodies. The government holds a majority stake in the bank, usually more than 50%. Relevance : GS 3 (Economy ) Financial Performance Net Profit Milestone:PSBs recorded the highest-ever net profit of ₹1.41 lakh crore in FY 2023-24.Achieved ₹85,520 crore net profit in H1 2024-25. Dividend Contribution:₹61,964 crore distributed as dividends over the last three years. Improved Asset Quality:GNPA ratio reduced to 3.12% in September 2024 from 14.58% in March 2018. Resilience Indicators Capital Strength:CRAR rose to 15.43% (September 2024), exceeding RBI’s 11.5% requirement. 4R Strategy:Recognition, Resolution, Recapitalisation, and Reform addressed NPA challenges effectively. Financial Inclusion Achievements Key Statistics:54 crore Jan Dhan accounts and 52 crore collateral-free loans sanctioned under flagship schemes.Bank branches increased to 1,60,501 in September 2024, with 1,00,686 in rural and semi-urban areas. MSME Support:Advances grew at a CAGR of 15% over three years, reaching ₹28.04 lakh crore (March 2024). Kisan Credit Cards:7.71 crore active accounts with ₹9.88 lakh crore outstanding credit (September 2024). EASE Framework Focus on governance, risk management, technology, and customer-centric reforms. Enhanced Access & Service Excellence (EASE) initiatives helped institutionalise reforms and improve banking services. Prime Minister Pays Tributes to Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel on His Death Anniversary The Prime Minister paid tributes to Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel on his death anniversary yesterday. He remarked that Shri Patel’s personality and work will continue to be an inspiration for the citizens for the unity, integrity of the nation and the achievement of the resolution of a developed India. Relevance : GS 1(Modern History ) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Early Life and Education Born: October 31, 1875, Nadiad, Gujarat. Parents: Jhaverbhai Patel and Ladba Patel. Became a successful barrister after completing law at the Middle Temple, England (age 36). Early Political Career 1917: Joined as Sanitation Commissioner of Ahmedabad. 1924-1928: Chairman, Ahmedabad Municipal Committee; implemented reforms in sanitation, urban planning, and water supply. 1917: Secretary of Gujarat Sabha; supported Gandhi’s campaigns. 1931: President, Karachi Session of INC; resolutions on Fundamental Rights and National Economic Program passed. Role in Indian National Movement Kheda Satyagraha (1918): Secured exemption from land revenue due to crop failure. Outcome: Relief granted after three months of agitation. Non-Cooperation Movement (1920): Gave up legal practice to boycott British goods and promote Swadeshi. Bardoli Satyagraha (1928): Protested against unjust revenue hike; successfully negotiated rollback. Earned the title “Sardar” from the women of Bardoli. Quit India Movement (1942): Supported INC’s resolution; arrested and imprisoned at Ahmednagar Fort. Contributions to Post-Independence India Integration of Princely States: Successfully integrated over 562 princely states. Key efforts in Hyderabad, Junagadh, and Kashmir. Prevented the Balkanization of India; earned the title “Iron Man of India.” Father of All India Services: Established the All India Services (IAS, IPS, etc.). Described as the “Steel Frame” for India’s administrative unity. Death and Legacy Died: December 15, 1950. Legacy: Statue of Unity (2018): World’s tallest statue in his honor. Symbol of national integrity, unity, and leadership

Dec 16, 2024 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 16 December 2024

Content: 1. Let’s talk about ‘one candidate, multiple constituencies’ 2. India’s firmer attempts at mineral diplomacy 3. Warding off Fire: Fire Safety in Hospitals Let’s Talk About ‘One Candidate, Multiple Constituencies’ Background : Indian Constitution mandates elections every five years but allows Parliament to regulate elections through the Representation of the People (RP) Act, 1951. Earlier, candidates could contest from multiple constituencies; in 1996, the RP Act was amended to limit this to two constituencies. Relevance: GS 2(Indian Polity ) Practice Question: Discuss the implications of the practice of “One candidate, multiple constituencies” (OCMC) in Indian elections. What are the challenges and advantages of this practice?(250 Words ) Challenges of OCMC Cost Burden on Taxpayers By-elections due to seat vacancies cost the exchequer significantly (e.g., ₹130 crore for 10 by-elections in 2024). Political party spending, often from unaccounted sources, adds further strain. Non-Level Playing Field By-elections favour ruling parties due to their resource mobilisation capabilities, disadvantaging the Opposition. Repeated Financial Burden Defeated candidates must spend resources again during by-elections, increasing their financial strain. Erosion of Democratic Principles Candidates hedge risks by contesting from multiple seats, prioritising personal interests over voters’ needs. Voter trust and turnout suffer when leaders vacate constituencies (e.g., Wayanad bypoll turnout dropped in 2024). Promotion of Leader-Centric Politics Used as a strategy by leader- or family-centric parties to maintain dominance, diluting collective party ethos. Violation of Voter Rights Argued to infringe on voters’ right to representation under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution. Advantages of OCMC Safety Mechanism Reduces risk for leaders in tightly contested constituencies. Leadership Continuity Ensures transition or retention of party leaders in case of constituency defeat (e.g., Mamata Banerjee in 2021, Pushkar Dhami in 2022). International Perspective Pakistan & Bangladesh: No/limited restrictions on contesting multiple constituencies, with candidates required to relinquish extra seats. United Kingdom: Banned OCMC in 1983. Europe: Most democracies have eliminated the practice for clarity and accountability. Recommendations for Reform Ban OCMC Amend Section 33(7) of the RP Act, 1951, to prohibit multiple candidacies, as recommended by the ECI (2004) and Law Commission (2015). Recover By-Election Costs Impose the full cost of by-elections on candidates vacating seats to discourage the practice. Delay By-Elections Amend Section 151A of the RP Act to hold by-elections after one year, ensuring fair preparation and informed voting. India’s Firmer Attempts At Mineral Diplomacy Intro : Critical minerals are essential for modern technology, renewable energy systems, and defence applications, including lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements. They are termed “critical” because they are vital for economic and national security but have vulnerable supply chains often concentrated in a few countries. Relevance: GS 3(Minerals, Supply Chain) Practice Question : Discuss the recent efforts made by India regarding minerals diplomacy and suggest measures to overcome existing challenges.” (15 marks, 250 words) Importance of Critical Minerals Vital for India’s manufacturing and technology ambitions. Heavy dependence on imports, particularly from China, poses strategic risks. Weaponisation of Resources Highlighted by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh as a growing threat. Strategies in Mineral Diplomacy Developing Bilateral Ties Focus on resource-rich nations like Australia, Argentina, the U.S., Russia, and Kazakhstan. KABIL (Khanij Bidesh India Ltd.): Established in 2019 to ensure critical mineral supply. Signed MoUs with Australia (2022) and Argentina (2024) for lithium and cobalt exploration. Private Sector Participation Example: Altmin Private Limited’s agreement with Bolivia’s YLB for Li-ion battery raw materials. Central Asia Engagement Joint ventures like IREUK Titanium Limited with Kazakhstan. Proposal for an India-Central Asia Rare Earths Forum. International Partnerships Engagement in Quad, IPEF, Mineral Security Partnership (MSP), and G-7 for critical mineral supply chains. Collaboration with the International Energy Agency to align with global best practices. Challenges in Mineral Diplomacy Lack of Private Sector Participation Absence of a clear roadmap and supply chain strategy. Weak Diplomatic Capacity No dedicated mineral diplomacy division in the Ministry of External Affairs. Need for Sustainable Partnerships Limited focus on trusted and long-term alliances, especially with Quad and EU nations. Way Forward Comprehensive Supply Chain Strategy Incorporate private sector roles aligned with national security and growth priorities. Strengthen Diplomatic Efforts Create a mineral diplomacy division within MEA. Deploy mineral experts in key diplomatic missions. Forge Sustainable Partnerships Prioritise collaborations with technologically advanced partners like the EU, South Korea, and Quad members. Warding off Fire: Fire Safety in Hospitals Context : Growing fire accidents within hospitals resulting in loss of lives. Relevance: GS 3( Disaster Management) Practice Question : There is a growing systematic failures in infrastructure and safety measures within hospitals as evident by recent fire accidents . Suggest measures to handle them .(250 Words ) Fire Incidents in Hospitals Recent incident: City Hospital, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, resulted in six deaths, including a child. Victims were trapped in a lift; suffocation due to smoke was the primary cause of death. Previous incidents: November 2024: 10 newborns died in a fire at Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College, Uttar Pradesh. May 2024: Seven newborns died at a private facility in East Delhi due to fire. Neglect of Hospital Infrastructure Fireproofing of hospitals is low-priority across public and private sectors. Inadequate maintenance of hospital equipment and lack of robust fire safety measures. Current Issues in Fire Safety Non-adherence to fire safety norms despite existing regulations. Poor awareness and training among hospital staff to handle emergencies. Lack of periodic renewal and genuine inspection of fire licenses. Human Cost of Fire Negligence Vulnerable populations, such as patients, are most affected. Structural and operational flaws lead to preventable loss of lives. Recommendations Enforcement of Fire Safety Regulations Strict adherence to the National Building Code (NBC) and hospital-specific fire safety norms. Regular inspections and renewal of fire licenses by competent authorities. Hospital Infrastructure Upgrades Installation of fireproof materials, smoke detectors, and sprinkler systems. Functional and accessible escape routes in all hospitals. Staff Training and Awareness Mandatory fire safety drills for hospital staff. Training to handle emergency situations, including evacuation protocols. Accountability and Oversight Penalties for hospitals failing fire safety audits. Public listing of hospitals compliant with fire safety norms.

Dec 16, 2024 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 16 December 2024

Content: 1.The digital frontier of inequality. 2.Over 78% of top paid H-1B applicants were from India. 3.How would a carbon market function? 4.Why simultaneous elections are impractical and complicated. 5.Centre launches Jalvahak scheme for cargo movement via inland waterways. 6.Can we make black holes reveal themselves in echoes of light. The Digital Frontier of inequality. Context: India’s digital revolution has brought rapid growth in mobile and internet connectivity but also an increase in tech-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV). Relevance: GS 2 (Social Justice) Digital Growth: 1.18 billion mobile connections, 700 million internet users & 600 million smartphones. Initiatives: ‘Ab Koi Bahana Nahi’: Campaign awareness against Gender Based Violence(GBV) under UN Women’s ‘16 Days of Activism.’ Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana: 55.6% of accounts held by women, aiding rural financial inclusion. Challenges: Rise in online harassment, cyberstalking, and low digital literacy among women, especially in rural areas. Measures: Legal frameworks: IT Act, 2000, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2024. Programs: Digital Shakti for online safety, National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal for anonymous reporting. Strategies: Strengthen laws, promote digital literacy, engage communities, and partner with tech companies for safety tools. India must balance digital growth with robust measures to address TFGBV and foster a secure digital environment for all. Over 78% of top paid H-1B applicants were from India Context: Recent data from Bloomberg and USCIS reveals that Indian professionals dominate the high-paid H-1B visa segment, with smaller U.S. firms playing a key role. Relevance: GS 2 (International Relations) Indian Dominance: 78% of H-1B applicants earning over $1M annually are Indian. Over 25% of these applicants are women. Company Sponsorship: 65% of high-paid Indian applicants are sponsored by smaller U.S. companies. U.S.-based sponsors generally offer higher salaries than Indian-based firms. H-1B Process: Annual lottery in April; employers submit petitions with salary and job details. Data Summary: Out of ~1 lakh approved petitions (2021-2024), only 123 offered salaries above $1M; 96 were from India. Most high-paying petitions come from smaller firms. How would a carbon market function? Context: COP29 in Baku approved standards to establish an international carbon market by next year, aiming to curb global carbon emissions. Relevance: GS 3 (Environmental issues) Carbon Market Basics: Facilitates buying and selling of carbon credits, each equal to 1,000 kg of CO₂. Origins: Evolved from the 1990s U.S. cap-and-trade system for sulphur dioxide control. Benefits: Incentivizes emission reductions through financial costs. Technology aids in monitoring emissions effectively. Challenges: Developing nations face barriers in carbon accounting. Corporates favor voluntary reporting over strict regulation. Concerns: Governments could manipulate credit supply. Misuse of offsets may undermine genuine emission cuts. Why simultaneous elections are impractical and complicated Context:The concept of “one nation, one election” has sparked debate, with two enabling Bills postponed in the Winter Session of Parliament. Relevance: GS 2 (Polity & Governance) Arguments in Favor: Cost Reduction: Simultaneous elections would lower the expenses of conducting polls. Governance Focus: Reduces the need for constant campaigning, allowing political parties to focus on governance for five years. Criticisms: Logistical Challenges: Conducting elections for 1.4 billion people simultaneously is impractical, given multi-phase polling for even State elections. Undermines Federalism: Risks blending distinct State and national issues, weakening State-level democratic representation. Threat to Parliamentary Democracy: A rigid election cycle clashes with the need for governments to hold the House’s confidence. Proposals like President’s Rule or shortened Assembly terms erode democracy and federal principles. Encourages Horse-Trading: Defections may rise to avoid government collapses, favoring wealthier political parties. Diminished Public Participation: Regular elections ensure continuous engagement and debate, which simultaneous polls would reduce. Centre launches Jalvahak scheme for cargo movement via inland waterways Context: The Centre launched the Jalvahak scheme to enhance long-haul cargo transport via National Waterways 1 (Ganga), 2 (Brahmaputra), and 16 (Barak). Relevance: GS 2 (Polity & Governance) Objective Promote economical, eco-friendly, and efficient cargo movement to decongest railways and roadways. Incentives: Up to 35% reimbursement of operating costs. Encourages hiring vessels owned/operated by government entities. Validity: The scheme is valid for three years. Operational Details Fixed day scheduled sailing services launched from Kolkata to Patna, Varanasi (NW-1), and Guwahati (NW-2) via the Indo-Bangladesh Protocol Route. UltraTech Cement became the first company to use NW-1 for large-scale gypsum transport. Significance: The scheme optimizes supply chains, benefits major shipping companies, and strengthens the waterways’ role in India’s logistics network. Can we make black holes reveal themselves in echoes of light? Context : A recent study in Astrophysical Journal Letters proposes a novel method to measure black hole properties using light echoes, a phenomenon predicted by Einstein’s general relativity. Relevance: GS 3 (Space) What are Light Echoes? When light passes near a black hole, its path bends due to the black hole’s gravity, creating time-delayed “echoes.” The behavior of light echoes depends on the black hole’s mass and spin. New Measurement Technique Traditional methods face challenges due to interference from hot gases and radiation around black holes. Light echoes provide a clearer signal, offering a more precise way to determine black hole mass and angular momentum. Testing the Method Using simulations and data from the Event Horizon Telescope, researchers analyzed light around the M87 black hole. They measured time delays in light beams, correlating them to the black hole’s characteristics. Technological Requirements Detecting light echoes requires long-baseline interferometry, using telescopes spaced far apart, including one on Earth and one in space. Implications This method could confirm general relativity’s predictions about black holes. It provides a new approach to studying spacetime geometry and the structure of supermassive black holes. This technique represents a significant step forward in understanding black holes and their effects on light.

Dec 14, 2024 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 14 December 2024

Content: 1. National Energy Conservation Day 2. Steps taken by the Government to reduce Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure National Energy Conservation Day Introduction Celebrated annually on December 14 to promote energy conservation and efficiency. Symbolizes India’s commitment to sustainable development under the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), Ministry of Power. Relevance: GS 3(Energy, Environment) Significance: Highlights the importance of energy conservation. Introduced in 1991 to encourage sustainable energy practices. National Energy Conservation Awards (NECA): Instituted in 1991 to honor industries and institutions excelling in energy efficiency. Recognizes innovative measures and sets benchmarks for energy conservation. NECA 2024 to spotlight impactful projects and inspire adoption of best practices. Government Initiatives Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT): Targets energy reduction in energy-intensive industries. Saves ₹55,000 crore annually; avoids 110 million tons of CO₂ emissions. Standards and Labelling (S&L): Informs consumers about energy-efficient appliances. Covers 38 appliances, including 16 under mandatory labeling. Go Electric Campaign: Promotes adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and electric cooking. EV Yatra Portal & App: Launched in 2022 to provide EV charging station data and promote e-mobility. UJALA Scheme: Provides affordable LED bulbs and tube lights to domestic consumers. Saves 176.2 billion kWh annually; reduces 125 million tons of CO₂ emissions. Street Lighting National Programme (SLNP): Replaces conventional street lights with LED lights. Saves 8.76 billion kWh/year and reduces 6.03 million tons of CO₂ emissions annually. The Road Ahead Emphasizes collective efforts in energy conservation. Aligns individual actions with national goals for a sustainable and greener future. Steps Taken By The Government To Reduce Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE) refers to payment made by individuals or households for healthcare services without reimbursement from insurance , government programs , etc Relevance: GS 2(Health, Governance) It includes expenses for: Doctor consultations Medicines Diagnostic tests Hospitalization charges Medical equipment or devices Other healthcare-related costs not covered by insurance. Why is OOPE significant? Financial Burden: High OOPE can lead to finlancial distress, pushing families into poverty, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Healthcare Access: High OOPE reduces access to healthcare for economically weaker sections. Policy Indicator: A high percentage of OOPE indicates inadequate public health funding and weak insurance systems. Decline in OOPE Reduction: OOPE as a percentage of Total Health Expenditure (THE) reduced from 48.8% in 2017-18 to 39.4% in 2021-22. State-wise Improvements: States like Karnataka, Assam, and Jammu & Kashmir showed significant reductions in OOPE. Increased Budget Allocation for Healthcare Department of Health & Family Welfare:Budget allocation increased by 85% from ₹47,353 crore (2017-18) to ₹87,657 crore (2024-25). 15th Finance Commission Grants: ₹70,051 crore allocated through local governments for health. Ayushman Bharat Initiatives Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs): 1,75,418 centers established by transforming Sub-Health Centres (SHCs) and Primary Health Centres (PHCs). Provide comprehensive primary healthcare services, including preventive, promotive, curative, and rehabilitative care. PM-JAY: Health coverage of ₹5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary care. Covers approximately 55 crore beneficiaries, constituting 40% of the population. Health coverage extended to senior citizens (70+) irrespective of income. National Health Mission (NHM) Strengthens health infrastructure, human resources, and accessibility to quality healthcare, especially for underserved rural populations. Pradhan Mantri – Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM) Focuses on developing primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare capacities. Budget: ₹64,180 crore. Establishes new institutions to manage emerging diseases. Affordable Medicine and Diagnostic Services National Free Drugs and Diagnostics Services: Reduces OOPE by ensuring essential drugs and diagnostic facilities at public health centers. PM Bharatiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP): Provides quality generic medicines at affordable prices. AMRIT Pharmacies: Offer affordable medicines and implants in hospitals. Encouraging States to Increase Health Budgets The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) urged states to enhance health budgets by at least 10% annually. Impact Highlights OOPE Decline: States like Kerala, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh witnessed notable improvements. Infrastructure Growth: Rural and urban health centers strengthened, improving access to care. Financial Protections: Insurance coverage via PM-JAY reduced catastrophic health expenditure

Dec 14, 2024 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 14 December 2024

Content: 1. Trump’s return and the South Asia outlook 2. Welcome spotlight Trump’s Return and the South Asia outlook Context: Donald Trump’s potential return could reshape South Asia’s geopolitics by reducing focus on democracy and emphasizing strategic and defense cooperation with India, impacting the region’s balance between U.S. and China. Relevance: GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question: Discuss the potential impact of Donald Trump’s return to the U.S. presidency on South Asia, with a focus on U.S.-India ties and regional geopolitics.(250 Words) Continuity in U.S.-India Ties Upward Trajectory: India-U.S. relations have grown since 2000, with the U.S. recognizing India as a net-security provider in 2009. Strategic Cooperation: Strengthened under the Indo-Pacific strategy to counter China. Joint efforts in Nepal (MCC projects) and Sri Lanka (economic crisis resolution). Shared Vision: Both nations align on regional leadership to uphold a values-based order against China. Challenges in the Relationship Divergences Under Biden: Selective scrutiny of democracy and human rights led to U.S. pressure on Bangladesh (Sheikh Hasina) and Myanmar, pushing them closer to China. Sanctions on Indian firms collaborating with Russia disrupted Indian projects in Sri Lanka. India’s Approach: Pragmatic engagement with neighboring regimes sometimes conflicted with U.S. policies. Trump’s Potential Impact on U.S.-India Ties Reduced Irritants: Likely focus on burden sharing, reciprocity, and countering China with less emphasis on democracy and human rights. Encouragement for India to lead regionally, with U.S. playing a supportive role. Policy Priorities: Capacity building, development assistance, and defense cooperation with South Asian countries to continue. Lesser focus on nation-building benefits countries like Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Afghanistan. Implications for South Asia China’s Role: Trump’s confrontational approach toward China will put pressure on South Asian countries to align with U.S. interests. Reduced tolerance for countries leveraging great power competition. Challenges for Bangladesh: Likely reduced U.S. assistance during its political transition under a new regime. Benefits for Others: Economic support for Sri Lanka amid its recovery efforts. Possible engagement with Myanmar and the Taliban, though scope remains unclear. Economic and Regional Dynamics Impact on South Asian Economies: Potential easing of food and fuel inflation if Trump resolves global conflicts like the Russia-Ukraine war and West Asian crises. Reciprocity Demands: South Asian nations may face increased U.S. pressure to reciprocate on investments, defense cooperation, and agreements. Opportunities and Challenges For India: Likely enhanced collaboration to counter China. Potential bridging of divergences seen under the Biden administration. For the Region: Balancing relations with China and India under Trump’s leadership remains a challenge. Structural shifts in global politics under “Trump 2.0” will shape South Asia’s future. Welcome Spotlight Background: The Supreme Court is monitoring the aftermath of ethnic violence in Manipur that erupted a year and a half ago. Focus areas include destruction of property, sexual violence, and ongoing ethnic hostilities. Relevance : GS 2 ( Judiciary) ,GS 3( Internal Security ) Practice Question: Discuss the judiciary’s role in addressing the Manipur violence and suggest steps for sustainable resolution of ethnic conflicts in India.(250 words) Background : Ethnic Composition: Manipur has three major groups: Meiteis: Form about 53% of the population, mostly in the Imphal Valley. Nagas and Kukis:Live in the hill districts, forming the tribal population. Cause of Ethnic Tensions: Demand by Meiteis for Scheduled Tribe (ST) status led to fears of reduced opportunities and land rights among hill tribes. Historical distrust between Meiteis and Kuki-Zomi tribes over resource allocation, land ownership, and political representation. Immediate Trigger (May 2023): A tribal solidarity march opposing Meitei ST demand turned violent. Widespread ethnic clashes led to deaths, destruction of property, and displacement of thousands. Key Issues in the Violence: Sexual Violence: Shocking incidents of sexual violence were reported, including parading of women. Destruction: Targeted attacks on homes, religious places, and institutions, further dividing communities. Displacement: Over 221 killed and over 60,000 people displaced, with many seeking refuge in relief camps. Armed Groups: Rise of non-state actors with looted sophisticated weapons from police armories Judiciary’s Role: The Court extended the tenure of the Justice Gita Mittal-led Committee to oversee investigations, humanitarian relief, and accountability. The judiciary stepped in due to the perceived ineffectiveness governments in addressing the crisis. Key Concerns: Rise of Non-State Actors: Armed groups, some equipped with looted state weapons, exert influence and escalate violence. Ethnic Divide: Political representatives remain divided along ethnic lines, complicating the resolution process. Government’s Position: The government claims efforts to restore normalcy but progress remains insufficient. Judiciary’s Observations: The Court has emphasized the need for transparency and accountability. It highlights that conflict resolution requires trust-building mechanisms like “truth and reconciliation.” Steps Needed: Restoration of Rule of Law: Address the rise of non-state actors and retrieve looted arms. Political Bridging: Encourage dialogue and convergence between divided ethnic groups. Transparency: Publicize findings of the Justice Mittal Committee to build trust. Adopt Global Practices: Implement conflict resolution mechanisms such as “truth and reconciliation” to rebuild fractured relationships.

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