Content
The need for diversity in the judiciary
Centre to bring 1,954 border villages under development scheme
Loggerhead turtles facing threats from climate change
AI Disruption & Indian IT – Bridging the “Deployment Gap”
IEA – State of Energy Innovation 2026
International Solar Alliance (ISA) – Global AI-for-Energy Mission (2026)
Lion-Tailed Macaque – Survival in Fragmented Western Ghats & Conservation Policy Crossroads
The need for diversity in the judiciary
A. Issue in Brief
A Private Member Bill seeks to amend Article 124 of the Constitution to mandate regional benches of the Supreme Court and alter the judicial appointments process.
The proposal aims to enhance access to justice, regional representation, and diversity in higher judiciary appointments.
It revives debate over the Collegium system vs. NJAC model, judicial independence, and democratic accountability in appointments.
The issue intersects with broader concerns about regional imbalance, social diversity in judiciary, and institutional transparency.
Relevance
GS 2 (Polity & Governance):
Reform of judicial appointments under Article 124.
Debate: Collegium vs NJAC (99th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2014).
Regional benches under Article 130 for access to justice.
Basic Structure Doctrine – judicial independence.
GS 2 (Federalism & Access to Justice):
Regional imbalance in SC accessibility.
Law Commission 229th Report – Constitution Bench + Cassation Benches model.
B. Constitutional / Legal Framework
Article 124 provides for the establishment of the Supreme Court of India, with judges appointed by the President after consultation with the judiciary.
The Second Judges Case (1993) and Third Judges Case (1998) established the Collegium system, giving primacy to the Chief Justice of India and senior judges.
The 99th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2014 created the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC), later struck down in Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India (2015).
The Court held NJAC unconstitutional for violating the Basic Structure Doctrine, particularly the principle of judicial independence.
Article 130 permits the Supreme Court to sit elsewhere with Presidential approval, but it has not operationalised permanent regional benches.
C. Governance / Administrative Dimensions
The Supreme Court currently functions only from New Delhi, limiting accessibility for litigants from southern, eastern, and northeastern regions.
Over 90,000 pending cases reflect case backlog pressures on centralised adjudication.
The Bill proposes regional benches, potentially reducing travel costs, delays, and procedural inequality.
Administrative decentralisation could enhance efficiency but risks fragmenting constitutional jurisprudence if not carefully structured.
D. Collegium vs. Reform Debate
The Collegium system ensures judicial primacy, protecting appointments from executive interference.
However, it faces criticism for opacity, lack of diversity, and limited accountability.
Representation of SC, ST, OBC, minorities, and women in higher judiciary remains disproportionately low relative to population share.
Calls for reform emphasise institutional transparency, broader consultation, and structured evaluation criteria without compromising independence.
E. Federal & Access to Justice Dimension
Regional benches could promote cooperative federalism by addressing geographical inequities in judicial access.
The Law Commission (229th Report, 2009) recommended splitting the Supreme Court into a Constitution Bench at Delhi and regional Cassation Benches.
Greater regional presence may reduce burden on litigants from distant states and enhance inclusivity.
However, concerns persist regarding uniformity in constitutional interpretation across benches.
F. Social Justice & Diversity
Diversity in judiciary strengthens legitimacy and public confidence in constitutional adjudication.
Marginalised groups remain underrepresented in higher judiciary appointments, raising concerns about systemic exclusion.
Institutional reforms must align with Articles 14 and 16, promoting equality and fairness in public appointments.
Inclusive judicial composition enhances sensitivity to socio-economic realities in constitutional interpretation.
G. Challenges / Risks
Altering the appointments process risks constitutional confrontation over basic structure limits.
Executive involvement beyond consultative role may dilute judicial independence.
Regional benches could create jurisdictional confusion and forum shopping.
Political resistance and inter-institutional mistrust may stall reform attempts.
H. Way Forward
Enhance Collegium transparency through publication of selection criteria and reasons for appointments.
Consider establishing regional benches for appellate matters, retaining a single Constitution Bench in Delhi.
Institutionalise diversity benchmarks without formal quotas to maintain constitutional balance.
Strengthen judicial infrastructure, digitisation, and hybrid hearings to expand access without structural fragmentation.
Promote sustained dialogue between judiciary, executive, and legislature to avoid adversarial reform cycles.
I. Prelims Pointers
Article 124 – Establishment and appointment of Supreme Court judges.
Article 130 – Supreme Court’s seat and possible alternate locations.
99th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2014 – Created NJAC (struck down in 2015).
Second & Third Judges Cases – Established and clarified Collegium primacy.
Basic Structure Doctrine – Judicial independence is part of it.
Practice Question
“Discuss the constitutional and governance implications of establishing regional benches of the Supreme Court and reforming the judicial appointments process in India.”(250 Words)
Centre to bring 1,954 border villages under development scheme
A. Issue in Brief
Vibrant Village Programme (VVP) was launched in 2023 to develop strategically located villages along the India–China border, addressing depopulation and infrastructure gaps.
VVP-II, cleared by the Union Cabinet in April 2025, expands coverage to 1,954 strategic villages along borders with Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Myanmar.
The programme spans 15 States and 2 Union Territories, reflecting a comprehensive border development strategy beyond the northern frontier.
VVP-II aims to enhance livelihood generation, social cohesion, infrastructure, and national integration, transforming border villages into active economic and security assets.
Relevance:
GS 3 (Internal Security):
Development-led security strategy.
Active villages as deterrence against infiltration.
Multi-front border focus (China, Pakistan, Nepal, etc.).
B. Constitutional / Legal Dimensions
Border management falls under Union List (Entries 1 & 2 – Defence and Armed Forces), justifying central intervention in border infrastructure.
Article 355 obligates the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance; border development strengthens preventive security.
Promotes objectives under Article 38 (reduce inequalities) and Article 39(b) (equitable distribution of resources).
Aligns with cooperative federalism by implementing central schemes in coordination with border States.
C. Governance / Administrative Dimensions
Border villages often suffer from outmigration, infrastructure deficits, and limited state presence, weakening frontier resilience.
VVP-II seeks convergence with schemes such as PMGSY, Jal Jeevan Mission, PMAY-G, and digital connectivity initiatives.
Focus on “last village as first village” approach shifts narrative from peripheral neglect to strategic prioritisation.
Launch at Nathanpur village (Cachar district, Assam) symbolises eastern frontier focus under Act East Policy.
D. Economic Dimensions
Promotes diversified livelihood opportunities, including agriculture, horticulture, handlooms, eco-tourism, and border trade.
Reduces distress migration, strengthening local economies and preserving demographic stability in sensitive zones.
Infrastructure investment improves market access, logistics efficiency, and rural entrepreneurship.
Integrates border communities into national growth trajectories, preventing economic marginalisation.
E. Social / National Integration Dimensions
Enhances cultural assimilation and social cohesion, reducing vulnerability to cross-border influence and alienation.
Strengthens national identity by ensuring border residents feel connected to mainstream development.
Addresses service gaps in education, healthcare, and skill development, improving quality of life indicators.
Supports inclusive growth in ethnically diverse and tribal-dominated border belts.
F. Security & Strategic Dimensions
Development-led security approach complements traditional military border management.
Populated and economically active villages act as first line of defence against infiltration, smuggling, and illegal migration.
Extends strategic focus beyond China to western and eastern borders, reflecting a multi-front security doctrine.
Aligns with infrastructure push under Border Area Development Programme (BADP) and broader national security strategy.
G. Environmental Dimension
Border regions often fall within fragile ecosystems (Himalayas, Northeast forests).
Infrastructure expansion must incorporate climate resilience, sustainable construction, and ecological safeguards.
Balanced development prevents unsustainable exploitation and ecological degradation.
H. Challenges
Geographic remoteness and terrain constraints increase project costs and delay implementation.
Coordination challenges among multiple ministries and state governments.
Risk of infrastructure focus overshadowing long-term human development indicators.
Potential cross-border tensions if development perceived as strategic militarisation.
I. Way Forward
Adopt Integrated Border Development Framework combining security, infrastructure, and human development metrics.
Strengthen community participation in planning to ensure context-specific livelihood models.
Incorporate green infrastructure standards in fragile ecological zones.
Enhance digital connectivity to integrate border youth into national skilling and employment platforms.
Institutionalise periodic evaluation through outcome-based monitoring indicators.
J. Prelims Pointers
VVP launched: 2023 (initially China border).
VVP-II approved: April 2025.
Covers 1,954 villages, 15 States, 2 Union Territories.
Expanded to borders with Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar.
Implements “Last Village – First Village” approach.
Practice Question
“Border security cannot rely solely on military preparedness; it requires developmental integration.” Examine the significance of Vibrant Village Programme Phase II in strengthening India’s frontier management strategy. (250 Words)
Loggerhead turtles facing threats from climate change
A. Issue in Brief
Loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) are increasingly threatened by climate change, experiencing altered nesting patterns, declining reproductive output, reduced body size, and extended breeding intervals.
A 17-year study in Cabo Verde (West Africa), published in the journal Animals, documents multi-dimensional climate stress on one of the Atlantic’s largest nesting populations.
Warming oceans and declining marine productivity are forcing turtles to breed earlier, yet paradoxically produce fewer eggs and nest less frequently.
Scientists warn these behavioural shifts, though adaptive, may signal long-term demographic instability for the species.
Relevance:
GS 3 (Environment & Biodiversity):
IUCN Status: Vulnerable.
Climate impacts: ocean warming, sea-level rise, productivity decline.
Temperature-dependent sex determination risk.
GS 3 (Climate Change Impacts):
Altered breeding cycles (2 → 4 years).
Reduced clutch size and body size.
B. Ecological / Biological Dimensions
Loggerheads are “capital breeders”, meaning they accumulate energy reserves over several years before investing heavily in reproduction.
Satellite estimates of declining chlorophyll levels indicate falling primary productivity, reducing prey availability in Atlantic foraging grounds.
Female loggerheads have shifted breeding frequency from once every two years to once every four years, reducing lifetime reproductive output.
Observed decline in female body size further reduces clutch size, compounding reproductive vulnerability.
C. Climate Change Impacts (Four Key Pathways)
Ocean warming alters migration and nesting timing, leading to earlier seasonal nesting.
Reduced marine productivity limits energy accumulation required for successful egg production.
Sea-level rise erodes nesting beaches, decreasing availability of optimal incubation sites.
Rising sand temperatures can skew temperature-dependent sex determination, potentially causing long-term sex ratio imbalances.
D. Environmental / Global Context
Loggerheads are listed as Vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, reflecting ongoing global threats.
Cabo Verde hosts tens of thousands of nesting females annually, making it a globally significant rookery.
Climate-induced ecological stress is affecting marine biodiversity beyond turtles, indicating systemic ocean degradation.
The case reflects broader patterns of climate adaptation masking underlying reproductive decline in wildlife populations.
E. Governance / Conservation Dimensions
Traditional turtle conservation focused primarily on protecting nesting beaches, yet climate change demands expansion toward offshore foraging ground protection.
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) must incorporate feeding corridors and migratory routes rather than static coastal boundaries.
Integration of climate adaptation into species recovery plans is essential for long-term resilience.
International cooperation is critical due to migratory nature of marine turtles across jurisdictions.
F. Indian Context
India hosts nesting populations of olive ridley and other sea turtles, particularly along Odisha’s coastline.
Rising sea levels and coastal erosion threaten nesting sites in regions such as Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary.
India’s climate adaptation strategies under NAPCC must integrate coastal biodiversity resilience measures.
Community-based conservation models, including fisher participation, are vital for protecting marine megafauna.
G. Challenges
Climate change impacts operate beyond local conservation jurisdiction, complicating mitigation efforts.
Limited long-term ecological data in many regions restrict predictive modelling.
Balancing coastal development with habitat conservation remains a persistent governance dilemma.
Ocean acidification and warming act cumulatively, intensifying ecosystem stress.
H. Way Forward
Expand conservation frameworks beyond nesting beaches to include foraging grounds and migratory pathways.
Integrate satellite monitoring of chlorophyll productivity and ocean temperature anomalies into marine biodiversity management.
Strengthen global climate mitigation commitments to limit further ocean warming.
Promote adaptive coastal management to safeguard nesting habitats against erosion and inundation.
Enhance community-led conservation and international marine governance cooperation.
I. Prelims Pointers
Loggerhead turtle scientific name: Caretta caretta.
Listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN Red List.
Exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination.
Identified as capital breeders relying on stored energy for reproduction.
Major nesting site: Cabo Verde (West Africa).
Practice Question
“Climate change affects marine species not only through habitat loss but also by altering reproductive biology.” Discuss with reference to loggerhead turtles and broader marine conservation challenges.(250 Words)
AI Disruption & Indian IT – Bridging the “Deployment Gap”
A. Issue in Brief
Amid rising concerns over AI-driven job disruption in Indian IT, Nandan Nilekani argues the real opportunity lies in bridging the “deployment gap” rather than fearing automation-led displacement.
India’s $300+ billion IT services industry employs over 5 million professionals, making AI-induced restructuring a macroeconomic concern.
The debate contrasts fears of AI replacing routine coding tasks with prospects of AI augmenting productivity and expanding enterprise adoption.
The central thesis: India must shift from low-cost coding arbitrage to AI deployment, integration, and enterprise transformation services.
Relevance :
GS 3 (Economy):
$300+ billion IT sector; 5+ million workforce.
Shift from coding arbitrage → AI deployment services.
Enterprise AI integration opportunity.
GS 3 (Science & Tech):
Generative AI automating coding/testing.
“Deployment gap” between innovation & scale adoption.
B. Economic Context
Indian IT has historically thrived on global outsourcing and labour cost arbitrage, serving U.S. and European clients.
AI tools now automate segments of coding, testing, and documentation, reducing demand for entry-level programming roles.
However, AI adoption remains limited in enterprises due to integration complexity, legacy systems, and governance concerns.
This creates a “deployment gap” — between AI innovation and large-scale implementation — where Indian IT can reposition itself.
C. Structural Transformation of Work
Generative AI shifts work from code writing to problem definition, solution architecture, and domain integration.
Roles may transition toward AI trainers, system integrators, data governance specialists, and workflow designers.
Entry-level IT hiring could slow, but higher-value consulting and deployment services may expand.
Upskilling becomes critical to prevent a “middle-skill squeeze” in India’s IT labour market.
D. Governance / Policy Dimensions
India’s AI strategy must emphasise enterprise adoption frameworks, not merely model development.
Alignment with initiatives such as India AI Mission can promote indigenous AI solutions tailored to MSMEs and public services.
Education reforms must integrate AI literacy, coding automation tools, and domain-specific AI applications.
Labour transition policies should anticipate workforce redeployment rather than reactive unemployment relief.
E. Global Competitiveness
U.S. and Chinese firms dominate AI model creation; India’s comparative advantage lies in services-scale deployment.
India can become the world’s largest AI implementation hub, leveraging its IT workforce scale.
Bridging the deployment gap strengthens India’s position in global digital value chains.
Failure to adapt risks erosion of India’s traditional IT export dominance.
F. Social / Labour Dimensions
AI-driven productivity gains may enhance firm competitiveness but risk widening income inequality without inclusive skilling.
Workforce anxiety reflects uncertainty around automation’s speed and scope.
Structured reskilling programmes can convert AI from threat to opportunity.
Inclusive AI adoption must align with decent work and equitable growth principles.
G. Challenges
Rapid AI tool evolution outpaces corporate reskilling capacity.
Smaller IT firms may struggle to invest in AI transition.
Data privacy, cybersecurity, and ethical AI governance concerns may delay enterprise deployment.
Global recessionary trends could compound AI-induced restructuring pressures.
H. Way Forward
Prioritise large-scale AI reskilling initiatives for India’s 5+ million IT professionals.
Incentivise MSME adoption of AI solutions to expand domestic deployment markets.
Promote public–private partnerships to build domain-specific AI frameworks.
Strengthen regulatory clarity on data governance to accelerate enterprise AI integration.
Shift policy narrative from “job loss” to “job transformation and productivity expansion.”
I. Prelims Pointers
India’s IT services sector size: $300+ billion.
Estimated workforce: 5+ million professionals.
Concept of “Deployment Gap” refers to lag between AI innovation and enterprise-scale implementation.
Generative AI primarily automates coding, testing, and documentation tasks.
Practice Question
“AI may not eliminate India’s IT industry but transform its nature.” Examine the implications of the ‘deployment gap’ thesis for India’s economic competitiveness and labour market stability.(250 Words)
IEA – State of Energy Innovation 2026
A. Issue in Brief
The International Energy Agency (IEA) in its State of Energy Innovation 2026 report highlights that geopolitics, competitiveness, and energy security now drive clean energy innovation alongside climate goals.
Over 320 new energy start-ups raised first-round funding in 2025, while energy-related patents increased as a share of global filings, signalling innovation momentum.
However, public energy R&D intensity remains below historic highs, and early-stage innovators face funding gaps and the classic “valley of death” challenge.
The report underscores that the coming decade will determine whether laboratory breakthroughs translate into resilient, affordable, and secure energy systems at scale.
Relevance
GS 3 (Energy & Environment):
640 technologies tracked under IEA Energy Technology Guide.
“Valley of death” in clean-tech scaling.
Public R&D target: 0.1% of GDP.
GS 3 (Economy & Competitiveness):
Energy innovation linked to supply chain security.
Clean energy manufacturing race (US, China, EU, India).
B. Economic & Industrial Competitiveness Dimension
Energy innovation is increasingly linked to technological leadership and supply chain security, reflecting post-pandemic and geopolitical realignments.
Major economies — including the United States, Germany, China, and India — are competing for dominance in clean energy manufacturing and intellectual property.
Rising corporate and public R&D spending in energy outpaces overall R&D growth, yet remains uneven across regions and technology categories.
Competitive advantage is shifting from invention alone to deployment capability and ecosystem integration.
C. Technology Readiness & Deployment Gap
The IEA’s Energy Technology Guide tracks 640 technologies across sectors, revealing many are technically mature but constrained by non-technical barriers.
Electricity grid resilience technologies exist and are operational, yet deployment lags due to regulatory, market, and institutional constraints.
Delayed grid integration risks longer project connection queues, underutilised infrastructure, and rising power system disruptions.
The challenge is no longer innovation scarcity but scaling bottlenecks and policy inertia.
D. Nuclear & Advanced Energy Innovation
2025 witnessed major nuclear milestones, including fusion breakthroughs at research facilities in Germany, the United Kingdom, China, France, and the United States.
Record improvements in plasma duration and net energy output indicate scientific progress toward fusion viability.
However, unresolved technical challenges — including advanced materials, fuel cycles, and grid integration — delay commercial-scale deployment.
Nuclear innovation illustrates the gap between scientific achievement and market-ready infrastructure.
E. Governance & Policy Dimensions
The report recommends restoring public energy R&D intensity toward 0.1% of GDP, levels achieved by IEA members in the early 1980s.
Stable, long-term policy frameworks are essential to de-risk private capital in capital-intensive clean energy sectors.
Public procurement mechanisms can create early markets for emerging technologies, especially in infrastructure-heavy sectors.
Regulatory sandboxes and system-level initiatives are proposed to accelerate grid and storage technology adoption.
F. Energy Security & Geopolitics
Clean energy innovation is now viewed through the lens of strategic autonomy and supply chain resilience, especially in critical minerals and battery manufacturing.
Countries are diversifying sourcing and localising manufacturing to mitigate geopolitical risks.
Energy security objectives increasingly converge with decarbonisation targets, shaping national industrial strategies.
Innovation ecosystems are geographically diverse but fragmented without coordinated international collaboration.
G. Indian Context
India, an IEA Association Country, is expanding renewable capacity and grid modernisation under its 500 GW non-fossil capacity target by 2030.
Strengthening domestic R&D and demonstration funding is essential to bridge India’s own clean energy deployment gaps.
Grid resilience and storage deployment remain critical as renewable penetration rises.
India’s energy innovation policy must balance climate commitments, affordability, and energy security.
H. Challenges Identified
Persistent early-stage funding scarcity and difficulty in crossing the “valley of death” from prototype to commercial scale.
Regulatory and institutional inertia delaying integration of grid-enhancing technologies.
Uneven R&D intensity across regions despite rising overall innovation activity.
Risk that geopolitical competition may fragment global collaboration in energy technology.
I. Way Forward
Increase public energy R&D spending toward 0.1% of GDP with predictable multi-year commitments.
Strengthen grid modernisation policies to align infrastructure readiness with renewable expansion.
Expand public procurement for green hydrogen, storage, and carbon capture to create early markets.
Promote coordinated international research platforms to prevent duplication and accelerate knowledge diffusion.
Align innovation policy with long-term industrial strategy to ensure competitiveness and energy security.
J. Prelims Pointers
IEA membership: 32 member countries; 13 association countries including India and China.
Energy Technology Guide: Tracks 640 technologies across sectors.
Recommended public energy R&D intensity: 0.1% of GDP.
Over 320 energy start-ups raised first-round funding in 2025.
Concept of “valley of death” refers to funding gap between prototype and commercialisation.
Practice Question
“Energy innovation today is shaped as much by geopolitics and competitiveness as by climate goals.” Discuss in light of the IEA State of Energy Innovation 2026, highlighting deployment challenges and policy priorities for India.(250 Words)
International Solar Alliance (ISA) – Global AI-for-Energy Mission (2026)
A. Issue in Brief
The International Solar Alliance (ISA) launched a Global AI-for-Energy Mission at the India AI Impact Summit 2026 to accelerate clean power deployment across 120+ member countries.
The mission aims to integrate AI, digital infrastructure, and citizen-centric energy platforms to transform grids, scale rooftop solar, and improve service delivery in developing economies.
It seeks to align policy frameworks, data systems, finance mobilisation, and technical capacity, shifting from fragmented pilots to system-wide energy transformation.
India’s Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) model in the power sector was showcased as a replicable template for Global South nations.
Relevance
GS 2 (IR & Climate Diplomacy):
ISA launched 2015; 120+ members.
Global South leadership in climate-tech.
GS 3 (Energy & Technology):
AI-enabled grid optimisation.
Rooftop solar & prosumer management.
Digital twin & GIS integration.
B. Institutional & Geopolitical Context
ISA, headquartered in Gurugram, India, was launched in 2015 to promote solar energy deployment in tropical countries.
With 120+ member countries, ISA represents one of the largest renewable-energy-focused multilateral coalitions.
The AI-for-Energy mission strengthens India’s positioning as a Global South leader in climate-tech governance.
The initiative reflects convergence of climate diplomacy, digital sovereignty, and energy security objectives.
C. Technology & Energy Transition Dimension
AI can enhance grid resilience, optimise bidirectional power flows, forecast demand, and integrate distributed renewable systems efficiently.
Distributed rooftop solar transforms consumers into “prosumers”, requiring intelligent grid management and predictive analytics.
Digital Twin technologies enable real-time simulation, predictive maintenance, and infrastructure planning for utilities.
GIS-based distribution modernisation improves outage management, asset optimisation, and renewable integration capacity.
D. Economic & Developmental Dimensions
AI-enabled energy systems reduce operational costs and improve reliability, attracting private investment into renewable sectors.
Rooftop solar scaling promotes decentralised energy entrepreneurship, creating local employment opportunities.
Integrated digital platforms enhance financial transparency in net-metering and subsidy delivery.
Clean energy access supports broader economic development, enabling digital inclusion and MSME growth.
E. Governance & Policy Framework
The mission emphasises citizen-centric energy stacks, integrating consumers, utilities, vendors, and financial institutions through interoperable platforms.
Public policy alignment across member states aims to harmonise standards and reduce regulatory fragmentation.
Mobilisation of multilateral finance is essential for scaling AI-enabled infrastructure in low-income countries.
Regulatory sandboxes and capacity-building initiatives are proposed to support system-wide deployment.
F. Indian Context
India’s rapid renewable expansion supports its target of 500 GW non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030.
Rooftop solar programmes demonstrate how digital interfaces accelerate adoption beyond pilot phases.
AI-driven platforms are increasingly used for grid optimisation, forecasting, and renewable integration.
India’s DPI-led model positions it as an innovation exporter in clean energy governance.
G. Climate & SDG Linkages
Supports SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure), and SDG 13 (Climate Action).
AI integration enhances efficiency of renewable systems, reducing carbon intensity and supporting NDC commitments.
Decentralised energy improves resilience in climate-vulnerable and remote regions.
H. Challenges
Digital divide and uneven technical capacity across ISA member states may limit uniform adoption.
Data governance, cybersecurity, and privacy risks accompany large-scale digital energy systems.
High upfront capital costs may strain fiscal capacities of developing economies.
Interoperability challenges across diverse regulatory environments.
I. Way Forward
Establish a Global AI-for-Energy Knowledge Platform under ISA for shared standards and best practices.
Strengthen concessional finance mechanisms to support AI-enabled grid upgrades in developing nations.
Integrate cybersecurity frameworks into digital energy infrastructure design.
Expand capacity-building programmes for utilities and regulators across ISA countries.
Promote South–South cooperation for replicating India’s citizen-centric energy stack model.
J. Prelims Pointers
ISA launched: 2015; headquartered in Gurugram, India.
AI-for-Energy Mission covers 120+ member countries.
Focus areas: Grid resilience, rooftop solar, digital consumer interfaces, AI-based forecasting.
Event: India AI Impact Summit 2026.
Practice Question
“Digital infrastructure is becoming central to the clean energy transition.” Examine the significance of the ISA’s AI-for-Energy Mission in promoting inclusive, decentralised and resilient energy systems across developing economies.(250 Words)
Lion-Tailed Macaque – Survival in Fragmented Western Ghats & Conservation Policy Crossroads
A. Issue in Brief
New long-term research shows lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus) surviving — and in some fragments even increasing — in plantation-dominated landscapes of the Western Ghats, challenging older extinction assumptions.
A 17+ year demographic analysis from the Anamalai landscape (Tamil Nadu) reveals variable trends between intact rainforest strongholds and fragmented plantation mosaics.
The findings suggest unexpected behavioural flexibility and adaptive ranging, though scientists warn that current stability remains ecologically fragile.
The study reopens policy debate: Should conservation move beyond fortress protection toward landscape-level management?
Relevance
GS 3 (Environment & Biodiversity):
Scientific name: Macaca silenus.
IUCN Status: Endangered.
Fragmentation & genetic isolation risks.
GS 3 (Conservation Policy):
Shift from fortress protection → landscape-level planning.
Corridor restoration & canopy bridges.
B. Species Profile & Conservation Status
The lion-tailed macaque is endemic to the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, highly arboreal and canopy-dependent for feeding and dispersal.
It is classified as Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, with only a few thousand individuals surviving.
Key strongholds include Silent Valley, Nilgiri–Anamalai complex, Sharavathi Valley (Karnataka), and Agasthyamalai ranges.
Historically considered extremely vulnerable to fragmentation due to strict rainforest specialization.
C. Ecological Insights from Fragmented Landscapes
Plantation-embedded fragments in Valparai (Anamalai Hills) have supported some troops for over 40 years, defying conventional island-biogeography predictions.
Persistence attributed to remnant native canopy trees, partial connectivity, low hunting pressure, and behavioural plasticity.
Troop numbers in some landscapes increased even where average group size declined, indicating dispersal rather than collapse.
The species demonstrates adaptability, including road crossing and occasional ground movement, though such behaviour increases mortality risk.
D. Fragmentation & Genetic Risks
Habitat fragmentation disrupts canopy connectivity, feeding routes, and gene flow, increasing long-term vulnerability despite short-term demographic stability.
Genetic isolation may reduce adaptive potential and reproductive fitness over time.
Small, isolated populations face risks of inbreeding depression and stochastic events.
Landscape configuration — patch size, number, and connectivity — critically shapes conservation outcomes.
E. Governance & Policy Dimensions
The conservation legacy of Silent Valley National Park emerged from the 1970s anti-hydroelectric movement, marking a milestone in India’s environmental politics.
However, much of the species’ range lies outside protected areas, in plantation and infrastructure-dominated mosaics.
Kerala and Tamil Nadu now face a policy shift from core forest protection to corridor restoration and mitigation outside protected areas.
Measures include canopy bridges, power-line insulation, GIS-based corridor mapping, and plantation-company collaboration.
F. Environmental & Development Interface
Expanding roads, tourism, dams, and plantation intensification continue fragmenting habitats faster than mitigation responses.
Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) often evaluate projects individually, ignoring cumulative landscape-level biodiversity impacts.
Conservation success now depends on integrating biodiversity concerns into infrastructure planning and agricultural policy.
The case exemplifies India’s broader challenge under Western Ghats Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESA) debates.
G. Behavioural Flexibility: Resilience with Limits
Troops show increased tolerance of modified habitats, occasionally exploiting cultivated crops or human waste.
Such flexibility prolongs survival but elevates risks of vehicle collisions, electrocution, feral dog attacks, and human–wildlife conflict.
Adaptation may delay extinction but cannot compensate indefinitely for sustained habitat degradation.
Stability observed in fragments must not be misinterpreted as long-term recovery.
H. Constitutional & Legal Linkages
Conservation aligns with Article 48A (State’s duty to protect environment) and Article 51A(g) (citizen duty to safeguard wildlife).
Protection governed under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
Western Ghats recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2012), adding international conservation obligations.
Policy tension persists between development imperatives and biodiversity safeguards under forest and environmental laws.
I. Challenges
Genetic isolation despite demographic persistence.
Infrastructure expansion outpacing corridor restoration.
Uneven implementation of mitigation measures across States.
Climate change compounding habitat stress in montane rainforests.
J. Way Forward
Adopt landscape-level conservation planning, integrating plantations, corridors, and infrastructure mitigation.
Prioritise canopy connectivity restoration to maintain gene flow between isolated troops.
Strengthen biodiversity-inclusive EIAs with cumulative impact assessment.
Expand collaborative conservation with plantation companies under ESG frameworks.
Enhance long-term genetic monitoring to pre-empt hidden population decline.
K. Prelims Pointers
Scientific name: Macaca silenus.
Status: Endangered (IUCN).
Endemic to Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot.
Stronghold: Silent Valley National Park.
Known for strict arboreal behaviour and rainforest dependence.
Practice Question
“Recent research shows that fragmentation does not always lead to immediate extinction of rainforest species.” Discuss in the context of the lion-tailed macaque, highlighting implications for India’s landscape-level conservation policy.(250 Words)