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Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 05 November 2025

Content India’s Leap in Research and Innovation Access and Benefit-Sharing Framework India’s Leap in Research and Innovation Why in News? India launched the ₹1 lakh crore Research, Development and Innovation (RDI) Scheme on 3 November 2025 during ESTIC 2025 (Emerging Science, Technology and Innovation Conclave) at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. Marks a historic boost for private-led innovation to accelerate India’s transition toward Viksit Bharat@2047. Reflects India’s rising R&D expenditure and strategic focus on high-impact technologies like AI, Quantum, Semiconductors, Deep Ocean, and Biotechnology. Relevance GS-3 (Science & Technology): Boosts R&D and innovation through ₹1 lakh crore RDI Scheme 2025. Focus on AI, Quantum, Semiconductors, Space, and Biotech for Atmanirbhar Bharat. GS-3 (Economy): Promotes private-led R&D, tech-driven industries, and high-value job creation. Targets 2% R&D–GDP ratio for Viksit Bharat@2047. GS-2 (Governance): Institutional reforms via ANRF Act 2023, BioE3 Policy 2024, Indian Space Policy 2023. Strengthens PPPP model for innovation-led growth. Evolution of India’s R&D Ecosystem Objective: Build a self-reliant, knowledge-driven economy through science and innovation. Transformation: Shift from public-funded research to public–private innovation partnerships. Drivers: Policy reforms, digital infrastructure, innovation missions, and private sector participation. Key Data and Trends in India’s R&D Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD): ₹60,196 crore (2010–11) → ₹1.27 lakh crore (2020–21) → projected ₹2.5 lakh crore (2025–26). R&D Share in GDP: ~0.7% (India) vs 2–3% (OECD average). Sectoral Contribution: Government: 64% of GERD Private sector: 36% (rising trend) Human Capital in Science: 40,813 PhDs awarded (2018–19), 60% in Science & Technology. India ranks 3rd globally after USA & China. Patents filed: 24,326 (2020–21) → 68,176 (2024–25). ₹1 Lakh Crore RDI Scheme (2025) – The Game Changer Launch Context: ESTIC 2025 (3–5 Nov 2025), Theme – “Viksit Bharat 2047: Pioneering Sustainable Innovation.” Aim: Build a private-sector-driven innovation ecosystem with long-term, low-cost financing for R&D. Core Features Long-term refinancing with low or nil interest rates for R&D projects. Growth and risk capital for private research in strategic sectors. Deep-Tech Fund of Funds to strengthen financing for start-ups. Encourages commercialisation of high-end research. Objectives Private Sector Push: Expand R&D in sunrise and strategic sectors. Transformative Financing: Fund advanced technology readiness projects. Tech Acquisition: Support access to critical technologies of strategic value. Deep-Tech Focus: Foster start-ups in AI, quantum, space, bio, and defense tech. Institutional and Policy Pillars of India’s Innovation Framework Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) Legal Basis: ANRF Act, 2023 (effective Feb 2024). Goal: Mobilise ₹50,000 crore (2023–28). Funding Mix: ₹14,000 crore (Govt) + ₹36,000 crore (Industry & Philanthropy). Focus: Strengthen academia–industry linkage and fund high-impact research. National Geospatial Policy, 2022 Liberalised geospatial data access for research and governance. Target: Comprehensive Digital Elevation Model by 2030. Promotes open-data ecosystem for innovation in mapping and planning. Indian Space Policy, 2023 Enables private participation in end-to-end space activities. IN-SPACe acts as regulator and facilitator. Supports commercial space manufacturing and international collaboration. BioE3 Policy, 2024 (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, Employment) Promotes bio-manufacturing, bio-AI hubs, and biofoundries. Encourages sustainable, circular, and bio-based industries. Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) 2.0 Continuation till March 2028 with ₹2,750 crore. Network of Atal Tinkering Labs & Atal Incubation Centres. Builds innovation culture among students and MSMEs. National Missions Driving Frontier Technologies Mission Year Key Focus Budget/Outlay National Quantum Mission (NQM) 2023 Quantum computing, secure comms ₹6,003.65 crore National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS) 2018 AI, Robotics, IoT, Cybersecurity ₹3,660 crore National Supercomputing Mission (NSM) 2015 HPC systems, digital knowledge network ₹4,500+ crore India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) 2021 Chip design, fabrication, packaging ₹76,000 crore PLI Deep Ocean Mission (DOM) 2021 Marine resources, Blue Economy ₹4,077 crore IndiaAI Mission 2024 AI infra, ethics, innovation ₹10,371.92 crore Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) – Foundation of Modern Innovation Purpose: Democratises data, improves governance, and supports R&D scalability. Platform Function Key Figures (as of 2025) UPI Digital payments backbone ₹24.85 lakh crore/month; 7-country presence Co-WIN Vaccination logistics & health data 220+ crore doses delivered DigiLocker Verified document repository 60.35 crore users Aadhaar & e-KYC Identity authentication 143+ crore Aadhaar IDs DBT Platform Direct subsidy transfer ₹43.95 lakh crore cumulative transfers Challenges in India’s R&D Landscape Low Private Investment: 36% vs >70% in OECD economies. Fragmented Research Institutions: Weak industry–academia collaboration. Brain Drain: Skilled researchers migrating for better opportunities. Limited IP Commercialisation: Patent filings high but technology transfer low. Underdeveloped Venture Capital: Especially in deep-tech and early-stage research. Way Forward – Towards Viksit Bharat @2047 Enhance R&D–GDP Ratio to 2% by 2047. Institutionalise Public–Private–Philanthropy Partnerships (PPPP). Promote Multidisciplinary Research Universities. Incentivise Private R&D Investments through tax credits and equity support. Leverage Digital Infrastructure for data-driven research and innovation. Strengthen Intellectual Property (IP) Regime and technology transfer pathways. Significance Economic: Enhances global competitiveness and productivity. Strategic: Builds self-reliance in defense, space, and critical technologies. Social: Solves challenges in health, energy, agriculture, and climate. Global Standing: Positions India among the top 5 global R&D powers. Access and Benefit-Sharing Framework Why in News? The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) has released ₹3 crore under the Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) mechanism to 199 beneficiaries — including 198 Red Sanders farmers and the University of Andhra. Marks a major milestone in linking biodiversity conservation with community livelihoods under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. Focus species: Red Sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus) — an endemic, high-value and endangered tree species native to the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. Relevance   GS-3 (Environment & Ecology): Implements Biological Diversity Act, 2002 and Nagoya Protocol for equitable benefit-sharing. Promotes conservation and legal trade of Red Sanders through incentive-based ABS. GS-2 (Governance): Decentralised biodiversity governance via NBA–SBB–BMC structure. Advances India’s global biodiversity commitments. GS-3 (Economy): Links biodiversity with livelihoods and rural income generation. Supports Mission LiFE, Green Credit, and National Biodiversity Mission. Context and Background Red Sanders is listed in CITES Appendix II (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species). Known for its deep red timber, used in musical instruments, furniture, and traditional medicine. Historically subject to illegal felling and smuggling, leading to stringent controls on trade. Biological Diversity Act, 2002 and Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) mechanism aim to ensure equitable sharing of benefits from the use of biological resources and associated traditional knowledge. The Current Initiative (2025) Amount Released: ₹3.00 crore Beneficiaries: 198 farmers + 1 academic institution (University of Andhra) Facilitated by: Andhra Pradesh State Biodiversity Board Districts Covered: Chittoor, Tirupati, Nellore, and Cuddapah (48 villages) Benefit Range: ₹33,000 – ₹22 lakh per farmer (based on quantity supplied) Outcome: Payments exceed market sale value — incentivising conservation and legal cultivation. Broader NBA Initiatives on Red Sanders Year / Phase Recipient Amount Purpose Earlier Releases AP & Karnataka Forest Depts, AP Biodiversity Board ₹48.00 crore Conservation of Red Sanders forests Tamil Nadu Farmers (2023) Individual cultivators ₹55.00 lakh Incentive for cultivated Red Sanders Current Phase (2025) AP farmers & University of Andhra ₹3.00 crore Fair benefit sharing under ABS Policy and Institutional Foundations Biological Diversity Act, 2002 Legal framework for conservation, sustainable use, and fair benefit-sharing. National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) oversees implementation. State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs) and Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) facilitate local participation. Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) Mechanism Access: Regulates utilisation of biological resources by companies, researchers, or exporters. Benefit Sharing: Ensures that local communities and custodians receive a share of monetary and non-monetary gains. Promotes incentive-based conservation. Expert Committee on Red Sanders (2015) Developed Policy for Conservation, Sustainable Use and Fair & Equitable Benefit Sharing of Red Sanders (2019). Recommended mechanisms to legalise cultivated Red Sanders trade. DGFT Policy Relaxation (2019) Allowed export of Red Sanders from cultivated sources, aligning trade policy with conservation and livelihood goals. Significance of the 2025 ABS Disbursement Environmental Promotes in-situ and ex-situ conservation of a critically threatened endemic species. Reduces illegal logging and trafficking by incentivising legal cultivation. Socio-Economic Empowers local farmers by converting conservation into an income-generating activity. Encourages community stewardship of biodiversity. Demonstrates fair benefit-sharing in action — farmers receiving more than market value. Governance and Policy Operationalises the Nagoya Protocol (2010) on ABS, to which India is a signatory. Reinforces the decentralised governance structure of biodiversity conservation. Acts as a model for benefit-sharing in other bioresource sectors (e.g., medicinal plants, NTFPs). Challenges Low awareness among local communities about ABS provisions. Complex approval processes for resource access. Valuation issues in determining benefit share for cultivators vs wild resources. Need for traceability systems to distinguish cultivated from wild-sourced products. Way Forward Scale up ABS Implementation: Extend similar frameworks to other bioresource-rich states (e.g., NE India, Western Ghats). Capacity Building: Strengthen SBBs and BMCs for local biodiversity governance. Digital Monitoring: Use blockchain or GIS to trace bioresource use and ensure transparency. Mainstream Biodiversity Economy: Integrate ABS into agri-exports, biopharma, and forestry sectors. Enhance Farmer–Industry Linkages: Facilitate contracts between cultivators and legal exporters. Broader Significance for India Aligns with SDGs: Especially SDG 15 (Life on Land) and SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption & Production). Supports National Missions: Complementary to Mission LiFE, Green Credit Programme, and National Biodiversity Mission. Strengthens India’s Global Leadership: Demonstrates compliance with Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and Nagoya Protocol commitments. Conclusion The ₹3 crore ABS release for Red Sanders farmers represents India’s evolving biodiversity governance model — where conservation, commerce, and community welfare converge. It showcases how economic incentives can drive sustainable utilisation of natural resources while ensuring fair equity for biodiversity custodians. With stronger implementation, India’s ABS framework could become a global exemplar of inclusive biodiversity economics.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 05 November 2025

Content India’s forests hold the future Compound effect India’s forests hold the future  Why in News? Government released the revised blueprint of the Green India Mission (GIM), targeting restoration of 25 million hectares of degraded forest and non-forest land by 2030. It aligns with India’s NDC goal of creating an additional carbon sink of 2.5–3.0 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent by 2030. Relevance : GS-3 (Environment & Ecology): Forest management, afforestation policy, carbon sink creation, biodiversity conservation. GS-2 (Governance): FRA implementation, community participation, federal coordination. GS-3 (Economy): Green financing, carbon markets, sustainable livelihoods. Practice Question : India’s afforestation drive must evolve from increasing canopy cover to restoring ecological functionality.” Examine in the context of the revised Green India Mission (2025).(250 Words) Basics Launched: 2014, under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). Objective: Enhance ecosystem services — carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and livelihood security. Initial Target: 10 million ha (5 mha forest, 5 mha non-forest) — now expanded to 25 mha by 2030. Context and Background Between 2015–2021: GIM supported afforestation on 11.22 mha, with ₹575 crore disbursed to 18 states. Forest & Tree Cover: Increased from 24.16% (2015) → 25.17% (2023). CAMPA Funds: ₹95,000 crore corpus for compensatory afforestation, but underutilisation (Delhi used only 23% between 2019–2024). Scientific Insight – Declining Forest Efficiency IIT Kharagpur–IIT Bombay–BITS Pilani (2025) study: Found 12% decline in photosynthetic efficiency of dense forests. Causes: Rising temperature and soil desiccation. Implication: “More trees ≠ more carbon sinks.” Need climate-resilient, native ecosystem restoration, not monocultures. Major Features of the Revised GIM Restoration Focus: Prioritises biodiversity-rich and climate-vulnerable landscapes — Aravallis, Western Ghats, Mangroves, Himalayan catchments. Integration: Aligns with National Agroforestry Policy, CAMPA, and Watershed Mission. Species Choice: Shift from monoculture plantations (eucalyptus, acacia) to native species (mahua, sal, teak). Community-Centric Planning: Incorporates Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMCs) and FRA, 2006 provisions. Capacity Building: Utilises forest training institutes (Uttarakhand, Coimbatore, Byrnihat). Persistent Challenges Community Exclusion: 200 million Indians depend on forests. Afforestation drives often bypass FRA rights → social conflict, low legitimacy. Ecological Design Gap: Past reliance on fast-growing exotics reduced biodiversity and groundwater recharge. Financing & Utilisation: Huge CAMPA pool underused; implementation efficiency <50% in many states. Institutional Capacity: Limited ecological expertise among frontline staff; target-oriented rather than resilience-oriented afforestation. Innovative State Models Odisha: Integrated JFMCs into planning & benefit-sharing. Chhattisgarh: Biodiversity-sensitive plantations; mahua-based livelihood model. Tamil Nadu: Doubled mangrove cover in 3 years. Himachal Pradesh: Biochar programme — carbon credits + fire management. Uttar Pradesh: 39 crore saplings; linking panchayats with carbon markets. Way Forward Ecological Restoration over Plantation: Focus on soil, hydrology, and native diversity. Empowered Communities: FRA-based participatory planning and monitoring. Financial Efficiency: CAMPA + Carbon Market + CSR synergy. Transparency: Public dashboards for fund use, species mix, survival rate. Skill Development: Upgrade training for forest officials in restoration ecology. Research Collaboration: Partner with IITs, ICFRE, and local universities for adaptive strategies. Compound effect Why in News? The Supreme Court has ordered a comprehensive inquiry into the rising menace of digital scams in India, focusing on ‘digital arrest’ frauds where criminals impersonate law enforcement to extort money. The Court highlighted the transnational and organized nature of these scams and their human trafficking linkages. Relevance GS-2 (Governance & IR): Cybercrime governance, international cooperation, trafficking. GS-3 (Internal Security & Technology): Cybersecurity architecture, RBI’s digital risk management, cryptocurrency regulation. GS-1 (Social Issues): Human trafficking and modern slavery dimensions. Practice Question : “Digital arrests and cryptocurrency-based scams represent the convergence of cybercrime, organised crime, and human trafficking.” Discuss with suitable examples.(250 Words) Basics Digital Scam: Online fraud involving deception through digital means (calls, social media, investment apps, crypto platforms). Digital Arrest Scam: Criminals pose as police/CBI/ED officers, accuse victims of fake crimes, and extort money for “bail” or “settlement.” Pig Butchering Scam: A long-term manipulation involving fake romantic/investment relationships to defraud victims, often through crypto. Global Architecture of Scams Operated from scam compounds in Myanmar, Cambodia, and Laos, often within conflict zones and special economic zones (SEZs). Victims are trafficked from India and Southeast Asia via fake job offers — especially through Bangkok exploiting visa-free travel. Myanmar’s Border Guard Forces (BGF), allied with the military junta, host and profit from these scam centres. Chinese organized crime networks control many of these transnational rackets. Modus Operandi Victims trafficked to compounds → trained/coerced under torture → forced to scam people globally. Scams include: Romance-investment (Pig Butchering) Crypto frauds Loan app blackmail Fake digital arrests Money flow: victims → “money mules” → shell accounts → conversion into cryptocurrency → laundering via Huione Pay (Cambodia) and other shadow networks. Scale and Nature Industrial-scale cybercrime with estimated global losses in billions of dollars annually. Thousands of Indians trafficked as scam labourers; thousands more duped online. Myanmar’s civil war post-2021 coup created a lawless ecosystem for such operations. Implications for India Security: Cross-border crime and trafficking threaten internal security. Economy: Erodes trust in digital platforms, impacts fintech growth. Governance: Tests cybercrime policing capacity and diplomatic leverage. Human Rights: Indians trapped in forced scam labour — a modern slavery form. Government & Institutional Role RBI: To run awareness campaigns and enhance detection of mule accounts. Union Home Ministry & State Cyber Cells: Strengthen cybercrime coordination and forensic capacity. MEA: Use diplomatic channels with Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, China for rescue and crackdown. CERT-In & National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal: To improve response time and citizen redress. International Response Needed Regional coordination with ASEAN and SAARC nations. UN intervention: Recognise and act against “forced cybercrime labour” as modern slavery. Global cooperation in crypto regulation, extradition, and information sharing. Way Forward Launch “Digital Literacy & Scam Awareness” campaigns nationwide. Set up Cyber Scam Task Force under MHA integrating RBI, CERT-In, and MEA. Collaborate with Interpol and FATF to trace crypto-laundered money. Push for UN resolution treating digital scam slavery as an international crime.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 05 November 2025

Content How BRICS is Challenging SWIFT SC to Review Surrogacy Ban on Couples with One Child As Umngot River Turns Muddy, Residents Blame Road Project Discovery of a New Spider Species — Pilia malenadu — in Chikkamagaluru Stop Wildlife Imports to India Until Proper Checks in Place: CITES Report Inequality fuels pandemics and prolongs crises — UNAIDS Report (2025) How BRICS is challenging SWIFT  Why in News ? At the Kazan Summit 2024, BRICS leaders unveiled a prototype of BRICS Pay, a cross-border payment system aimed at reducing dependence on the US dollar and SWIFT network. This represents a concrete step in the long-term BRICS strategy (since 2014) to build alternative global financial architecture led by developing nations. Relevance : GS Paper II (International Relations): Rise of multipolar financial order and reform of global governance institutions. South-South cooperation and de-dollarisation debates. India’s role in shaping alternative global financial frameworks (BRICS, NDB, CRA). GS Paper III (Economy): Impact on global trade, finance, and monetary policy. Digital payment systems and financial sovereignty. Currency internationalisation and fintech diplomacy. Background – BRICS’ Financial Autonomy Journey 2014 Fortaleza Summit: Turning point where BRICS established its own financial institutions: New Development Bank (NDB): Development financing for emerging economies. Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): Financial safety net for liquidity crises. First time developing countries created such institutions independent of the IMF–World Bank system. Post-2014 (Crimea Crisis): Western sanctions on Russia catalysed BRICS’ efforts to expand local currency usage in trade and finance. 2017 Xiamen Summit: Agreement to enhance currency cooperation — currency swaps, local currency settlements, and direct investments. Early 2020s: Formation of BRICS Payments Task Force (BPTF) to explore interoperable payment systems and digital infrastructure. The 2024 Kazan Summit – Key Milestones Launch of BRICS Pay Prototype: Demonstrated in Moscow (Oct 2024). Strategic Focus: Develop a BRICS-led cross-border payments network independent of the SWIFT system (controlled by G-10 central banks). Strengthen correspondent banking networks within BRICS. Enable settlements in local currencies. Symbolic Act: BRICS Banknote unveiled, igniting debate on a potential BRICS common currency. Geopolitical Trigger: Inclusion of Iran (2024) – long targeted by US sanctions – added urgency. Threat from Donald Trump (President-elect) to impose 100% tariffs if BRICS moved to replace the dollar. Why BRICS Wants to De-dollarise ? Reduce vulnerability to US-dominated sanctions and monetary policy. Increase autonomy of developing economies in global finance. Challenge unequal financial architecture dominated by Bretton Woods institutions. Enhance South-South financial cooperation. Support intra-BRICS trade through local currencies, lowering transaction costs and volatility risks. Existing National Payment Systems (Building Blocks for BRICS Pay) Country System Features / Strengths Russia SPFS (System for Transfer of Financial Messages) Domestic alternative to SWIFT, post-2014 sanctions. China CIPS (Cross-Border Interbank Payment System) Supports RMB settlements; participants from 120+ countries. India UPI (Unified Payments Interface) Fast, interoperable digital payment infrastructure; accepted in 9 countries. Brazil Pix Operated by central bank; regional expansion in Latin America.   Challenge: Interoperability and harmonisation among these diverse systems. Opportunity: Integrate these networks to create a BRICS Financial Grid. Challenges & Divergences Differing ambitions: China seeks RMB internationalisation via CIPS. India aims to globalise UPI. Brazil promotes Pix regionally. Lack of common regulatory & cybersecurity standards. Political coordination needed among diverse governance models. Resistance from global markets tied to dollar liquidity and SWIFT security protocols. Strategic Implications For Global Finance: Marks the rise of a multipolar monetary order. Could weaken dollar’s hegemony over time. Encourages digital currency integration among emerging economies. For Developing Countries: Offers an alternative payment route immune to Western sanctions. May facilitate South-South trade settlements in local currencies. For the West: Seen as a challenge to the financial dominance of the US and EU. Could trigger financial fragmentation and geopolitical countermeasures. Way Forward Technical: Develop secure, scalable interoperability architecture among SPFS, CIPS, UPI, and Pix. Institutional: Empower the BRICS Payment Task Force to draft unified regulatory and cybersecurity protocols. Strategic: Gradually expand to include other Global South economies (ASEAN, Africa, Latin America). Political: Balance China’s dominance to ensure equitable governance. BRICS — Quick Summary Origin: Coined by Jim O’Neill (2001); formal group in 2009 (BRIC); South Africa joined 2010 → BRICS. Members (2025): Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa + Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE (BRICS+). Objective: Reform global governance, promote multipolarity, enhance trade, tech & development cooperation. Institutions: New Development Bank (NDB) – HQ: Shanghai. Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) – $100 bn liquidity pool. Business Council, Think Tank, Academic Forum. Significance: ~45% of population, ~30% of global GDP (PPP). Driving de-dollarisation & Global South solidarity. India’s Focus: Multilateral reform, digital public goods, resilient supply chains, climate finance. SC to review surrogacy ban on couples with one child  Why in News ? Supreme Court (Nov 2025) decided to review the constitutionality of Section 4(iii)(C)(II) of the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, which bans married couples with one living child from availing surrogacy, even if they suffer from secondary infertility. The Centre defended the ban, asserting no fundamental right to surrogacy, while petitioners argued it violates reproductive autonomy and right to privacy. Relevance : GS Paper II (Polity & Governance): Judicial review of legislation — Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021. Reproductive rights under Article 21 (Right to Privacy, Autonomy). Role of Supreme Court in balancing ethics and personal liberty. Gender justice and family policy frameworks. GS Paper I (Society): Changing family structures and reproductive health rights. Ethical and social implications of assisted reproduction. Surrogacy Regulation Framework in India Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021: Regulates and restricts surrogacy to altruistic (non-commercial) arrangements only. Commercial surrogacy banned to prevent exploitation of poor women. Allows surrogacy only for Indian married couples (5+ years marriage), with proven infertility. Eligibility clause [Section 4(iii)(C)(II)]: A couple must not have any surviving child (biological, adopted, or through surrogacy). Exception: If existing child is mentally/physically challenged or has a life-threatening disorder. ART (Assisted Reproductive Technology) Act, 2021 complements this by regulating fertility clinics and ART procedures (IVF, etc.). What is Secondary Infertility? Inability to conceive after having at least one biological child. Globally affects ~10–15% of couples (WHO). In India, often under-recognised and socially stigmatized; medically and emotionally distressing. Centre’s Stand No fundamental right to surrogacy under the Constitution. Surrogacy involves use of another woman’s body, hence cannot be demanded as a personal right. Supported by Article 21 interpretation limits (right to life/personal liberty ≠ right over another’s body). Surrogacy should be last resort, only after failure of all other natural and ART options. The law’s restriction is reasonable, aimed at: Preventing misuse and commercialization. Protecting surrogate mothers from exploitation. Avoiding repeated pregnancies for non-essential reasons. Petitioners’ Arguments Violation of reproductive autonomy (Article 21) — right to make reproductive choices is part of personal liberty (K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, 2017). Discriminatory restriction: India has no one-child policy, so the law creates an artificial cap on family size. Couples facing secondary infertility are denied reproductive justice. Emotional & social toll of infertility not considered — secondary infertility is as distressing as primary infertility. Requested Court to read down Section 4(iii)(C)(II) to allow such couples to avail surrogacy. Supreme Court’s Observations (Nov 2025 Hearing) Bench: Justice B.V. Nagarathna (noted for gender-rights jurisprudence). Court to examine whether the restriction violates reproductive choice and privacy of citizens. Justice Nagarathna observed: India’s demographic profile shows no need for a one-child-like restriction. Provision seems reasonable, but requires nuanced scrutiny balancing autonomy vs ethical regulation. Constitutional Dimensions Issue Provision / Case Law Implication Reproductive Choice Article 21 (Right to Life & Personal Liberty) Includes right to procreate (Puttaswamy, Suchita Srivastava v. Chandigarh Admin, 2009). Equality Article 14 Blanket ban may violate equality and non-arbitrariness. Privacy & Autonomy Puttaswamy Judgment (2017) Protects decisional autonomy, including family planning choices. State’s Regulatory Power Reasonable restrictions permissible To prevent exploitation of women and commodification of surrogacy.  Social and Ethical Dimensions Concerns addressed by ban: Exploitation of poor surrogate mothers. Health risks from repeated surrogacies. Commercialisation of motherhood. Criticisms of ban: Denies medical solutions to genuine infertility cases. Ignores emotional distress and family aspirations. Overregulation may drive cross-border surrogacy or illegal arrangements. Global Comparison Country Policy UK Only altruistic surrogacy permitted; regulated. USA Varies by state; many allow compensated surrogacy. Russia Allows commercial surrogacy; liberal framework. China Complete ban on surrogacy. India Altruistic only, with strict eligibility — among the most restrictive globally.  Policy Implications Need for graded, empathetic regulation distinguishing between misuse and genuine cases. Review to incorporate medical definitions of infertility (primary vs secondary). Expand framework to include single parents, widows/divorcees, as suggested by earlier petitions. Potential alignment with reproductive rights jurisprudence under Article 21. Way Forward Judicial clarity on scope of reproductive autonomy under surrogacy laws. Legislative reconsideration of Section 4(iii)(C)(II) to include medically certified secondary infertility. Ethical safeguards for surrogate mothers — health insurance, counselling, consent protocols. Public awareness to destigmatize infertility. As Umngot River Turns Muddy, Residents Blame Road Project Why in News ? Meghalaya’s Umngot River, known for its crystal-clear water and a key tourism attraction in Dawki and Shnongpdeng, has turned muddy and opaque this October 2025. Locals and environmentalists blame construction debris and soil dumping from the Shillong–Dawki road upgrade project carried out by NHIDCL (National Highways & Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd.). The issue has prompted intervention requests to the Union Ministers for Transport and Environment by local MP Ricky Syngkon. Relevance : GS Paper III (Environment & Ecology): Environmental impact of infrastructure in ecologically fragile zones. River sedimentation, erosion control, and bioengineering methods. Role of EIA, NHIDCL, and sustainable tourism in hill ecosystems. GS Paper I (Geography): Human–environment interaction in the hilly regions. Impact of development on river systems and livelihoods. Basic Facts River: Umngot River Location: Flows through West Jaintia Hills District, Meghalaya Tributary of: Not a major tributary, but part of the Umngot–Myntdu system Tourism Importance: Dawki and Shnongpdeng—famous for boating on transparent water Project Involved: Upgradation of 81 km Shillong–Dawki highway to a two-lane highway (10 m carriageway) Ecological Concerns Loss of water clarity affects aquatic life and local livelihoods dependent on tourism and fishing. Sedimentation alters river ecology, reduces light penetration, and harms species diversity. Tourism Decline: Tourists deterred due to loss of visual appeal, affecting the local economy. Soil Dumping Issue: Improper stabilization and containment of excavated material on steep slopes causing run-off during rainfall. Way Forward  Immediate Actions: Remove dumped debris near the river. Enforce strict adherence to environmental SOPs for hilly construction zones. Conduct Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) review for ongoing segments. Long-Term: Adopt bioengineering methods (vegetative stabilization, silt traps). Continuous water quality monitoring of Umngot and similar hill rivers. Integrate eco-tourism safeguards into infrastructure policy in ecologically sensitive zones. Discovery of a New Spider Species — Pilia malenadu — in Chikkamagaluru Why in News ? Researchers have discovered a new species of jumping spider belonging to the Pilia genus at Madhugundi village, Mudigere taluk, Chikkamagaluru district (Karnataka). The species has been named Pilia malenadu, after the locality where it was found. The discovery has been published in the international journal Zootaxa and marks the first recorded sighting of this genus in over 120 years. Relevance : GS Paper III (Environment & Biodiversity): Discovery of new species — importance for taxonomy and conservation. Biodiversity significance of the Western Ghats (UNESCO site). Threats to microhabitats and endemic fauna. Role of local biodiversity registers and community participation. GS Paper I (Geography): Biodiversity hotspots and biogeographical zones of India. Basic Facts Scientific Name: Pilia malenadu Genus: Pilia (Family: Salticidae — Jumping spiders) Discovered by: Ajit Padiyar, naturalist at Madhugundi Location: Madhugundi village, Western Ghats (Chikkamagaluru, Karnataka) Specimens Found: 24 individuals (17 males, 3 females, 4 juveniles) About the Genus Pilia Pilia genus of jumping spiders (Salticidae) was first described in 1902 in Kerala — over 123 years ago. Till now, Pilia species were rarely observed and not documented elsewhere in India since the early 20th century. These spiders are small, agile predators known for excellent vision and jumping ability. Significance of the Discovery Taxonomic Importance: Extends scientific knowledge of the Pilia genus. First time both male and female specimens of Pilia genus have been found. Biodiversity Indicator: Discovery in the Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage biodiversity hotspot, underscores its ecological richness. Suggests healthy and intact microhabitats at the foothills of the Western Ghats. Historical Significance: Rediscovery of a genus after over a century highlights the underexplored fauna of the Ghats. Habitat   Habitat-specific — found only around two plant species: Memecylon umbellatum Memecylon malabaricum Indicates narrow ecological niche and dependence on specific vegetation. Conservation Concerns Habitat Specificity: Such species are vulnerable to habitat loss, deforestation, and land-use change. Researchers warn that if the habitat is disturbed, the species could face extinction. Conservation Priority: Protection of Western Ghats ecosystems essential for preserving microfaunal diversity. Reinforces the need for localized biodiversity monitoring and microhabitat protection. Broader Implications For Science: Encourages continued taxonomic surveys in underexplored ecosystems. For Policy: Highlights importance of community–based biodiversity conservation in Western Ghats. For Education: Adds to India’s growing record of new endemic species — particularly arachnids and insects. Related Context Western Ghats Biodiversity: One of eight “hottest” biodiversity hotspots globally. Home to over 7,400 plant species and 139 mammal species, many endemic. New species of amphibians, spiders, and plants continue to be discovered annually. Recent Discoveries in Region: Hygrocrates wayanadensis (spider, Kerala) Raorchestes chalazodes (frog rediscovery, Tamil Nadu) Nasikabatrachus bhupathi (purple frog, Western Ghats) Way Forward Conduct micro-faunal mapping of Western Ghats regions. Include local naturalists in biodiversity documentation programs. Integrate findings into State Biodiversity Boards’ People’s Biodiversity Registers (PBRs). Promote eco-sensitive zone management around Chikkamagaluru and Kodagu. Stop Wildlife Imports to India Until Proper Checks in Place: CITES Report Why in News ? A CITES verification mission (Sept 2025) has recommended that India halt imports of wild animals — especially criticallyendangered species such as gorillas, orangutans, chimpanzees, and snow leopards — until stronger verification, control, and traceability mechanisms are in place. The report found gaps in India’s due diligence and verification of animal origin, as several wild species imported as “captive bred” raised concerns about illegal wildlife trade. Relevance : GS Paper III (Environment & Biodiversity): CITES Convention — structure, appendices, and India’s obligations. Wildlife trafficking, traceability, and captive-breeding loopholes. Role of MoEFCC, WCCB, and compliance mechanisms. Ethical and legal aspects of animal trade. GS Paper II (Governance & International Relations): India’s global environmental diplomacy and treaty compliance. Coordination between international and domestic wildlife laws. Basic Facts CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1973); India a party since 1976. Objective: Ensure that international trade in wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Appendix I: Species threatened with extinction — trade only under exceptional circumstances. Appendix II: Species not necessarily threatened but could become so if trade is not regulated. Indian Authority: Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB), Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). Key Findings of the CITES Verification Mission Mission Period: September 15–20, 2025 Sites Inspected: Vantara’s Greens Zoological Rescue and Rehabilitation Kingdom (GZRRK), Gujarat Radha Krishna Temple Elephant Welfare Trust (RKT EWT), Jamnagar Findings: India imported a range of critically endangered species reportedly under “captive bred” status. 41,839 animals at GZRRK and 594 at RKT EWT—claimed to be under legal acquisition. CITES Secretariat noted irregularities in import documentation, raising doubt over the legality of the source. Invoices from exporters (e.g., Czech Republic, Germany) contradicted India’s claims about animals’ captive-bred status. Specific Red Flags GZRRK imported two snow leopards (Appendix I species) from Togo with claimed zoo-trade code (Z). Germany and CITES Secretariat found inconsistencies. India imported elephants from Myanmar and lions from Burkina Faso, but documentation lacked traceable origin data. CITES report: Some animals listed as “bred in captivity” were actually wild-caught and reclassified before export — violating Article IV of CITES. Highlighted misuse of purpose codes (T – trade, Z – zoo) and source codes (C – captive-bred, W – wild) in documentation. Core Concerns Traceability Failure: Lack of verification on whether imported animals were genuinely captive-bred. Regulatory Gaps: India’s import permits sometimes issued without CITES Secretariat cross-verification. Potential Illegal Trade Route: Exported from wild-capture countries (Togo, Myanmar) Reclassified via intermediate nations (e.g., Germany, Czech Republic) Imported into India as captive-bred zoo specimens. Due Diligence Deficit: CITES noted India must verify “source, purpose, and transaction authenticity” before granting permits. Recommendations by CITES Suspend imports of wild animals declared as “captive-bred” until India: Strengthens verification and control mechanisms. Ensures traceable documentation of origin and breeding. Submits compliance report to CITES Secretariat. Mandate proof of legal acquisition from exporters. Reassess import permits granted between 2020–2025. India’s Position India stated that no wild specimens were imported and all animals met CITES norms. Claimed animals were rescued or zoo-bound, not for commercial trade. MoEFCC assured strict adherence to CITES guidelines and readiness to enhance traceability systems. Global Context Similar controversies have arisen in Thailand, Myanmar, and African states regarding reclassification of wild-caught animals as “captive-bred”. Reflects a global loophole in wildlife trade regulation, often exploited by private zoos and exotic pet traders. Environmental & Ethical Implications Encourages illegal poaching in source countries. Threatens biodiversity conservation goals under SDG-15 (Life on Land). Undermines India’s global image as a wildlife conservation leader. Violates Article 51A(g) of the Indian Constitution — duty to protect environment and wildlife. Way Forward  Establish National CITES Verification Authority for real-time tracking of imports. Implement DNA profiling and microchipping for imported species. Enforce import moratorium on high-risk species until compliance verified. Increase bilateral coordination with exporting nations and CITES Secretariat. Integrate digital permit traceability (blockchain-based) for transparency. Inequality fuels pandemics and prolongs crises — UNAIDS Report Why in News ? The UNAIDS Global Council on Inequality, AIDS and Pandemics released its report “Breaking the Inequality–Pandemic Cycle: Building True Health Security in a Global Age” on November 3, 2025, ahead of the G20 Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa. It warns that inequality within and between nations increases vulnerability to pandemics, worsens their impact, and prolongs global crises like COVID-19 and HIV/AIDS. Relevance : GS Paper II (International Relations & Governance): Global health governance and UN institutions (UNAIDS, WHO). Role of G20 in equitable health architecture. Public health equity and pandemic preparedness. GS Paper III (Economy & Disaster Management): Pandemic management, inequality, and economic vulnerability. IP rights, access to health technologies, and vaccine equity. GS Paper I (Society): Inequality as a structural determinant of health and vulnerability. Key Findings of the Report Scope of Study: Based on two years of research. Data from 217 countries (HIV) and 151 countries (COVID-19) analyzed using regression models. Core Conclusion: Higher inequality = higher infection and mortality rates. More equal societies = better resilience and quicker recovery during pandemics. Examples: Africa: Informal settlements show higher HIV prevalence than formal housing. Namibia: Poorer, less-educated women have higher HIV rates. England: Overcrowded housing linked to higher COVID-19 mortality. Brazil: People without primary education had multiple times higher COVID-19 fatality. Migrants: 84% higher COVID-19 infection risk than non-migrants (meta-analysis of 53 million). South Africa: Unemployed individuals face higher HIV infection odds (2016 DHS data). Major Causes Identified Unequal access to healthcare, housing, education, and employment. Limited access to vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics in low-income countries. Weak global cooperation on intellectual property waivers and local manufacturing. Socioeconomic exclusion of migrants and informal workers. Global Inequality Dimensions Within countries – poverty, informal housing, unemployment, and poor education increase exposure and limit access to treatment. Between countries – wealthier nations corner medical innovations, leaving poorer nations vulnerable to prolonged outbreaks. Systemic gap – low-income countries depend on external supplies; global financing and IP regimes slow emergency responses. Impacts Highlighted Health impact: Higher mortality, slower containment of epidemics. Economic impact: Extended recovery periods, deepened poverty cycles. Social impact: Widened distrust in governance and global health institutions. Recommendations by UNAIDS Equitable access to medicines and health technologies across nations. Automatic IP waivers once a pandemic is declared. Investment in local and regional manufacturing of health products. Integrated pandemic preparedness linking health, housing, and employment policies. Focus on prevention and equity, not only emergency response. Broader Context The report builds on lessons from COVID-19 and HIV/AIDS—showing that structural inequality directly determines who lives and who dies in pandemics. Aligns with SDG-3 (Good Health and Well-being) and SDG-10 (Reduced Inequalities). Comes as the G20 debates reforming global health architecture, financing, and technology-sharing frameworks. India Relevance India’s health disparities (urban–rural divide, gendered access, digital inequality) mirror global findings. Strengthening domestic manufacturing (e.g., vaccines, diagnostics) and community-based health networks (ASHA, PHC) aligns with report’s equity vision. India’s role in G20 and Global South leadership positions it to advocate for equitable global health governance.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 04 November 2025

Content Sustaining Life, Celebrating Nature: India’s Biosphere Reserves Sustaining Life, Celebrating Nature: India’s Biosphere Reserves Why in News? India observed the International Day for Biosphere Reserves on November 3, 2025, under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme. Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve (Himachal Pradesh) was added to the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) in September 2025, marking India’s 13th UNESCO-recognized site. Budget boost: Allocation for biodiversity conservation under CNRE doubled from ₹5 crore (2024–25) to ₹10 crore (2025–26). Relevance GS-3 (Environment & Ecology): • Biodiversity conservation and sustainable livelihoods under UNESCO’s MAB Programme. • India’s leadership in forest gain and climate-resilient ecosystem management. • Integration of conservation with carbon sinks and ecosystem services. Concept and Global Context Definition: Biosphere Reserves (BRs) are “living laboratories” for integrating biodiversity conservation with sustainable development. Designation: Identified by national governments and recognized under UNESCO’s MAB Programme. Objective: To reconcile biodiversity conservation, socio-economic development, and scientific research.  Global Snapshot (UNESCO 2025): Number: 748 Biosphere Reserves in 134 countries. Coverage: ~7 million sq. km (≈ size of Australia). Population supported: >260 million people. UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme Launch: 1971 by UNESCO. Core Goals: Study human–environment interactions and manage ecosystem changes. Integrate natural & social sciences to improve human well-being sustainably. Promote knowledge exchange, climate resilience, and environmental education. Governance: International Coordinating Council (MAB-ICC) with 34 Member States. Outcome: Creation of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) as sites of excellence in conservation and sustainability. Structure of a Biosphere Reserve Zone Function Example Activity Core Zone Strictly protected area for biodiversity conservation. No human interference; scientific study allowed. Buffer Zone Limited human activity supporting research, eco-tourism. Grazing, eco-tourism, education. Transition Zone Sustainable resource use and human habitation. Agroforestry, organic farming, local crafts. India’s Biosphere Reserves: Data Snapshot (2025) Total: 18 Biosphere Reserves (Area: 91,425 sq. km). UNESCO-recognized: 13 sites under WNBR. Administered by: Biosphere Reserve Division, MoEFCC. Funding Model: 60:40 (Centre:State). 90:10 for North Eastern & Himalayan states. Schemes: Sub-scheme under Conservation of Natural Resources & Ecosystems (CNRE). India’s UNESCO-Recognized Biosphere Reserves No. Name State Year of UNESCO Recognition 1 Nilgiri TN–Kerala–Karnataka 2000 2 Gulf of Mannar Tamil Nadu 2001 3 Sundarbans West Bengal 2001 4 Nanda Devi Uttarakhand 2004 5 Nokrek Meghalaya 2009 6 Pachmarhi Madhya Pradesh 2009 7 Similipal Odisha 2009 8 Achanakmar–Amarkantak MP–Chhattisgarh 2012 9 Great Nicobar Andaman & Nicobar Islands 2013 10 Agasthyamalai TN–Kerala 2016 11 Khangchendzonga Sikkim 2018 12 Panna Madhya Pradesh 2020 13 Cold Desert Himachal Pradesh 2025 India’s Conservation Leadership FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2025: Rank 9th globally in total forest area. Rank 3rd in annual forest gain (after China & USA). Forest & Tree Cover: ~24.6% of India’s geographical area (FSI 2023). People-Centric Approach: ~5 lakh people in 18 BRs benefit from eco-development and alternate livelihoods. National Complementary Initiatives Programme Launch Objective Project Tiger 1973 Species & habitat conservation; 55 reserves (2024). Project Elephant 1992 Mitigate human-elephant conflict; protect corridors. Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats (IDWH) 2008 Assist states in habitat protection beyond PAs. National Biodiversity Action Plan (NBAP) 2008 Implements Biological Diversity Act, 2002. Green India Mission (GIM) 2014 Enhance forest cover by 5 million ha; carbon sink creation. Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs) — Buffer protection around national parks/sanctuaries. Socio-Ecological Impact Biodiversity: Protection of flagship species (tiger, elephant, red panda). Climate Mitigation: Acts as carbon sink and climate buffer zones. Livelihoods: Promotes eco-tourism, organic farming, honey, handicrafts. Community Involvement: Integration of local self-governance & tribal participation. Education: Supports environmental awareness and sustainable technologies. Challenges Overlapping jurisdictions among forest, tribal & revenue departments. Unsustainable resource extraction in transition zones. Developmental pressures — roads, mining, tourism infrastructure. Limited scientific monitoring and data integration across BRs. Way Forward Expand BR network to underrepresented biogeographic zones (Trans-Himalaya, Arid zones). Strengthen real-time biodiversity monitoring through remote sensing & AI. Promote Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) for community participation. Enhance carbon-credit mechanisms within buffer & transition zones. Foster India–Global South partnerships via MAB exchange platforms. Conclusion India’s 18 Biosphere Reserves represent a synergy of conservation and community — aligning with the UNESCO MAB vision and SDG-15 (Life on Land). With increased budgetary support, growing international recognition, and scientific integration, India is emerging as a global model for “people–nature harmony.” Sustaining these ecological laboratories will be central to ensuring a resilient, biodiverse, and climate-secure India for the future.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 04 November 2025

Content India’s IT dream is at a crossroads The case for energy efficiency India’s IT dream is at a crossroads  Why in News ? Mass Layoffs: TCS announced 20,000 layoffs in one quarter (3.2% workforce) — its sharpest ever; other IT majors (Infosys, Wipro, Tech Mahindra) following suit. Sectoral Churn: ~50,000 IT jobs likely to be lost by FY2025–26 due to automation and shrinking client budgets. Structural Transition: AI-driven automation, tightening U.S. immigration norms, and declining cost arbitrage threaten India’s traditional IT model. Economic Significance: IT contributes 7% of India’s GDP, employs ~6 million, and earns $280 billion+ in annual revenue (NASSCOM 2025) — making this transition crucial for India’s growth model. Relevance GS-3 (Economy, Employment, Science & Tech): Transformation of India’s IT-led growth model under AI disruption. Job displacement vs productivity paradox; future of digital economy. Role of reskilling, innovation, and tech-driven entrepreneurship. GS-2 (Governance & Policy): Need for curriculum reform, AI-literacy missions, and labour protection. Centre–industry partnerships for skilling and innovation ecosystems. GS-1 (Society): Middle-class employment insecurity and social adaptation to automation. Human–machine coexistence and future of work ethics. Practice Question : “India’s IT-led growth model is facing an existential test in the age of AI.” Examine the structural challenges posed by automation and suggest policy measures for a resilient digital economy.(250 Words) India’s IT Sector: A Pillar of Economic Transformation Historical Role: Since the 1990s liberalization, IT became the engine of India’s global integration and middle-class rise. Employment Share: Directly employs only ~1% of workforce, but generates ~7% of GDP and >50% of India’s services exports. Major Hubs: Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, NCR. Top Firms: TCS, Infosys, Wipro, HCLTech, Tech Mahindra — collectively employ ~3 million professionals. The Structural Shift – Why the Crisis Now? Automation & Artificial Intelligence AI-driven automation is replacing repetitive coding, coordination, and maintenance work. Rise of Agentic AI systems (autonomous, reasoning models) — cutting workforce needs for mid-level roles. Productivity gains: Developer productivity up 30–50% with generative AI tools (McKinsey, 2025). Impact: Decline in demand for routine IT services (Java, .NET, SAP ECC); surge in demand for cloud, cybersecurity, and AI integration skills. Global Economic Tightening U.S. & EU clients (80% of India’s export market) slashing IT budgets amid economic uncertainty. Preference shifting from “scale and cost” → “specialization and speed.” Visa & Policy Barriers U.S. H-1B visa fee hikes and protectionist policies → localization of workforce in client countries. Reduced on-site deployment weakens India’s cost advantage. Skill Mismatch Many mid-career professionals have obsolete skillsets; lack AI/Cloud expertise. Freshers face entry barriers, as firms prefer lean, specialized teams. Quantitative Snapshot (2025) Parameter Data / Trend GDP Contribution ~7% Total Employment ~6 million Exports ~$280 billion Forecast Job Loss (FY25–26) ~50,000 AI Upskilling (TCS) 5.5 lakh trained (basic); 1 lakh (advanced) Global Comparison U.S. layoffs: Amazon (14,000), Meta (8,000) The New Paradigm: From Outsourcing to Innovation Old Model: Labour-intensive, low-cost coding, maintenance, client-site dependency. Emerging Model: Cloud-native, cybersecurity, AI-driven digital transformation, product-based ecosystems. Shift from “manpower” → “mindpower.” Clients demand end-to-end AI integration and domain expertise, not volume hiring. Policy & Institutional Response Skill Reorientation Mandatory AI-literacy programs in engineering colleges. Integration of machine learning, ethics in AI, and design thinking in curricula. Public-private reskilling partnerships — TCS model to be scaled nationally. Social Protection Proposal for 6–9 months severance pay for laid-off IT employees. Need for career transition support, retraining subsidies, and mental health resources. Startup & Innovation Ecosystem Promote deep-tech, AI, and product-based startups through tax incentives and VC support. Encourage domestic innovation hubs and AI research clusters. Global Policy Engagement Ensure data sovereignty, cross-border talent mobility, and AI regulation clarity in trade agreements. Implications for India Economic Short-term job losses; long-term productivity gains. Transition from IT-enabled services → knowledge-based economy. Social Middle-class insecurity due to white-collar layoffs. Urgent need for continuous learning and social safety nets in formal sector. Strategic Opportunity for India to become AI talent hub of the Global South. Must align Digital India, Skill India, and AI Mission policies. Way Forward National AI Upskilling Mission – integrate AI into ITIs, engineering colleges, and reskilling platforms. Incentivize firms for employee retraining (tax rebates). Promote AI-based product innovation, not service dependency. Strengthen domestic R&D through industry–academia linkages. Establish social safety nets for formal white-collar workers. Conclusion India’s IT journey is not ending — it’s evolving. The assembly-line model of coding is obsolete; the next phase demands AI fluency, innovation, and adaptability. To sustain its global digital leadership, India must shift from outsourcing scale to innovation depth, invest in future skills, and ensure that human potential grows alongside artificial intelligence. The case for energy efficiency Why in News? Despite India achieving a major milestone — non-fossil fuel capacity crossing 50% of total installed capacity (June 2025) — the Grid Emission Factor (GEF) has paradoxically risen from 0.703 tCO₂/MWh (2020–21) to 0.727 tCO₂/MWh (2023–24) (Central Electricity Authority). This indicates that India’s electricity is getting dirtier even as renewable capacity expands. Relevance GS-3 (Environment, Energy, Economy): Paradox of higher emissions amid renewable expansion. Data-backed insights on GEF, energy efficiency, and BEE impact. Systemic need for “efficiency + flexibility” in decarbonisation. GS-2 (Governance): Implementation of National Electricity Plan, Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) scheme. Coordination among MoP, CEA, BEE, ISA. Public–private partnership models for energy-efficient transition. GS-1 (Geography & Society): Spatial pattern of coal vs renewable generation regions. Demand dynamics and urban energy behaviour patterns. Practice Question : Despite India’s renewable capacity crossing 50%, its grid is getting dirtier. Analyze the paradox with reference to the capacity–generation mismatch and the role of efficiency.(250 Words) Overview Understanding Key Terms Grid Emission Factor (GEF): Carbon emitted per unit of electricity generated (tCO₂/MWh). Installed Capacity vs Generation: Capacity refers to potential; generation is actual output. Renewables have low capacity utilisation. Energy Efficiency (First Fuel): Reducing demand before generation — most cost-effective decarbonisation tool. The Paradox Explained – Why the Grid Is Getting Dirtier a. Capacity–Generation Mismatch Renewables ≈ 50% of capacity, but only 22% of actual generation (2023–24). Capacity Utilisation: Solar/Wind: 15–25% Coal/Nuclear: 65–90% Growing demand met by coal, raising GEF. b. Temporal (Time) Mismatch Solar generation peaks at noon, but demand peaks after sunset. Fossil fuel plants act as “shock absorbers”, bridging evening gaps — increasing emissions. c. Economic and Structural Constraints Coal dependence remains high due to reliability and cheap dispatch. Slow grid flexibility — storage, transmission, and demand response lag behind renewable expansion. Data & Global Comparison Parameter 2020–21 2023–24 Target 2031–32 Grid Emission Factor (tCO₂/MWh) 0.703 0.727 0.430 Non-fossil Installed Capacity (%) 40 50 60–65 Renewable Share in Generation (%) 18 22 40 (Goal)   India: 0.727 tCO₂/MWh (coal-heavy grid) France/Norway/Sweden: 0.1–0.2 tCO₂/MWh (hydro & nuclear dominance) The Role of Energy Efficiency Energy saved (FY2017–18 to 2022–23): 200 MTOE CO₂ reduction: 1.29 GT Economic savings: ₹7.6 lakh crore (BEE data) Efficiency flattens peak demand, enabling better renewable integration. Round-the-Clock (RTC) Renewable Energy RTC clean power now costs < ₹5/kWh, cheaper than new coal plants. Yet scaling is slow due to land, grid, and financing barriers. Policy Roadmap – What Needs to Be Done Demand-side (Efficiency & Flexibility): Accelerate BEE appliance standards (shift market to 4–5-star). Promote efficient motors, pumps, and industrial retrofits in MSMEs. Encourage dynamic tariffs to shift demand to renewable-rich hours. Supply-side (Integration & Innovation): Expand battery storage and virtual power plants (distributed storage). Promote green cooling and scrappage incentives for inefficient systems. Strengthen transmission & grid balancing mechanisms. Long-term Outlook National Electricity Plan (CEA): GEF projected to fall to 0.548 (2026–27) and 0.430 (2031–32). Requires flexible system design, not just capacity growth. India has already cut emission intensity by 33% (2005–2019) — next leap hinges on efficiency + flexibility. Core Message: India’s green energy story will succeed not by adding gigawatts, but by making every watt cleaner, smarter, and more efficiently used. Efficiency is the first fuel; flexibility is the real transition.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 04 November 2025

Content High Seas Treaty ₹1 Lakh Crore Research, Development and Innovation (RDI) Scheme Digital Arrest Scams — Supreme Court’s Concern Heavy Metal Contamination in the Cauvery River: Case Study Tropical Forests Forever Fund High Seas Treaty  Why in News ? High Seas Treaty (formally Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction – BBNJ Agreement) was ratified by over 60 countries in September 2025, triggering its enforcement in January 2026. Marks the first legally binding global agreement to conserve and sustainably use marine biodiversity in international waters — i.e., beyond national Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs). Relevance: GS-2 (International Relations): • Global environmental governance under UNCLOS and BBNJ. • Equity and common heritage principle in marine resource sharing. GS-3 (Environment & Biodiversity): • Marine biodiversity conservation and SDG-14 (Life Below Water). • Role in climate resilience and ocean sustainability. • Implications for India’s Blue Economy and Deep Ocean Mission. Background 2004: UN General Assembly (UNGA) created an ad-hoc working group to fill the gaps in UNCLOS (1982), which lacked specific mechanisms for conserving biodiversity in the high seas. 2011: States agreed on four negotiation pillars — Marine Genetic Resources (MGRs) Area-Based Management Tools (ABMTs) incl. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) Capacity Building & Technology Transfer 2018–2023: Four Intergovernmental Conferences negotiated the draft. March 2023: Agreement reached. June 2023: Treaty adopted by UN. September 2025: Crossed ratification threshold → comes into force January 2026. Key Features of the Treaty Scope: Applies to areas beyond national jurisdiction (covering ~60% of world’s oceans). Core Objective: Ensure conservation, sustainable use, and equitable benefit-sharing of marine biodiversity. Marine Genetic Resources (MGRs) Defined as genetic material from marine plants, animals, microbes etc. Recognised as “Common Heritage of Humankind” — meaning benefits must be shared equitably. Prevents biopiracy by advanced nations exploiting deep-sea organisms for pharmaceuticals and biotechnology. Area-Based Management Tools (ABMTs) & Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) Facilitate creation of global MPAs in high seas for biodiversity protection. Combine scientific data and indigenous knowledge in decision-making. Aim to enhance climate resilience and marine ecosystem stability, supporting food security. Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) Mandates EIAs for activities affecting high-sea ecosystems, including cumulative and transboundary effects. Ensures transparency, prior notification, and global scrutiny of high-sea projects (mining, geoengineering, etc.). Capacity Building & Technology Transfer Developed nations to support scientific infrastructure and ocean tech access for developing countries. Promotes inclusive participation in marine research and resource utilisation. Significance Global Ocean Protection: Covers the half of Earth’s surface that currently lacks strong governance. Supports SDG-14 (Life Below Water) — protecting at least 30% of oceans by 2030 (“30×30 target”). Climate & Food Security: Preserves fish stocks, coral ecosystems, and carbon sequestration zones. Equity in Marine Resource Access: Reduces dominance of Global North in marine biotechnology. Major Issues & Challenges Legal Ambiguity Conflict between “Freedom of the High Seas” (UNCLOS principle) and “Common Heritage of Humankind” (BBNJ principle). Freedom = unrestricted navigation, fishing, and research. Common heritage = shared ownership and regulated benefit-sharing. Treaty adopts a compromise, not full resolution — causing potential disputes over MGR access. Governance of MGRs Lack of clarity on patent rights, data access, and benefit distribution. Risk of biopiracy by corporations collecting genetic samples for commercial use. Developing nations fear exclusion from profits due to technological asymmetry. Implementation Capacity Enforcement and monitoring require massive data, funding, and scientific capability. No dedicated enforcement body — relies on voluntary compliance and existing UNCLOS institutions. Financial Mechanisms Disagreements over who funds conservation and capacity building. Unclear structure for royalties or benefit-sharing from marine genetic discoveries. India’s Relevance & Stand India, a party to UNCLOS, supports equitable benefit-sharing and sustainable use of MGRs. Seeks technology access and capacity support for deep-sea biodiversity research. Aligns with India’s Deep Ocean Mission (2021–26) and Blue Economy Policy (2021) for sustainable ocean resource use. Way Forward Develop transparent frameworks for data sharing and benefit distribution. Strengthen monitoring via satellite and AI-based ocean surveillance. Encourage South–South cooperation for marine research. Establish global fund under UN auspices for BBNJ implementation. Promote regional marine biodiversity networks (e.g., IORA cooperation). ₹1 Lakh Crore Research, Development and Innovation (RDI) Scheme Why in News ? Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the₹1 lakh crore RDI Scheme (2025) during the Emerging Science, Technology and Innovation Conclave (ESTIC). Objective: To fund high-risk, high-impact research projects, promote deep-tech innovation, and accelerate India’s transition from “ease of doing business” to “ease of doing research.” Relevance: GS-2 (Governance): • Institutional reform — role of Anusandhan NRF and ESTIC. • Policy design for science, technology, and innovation governance. GS-3 (Science & Technology): • Promotion of deep tech, AI, clean energy, and biotech. • Bridging R&D–industry gap; fostering innovation ecosystems. • Ethical technology and AI governance. Background Replaces the Indian Science Congress (last held in 2023) with a modern, outcome-based platform — ESTIC. The Anusandhan National Research Foundation (NRF), with a corpus of ₹1 lakh crore, provides the institutional backbone for this new R&D push. Part of India’s vision of “Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan, Jai Vigyan, Jai Anusandhan.” Key Announcements ₹1 Lakh Crore RDI Scheme Provides capital support for “high-risk, high-impact” scientific projects with commercial and societal potential. Focus: Deep tech, clean energy, biotechnology, advanced materials, and AI. Aims to bridge the gap between laboratory research and market-ready innovation. Regulatory & Financial Reforms Eased procurement and financial rules to facilitate faster R&D execution. New incentives and supply-chain support to enable quicker prototype-to-market transitions. Encouragement of private sector investment in R&D — public-private innovation model. Expansion of Atal Tinkering Labs 10,000 existing labs benefiting over 1 crore school students. Target: 25,000 more labs to be set up nationwide — expanding grassroots innovation and STEM learning. Prime Minister’s Research Fellowship (PMRF) Expansion 10,000 new fellowships to be awarded in the next five years. Goal: Nurture young researchers, especially in frontier sciences and applied research. India AI Mission Over ₹10,000 crore allocated to ensure AI for public good. Focus on ethical AI applications in education, healthcare, logistics, and governance. India’s R&D Progress (Data Points) R&D expenditure: Doubled in the last decade. Registered patents: Increased 17-fold. Startups: World’s 3rd largest startup ecosystem. Deep-tech startups: 6,000+ in clean energy, semiconductors, advanced materials, etc. Bio-economy growth: $10 billion (2014) → $140 billion (2025). About ESTIC Organizer: Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India. Replaces: Indian Science Congress (in decline due to credibility and management issues). Focus Areas: Quantum science and computing Bioengineering and biotechnology Clean energy and environment Climate technology and resilience Objective: Foster inter-ministerial synergy and promote science-policy integration for “Viksit Bharat 2047”. Context & Significance Shift from Output to Impact: From academic conferences to policy-oriented innovation conclaves. India’s Global Standing: 3rd largest startup ecosystem globally. 40th rank in Global Innovation Index (2024). Target to reach top 25 by 2030. Strategic Alignment: National Deep Tech Startup Policy 2024 National Quantum Mission Green Hydrogen Mission National Research Foundation (NRF) Act, 2023 Anusandhan National Research Foundation (NRF): Funds university-based research and innovation. Encourages academia–industry collaboration. Integrates R&D priorities with national missions (AI, semiconductors, bioeconomy). Ethical and Inclusive Innovation Emphasis on “Ethical Tech” — ensuring technology aligns with human values and public good. Ensures inclusion of rural innovators, women scientists, and regional universities in the innovation network. Strategic Objectives Transition from food security to nutrition security through biofortified crops. Develop low-cost, sustainable fertilizers. Map India’s genomic biodiversity for personalised medicine. Accelerate clean battery storage innovations for energy security. Significance Economic: Strengthens India’s position in the global innovation economy; boosts exports of high-tech goods. Social: Democratizes access to scientific opportunities; builds STEM capacity among youth. Geopolitical: Positions India as a R&D hub of the Global South and an innovation partner for emerging economies. Strategic: Reduces technological dependence on imports; builds indigenous capacities in AI, semiconductors, and biotech. Challenges Ahead Bridging R&D–industry linkages and commercialisation gaps. Ensuring ethical AI and data governance. Balancing basic research funding with applied/market-oriented research. Strengthening institutional coordination across ministries and research councils. Way Forward Create National Deep-Tech Mission linking RDI, NRF, and AI initiatives. Foster industry–academia clusters in Tier-II cities. Build AI ethics and cybersecurity frameworks. Introduce outcome-based funding models tied to innovation impact metrics. Enhance international R&D partnerships (e.g., BRICS, QUAD Science Cooperation).  Digital Arrest Scams — Supreme Court’s Concern Why in News ? The Supreme Court (SC) revealed that over ₹3,000 crore was scammed from victims — mostly elderly citizens — through “digital arrests”. SC described it as a “very big challenge” and promised stringent judicial action to aid government and investigative agencies. Relevance: GS-2 (Governance & Polity): • Role of judiciary in cybercrime regulation. • Legal response to AI-based digital frauds. GS-3 (Internal Security): • Cybercrime networks and cross-border digital extortion. • Deepfakes, AI misuse, and national security threats. What are “Digital Arrests”? Fraudsters impersonate police officers, judges, or probe agencies using AI-morphed videos, fake documents, and forged court orders. Victims are threatened with immediate arrest unless they transfer money. Common targets: senior citizens, professionals, and NRIs. Key Developments Bench: Led by Justice Surya Kant (CJI-designate). Report Findings: ₹3,000 crore defrauded in India alone. Cases now spreading globally. Solicitor-General (Tushar Mehta): Scams originate from “scam compounds” run by organized cybercrime gangs abroad. SC Action: Considering CBI probe into cross-border syndicates. To issue harsh, supportive orders strengthening agencies’ hands. Emphasized the human cost — victims manipulated, trafficked, or enslaved under fake employment promises. Pattern of Crime Technology misuse: AI, deepfakes, spoofed calls, and fake video backdrops of courtrooms/police stations. Psychological tactics: Fear, urgency, authority mimicry. International linkages: Cyber hubs in Southeast Asia targeting Indians. Financial trail: Routed through hawala networks and crypto transfers. Wider Implications National security: Cross-border cyber extortion with intelligence risks. Digital governance challenge: Rising misuse of AI and identity-morphing tools. Judicial credibility: Fake court impersonations threaten public trust in institutions. Elderly vulnerability: Lack of cyber awareness and emotional manipulation. Way Forward Centralised Cyber Fraud Response Platform under MHA. Enhanced coordination between CBI, ED, CERT-In, and Interpol. Public awareness campaigns for senior citizens and banks. Mandatory verification protocols for video/call-based government communications. Use of AI-counter tools to detect deepfakes and spoofed visuals. Heavy Metal Contamination in the Cauvery River: Case Study Why in News ? A 2025 study by Bharathidasan University (Tiruchirappalli), published in Environmental Earth Sciences (Aug 2025), found high levels of heavy metals (notably cadmium and lead) in Cauvery River sediments and fish. The study warns that regular fish consumption from the river may pose serious non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks. Supported by earlier studies (2024, Frontiers in Public Health), confirming bioaccumulation of toxic metals in multiple fish organs. Relevance: GS-3 (Environment & Ecology): • River pollution, bioaccumulation, and ecological risk analysis. • Implementation gaps in Water Act and environmental regulation. • Sustainable river management and public health implications. GS-2 (Governance): • Institutional coordination between CPCB, TNPCB, and local bodies. • Policy enforcement and community awareness mechanisms. Background: Cauvery River & Its Socio-Ecological Importance Lifeline of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu; supports drinking water, irrigation, and fisheries. Flows through industrial hubs like Erode and Tiruchirappalli, which discharge effluents directly into the river. Increasing urbanisation, agriculture runoff, and industrialisation have aggravated pollution. Study Overview Scope: Sediment samples: 18 sites along the river. Fish samples: 10 sites, multiple species. Methods: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy; multivariate statistical analysis; EPA-based health risk assessment. Indices Used: Igeo (Geoaccumulation Index) – metal buildup in sediments. Contamination Factor (CF) – element enrichment relative to background. Pollution Load Index (PLI) – overall contamination intensity. Potential Ecological Risk (PERI) – ecological toxicity measure. Key Findings Metals studied: Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn). Major contaminants: Cadmium and Lead – exceeded safety thresholds. Variation: Spatially uneven contamination — highest near industrial stretches (Erode belt). Bioaccumulation pattern (across organs): Liver & gills: Highest metal concentration (filtering organs). Muscle tissue: Detected levels unsafe in some species — critical as it is the edible part. Target Hazard Quotient (THQ): Exceeded 1 for several metals → potential health concern. Primary Sources: Industrial effluents (textile dyeing, electroplating). Agricultural runoff (fertilisers, pesticides). Untreated sewage. Minor natural input from mineralised zones (Fe, Mn). Human Health Implications Cadmium (Cd): Chronic exposure → kidney dysfunction, bone fragility, cancer risk. Lead (Pb): Neurological and developmental damage, especially in children. Chromium (Cr): Carcinogenic (Cr⁶⁺), causes liver/kidney damage. Cumulative Risk: Regular fish consumption may cause bioaccumulation and biomagnification in humans. Safe Limit: 250 g per serving, twice a week (as per Dr. Rajendran). Ecological Implications Food Chain Contamination: Metals move from sediments → plankton → fish → humans. Biodiversity Impact: Sublethal toxicity → reproductive, growth, and metabolic issues in aquatic life. Alters trophic dynamics and benthic organism survival. Sediment Pollution: Acts as a long-term pollutant reservoir, continuously leaching toxins. Distinguishing Human vs Natural Sources Using Igeo and Ecological Risk Index (ERI) with multivariate statistics, the study found: Cd, Pb, Cr: Largely anthropogenic (industrial origin). Fe, Zn: Natural/mineral sources. Confirms urban-industrial pollution dominance over natural background levels. Regional Context Similar contamination patterns found in Noyyal River (SRM Institute study, 2024) — linking Tamil Nadu’s industrial belts with systemic water pollution. Indicates state-wide challenge of managing industrial effluents and weak enforcement of Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) norms. Policy and Governance Dimensions Environmental Regulation Gaps: Ineffective enforcement of Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Lack of real-time effluent monitoring for small/medium industries. Needed Actions: Establish continuous river-monitoring stations. Strengthen CPCB–TNPCB coordination. Implement Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) norms strictly in textile hubs. Promote bio-remediation and constructed wetlands for effluent filtration. Public Health Strategy: Issue fish consumption advisories. Conduct biomonitoring of local populations (Cd & Pb exposure). Enhance community awareness in riparian districts. Scientific and Policy Significance First multi-metal, multi-organ study on fish in the Cauvery Basin. Provides quantitative baseline data for future environmental risk models. Offers scientific evidence for regulatory design and ecological restoration planning. Strengthens argument for integrated river basin management (IRBM) in India. Broader Environmental Lessons Symbol of India’s urban-industrial river crisis (like Yamuna, Sabarmati). Highlights disconnect between economic growth and ecological health. Calls for science-led, locally adapted pollution control frameworks. Cauvery River: Physical Geography Basics Origin Source: Talakaveri, Brahmagiri Hills, Western Ghats (Kodagu district, Karnataka) Elevation: ~1,341 m above mean sea level Mythological significance: Considered sacred; mentioned in Skanda Purana as Dakshina Ganga. Course Total length: ~805 km Karnataka: ~320 km Tamil Nadu: ~416 km Kerala & Puducherry (minor stretches): ~69 km combined Flow direction: Initially east-southeast → enters Tamil Nadu near Dharmapuri → forms delta near Thanjavur → drains into Bay of Bengal. Drainage Basin Total Basin Area: ~81,155 sq. km Karnataka: ~34,300 sq. km Tamil Nadu: ~43,900 sq. km Kerala: ~2,800 sq. km Puducherry: ~155 sq. km Major Tributaries Right Bank Tributaries Harangi (Kodagu district) Hemavati (origin – Ballala Hills) Shimsha (Maddur) Arkavathi (joins near Kanakapura) Suhavathi (Suvarnavathi) Noyyal (joins in Tamil Nadu near Karur) Amaravati (major tributary in Tamil Nadu) Left Bank Tributaries Kabini (origin – Wayanad plateau, Kerala) Bhavani (joins near Erode, Tamil Nadu) Lokapavani Palar (minor) Major Dams & Reservoirs Krishna Raja Sagar (KRS) – Karnataka (near Mysuru) Mettur Dam (Stanley Reservoir) – Tamil Nadu Kabini Dam, Harangi Dam, Hemavathi Reservoir Tropical Forests Forever Fund Why in News ? COP30 (Nov 2025, Belém, Brazil) marks 10 years since the Paris Agreement (2015) — first COP hosted in the Amazon region. Brazil reports its sharpest GHG emissions drop in 16 years (–17% in 2024) due to reduced deforestation, while proposing the “Tropical Forest Forever Fund.” India to focus on equity, finance delivery, technology transfer, and adaptation — opposing new emission-cutting obligations on developing nations. Relevance: GS-2 (International Relations): • India’s climate diplomacy and role in COP30 negotiations. • North–South divide on climate finance and equity. GS-3 (Environment): • Global climate finance mechanisms and forest conservation funds. • Adaptation, mitigation, and sustainable development balance. Background: Evolution of COP & Climate Politics UNFCCC (1992): Framework to stabilize GHG concentrations. Paris Agreement (2015): Shifted focus to Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Post-Paris Phase (COP26–29): From pledges to implementation; gaps in finance and adaptation persist. COP30 (2025): Positioned as the “COP of Implementation” — accountability on finance, technology, and adaptation. Brazil’s Climate Dualism Emission Decline (2024): Total emissions: 2.145 billion tonnes CO₂e (–17% YoY). Land-use emissions: Down 32.5% via deforestation control in Amazon & Cerrado. Net emissions: Down 22%, aided by reforestation & law enforcement. Contradictions: Oil exports: Record 85 million tonnes in 2024 — externalized emissions not counted domestically. Forest fires: Doubled unrecorded emissions from land-use change. Civil Society Critique: “Climate policy isn’t a buffet — can’t cut forests and expand oil simultaneously.” (Claudio Angelo, Observatório do Clima) Tropical Forest Forever Fund (Brazil’s Proposal) Aim: Permanent, multilateral fund rewarding tropical forest conservation — beyond carbon-offset models. Structure: Predictable, long-term financing for forest-rich developing nations. Vision: Anchor COP30 as the “COP of Implementation” through tangible funding. India’s Support: Conditional — must uphold equity, sovereignty, and access-based financing. India’s Strategic Priorities at COP30 (a) Adaptation over Mitigation Focus on Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) indicators — must be country-specific, not globally imposed. India stresses data sovereignty and contextual flexibility in measuring adaptation progress. (b) Finance Delivery Push on New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) — successor to the unfulfilled $100 billion/year promise (post-2025 target). India’s stance: Finance must be non-debt-creating, transparent, predictable, and additional. Developed nations must shift from pledge to performance. (c) Technology & Capacity Building Emphasis on Technology Implementation Programme — beyond transfer to institutional capacity building. Calls for affordable access to low-carbon technologies and knowledge sharing. Equity & Ethics in Climate Action India–Brazil Convergence: Brazil’s “Global Ethical Stocktake” complements India’s Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment). Focus on behavioral and moral transformation, not just technological compliance. Encourages ethical responsibility of developed nations in consumption patterns. 10 Years Since Paris: The Implementation Reckoning Indicator India Brazil Renewable Capacity 81 GW (2014) → 236 GW (2025) Focus on deforestation control Emission Trend On track with NDCs Still 9% above 2025 NDC ceiling Finance Access <20% of required flow realized Forest fund proposal to bridge gap Approach Equity & Adaptation Forest Finance & Ethics India’s Red Lines for COP30 No new mitigation obligations without finance and tech support. Adaptation indicators must respect national circumstances. NCQG must prioritize grant-based finance. Forest fund mechanisms must ensure non-market, non-offset financing. Implementation ≠ burden-shifting — fairness is central. Key Issues at COP30 (At a Glance) Agenda Item Lead/Focus India’s Position Tropical Forest Forever Fund Brazil Support with equity & sovereignty safeguards Adaptation Indicators (GGA) UAE-led Country-driven, finance-backed New Climate Finance Goal (NCQG) Developed nations Transparent, non-debt, predictable Technology Implementation Programme Global South Capacity + tech access Global Ethical Stocktake Brazil Aligned with Mission LiFE Broader Implications Geopolitical Axis: India–Brazil–South Africa shaping South-led climate diplomacy. Equity Lens: Reinforces “Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR-RC)”. Ethical Diplomacy: Moves debate from emission cuts → climate fairness. Implementation COP: May define climate politics for the next decade of accountability (2025–2035).

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 03 November 2025

Content National Beekeeping & Honey Mission Towards Universal Healthcare National Beekeeping & Honey Mission Why in News? NBHM reviewed its achievements (2020–2025) and extended implementation till FY 2025–26. India has become the 2nd largest exporter of honey globally (after China), up from 9th in 2020. Launch and success of Madhukranti Portal for digital traceability and transparency in honey trade. Strengthened infrastructure with 6 world-class testing labs, 97 FPOs formed, and USD 177.55 million exports in FY 2023–24. Relevance GS-3 (Economy, Agriculture, Environment): Rural income diversification, value-chain creation, agro-based entrepreneurship. Pollination & biodiversity enhancement — ecological services. Export promotion and traceability under Atmanirbhar Bharat. GS-2 (Governance): Digital governance via Madhukranti Portal. Convergence among ministries (MoA&FW, MSME, TRIFED, APEDA). GS-1 (Society): Women empowerment, traditional livelihoods, and rural transformation. Introduction & Background Launched under Atmanirbhar Bharat (2020) as a Central Sector Scheme, implemented by the National Bee Board (NBB) under the Department of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare. Budget Outlay: ₹500 crore (FY 2020–21 to 2025–26). Objective: Promote scientific beekeeping, improve pollination, enhance farmers’ income, and enable a “Sweet Revolution”—akin to Green & White Revolutions. Beekeeping = Agro-based livelihood → Supports rural, landless, and small farmers; key part of Integrated Farming Systems (IFS). Objectives Income & Employment Generation: Strengthen rural livelihoods via beekeeping. Infrastructure Development: Honey processing units, cold storage, branding, marketing centers. Quality Assurance: Regional & mini honey testing labs, disease diagnostic labs. Traceability & Digital Governance: Madhukranti portal; blockchain-based honey source tracking. Research & Technology: R&D, skill development, and pollination efficiency studies. Women Empowerment: Training & SHG-based beekeeping enterprises. Institutional Framework: Formation of FPOs, cooperatives, and federations. Three Mini Missions Mini Mission-I (Production & Productivity): Focus on crop pollination via scientific beekeeping. Bee-friendly flora development & colony multiplication. Mini Mission-II (Post-Harvest & Value Addition): Focus on collection, processing, packaging, cold storage, and marketing. Infrastructure support for branding and value addition. Mini Mission-III (Research & Technology): Applied research on species, diseases, region-specific technologies. Development of honey corridors and IT-enabled traceability. Progress & Achievements (As of March 2025) Production: 1.4 lakh MT natural honey (2024). Exports: 1.07 lakh MT valued at USD 177.55 million (FY 2023–24). Rank: 2nd largest global exporter of honey (up from 9th in 2020). Infrastructure Created: 6 World-class Honey Testing Labs 47 Mini Labs 6 Disease Diagnostic Labs 26 Honey Processing Units 10 Packaging & Cold Storages 12 Equipment Units 18 Branding & Marketing Units Technology Demonstrations: 424 ha demonstration area; 288 ha bee-flora plantations. Women Empowerment: 167 SHG-led activities across states. Institutional Development: 100 FPOs for beekeepers (97 formed by 2025) under NAFED, NDDB, TRIFED. Digital Integration: Madhukranti Portal: 14,859 beekeepers, 625+ institutions registered. Blockchain-based honey traceability system introduced. Policy Support: Minimum Export Price (MEP) for honey: USD 2,000/MT (₹167.1/kg) till Dec 2024. Centre of Excellence in Beekeeping: Established at IIT Roorkee. Major Honey Producing States Uttar Pradesh (17%), West Bengal (16%), Punjab (14%), Bihar (12%), Rajasthan (9%). Key honey types: Rapeseed/Mustard, Eucalyptus, Lychee, Sunflower. Major Export Destinations: USA, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Libya. Institutional & Implementation Framework Level Key Bodies Functions National Level Mission/PMU, GC/NLSC, PA&MC, EC, PAC Coordination, policy direction, project appraisal, monitoring State Level State Level Steering Committee (SLSC) Approvals, monitoring state projects District Level District Level Committee (DLC) Local implementation, coordination Implementing Agencies NAFED, NDDB, TRIFED, ICAR, KVIC, SRLM/NRLM, MSME bodies Field training, R&D, infrastructure creation Role of National Bee Board (NBB) Established: July 19, 2000; reconstituted in 2006. Objective: Promote scientific beekeeping, pollination efficiency, and market access. Functions: Implement NBHM, policy guidance, coordination with ICAR, FPOs, exporters, and ministries. Success Stories Meghalaya (Nongthymmai Village): Traditional beekeeping evolved into profitable enterprise; ₹1–2 lakh annual income; local brand development and FPO formation. Kupwara, J&K: Government-backed bee colony distribution (2,000 colonies, 40% subsidy); ₹25 lakh bottling plant; GI-tagging under process; ₹3 crore turnover by 500 farmers. Strategic Significance Economic: Boosts rural incomes, non-farm employment, and export diversification. Ecological: Enhances crop yields (pollination improves yield by 20–30%). Technological: Promotes traceability and lab-based quality assurance. Social: Empowers women and youth entrepreneurs. Diplomatic: Strengthens India’s export image for natural, traceable agri-products. Challenges Ahead Disease management in bee colonies (Varroa mite, foulbrood). Climate and pesticide-related bee mortality. Quality control and adulteration issues in export markets. Low domestic consumption compared to global standards. Coordination gaps among multiple implementing agencies. Way Forward Expand bee-flora corridors under MGNREGS & agroforestry missions. Enhance domestic honey consumption awareness (nutrition campaigns). Foster public-private partnerships in honey R&D and branding. Integrate NBHM with Mission LiFE and Millets Mission for holistic agro-sustainability. Promote organic certification and GI tagging of regional honey varieties. Conclusion: NBHM is transforming India’s apiculture landscape from a traditional livelihood to a modern, technology-driven, export-oriented ecosystem. It embodies the essence of the “Sweet Revolution” — blending economic empowerment, ecological sustainability, and rural entrepreneurship in the march toward Viksit Bharat @2047. Towards Universal Healthcare Why in News? Completion of 7 years of AB-PMJAY (launched 23 Sept 2018) — review of progress under Ayushman Bharat’s four pillars. Over 42 crore Ayushman Cards issued; 86.5 lakh senior citizens enrolled (as of Oct 2025). Scheme saved ₹1.52 lakh crore in out-of-pocket expenditure (Economic Survey 2024–25). Union Budget 2025–26 allocation increased to ₹9,406 crore — highest ever. Ayushman Bharat ecosystem (PMJAY, Arogya Mandirs, Digital Mission, ABHIM) progressing towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC) — aligned with Viksit Bharat @2047 and SDG-3 (Good Health & Well-being). Relevance   GS-2 (Governance, Welfare Schemes): Public healthcare financing and cooperative federalism. Governance innovation through digital & infrastructural convergence. GS-3 (Economy, Human Capital, S&T): Role in improving human capital & productivity. Digital health ecosystem and data-driven policy. GS-1 (Society): Impact on social equity, health justice, and inclusive development. Introduction: Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Context UHC Objective: Ensure access to quality, affordable healthcare for all without financial hardship. National Health Policy 2017: Recognized dual disease burden (NCDs + communicable diseases) → called for financial risk protection & digital integration. Ayushman Bharat (2018): India’s umbrella program to operationalize UHC through 4 integrated pillars. Four Pillars of Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) – Financial risk protection (secondary & tertiary care). Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs) – Strengthening primary healthcare access. Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) – Digital health infrastructure and interoperability. PM–Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM–ABHIM) – Capacity creation & health infrastructure strengthening. Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) Core Features Launched: 23 September 2018 under MoHFW. Coverage: Up to ₹5 lakh per family per year for secondary & tertiary hospitalization. Beneficiaries: 12 crore+ poor and vulnerable families (≈ 55 crore people). Cashless, paperless treatment at both public and private empanelled hospitals. Portability: Treatment anywhere in India under the scheme. Implementing Agency: National Health Authority (NHA). Progress (as of October 2025) Ayushman Cards issued: 42+ crore individuals. Hospitals empanelled: 33,000+ (17,685 public, 15,380 private). Senior Citizens (70+): 86.5 lakh enrolled (Ayushman Vay Vandana cards). Out-of-pocket savings: ₹1.52 lakh crore (Economic Survey 2024–25). Budgetary Trends (Centre + States Shared Funding) FY Budget (₹ crore) 2019–20 6,556 2020–21 6,429 2021–22 6,401 2022–23 7,857 2023–24 7,200 2024–25 7,500 2025–26 9,406   Funding Pattern: Shared between Centre & States (60:40; 90:10 for NE & UTs). Trend: Continuous increase → recognition of scheme’s importance in achieving UHC. Outcomes Reduction in catastrophic health expenditure. Improved healthcare access for poor and rural populations. Boosted utilization of private sector facilities under public funding. Enhanced trust in public health insurance and digital integration. Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs) – Primary Healthcare Revolution Upgraded Sub-Health Centres (SHCs) & Primary Health Centres (PHCs) into AAMs. Deliver comprehensive primary care beyond maternal–child health — include: NCD screening, mental health, oral–eye–ENT care, geriatrics, palliative care. Services Provided: Free essential drugs, diagnostics, emergency first-level care. Telemedicine Reach: 39.61 crore teleconsultations conducted (till Sept 2025). Role: First line of defence in healthcare continuum, esp. in rural India. Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) – Digital Health Backbone Launched: 2021 to digitize health ecosystem. Key Component: ABHA (Ayushman Bharat Health Account) – unique 14-digit health ID enabling digital records & interoperability. Progress (as of Aug 2025): 79.9 crore ABHA IDs created. 4.18 lakh health facilities registered (Health Facility Registry). 6.79 lakh healthcare professionals registered (Health Professional Registry). 67.19 crore health records linked digitally. Enables continuity of care, portability, and data-driven policymaking. PM–Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM–ABHIM) – Systemic Strengthening Launched: 25 October 2021, post-COVID-19. Outlay: ₹64,180 crore (2021–26). ₹54,205 crore for states; ₹9,340 crore for central components. Objective: Build resilient public health infrastructure to handle pandemics & NCD burden. Components: Strengthen district hospitals & block labs. Establish integrated public health labs, disease surveillance units, critical care blocks, and research centres. Largest health infrastructure scheme since National Rural Health Mission (2005). Overall Performance of Ayushman Bharat (as of 2025) 5,000+ crore spent by states/UTs on AAMs (FY 2022–25). Integration of digital + physical + financial health access. Improved service delivery at primary, secondary, tertiary levels. Enhanced resilience post-COVID and preparedness for health emergencies. Strategic Significance Economic: Reduces poverty via financial risk protection; enhances productivity. Social: Ensures inclusion of marginalized (SC/ST/OBC, elderly, women). Institutional: Creates synergy between Centre & States in cooperative federalism. Technological: Foundation for National Digital Health Ecosystem (NDHE). Global Benchmark: World’s largest government-funded health insurance program. Challenges Awareness & card utilization gap among rural poor. Delay in hospital empanelment and claim settlements. Private hospitals’ reluctance due to low package rates. Data integration & privacy safeguards under ABDM. Uneven health infrastructure across states. Way Forward Expand outpatient (OPD) coverage and preventive care. Increase hospital participation and revise package rates. Integrate PMJAY with state-specific health insurance schemes. Strengthen digital literacy and data protection under ABDM. Build local-level health workforce through Skilling Missions. Ensure gender-sensitive and geriatric health inclusion. Conclusion Ayushman Bharat, through its four synergistic pillars, represents India’s transition from disease care to health care, from fragmented systems to integrated universal coverage. The AB-PMJAY offers financial protection, Arogya Mandirs ensure primary access, ABDM provides digital continuity, and PM-ABHIM builds resilient infrastructure. Together, they embody India’s march towards Universal Health Coverage and Viksit Bharat @2047—where no citizen is denied healthcare due to financial or geographic barriers.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 03 November 2025

Content The vision of Model Youth Gram Sabhas Cruising ahead The vision of Model Youth Gram Sabhas  Why in News ? The Ministry of Panchayati Raj, in collaboration with the Ministries of Education and Tribal Affairs and the Aspirational Bharat Collaborative, launched the Model Youth Gram Sabha (MYGS) 2025. Aim: To cultivate civic participation, local leadership, and awareness of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) among students by simulating real Gram Sabha proceedings. Relevance: GS-2 (Governance & Polity): Local governance, participatory democracy, 73rd Amendment. GS-1 (Society): Role of youth and civic engagement in nation-building. Practice Question : Discuss how the Model Youth Gram Sabha initiative can strengthen the democratic fabric of India by bridging the gap between constitutional ideals and civic practice.(150 Words) Constitutional & Institutional Basis Article 243A (73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992): Empowers the Gram Sabha to function as the foundational body of the Panchayati Raj System. Definition: Comprises all registered voters of a village; deliberates on local budgets, plans, and governance priorities. Significance: Embodies direct democracy. Ensures transparency, accountability, and citizen participation at the grassroots. Gram Sabha – Cornerstone of Participatory Democracy Role in Democratic Architecture: Equivalent in importance to Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha, but at the village level. Represents the purest form of democracy—citizens directly deliberate on governance. Current Challenge: Low public participation; especially minimal youth engagement. Poor visibility in educational curricula compared to global institutions like the Model United Nations (MUN) or Youth Parliament. Why the Gram Sabha Isn’t Aspirational ? Educational Gap: School syllabi emphasize national and international governance structures, ignoring local self-governance. Perception Problem: Youths aspire to Parliament, not Panchayats; governance is seen as top-down. Cultural Disconnect: Civic education treats the Gram Sabha as an administrative formality, not a living democratic experience. Model Youth Gram Sabha (MYGS), 2025 – Key Features Objective: To make Gram Sabha participation experiential and aspirational among students. To instil democratic values and civic responsibility at an early age. Structure & Simulation: Students play roles of Sarpanch, ward members, health workers, engineers, etc. Simulate budget discussions, policy resolutions, and village development planning. Supported by teacher training and performance incentives (certificates, awards). Phase 1 Implementation (2025): Coverage: 1,000 schools across 28 States and 8 Union Territories. Institutions: 600+ Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas (JNVs) 200 Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRSs) Selected Zilla Parishad Schools (e.g., Maharashtra) Teacher Training: 126 Master Trainers 1,238 Teachers trained (24 States/UTs). Pilot Successes: JNV Baghpat (U.P.) and EMRS Alwar (Rajasthan) conducted successful pilots. JNV Sitapur (Bundi, Rajasthan) involved 300+ students in mock deliberations. Planned Expansion (Phase 2) Nationwide scale-up to include all state-run schools. Integration into civics curricula and extracurricular clubs. Collaboration with NCERT, NIOS, and State Education Boards for curricular embedding. Pedagogical & Civic Significance Experiential Learning: Converts textbook civics into lived democratic practice. Leadership Incubation: Encourages youth leadership, teamwork, and critical debate. Local Governance Awareness: Builds appreciation for Panchayati Raj Institutions. Civic Values: Reinforces the constitutional ideals of participation, inclusion, and responsibility. Broader Democratic Implications Bridging the Governance Gap: Connects citizens to governance at the most immediate level—village decision-making. Institutional Continuity: Youth familiar with Gram Sabha functions are more likely to engage in real ones later. Towards Viksit Bharat @2047: Strengthens bottom-up governance, key for achieving inclusive and sustainable development. Complementary to Other Initiatives: Aligns with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 (experiential learning, civic education). Supports Aspirational District Programme by nurturing local changemakers. Challenges & Way Forward Challenges: Need for standardized curriculum integration. Varying levels of teacher capacity across states. Sustaining student enthusiasm beyond simulation. Way Forward: Institutionalize MYGS in school civics clubs. Include evaluation metrics for civic participation. Strengthen linkages with actual Gram Sabhas for field exposure. Recognize student participation in national awards and scholarships. Comparative Insight Model United Nations (MUN) → Builds global awareness. Model Youth Parliament → Builds national political literacy. Model Youth Gram Sabha (MYGS) → Builds grassroots democratic consciousness. Complements top-down democratic learning with bottom-up engagement. Conclusion The Gram Sabha is the soul of India’s democracy, yet under-recognized. The Model Youth Gram Sabha revives this spirit by linking youth aspiration with local governance. By nurturing civic pride, participatory values, and local leadership, it transforms democracy from a constitutional concept to a daily practice. As future leaders emerge from classrooms that simulate real governance, the Gram Sabha could once again become the beating heart of Indian democracy. Cruising ahead Why in News ? The India Maritime Week 2025, inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, underscored the government’s renewed focus on the strategic and economic importance of India’s shipping sector. The event marked a shift from decades of neglect under liberalisation policies to viewing shipping as critical to national security, trade sovereignty, and industrial capacity. Relevance: GS-3 (Infrastructure, Economy, Maritime Transport) – Port-led development, Sagarmala, Atmanirbhar Bharat. GS-2 (Governance) – Strategic autonomy and public sector role in critical infrastructure. Practice Question : Critically assess the impact of liberalization policies on India’s shipping sector and how recent policy interventions seek to restore strategic autonomy.(250 Words) Background: Evolution and Decline of Indian Shipping Pre-liberalisation (1950s–1980s): India built strong public sector capabilities through the Shipping Corporation of India (SCI). SCI was among the top global shipping companies, owning large fleets servicing India’s oil, coal, and trade sectors. Post-liberalisation decline (1990s–2010s): Under LPG reforms, government withdrew preferential treatment to SCI (e.g., first rights on oil transport). Private sector entry did not compensate for shrinking public fleet capacity. The government’s focus shifted toward training Indian seafarers for global employment, not domestic shipping growth. Result: By 2020, India’s share in global shipping tonnage dropped below 1%, while dependence on foreign vessels surged. COVID-19: A Strategic Wake-Up Call The pandemic exposed India’s maritime vulnerability: Over 90% of India’s trade by volume and 70% by value depends on shipping. But most vessels were foreign-owned, leaving India with little leverage to ensure supply chain continuity. The crisis highlighted shipping as not just an economic sector but a strategic asset, vital for energy security, defense logistics, and trade resilience. Government’s Renewed Maritime Focus Strategic Repositioning: Shipping is now treated as “dual-purpose infrastructure” — economic + strategic. SCI revival: Fleet expansion, fleet modernization, and new capital infusion after the aborted privatization plan. Policy Orientation Shift: From a purely market-liberal approach to strategic interventionism. Aim: Develop self-reliant merchant shipping aligned with Atmanirbhar Bharat and Maritime India Vision 2030. Major Announcements at India Maritime Week Port-Centric Investments: Lakhs of crores in investment commitments — mainly in port modernization and connectivity. Government follows the Landlord Port Model: Ports retain ownership; private operators handle terminals under revenue-sharing. Enhances financial autonomy for reinvestment in capacity building. New Transshipment Hubs: Chennai Port and Kolkata Port developing a hub in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands to reduce reliance on Singapore/Colombo. Sagarmala & Bharatmala Synergy: Focus on port-road-rail integration, coastal cargo corridors, and logistics parks. Human Capital Development: Expansion of Indian seafarer training capacity to maintain India’s global leadership (Indian seafarers form ~10% of global maritime workforce). Policy Initiatives for Shipping Industry Flagging Incentive Scheme: Encourages foreign companies to register ships in India via local subsidiaries. Objective: Ensure regulatory leverage during crises. Support allied services — insurance, repair, logistics, bunkering. Fleet Expansion Support: New credit lines and tonnage tax reforms to enhance Indian ship ownership. Shipbuilding Push: Slow progress despite policy intent. Government aims to promote domestic shipyards for building: LNG carriers, Green-fuel (ammonia/methanol) vessels, Defence dual-use ships. Structural Challenges Low Merchant Fleet Share: India-owned fleet constitutes <2% of cargo handled in Indian ports. Shipbuilding Weakness: India ranks behind China, Japan, South Korea in global shipbuilding output. Limited heavy industrial capacity and R&D for advanced propulsion systems. Financing Constraints: High capital costs and long project cycles deter private investment. Policy Uncertainty: Frequent regulatory changes, port user charges, and taxation issues limit competitiveness. Strategic Importance of a Strong Shipping Sector Trade Security: Control over transport of critical imports (oil, fertilizers, defense materials). Economic Multiplier: Boosts allied industries — steel, engineering, insurance, logistics. Energy Transition Leverage: Capability to build LNG and green-fuel vessels essential for future trade. Geopolitical Stability: Maritime capacity enhances India’s position in Indo-Pacific strategic supply chains. The Road Ahead: Policy Recommendations Revive and modernize SCI with a diversified fleet mix. Fiscal incentives for private shipbuilders (interest subvention, long-term contracts). Green Shipping Initiative under National Hydrogen Mission for eco-friendly propulsion systems. Maritime Cluster Development: Create integrated hubs combining shipbuilding, repair, logistics, and R&D. Expand coastal shipping and inland waterways to decongest ports and reduce logistics costs (currently ~14% of GDP). Conclusion India’s maritime strategy is shifting from port-centric to fleet-centric development. Without strong indigenous ship ownership and shipbuilding, India risks dependence in crises despite having world-class ports. True maritime power will emerge when Indian yards can build and operate advanced green vessels, and India controls a self-reliant merchant fleet serving both commercial and strategic needs.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 03 November 2025

Content GSAT-7R: India’s Heaviest Military Communication Satellite – Strengthening Naval Network-Centric Warfare Assam’s Rowmari–Donduwa Wetland Complex – A New Ramsar Hope in the Brahmaputra Floodplain Tri-Services Exercise ‘Trishul 2025’ – Advancing India’s Joint Combat and Network-Centric Capabilities Looming Urea Scarcity in India – Rising Demand, Fiscal Strain, and Agricultural Imbalance 8th Central Pay Commission (CPC) – Terms of Reference, Fiscal Impact, and OPS–NPS Debate GSAT-7R: India’s Heaviest Military Communication Satellite Why in News ? ISRO successfully launched GSAT-7R (CMS-03), the Indian Navy’s advanced communication satellite, from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, aboard LVM3-M5. At 4,400 kg, it is India’s heaviest communication satellite to date, marking a milestone in naval communications and space-based defense capabilities. Relevance: GS-3 (Science & Technology | Defence Technology): • Space-based defence communication systems and indigenous satellite development. • Network-centric warfare and defence applications of space assets. • ISRO’s role in strategic autonomy and Aatmanirbhar Bharat in defence tech. GS-2 (International Relations): • Maritime domain awareness in the Indo-Pacific under SAGAR vision. • Role of space assets in India’s regional security architecture. GS-3 (Internal Security): • Integration of satellite communication in national security and cyber resilience. Basic Details Full Name: GSAT-7R (also referred to as CMS-03). Launch Vehicle: LVM3 (Launch Vehicle Mark-3), India’s most powerful launcher. Orbit: Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO); will shift to Geostationary Orbit using onboard propulsion. Mass: ~4,400 kg. User Agency: Indian Navy. Manufacturer: ISRO (entirely indigenously designed and developed). Key Features Transponder Bands: Multi-band (UHF, S, C, Ku) – enables voice, video, and data links across the Indian Ocean Region. Coverage: Entire Indian Ocean Region (IOR) — ensures connectivity between ships, submarines, aircraft, and maritime command centers. Secure Communications: End-to-end encrypted, jam-resistant links for naval command and control. Advanced Payload: Supports real-time surveillance data relay, maritime domain awareness, and network-centric warfare. Power: Solar arrays providing >6 kW power. Operational Life: Estimated 12–15 years. Significance Strategic & Security Dimensions Enhances maritime domain awareness (MDA) — crucial amid increasing Indo-Pacific naval activity. Reduces dependence on foreign satellite communication systems. Forms part of India’s “G-SAT-7 constellation” for the armed forces: GSAT-7 (Rukmini): Navy (2013) GSAT-7A: IAF (2018) GSAT-7R: Navy (2025) Enables Network-Centric Warfare — integration of sensors, weapons, and platforms into one communication grid. Reinforces Aatmanirbhar Bharat in defense space technology. Technological Dimensions Demonstrates ISRO’s capability to deploy heavy-class communication satellites from Indian soil. Advances LVM3’s track record as a reliable heavy-lift vehicle (used earlier for Chandrayaan-3 and OneWeb missions). Incorporates indigenous high-performance components and onboard propulsion systems. Broader Context Aligns with India’s Defence Space Strategy (2022) to enhance space-based ISR, navigation, and communication. Complements Defence Space Agency (DSA) and Defence Space Research Organisation (DSRO) efforts. Strengthens India’s position in the Indo-Pacific security architecture, especially under the SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) vision. Enhances operational synergy with GAGAN and NavIC navigation systems. Challenges & Future Outlook Space Security: Growing militarization of space and anti-satellite threats (ASATs). Spectrum Management: Need for secure, interference-free bandwidth allocation. Next Step: Development of GSAT-7C for cyber communication and low-earth orbit (LEO) constellations for real-time tracking. Assam’s Rowmari–Donduwa Wetland Complex Why in News ? A joint initiative by conservationists, wildlife officials, academics, and students seeks to secure the Ramsar Site tag for the Rowmari–Donduwa Wetland Complex located inside Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary, part of the Kaziranga Tiger Reserve in Assam’s Nagaon district. The site has shown higher avian diversity than existing Ramsar sites in the Northeast — Deepor Beel (Assam) and Loktak Lake (Manipur). Relevance: GS-3 (Environment | Biodiversity & Conservation): • Ramsar Convention and India’s wetland management policies. • Conservation of floodplain–marsh ecosystems in the Brahmaputra basin. • Role of community participation and scientific monitoring in wetland protection. GS-1 (Geography): • Riverine landscapes and ecological linkages between protected areas. • Human–environment interaction in floodplain ecosystems. Basic Facts Wetland Complex: Rowmari Beel and Donduwa Beel (≈3 sq. km). Location: Within Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary (70.13 sq. km), connected to Burhachapori WLS and forming part of the Kaziranga–Orang landscape corridor. Governing Authority: Assam Forest Department; proposal submitted for Ramsar designation. Recent Census: Rowmari Beel: 20,653 birds of 75 species. Donduwa Beel: 26,480 birds of 88 species (Kaziranga Waterbird Census 2025). Ecological Significance Habitat Type: Floodplain–marsh ecosystem of the Brahmaputra River basin. Avifaunal Richness: ~120 resident and migratory species recorded annually. Notable Species: Globally threatened: Knob-billed Duck, Black-necked Stork, Ferruginous Pochard. Migratory species: Northern Pintail, Lesser Whistling Duck, and Common Teal. Ecological Services: Groundwater recharge and flood control. Carbon sequestration and nutrient recycling. Biodiversity hotspot for fish, amphibians, and aquatic plants. Conservation Context Corridor Function: Acts as an ecological linkage between Kaziranga and Orang National Parks, crucial for movement of tigers, rhinos, and elephants. Threats: Siltation and seasonal floods from Brahmaputra. Encroachment and conversion to paddy fields. Poaching and unsustainable fishing. Climate-driven wetland shrinkage. Community Role: Civil society groups and students involved in citizen science initiatives—bird counts, habitat mapping, and awareness drives. Ramsar Convention Overview Adopted: 1971, Ramsar (Iran). Came into Force (India): 1982. Objective: Conservation and wise use of wetlands of international importance. Total Ramsar Sites (India, 2025): 93(covering >1.3 million ha). Existing in Northeast: Deepor Beel (Assam) – 2002 Loktak Lake (Manipur) – 1990 Criteria: Sites must meet one or more ecological criteria (biodiversity, rare species, migratory bird habitat, hydrological importance, etc.). Significance of Ramsar Designation International Recognition: Enhances global visibility and funding for conservation. Policy Support: Enables integration into State Wetland Authority and Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017. Eco-tourism Potential: Promotes sustainable livelihood opportunities for local communities. Monitoring: Encourages data-based wetland management and regular ecological assessments. Broader Linkages Aligns with National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP) and National Mission for a Clean Ganga (NMCG). Supports India’s National Biodiversity Action Plan (NBAP) and SDG 15 – Life on Land. Reinforces India’s commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and Paris Agreement (ecosystem-based adaptation). Tri-Services Exercise ‘Trishul 2025’ Why in News ? The Tri-services Exercise “Trishul 2025” commenced under the leadership of the Indian Navy, involving the Army, Navy, and Air Force across Rajasthan, Gujarat, and the northern Arabian Sea. Aimed at testing joint operational capabilities, interoperability, and network-centric warfare, it marks one of India’s largest integrated defence drills. Relevance: GS-3 (Security | Defence Preparedness): • Tri-service jointness and theatre command reforms. • Network-centric and multi-domain warfare capabilities. • Indigenisation in defence (Arjun, Pinaka, Akash, ALH, INS Vikrant). Basic Facts Exercise Name: Trishul 2025 Nature: Tri-services joint combat exercise (Army–Navy–Air Force + Coast Guard & Central agencies). Duration: 12 days. Lead Agency: Western Naval Command (Mumbai). Participating Commands: Army: Southern Command Navy: Western Naval Command Air Force: South Western Air Command Location: Creek and desert sectors of Rajasthan & Gujarat, extending to northern Arabian Sea. Participants: ~20,000 personnel + multiple platforms (tanks, aircraft, ships). Assets Involved Army: Armoured assets: T-90S, Arjun Mk-1A tanks. Artillery & Missile systems: Pinaka, Akash, and BrahMos units. Navy: Frigates, destroyers, amphibious platforms (INS Jalashwa, Landing Craft Utility vessels). Carrier-borne operations and coastal defence systems. Air Force: Rafale, Su-30MKI, Jaguars, and transport aircraft (C-17, C-130J). Attack & reconnaissance helicopters (Apache, ALH). Support Agencies: Coast Guard, BSF, DRDO teams, and electronic warfare specialists. Key Objectives Enhance Jointness & Interoperability: Seamless coordination between land, sea, and air assets. Practice multi-domain operations (MDO) integrating intelligence, cyber, and electronic warfare. Test Network-Centric Warfare Capabilities: Validate real-time data sharing using Integrated Command and Control Systems (ICCS) and Defence Communication Network (DCN). Operational Readiness in Multi-Theatre Scenario: Simulate coordinated response to cross-border incursions, maritime blockades, and cyber disruptions. Strengthen Amphibious Warfare Skills: Conduct beach landings using INS Jalashwa and LCU vessels for rapid force projection. Indigenisation & Technology Validation: Use of indigenous platforms (Arjun tank, ALH Dhruv, Pinaka, Akash, and INS Vikrant systems). Testing of AI-enabled command systems, UAVs, and surveillance grids. Integrated ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance): Joint use of drones, AWACS, maritime patrol aircraft (P-8I), and satellite imagery. Strategic Significance Operational Integration: Strengthens India’s capacity for joint command structures, aligning with theaterisation reforms under the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS). Regional Security: Enhances preparedness for multi-front contingencies — particularly in the Western and maritime theatres. Cyber and EW Preparedness: Focuses on electronic warfare resilience, cyber defence, and protection of communication networks. Aatmanirbhar Defence: Reinforces India’s indigenisation drive under Atmanirbhar Bharat in Defence. Relevance in Defence Policy Context Supports Theatre Command Transition: Practical validation of joint theatre command concept announced under CDS-led reform agenda. Aligns with National Defence Strategy: Integrates tri-service operations as per Integrated Capability Development Plan (ICDP). Multi-Domain Synergy: Anticipates future warfare domains — space, cyber, electronic, and information warfare. Comparative Context Exercise Type Focus Area Trishul 2025 Tri-services (Domestic) Integrated joint operations Dakshin Shakti Tri-services Southern theatre, amphibious ops Gagan Shakti Air Force-centric Air domination & readiness Milan Multinational Naval Maritime cooperation TROPEX Navy-led Blue-water operations Broader Implications Strengthens India’s Western Command readiness against evolving threats across the Indo-Pak border and Arabian Sea. Enhances joint operational doctrines and decision-making interoperability under real combat simulations. Serves as a platform for testing new C4ISR systems, drones, and AI-based surveillance tools. Looming Scarcity of Urea in India Why in News ? India’s urea consumption is projected to reach 40 million tonnes in 2024–25, while domestic production has stagnated around 28–29 million tonnes, leading to growing dependence on imports. This widening demand-supply gap threatens fertiliser availability and fiscal stability due to high subsidies and price control distortions. Relevance: GS-3 (Economy | Agriculture | Energy): • Fertiliser pricing, subsidies, and fiscal burden. • Agricultural productivity, soil health, and balanced fertilisation. • Dependence on imports and its impact on energy security. GS-3 (Environment): • Nitrogen cycle disruption and greenhouse gas emissions (N₂O). • Sustainable agriculture and nutrient management. Basic Facts Commodity: Urea – nitrogen-based chemical fertiliser. Control: Price-controlled under Essential Commodities Act, sold at a fixed MRP (₹5,360/tonne), unchanged since May 2015. Producers: Primarily IFFCO, NFL, Chambal Fertilisers, RCF, KRIBHCO, HURL units. Regulator: Department of Fertilisers (Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilisers). Current Situation Consumption (2024–25): ~39.9 MT Domestic Production: ~28.1 MT Imports: ~11.7 MT (≈30% of total requirement) Urea Sales Growth: 3.8% YoY (2024–25), highest since 2021–22. Table Trend (1990–2025): 1990–91: 12.8 MT 2010–11: 26.5 MT 2024–25: 39.9 MT → Tripled in 3 decades Production Growth: Stagnant; increased only marginally despite new plants. Key Reasons for Rising Demand Price Distortion: Urea is cheaper than other fertilisers (like DAP, MOP, NPK). Current MRP (₹5,360/tonne) vs cost of production/import (~₹24,000/tonne). Farmers overuse urea due to affordability, ignoring balanced nutrient use. Agronomic Expansion: Expansion in wheat, mustard, potato, and rabi acreage post-monsoon. Government’s push for higher foodgrain output and irrigation coverage. Low Price Elasticity: Even minor increases in crop area or yield goals sharply raise urea demand. Domestic Production Constraints Despite commissioning five new plants (Ramagundam, Gorakhpur, Sindri, Barauni, Talcher) between 2021–23, total output stagnated due to: Operational delays and technical issues. Limited gas availability. Ageing capacity at older units. Total capacity: ~28.3 MT vs production: ~30.6 MT (2024–25, including overruns). Dependence on Imports India remains world’s 2nd largest urea importer (after Brazil). Major import sources: Oman, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Russia. Imports costly due to global price volatility, freight, and rupee depreciation. FY25 import bill for urea likely >₹70,000 crore, adding to fertiliser subsidy burden. Subsidy Burden Total fertiliser subsidy (2024–25): ~₹1.9–2 lakh crore. Urea alone accounts for ~₹1.3 lakh crore (≈70%). Since MRP is fixed, the Centre bears the full differential between cost and selling price. Rising imports + high energy costs = severe fiscal strain. Economic Implications Fiscal Stress: High subsidy outlay reduces fiscal space for infrastructure or social spending. Nutrient Imbalance: Ideal N:P:K ratio = 4:2:1 Current usage ~8:3:1, leading to soil degradation and declining productivity. Import Vulnerability: Dependence on external markets threatens food security if supply chains are disrupted. Subsidy Inefficiency: Benefits disproportionately flow to large farmers; not directly targeted. Policy and Reform Options Rationalise Urea MRP: Gradual increase to reflect part of actual cost. Reduce overuse and encourage balanced fertilisation. Promote Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS): Currently applied only to non-urea fertilisers. Inclusion of urea under NBS to promote parity and efficiency. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT): Link subsidies directly to farmers rather than fertiliser companies. Enhance Domestic Production: Fast-track gas allocation and operational stabilisation of HURL and Talcher units. Incentivise private sector investment. Encourage Alternatives: Use of nano urea, organic and biofertilisers. Soil Health Card–based nutrient planning. Broader Context Agricultural Sustainability: Overuse of urea depletes micronutrients, acidifies soils, and lowers yields. Climate Concerns: Nitrous oxide emissions from excess nitrogen fertilisation contribute to greenhouse gases. Energy Dependence: Urea plants are gas-intensive; India imports ~50% of its natural gas. 8th Central Pay Commission (CPC) Why in News? The Government of India has approved the Terms of Reference (ToR) for the Eighth Central Pay Commission (8th CPC), marking the formal start of its work. The commission will review and recommend revisions in pay, allowances, and pension structures for central government employees and pensioners. Recommendations are expected by April 2027, with implementation likely from January 1, 2026. Relevance: GS-2 (Governance | Polity): • Administrative reforms and public service pay rationalisation. • Centre–State fiscal dynamics and impact on cooperative federalism. • Debates on Old Pension Scheme (OPS) vs National Pension System (NPS). GS-3 (Economy): • Fiscal policy implications — impact on revenue expenditure, fiscal deficit. • Linkages between pay revision and aggregate demand, inflation. Background Constitutional basis: No constitutional provision mandates a Pay Commission; it is a convention-based body constituted by the Union Government roughly every 10 years. Historical lineage: 1st CPC – 1947 (post-Independence pay rationalization) 6th CPC – 2006 (introduced grade pay system) 7th CPC – 2014 (implemented in 2016; introduced Pay Matrix) 8th CPC – 2024 (to be implemented from 2026) Mandate of the 8th CPC Review and recommend changes in: Pay, allowances, and pension structure of central government employees (including defence forces). Service conditions of Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSUs) and autonomous bodies, where applicable. Examine the fiscal sustainability of pay hikes in the context of: Fiscal deficit targets. Economic growth trajectory. Inflation and cost of living indices. Evaluate non-contributory pension systems and rationalize them. New Addition to Terms of Reference A new ToR has been added: Examine demands for restoration of the Old Pension Scheme (OPS) or its variants. Specifically, evaluate the “unfunded cost” of non-contributory pensions (OPS) versus the National Pension System (NPS), introduced in 2004. This inclusion reflects political and social debates over NPS vs. OPS, especially for employees hired post-2004. Significance The ToR expansion is crucial amid growing demands to reintroduce OPS for post-2004 employees. It may lead to a data-driven cost-benefit analysis of both pension models for long-term sustainability. Timeline Commission formation: 2024 Recommendations due: April 2027 Implementation expected: From January 1, 2026 Past patterns: 6th CPC recommendations: Implemented after ~18 months. 7th CPC recommendations: Implemented within 6 months of submission. Fiscal Implications Pay and pension expenditure: Around 18% of the Centre’s total revenue expenditure. Estimated outgo: Pay, pension, and allowances together exceed ₹7 lakh crore annually. Impact of 7th CPC: Pay and allowance hike: ~23.5%. Annual additional burden: ~₹1.02 lakh crore. Likely 8th CPC impact: Expected rise of 18–20% in expenditure. Institutional Composition Chairperson: Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai (former Supreme Court Judge) Members: Pulak Ghosh (IIM-Bangalore), Pankaj Jain (Petroleum Secretary) Nodal Ministry: Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance Implementation Issues Implementation delays cause arrears and back-loaded fiscal pressure. States usually mirror CPC recommendations with modifications, affecting fiscal federalism. Challenges include: Balancing employee welfare vs. fiscal discipline. Aligning public sector salaries with private benchmarks. ManCurrent Affairs 01 November 2025aging inter-generational pension liabilities. Macro-economic Angle Advantages: Boosts consumption demand through higher disposable income. Aids aggregate demand recovery in slowdown phases. Risks: May inflate fiscal deficit beyond FRBM limits. May crowd out capital expenditure if revenue spending surges.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 01 November 2025

Content Museum of Royal Kingdoms of India First fully digitised National Marine Fisheries Census 2025 launched Museum of Royal Kingdoms of India Why in News ? Prime Minister laid the foundation stone for the Museum of Royal Kingdoms of India on October 30, 2025, at the Statue of Unity, Ekta Nagar, Gujarat. Marks the eve of Rashtriya Ekta Diwas (National Unity Day) commemorating Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s birth anniversary. Aim: To celebrate India’s royal heritage and inspire future generations with the values of unity, sacrifice, and integration. Relevance GS 1: Indian Heritage and Culture – Art forms, architecture, integration of princely states. GS 2: Role of leadership (Sardar Patel) in national integration. GS 3: Tourism as an economic and cultural sector. Basic Facts Project Cost: ₹367 crore Land Area: 5 acres near Statue of Unity, Ekta Nagar No. of Galleries: 4 thematic galleries Lead Agency: Ministry of Culture, Government of India Theme: “Where Royal Legacies Come Alive” Core Objectives To document, preserve, and display the heritage of India’s princely and royal states. To educate the public about India’s political integration post-1947. To honour the role of rulers who contributed to India’s unity. To serve as a centre of research, conservation, and public learning on India’s regal and democratic traditions. Historical Context Pre-1947: Over 550 princely states and kingdoms existed alongside British India. Integration (1947–1949): Led by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and V.P. Menon, achieved peaceful accession through diplomacy and persuasion using the Instrument of Accession. Outcome: Political unification laid the foundation for a sovereign, democratic Republic of India. The museum symbolically continues Patel’s vision of “Ek Bharat, Shreshtha Bharat.” Architectural and Design Features Landscape Integration: Architecture harmonised with natural surroundings – includes water bodies, fountains, gardens, and courtyards. Entry Experience: Modeled after royal gardens, reflecting grandeur and serenity. Learning Approach: Inspired by National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 – emphasizes experiential and interactive learning. Museum Café: Offers royal cuisines symbolizing India’s culinary diversity. Thematic Gallery Overview Gallery Theme / Focus Purpose Gallery 1: Orientation Gallery Introduction to the idea of royalty through films, multimedia, and narratives Provides historical context and sets the tone Gallery 2: The Throne and the State Displays royal families, governance systems, welfare measures, and relationship with subjects Highlights the states’ contributions to culture and administration Viewing Deck Offers panoramic views of the Statue of Unity and Narmada River Symbolic link between royal legacy and modern unity Gallery 3: The Story of India’s Integration Documents, photographs, and audio-visuals of the political integration process Emphasizes the diplomacy-led unification post-Independence Gallery 4: Hall of Unity Symbols, insignias, and emblems of all princely states Tribute to their sacrifices for national unity Educational and Cultural Role Acts as an institutional bridge between India’s monarchical past and democratic present. Promotes historical literacy among youth using immersive technology (AR/VR, digital archives). Encourages academic research on princely states’ governance, culture, and integration. Enhances heritage tourism in the Statue of Unity region. Governance & Policy Alignment Linked Initiatives: Rashtriya Ekta Diwas – celebrates national unity and Patel’s legacy. Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav – aligns with 75+ years of India’s independence. NEP 2020 – integrates cultural learning with modern pedagogy. Institutional Synergy: Complements National Museum, Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya, and Bharat Mandapam as national heritage hubs. Broader Significance Cultural Diplomacy: Portrays India’s royal diversity as an element of soft power. Tourism Impact: Expected to significantly boost visitorship at the Statue of Unity, already India’s top domestic tourist site. National Integration Symbol: Reinforces unity in diversity by connecting different royal lineages under one narrative. Digital Preservation: Ensures archival protection of manuscripts, textiles, artefacts, and regalia. Conclusion The Museum of Royal Kingdoms of India embodies the fusion of heritage and modernity. Serves as a living tribute to India’s journey from fragmented princely states to a united democracy. Strengthens Ekta Nagar’s position as a national hub for unity, culture, and legacy tourism. Reflects India’s evolving approach to inclusive nation-building through cultural remembrance. First fully digitised National Marine Fisheries Census 2025 launched Why in News ? Launched: October 31, 2025, at ICAR–CMFRI, Kochi, Kerala. Launched by: Shri George Kurian, Union Minister of State for Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying. Significance: Marks the first fully digitised edition of India’s Marine Fisheries Census — a landmark shift towards data-driven fisheries governance. Tagline: “Smart Census, Smarter Fisheries.” Coverage: Over 1.2 million fisher households in 4,000 marine fishing villages across 9 coastal states and 4 UTs during a 45-day enumeration (Nov 3–Dec 18, 2025). Relevance GS 3: Economy (Blue Economy, Fisheries Sector, Digital Governance). GS 2: Governance (e-Governance, Data-driven policymaking). GS 1: Geography (Coastal livelihoods, socio-economic census). Background & Evolution Initiated: First conducted in 1973 by ICAR-CMFRI. Periodic Exercise: Conducted every 5 years to collect data on the socio-economic and livelihood profile of marine fishers. Past Editions: 2005, 2010, 2016 (manual/semi-digital). 2025 Edition: First fully digitised census. First to use mobile-based, geo-tagged, real-time data collection tools. Integrated with NFDP (National Fisheries Digital Platform) for seamless registration and governance. Implementing Agencies Agency Role Department of Fisheries (DoF), MoFAHD Lead coordinating body under PMMSY. ICAR – Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) Nodal scientific agency; developed digital tools and oversees data collection. Fishery Survey of India (FSI) Operational partner; assists with marine field logistics and technical support. State Fisheries Departments & Local Bodies Facilitate enumeration and fisher registration. Technological Innovation First Fully Digital Marine Census: Enables real-time data capture, validation, and monitoring. Two Mobile Applications: VyAS Bharat: Field-level data collection and geo-referencing. VyAS Sutra: Real-time central monitoring, verification, and analytics. Benefits: Eliminates manual delays and errors. Enhances transparency, speed, and accuracy. Enables data-driven policy formulation. Live Monitoring: Real-time display of data from Kerala and Maharashtra during launch demonstrated centralised dashboard supervision. Scope & Coverage Duration: 45 days (Nov 3–Dec 18, 2025). Geographical Reach: 9 coastal states + 4 UTs (including Lakshadweep, Puducherry, Andaman & Nicobar, Daman & Diu). Target Coverage: 1.2 million fisher households 4,000 marine fishing villages Thousands of trained enumerators deployed nationwide.  Integration with NFDP & PM-MKSSY NFDP (National Fisheries Digital Platform): A unified national database of fishers, fish farmers, and fish workers. Mandatory registration for availing government benefits. PM–Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM–MKSSY): Scheme providing financial and livelihood support to registered beneficiaries. NFDP registration is a precondition for benefits. Census Role: Ensures automatic digital linkage between enumeration data and NFDP profiles for policy targeting.  Institutional Alignment Parent Scheme: Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) – launched in 2020 to modernize fisheries and enhance income. Alignment with Digital India Mission: Promotes e-governance and real-time decision-making in fisheries sector. Supports: Blue Economy Vision 2047 Marine Spatial Planning Coastal Community Resilience Initiatives Policy Relevance & Significance Data Backbone for Fisheries Management: Provides reliable socio-economic and demographic data of fishing communities. Enables evidence-based allocation of subsidies, insurance, welfare, and infrastructure support. Improves Safety & Sustainability: Helps identify active fishermen for transponder installation and turtle excluder device (TED) distribution. Supports Climate and Livelihood Planning: Assists in vulnerability mapping of coastal populations to climate change. Supports marine ecosystem management and policy reforms. Facilitates Financial Inclusion: Digital profiles linked with government benefit platforms and financial services. Stakeholders Involved Union Government: Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying. Research Institutions: ICAR-CMFRI, CIFT, FSI. Government’s Broader Initiatives for Marine Fisheries Transponder Installation: For real-time vessel tracking and safety. Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs): Distributed free to promote sustainable fishing and biodiversity protection. Capacity Building: Training of enumerators and local officers for digital data collection. Fisher Welfare: Inclusion under PMMSY and PM-MKSSY for financial, insurance, and livelihood support. Key Expected Outcomes Creation of nationwide digital fisheries database integrating marine socio-economic, vessel, and ecological data. Strengthened governance transparency and policy responsiveness. Improved planning for fisheries infrastructure, insurance, subsidies, and sustainability. Real-time analytics enabling faster decision-making at central and state levels. Contribution to India’s goal of achieving “Sustainable Blue Economy by 2047.” Challenges Ahead Ensuring 100% NFDP registration across fragmented fishing communities. Addressing digital literacy gaps among fishers and field staff. Maintaining data privacy, cybersecurity, and quality assurance. Integrating marine census data with inland fisheries datasets for holistic policy framing. Conclusion MFC 2025 marks a paradigm shift in India’s fisheries governance — from manual enumeration to digitised, real-time, and transparent data systems. Strengthens India’s commitment to a resilient, inclusive, and sustainable fisheries sector. Serves as a vital instrument for marine livelihood planning, coastal development, and blue economy growth. Reinforces India’s transformation toward “Smart Fisheries, Smart Governance.”

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