Jan 21, 2026 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 January 2026

Content One Station One Product (OSOP): Celebrating Regional Identity Through Indian Railways India–AI Impact Summit 2026: Welfare for All, Happiness of All One Station One Product (OSOP): Celebrating Regional Identity Through Indian Railways Background One Station One Product (OSOP) is an Indian Railways initiative launched in 2022 to promote indigenous products by integrating local craftsmanship with the national railway transport and market infrastructure. The scheme aligns with broader national priorities such as Vocal for Local and Atmanirbhar Bharat, using public infrastructure to enable decentralised, market-led, inclusive economic development. Relevance GS I (Culture & Society): Preserves and promotes regional crafts, indigenous food traditions, and living cultural heritage through everyday public spaces like railway stations. GS II (Governance & Social Justice): Illustrates innovative, inclusive governance by using public infrastructure for livelihood creation and empowering women-led SHGs and marginal artisans. GS III (Economy & Infrastructure): Strengthens MSMEs and non-farm rural employment through infrastructure-led, market-based local economic development. Current Status and Scale Coverage and Physical Outreach As of 19 January 2026, OSOP has been implemented across 2,002 railway stations, with 2,326 dedicated outlets operating within station premises across diverse geographical and cultural regions. Beneficiary Reach Since its launch in 2022, OSOP has generated direct livelihood opportunities for more than 1.32 lakh artisans, weavers, self-help groups, and small producers nationwide. Objectives of the OSOP Scheme Economic Objectives OSOP aims to provide assured, high-footfall market access to local producers, reducing dependency on intermediaries and improving income realisation for informal and micro-enterprises. Social Objectives The initiative promotes inclusive growth by integrating women-led SHGs, rural artisans, and marginal producers into formal market spaces traditionally inaccessible to them. Cultural Objectives OSOP seeks to preserve and revitalise traditional crafts, indigenous food items, and regional specialities that were facing declining demand due to industrial standardisation. Key Features of the Scheme Station–Product Mapping Each railway station is mapped to a unique local product representing regional identity, including handlooms, handicrafts, GI-tagged goods, agro-products, spices, and traditional sweets. Implementation Mechanism Implementation is decentralised through railway divisions in coordination with state governments, MSME departments, KVIC, cooperatives, and local self-help group networks. Economic Significance Livelihood Generation OSOP creates stable non-farm employment opportunities, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas, contributing to income diversification and resilience against agricultural income volatility. MSME and Local Economy Strengthening The scheme strengthens local value chains by encouraging micro-producers to scale production, improve quality, and gradually integrate into formal MSME and regional supply ecosystems. Social and Cultural Impact Revival of Traditional Crafts OSOP has enabled revival of region-specific crafts such as bamboo and cane work in the Northeast, handlooms, pottery, indigenous foods, and artisanal household products. Cultural Integration and Passenger Experience Railway stations function as cultural interfaces, exposing millions of passengers daily to India’s micro-cultural diversity and transforming transit spaces into experiential cultural marketplaces. Gender and Community Empowerment Significant participation of women artisans and SHGs enhances economic agency, strengthens collective entrepreneurship, and reinforces dignity of labour in traditional and informal occupations. Governance and Administrative Dimensions Innovative Use of Public Infrastructure OSOP exemplifies governance innovation by repurposing existing railway infrastructure as economic platforms, maximising public asset utility without significant additional fiscal expenditure. Cooperative Federalism Effective implementation reflects Centre–State convergence, with local administrations identifying products and beneficiaries while Indian Railways provides national-level logistical and market connectivity. Alignment with Constitutional and Global Goals Constitutional Values OSOP advances Article 38 and Article 39 objectives by promoting equitable livelihood opportunities, decentralised economic participation, and social justice through market-based empowerment. Sustainable Development Goals The initiative contributes to SDG 8 on decent work, SDG 9 on inclusive industrialisation, and SDG 11 on sustainable, culturally resilient communities. Challenges and Gaps Operational and Quality Challenges Variations in product quality, packaging, branding, and pricing across stations reduce consumer trust and limit the ability of OSOP products to command premium market value. Structural and Capacity Constraints Small artisans often face production scalability constraints, supply inconsistency, and raw material limitations, particularly during peak travel seasons and festive demand surges. Digital and Market Integration Gaps Limited integration with digital platforms, e-commerce ecosystems, and national branding frameworks restricts OSOP’s long-term market expansion beyond physical station outlets. Way Forward Quality, Branding, and Certification Introducing GI tagging, standardised branding templates, and quality certification mechanisms can enhance credibility, price realisation, and national recognition of OSOP products. Digital Expansion and Market Linkages Integrating OSOP with railway applications, ONDC, QR-based product catalogues, and digital payments can expand consumer reach beyond station footfall. Capacity Building and Sustainability Collaboration with institutions like NIFT, NID, and KVIC can support design upgradation, packaging innovation, and sustainable cluster-based production planning. India–AI Impact Summit 2026: Welfare for All, Happiness of All Context Artificial Intelligence has emerged as a critical enabler of India’s development strategy, supporting inclusive growth, governance reform, and public service delivery aligned with the long-term vision of Viksit Bharat@2047. Building on a development-centric AI approach, India–AI Impact Summit 2026 positions AI as a public good, translating global AI discourse into practical outcomes relevant to developing and Global South economies. Relevance GS II (Governance & International Relations): Positions India as a Global South leader in development-oriented, ethical AI governance and multilateral cooperation. GS III (Science, Technology & Economy): Accelerates productivity, innovation, and technological self-reliance through AI adoption across priority economic sectors. Key Facts and Current Status Summit Overview India–AI Impact Summit 2026 will be held from 16–20 February 2026 at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi, making it the first global AI summit hosted in the Global South. Scale and Participation The Summit includes policy dialogues, research forums, industry engagement, and public outreach, with over 400 exhibitors, seven thematic pavilions, and expected participation of 1.5 lakh visitors. Foundational Vision of the Summit Three Sutras (Guiding Principles) The Summit is anchored on three foundational Sutras—People, Planet, and Progress—emphasising inclusive human development, environmental sustainability, and productivity-led economic and governance transformation through AI. Development-Oriented AI Philosophy India’s approach focuses on people-centric and impact-oriented AI, prioritising real-world developmental outcomes over purely commercial or geopolitical competition-driven AI frameworks. Significance of Artificial Intelligence for India AI for People AI enhances citizen empowerment by expanding healthcare access, personalising education, strengthening financial security, and enabling multilingual digital inclusion across India’s diverse linguistic and cultural landscape. AI for Planet AI enables sustainable practices through precision agriculture, crop prediction, climate monitoring, and resource optimisation, supporting environmentally responsible growth while addressing climate and ecological vulnerabilities. AI for Progress AI strengthens governance efficiency through judicial translation, smart service delivery, mobility optimisation, and data-driven decision-making, improving everyday administrative outcomes for both rural and urban citizens. Sectoral Applications of AI AI in Healthcare AI improves healthcare outcomes through remote diagnostics, telemedicine, medical image analysis, disease outbreak prediction, and affordable drug discovery, particularly benefiting rural and underserved populations. AI in Agriculture and Rural Economy AI-driven advisories on weather, pests, irrigation, and pricing empower farmers, while drones, satellite imagery, and tools like Kisan E-Mitra enhance productivity and income resilience. AI in Education and Learning AI enables personalised and inclusive education through adaptive learning platforms, real-time feedback, multilingual content delivery, and initiatives like DIKSHA, bridging access gaps across regions. AI in Finance and Commerce AI strengthens financial inclusion through fraud detection, alternative credit scoring for unbanked populations, banking chatbots, and personalised financial products enhancing trust in digital transactions. AI in Governance and Public Services AI improves governance transparency and efficiency by supporting judicial translations, smart city management, faster scheme processing, and data-driven public service delivery mechanisms. Global Collaboration Framework: Sutras and Chakras Seven Chakras of Multilateral Cooperation Summit deliberations are structured around seven Chakras, representing priority domains for international cooperation to deliver inclusive, sustainable, and development-oriented AI outcomes. Human Capital Focuses on equitable AI skilling and reskilling ecosystems, strengthening workforce readiness for AI-led economic transitions aligned with India’s demographic and development priorities. Inclusion for Social Empowerment Emphasises scalable AI solutions for last-mile service delivery, enabling inclusive participation of marginalised communities in digital and governance ecosystems. Safe and Trusted AI Seeks to operationalise global responsible AI principles into interoperable governance frameworks, strengthening public trust while enabling innovation-friendly regulatory environments. Resilience, Innovation, and Efficiency Addresses environmental and resource challenges of large-scale AI systems, promoting sustainable AI adoption and preventing widening of global and domestic AI divides. Science Focuses on accelerating scientific discovery through AI while addressing inequities in access to data, compute, and research capacity across countries. Democratising AI Resources Envisions equitable access to AI compute, datasets, and foundational tools for startups, researchers, and public institutions, enabling fair participation in global AI value chains. AI for Economic Growth and Social Good Highlights high-impact AI use cases that simultaneously drive economic productivity and address societal challenges, positioning AI as a dual engine of growth and welfare. AI Impact Events at the Summit Pre-Summit and Regional Engagements Pre-Summit consultations and eight Regional AI Conferences across Indian states identify region-specific AI use cases, capacity gaps, and policy inputs informing Summit outcomes. Main Summit and Knowledge Outputs Main Summit sessions across seven Chakras examine global use cases, policy experiences, and development strategies, supported by over 700 international proposals received. AI Compendium The AI Compendium, released on 17 February 2026, documents real-world AI applications across priority sectors, serving as a long-term reference for practitioners and policymakers. Flagship Initiatives and Challenges AI for ALL: Global Impact Challenge Identifies scalable AI solutions with large public impact, implemented with Startup India and Bhashini, offering awards up to ₹2.5 crore. AI by HER: Global Impact Challenge Promotes women-led AI innovation through NITI Aayog’s Women Entrepreneurship Platform, supporting solutions addressing large-scale public challenges with awards up to ₹2.5 crore. YUVAi: Global Youth Challenge Encourages youth aged 13–21 to develop AI solutions for real-world problems, implemented with MyBharat and NIELIT, with prizes worth ₹85 lakh. Institutional Framework Supporting the Summit Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) MeitY provides overall policy direction, inter-ministerial coordination, and integration of Summit outcomes with national digital governance and AI regulatory frameworks. IndiaAI Mission IndiaAI Mission shapes Summit themes on compute infrastructure, datasets, indigenous models, skilling, and startups, advancing safe, inclusive, and trusted AI adoption. Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) STPI supports startups and MSMEs through incubation, infrastructure, and global linkages, enabling broad-based participation and strengthening India’s AI-driven digital economy. Digital India Initiative Digital India provides the foundational platform for large-scale AI adoption, ensuring alignment with citizen-centric governance, accessibility, transparency, and trusted digital public infrastructure. Expected Outcomes of the Summit The Summit is expected to strengthen AI governance frameworks, assess regional preparedness, promote workforce transition, and foster sustained partnerships across government, academia, startups, and industry.

Jan 21, 2026 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 21 January 2026

Content The ‘Donroe doctrine’, a broken international order Bridging the Gulf The ‘Donroe doctrine’, a broken international order Context and Core Argument The abduction and incarceration of Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro by U.S. forces in early 2026 marks a radical reinterpretation of the 1823 Monroe Doctrine, now termed the ‘Donroe Doctrine’. The action signals a departure from post-1945 international norms, indicating erosion of sovereignty, non-intervention, and rule-based global order. Relevance GS 1 – World History / Global Political Ideas: Evolution of the Monroe Doctrine into modern unilateral interventionism, reflecting changing nature of sovereignty and power politics. GS 2 – International Relations: Breakdown of rules-based international order, violation of UN Charter norms, resurgence of sphere-of-influence politics, and challenges for middle powers like India. Practice Question “The ‘Donroe Doctrine’ marks a shift from a rules-based international order to power-centric geopolitics.”Critically examine the implications of this shift for global stability and India’s foreign policy choices.(250 Words) The ‘Donroe Doctrine’: Meaning and Evolution From Monroe Doctrine to Donroe Doctrine The original Monroe Doctrine asserted U.S. opposition to external interference in the Western Hemisphere, framed as anti-colonial protection. The ‘Donroe Doctrine’ converts this principle into active interventionism, asserting unilateral enforcement of U.S. security interests beyond diplomatic or multilateral means. Legal and Normative Implications The Venezuelan operation violates UN Charter principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity, and non-use of force, weakening the legitimacy of international law enforcement mechanisms. U.S. National Security Strategy 2025: Strategic Underpinning Reassertion of Hemispheric Primacy The U.S. National Security Strategy (November 2025) explicitly commits to reasserting dominance in the Western Hemisphere and denying non-Hemispheric powers strategic access. The doctrine reflects a return to sphere-of-influence politics, rejecting cooperative security frameworks. Expansion of Strategic Targets Implicit threats extend to Cuba, Colombia, Mexico, and even Greenland, justified as security imperatives under expanded U.S. strategic definitions. Global Response and Systemic Consequences Weak International Pushback Global protests against U.S. action were muted, reinforcing perceptions that the post-1945 liberal international order has weakened significantly. The absence of collective response signals normalisation of power-based unilateralism. Precedent for Other Powers U.S. actions risk legitimising similar behaviour by China (Taiwan) and Russia (near abroad), accelerating fragmentation of global norms. Regional Geopolitical Fallout Europe The NSS criticises Europe’s strategic dependence, urging it to assume primary defence responsibility while hinting at recalibrated U.S.–Russia strategic stability. Ukraine conflict appears stalemated, with prospects of a negotiated settlement potentially unsatisfactory to both Russia and Western allies. Indo-Pacific China’s growing influence in Southeast Asia, Eastern Pacific, and Indian Ocean challenges U.S. maritime dominance and alters regional balance of power. China’s control over rare earth supply chains has emerged as a strategic economic weapon against U.S. pressure. West Asia: A Volatile Theatre Israel–Gaza and Iran Israel’s military campaign has paused, but Gaza remains volatile, with ceasefire conditions fragile and violence easily reignited. Iran faces widespread internal unrest, claiming to fight on four fronts—economic, psychological, military, and counter-terrorism. Escalation Risks U.S. and Israeli actions appear aimed at completing the unfinished conflict of 2025 by weakening Iran’s regime, raising risks of regional conflagration. South Asia: Democratic and Security Stress Afghanistan–Pakistan Region Revival of Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and Afghan militant groups threatens Pakistan’s internal security and destabilises the Af-Pak border region. Pakistan’s democratic backsliding continues, with the military consolidating power and civilian leadership marginalised. U.S.–Pakistan Reset U.S. endorsement of Pakistan’s military leadership and renewed arms supplies reposition Pakistan as a key U.S. ally, complicating India’s security calculus. Implications for India Strategic Disadvantages India faces diplomatic isolation in conflict zones like West Asia amid implicit cooling of India–U.S. relations over Russian oil imports. China’s tactical advantage in trade, tariffs, and supply chains limits India’s ability to hedge against U.S. economic pressure. Limited Strategic Manoeuvrability Improvement in India–China ties post-Tianjin Summit (2025) has not translated into durable stabilisation, with further easing unlikely in 2026. Terrorism and Internal Security Outlook (2026) Global Terrorism Trends Terrorist groups like Islamic State and al Qaeda are currently more active in Africa but retain operational capacity in Asia and West Asia. Regional instability in Iran and West Asia could trigger spillover attacks across multiple regions. India’s Security Outlook While a major terror attack in India appears unlikely, terrorism remains a persistent national security threat, requiring sustained vigilance. Strategic Assessment The ‘Donroe Doctrine’ reflects a shift from rules-based international order to power-centric geopolitics, accelerating global instability. Normalisation of unilateral intervention risks fragmenting international norms, encouraging competitive sphere-of-influence politics. Way Forward: India’s Strategic Choices Preserve Strategic Autonomy India must avoid alignment traps, reinforcing issue-based partnerships while resisting pressure to choose sides in great-power rivalries. Strengthen Multilateralism Advocacy for UN reform, international law, and collective security remains critical to counter unilateralism and protect medium-power interests. Enhance Internal Resilience Economic diversification, defence preparedness, supply-chain security, and counter-terror capabilities are essential to navigate an unstable global environment. Bridging the Gulf Context and Trigger UAE President Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan’s brief visit to New Delhi resulted in economic agreements and an announcement to negotiate an India–UAE Strategic Defence Partnership, the first of its kind. The defence announcement assumes significance due to heightened instability in West Asia, overlapping regional rivalries, and India’s deep economic, energy, and diaspora stakes in the Gulf region. Relevance GS 1 – Society & Indian Diaspora: Safety, welfare, and economic importance of nearly 10 million Indians in the Gulf amid regional instability. GS 2 – International Relations: India’s West Asia diplomacy, strategic autonomy, defence cooperation with UAE, and balancing relations amid intra-Gulf rivalries. Practice Question India must “tread lightly” while deepening defence cooperation in West Asia. Examine this statement in the context of India–UAE defence ties and regional rivalries.(250 Words) India–UAE Relationship: Strategic Depth Economic and Trade Dimensions UAE is India’s 3rd largest trading partner, 2nd largest export destination, and 7th largest foreign investor, highlighting the centrality of economic interdependence. India–UAE CEPA (2022) was India’s first bilateral trade agreement in West Asia, with a stated target to raise bilateral trade to USD 200 billion. Recent announcements include a USD 3 billion LNG deal and UAE investment commitments in Gujarat, reinforcing energy-security and infrastructure linkages. Defence and Security Cooperation Proposal for a Strategic Defence Partnership framework marks a qualitative shift from traditional defence cooperation to potential institutionalised security collaboration. Official statements emphasise that the framework is not aimed at intervention in regional conflicts, seeking to avoid perceptions of bloc politics. Regional Security Environment: Growing Volatility Gulf Power Rivalries Relations between UAE and Saudi Arabia have deteriorated, often described as the Gulf’s emerging “cold war”, despite earlier military coordination against the Houthis in Yemen (2014). Competing influence in Sudan, lack of communication between MbZ and MbS, and divergent regional strategies have intensified intra-Gulf fault lines. Wider Regional Instability Iranian domestic unrest, US threats of intervention, fragile Gaza ceasefire, and Israel’s reported September 2025 strike in Qatar signal escalating instability. Saudi Arabia’s rapid pursuit of a mutual defence pact with Pakistan, and discussions on including Türkiye, suggest new security alignments forming outside India’s influence. India’s Core Stakes in the Gulf Diaspora and Human Security Nearly 10 million Indians reside in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, making regional stability critical for remittances, employment, and evacuation contingencies. Any regional military escalation directly affects Indian expatriates and India’s consular and crisis-management responsibilities. Energy Security The GCC region remains India’s primary energy supplier, particularly after US and EU sanctions constrained alternative sources. LNG agreements with the UAE are strategically important for India’s energy diversification and price stability. Connectivity and Geoeconomic Implications Strategic Connectivity Projects India’s regional ambitions depend on stability in West Asia for projects such as: Chabahar Port (Iran) International North South Transport Corridor (INSTC) India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) Escalating Gulf rivalries and geopolitical uncertainty threaten the viability and predictability of these corridors. Risk of Strategic Overalignment A defence partnership perceived as favouring one Gulf power risks undermining India’s multi-alignment strategy, complicating relations with Iran, Saudi Arabia, and other GCC states. Diplomatic Signalling and Government Position Official Reassurance India’s Foreign Secretary clarified that the defence framework is not linked to hypothetical regional military scenarios, indicating India’s intent to avoid entanglement. Emphasis remains on economic cooperation, stability, and regional balance, rather than alliance-based security commitments. Strategic Ambiguity Despite reassurances, the timing of the announcement amidst Gulf tensions gives rise to perceptions of strategic signalling, necessitating diplomatic caution. Challenges and Strategic Risks Risk of India being drawn into intra-Gulf rivalries due to misinterpretation of defence commitments. Potential alienation of other key partners, particularly Saudi Arabia and Iran, critical for energy and connectivity strategies. Threats to Indian diaspora safety in the event of regional escalation. Uncertainty over long-term feasibility of India’s trans-regional connectivity corridors. Way Forward: Strategic Prudence for India Maintain Strategic Autonomy India must uphold its policy of issue-based partnerships, avoiding exclusive defence alignments in a volatile multipolar region. Balance Regional Relationships Simultaneously deepen engagement with UAE, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Qatar, reinforcing India’s role as a neutral and trusted partner. Prioritise Economic and Diaspora Interests Defence cooperation should remain calibrated to protect trade, energy flows, diaspora security, and connectivity projects. Emphasise Stability-Centric Diplomacy India should project itself as a stakeholder in regional stability and de-escalation, not power competition.

Jan 21, 2026 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 January 2026

Content The Importance of Pax Silica for India Pax Silica and the Global Tech Economy: Continuities, Shifts, and India’s Choices Reusable Rockets and the Commercial Space Revolution Hate Speech as a Constitutional Tort: Constitutional Accountability and Democratic Integrity Chagos Islands Dispute: Sovereignty, Security, and the Changing Global Order Darwin’s Bark Spiders: Why Only Females Weave the Toughest Webs Faster Warming, Faster Breeding: Climate Change and Antarctic Penguins The importance of Pax Silica for India Global Economic Context: Continuity and Change Enduring Structural Continuities The North–South divide in per capita income, technological capability, and resource consumption continues to define the global economy despite decades of globalisation. Advanced economies still dominate high-value manufacturing, frontier technologies, and intellectual property, while developing countries remain resource suppliers or low-end manufacturers. Structural Shifts in Growth Drivers Semiconductors and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have emerged as core drivers of economic power, productivity, and national security in the 21st century. Control over critical minerals, especially Rare Earth Elements (REEs), has become central to technological competitiveness and geopolitical influence. Relevance GS 2: India’s foreign policy, minilateral groupings, strategic partnerships, and technology diplomacy. GS 3: Critical minerals, semiconductors, AI, supply-chain resilience, industrial policy, and economic security. Pax Silica Summit 2025: Origins and Objectives Background and Timing On 12 December 2025, the United States convened the inaugural Pax Silica Summit to secure supply chains for semiconductors, AI, and critical minerals. The term ‘Pax Silica’ symbolically links peace with silicon-based technologies, signalling that trusted technology supply chains are now integral to global stability. Declared Objectives According to the Pax Silica Declaration, the initiative aims to: Reduce coercive dependencies Secure global semiconductor and AI supply chains Build trusted digital and manufacturing infrastructure Membership Composition: Strategic Logic Core Members and Their Comparative Advantages United States & Japan: Global leaders in advanced technology, research, and semiconductor design ecosystems. Australia: Leading exporter of lithium and holder of significant REE reserves, critical for batteries and electronics. Netherlands: Home to ASML, the world’s sole supplier of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography machines. South Korea: Global manufacturing leader in memory chips (DRAM, NAND). Singapore: Long-standing semiconductor manufacturing hub integrated with U.S. firms. Israel: Strength in AI software, defence technologies, and cybersecurity. United Kingdom: Hosts the third-largest AI market with a strong research and start-up ecosystem. Qatar and UAE: Possess large sovereign wealth funds and are investing heavily in AI and advanced technology ecosystems. Observers and Potential Expansion Canada, EU, OECD, and Taiwan participated as observers, indicating scope for future expansion and institutionalisation. Countering China: Strategic Rationale China’s Dominance in REEs China controls a dominant share of global REE processing, giving it leverage over high-tech supply chains. In response to U.S. tariff measures, China suspended REE exports to the U.S. and others, weaponising resource dominance. Impact on India India faced disruptions in rare-earth magnet imports, affecting automobile and electronics manufacturing. Supplies resumed only after Indian firms complied with stringent Chinese licensing conditions, including assurances against defence or dual-use applications. Lessons from the Pandemic COVID-19 exposed vulnerabilities of single-country-dependent supply chains, accelerating diversification and “friend-shoring” strategies. India and Supply Chain Resilience Efforts Existing Initiatives Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI) launched in 2021 with Japan and Australia. Quad Critical Minerals Initiative launched in 2025 to strengthen supply chains for emerging and critical technologies. India’s Exclusion and Prospective Entry Despite participation in similar initiatives, India was not invited to the inaugural Pax Silica Summit. On 12 January 2026, the new U.S. Ambassador to India indicated that India will soon be invited to join Pax Silica. What India Brings to Pax Silica ? Strengths Strong digital public infrastructure and rapidly expanding AI adoption across enterprises. Launch of IndiaAI Mission and Semiconductor Mission with substantial public funding. Growing investments by Indian firms (e.g., Tata Group) and foreign players like Micron in semiconductor manufacturing. Expanding pipeline of AI start-ups and a large pool of Indian students trained in advanced STEM fields abroad. Human Capital Advantage Large number of Indian graduates and PhDs in computer science and engineering trained in the U.S. Restrictive U.S. visa policies may trigger reverse brain gain, strengthening India’s domestic AI and semiconductor ecosystems. Strategic Opportunities for India Technology Ecosystem Scaling Participation in Pax Silica could help India scale collaborations with Japan, Singapore, Israel, and the U.S. Opportunity to integrate into trusted semiconductor and AI value chains beyond low-end manufacturing. Long-Term Strategic Alignment Given historical India–West collaboration in IT services, India may naturally gravitate towards Pax Silica’s supply chain framework. Challenges and Risks for India Developmental and Strategic Asymmetry Pax Silica members are largely high-income U.S. allies, while India would be the first developing country and non-ally entrant. This may create an expectation gap on security alignment and policy convergence. Strategic Autonomy Concerns India’s foreign policy responses may differ in nuance from U.S. allies, requiring careful balancing to avoid dilution of strategic autonomy. Industrial Policy Tensions India will seek to protect its nascent ecosystems through subsidies, government procurement preferences, and calibrated import controls. Such policies may conflict with prevailing preferences in Washington and some Pax Silica economies. The Road Ahead: Competing Supply Chain Blocs Dual Supply Chain World China is likely to maintain and strengthen its REE export control regime to preserve dominance. Pax Silica may develop a parallel export regulation and supply chain framework. Over time, two major REE and tech supply chains—China-led and Pax Silica-led—may dominate the global economy. India’s Strategic Choice Given strained India–China economic ties and longstanding collaboration with Western firms, India may tilt towards Pax Silica, while seeking policy space. India will need sustained dialogue to shape Pax Silica’s evolution in ways compatible with its developmental needs and strategic autonomy. Strategic Assessment Pax Silica reflects the geopoliticisation of technology and supply chains, where economic efficiency is subordinated to security and trust. For India, participation offers technology access and resilience, but requires careful negotiation to avoid strategic and industrial policy constraints. Reusable Rockets and the Commercial Space Revolution Global Space Economy: Structural Shift From State-led to Commercial-led Space After four decades of government-dominated space exploration, the 21st century marks a transition to private-sector-led space innovation and financing. The global space economy is projected to exceed USD 1 trillion by 2030, driven by satellite services, launch systems, human spaceflight, and deep-space missions. Cost and Cadence Transformation Partial reusability of rockets has reduced cost per kg to orbit by 5–20 times compared to expendable launch vehicles. Reusability has significantly increased launch cadence, shifting spaceflight from episodic missions to routine operations. Relevance GS 3: Science and technology, space technology, innovation ecosystem, private sector role, and strategic industries. Economics of Space Missions Human vs Satellite Missions Human space missions cost 3–5 times more than satellite launches due to life-support systems, safety redundancies, abort mechanisms, and stringent reliability requirements. Satellite missions are typically one-way, using simpler hardware and software architectures with lower safety margins. Payload Efficiency Constraints Rockets face gravity losses and aerodynamic drag during ascent, requiring enormous energy to reach orbital velocity. The Tsiolkovsky rocket equation highlights a structural limitation: fuel mass increases exponentially with velocity requirements. Over 90% of a rocket’s launch mass consists of propellant and tankage, leaving less than 4% for payload. Why Rockets Use Multiple Stages ? Staging as an Engineering Solution Staging divides a rocket into sequential propulsion units that are discarded mid-flight to shed dead weight. This improves the propellant-to-mass ratio of the remaining vehicle, partially overcoming the Tsiolkovsky mass penalty. Traditional Expendable Architecture Conventional rockets such as PSLV and LVM-3 use expendable stages that are discarded, usually falling into the ocean after use. While reliable, expendable systems incur high per-launch costs and low launch frequency. Reusability: The Game-Changer SpaceX’s Technological Breakthrough SpaceX introduced disruptive innovations such as vertical integration, modular design, 3D-printed components, and stage reusability. The Falcon 9 first stage returns to Earth using retro-propulsion and aerodynamic drag, dissipating kinetic energy during descent. Demonstrated Success SpaceX has successfully recovered Falcon 9 first stages over 520 times, establishing operational reliability. Individual Falcon 9 boosters have been reused more than 30 times, demonstrating economic viability of reuse. Towards Full Reusability Next-generation Systems SpaceX is developing Starship, a fully reusable heavy-lift rocket capable of carrying crew and cargo to Earth orbit, Moon, and Mars. Fully reusable architecture aims to reduce launch costs to levels comparable with terrestrial transportation systems. Global Developments Blue Origin (USA) has demonstrated vertical landing recovery for its New Glenn booster. China’s commercial space firms, such as LandSpace, are advancing reusable launch vehicles like Zhuque-3. More than a dozen private companies globally are working on reusable rockets, with at least three pursuing full reusability. Limits to Reusability Engineering Constraints Reusability is limited by material fatigue in engines and fuel tanks caused by thermal cycling, pressure loads, and g-forces. Cryogenic propellants and combustion heat create microfractures, increasing inspection complexity over time. Economic Trade-offs Beyond a point, refurbishment costs and downtime outweigh savings from reuse. Practical reuse limits are determined by acceptable risk, inspection time, and cost-benefit balance, not engineering feasibility alone. India’s Position in the Reusable Launch Ecosystem ISRO’s Ongoing Efforts ISRO is developing a Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) programme featuring a winged spacecraft capable of runway landing. Another approach involves first-stage recovery using aerodynamic drag and retro-propulsion to land on barges or land. Technology demonstrations in these domains are currently underway. Competitive Imperative In a market where reusability is becoming standard, cost reduction is essential for competitiveness in global launch services. Future Indian launch vehicles must treat stage recovery and reuse as non-negotiable design drivers. Design Principles for Future Launch Vehicles Fewer Stages, Higher Efficiency Advances in engine efficiency and propellant density allow two-stage systems to perform missions that earlier required three stages. Optimising energy distribution across stages is crucial for cost-effective design. Integrated Design Approach Key considerations include: High-performance, compact engines Partial or full stage recovery Rapid refurbishment cycles Increased launch cadence These factors collectively determine economic sustainability of future launch systems. Strategic Assessment Reusability has transformed spaceflight from a disposable launch model to a transportation paradigm. Countries failing to adopt reusable architectures risk technological obsolescence and loss of market share. For India, timely induction of disruptive launch technologies is essential to remain competitive in the trillion-dollar space economy. Conclusion Reusable rockets are redefining access to space, and India’s competitiveness will depend on how decisively it integrates reusability into future launch vehicle design. Hate Speech as a Constitutional Tort: Constitutional Accountability and Democratic Integrity Context of the Case In January 2026, prominent activists, journalists, and religious leaders urged the Supreme Court of India to recognise hate speech as a “constitutional tort”, not merely a law-and-order issue. Petitioners highlighted the rise in hate speech incidents, particularly at religious congregations, and sought regulatory and accountability mechanisms. Relevance GS 1: Social harmony, communal relations, and challenges to fraternity in a diverse society. GS 2: Fundamental Rights, Supreme Court jurisprudence, constitutional torts, governance and rule of law. GS 3: Internal security implications of hate speech and its linkage with communal violence. What is a Constitutional Tort? Conceptual Meaning A constitutional tort is a judicially evolved remedy where the State is held vicariously liable for actions or omissions of its agents that violate fundamental rights. It moves beyond criminal prosecution to public law compensation and accountability, rooted in Articles 14, 19, and 21. Judicial Evolution in India Recognised through landmark cases such as: Rudul Sah v. State of Bihar (1983) Nilabati Behera v. State of Odisha (1993) D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal (1997) Courts held that monetary compensation can be awarded for State failure to protect constitutional rights. Why Hate Speech is Argued as a Constitutional Tort ? Discriminatory Character of Hate Speech Petitioners argued that hate speech is inherently discriminatory, targeting individuals or groups based on religion, caste, ethnicity, or identity. Such speech violates: Article 14 (Equality before law) Article 15 (Non-discrimination) Article 21 (Dignity and life) Beyond Law and Order Paradigm Treating hate speech as a routine policing issue reduces it to crowd control or preventive detention, ignoring its systemic and structural harm. Petitioners stressed that hate speech erodes constitutional morality, not just public order. Failure of Existing Legal and Administrative Framework Supreme Court’s 2022 Directions In October 21, 2022, the Supreme Court directed States to: Register suo motu FIRs against hate speech that incites communal violence Act irrespective of religion or political affiliation of offenders Ground-Level Non-Compliance Petitioners cited persistent inaction by police despite prior knowledge of habitual offenders and recurring hate-speech events. Common administrative failures include: Refusal to register FIRs Invocation of weaker penal provisions Delayed investigations Hate Speech and Hate Crimes: Empirical Link Causal Relationship Petitioners argued a direct correlation between hate speech and hate crimes, where incendiary public speeches often precede: Mob violence Communal riots Targeted attacks Constitutional Implications Failure to prevent hate speech despite foreseeability constitutes State negligence, engaging vicarious liability under constitutional tort doctrine. Governance and Federal Accountability Issues Police as a State Subject Public order and police fall under the State List, but constitutional rights impose non-negotiable obligations on States. Repeated inaction suggests institutional complicity or abdication of constitutional duty. Need for Judicial Oversight Petitioners urged continued Supreme Court monitoring, arguing that mere advisory directions lack enforceability. Ethical and Democratic Dimensions Impact on Constitutional Morality Hate speech undermines the values of fraternity, secularism, and dignity, enshrined in the Preamble. Normalisation of hate corrodes democratic discourse and legitimises exclusion. Free Speech vs Harm Principle While Article 19(1)(a) protects free speech, Article 19(2) permits reasonable restrictions to prevent: Public disorder Incitement to violence Harm to social harmony Hate speech falls squarely within constitutionally permissible restrictions. Arguments Against Overreach (Counterview) Expanding constitutional tort doctrine may: Increase judicial overreach into executive functions Create chilling effects on legitimate speech Raise concerns of subjective interpretation Hence, safeguards and clear doctrinal thresholds would be necessary. Way Forward Legal and Institutional Measures Develop clear judicial standards to identify hate speech triggering constitutional tort liability. Fix personal accountability of supervisory police officers for non-compliance with court directions. Preventive and Structural Reforms Mandatory videography and prior permission for large religious congregations with history of hate speech. Independent monitoring mechanisms under State Human Rights Commissions. Strengthening Constitutional Culture Training law enforcement in constitutional values and hate-crime sensitivity. Reaffirmation of fraternity and dignity as enforceable constitutional norms. Chagos Islands Dispute Context and Recent Trigger U.S. President Donald Trump criticised the UK’s decision to hand over sovereignty of the Chagos Islands to Mauritius, citing strategic and security concerns. The UK government has defended the move, stating that a deal is being finalised to transfer sovereignty to Mauritius by May 2026, while retaining the Diego Garcia military base on lease for at least 99 years. Chagos Islands: Strategic and Historical Background Geographic and Strategic Significance The Chagos Archipelago is located in the central Indian Ocean, astride major sea lanes connecting Africa, West Asia, and the Indo-Pacific. Diego Garcia, the largest island, hosts a U.S.–UK military base, critical for operations in the Middle East, Indo-Pacific, and Africa. Colonial Legacy The UK separated Chagos from Mauritius in 1965, three years before Mauritius gained independence in 1968, creating the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). Between 1967–1973, over 1,500–2,000 Chagossians were forcibly evicted to enable the U.S. military base—raising serious human rights concerns. Relevance GS 2: International law, ICJ opinions, UN system, sovereignty disputes, and India’s foreign policy principles. Legal and Diplomatic Developments International Court of Justice (ICJ) Opinion, 2019 The ICJ (2019) held that: The decolonisation of Mauritius was not lawfully completed. The UK is under an obligation to end its administration of Chagos as rapidly as possible. United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution Following the ICJ opinion, the UNGA voted overwhelmingly demanding that the UK withdraw from Chagos within six months. Though advisory, the opinion strengthened Mauritius’ diplomatic and legal position. The UK–Mauritius Deal (Proposed) Key Features Sovereignty over Chagos to be transferred to Mauritius. Diego Garcia base to remain under UK–US control via a long-term lease (≈99 years). Guarantees for continued military access for the U.S. and UK. UK’s Rationale Aims to: Comply with international legal obligations. Reduce diplomatic isolation in the UN. Secure long-term legitimacy of the Diego Garcia base. Implications for India and the Indian Ocean Region Decolonisation and Global South Solidarity The issue resonates with India’s long-standing support for decolonisation and territorial integrity, consistent with its stance at the UN. Strengthens Global South demands for post-colonial justice. Indian Ocean Security Architecture Diego Garcia remains central to: Indo-Pacific security. Freedom of navigation. Counter-terror and logistics operations. Stability in Chagos supports India’s interest in a stable, rules-based Indian Ocean Region. Broader Global Order Implications Rules vs Power The Chagos case illustrates tension between: International law and decolonisation norms, and Great-power security imperatives. Precedent Setting Compliance with ICJ opinions reinforces international legal institutions. Defiance risks accelerating erosion of the rules-based order. Way Forward Balanced Resolution Sovereignty transfer with binding security guarantees offers a middle path reconciling law and strategy. Human-Centric Approach Address Chagossian resettlement, compensation, and dignity as integral to any final settlement. Multilateral Transparency Greater engagement with UN mechanisms and regional stakeholders to ensure long-term legitimacy. Darwin’s Bark Spiders (Caerostris darwini) Relevance GS 3: Biodiversity and adaptation in unique ecosystems. GS 3: Science and technology, evolutionary biology, biomaterials, and bio-inspired innovation. Species & Habitat: Darwin’s bark spider is endemic to Madagascar and is known for building the largest orb webs recorded, often spanning up to 25 metres across rivers and lakes. Record-breaking Silk: Its dragline silk has a tensile strength of ~1.6 GPa, making it the toughest biological material ever tested, around three times stronger than iron and tougher than steel. Key Scientific Finding: Only large adult females produce this ultra-tough silk; silk from males and juveniles is significantly weaker and mechanically indistinguishable across sexes and ages. Reason for Female-only Tough Silk: Adult females are 3–5 times larger than males, facing stronger evolutionary pressure to support massive webs. Tough silk evolved primarily to structurally support huge webs, not to catch specific prey. Energy–Efficiency Trade-off: Producing high-performance silk is metabolically expensive, requiring costly proteins like proline. Females therefore produce less silk overall, rebuild webs more slowly, and invest in quality over quantity. Web Architecture Strategy: Female webs are sparser, with wider gaps and fewer threads, but each thread absorbs very high mechanical strain. Males and juveniles spin denser webs using cheaper, weaker silk. Genetic vs Adaptive Traits: Elasticity of silk is genetically conserved across all individuals. Extreme toughness is selectively “switched on” in large females based on body size and ecological demand. Evolutionary Significance: Demonstrates sex-specific adaptive evolution, where costly biological materials are produced only when they provide clear survival advantages. Faster Warming, Faster Breeding: Climate Change and Antarctic Penguins Context and Key Finding A recent study reports that three Antarctic penguin species are breeding about two weeks earlier compared to a decade ago. This phenological shift coincides with a ~3°C rise in Antarctic temperatures between 2012 and 2022, highlighting rapid climate impacts in polar ecosystems. The findings are based on remote-controlled photographic monitoring of penguin colonies from 2010–2021. Relevance GS 1: Climate change impacts on polar regions and global environmental systems. GS 3: Climate change, biodiversity loss, ecosystem disruption, and environmental conservation. Penguin Species Affected Species Showing Early Breeding Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarcticus) These species showed a ~14-day advancement in breeding timing, one of the fastest documented shifts among vertebrates. Why Timing Matters in Penguin Life Cycles ? Dependence on Environmental Synchrony Penguins rely on precise alignment between: Breeding timing Food availability (krill, plankton, fish) Ice conditions and sea productivity Breeding too early or too late can reduce chick survival, as food availability peaks are narrow and climate-sensitive. Comparison with Other Vertebrates Most vertebrates show similar phenological shifts over ~75 years, whereas Antarctic penguins have exhibited this shift in just 10 years. Role of Antarctic Warming Temperature Trends The Antarctic Peninsula is among the fastest-warming regions on Earth, with warming rates exceeding the global average. Western Antarctica has warmed significantly, altering: Sea-ice duration Snow melt timing Marine productivity cycles Differential Species Response Gentoo penguins are more adaptable and benefit from reduced ice and diversified diets. Adélie and Chinstrap penguins are more ice-dependent and specialised, making them more vulnerable to ecosystem shifts. Food Web Changes and Competition Krill and Plankton Dynamics Warming waters and changing ice conditions affect krill abundance, the primary food source for many penguin species. Climate-driven plankton changes have: Increased food for some species (e.g., Gentoo) Reduced predictability for specialist feeders (Adélie, Chinstrap) Interspecies Competition Gentoo penguins have expanded southward and now: Breed earlier Compete aggressively for nesting sites Displace Adélie penguins from traditional habitats Observed Ecological Consequences Population Trends Chinstrap penguin populations are declining globally, linked to food stress and habitat change. Adélie penguins show mixed trends—some colonies declining, others adapting locally. Gentoo penguins are increasing in number and range, benefiting from warmer conditions. Chick Survival Risks Earlier breeding does not automatically imply higher success. If food availability shifts faster than breeding adaptation, phenological mismatch may reduce chick growth and survival. Broader Climate Change Signals Indicator Species Penguins act as sentinel species, reflecting broader changes in Antarctic marine ecosystems. Rapid breeding shifts indicate ecosystem-level stress, not isolated behavioural change. Future Projections Climate models suggest continued acceleration of Antarctic warming, increasing risks of: Further phenological disruption Loss of ice-dependent species Ecosystem restructuring

Jan 17, 2026 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 17 January 2026

Content Sukhatme National Award in Statistics – 2026 Lokpal of India – Foundation Day Sukhatme National Award in Statistics – 2026 Why in News ? MoSPI invited online nominations for Sukhatme National Award in Statistics – 2026. Last date: 31 January 2026. Relevance GS I (Indian Society / History of Science / Awards) Evolution of scientific and statistical institutions in post-Independence India. Role of eminent Indians (e.g., P.V. Sukhatme) in nation-building through science. About the Award Instituted by: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). Year of institution: 2000. Frequency: Given biennially (alternate years). Purpose: Recognise exceptional / outstanding contributions in: High-quality statistical research. Improvement of official statistics system in India. Eligibility Criteria Nationality: Indian. Age: 45 years and above. Nature of contribution: Lifetime contributions and achievements. Field: Statistics (especially official statistics). Nomination type: Self-nomination allowed. Nomination by institutions also permitted. Nomination Process Mode: Online. Portal: National Awards Portal (awards.gov.in). Deadline: 31 January 2026. Additional source: MoSPI website (mospi.gov.in). Significance for India Strengthens credibility and quality of official statistics. Encourages rigorous data culture in governance. Supports evidence-based policymaking. Reinforces India’s commitment to statistical transparency and accuracy. About Sukhatme (Static Linkage) Named after P.V. Sukhatme: Eminent Indian statistician. Pioneer in agricultural statistics and sampling theory. Instrumental in strengthening India’s statistical system post-Independence. Prelims Pointers Award by MoSPI, not NSO separately. Given alternate years, not annually. Age criterion: 45+. Presented on Statistics Day (29 June). Focus on official statistics, not general mathematics. Lokpal of India – Foundation Day Why in News ? Lokpal of India observed its Foundation Day on 16 January 2026. Reaffirmed commitment to integrity, accountability and transparent governance. Relevance GS II (Polity, Governance, Constitution) Anti-corruption institutional framework in India. Lokpal as: Statutory body Accountability mechanism over executive. Issues of: Transparency Checks and balances Democratic oversight. Centre–State dimension (Lokpal–Lokayukta architecture). Statutory & Constitutional Context Established under: Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013. Date of establishment: 16 January 2014 (Section 3 came into force). Nature of institution: Statutory, not constitutional. Sui generis anti-corruption body. Mandate: Inquiry and investigation into allegations of corruption against public functionaries, including highest executive authorities. Foundation Day 2026 Venue: Lokpal of India Office, New Delhi. Reason for modest in-house celebration: Budgetary austerity and expenditure control. Contrast with 2025: Lokpal Day 2025 was celebrated as a large national event at Manekshaw Centre. Institutional Significance Lokpal described as: “Body by the people, of the people and for the people.” Core values emphasised: Independence Objectivity Fairness Rule of law Public trust reflected in: Steady rise in complaints over last two years. Projected exponential increase in complaints (2025–26) compared to 2024–25. Increase in bench sittings. Minimal pendency and timely disposal. Democratic & Ethical Dimension Lokpal Day seen as: Moment of institutional introspection. Reaffirmation of ethical governance. Citizen role highlighted: Citizens, NRIs and OCIs termed “ground soldiers against corruption”. Silence against corruption equated to moral failure. Quote used: “The ultimate tragedy is not the oppression of the bad people, but the silence of the good people” – Martin Luther King Jr. Historical Linkages Acknowledged contributions of: Anna Hazare – mass anti-corruption movement. Justice N. Santosh Hegde – former Lokayukta of Karnataka. Lokpal emerged from: Sustained public demand for an independent anti-corruption mechanism. Governance & Administrative Developments Inauguration of new IT Infrastructure & Data Centre: End-to-end digitised, paperless complaint processing. Enhances: Efficiency Confidentiality Institutional capacity. Reflects shift towards: Tech-enabled vigilance governance. Social & Institutional Recognition Felicitation of: Winners of competitions held on International Anti-Corruption Day (9 Dec 2025). Longest-serving staff members. Children of Lokpal staff excelling in: Academics Sports Arts and culture. Challenges High complaint volume may: Strain investigative capacity. Dependence on other agencies for investigation/prosecution. Awareness gap among rural and marginalised citizens. Need to balance: Speed vs due process. Way Forward Strengthen: Institutional manpower and domain expertise. Coordination with CBI and vigilance bodies. Expand: Digital access and multilingual complaint mechanisms. Enhance: Public awareness and whistle-blower protection. Align functioning with: Rule of law Constitutional morality Citizen-centric governance. Prelims Pointers Lokpal established on 16 Jan 2014, not 2013. Created by Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013. Lokpal ≠ CBI; Lokpal supervises/inquires. Chairperson must be former CJI / SC Judge or eminent person. Lokpal is statutory, independent, sui generis body.

Jan 17, 2026 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 17 January 2026

Content Multilateralism à la carte, the Washington way Budget 2026–27 must keep the growth momentum Multilateralism à la carte, the Washington way Central Argument The US is shifting from rule-based multilateralism to selective, interest-driven engagement. Multilateralism is no longer universal or binding, but “à la carte” — chosen when convenient, bypassed when constraining. Relevance GS II – International Relations Decline of multilateralism. Rise of minilateralism. Rule-based order vs power politics. US foreign policy behaviour. GS III – Economy / Climate / Trade WTO crisis and global trade uncertainty. Climate finance commitments. Global economic governance fragmentation. Practice Question “Multilateralism is increasingly being practised à la carte rather than as a rule-based order.”Examine this statement in the context of recent US foreign policy behaviour.(250 Words) What is “Multilateralism à la carte”? Selective participation in international institutions. Preference for: Informal coalitions Minilateral groupings Ad-hoc arrangements Avoidance of: Binding treaties Legal obligations Independent dispute settlement. Evidence Cited in the Editorial Withdrawal / Bypassing of Institutions US actions: Withdrawal from UNESCO. Exit from UN Human Rights Council. Withdrawal from WHO (Trump era). Indicates discomfort with institutional constraints. Trade & WTO US has: Blocked WTO Appellate Body appointments since 2019. Consequence: Paralysis of global trade dispute settlement. Preference: Bilateral or plurilateral trade arrangements over WTO rules. Climate Change Regime US: Withdrew from Paris Agreement (later rejoined). Resists strong differentiation and climate finance commitments. Impact: Weakens trust in long-term climate cooperation. Security & Strategic Coalitions Shift from alliances to issue-based coalitions: QUAD-type arrangements. Characteristics: No treaty obligations. No permanent secretariats. Flexibility over commitment. Washington’s Strategic Logic Sovereignty-first approach: Avoids external adjudication. Belief that: Institutions constrain US power. Flexibility maximises leverage. Domestic drivers: Congressional resistance. Domestic political polarisation. Skepticism towards global governance. Why This Is Destabilising ? Erosion of Rule-Based Order Predictability replaced by power-based bargaining. Weakens norms, treaties, and enforcement mechanisms. Fragmentation of Global Governance Multiple overlapping coalitions. No universal standards. Increased transaction costs for states. Crisis Management Weakens Global issues need: Binding cooperation Long-term commitments. À la carte multilateralism fails on: Climate change Global health Financial stability. Trust Deficit Frequent exits and re-entries undermine: Credibility Reliability of US commitments. Allies unsure whether agreements will survive domestic political changes. Implications for the World Global System Rise of: Minilateralism Informal power blocs. Decline of: Universal institutions like UN, WTO. Developing Countries Losers in a power-driven system: Less bargaining power. Reduced protection of international law. Increased dependence on major powers. India-Specific Implications Opportunities India benefits from: Flexible coalitions (QUAD, I2U2). Strategic autonomy. Space for issue-based leadership. Risks Weak WTO hurts India’s trade dispute protection. Climate finance uncertainty impacts India’s development needs. Fragmented order increases diplomatic complexity. Way Forward Need to: Reform, not abandon multilateral institutions. Restore dispute settlement mechanisms. Balance flexibility with rule adherence. Middle powers (India, EU): Can act as stabilising anchors. Push for inclusive, predictable multilateralism. Budget 2026–27 must keep the growth momentum Core Thesis Despite global headwinds, India’s growth resilience is policy-driven. Budget 2026–27 must: Strengthen domestic growth levers, Prioritise productive capital expenditure, Maintain fiscal consolidation and debt sustainability, Remove structural bottlenecks. Relevance GS III (Economy) Budget strategy. Capex vs revenue spending. Manufacturing, exports, finance, technology. GS II (Governance) Tax administration reforms. Regulatory simplification. Institutional capacity. Practice Question Why is capital expenditure prioritisation critical for sustaining India’s growth momentum in Budget 2026–27 ? (250 Words) Context & Background 2025 global uncertainty: US tariff threats. Weak global demand. India’s resilience attributed to: Reform continuity (PM’s “Amrit Kaal” vision). Infrastructure-led growth. Budget 2026–27 seen as a critical inflection point. Key Policy Priorities Suggested Defence-led Growth Strategy Continue defence capex focus: Capital outlay in defence to reach 30% of total defence expenditure. Defence R&D: DRDO allocation to increase by ₹10,000 crore. Defence industrial corridors: Existing success: Uttar Pradesh & Tamil Nadu. Proposed expansion: Eastern India defence corridor. Export push: Defence exports already ~65% private sector share (2024–25). Target: ₹50,000 crore defence exports by 2028–29. Institutional reform: Defence export promotion council. Better coordination with: MEA Indian embassies Ministry of Defence. Clean Energy & Advanced Manufacturing Growth drivers identified: Clean energy EVs Semiconductors Strategic technologies. Rising demand for critical minerals. National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM): Approved in early 2025. Objective: Secure mineral supply chains. Need for: Dedicated financing. Tailing recovery programmes. Export Competitiveness & Trade Policy Current issue: RoDTEP & Exported Products Scheme funding (~₹18,233 crore) insufficient. Recommendation: Significantly raise allocations. Rationale: Offset high logistics and compliance costs. Improve price competitiveness. Global Capability Centres (GCCs) India as a global hub for GCCs. Existing Transfer Pricing (TP) rules are restrictive. Suggested reform: Allow arm’s length margins for different categories of services. Impact: Higher exports of services. Greater FDI inflows. Drone Ecosystem Acceleration Need to: Catalyse scale through targeted finance. Suggestions: Production-linked incentive (PLI) outlay: Increase from ₹120 crore to ₹1,000 crore. Create ₹1,000 crore drone R&D fund. Objective: Boost defence, agriculture, logistics, and exports. Financial Sector Deepening Overdependence on banking credit highlighted. Required reforms: Deepen corporate bond markets. Broaden investor base: Listed & unlisted corporates. Insurance companies (raise 25% cap). Encourage: Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs). Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs). Allow provident funds to invest in: Lower-rated but quality bonds. Tax Administration & Dispute Resolution Major bottleneck: Severe pendency at CIT(A) level. Issues: Long delays. High litigation uncertainty. Proposed solution: Dual-track system: Fast-track for low-value disputes. Detailed adjudication for complex cases. Fill ~40% vacancies at CIT(A) level. Customs & Tariff Reforms Persisting problem: Inverted duty structure. Recommendations: Calibrate tariffs across the value chain. Support domestic manufacturing competitiveness. Aim: Reduce cost disadvantages. Promote Make in India. Certification & Regulatory Reforms Issue: New companies of existing AEOs face certification barriers. Proposal: Allow AEO-accredited groups automatic certification. Impact: Faster trade. Reduced compliance burden. Overarching Economic Logic Combine: Fiscal prudence + growth push. Strategy: Capex-led growth. Structural reforms. Policy certainty. Objective: Crowd-in private investment. Enhance global competitiveness. Risks Highlighted Fiscal overstretch if capex not prioritised. Delays in tax dispute resolution eroding investor confidence. Weak export support amid global slowdown. Financing gaps in new-age technologies.

Jan 17, 2026 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 17 January 2026

Content Startup India @10 — Highest Annual Spike in Start-up Registrations Expert Panel Sets Norms for Religious Structures in Wildlife Sanctuaries Nobel Prize Debate — Politicisation and Symbolism of the Nobel Peace Prize Kaziranga Elevated Corridor — Eco-Sensitive Infrastructure to Reduce Wildlife Mortality Land Is Power — Women’s Land Rights and Agrarian Gender Inequality in India Drowning in Its Home — Sangai (Dancing Deer) and the Collapse of Floating Wetlands Startup India @10 — Highest Annual Spike in Start-up Why in News ? Prime Minister Narendra Modi stated that ~44,000 start-ups were registered in 2025, the highest annual addition since the launch of Startup India. Statement made during the 10th anniversary of the Startup India Mission. India now positioned as the 3rd largest start-up ecosystem globally. Relevance GS II – Governance Government policies for entrepreneurship promotion. Role of DPIIT, regulatory reforms, ease of doing business. Centre–State competition in start-up ecosystems. GS III – Economy Start-ups as drivers of: Job creation. Innovation-led growth. Capital market deepening (IPOs). MSME–start-up linkage in value chains. Shift from factor-led to innovation-led growth. Startup India: Core Basics Launch date: 16 January 2016. Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Commerce & Industry (DPIIT). Core objectives: Foster innovation. Promote entrepreneurship. Enable investment-led growth. Key instruments: Start-up recognition by DPIIT. Fund of Funds for Start-ups (FFS). Tax exemptions & compliance easing. Key Data & Evidence 2025: ~44,000 new start-ups registered (highest single-year jump). Ecosystem position: India = 3rd largest globally (after US & China). Trend highlighted: Start-ups → Unicorns → IPOs → Job creation. Registration ≠ success; but reflects pipeline depth. Economic Dimension Growth engine: Start-ups driving: Job creation. Capital formation. Productivity gains. Structural shift: From factor-led growth → innovation-led growth. Capital markets linkage: Rising start-up IPOs deepen domestic capital markets. MSME–Start-up continuum: Start-ups complement MSMEs in value chains. Governance & Administrative Dimension Regulatory reforms: Self-certification under labour & environmental laws. Faster incorporation & IPR facilitation. Digital public infrastructure: Aadhaar, UPI, ONDC enabling low-cost scaling. Centre–State role: States competing via start-up policies, incubators. Social Dimension Democratisation of entrepreneurship: Growth beyond metros into Tier-2/Tier-3 cities. Youth dividend utilisation: Converts job-seekers into job-creators. Women entrepreneurship: Rising share, but still underrepresented in funding. Technology & Innovation Dimension Strong presence in: FinTech, EdTech, HealthTech, SaaS, Climate-tech. Leveraging: AI, data analytics, digital platforms. Start-ups as drivers of: Indigenous innovation. Atmanirbhar Bharat goals. Challenges Quality vs quantity: High registrations, but survival rates vary. Funding concentration: Venture capital skewed towards few sectors & cities. Regulatory uncertainty: Taxation (angel tax legacy issues). Compliance burden for scaling firms. Job quality concerns: Informal, gig-based employment dominance. Way Forward Next phase: Startup India 2.0 Focus on deep-tech & manufacturing start-ups. Credit diversification Beyond VC: development finance, patient capital. Inclusive entrepreneurship Women, SC/ST, rural & agri-start-ups. Outcome-based support Survival, scale, exports—not just registrations. Regulatory predictability Stable tax & compliance regime for scale-ups. Prelims Pointers Startup India launched in 2016, not post-COVID. DPIIT recognises start-ups (not NITI Aayog). Fund of Funds ≠ direct equity funding. Unicorn = private firm valued at $1 billion+. Expert Panel Sets Norms for Religious Structures in Wildlife Sanctuaries Why in News ? The Standing Committee of the National Board for Wildlife (SCNBWL) has framed guidelines on diversion/regularisation of forest land for religious structures inside Protected Areas (PAs). Triggered by the Balaram–Ambaji Wildlife Sanctuary (Gujarat) case, where diversion of forest land for temples was proposed and later revoked. Raises critical issues of encroachment vs faith, forest rights settlement, and precedent-setting in wildlife governance. Relevance GS II – Polity & Governance Balance between Fundamental Rights (Article 25) and DPSPs (Article 48A). Role of statutory bodies: NBWL / SCNBWL. Rule-based governance vs discretionary clearances. GS III – Environment & Biodiversity Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. Protected Areas governance and encroachment control. Background & Case Context Balaram–Ambaji Wildlife Sanctuary hosts two temples claimed to be “historical”. July 2024: SCNBWL initially cleared 0.35 ha forest land use for a religious trust. October 2024: Clearance revoked after it was found that: Rights of the Trust were not recorded in forest settlement records. December 2025: Draft normative guidelines presented to SCNBWL to avoid ad-hoc decisions in future. Core Guidelines General Principle: Any construction or expansion on forest land after 1980 = encroachment. Exceptional Window: Only if: State issues a reasoned, documented order, and Justifies regularisation on exceptional grounds. Such cases to be referred to the Environment Ministry for case-by-case scrutiny. Key cut-off year: 1980 (linked to Forest (Conservation) Act). Constitutional & Legal Dimension Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980: Central approval mandatory for diversion of forest land. Post-1980 non-forestry use is presumptively illegal. Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Strong protection regime for National Parks & Sanctuaries. Infrastructure allowed only if non-detrimental to wildlife. Article 25 (Freedom of Religion): Subject to public order, morality, health, and other fundamental rights. Does not override environmental laws. Article 48A & 51A(g): State and citizen duty to protect environment and wildlife. Governance & Administrative Dimension Problem exposed: Many sanctuaries still have unsettled forest rights and claims. Poor-quality forest settlement records create ambiguity. Risk of precedent: Regularising one religious structure may open floodgates across PAs. Institutional response: Shift from case-by-case discretion → rule-based SOP. Role of SCNBWL: Apex technical-cum-policy filter to balance conservation vs development/faith. Social & Ethical Dimension Faith vs Ecology dilemma: Religious sentiments are socially powerful but ecologically footprint-heavy. Ethical concern: Selective accommodation of religion risks normalising encroachment. Equity issue: If faith-based claims allowed, why deny other community or livelihood claims? Environmental & Wildlife Dimension Protected Areas are: Inviolate cores for biodiversity. Highly sensitive to fragmentation, noise, footfall, waste. Religious infrastructure often leads to: Roads, shops, accommodation, pilgrim influx → secondary impacts. Guidelines aim to: Prevent “incremental degradation” of sanctuaries. Challenges Implementation gap: States may still push proposals citing “historical existence”. Data deficiency: Lack of authentic records on pre-1980 structures. Political pressure: Religious institutions have high mobilisation capacity. Forest Rights Act overlap: Unsettled FRA claims complicate decision-making. Way Forward Strict adherence to 1980 cut-off as non-negotiable baseline. Time-bound settlement of forest rights under FRA before considering any diversion. Independent ecological impact assessment even for “small” religious uses. No new construction principle: Only maintenance of genuinely pre-1980, legally recorded structures. National SOP: Uniform criteria to avoid State-level arbitrariness. Public communication: Clarify that conservation is not anti-faith, but pro-intergenerational equity. Prelims Pointers SCNBWL ≠ NBWL (NBWL is chaired by PM; SCNBWL handles clearances). Forest (Conservation) Act operative year: 1980. Post-1980 forest constructions = encroachments (default rule). Religious freedom is not absolute. Nobel Prize with Special Focus on the Nobel Peace Prize Why is it in News? María Corina Machado publicly presented her Nobel Peace Prize medal to Donald Trump during a recent meeting in the US. The act was described as a symbolic gesture of gratitude for Trump’s past support to Venezuela’s opposition and democratic cause. This has triggered debate because: Nobel medals are personal property of laureates and can legally be gifted or sold under the statutes of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. However, transferring a Peace Prize medal to a political leader raises questions about politicisation of the Nobel Peace Prize. The episode has revived wider discussion on: Whether the Nobel Peace Prize is being used as a political signal rather than a purely humanitarian recognition. The distinction between symbolic diplomacy vs institutional neutrality of global awards. Relevance GS Paper I – World History / Society Global institutions and moral authority. Evolution of international recognition systems. GS Paper II – International Relations Soft power and norm-setting in global politics. Awards as instruments of diplomatic signalling. Institutional neutrality vs political messaging. Nobel Prize: Core Basics Instituted by the will of Alfred Nobel (1895). First awarded: 1901. Original categories: Physics Chemistry Physiology/Medicine Literature Peace Economics added later (1968) → Not part of original Nobel will. Nobel Peace Prize: Unique Institutional Design Awarded by Norwegian Nobel Committee. Ceremony held in Oslo, not Stockholm. Rationale: Norway–Sweden union context at the time of Nobel’s will. Unlike other Nobel Prizes: Awarded to individuals or organisations. Can be given for political processes, activism, conflict resolution, humanitarian work. Eligibility, Nomination & Decision Process Who can nominate? National parliamentarians, ministers. University professors (relevant fields). Previous laureates. International courts & organisations. Key point: Nomination ≠ endorsement. Hundreds nominated annually; only one laureate selected. Deliberations are confidential for 50 years. Ownership of the Nobel Medal Nobel medal, diploma, and prize money: Become personal property of the laureate. Nobel statutes: Do not prohibit selling, donating, or auctioning medals. Important examples: Dmitry Muratov: Auctioned Peace Prize medal (2022). Proceeds (~USD 103.5 million) donated for Ukrainian children affected by war. Carlos Saavedra Lamas: Medal sold in 2014. Insight: Moral authority lies in use of prize, not physical possession. Political Dimension of the Nobel Peace Prize Peace Prize often reflects contemporary global conflicts and moral priorities. Frequently criticised for: Western normative bias. Awarding aspirational peace rather than achieved peace. Examples often debated in UPSC interviews: Awards during ongoing conflicts. Recognition of political opposition figures. However: Nobel Committee defends Peace Prize as a norm-setting instrument, not merely retrospective reward. International Relations Dimension Peace Prize as: Soft power instrument. Moral signalling mechanism in global politics. Can: Legitimize political movements. Increase diplomatic pressure on regimes. Sometimes causes: Diplomatic discomfort. Accusations of interference in domestic affairs. Economic & Institutional Aspect Prize money: Approx. 10 million Swedish Krona (value may vary annually). Nobel Foundation: Manages endowment. Prize money independent of medal ownership. Challenges Politicisation Perception of ideological selectivity. Premature awards Given before outcomes are secured. Eurocentric norms Global South under-representation historically. Symbol vs substance Media focus on personalities rather than peace outcomes. Way Forward Greater transparency post 50-year disclosure. Broader inclusion of: Grassroots peacebuilders. Community-level conflict resolution. Balanced recognition: Combine moral courage with demonstrable outcomes. Reinforce Peace Prize as: Instrument of conscience, not geopolitics. Prelims Pointers Peace Prize awarded in Norway, others in Sweden. Economics Prize ≠ original Nobel category. Medal ownership lies with laureate. Nobel deliberations sealed for 50 years. Kaziranga Elevated Corridor — Curbing Wildlife Mortality through Eco-Sensitive Infrastructure Why in News ? Prime Minister laid the foundation stone of a 34.5-km elevated corridor along/through Kaziranga National Park. Objective: Reduce animal deaths caused by heavy traffic on NH-715 (formerly NH-37), especially during Brahmaputra floods. Relevance GS III – Environment Human–wildlife conflict mitigation. Wildlife corridors and ecological connectivity. Conservation in flood-prone ecosystems. GS III – Infrastructure Sustainable infrastructure. Disaster-resilient transport planning. Integrating ecology into highway design. Project Snapshot Length: 34.5 km (elevated corridor). Cost: ~₹6,950 crore. Route: NH-715 connecting Kaziranga–Eastern Assam–Guwahati. Ecological linkage: Kaziranga floodplains ↔ Karbi Anglong hills. Complementary works: Widening of 30.22 km existing roads. 2 km long flyovers near Bokakhat & Jakhalabandha. Ecological & Environmental Dimension Flood-driven migration: Annual Brahmaputra floods submerge low-lying grasslands. Wildlife (rhinos, elephants, deer, predators) migrate to higher grounds of Karbi Anglong plateau. Barrier effect of highways: NH-715 cuts across natural corridors. High vehicle speed = major mortality driver. Scientific evidence: Wildlife Institute of India study: 2016–17: 63 animals killed on NH-715 in one year. Included apex predator (Indian leopard). Elevated corridor benefit: Restores horizontal ecological connectivity. Minimises surface-level human–wildlife interaction. Governance & Administrative Dimension Shift in infrastructure paradigm: From “road through forest” → “road over wildlife landscape”. Inter-agency coordination: MoRTH + Assam Govt + Forest Dept + WII inputs. Eco-sensitive zone (ESZ) logic: Corridor aligns with ESZ norms without halting development. Challenge: Construction-phase disturbance in a sensitive zone. Economic Dimension Trade-off resolution: Maintains Assam’s key arterial connectivity to Guwahati. Avoids economic losses from: Traffic disruptions during floods. Wildlife-vehicle collisions. Cost-effectiveness: High upfront cost but long-term savings in: Wildlife loss. Accident compensation. Road maintenance due to flood damage. Social & Ethical Dimension Ethics of coexistence: Acknowledges wildlife movement as a right, not a nuisance. Local livelihoods: Reduced road closures benefit tourism & transport workers. Cultural value: Kaziranga symbolises India’s conservation ethic (one-horned rhino). Security & Strategic Dimension NH-715 is a strategic connectivity route in eastern Assam. Ensures: All-weather movement. Disaster-resilient infrastructure in flood-prone terrain. Challenges Construction impacts: Noise, vibration, light pollution. Speed management: Elevated roads can encourage overspeeding if not regulated. Habitat compression risk: If feeder roads & urbanisation expand unchecked. Monitoring gap: Need for post-construction ecological audits. Way Forward Design & engineering Wildlife-friendly pillars spacing. Natural vegetation underpasses. Traffic regulation Strict speed limits. AI-enabled animal detection & warning systems. Construction safeguards Seasonal work restrictions during peak migration. Noise & light mitigation protocols. Replication Scale model to: Nilgiris–Bandipur. Pench–Kanha. Eastern Ghats corridors. Institutionalisation Make WII ecological clearance mandatory for highways in protected landscapes. Prelims Pointers NH-715 (old NH-37) skirts Kaziranga NP. Kaziranga = UNESCO World Heritage Site. Karbi Anglong = key highland refuge during floods. Elevated corridors ≠ underpasses; both are wildlife mitigation tools. Kaziranga National Park Location: Golaghat & Nagaon districts, Assam; south bank of the Brahmaputra River. Status: Declared National Park (1974). UNESCO World Heritage Site (1985). Tiger Reserve (2006) under Project Tiger. Global Significance: Hosts ~2/3rd of the world’s population of the One-horned Indian Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis). Biodiversity Profile: “Big Five” of Kaziranga: Rhino, Tiger, Elephant, Wild Water Buffalo, Swamp Deer. High tiger density (among the highest globally). Land is Power — Women’s Land Rights in India Why in News ? Recent field-based reportage from Uttarakhand highlights feminisation of agriculture without feminisation of land ownership. Despite constitutional and legal reforms, women cultivators remain invisible in land records, excluding them from schemes like PM-KISAN Samman Nidhi. Reinforces long-standing academic evidence (Bina Agarwal) on land as the core determinant of women’s power, security, and autonomy. Relevance GS I – Indian Society Gender inequality in agrarian structures. Feminisation of agriculture. GS II – Governance & Social Justice Implementation gaps in welfare schemes (PM-KISAN, KCC). Land as a State subject; federal challenges. Women empowerment through asset ownership. Core Problem Statement Women do most agricultural work but do not own land → No legal farmer status → No scheme access → Economic disempowerment. Constitutional & Legal Dimension Constitutional backing Article 14: Equality before law. Article 15(3): Affirmative action for women. Article 39(b), (c): Equitable distribution of material resources. Statutory framework Hindu Succession Act, 1956: First recognition of women’s inheritance. 2005 Amendment: Daughters = coparceners by birth (ancestral property incl. agricultural land). Applies irrespective of marital status. Key gap De jure equality ≠ de facto ownership. Land largely transferred to women only as widows, not as daughters. Governance & Administrative Dimension Land records & farmer identity Ownership-based definition of “farmer” excludes women cultivators. Digitisation (DILRMP) replicates patriarchal ownership patterns. Scheme access failure PM-KISAN, KCC, crop insurance → land title mandatory. Result: Women submit affidavits instead of enjoying rights. Federal issue Land = State subject → uneven implementation across states. Economic Dimension Productivity & credit No land title → no collateral → no formal credit. Zero/near-zero women Kisan Credit Cards in many hill districts. Macroeconomic loss FAO estimate (generic): Equal access to productive resources could raise farm output significantly. Migration link Male out-migration → women manage farms → “managerial feminisation without asset control.” Social & Ethical Dimension Patriarchal norms Daughters “given away” at marriage → denied inheritance. Social pressure to relinquish legal share. Intra-household power Land ownership: Enhances bargaining power. Reduces domestic violence risk (Bina Agarwal’s findings). Intersectionality Dalit, Adivasi women face: Poor land quality. No demarcation, water, or extension support. Environmental & Sustainability Dimension Women land managers: Preserve forests, soil fertility, biodiversity. Promote mixed cropping, organic manure. Link to SDGs SDG 1 (No Poverty), SDG 5 (Gender Equality), SDG 15 (Life on Land). Data & Evidence National Family Health Survey Women owning land alone: ~7% (2014–15) → ~8% (2019–21). Joint ownership: ~21% → ~23%. PM-KISAN (Rajya Sabha, Dec 2024): ~87 million beneficiaries. <20 million women (~2–3 out of 10). Uttarakhand: ~16% women beneficiaries. UN Women Even where women do >75% farm work, ownership remains male-dominated. Challenges Implementation deficit Laws exist; enforcement weak. Institutional apathy Revenue officials resist joint/matrilineal titles. Awareness gap Women unaware of location/utility of allotted land. Design flaw Land titles without irrigation, extension, or market access = symbolic empowerment. Way Forward Land record reforms Mandatory joint spousal titles in all government land transfers. Scheme redesign PM-KISAN, KCC eligibility based on cultivation + management, not just ownership. Administrative nudges Stamp duty rebates for women land registration (best practices from states). Institutional support Boundary demarcation, water access, extension services post-allotment. Normative change Panchayat-led awareness on daughters’ inheritance rights. Tribal areas Effective implementation of forest & community land rights with women as primary title holders. Drowning in its Home — Sangai (Dancing Deer) & Collapse of Floating Wetlands Why in News ? Recent ecological assessments warn that the Sangai (Dancing Deer) is approaching an extinction-level event due to collapse of floating meadows (phumdis) in Manipur. Wildlife Institute of India (2022–23) conservation plan reports critically low wild population and severe habitat fragmentation. Raises questions on wetland governance, hydropower–ecology conflict, and species-specific conservation failures. Relevance GS III – Environment & Biodiversity Endangered species conservation. Wetland ecology (Ramsar sites). Protected Area management failures. GS I – Geography (India) Loktak Lake. Floating wetlands (phumdis). Species Profile Common name: Sangai / Dancing Deer Scientific name: Rucervus eldii eldii IUCN status: Endangered State animal: Manipur Habitat specificity: Only wild population confined to floating meadows of Keibul Lamjao National Park Unique feature: Brow tine on forehead (males). Delicate gait over floating vegetation → “dancing” illusion. Geographical & Ecological Context Located in Imphal Valley, south of Loktak Lake. Keibul Lamjao NP: World’s only floating national park. Ramsar Convention site (Wetland of International Importance). Core ecological unit: Phumdis Floating mats of vegetation + organic matter. Must be ≥1 metre thick to support adult Sangai (90–115 kg). Population Status & Data Declared extinct: 1951 → rediscovered later. Apparent recovery till 1984, followed by decline. WII (2022–23) findings: ~64 individuals in the wild. ~200 in captivity (zoos across India). Earlier census (2016) showing 260 individuals now believed to be inflated / methodologically weak. Habitat squeezed to ~10 sq km → severe crowding. Key Threats 1. Habitat Collapse (Primary Driver) Phumdis thinning & fragmentation due to: Altered hydrology. Pollution load. Observed impact: 2023 census: 2 Sangai + 4 hog deer carcasses recovered → probable drowning. 2. Hydropower–Wetland Conflict 1983 downstream multipurpose hydroelectric project: Causes monsoon backflow into Loktak–Keibul system. Leads to: Erosion of phumdis. Delay in regeneration of floating mats. Altered nutrient cycles. 3. Pollution & Urban Pressure Untreated sewage from towns enters lake. Excess nutrients → disrupt endemic plant species anchoring phumdis. 4. Genetic & Demographic Risks Inbreeding depression due to: Extremely small effective population. Habitat confinement. Results: Reduced fertility. Higher disease susceptibility. Lower long-term viability. 5. Institutional Gaps Ramsar status without effective wetland hydrological management. Fragmented responsibility: wildlife, water resources, power departments. Governance & Policy Dimension Protected Area ≠ Protected Ecosystem Focus on species protection, neglect of ecosystem processes. Lack of environmental flow norms for Loktak basin. Absence of integrated lake–river–wetland authority. Environmental & Climate Dimension Phumdis are climate-sensitive: Changing rainfall patterns amplify hydrological stress. Loss of floating wetlands: Carbon sequestration declines. Biodiversity collapse (hog deer, fish, birds affected). Security & Cultural Dimension Sangai = cultural keystone species of Manipur: Embedded in dance, art, sports ethos, and identity. Biodiversity loss risks: Cultural alienation. Local resistance to conservation if livelihoods ignored. Way Forward Ecological Measures Restore minimum phumdi thickness through: Controlled water levels. Nutrient balance restoration. Native vegetation regeneration programs. Hydrological Governance Enforce environmental flow regime downstream of hydropower project. Seasonal water-level modulation aligned with phumdi regeneration cycle. Genetic Conservation Scientific metapopulation strategy: Carefully managed translocations. Genetic exchange between captive and wild populations (where viable). Institutional Reform Loktak–Keibul Integrated Wetland Authority: Wildlife + Water + Urban governance convergence. Community-based wetland stewardship with local fishers. Monitoring & Science Annual independent population audits using modern methods (camera traps, genetic sampling). Long-term ecological research station at Keibul Lamjao. Prelims Pointers Keibul Lamjao NP = only floating national park in the world. Sangai subspecies = Rucervus eldii eldii. Phumdis must be ≥1 m thick to support Sangai. Loktak Lake = Ramsar site + hydropower-linked wetland.

Jan 15, 2026 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 15 January 2026

Content NITI Aayog Releases Export Preparedness Index (EPI) 2024 Real-Time Stray Cattle Safety Alert on National Highways NITI Aayog Releases Export Preparedness Index (EPI) 2024 Why in News ? NITI Aayog released Export Preparedness Index (EPI) 2024 on 14 January 2026. 4th edition (first in August 2020). Aligned with: USD 1 trillion merchandise exports target by 2030. Viksit Bharat @2047 vision. Emphasises States & districts as drivers of India’s export competitiveness amid global volatility. Relevance : GS III Indian Economy & External Sector: Export competitiveness, GVC integration, MSME-led exports. Infrastructure & logistics, cost competitiveness, human capital. Industrial policy alignment: PLI, Logistics Policy, Districts as Export Hubs (DEH). What is Export Preparedness Index (EPI)? Composite, evidence-based index assessing export readiness of States & UTs. Focus: Strength, resilience & inclusiveness of sub-national export ecosystems. Identification of structural bottlenecks, growth levers, and policy gaps. Policy intent: Shift from national export targets → place-based export strategies. Integrate districts, clusters, MSMEs, and GVC linkages. Framework & Structure (2024) 4 Pillars | 13 Sub-pillars | 70 Indicators Enhanced analytical depth with new dimensions: macro stability, cost competitiveness, MSME ecosystem. Pillars & Weightage Export Infrastructure – 20% Utilities Logistics Business Ecosystem – 40%(highest weight – critical insight) Macroeconomic stability Cost competitiveness Human capital Finance & credit access MSME ecosystem Industrial & innovation environment Policy & Governance – 20% State export policy & governance Regulatory environment & compliance Export Performance – 20% Export outcomes & trends Promotion & facilitation Diversification & global market access India’s export challenge is no longer just ports & logistics but costs, skills, finance, and institutional quality. Methodology & Data (Data-centric) Sources Central Ministries State Governments Public institutions & official datasets Techniques Indicator normalisation Balanced pillar weightage Inter-State comparability ensured 2024 Refinements Greater robustness & policy relevance Improved indicator precision Stronger alignment with district-level export planning Classification of States & UTs Categories: Large States Small States North-East States Union Territories Performance Bands: Leaders – High preparedness Challengers – Moderate, improvable Aspirers – Nascent export ecosystems Governance Signal: Enables peer learning, competitive federalism, and targeted reforms. Top Performers – EPI 2024 Large States (Leaders) Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Gujarat Uttar Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Small States / NE / UTs (Leaders) Uttarakhand Jammu & Kashmir Nagaland Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu Goa Constitutional & Federal Dimension Article 246 + Seventh Schedule Trade & commerce: shared Centre-State domain. EPI operationalises cooperative federalism through: Evidence-based benchmarking. State-specific reform pathways. Strengthens competitive federalism without coercion. Economic Significance Exports → employment multiplier, especially in MSMEs. Sub-national preparedness critical for: Global Value Chain (GVC) integration Reducing regional disparities Improving cost competitiveness Aligns with: PLI schemes Logistics Policy Districts as Export Hubs (DEH) Governance & Administrative Insights Highlights need for: Predictable & transparent policies. Strong export institutions at State level. Faster regulatory clearances. District focus enables: Cluster-based interventions. Tailored skilling & infrastructure. Social & Ethical Dimension Export-led growth: Generates non-farm jobs. Supports women-intensive sectors (textiles, food processing). Inclusive exports via: MSME participation. Credit access & skilling. Technology, Security & Global Context Global volatility: Supply chain fragmentation Geopolitical trade realignments EPI helps States: Identify new trade opportunities. Move towards quality-centric exports (PM’s emphasis). Tech adoption: Digital trade facilitation Data-driven logistics & compliance. Key Challenges Identified Inter-State divergence in preparedness. Weak: Cost competitiveness. Human capital alignment. Institutional capacity in Aspirer States. MSME constraints: Credit gaps Compliance burden Logistics inefficiencies at district level. Way Forward District-centric export planning under DEH. Strengthen: State Export Promotion Agencies. Single-window & digital compliance systems. Improve: MSME credit flow (SIDBI, fintech). Skill-industry linkage aligned to export clusters. Focus on: Product quality & standards. Export diversification & new markets. Use EPI as: Annual reform dashboard. Input for Finance Commission & scheme targeting. Prelims Pointers First EPI: August 2020. EPI 2024: 4 pillars, 13 sub-pillars, 70 indicators. Highest weightage pillar: Business Ecosystem (40%). Implemented by: NITI Aayog. Objective: Assess State/UT export preparedness (not volume). Real-Time Stray Cattle Safety Alert on National Highways Why in News ? National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) launched a pilot real-time stray cattle safety alert system. Announced on 14 January 2026, during Road Safety Month 2026. Objective: Reduce accidents caused by sudden cattle movement, especially during fog & low-visibility conditions. Implemented in collaboration with telecom service providers, with Reliance Jio upgrading its platform for nationwide alert capability. Relevance GS II Public service delivery & e-governance by National Highways Authority of India. Inter-agency coordination (NHAI + telecoms); citizen-centric governance. Road safety as a public policy priority. GS III Infrastructure & Transport: Highway safety, Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). Science & Technology: Geofencing, location-based alerts, telecom-enabled nudges. Internal security (non-traditional): Accident prevention, situational awareness. Background: Why Stray Cattle is a Road Safety Issue ? India faces high road fatality burden: ~1.7 lakh road accident deaths annually (MoRTH trend). Animal-related accidents: Disproportionately high on National & State Highways. Peak risk during night, fog, winter months (north-west India). Root causes: Stray cattle population near highways. Poor fencing & access control. High-speed traffic corridors. Road safety is not only an engineering issue but also a governance, behavioural, and technological challenge. Pilot Project: Key Features Pilot Corridors Jaipur–Agra National Highway Jaipur–Rewari National Highway Selected due to: High incidence of stray cattle movement. Historical accident data & field-level inputs. Technology Design Location-based, real-time alerts to highway users. Alerts triggered ~10 km before cattle-prone stretches. Communication format: Flash SMS (Hindi) “आगे आवारा पशु ग्रस्त क्षेत्र है। कृपया धीरे और सावधानी से चलें।” Followed by voice alert with identical message. Anti–alert fatigue mechanism: No repeat alert to same user within 30 minutes. Data & Infrastructure Cattle-prone zones mapped using: Historical accident datasets. Ground-level validation. Leveraging upgraded telecom infrastructure for: Targeted delivery. Real-time responsiveness. Scalability-ready architecture (pan-India potential). Governance & Administrative Dimension NHAI’s shift from: Reactive enforcement → Predictive, preventive safety governance. Inter-agency coordination: Highway authority + telecom operators. Enhances: User-centric service delivery. Evidence-based policy design. Technological Dimension Use of: Geofencing & location-based services. Telecom-led real-time advisories. Complements: Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). Digital India & Smart Mobility vision. Low-cost, high-impact behavioural nudge. Security & Safety Dimension Reduces: High-speed collision risk. Secondary accidents during fog. Improves: Driver reaction time. Situational awareness. Technology here acts as a risk anticipator, not merely an information provider. Social & Ethical Dimension Addresses: Human safety without criminalising cattle presence. Indirectly flags: Urban-rural interface issues. Stray cattle management gaps (municipal & panchayat level). Ethical governance: Focus on prevention, not punishment. Economic Dimension Road accidents impose: ~3–5% of GDP loss (World Bank estimates for India). Potential benefits: Reduced fatalities & injuries. Lower insurance & logistics disruption costs. Improved freight reliability on NH corridors. Key Challenges Pilot-limited coverage. Dependence on: Accurate zone mapping. Telecom penetration & signal strength. Does not directly address: Root cause of stray cattle (urban planning, animal husbandry, local governance). Risk of: User desensitisation if alerts over-expand without precision. Way Forward Scale-up after impact evaluation using: Accident reduction metrics. User feedback. Integrate with: FASTag / vehicle infotainment systems. Highway variable message signboards. Parallel measures: Highway fencing & cattle underpasses. Local body accountability for stray cattle control. AI-based enhancements: Camera + sensor-based real-time cattle detection. Prelims Pointers Implementing agency: NHAI Nature: Pilot, technology-based road safety initiative Alert types: Flash SMS + Voice alert Language of alert: Hindi Repeat alert gap: 30 minutes Pilot corridors: Jaipur–Agra, Jaipur–Rewari NHs

Jan 15, 2026 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 15 January 2026

Content To Become a Developed Economy, Four Reforms India’s Critical Minerals Partnerships & Clean Energy Transition To Become a Developed Economy, Four Reforms Core Context India’s declared ambition: USD 30–35 trillion economy by 2047 (Viksit Bharat). Central question addressed: How to finance high, sustained growth in a durable and efficient manner? Editorial reframes debate from “how much capital India can mobilise” to “how productively capital is deployed”. Relevance GS III (Indian Economy) Savings–investment dynamics, capital formation. Financial sector reforms: bond markets, long-term finance, ICOR. Role of start-ups, deep tech, capital efficiency in growth. GS II (Governance) Regulatory certainty, contract enforcement, ease of doing business. Cooperative federalism for project clearances and execution. Practice Question “India’s growth constraint lies less in capital scarcity and more in capital efficiency.” Examine this statement in the context of India’s ambition to become a developed economy by 2047. ( 15 marks | 250 words) Central Argument India’s biggest growth risk is dependence on short-term capital combined with execution frictions, not lack of capital per se. Reform 1: Rebuild Long-Term Domestic Savings Problem Diagnosis India’s growth model historically rests on domestic savings. Key trends: Household financial savings declined to ~5.3% of GDP (FY2023). Investment rate fell from >40% of GDP to ~30%+. Current savings skewed towards: Pensions Insurance Debt instruments Gap: Inadequate long-term risk capital for infrastructure & manufacturing. Structural Issue Borrowing increasingly finances: Consumption Working capital Rather than: Long-gestation asset creation. Reform 2: Shift from Short-Term to Long-Term Financing Problem Diagnosis Banks: Liability structure = short- to medium-term deposits Asset need = long-term project finance Result: Asset–liability mismatch. MSMEs: Over-reliant on working capital loans. Limited access to long-term finance. Proposed Solution Expand market-based financing: Corporate bond market G-SEC market depth Private placements Strengthen: Secondary market liquidity Retail + institutional participation. Data Point India’s corporate bond market remains <20% of GDP (far below developed economies). Reform 3: Improve Capital Efficiency (ICOR Focus) Key Insight Growth sustainability depends on Incremental Capital Output Ratio (ICOR). Current reality: Rising capital-output ratio → lower growth per unit of capital. Causes: Execution delays Regulatory uncertainty Contract enforcement issues Policy Prescription Faster project approvals Predictable regulation Stronger dispute resolution Risk reduction to: Improve investment returns Reduce pressure on savings & fiscal resources Reform 4: Start-Ups & Deep Tech for Capital-Light Growth Structural Advantage Technology-driven growth allows: Higher productivity Lower capital intensity Sectors highlighted: Logistics Manufacturing Healthcare Energy Public services Why This Matters ? Start-ups: Reduce ICOR Enable leapfrogging Complement infrastructure-heavy growth Policy Enablers Needed Patient risk capital Stable tax regimes Long-horizon regulation Recognition of longer gestation cycles What the Editorial Critiques ? Implicit Criticisms Over-reliance on: Bank credit Short-term capital Under-developed: Bond markets Pension & insurance-led infrastructure financing Execution deficits more damaging than capital scarcity. Constitutional & Governance Angle State capacity & regulatory quality directly affect capital productivity. Cooperative federalism needed for: Faster land, power, logistics clearances. Rule of law critical for: Long-term investor confidence. Ethical & Social Dimension Poor capital allocation: Wastes public savings Reduces inter-generational equity Efficient capital use: Frees resources for social sector Supports inclusive growth. Way Forward Deepen long-term savings instruments (pension, insurance, infra bonds). Accelerate corporate bond & secondary debt markets. Reduce execution risks via: Contract enforcement Time-bound approvals. Encourage tech-led, capital-light growth models. Align financial sector reforms with 2047 horizon, not electoral cycles. Prelims Pointers Household financial savings fell sharply post-COVID. ICOR indicates efficiency of capital use. Market-based finance reduces bank balance-sheet stress. Start-ups reduce capital intensity of growth. India’s Critical Minerals Partnerships & Clean Energy Transition Why this Matters ? Clean energy transition (EVs, renewables, batteries) is mineral-intensive. India is highly import-dependent for critical minerals & rare earths. China’s tightening export controls have exposed India’s strategic vulnerability. Core question: Have India’s critical mineral partnerships delivered real capability, or do they need recalibration? Core Thesis India needs a two-pronged strategy: Immediate overseas access + long-term domestic processing & technology capability, not extraction-only diplomacy. Relevance GS II (International Relations) Strategic partnerships, supply chain diplomacy, geo-economics. India’s engagement with Australia, Africa, EU, U.S., Japan. GS III (Economy, Energy & S&T) Clean energy transition, EVs, batteries. Critical minerals, industrial policy, processing & refining capacity. Practice Mains Question Access to critical minerals alone does not ensure energy security; control over processing and technology does. Discuss India’s critical mineral strategy in light of this statement.(15 marks | 250 words) Structural Context: Why Critical Minerals Matter Critical minerals underpin: EV batteries (lithium, cobalt, nickel) Renewables (rare earths) Grid storage & clean tech Global reality: Supply chains are geopolitically concentrated. Processing & refining are the real choke points, not ore availability. India’s Strategy So Far Past 5 years: ~Dozen bilateral & multilateral partnerships across continents. Parallel strengthening of domestic mineral policies. Key issue: Delivery gap between MoUs and on-ground capability. Assessment of Key Partnerships Australia – Most Reliable Partner Strengths: Political stability Large lithium & cobalt reserves Strategic alignment Concrete progress: India–Australia Critical Minerals Investment Partnership (2022). Five lithium & cobalt projects identified for potential investment. UPSC Insight: Model of credible, long-term supply cooperation. Japan – Institutional Resilience Model Strategic lesson: Post-China rare earth shock, Japan pursued: Diversification Stockpiling Recycling Sustained R&D India–Japan cooperation: Beyond Indian Rare Earths Limited. Expanding into: Joint extraction Processing Stockpiling (bilateral & third countries). Value: Long-term planning > reactive deals. Africa – Opportunity with Conditions Advantages: Mineral abundance Long-standing India–Africa ties Recent moves: Namibia: lithium, rare earths, uranium. Zambia: copper & cobalt asset talks. Caution: Competition from China & Western consortia. Risk of extraction-only engagement. Key requirement: Local value addition & processing. Latin America – New Strategic Frontier Countries: Argentina, Chile, Peru, Brazil. Action: Khanij Bidesh India Limited signed a ₹200 crore exploration agreement with Argentina. Importance: Central to global copper, lithium & nickel supply. Challenge: Engagement still early-stage. Canada – High Potential, Political Sensitivity Strengths: Nickel, cobalt, copper, rare earths. Trilateral agreement with India & Australia. Constraint: Political stability & trust deficit. Role: Could become a major upstream partner. United States – Volatile Partner Issue: Cooperation stuck at dialogue level. Tariffs, trade rule shifts & Inflation Reduction Act incentives create uncertainty. Frameworks exist: TRUST Initiative Strategic Minerals Recovery Initiative Reality: U.S. useful for technology & downstream innovation, not stable supply. European Union – Standards & Sustainability Leader Key instruments: European Union’s Critical Raw Materials Act European Battery Alliance Circular economy regulations Implication for India: Must align with: Transparency Lifecycle standards Environmental norms Insight: Regulation + sustainability + industrial policy reinforce competitiveness. West Asia – Midstream Potential UAE & Saudi Arabia: Investing in: Battery materials Refining Green hydrogen Role for India: Midstream processing hub, sourcing ores from Africa & Latin America. Limitation: Lack of deep institutional frameworks. Russia – Hedge, Not Foundation Strengths: Large rare earth, cobalt, lithium reserves. Strong scientific ties. Constraints: Sanctions Financing barriers Logistical unpredictability Strategic role: Diversification option, not core pillar. Where India is Falling Short ? Securing ore ≠ securing supply chains. Real vulnerability lies in: Processing Refining Recycling Technology ownership Announcements without: Project execution Technology transfer ESG credibility → deliver limited resilience. Integrated Value-Chain Strategy Country-by-Country Functional Mapping Upstream extraction: Africa, Australia, Canada, Latin America Midstream processing: Japan, West Asia (Gulf) Downstream technology & recycling: EU, U.S. Strategic hedge: Russia Governance, ESG & Domestic Capacity International partnerships increasingly demand: ESG compliance Transparency Responsible mining India must strengthen: Environmental safeguards Social consent Governance standards Without this: Global partnerships will stall. Way Forward Shift from MoU diplomacy → project execution. Prioritise: Processing & refining capacity at home. Recycling & circular economy. Use partnerships for: Technology acquisition, not just access. Strengthen: Domestic ESG & transparency frameworks. Adopt long-term strategic vision, not fragmented bilateralism. Prelims Pointers Critical minerals = lithium, cobalt, nickel, rare earths. Processing, not mining, is the global choke point. ESG increasingly central to mineral diplomacy. KABIL = India’s overseas mineral acquisition arm. Takeaway India’s critical mineral security will be decided less by how many partners it has, and more by how deeply it integrates technology, processing and ESG credibility into those partnerships.

Jan 15, 2026 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 15 January 2026

Content Malayalam Language Bill, 2025 Futuristic Marine and Space Biotechnology NGT’s Suo Motu Action on Sewage-Contaminated Drinking Water Ganga Biodiversity Recovery INS Kaudinya’s Voyage to Muscat Malayalam Language Bill, 2025 Why in News ? Kerala government tabled and passed the Malayalam Language Bill, 2025 in the Kerala Legislative Assembly on 6 October 2025. Bill has been passed after Subject Committee scrutiny and awaits Governor’s assent. Karnataka government has opposed the Bill, calling it unconstitutional and harmful to Kannada-speaking linguistic minorities, especially in Kasaragod district. Relevance GS II – Polity & Governance Official language policy; Centre–State relations. Linguistic minorities’ rights (Articles 29–30, 345–347). Role of Governor; federal accommodation in border regions. What Does the Malayalam Language Bill, 2025 Entail? Core Provisions Malayalam formally adopted as the official language of Kerala. Currently: Malayalam + English recognised. Mandates use of Malayalam across: Government administration Education Judiciary (phased translation of judgments) Public communication Commerce Digital governance (IT domain) All Bills and Ordinances to be introduced in Malayalam. Education-Related Provisions Malayalam to be the compulsory first language: In government and aided schools Up to Class 10 Does not automatically apply to: Unaided private schools CBSE/ICSE unless notified separately. Institutional & Administrative Measures Renaming of: Personnel and Administrative Reforms (Official Language) Department → Malayalam Language Development Department. Creation of: Malayalam Language Development Directorate. Role of IT Department: Develop open-source software & digital tools to promote Malayalam in e-governance and IT. Has a Similar Bill Been Introduced Earlier? Yes (Over a decade ago): Kerala had earlier attempted legislation to strengthen Malayalam’s official use. The earlier initiative did not reach full statutory implementation. 2025 Bill is more comprehensive, covering: Education, judiciary, IT, and digital governance. Why Has Karnataka Opposed the Bill? Core Objections Impact on Kannada linguistic minority in Kerala, particularly: Kasaragod district, a border region. Key concern: Students currently studying Kannada as first language may be forced to shift to Malayalam. Data cited: Kannada medium schools in Kasaragod declined from 197 to 192 in recent years. Karnataka’s fear: Bill could accelerate erosion of Kannada language presence in Kerala. Constitutional Objection Bill allegedly violates: Rights of linguistic minorities. Spirit of Articles 29 and 30 (cultural & educational rights). Karnataka CM has stated: State will use all constitutional remedies, including approaching the President. Does the Bill Make Malayalam Mandatory Across All Schools? Clear Answer: No (with qualifications) Mandatory only for government and aided schools. Applies only up to Class 10. Special protections exist for linguistic minorities (see below). Private unaided institutions retain flexibility, subject to policy rules. Kerala Government’s Defence Linguistic Minority Safeguards Special provisions for linguistic minorities: Tamil, Kannada, Tulu, Konkani speakers. Minority citizens allowed to: Use mother tongue for correspondence with: State Secretariat Heads of Departments Local government offices in minority-dominated areas. Legal & Constitutional Alignment Kerala CM argues: Bill aligned with: Official Languages Act, 1963 Article 346 – Language for inter-State communication. Article 347 – Recognition of minority languages in States. Non-obstante clause (Clause 7): Overrides general provisions to protect linguistic minorities. Federal & Constitutional Dimensions Relevant Constitutional Articles Article 345 – State legislature may adopt official language(s). Article 346–347 – Inter-State communication & minority language recognition. Articles 29–30 – Protection of minority culture and education. Core Federal Issue Balance between: State’s right to promote its official language Minority linguistic rights in border regions Raises questions of: Cooperative federalism Cultural accommodation vs linguistic homogenisation. Governance & Policy Analysis Merits Strengthens: Cultural identity Vernacular governance Access to justice (translated judgments) Supports: Digital inclusion through language tech. Aligns with: NEP 2020 emphasis on mother tongue education. Challenges Border districts with mixed populations. Declining minority-language institutions. Potential: Inter-State linguistic friction. Politicisation of language policy. Way Forward Explicit statutory exemptions for border linguistic pockets. District-wise language flexibility in education. Inter-State dialogue mechanisms under Inter-State Council. Periodic review of minority-language school viability. Judicial clarity post-Governor assent, if challenged. Prelims Pointers Bill year: 2025 Applies to: Government & aided schools Mandatory language: Malayalam (first language, up to Class 10) Special clause for linguistic minorities: Yes (Clause 7) Opposition State: Karnataka Border district concerned: Kasaragod What is Futuristic Marine and Space Biotechnology? Core Concept Futuristic biotechnology exploits extreme and underexplored environments: Deep oceans Outer space Objective: Generate new biological knowledge Develop novel materials, processes, and biomanufacturing pathways Relevance GS III – Science & Technology / Economy Biotechnology, biomanufacturing, frontier technologies. Blue Economy, Deep Ocean Mission, BioE3. Space applications: microgravity biology, long-duration missions. GS II – Governance Mission-mode programmes; science policy coordination. Marine Biotechnology Focus areas: Marine microorganisms Algae & seaweeds Deep-sea organisms Products & applications: Bioactive compounds (drugs, nutraceuticals) Enzymes Biomaterials Food ingredients Biostimulants Unique advantage: Organisms adapted to high pressure, salinity, low light, nutrient-poor conditions Leads to novel molecules not found on land Space Biotechnology Studies biological systems under: Microgravity Cosmic radiation Focus: Microbial behaviour Plant growth Human physiology Applications: Closed-loop life-support systems Space food production Drug discovery & protein crystallisation Regenerative medicine Long-duration human space missions Global Landscape European Union Large-scale funding for: Marine bioprospecting Algae-based biomaterials Bioactive compounds Institutional strength: Shared research infrastructure such as European Marine Biological Resource Centre (EMBRC). Policy approach: Integration of research, sustainability, and industrial strategy. China Rapid expansion of: Seaweed aquaculture Marine bioprocessing Focus on: Scale Export-oriented marine bio-products. United States Leadership in space biotechnology: NASA + International Space Station. Research domains: Microbial behaviour Protein crystallisation Stem cells Closed-loop life-support Spillover benefits: Drug discovery Regenerative medicine Space manufacturing. Why Does India Need Marine & Space Biotechnology? Natural Endowments Coastline: ~11,000 km Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): ~2 million sq. km Rich marine biodiversity & biomass. Strategic Rationale India’s share in global marine bio-output remains low → underutilised potential. Marine biomanufacturing can: Unlock new sources of: Food Energy Chemicals Biomaterials Reduce pressure on: Land Freshwater Agriculture Space biotechnology is essential for: Human spaceflight Long-term space habitation Advanced biomanufacturing under extreme conditions. Where Does India Stand Today? Marine Biotechnology Seaweed cultivation: ~70,000 tonnes annually (modest by global standards). Dependence: Imports agar, carrageenan, alginates for: Food Pharma Cosmetics Medical applications. Policy push: Blue Economy agenda Deep Ocean Mission BioE3 (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment & Employment). Emerging ecosystem: Private players: Sea6 Energy ClimaCrew Public institutions: ICAR–Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute State initiatives: Vibrant Gujarat Regional Conference. Space Biotechnology ISRO’s microgravity biology programme: Experiments on: Microbes Algae Biological systems. Research objectives: Food production in space Life-support regeneration Human health management under microgravity. Why Are These “Futuristic” Frontiers? Strategic Characteristics High entry barriers. Long gestation periods. First-mover advantage leads to: Technological leadership Standard-setting power Strategic autonomy. Key Challenges for India Fragmented R&D efforts. Limited scale of marine biomass production. Weak linkage between: Research Manufacturing Markets. Absence of: Dedicated national roadmap Clear timelines & outcome metrics. Way Forward Strategic Interventions Develop a dedicated national roadmap for: Marine biotechnology Space biotechnology. Define: Clear milestones Funding priorities Translational pathways. Strengthen: Shared research infrastructure. Public–private partnerships. Integrate: BioE3 Blue Economy Space missions with biomanufacturing goals. Promote: Downstream biomanufacturing Export-oriented marine bio-products. Prelims Pointers Marine biotechnology exploits extreme marine environments. Space biotechnology studies biology in microgravity & radiation. India seaweed output: ~70,000 tonnes/year. Key missions: Deep Ocean Mission BioE3 ISRO microgravity biology programme. NGT Suo Motu on Sewage-Contaminated Drinking Water Why in News ? National Green Tribunal (NGT) took suo motu cognisance of media reports on sewage contamination of drinking water in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh. Principal Bench (Chairperson Prakash Shrivastava, Expert Member A. Senthil Vel) issued notices to State governments and concerned agencies; sought affidavits. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) directed to file a response. Cities cited: Udaipur, Jodhpur, Kota, Banswara, Jaipur, Ajmer, Bora (Rajasthan); Greater Noida (UP); Bhopal, Indore (MP). Relevance GS III – Environment Water pollution, urban environmental governance. Enforcement of Water Act, 1974 & EPA, 1986. GS II – Polity & Governance Role of NGT; environmental adjudication. ULB responsibilities (Art. 243W). Facts & Evidence Reports indicate decades-old, corroded pipelines with drinking water lines passing through open sewage drains. Health impacts: Greater Noida: residents (including children) reported vomiting and diarrhoea. Bhopal: E. coli detected in drinking water due to sewage leakage into tube-wells. Indore: at least six deaths linked to consumption of contaminated piped water. NGT’s prima facie finding: violations of: Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 NGT’s Jurisdiction & Legal Basis Suo motu powers: NGT can act on its own based on credible information (including news reports) where environmental harm is alleged. Mandate: Adjudication of disputes under environmental laws. Polluter Pays, Precautionary Principle, Sustainable Development. Why Water Contamination fits NGT: Drinking water contamination is both environmental pollution and public health risk. Direct linkage to Water Act, 1974 and EPA, 1986. Issues Identified by NGT Infrastructure failure: Aging pipelines, corrosion, poor maintenance. Governance gaps: Inadequate surveillance, delayed repairs, weak accountability of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). Public health emergency: Water-borne diseases; risk amplification in dense urban settings. Regulatory non-compliance: Failure to prevent sewage ingress; unsafe distribution systems. Constitutional & Governance Dimensions Article 21: Right to life includes right to safe drinking water (SC jurisprudence). Article 243W & 12th Schedule: ULBs responsible for water supply and sanitation—capacity and funding gaps evident. Centre–State–ULB coordination: CPCB/SPCB oversight vs municipal execution—fragmentation highlighted. Environmental & Public Health Linkages Water-borne pathogens (e.g., E. coli) signal faecal contamination. Environmental neglect translates into acute health crises—NGT bridges this interface. Reinforces One Health perspective (environment–animal–human health continuum). Accountability & Compliance Affidavits detailing: Source of contamination; pipeline maps; age and material of networks. Immediate containment steps; chlorination and flushing protocols. Health surveillance data and compensation, if any. Action plans: Time-bound replacement of pipelines; separation of sewer and water lines. Continuous water quality monitoring; public disclosure. Liability: Fixing responsibility on agencies; application of Polluter Pays where applicable. Challenges Chronic underinvestment in urban water infrastructure. Lack of real-time water quality monitoring at distribution endpoints. Poor asset management and GIS mapping. Reactive responses post-outbreak rather than preventive maintenance. Way Forward Immediate: Emergency disinfection, alternate safe water supply, health camps. Short-term: Audit and replace corroded pipelines; ensure physical separation from sewers. Ward-level water testing with public dashboards. Medium-term: Asset management plans; leak detection; pressure management. Strengthen SPCBs/ULBs with funds and technical capacity. Regulatory: Enforce Water Act standards; penalties for non-compliance. Institutionalise NGT directions into municipal SOPs. Prelims Pointers NGT can take suo motu cognisance of environmental violations. Water contamination falls under Water Act, 1974 and EPA, 1986. CPCB is the apex technical body at the Centre. E. coli indicates faecal contamination. Ganga Biodiversity Recovery: Fish Species & Gharials Why in News ? 230 fish species recorded in the Ganga River, the highest in ~50 years. Over 3,000 gharials documented across the Ganges basin. Findings from nationwide scientific assessments led by ICAR institutes and wildlife agencies. Relevance GS III – Environment & Ecology River ecology, freshwater biodiversity, flagship species conservation. Outcomes of Namami Gange; e-flow norms. GS II – Governance Basin-level, inter-State coordination. Fish Diversity (Freshwater Biodiversity) Survey agency: ICAR-CIFRI. Coverage: 2,525 km of the Ganga mainstem. 67 tributaries + 6 floodplain wetlands. Trend: 1822: 271 species 1974: 150 species 2004: 104 species 2023: 230 species (strong recovery signal). High-diversity sites: Farakka (109 spp.) Buxar (85) Baharampore (76) Low-diversity sites: Diamond Harbour (38) Gadkhali (32) Gharial Status (Flagship Indicator Species) Assessment led by Wildlife Institute of India with partners. Basin-wide count: >3,000 gharials. Strongholds: Chambal River (≈2,097 individuals). Other rivers (Gandak, Ghaghara, Son, Ganga): Much lower encounter rates (~0.02 per km surveyed). Context: Gharial = Critically Endangered; recovery indicates improved riverine conditions in select stretches. What Explains the Recovery? Governance & Policy Drivers Namami Gange Mission: Improved sewage treatment capacity. Reduced industrial effluents. River habitat interventions: Wetland restoration. Environmental flow (e-flow) norms. Fisheries management: Ranching & restocking by ICAR-CIFRI (e.g., ~47 lakh fish juveniles released since 2010; ~6,031 tagged). Environmental Significance Fish diversity = proxy for: Water quality Habitat connectivity Flow regimes. Gharials = apex, flow-dependent species: Require deep, sandy banks and clean water. Signals partial success of river rejuvenation, though spatially uneven. Governance & Federal Dimensions Multi-agency coordination: ICAR, State fisheries departments, SPCBs, wildlife agencies. River basin approach: Tributaries and wetlands critical—not just the main river. Need for inter-State coordination across the Ganga basin. Economic & Livelihood Angle Inland fisheries: Support nutrition and livelihoods. Biodiversity recovery can raise sustainable yields. Eco-tourism potential: Gharial and dolphin habitats (with safeguards). Challenges Spatial disparity: Recovery concentrated in few stretches; delta & lower reaches lag. Anthropogenic pressures persist: Sand mining, barrages, fishing bycatch. Flow fragmentation: Dams/barrages affect migratory species and gharials. Data continuity: Need for long-term, standardised monitoring. Way Forward Scale basin-wide habitat restoration (tributaries + floodplains). Strengthen e-flow enforcement and fish passages at barrages. Expand community-based fisheries management. Protect gharial nesting sites; reduce bycatch with gear modifications. Integrate biodiversity metrics into Namami Gange performance dashboards. Prelims Pointers Highest fish species count in Ganga in ~50 years: 230. Apex research body for inland fisheries: ICAR-CIFRI. Gharial status: Critically Endangered. Gharial stronghold: Chambal River. Fish diversity hotspots vary significantly along the river. INS Kaudinya Voyage to Muscat Why in News ? INS Kaudinya successfully completed a historic voyage to Muscat (Oman). The journey recreated ancient Indian Ocean trade routes using a hand-stitched wooden ship, based on traditional shipbuilding techniques. The expedition commemorates India’s maritime heritage and civilisational links with West Asia, especially Oman. Relevance GS II – International Relations Maritime diplomacy; India–Oman ties. Soft power; Indian Ocean Region engagement. GS III – Security Maritime awareness; SAGAR doctrine. What is INS Kaudinya? A traditional hand-stitched wooden vessel, inspired by ancient Indian shipbuilding. Built without modern metal fastenings: Wooden planks stitched together using traditional methods. Operated as a seagoing vessel, not merely a ceremonial replica. Named after Kaudinya, an ancient Indian mariner associated with early Indian Ocean trade and cultural diffusion. Historical & Civilisational Significance Ancient Indian Ocean Trade India maintained robust maritime trade with: Oman Arabia East Africa Southeast Asia Traded goods included: Spices Textiles Beads Metalware Indian merchants and sailors were key carriers of: Commerce Culture Ideas Muscat’s Importance Muscat was a critical node in: Indian Ocean trade networks. Reflects centuries-old India–Oman maritime linkages. Strategic & Geopolitical Relevance Maritime Diplomacy Voyage reinforces India’s soft power through civilisational diplomacy. Strengthens ties with: Oman West Asia Complements India’s: Indo-Pacific vision SAGAR doctrine (Security and Growth for All in the Region). Cultural Diplomacy Demonstrates India as a historical maritime civilisation, not only a continental power. Aligns with: Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam People-to-people connect initiatives. Technological & Knowledge Dimension Indigenous Knowledge Systems Validates: Traditional shipbuilding Indigenous maritime engineering Shows: Ancient Indian ships were deep-sea capable, not limited to coastal navigation. Reinforces the importance of: Documenting and reviving traditional technologies. Security & Naval Dimension Highlights: Indian Navy’s role beyond combat—heritage, diplomacy, outreach. Enhances: Maritime awareness Oceanic domain familiarity. Symbolically supports: India’s role as a net security provider in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Cultural & Educational Value Encourages: Public interest in maritime history. Academic research on Indian Ocean studies. Counters narratives that: Underplay India’s seafaring past. Challenges & Critiques Symbolic initiatives must be: Backed by academic research. Integrated into school curricula & museums. Risk of: Remaining a one-off event without sustained follow-up. Way Forward Coastal community engagement. Institutionalise maritime heritage diplomacy through: Regular heritage voyages. Joint research with IOR countries. Integrate findings into: NCERT curricula. Maritime museums & digital archives. Link heritage initiatives with: Contemporary Indo-Pacific strategy.

Jan 14, 2026 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 14 January 2026

Content PRAGATI: A Decade of Cooperative, Outcome-Driven Governance YUVA AI for All: Democratising AI Literacy for India’s Youth PRAGATI: A Decade of Cooperative, Outcome-Driven Governance Core Identity PRAGATI: Flagship digital governance & project monitoring platform chaired by the Prime Minister. Launched: 2015; inspired by SWAGAT (Gujarat, 2003). Purpose: Resolve inter-ministerial, Centre–State, land, environment, finance, and execution bottlenecks through real-time decision-making. Relevance GS II (Polity, Governance, Constitution) Governance Digital governance, e-governance models. Accountability, transparency, responsiveness (2nd ARC). Federalism Cooperative federalism in practice (Art. 256–263). Centre–State coordination in multi-jurisdiction projects. Executive Functioning PM-led coordination without constitutional dilution. Role of Cabinet Secretariat & PMO in policy execution. Public Service Delivery Project monitoring, grievance redressal, time-bound decisions Why PRAGATI Was Needed ? Chronic time & cost overruns in public projects (CAG repeatedly flagged weak inter-agency coordination). Federal coordination failures in multi-jurisdiction projects. Fragmented digital systems → no single source of truth. Weak accountability beyond file-based reviews. Design & Operating Architecture Technology Stack: Digital dashboards + video conferencing + GIS/geo-spatial inputs. Institutional Setup: Apex review chaired by PM with Chief Secretaries & Union Secretaries. Cabinet Secretariat monitors projects; Ministries track schemes & grievances under PMO oversight. Escalation Logic: Routine → Ministry level; complex/critical → PRAGATI. Platform Integration: PM GatiShakti (planning), PARIVESH (environment), PMO grievance portals. Scale & Outcomes ₹85+ lakh crore projects fast-tracked. 382 major national projects reviewed. 3,187 issues identified; 2,958 resolved (~93% resolution). Tangible reduction in delays, idle capital, escalation costs. Constitutional & Federal Dimension Cooperative Federalism in action (Art. 256–263 spirit): Joint accountability of Centre & States, real-time answers, shared ownership. Executive Leadership Model: Within constitutional framework—no dilution of federal autonomy; coordination, not command. Good Governance Values: Transparency, accountability, responsiveness (2nd ARC principles). Economic Dimension Faster asset monetisation → earlier economic returns (transport, power, logistics). Reduced ICOR by cutting gestation lags. Unlocking stalled projects → crowding-in private investment. Supports national programmes: Bharatmala, National Gas Grid, Rail connectivity, Power capacity. Social Sector & Citizen-Centric Governance Expansion beyond infrastructure to health, education, grievances. Examples: AIIMS Bibinagar, Jammu, Guwahati – acceleration post-PRAGATI reviews. Earlier access → healthcare, mobility, jobs, regional equity (NE, J&K). Environmental & Sustainability Dimension Early visibility of eco-sensitivities via GIS under PM GatiShakti. Faster but compliance-bound clearances → avoids redesign delays that increase emissions. Digital reviews reduce carbon footprint of administrative travel. Balance between development & safeguards (not deregulation). Security & Strategic Dimension Strategic projects unlocked: Bogibeel Bridge, Jammu–Srinagar–Baramulla rail link → defence mobility & border logistics. Energy security: Thermal projects, transmission corridors, gas pipelines. Illustrative High-Impact Unlocks (Value-Addition Examples) Bogibeel Bridge (conceived 1997) → completed 2018. Navi Mumbai International Airport (1997) → Phase-I inaugurated Oct 2025. Bhilai Steel Plant modernisation → resolved PSU & contractual bottlenecks. JHBDPL Gas Pipeline → modular execution post-PRAGATI. Mumbai Trans Harbour Link (Atal Setu) → disciplined, time-bound delivery. Global Recognition Oxford Saïd Business School Case Study: PRAGATI as global benchmark in senior-level accountability. “Single Source of Truth” for complex project delivery. Replicable model for developing economies. Challenges Centralisation Risk: Heavy reliance on PM-led reviews; scalability concerns. Institutionalisation Gap: Outcomes depend on leadership intensity, not yet rule-based. Capacity Constraints: States/districts with weaker digital & project management capacity. Transparency Limits: Public disclosure of dashboards still selective. Environmental Concerns: Speed must not translate into perception of diluted scrutiny. Way Forward Institutionalise PRAGATI-like reviews at sectoral & state levels (CM-led, CS-led). Codify Standard Operating Protocols for escalation & follow-up. Integrate outcome budgeting & asset performance metrics post-completion. Strengthen district-level project management units (PMUs). Greater public transparency of non-sensitive dashboards. Align with SDG 9 (Infrastructure), SDG 16 (Institutions). YUVA AI for All: Democratising AI Literacy for India’s Youth Core Identity YUVA AI for All: Flagship foundational AI literacy course under the National AI Literacy Program. Launch Context: National Youth Day (12 Jan 2026); highlighted at Rajasthan Regional AI Impact Summit, Jaipur (6 Jan 2026). Vision Alignment: Viksit Bharat, Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), inclusive & responsible AI adoption. Relevance GS III (Economy, Science & Technology) – CORE RELEVANCE Science & Technology AI literacy, responsible AI, ethics in emerging technologies. AI for public good vs market-driven AI. Employment & Skills Future workforce readiness; MSME productivity. Complementarity with Skill India & digital economy. Innovation Ecosystem Broad-based AI awareness → bottom-up innovation. Why YUVA AI for All Was Needed ? AI knowledge asymmetry: Concentrated among urban, technical elites. Employability gap: Youth unprepared for AI-integrated workplaces (MSMEs, services, governance). Ethical & social risks: Low awareness of AI bias, privacy, misinformation. Language & access barriers: English-centric, paid AI learning ecosystem. Program Design & Architecture Target Group: Youth (students, job-seekers, entrepreneurs), no prior technical background required. Course Structure: Duration: ~4 hours (foundational). Modules: What is AI How AI works Using AI to learn, create, plan AI ethics Future of AI Delivery Platforms: FutureSkills Prime iGOT Karmayogi DIKSHA Languages: 11 Indian languages → linguistic inclusion. Cost: Free; Government of India certification on completion. Constitutional & Ethical Dimension Article 21 (Right to Life): Digital literacy as enabler of dignified livelihood. Article 38 & 39: Reducing digital inequality; equitable access to future skills. Ethics-by-design: Explicit AI ethics module → bias, accountability, responsible use. Democratic AI: Knowledge diffusion prevents concentration of AI power. Economic Dimension Productivity boost: Especially for MSMEs & small entrepreneurs using AI in daily workflows. Future workforce readiness: Lowers reskilling costs; complements Skill India. Innovation ecosystem: Broad base of AI-literate citizens → bottom-up innovation. Target Scale: 10 lakh learners in one year (as articulated by MeitY). Social Dimension YUVA Shakti focus: Youth as agents, not just consumers, of AI. Gender & regional inclusion: Vernacular delivery reduces structural exclusion. Citizenship literacy: Understanding AI’s impact on democracy, media, society. Technology & Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) Dimension Leverages existing DPI rather than creating siloed platforms. Interoperability across skilling, education, and governance ecosystems. Scalable, low-cost model → public good approach to AI education. International & Strategic Dimension Positions India as leader in AI for Public Good, not just AI markets. Aligns with global discourse on responsible AI, UNESCO AI ethics principles. Soft power: Replicable model for Global South nations. Challenges Depth limitation: 4-hour course → awareness, not professional competency. Outcome measurement: Certification ≠ behavioural or productivity change. Digital divide persists: Connectivity & device access still uneven. Trainer & mentor ecosystem: Limited handholding beyond course completion. Ethics operationalisation: Translating ethics modules into real-world practice. Way Forward Layered pathway: Foundational → sector-specific → advanced AI skilling. Integrate with NSQF & formal education curricula. Local AI use-cases for agriculture, health, MSMEs, governance. Community-led AI labs in colleges & ITIs. Periodic AI literacy impact audits (employability, productivity, ethics awareness). Align with SDG 4 (Quality Education) & SDG 8 (Decent Work).

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