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Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 05 December 2025

Content PARLIAMENT QUESTION: DISCRIMINATION IN UPSC INTERVIEWS PARLIAMENT QUESTION: STATUS OF RTI  PARLIAMENT QUESTION: DISCRIMINATION IN UPSC INTERVIEWS Why is this in News? A Parliament Question (04 Dec 2025) asked whether discrimination or bias occurs in UPSC Personality Tests. Ministry of Personnel informed Parliament that UPSC interviews are structurally designed to prevent any form of bias. UPSC conveyed specific institutional safeguards to ensure anonymity, neutrality, and fairness in the Personality Test. Relevance:   GS2 – Governance & Accountability • Fairness in recruitment systems; safeguards ensuring neutrality in public institutions. • Strengthens trust in independent constitutional bodies (UPSC under Art. 315). • Addresses allegations of bias linked to region, language, socio-economic background. GS2 – Civil Services Reforms • Interview randomisation, anonymity, moderation → institutional mechanisms for objective evaluation. • Debates on subjectivity, standardisation, recorded interviews. What is the UPSC Personality Test? Final stage of the Civil Services Examination: 275 marks (no minimum qualifying marks). Objective: test overall suitability for public service—judgement, ethics, leadership, mental alertness, balance of mind, communication clarity. Conducted by multiple boards, each chaired by a UPSC Member and comprising eminent experts. Allegations Often Raised by Aspirants  Possible variation in marks across Boards. Perception of bias based on: Optional subjects Socio-economic background Region, language, or category Concerns about transparency and subjectivity in evaluation. UPSC’s Official Response (As Stated in Parliament) UPSC denied any discrimination, citing the following systemic safeguards: a. Randomized Allotment of Candidates Candidates are assigned to Boards randomly each day, preventing pre-selection or targeting. b. Category & Written Marks Not Disclosed Boards do not know: Category (SC/ST/OBC/EWS/GEN) Written exam marks Eliminates both positive and negative bias. c. Board Identity Not Disclosed to Candidates Candidates do not know in advance which Board they will face, preventing external influence or pressure. d. Transparency in Results After final selection, UPSC publishes: Written marks Interview marks Total marks Ensures public scrutiny, discouraging manipulation. Why These Safeguards Matter ? Randomization breaks any predictable pattern that could favour particular groups. Non-disclosure of category and marks ensures the interview panel evaluates only: Personality, Demeanor, Reasoning, Ethics, Decision-making. Board anonymity reduces potential lobbying or intimidation. Disclosure of marks provides an audit trail, promoting trust in outcomes. Structural Strengths of UPSC Interview System Standardized evaluation guidelines across Boards. Diverse Board composition ensures balanced perspectives. Checks on marking outliers (internal moderation). India’s CSE interview model is globally considered high-integrity compared to: US administrative hiring (heavily subjective) UK Civil Service Fast Stream (multiple filters but less anonymity) Challenges & Criticism  Perception of variability in marks across boards persists; data shows 25–40 mark spread is common. Some argue for: Recorded interviews Uniform questioning guidelines External observers However, UPSC holds that flexibility is essential for assessing personality, not rote responses. Implications for Governance & Public Trust Reinforces credibility of the world’s largest merit-based civil service exam. Counteracts narratives of discrimination. Supports government’s stance on transparency and neutrality in recruitment. Critical for maintaining aspirant confidence and ensuring social legitimacy of the selection process. PARLIAMENT QUESTION: STATUS OF RTI  Why is this in News? A Parliament Question (04 Dec 2025) sought data on RTI applications filed, rejected, and answered between 2019–20 and 2023–24. The Ministry of Personnel placed five-year comparative figures, highlighting trends in RTI usage and transparency. The data provides an official snapshot of the health of India’s transparency regime. Relevance: GS2 – Transparency, Accountability & Governance • RTI trends as indicators of institutional openness and citizen trust. • Rise in filings shows demand for accountability; gaps highlight weak proactive disclosure. • Low rejection rate reflects proper use of Section 8 exemptions. GS2 – Statutory Bodies • CIC/SIC workload, pendency, and need for capacity strengthening. What is the RTI Act, 2005? Empowers citizens to seek information from public authorities. Mandates: 30-day response timeline Mandatory disclosure of many categories of information Promotes accountability, transparency, anti-corruption, and participatory governance. RTI performance is a key indicator of institutional openness. Official Data (As Tabled in Parliament) (i) RTI Applications Filed Year Applications Filed 2023–24 17,50,863 2022–23 16,38,784 2021–22 14,21,226 2020–21 13,33,802 2019–20 13,74,315 Trend: Steady rise since 2020–21; approx 31% growth over five years. (ii) RTI Applications Rejected Year Rejected 2023–24 67,615 2022–23 52,662 2021–22 53,733 2020–21 51,390 2019–20 58,634 Trend: Rejection numbers remain around 3–4% of total applications; slight increase in 2023–24. (iii) RTI Applications Answered Year Answered 2023–24 14,30,031 2022–23 13,15,222 2021–22 11,31,757 2020–21 Not Available 2019–20 10,86,657 Trend: Response numbers improving; over 13–14 lakh answers annually in recent years. Overview a. Increasing Public Reliance on RTI Sharp rise from 13.7 lakh (2019–20) to 17.5 lakh (2023–24). Indicates growing: Awareness Demand for accountability Digital access (as many RTIs now filed online) b. Low Rejection Rate Rejections remain roughly 3–4%, suggesting: Reasonable access Lower misuse of Section 8 exemptions Improved applicant awareness But rise in 2023–24 (67k) requires monitoring. c. Gap Between Filed and Answered In 2023–24: Filed: 17.5 lakh Answered: 14.3 lakh Gap partly due to: Transfers across departments Pendency Applications not requiring full answers (withdrawn, invalid, etc.) d. Administrative Load 17.5 lakh RTIs annually reflect significant strain on PIOs, diverting resources from core functions. Increasing RTI numbers often signal weak proactive disclosure, as mandated under Section 4. Governance Significance RTI statistics serve as a transparency barometer. Higher filings = higher trust in RTI mechanisms but also point to: Information hoarding by departments Lack of suo motu disclosure High answer rates reinforce credibility of the Act. Issues & Challenges Highlighted Rising workload on PIOs. Incomplete data reporting (e.g., 2020–21). Variability in rejection practices across ministries. Backlog at Information Commissions. Digital divide affecting RTI access in rural regions. Implications for Policy Strengthening proactive disclosure to reduce filings. Standardised rejection guidelines. Capacity building for PIOs. Improving CIC/SIC staffing to reduce appeals backlog. Full digitisation of RTI records for accuracy.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 05 December 2025

Content World Soil Day (Dec 5) New Delhi’s relative isolation, India’s tryst with terror World Soil Day (Dec 5) Why is this in News? World Soil Day observed annually on 5 December, established by FAO. Theme 2025: “Healthy Soils for Healthy Cities” — shifts focus to soils within urban landscapes, not just farms. Rising global urbanisation (56% population in cities) has intensified issues: heat islands, flooding, pollution, food insecurity, biodiversity loss. Article highlights urban soil degradation and calls for soil-centric urban planning. Relevance GS1 (Geography): Soil formation, soil degradation, urbanisation impacts, human geography. GS2 (Governance): Urban governance, sustainable city planning, policy frameworks for climate-resilient cities, SDG-11. GS3 (Environment): Land degradation, ecosystem services, climate change adaptation, urban floods, biodiversity conservation, waste-to-compost management. Practice Question “Urban soils are the most ignored yet most critical component of urban resilience.” Discuss how healthy soils contribute to sustainable cities and evaluate the policy interventions needed in India to protect and restore urban soil ecosystems.(250 Words) Basics: What is Soil & Why It Matters? Soil = living ecosystem containing microorganisms, organic matter, minerals, water and air. Provides food security, water filtration, carbon sequestration, habitat, infrastructure support. Non-renewable at human time scale: 1 cm topsoil can take hundreds of years to form. Urban Soils: Why They Matter Urban soils exist under parks, street trees, medians, vacant lands, community gardens. A teaspoon of healthy soil contains more microorganisms than human population, driving decomposition, fertility, nutrient cycling. Functions of Healthy Urban Soils Climate Regulation Reduce urban heat island effect. Increase carbon sequestration. Cooler microclimates through vegetation-rooted soils. Flood Prevention & Water Management Act as sponges, absorbing rainfall and reducing runoff. Facilitate groundwater recharge. Impermeable surfaces → flash floods; healthy soils → moderated hydrology. Urban Food Systems Support urban agriculture (rooftop farms, backyard agriculture, community gardens). Shortens food chains and improves resilience. Biodiversity Support Provide habitat for earthworms, microbes, beneficial insects, pollinators. Promote soil fertility and ecological balance. Human Well-being “Vitamin N” (nature contact) reduces stress, anxiety, depression. Soil-based spaces strengthen physical activity and community bonding. Status of Urban Soils: Alarming Trends FAO: One-third of global soils degraded; degradation more acute in cities. Key urban pressures: Contamination from industrial residues, heavy metals. Compaction from construction. Loss of organic matter. Soil sealing (concrete/asphalt) → zero infiltration, zero soil life. Impacts: Poor vegetation growth. Higher flood risk. Decline in air quality buffering. Reduced food safety in urban farming. Blueprint for Action (FAO 2025 Theme Agenda) 1. Urban Soil Restoration Soil testing, compost addition, biochar, organic amendments. Rehabilitate degraded urban patches. Restrict new soil sealing; adopt permeable pavements. 2. Promote Green Infrastructure Parks, rain gardens, bioswales, roadside tree belts. Soil-based solutions replace concrete to mitigate floods & heat. 3. Champion Urban Agriculture Community gardens, backyard plots, rooftop farms. Enhances food resilience, reduces stress, builds social capital. 4. Responsible Soil Management Reduce chemical fertilizers & pesticides. Native species planting. Mulching and topsoil protection. 5. Boost Soil Literacy & Composting School campaigns, hands-on soil tests. Household composting → closes nutrient loop → reduces city waste. Larger Significance: Why Soil = Foundation of Healthy Cities Resilient cities are not built on steel and concrete alone. They depend on functioning ecological infrastructure, with soil as the core. Soil conservation = climate resilience + public health + biodiversity + food security. Community-driven stewardship critical for long-term sustainability. New Delhi’s relative isolation, India’s tryst with terror Why Is This in News? India is facing an unusually complex national security environment: rising hostility on both flanks (Pakistan–Bangladesh), turbulence across South Asia, and strategic marginalisation in global crises (West Asia, Europe, Indo-Pacific). A new domestic terror module led by young medical professionals was uncovered across J&K, Faridabad, and Delhi — signalling a qualitative shift in urban terrorism. Pakistan’s 27th Constitutional Amendment institutionalises military supremacy through a new Chief of Defence Forces with full nuclear control — heightening the risk of miscalculation. Bangladesh’s interim government is showing anti-India posture while reviving defence links with Pakistan (first Pak Navy ship visit in 50 years). Former NSA M.K. Narayanan warns this is a moment of reckoning requiring heightened vigilance. Relevance GS2 (IR): Neighbourhood challenges, India–Pakistan, India–Bangladesh dynamics, South Asian geopolitics, strategic isolation, India’s role in global governance. GS3 (Internal Security): Urban terrorism, radicalisation pathways, intelligence coordination, terror financing networks, cyber-encrypted communication, multi-front security threats. Practice Question India today faces simultaneous external hostility and rising internal radicalisation. Critically analyse how the evolving security landscape on both flanks, combined with new forms of urban terrorism, challenges India’s national security strategy.(250 Words) India’s National Security Environment India’s security has historically depended on: Stable neighbourhood (SAARC region). Deterrence stability with Pakistan and China. Internal cohesion against terrorism and radicalisation. Diplomatic activism in global theatres. Today, all four pillars are under strain. India as an Emerging ‘Outlier’ in World Affairs Despite diplomatic credentials, India appears: Absent in global crisis management — West Asia war, Russia–Ukraine, Red Sea disruptions. Less involved in emerging Indo-Pacific dynamics shaped by US–China rivalry. India is not shaping outcomes in key theatres where it previously had influence. Implication: Reduced global agency may affect India’s strategic leverage, energy security, maritime interests. Neighbourhood in Turmoil South Asia is experiencing systemic instability: Afghanistan: extremist resurgence, humanitarian collapse. Nepal: political flux. Maldives: strategic drift toward China. Myanmar: civil war. Sri Lanka: economic distress. India lacks dependable partners across its periphery. Strategic consequence: Weak regional environment magnifies India’s security burdens. Hostility on Both Flanks Western Front: Pakistan Threat level rising due to: Surge in anti-India rhetoric. Approval of the 27th Constitutional Amendment. Creation of Chief of Defence Forces (CDF) with: Complete command over three services. Exclusive control of nuclear assets. Freedom to act against “enemies” without parliamentary restraint. Risks Military dictatorships historically take adventurist, short-sighted decisions. Concentrated power → increased probability of miscalculation, proxy escalation, and conflict generation. Chances of another India–Pakistan conflict, though speculative, cannot be ruled out. Eastern Front: Bangladesh Interim government showing unprecedented hostility. Warmer ties with Pakistan — including a Pakistan Navy ship docking in Bangladesh for the first time in ~50 years. Opens space for Pakistan to regain presence in Bay of Bengal. Security implications: Encirclement risk intensifies. Maritime vulnerabilities increase. India’s Act East maritime posture faces friction. Rise of Urban Terror: A New Chapter First major indigenous urban terror module in years. Characteristics: Operated from Srinagar → Faridabad → Delhi. Perpetrators mostly medical practitioners linked to Al-Falah University. Ideological driver: Babri Masjid demolition (1992). Accumulated ~3,000 kg explosives; breached security; executed blast near Red Fort. Why this is qualitatively different Not sponsored by Pakistan (unlike 2008). Not executed by lumpen elements (unlike 1992–93). Composed of educated elite — showing: Deep ideological radicalisation. Growing internal fault lines. Risks of networked recruitment, encrypted coordination. Grave concerns Contradicts state claim that no locals have joined terror groups in J&K recently. Funding & logistics mobilised through: Academic/professional networks. Social/charitable fronts. Encrypted channels. Possible linkages to Pakistan, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Türkiye. The Civilisational Fault Line Educated urban youth engaging in ideologically motivated terror reflects: Weakening of social cohesion. Persistence of grievance-based narratives decades after triggering events. Vulnerability of multicultural fabric to polarisation. This is the most alarming dimension — a sign of deeper internal societal fractures. Strategic Takeaways for India India faces a multi-front security challenge: Hostile Pakistan + hostile Bangladesh. Turbulent neighbourhood. Internal radicalisation. Strategic marginalisation globally. Requires: Sharpened counter-terror intelligence. Neighbourhood diplomacy reset. Hardening of internal security grid. Prevention of ideological radicalisation through community engagement. Avoiding coercive measures that fuel alienation.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 05 December 2025

Content How the Mahad satyagraha(s) shaped constitutional discourse Mahad Satyagraha (1927) U.S. Deportations of Indian Nationals (2025) Digital Addressing Reform: DHRUVA and DIGIPIN Airborne Microplastics in India India’s Rising Road Fatalities (2024) Flex Fuel Vehicles After E20 Rollout How the Mahad satyagraha(s) shaped constitutional discourse  Why is this in news? New scholarship foregrounds Mahad as the birthplace of one of India’s earliest human rights movements, led by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar in 1927. Highlights how Mahad shaped: India’s constitutional ethics Discourse on water democracy, caste annihilation, and gender equality December 25 (Manusmriti Dahan) is increasingly viewed as Indian Women’s Liberation Day. Relevance GS-1 (Society & Social Movements) Caste system, untouchability, Bhakti–Dalit reform movements. Social justice movements and their historical roots. Intersection of caste and gender. GS-2 (Polity & Constitution) Evolution of constitutional morality. Foundations of Article 17, equality, dignity, and Fundamental Rights. Human rights discourse and Ambedkarian constitutional philosophy. Basic understanding Mahad Satyagraha was launched by Ambedkar in 1927 at Chavadar Tank (Mahad) to assert Dalit right to access public water. It operationalised the 1923 S. K. Bole Resolution permitting untouchables to use public tanks. It marked the shift from reformist charity to rights-based mobilisation. Social and regional background Mahad, in the Bombay Presidency, had rigid caste norms and denial of public water to Dalits. Region had a reformist legacy: Gopalbaba Walangkar, N. M. Joshi, Sambhaji Gaikwad, and later R. B. More. Local incidents at Goregaon and Dasgaon showed early resistance by untouchables. The Bole Resolution (1923) Recommended allowing untouchable communities to use all public water bodies funded or maintained by public authorities. Directly challenged Brahmanical control over public resources. Gave Ambedkar a legal and legislative foundation for Mahad. Mahad 1.0 (March 19–20, 1927) Thousands followed Ambedkar to assert water rights. Local caste groups denied access despite the 1923 resolution. Dalits had to purchase water for ₹40, illustrating extreme exclusion. Upper castes carried out purification rituals after Dalits touched the tank. Significance First mass assertion of dignity, equality, and human rights by Dalits. Ambedkar compared it to the French Revolution for its transformative ethos. The phase between Mahad 1.0 and 2.0 Court issued a stay claiming the tank was privately owned → blocked Dalit access legally. Ambedkar launched Bahishkrut Bharat, articulating democratic and human rights ideals. Violent reprisals in the region → creation of Ambedkar Seva Dal. Ambedkar engaged in the Ambabai Temple Satyagraha. Mahad 2.0 (December 25–26, 1927) Ambedkar avoided direct satyagraha due to ongoing court case. The gathering became a philosophical and political intervention. The Manusmriti was burned, symbolising a break with Brahmanical patriarchy and graded inequality. Ambedkar addressed women explicitly, foregrounding gender as central to human rights. Ambedkar’s gendered imagination of the nation Ambedkar’s 1916 paper theorised caste as a system sustained through control of women. At Mahad 2.0, women and men gathered as equal participants—an embryonic National Assembly of the oppressed. Contrasted with the French Revolution, which excluded women; Mahad corrected this gap. Rights were framed through Buddhist ethics of maitri, manuski, liberty, equality, fraternity. Intellectual significance Mahad redefined political struggle as a human rights movement, not a reformist appeal. Key ideas that emerged: Dignity as a non-negotiable right Equality independent of religious sanction Fraternity as a social ethic, not sentiment repudiation of scriptures that legitimised hierarchy Formed the ethical foundation of: Article 17 Constitutional morality Fundamental Rights framework Why Mahad marks a turning point ? First organised movement asserting human rights in modern India. Introduced the idea of water as a democratic right. Brought women into the rights discourse, preceding global constitutional feminism. Transformed anti-caste struggle into a constitutional ethic. Provided Ambedkar the philosophical base for a republic rooted in dignity, equality, and fraternity. U.S. Deportations of Indian Nationals  Why is this in news? The External Affairs Minister informed the Rajya Sabha that 3,258 Indian nationals were deported from the U.S. in 2025, the highest since 2009. The case of 73-year-old Harjit Kaur, reportedly maltreated in U.S. detention, triggered questions on deportee treatment, women’s safety, and bilateral coordination on migration issues. Deportation trends have intensified after a new U.S. policy (April 2025) causing visa cancellations and pressure on students to self-deport. Relevance GS-2 (International Relations) India–U.S. diplomatic engagements on migration and consular protection. Sovereignty vs. human rights in immigration enforcement. Diaspora issues. GS-2 (Governance) State responsibility towards citizens abroad. Data privacy and surveillance concerns (public social-media vetting). Deportation processes and legal safeguards. Key facts Total deportees since 2009: 18,822 Indians. Deportees in 2025: 3,258, highest in 16 years. Transportation mode: 2,032 (62.3%) on commercial flights 1,226 (37.6%) on ICE/US Customs–charter flights Issue of maltreatment in detention raised formally by India. U.S. visa scrutiny increasing: Applicants being asked to make social media profiles public. New April 2025 policy triggered cancellations even for minor offences. Students faced pressure to self-deport. Background: Why deportations are rising  The U.S. has tightened vetting, linking even minor infractions to immigration risk. Post-pandemic labour adjustments and domestic political pressure on immigration. Enhanced digital surveillance of migrants, including social media monitoring. Stricter student visa compliance and checks to prevent misuse of F-1 visas. Case study: Harjit Kaur (73 years old) Not handcuffed but maltreated in ICE detention before deportation. Issues reported: Slept on floor despite double knee replacements Denied appropriate food Given ice instead of proper support for medication 60–70 hours in uncomfortable detention conditions India raised the issue strongly with U.S. authorities and the U.S. Embassy. Major issues emerging 1. Treatment of deportees Instances of women and elderly migrants facing harsh detention environments. Raises concerns over compliance with international human rights standards. 2. Student visa vulnerability Minor infractions triggering visa cancellations. Pressure to self-deport undermines due process. Impact on India’s large student community in the U.S. (current estimates: 2.7 lakh+). 3. Sovereignty vs. diplomacy Visa issuance is a sovereign right, but India can raise concerns regarding: Detention conditions Discrimination Deportation processes 4. Surveillance expansion Requirement to make social media public indicates: Data-intensive vetting Lower privacy thresholds for visa applicants Potential misuse of digital footprints in immigration decisions 5. Humanitarian concerns Elderly, women, and undocumented workers most vulnerable. Charter flights suggest deportations of individuals held in longer detention cycles. Implications for India–U.S. relations Migration is becoming a sensitive bilateral issue, alongside trade and technology. India must balance: Protecting diaspora interests Respecting U.S. immigration laws Ensuring due process and humane treatment Could push for: Consular access protocols Humanitarian detention standards Better notification mechanisms before deportation Digital Addressing Reform: DHRUVA and DIGIPIN Why is this in news? The Department of Posts released a draft amendment to the Post Office Act, 2023 proposing a new digital addressing system called DHRUVA (Digital Hub for Reference and Unique Virtual Address). The system aims to replace textual addresses with UPI-like labels (e.g., name@entity) and standardise digital addresses across services. The proposal includes a DIGIPIN, rolled out earlier in March 2025, as the foundational layer for precise geolocation-based addressing. Relevance GS-2 (Governance) Digital public infrastructure (DPI). Consent-based data architecture, privacy frameworks. Citizen service delivery modernisation. GS-3 (Economy & Technology) Logistics efficiency, e-commerce, gig-economy enablement. Standardising geolocation systems; technological innovation. GS-3 (Disaster Management) Last-mile identification for emergency services. Improving reliability of address databases for crisis response.   Basic understanding DHRUVA is a proposed interoperable, user-centric digital addressing system. Users would receive address labels (similar to UPI IDs), which act as proxies for their physical locations. Firms and platforms can access the actual address via a consent-based architecture managed by address information agents (AIAs). Intended to reduce repetitive manual entry of addresses across e-commerce, delivery, gig platforms, and government services. Key features of DHRUVA Address as a digital label Users can choose labels like name@entity, comparable to UPI handles. Labels can be shared instead of full addresses. Consent-driven sharing The user authorises an entity for a specified duration. After expiry, re-authorisation is required to access the address again. Governance structure A Section 8 not-for-profit entity will implement the system under government oversight. Modeled on institutions like the National Payments Corporation of India which oversees UPI. Role for private companies E-commerce, logistics, gig platforms, and hyperlocal delivery apps are expected to be early adopters. DIGIPIN: the underlying technology Nature of DIGIPIN A 10-character alphanumeric code derived mathematically from latitude and longitude. Encodes an area of roughly 14 sq. metres. Designed for locations where textual addresses are ambiguous or absent, especially in rural regions. Scale Potential for around 228 billion unique DIGIPINs across Indian territory. Open-source origin Developed and open-sourced by the postal department to encourage adoption and interoperability. Why this system matters ? Current limitations in India’s addressing Non-standard, inconsistent, and often missing addresses. Delays and errors in delivery services. Inefficiencies in logistics, disaster response, last-mile governance. DHRUVA’s intended benefits Standardisation of addresses across sectors. Streamlined onboarding for e-commerce and delivery firms. Reduced friction for users: no repeated address entry. Potential integration with digital public infrastructure frameworks. Consent and privacy architecture Users control who sees their address, and for how long. AIAs mediate access between the label and actual geographical coordinates. Designed to prevent centralised misuse of location data. Challenges and open questions Adoption by private firms is voluntary; success depends on network effects similar to UPI. Data security and risks of geolocation misuse need rigorous safeguards. Public trust must be built around the consent mechanism. Integration with state/local addressing databases may be complex. Airborne Microplastics in India Why is this in news? Over 80 Padma awardee doctors issued a joint national advisory warning that airborne microplastics and nanoplastics have become a major emerging health threat in India. They urged authorities to take immediate action amid rising air pollution and evidence of plastic particles infiltrating the human body, increasing risks of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, inflammation, organ damage, and insulin resistance. Advisory highlights a shift from seasonal smog concerns to all-year health crisis, especially affecting infants, elderly, pregnant women, and those with chronic illness. Relevance GS-3 (Environment) Emerging contaminants, air pollution science. Waste mismanagement, microplastic pathways. Intersections between environment and public health. GS-2 (Health) NCDs of environmental origin (cardiac, metabolic, endocrine disorders). Public health advisories and regulatory gaps. Vulnerable populations: elderly, infants, pregnant women. Basic understanding: What are airborne microplastics? Microplastics are plastic fragments <5 mm; airborne variants include particles <10 microns, small enough to enter lungs, bloodstream, and organs. Sources include: Vehicle tyre wear Road dust Broken plastic waste Synthetic textiles Industrial emissions Once airborne, they mix with fine particulate matter (PM2.5), enhancing toxicity. Key scientific concerns raised by Padma doctors Exposure and infiltration Airborne microplastics detected in Delhi’s traffic-heavy corridors at some of the highest global concentrations. Particles <10 microns can penetrate deep into lungs, enter bloodstream, and reach organs. Role as carriers of pathogens Research shows microplastics can carry bacteria, viruses, and toxic chemicals adsorbed on their surfaces. Direct health impacts Inflammation Oxidative stress Tissue and organ damage Hormonal disruption Gut microbiota imbalance Potential neurotoxicity Emerging medical linkages highlighted 1. Cardiovascular risk Microplastics associated with higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Example: 4.5× increased risk of stroke within 3 years in certain exposure cohorts. 2. Diabetes and metabolic disorders Doctors note a strong connection between air pollution, microplastics, and rising diabetes. India has 10 crore+ diabetics, and 3 crore prediabetics. Inflammation and endocrine disruption from microplastics may be contributing in overlooked ways. 3. Insulin resistance Microplastics & related chemicals (e.g., BPA) linked to impaired glucose metabolism. 4. Immune and hormonal disruption Chronic exposure damages cellular function, elevates chronic disease risk. Structural and environmental sources Urban concentration High levels in commercial areas, traffic corridors, markets, and construction-heavy zones. Indoor risk Indoor air often contains synthetic fiber particles from furnishings, carpets, and plastic materials. Accumulation pattern Microplastics do not degrade; they accumulate in human organs, causing long-term chronic damage. Why doctors call this an “unmanageable scale” crisis ? Microplastics are now infiltrating multiple pathways: air, food, water, indoor environments. Unlike traditional pollutants, they are persistent, invisible, chemically complex, and difficult to filter. India’s existing air pollution crisis amplifies microplastic exposure intensity. Infants, children, and elderly face disproportionate harm due to lower physiological resilience. Advisory by Padma awardee doctors: Recommended precautions At household level Use air purifiers when possible Reduce plastic use Mop and wipe surfaces to reduce dust Avoid microwaving food in plastic containers Improve kitchen ventilation At community level Aim for cleaner indoor air Enhance waste management to prevent fragmentation of plastic litter Promote alternatives to single-use plastics At policy level Recognise microplastics as an air pollutant category Strengthen monitoring systems (like AQI) to capture microplastic load Promote R&D on health impacts and mitigation technologies India’s Rising Road Fatalities   Why is this in news? The Union Minister for Road Transport and Highways informed Lok Sabha that 1.77 lakh people died in road accidents in 2024, an increase of 2.31% over 2023. India missed its target to reduce road accidents, despite a global commitment (Stockholm Declaration, 2020) to halve road traffic deaths by 2030. India recorded 4.80 lakh accidents in 2024, indicating a persistent upward trend after a temporary pandemic dip. Relevance GS-2 (Governance) Public safety, policy implementation constraints. Institutional gaps in enforcing the Motor Vehicles Act. Centre-State coordination on road safety. GS-3 (Infrastructure & Economy) Transport infrastructure, logistics efficiency. Economic cost of road accidents (~3% of GDP). Technology adoption: e-DAR, intelligent transport systems. Basic understanding India has the highest number of road accident deaths globally. Road safety depends on the “4Es”: Education (awareness & behaviour) Engineering (safer roads & vehicles) Enforcement (laws & compliance) Emergency care (golden hour response) India’s road safety ecosystem consistently struggles across all four pillars. Key facts from the report Fatalities (2023 → 2024) 2023: 1,72,809 deaths 2024: 1,77,177 deaths Rise: 2.31% States with highest fatalities (2024) Uttar Pradesh – 24,118 Tamil Nadu – 16,932 Maharashtra – 17,870 Madhya Pradesh – 12,987 Karnataka – 11,727 Global comparison Highest road deaths: India, followed by China and the U.S. Other observations India’s road crash rate per lakh population: 43.4 World average: lower than India U.S.: 11.89 U.K.: 3.13 Why are fatalities increasing? 1. Rapid motorisation without corresponding road safety infrastructure Increased vehicle ownership, especially 2-wheelers. Poorly designed intersections, absence of pedestrian infrastructure. 2. Weak enforcement Overspeeding, drunk driving, helmet non-compliance, seatbelt violations remain common. Low deterrence due to inconsistent policing. 3. Engineering gaps Blackspots remain uncorrected. Inadequate signage, poor road maintenance, lack of crash barriers. 4. Behavioural challenges Risky driving culture, fatigue among truck drivers, phone usage while driving. 5. Emergency care deficits Limited golden-hour response; absence of standardised trauma-care systems. 6. Pandemic rebound effect After 2020–21 dips, traffic volumes surged sharply. Government’s position & ongoing measures Investment pattern Funds allocated for road safety constitute 2.21%–5.10% of total development expenditure for National Highways construction. Electronic Detailed Accident Report (e-DAR) Real-time accident data from police; operational but evolving. Toll collection modernisation Existing system to be replaced with a new electronic mechanism within a year for smoother traffic flow. Expansion of new road safety system Rolled out in 10 locations, to be scaled nationally. Promotion of cleaner vehicles Minister mentioned experimentation with biofuels, green hydrogen, and Toyota’s Mirai hydrogen fuel-cell car. Structural policy gaps No nationwide Unified Road Safety Authority. Fragmented responsibilities between Centre, States, and local bodies. Insufficient monitoring of post-crash response. Weak implementation of the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019 due to States not enforcing enhanced penalties. Data inconsistencies between police reporting and hospital/emergency-care systems. Why India is missing the 2030 Stockholm target ? Fatalities still rising instead of declining. Behavioural change is slow. States vary widely in enforcement intensity. Vehicle safety compliance remains uneven, especially among 2- and 3-wheelers. Infrastructure expansion (expressways, high-speed corridors) outpaces safety design upgrades. Flex Fuel Vehicles After E20 Rollout Why is this in news? With E20 fuel (20% ethanol–petrol blend) now mandatory across India, Toyota Kirloskar Motor’s country head Vikram Gulati stated that the next policy priority should be the promotion of flex fuel vehicles (FFVs). He argued that global experience shows countries move to flex fuels after stabilising initial ethanol blends, and that India is now at that juncture. The discussion is significant for India’s goals of reducing oil import dependence, supporting the ethanol economy, and decarbonising transport. Relevance GS-3 (Economy) Import substitution and energy security. Ethanol economy, rural income, diversification of farmers’ revenue streams. GS-3 (Environment & Climate Change) Low-carbon transport transition. Biofuel policy, lifecycle emissions, cleaner combustion. GS-3 (Science & Tech) FFV engine technology, ethanol compatibility. Technological pathways in transport decarbonisation. What are flex fuel vehicles (FFVs)? FFVs can run on any blend of petrol and ethanol, from E20 to E85 or even E100, depending on design. The engine, fuel system, and electronic controls are adapted to handle higher ethanol concentrations. Ethanol has: higher octane number lower greenhouse gas emissions lower cost in countries with strong biofuel sectors India’s current stage: E20 rollout India mandated E20-compatible vehicles starting 2023; nationwide availability is expanding. E20 reduces emissions and cuts fuel import bills, but requires vehicle & fuel system modifications. Gulati notes that once a country successfully reaches this stage, global trends indicate transition to FFVs. Why push for flex fuels now?  1. Global evidence Countries like Brazil moved to FFVs once ethanol blends stabilised. Brazil mandates that E100 (ethanol) is cheaper than petrol by around 30%, driving consumer uptake. 2. Consumer economics Pricing parity between E20 and petrol is insufficient; FFVs allow higher ethanol use, reducing running cost. Flex fuels become viable only when ethanol is consistently cheaper than petrol at retail level. 3. Industry readiness Automotive firms (Toyota, Honda, others) are aligned that the next disruption in India will be FFVs, not merely higher ethanol blends. Small EVs face cost issues; hybrid EVs and FFVs can bridge the transition. 4. Technology maturity Legacy vehicles risk compatibility issues as ethanol percentages rise. FFVs reduce uncertainty and avoid frequent re-testing/re-homologation as blends evolve. Key challenges highlighted 1. Legacy vehicles and compatibility Increasing ethanol blends affect older vehicles’ materials, seals, pumps, and combustion characteristics. Without FFVs, retrofitting or re-homologation costs rise. 2. Taxation and GST issues India taxes vehicles primarily based on size, not fuel technology. Better taxation differentiation is needed to make FFVs competitive. 3. Pricing regulation For mass adoption, ethanol blends must be consistently cheaper than petrol at the pump. The Brazilian model succeeded because the government ensured favourable pricing. 4. Need for policy incentives Without targeted GST rationalisation, FFVs may remain niche. Stakeholders want a clear roadmap similar to the push given to EVs. Why flex fuels matter for India ? Energy security India imports ~85% of its crude oil. Scaling ethanol helps cut import bills and diversifies fuel sources. Farmer income & rural economy Ethanol is produced from sugarcane, grains, and agri-residues. Higher ethanol demand creates predictable markets for farmers. Cleaner combustion Ethanol has lower CO₂ emissions and particulate output. Supports India’s climate commitments under NDCs. Industrial diversification Encourages investment in: first-generation ethanol second-generation ethanol (agri-waste) biomass refineries Bridge technology FFVs act as a transition between ICE engines and electric mobility, suited to India’s current infrastructure realities. What the government needs to consider going forward ? 1. Differential fuel pricing Guarantee ethanol blends (E85/E100) at a significant discount to petrol. 2. Taxation framework GST rationalisation for FFVs. Reduced GST for flex fuel-compatible components and hybrids. 3. National FFV roadmap Clear timelines for: increasing blend levels phasing in FFV norms for OEMs developing high-ethanol fueling infrastructure 4. Consumer awareness Highlight lower running costs and environmental benefits. 5. Coordination between ministries Petroleum, Transport, Agriculture, and Environment must align on pricing, supply, and infrastructure.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 04 December 2025

Content Sailing Towards Self-Reliance: The Indian Navy’s Aatmanirbhar Bharat Journey India’s Transition from Women’s Development to Women-Led Development Sailing Towards Self-Reliance: The Indian Navy’s Aatmanirbhar Bharat Journey Why is this in News? Navy Day (4 December) highlights India’s maritime power, commemorating Operation Trident (1971). INS Mahe commissioned on 24 Nov 2025, adding to accelerated indigenous naval inductions. INS Udaygiri & INS Himgiri commissioned in Aug 2025 as India’s 100th & 101st indigenous warships. Indian Naval budget doubled from ₹49,623 crore (2020–21) to ₹1,03,548 crore (2025–26). 51 large indigenous ships under construction (₹90,000 crore) signalling peak indigenous shipbuilding. Indigenisation ratios achieved: 90% (Float), 60% (Move), 50% (Fight). INIP 2015–2030 implementation enters mature phase. Relevance:   GS II – Governance Defence procurement reforms: DAP 2020, IDDM, Positive Indigenisation Lists. Innovation governance through NIIO, iDEX, SPRINT, SRIJAN. GS III – Internal Security Maritime security, SLOC protection, anti-piracy, EEZ surveillance. Strengthening India’s naval deterrence and crisis-response capability. GS III – Science & Technology Indigenous AIP, sonars, radars, EW systems, torpedoes, missiles. R&D ecosystem: DRDO–IIT–private sector collaboration. Basics: Why Indigenisation Matters for a Navy Operational Autonomy Avoids foreign supply-chain disruptions during conflict, sanctions, or crises. Combat Readiness Reduces downtime, ensures assured spares, faster upgrades. Cost Efficiency & Lifecycle Control Domestic manufacturing lowers lifetime costs. Strategic Sovereignty Essential for a leading naval power in IOR. Industrial Growth Boosts MSMEs, shipyards, defence research, and high-tech manufacturing. Blue-Economy & SLOC Security India’s 90% trade volume, 80% critical freight moves by sea; naval indigenisation is economic security. India’s Maritime Context: Why India Needs a Strong Indigenous Navy 11,098 km coastline; 2.4 million sq. km EEZ. 50% global trade & 40% oil flow through the Indo-Pacific. India’s own economy depends on coal, crude, iron ore, fertiliser imports. 3765 merchant vessels escorted in anti-piracy missions since 2008; 27,260 seafarers protected. Increasing roles: EEZ surveillance Anti-piracy Maritime Domain Awareness HADR missions Protection of offshore assets Cooperative security in IOR INIP 2015–2030: Vision, Strategy, Outcomes Objectives Indigenise equipment across Float, Move, Fight categories. Create an R&D + industry + DRDO collaborative ecosystem. List capability gaps & future requirements. Move from Buyer’s Navy → Builder’s Navy. Key Recommendations Prioritise Buy Indian / Buy & Make Indian. Build domestic capabilities in propulsion, electronics, sensors, underwater systems. Absorb ToT, promote standardisation. Deep MSME integration. Execution 5,000+ items identified for domestic sourcing. Major indigenisation of sonars, EW systems, UAVs, CMS, propulsion auxiliaries, submarine subsystems. From Buyer’s Navy to Builder’s Navy: Structural Shift Over 100 indigenous warships built by Indian shipyards. Warship Design Bureau drives indigenous design. Navy–IIT partnerships accelerate materials, propulsion & hydrodynamics R&D. Swavlamban 3.0 (2023) lays roadmap for industry & academia collaboration. Private sector participation targeted to 50% or more. Indigenisation Status Float systems: 90% Move systems: 60% Fight systems: 50% (key shortfall area—missiles, radars, advanced sensors) Indigenous Surface Fleet: Major Achievements 51 Ships under Construction Worth ₹90,000 crore, showcasing robust shipyard capability. Flagship Projects INS Vikrant (IAC-1) 76% indigenous content 30,000 tonnes of indigenous steel (SAIL) Symbol of large-platform self-reliance Project-15B Visakhapatnam-class Destroyers INS Visakhapatnam (2021), INS Mormugao (2022), INS Imphal (2023), INS Surat (2025) Advanced air-defence & surface warfare capabilities Project-17A Nilgiri-class Frigates (Stealth) INS Nilgiri, Himgiri, Udaygiri (all 2025) Taragiri delivered Nov 2025; Dunagiri, Vindhyagiri, Mahendragiri under construction Survey Vessels (Large) Sandhayak (2024), Nirdeshak (2024), Ikshak (2025), Sanshodhak (under construction) ASW Shallow Water Craft Arnala (2025), Androth (2025), Mahe (2025) 80% indigenous components Submarine & Underwater Systems: Aatmanirbhar Progress Project-75 Kalvari-class Six conventional submarines: Kalvari (2017) → Vagsheer (2025) Indigenous AIP (DRDO-NMRL) To be retrofitted on Kalvari-class Extends underwater endurance significantly Indigenous Sonars & Underwater Sensors USHUS-2 HUMSA NG/UG ABHAY ALTAS towed array AIDSS (submarine distress system) Indicates deepening underwater warfare ecosystem. Weapons & Combat Systems: Indigenisation Push Missiles VL-SRSAM (2025) BrahMos (joint but high Indian content) Torpedoes & Anti-Torpedo Systems Varunastra Maareech ATDS ALWT lightweight torpedo (trials complete) MIGM mines EW & Combat Systems EW Suite Shakti ESM Varuna EW Sangraha These systems replace legacy imports and strengthen fight component. Aviation: Indigenous Shipborne Capabilities HAL ALH Dhruv Mk-III for shipborne roles (SAR, surveillance). 340+ Dhruvs produced; operated by Mauritius & Nepal → export footprint. Integration of indigenous radars & sensors on ALH Mk-III. Shipyard Ecosystem & Industrial Base Major Shipyards Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd (MDL) Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE) Cochin Shipyard Ltd (CSL) Industrial Integration BEL, BHEL, L&T, Kirloskar, Keltron Over 100 MSMEs supplying to INS Vikrant alone Naval-grade Steel Developed jointly by DRDO + SAIL + Navy → strategic independence Budgetary Trends: Sharp Rise in Naval Expenditure Navy Budget Growth ₹49,623 crore → ₹1,03,548 crore (2020–21 to 2025–26) Share in defence budget: 15% → 21% Capital Expenditure ₹26,688 crore → ₹62,546 crore Focus: submarines, surface combatants, naval aviation, undersea warfare Revenue Spending ₹22,935 crore → ₹38,195 crore Indicates sustained government push for maritime modernisation. Policy Framework Driving Indigenisation DAP 2020 & DPM 2025 Prioritise Indian vendors Emphasise Buy Indian – IDDM NIIO (2020) Connects Navy, startups, academia Accelerates technology adoption SPRINT Challenges (2022– ) Target: 75 new technologies Collaborations with 213 MSMEs & startups iDEX (2018– ) Up to ₹10 crore funding per innovation DISC challenges drive naval solutions SRIJAN Portal 38,000 items listed; 14,000+ indigenised by Feb 2025 Positive Indigenisation Lists 5,500+ items barred from import 3,000 indigenised by Feb 2025 Conclusion: India’s Maritime Self-Reliance Trajectory 40+ indigenous ships delivered since 2014. New vessel inducted every 40 days in 2024–25. Navy transforming into a Builder’s Navy, not a Buyer’s Navy. Deepening synergy of industry–academia–research ecosystem. Enhances India’s status as IOR’s first responder and credible blue-water naval power. Supports strategic autonomy, industrial growth, and long-term maritime security. “Jalmev Yasya, Balmev Tasya” — Control over the sea is control over power. India’s Transition from Women’s Development to Women-Led Development Why is this in News? Government briefing in Rajya Sabha (Dec 2025) highlighted: Shift from “women’s development” to “women-led development” as a national policy direction. Implementation of all four Labour Codes from 21 Nov 2025 with major gender reforms. Operationalisation of SHe-Box portal with expanded features in 22 languages. Strengthened legal protections under BNS–BNSS–BSA (effective July 2024) for crimes against women. Mission Shakti progress report including One Stop Centres, 181 helpline, BBBP, Sakhi Niwas, PMMVY, Palna, etc. Massive increase in women’s participation in SHGs (10 crore members) and livelihood programmes. New STEM-focused schemes and procurement mandates to boost women’s economic agency. Relevance: GS I – Society Gender empowerment, social change, SHG movement (10 crore women). BBBP, sanitary hygiene, behavioural transformation. GS II – Polity & Governance Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam (33% reservation). Labour Codes (gender-equal workplaces). Mission Shakti, SHe-Box, OSCs, 181 helpline. Basics: What is Women-Led Development? A governance and development paradigm where women: Lead economic decisions Participate in political power structures Direct community development Are creators of economic and social value, not passive beneficiaries Central to SDG 5, but India’s model emphasises mainstreaming women in all dimensions of development. Constitutional & Political Empowerment: Deep Structural Shift Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, 2023 (106th Constitutional Amendment) 33% reservation for women in: Lok Sabha State Legislative Assemblies Delhi Legislative Assembly Represents the largest political empowerment reform since independence. Significance Increases descriptive and substantive representation. More women in policy, budgeting, lawmaking → accelerates women-led growth. Labour Codes Implemented (21 Nov 2025): Gender-Transformative Provisions Gender Equality at Work Equal pay mandated across sectors. Gender discrimination prohibited in recruitment and employment. Women allowed to work: In all sectors, including those previously barred. Night shifts, with consent + safety provisions. Heavy machinery & underground mining, with safeguards. Impact Expands labour force participation. Formalisation boosts wage equality, social security coverage, and mobility. Workplace Safety Transformation: SHe-Box (National e-Platform) Key Features Single-window portal for complaints under SH Act (2013). Automatically forwards complaints to relevant IC/LC. Public database of all workplace committees. Nodal officer for every organisation. Available in 22 languages for remote accessibility. Significance Ensures compliance, accountability, and real-time monitoring. Reduces barriers for reporting harassment. Criminal Justice Reforms: Stronger Legal Protections (BNS–BNSS–BSA) Effective from 1 July 2024. Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) Chapter V consolidates offences against women & children. Key strengthened provisions: Section 69: sexual intercourse on false promises (marriage/job/promotion). Section 70: gang rape – enhanced punishment. Section 99: buying children for prostitution – stricter minimum punishment. Section 111: organised crime – includes trafficking networks. Sections 75 & 79: expanded definition of sexual harassment. Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) e-FIR & zero FIR for faster action. Witness Protection Schemes (Section 398). Victim-centric focus for prosecution & trial support. Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) Digital evidence expanded: emails, smartphone messages, voice recordings. Helps workplace sexual harassment cases under SHe-Box. Social Empowerment: Mission Shakti Framework Components Sambal (Safety & Security) One Stop Centres (OSCs) nationwide for counselling, shelter, legal and medical support. 181 Women Helpline (24×7). BBBP—curb sex-selective practices + promote education & value of girl child. Samarthya (Empowerment) PMMVY: Cash benefits via DBT for pregnant & lactating women. Sakhi Niwas: Safe accommodation for working women & students. Shakti Sadan: Shelter support for distressed women, trafficking survivors. Palna: Anganwadi-cum-crèche for increasing workforce participation. Hubs for Empowerment of Women: Address information gaps at national, state, district level. Impact Integrated, ecosystem-based intervention across safety, welfare, and skilling. Education, Health & Welfare: Life-Cycle Continuum Approach Girl Education Samagra Shiksha + separate girls’ toilets → improved enrolment. Scholarships and low-cost sanitary napkins (Janaushadhi). Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana: incentivised savings for girl child. Health (Ayushman Bharat) 141 women-specific medical packages. Screening for 7 major conditions: TB, hypertension, diabetes, oral cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, cataract. 1.5 lakh Health & Wellness Centres operational. Affordable Medicines 16,000+ Janaushadhi Kendras, including: 40 women-specific items Suvidha pads @ ₹1 per pad Social Protection NSAP, APY, PMSBY, PMJJBY Insurances + pensions create safety net for widows, elderly, vulnerable women. Economic Empowerment & Financial Inclusion Livelihood Revolutions DAY-NRLM: 90 lakh women SHGs 10 crore women members Transformed rural entrepreneurship, micro-enterprises, credit access. NULM: urban livelihood support. Credit & Enterprise Schemes PM MUDRA Yojana Stand-up India Start-up India PM SVANidhi Women constitute a majority of beneficiaries. Public Procurement Preference 3% mandatory procurement from women-owned MSMEs. Digital Skilling PMGDISHA, PMKVY, Skill India Faster integration into digital & formal economies. Women in STEM & Knowledge Economy Key Schemes Women Scientist Scheme Vigyan Jyoti Overseas Fellowship Scheme Significance Addresses underrepresentation in high-tech sectors. Facilitates research careers, scholarships, mentorship, lab access. Cultural Transformation: Gender-Inclusive Communication Guide (2023) Addresses linguistic bias. Promotes gender-neutral, inclusive communication norms. Enables behavioural change across media, institutions, workplaces. Big Picture: Why This Indicates Women-Led Development Institutional Level Constitutional reservation increases women’s leadership. Labour Codes formalise gender-equal workplaces. Safety & Justice Stronger criminal laws + digital evidence + witness protection. Economic Level SHGs → 10 crore members → world’s largest women’s cooperative movement. Livelihood + credit + procurement mandates enhance agency. Health & Education Better maternal benefits, cancer screening, school access. Governance Mission Shakti integrates safety, welfare, empowerment under one umbrella. Digital Governance SHe-Box, e-FIR, digital evidence elevate access and accountability. Conclusion: India at a Structural Turning Point India has moved beyond welfare-centric policies to agency-based development. Women are now decision-makers, entrepreneurs, legislators, and drivers of economic growth. This “women-led development” vision aligns with Sustainable Development Goals and transforms India’s socio-economic landscape.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 04 December 2025

Content To scale up our climate ambition, a seven-point plan A missing link in India’s mineral mission To scale up our climate ambition, a seven-point plan Why is this in News? India must submit new NDCs (Nationally Determined Contributions) under the Paris Agreement for the period up to 2035. The authors propose a seven-point plan to enhance India’s climate ambition while staying aligned with economic-growth priorities. The article argues that credible climate ambition is essential for: financing from MDBs and global markets lowering long-term energy & transport costs meeting India’s net-zero trajectory (2070) Relevance GS-II (Polity & Governance) Climate governance mechanisms India’s NDC formulation process Centre–state coordination in energy transition GS-III (Environment & Economy) Climate change mitigation strategies Renewable energy transition, storage, grids Carbon markets, emissions trading Practice Question   “India’s 2035 NDCs must integrate energy, industry, and finance to drive a credible low-carbon transition.” Analyse with reference to the seven-point plan discussed in recent debates.(250 Words) What are NDCs? National climate targets submitted under the Paris Agreement every five years. Include: Emissions reduction commitments Renewable energy targets Adaptation goals Finance & technology needs India’s current key NDC features (2030): Reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 45% from 2005 levels 50% installed electricity capacity from non-fossil sources Create 2.5–3 billion tonnes carbon sinks Why New NDCs for 2035 Matter ? They determine India’s long-term energy structure for the next decade. Overlap with: Net-zero planning Infrastructure investment cycles MDB financing requirements Global carbon markets The Seven-Point Plan 1. Higher Target for Reducing Emissions Intensity of GDP Current: 45% reduction vs 2005 by 2030 Suggested for 2035: further 20% reduction, implying 65% reduction from 2005 levels over 2005–2035. Rationale: Reflects economic maturation Strengthens India’s climate credibility Drives industrial decarbonisation 2. Higher Share of Non-Fossil Electricity Existing: 50% non-fossil installed capacity by 2030. Proposed (2035): Non-fossil share in overall electricity generation to rise to 55%. Requires: 1,600 GW total capacity by 2035 Renewables rising to ~1,200 GW Faster energy storage deployment (~50–70 GW) 3. Explicit Target for Phasing Down Coal-Based Generation Extremely contentious internationally. Authors propose: No new unabated coal after 2030 Coal-based capacity replaced gradually Total coal output peaks by 2030, begins decline thereafter Motivation: Avoid stranded assets Align with India’s net-zero (2070) Improve air quality & energy security 4. Transform the Transport Sector (EV Push + Rail Electrification) Railways: 100% electrified by 2033 Road transport: 50% EV for buses by 2030; 100% shortly after Stronger EV penetration for 2W & 3W Automobile industry to adjust sales targets This sector is India’s fastest-growing emitter → early action lowers long-term costs. 5. Operationalise the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) Effectively Starts April 2026. Must: Expand beyond current limited sectors Set strict emission limits Avoid weak, voluntary systems Significance: Creates large-scale market incentives Enables international trading in future Mobilises private finance 6. Strengthening Renewable Energy Integration Challenges: Variability Grid management Storage costs Recommendations: Support pumped storage + battery systems Modernise grid infrastructure Reform tariffs & contracts (time-of-day pricing, firming contracts) 7. Mobilising Finance at Scale Expansion of grid + storage + renewables needs USD 62 billion annually (2026–2047). Domestic banks alone cannot meet demand. Solutions: Increased MDB borrowing International climate finance Private investments via blended finance Policy consistency to reduce risk India’s Structural Challenges Highlighted in the Article Coal dependence for baseload power State-level financial stress in DISCOMs Land & transmission constraints for RE expansion Slow EV adoption outside major cities Weak carbon market coverage initially Strengths of the Proposed Approach Integrates energy, transport, finance, and climate policy into one coordinated pathway. Enables India to: Retain high economic growth Meet rising electricity demand Reduce long-term fossil fuel import dependence Prepares India for: Global carbon border taxes Competitiveness in green industries Critical Assessment Positive Realistic balancing of climate ambition and economic growth. Recognises future geopolitical and trade pressures. Provides quantifiable sector-wise targets. Concerns Coal phase-down politically and economically challenging. Transmission expansion may lag renewable targets. EV infrastructure requires massive urban reforms. Carbon market success depends heavily on strict enforcement, currently uncertain. Conclusion India must submit new NDCs for the 2035 period. The article proposes a seven-point plan to enhance climate ambition while sustaining growth. It recommends raising emissions-intensity reduction targets, increasing the non-fossil share of electricity to 55%, phasing down coal after 2030, accelerating EV and railway electrification, strengthening the new Carbon Credit Trading Scheme, enabling renewable integration through storage and grid upgrades, and mobilising large-scale finance including MDB support.  A missing link in India’s mineral mission  Why is this in News? The Union Cabinet has approved a ₹7,280 crore Rare-Earth Magnet Scheme aimed at building India’s domestic magnet manufacturing and processing ecosystem. Comes alongside: the new G-20 Critical Minerals Framework, emphasising value addition, refining, and manufacturing, China’s tightening export controls on rare earths, graphite, and battery technologies. India has reformed its mining laws but still lacks commercial-scale refining and midstream capacity. Article highlights: India must rapidly build processing & refining capability, not just mining. Relevance GS-III: Environment Recycling of fly ash, slag, red mud Sustainable mining & waste utilisation GS-II: International Relations Mineral diplomacy G-20 critical minerals framework Geopolitics of supply chains Practice Question “India’s critical minerals strategy will remain incomplete without mastering midstream processing and refining.” Examine.(250 Words) What Are Critical Minerals? Minerals essential for clean energy, electronics, semiconductors, defence, space, and EV batteries. Examples: Lithium, cobalt, nickel, rare-earth elements, graphite, silicon, titanium, copper. Value chain: Exploration → Mining → Processing/Refining (midstream) → Component manufacturing → Final products. Most value lies in the midstream. Countries without refining capacity remain raw material exporters and lose control of strategic supply chains. India’s Current Position — The Core Problem Mining sector reformed (MMDR Act amendments) → improved exploration & auctions. But processing capacity is extremely limited: India imports almost all lithium, nickel, cobalt in refined form. Even for minerals produced domestically (copper, graphite, silicon, tin, titanium, zirconium, rare earths), refining is small-scale or low-purity. China controls: >90% global rare earth refining 90% graphite refining Significant share of battery cathode/anode processing With U.S.–China technology and mineral trade tensions rising, India’s supply chain vulnerability increases. Why Processing (Midstream) Matters More than Mining ? For solar modules → need polysilicon & wafers For EVs → need battery-grade graphite, nickel sulphate, cobalt sulphate For wind turbines → need rare-earth magnets For chips → need high-purity silicon, gallium, germanium Without processing, mining reforms don’t translate into industrial strength. Government Measures So Far A. Rare-Earth Magnet Scheme (₹7,280 crore) Boost domestic production of NdFeB magnets, used in EV motors, wind turbines, robotics, defence. B. Critical Minerals Recycling Scheme (₹1,500 crore) Recover minerals from e-waste, spent batteries, fly ash, red mud. C. Amendments to MMDR Act Exploration licences for strategic minerals National mineral auctions Mining-associated minerals category National Mineral Exchange (future) But these measures strengthen mining, not refining. India’s Exposure to Global Disruptions China’s recent steps: Export controls on rare-earth tech, graphite, magnet technology. Additional restrictions in recent weeks. Geopolitical triggers: U.S.–China trade conflict → higher tariffs + export bans Without refining capability, India remains dependent and vulnerable. Five Steps India Must Take  Convert Centres of Excellence into Industrial Innovation Engines Use the nine Centres of Excellence under NCMM to develop: Commercial-scale processing & refining technologies High-purity compounds (battery-grade, magnet-grade) Life-cycle & cost analysis for quick adoption Strong collaboration between IITs–NITs–CSIR–industry. Unlock Secondary Resources for Domestic Recovery India generates: 250 million tonnes of coal fly ash → contains rare earths Red mud → gallium Zinc residues → cobalt Steel slag → vanadium CSIR & IIT pilots show technical viability. Need large-scale recovery in Critical Mineral Processing Parks. Build a Skilled Workforce in Process Metallurgy Critical minerals require: Hydrometallurgy Solvent extraction High-temperature refining Allocate NCMM’s ₹100 crore for: Train-the-trainer programmes Diploma-level curricula CSIR lab-linked practical training Could create thousands of high-skilled jobs. De-risk Industry Investment (Demand Assurance + Finance Tools) Use stockpiling not just for security but as a market-maker: Government buys during downturns Releases during demand spikes Model: US Department of Defense + MP Materials agreement. Mandate partial domestic sourcing for: Defence Pharmaceuticals Electronics Encourage processors to meet international quality standards. Align Mineral Diplomacy with Processing Capability India’s overseas acquisitions currently secure ore, not refined inputs. If India demonstrates high-purity refining, partnerships shift from: Buyer–seller → Joint processing & co-investment alliances Critical mineral parks can act as hubs for: Foreign JV refineries Technology transfer Shared processing units Strategic Implications A. Economic Capture more value domestically → boost manufacturing & exports. Integrate into clean-energy, semiconductor, defence supply chains. B. Geopolitical Reduce dependence on China Enhance bargaining power in G-20 and Indo-Pacific minerals platforms Become a partner in new global mineral alliances (QUAD, IPEF) C. Industrial Strengthen EV, battery, solar, wind, electronics, telecom sectors. Support semiconductor grade material development. Challenges Ahead High capital costs for refineries Environmental clearances for processing facilities Technology gaps (solvent extraction, pyro-metallurgy) Global competition from established Chinese, Korean, European processors Long gestation periods for refining plants Conclusion The Union Cabinet’s ₹7,280 crore rare-earth magnet scheme and new G-20 critical minerals framework highlight the urgency of building India’s refining capability, not just mining. India imports most battery-grade and semiconductor-grade materials despite mining some critical minerals. China dominates global processing, creating supply-chain vulnerabilities amid intensifying U.S.–China trade frictions. The article argues that India must focus on the midstream—processing and refining—through five steps: powering Centres of Excellence into innovation hubs; recovering minerals from secondary sources; skilling metallurgists; de-risking private investment via stockpiling and quality standards; and linking mineral diplomacy to processing capacity. Processing is the missing link that will determine whether India remains a raw-ore supplier or becomes a resilient clean-industrial power.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 04 December 2025

Content Govt. withdraws order to install Sanchar Saathi app Why is volcanic ash a safety concern for flights? SC flags issues in payouts, free care for acid attack survivors Haircuts, asset valuation Why a landmark US lawsuit is accusing big brands of engineering addictive, unhealthy foods Govt. withdraws order to install Sanchar Saathi app Why is this in News? The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has withdrawn its earlier order directing smartphone manufacturers to mandatorily pre-install the Sanchar Saathi app on all new devices from 2025. The withdrawal follows: Public and civil society backlash Concerns over privacy, surveillance, and regulatory overreach Opposition objections in Parliament Leaks showing the order was never publicly released Government now argues the app’s rising voluntary downloads mean a mandatory preload is unnecessary. Relevance GS-II: Governance Executive power, regulatory overreach Transparency in rule-making Digital governance frameworks Centre vs private sector regulation under TIUE GS-II: Polity Fundamental Right to Privacy (Puttaswamy judgment) Proportionality in restrictions State surveillance concerns GS-III: Internal Security Cyber fraud detection (CEIR, TAFCOP) Telecom-based security infrastructure Digital identity misuse prevention What is the Sanchar Saathi App? A DoT-developed platform aimed at consumer security in telecom. Includes: CEIR (Central Equipment Identity Register) — block stolen phones TAFCOP — identify SIMs issued in one’s name Fraud reporting tools SIM misuse detection Core purpose: prevent cyber fraud, identity misuse, and phone theft. What Triggered the Controversy? A. Mandatory Preinstallation Directive (Not Publicly Released) DoT issued a confidential direction to smartphone makers: “Preload Sanchar Saathi on all devices from 2025.” B. Why It Alarmed Citizens? Appeared to be: Forced installation of a government app Without user consent On all smartphones sold in India Raised fears under: Privacy rights (K.S. Puttaswamy judgment) Overbroad surveillance capabilities No explicit parliamentary oversight Legal Backdrop: TIUE Rules (Telecommunication Identifier User Entities) DoT recently granted itself new powers to regulate TIUEs, meaning ANY entity that uses mobile numbers— including: Banks E-commerce platforms Payment apps Smartphone manufacturers These rules allow DoT to directly issue binding directives to private businesses beyond telecom operators. The Sanchar Saathi preload order was one of the first major exercises of these expanded powers. The Opposition & Civil Society Concerns 1. Surveillance & Privacy Mandatory government app on all devices could enable: Data harvesting Behavioural tracking Expanded profiling through telecom identifiers Lacked a legal necessity test under Puttaswamy proportionality. 2. Regulatory Overreach TIUE rules allow DoT to intervene in non-telecom sectors using mobile numbers. Critics argue this creates a “backdoor” regulatory expansion. 3. Lack of Transparency The order was not public, but leaked. No consultation with: Industry Citizens Cybersecurity experts 4. Precedent for Mandatory Digital Tools Similar concerns were raised earlier with: Aarogya Setu mandatory requirements Mandatory KYC updates Aadhaar-related device integrations 6. Government’s Defence Communications Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia stated: 1.5 crore fraudulent mobile connections disconnected 26 lakh lost phones recovered “We only aimed to make the app accessible to every citizen.” However, admitted: “This app’s success is premised on public support; if feedback demands changes, we are ready.”   The eventual withdrawal demonstrates a conciliatory shift. Why the Withdrawal Happened? Massive surge in voluntary downloads in recent months. DoT claims mandatory preload became “unnecessary”. Attempt to defuse political and public backlash. Avoid conversations around: Overreach of TIUE rules Digital surveillance fears Discretionary executive power Broader Implications A. Digital Governance Shows tension between security-driven digital policy and privacy rights. B. Regulatory Process Highlights need for: Transparency Public consultation Clear legal authority C. Precedent for Future Digital Mandates Government may revisit similar mandates for: Security KYC Device-level integrations depending on political climate. D. Scope of TIUE Rules These rules may significantly expand DoT’s influence over non-telecom sectors—likely to be debated in courts or by data protection bodies. Why is volcanic ash a safety concern for flights?  Why is this in News? The Hayli Gubbi volcano in northern Ethiopia erupted on November 23, 2025, for the first time in nearly 12,000 years. It released massive ash plumes up to 14 km altitude, which travelled across the Red Sea, Middle East, and drifted into India’s western airspace on November 24–25. The DGCA (India’s aviation regulator) issued an advisory to airlines and airports due to the risk volcanic ash poses to aircraft engines and flight safety. Several Indian carriers (Air India, Akasa) cancelled flights to West Asian destinations. Relevance GS-I: Geography Volcanism Atmospheric circulation Transboundary ash transport GS-III: Science & Tech Jet engine functioning Impact of foreign particles on aviation systems Safety protocols What Is Volcanic Ash? Why Is It Dangerous? Volcanic ash is NOT like soft household ash. It is a mixture of: Silicate glass particles Pulverised rock and minerals Sulphur dioxide (SO₂) Abrasive, microscopic, sharp-edged materials These particles are hard, abrasive, and heat-resistant. Ash clouds spread due to: High-altitude winds (jet streams) Updrafts that carry particles tens of thousands of feet up Long-range atmospheric transport (sometimes global) Ash Movement from Ethiopia to India — What Happened? The eruption shot ash 14 km upwards. Winds carried the plume across the Red Sea → Yemen → Oman → Iran → India. Plume altitude: 15,000–25,000 feet Speed: 100–120 km/hour Entered Indian airspace: Nov 24, 5.50 pm (Rajasthan border) Passed over Gujarat, Delhi-NCR, Punjab, UP Exited India: Nov 25, 10.30 pm, towards China. This rapid transboundary movement triggered aviation safety concerns. How Volcanic Ash Damages Aircraft Engines (The Science) A jet engine: Sucks air in Compresses it Mixes with fuel Burns it at ~1,600°C Produces thrust Why ash is dangerous: Silicate ash melts at high temperature, forming glass-like deposits. These stick on hot engine parts, blocking: cooling air passages turbine blades fuel nozzles sensors Result: Engine overheating Compressor stall Power loss Complete engine shutdown Even small amounts of ash can cause millions of dollars in engine damage. Ash also: Sandblasts the cockpit windshield, making it opaque Damages sensors (like pitot tubes) Contaminates cabin air Scratches fuselage and fan blades Historical Incidents Proving the Risk 1. British Airways Flight 9 (1982) – Mount Galunggung, Indonesia Boeing 747 flew through ash at 37,000 ft. All 4 engines failed. Cabin lost pressure → oxygen masks deployed. Aircraft descended 25,000 ft before pilots restarted engines. Cockpit windscreens became opaque from ash. 2. KLM Flight 867 (1989) – Mount Redoubt, Alaska Boeing 747-400 hit ash at 24,000 ft. All 4 engines shut down. Restarted after multiple attempts. Aircraft saved, but US$ 80 million engines were scrapped. These events are central case studies in global aviation safety. What Did DGCA Order in India? The DGCA issued a safety advisory to: 1. Airlines Avoid ash-affected regions and altitudes. Modify flight routes/levels. Report: engine performance anomalies cabin smoke/odour suspected ash ingestion 2. Airports Inspect runways for ash deposits. Suspend or restrict operations if contamination detected. Be ready with emergency protocols. 3. Flight Operations Adjust air traffic flow to prevent aircraft from entering ash zones. Maintain updated volcano advisories (VAAC alerts). 4. Carriers’ Response Air India cancelled nine flights (Dubai, Doha, Dammam etc.). Akasa cancelled flights to/from Jeddah, Kuwait, Abu Dhabi. How Has the Eruption Affected Global Flights? Airlines across West Asia and East Africa altered flight paths. Some flights experienced delays due to routing changes. VAACs (Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres) issued continuous warnings. Indian carriers took precautionary cancellations to avoid risk. Broader Implications Aviation Safety Reinforces global standards: “Avoid all visible ash” (ICAO) Highlights vulnerability of long-haul and Middle East-bound flights. Climate & Atmospheric Concerns Ash clouds can cool regions temporarily. SO₂ emissions can cause acid rain. Regional Cooperation Need for coordinated: meteorological services VAAC advisories air navigation planning across nations SC flags issues in payouts, free care for acid attack survivors Why is this in News? The Supreme Court has decided to re-examine why acid attack survivors—mostly young women— are not receiving the minimum ₹3 lakh compensation, and are still being denied free emergency treatment by private hospitals, despite clear Supreme Court directions for more than a decade. The case was heard by a Bench led by Justice B.V. Nagarathna. The Court has sought detailed data from NALSA on compensation disbursed across States. Relevance GS-II: Polity & Governance Failure of State machinery to enforce SC orders Role of NALSA, SLSAs, DLSAs Victim compensation schemes Criminal justice system reforms Rights of vulnerable groups GS-II: Social Justice Gender-based violence Intersection of poverty, disability, and violence Rehabilitation of victims Access to healthcare Background: How Did SC Start Intervening? A. Landmark 2006 Beginning → Laxmi Case In 2006, SC took suo motu cognisance after hearing Laxmi, an acid attack survivor. Recognised: the lifelong physical, mental, and social trauma survivors face State’s obligation to rehabilitate victims B. Key SC Orders (2013 & 2015) The Supreme Court issued binding directions: Minimum ₹3 lakh compensation for every acid attack survivor ₹1 lakh within 15 days Remaining ₹2 lakh within 2 months Ban on over-the-counter sale of acid Acid to be sold only with ID proof and justification. Mandatory free treatment for survivors Private hospitals criminally liable for refusal Immediate stabilisation + referral to specialised facilities District Legal Services Authorities (DLSAs) To function as Criminal Injuries Compensation Boards To process claims and disburse compensation quickly C. March 20, 2024 Order Survivors can approach: State Legal Services Authorities (SLSA) District Legal Services Authorities (DLSA) when compensation is delayed or denied. What Is the Issue Now? What Did Petitioners Say? The NGO Acid Survivors Saahas Foundation submitted: States (especially Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh) are giving only the initial ₹1 lakh. The remaining ₹2 lakh is not being paid at all. Private hospitals are refusing treatment until full payment is made. Survivors face: catastrophic medical costs repeated surgeries disability & loss of livelihood long rehabilitation periods The NGO said this is a humanitarian failure and a violation of multiple SC orders. Why Compensation & Free Treatment Matter (Basics) Acid attacks cause: Severe burns, disfigurement, blindness Loss of facial function, mobility 20–30 corrective surgeries Long-term psychological trauma Inability to work for months or years Thus, immediate compensation and free emergency care are vital for survival. What Did the Supreme Court Observe Now? A. SC Will Examine Why Years of Orders Are Not Followed The Court noted: Compensation remains unpaid Private hospitals continue to deny treatment Monitoring by States is weak B. SC Issued Notice to NALSA NALSA to gather: State-wise data on compensation paid Cases where payment is pending C. NALSA Statement in Court Between March 2024 – April 2025, approx. ₹484 crore has been disbursed. SC seeks detailed breakup to assess compliance. D. Direction to Chief Secretaries Bring all judicial orders to their attention. Ensure funds are released promptly to: State Legal Services Authorities District Legal Services Authorities E. Next hearing scheduled for February 3, 2026 Why the Problem Persists (Structural Issues) 1. Delays in State funding Budgets for victim compensation often inadequate. 2. Weak District Legal Services Authorities Slow verification Lack of coordination with police and hospitals 3. Poor enforcement against private hospitals No criminal cases filed Survivors forced to pay out-of-pocket 4. Acid sale continues informally Black-market sales persist Poor implementation of SC ban 5. No nationwide rehabilitation framework Limited shelters, counselling services, skill training Survivors abandoned after initial treatment Broader Social Implications Acid attacks are gendered crimes—targeting women rejecting advances or asserting autonomy. Survivors face: lifelong stigma social isolation difficulty finding employment Delays in compensation deepen inequality and exploitation. Haircuts, asset valuation Why is this in News? A Parliamentary Standing Committee on Finance has expressed serious concern about: Excessive haircuts in many Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) cases Opaque valuation practices Low recovery rates Delays in resolution The observations were made while examining the IBC Amendment Bill 2025. Committee said these issues may be undermining creditor confidence and IBC’s long-term credibility as a resolution framework. Relevance GS-III: Indian Economy Bankruptcy reforms Bad loans & NPAs Role of IBC in improving credit flows Haircuts, recovery rates, asset valuation Banking sector stability Insolvency infrastructure & NCLT reforms GS-II: Governance Parliamentary oversight Accountability in regulatory institutions (IBBI, IPs) What is the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)? Enacted in 2016 to: Consolidate insolvency laws Prioritise creditor control (CoC) Enable time-bound resolution of distressed firms Improve credit discipline Key timelines: 180 days + 90-day extension = maximum 330 days But many cases exceed these timelines. What is a “Haircut”? Definition A haircut refers to the difference between: Total amount owed by the debtor, and Actual amount recovered by creditors through an IBC resolution. Formula Example: If a company owes ₹1,000 crore and creditors recover ₹200 crore → Haircut = 80% Why Do Haircuts Happen? Borrower distress leading to low enterprise value Deterioration of assets during long insolvency timelines Poor management or diversion of funds Low interest of bidders Inefficient information memorandum Litigation & delays reducing asset value Liquidation value being low for many stressed assets Why Haircuts Are Controversial? Creditors (especially banks) incur massive losses Taxpayer money indirectly suffers (public sector banks) Questions about: valuation integrity conflict of interest among valuers collusion between bidders and promoters misuse of Section 29A loopholes High haircuts reduce trust in the insolvency ecosystem. What the Parliamentary Committee Flagged? 1. Excessive Haircuts Several cases show 95–99% haircuts. Example trends noted: Average recovery rate under IBC is only 32.8% of admitted claims. This is far below original expectations. 2. Concerns about Asset Valuation Allegations of: Inconsistent valuation methodologies “Forced sale value” ambiguities Lack of transparency in the valuers’ work In some cases, resolution value < liquidation value, indicating inefficiency. 3. Delay in Resolution Delays erode enterprise value and increase haircuts. 4. Inefficiency among Insolvency Professionals (IPs) Questions about skill levels, oversight, and accountability. 5. Low bidder participation Due to: litigation risks lack of clarity in asset value uncertain timelines Why Are Haircuts Rising? Economic Factors Many companies reach IBC at terminal stage, assets eroded. Bad loans often unresolved for years before IBC. Institutional Weakness IPs overloaded CoC not always equipped to evaluate business viability Poor documentation by debtors Legal Issues Endless litigation in NCLT/NCLAT/Supreme Court Promoters resisting takeover Challenges to eligibility of bidders Valuation Problems Discrepancies between two mandatory valuers Assets often overvalued pre-IBC, undervalued during IBC Information asymmetry hurting bidder interest What the Committee Recommended ? 1. Reduce Haircuts through Better Monitoring Strengthen oversight on resolution professionals and valuation firms. 2. Improve Transparency in Valuation Standardised procedures Independent audits of valuation in major cases Use of tech-based tools + AI for forensic valuation 3. Ensure Time-Bound Resolution Strict enforcement of 330-day limit Fast-track disposal of litigation 4. Strengthen Information Flow Digitised data rooms Standardised info memorandum 5. Improve Cross-Border Insolvency Mechanisms Critical for foreign creditor confidence. Current IBC Performance Snapshot (As of March 2023 / 2024 Updates) 1,940 cases resolved under IBC. Average recovery: 32.8% of admitted claims, up to 68% of enterprise value. Banks have realised ₹3.89 lakh crore, but haircuts remain large. High-profile cases (Essar Steel, Bhushan Steel) performed better; others have not. Why This Matters for the Indian Economy? A. Bank Balance Sheets High haircuts → high losses → poor credit growth. B. Investor Confidence Lower foreign investment because of uncertain recoveries. C. Credit Culture Borrowers may exploit delays. D. Industrial Revival Faster resolution = revival of productive assets. Why a landmark US lawsuit is accusing big brands of engineering addictive, unhealthy foods  Why is this in News? San Francisco has filed a first-of-its-kind lawsuit against 10 major global food companies—including Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, Nestlé, Mondelez, Kellogg—accusing them of: Deliberately engineering ultra-processed foods (UPFs) to be addictive Hiding scientific evidence on health impacts Deceptive and predatory marketing, especially targeting children Creating a public health crisis similar to the tobacco and opioid epidemics The legal action is globally significant as UPF-related obesity and diabetes are rising in India too. Relevance GS-II: Governance Consumer protection Public health regulation Corporate accountability Comparative regulatory models (tobacco, opioids) Judicial interventions in health crises GS-III: Public Health & Economy NCD burden in India Ultra-processed foods and metabolic diseases Food safety standards (FSSAI) Behavioural addiction science Market failures in food systems What Are Ultra-Processed Foods (UPFs)? Defined under the NOVA classification system as industrially manufactured edible products made from food-derived substances, not whole foods. Characteristics High content of: Added sugars (fructose, HFCS, maltodextrin) Modified fats Refined starches Salt Artificial flavours, colours, emulsifiers Low in: Fibre Protein quality Essential micronutrients Purpose Maximise palatability, shelf life, sales volumes, and brand loyalty. Designed to replace real food in diets. Examples Chips, biscuits, namkeen Soft drinks, energy drinks Breakfast cereals Sweetened yoghurts, processed meats Ice creams, ready-to-eat snacks Why Are UPFs Considered “Engineered Addictive”? UPFs use precise combinations of salt + sugar + fat + additives to trigger brain reward pathways. Mechanisms Stimulate dopamine release similar to addictive substances. Increase cravings and reduce satiety, promoting overeating. Artificial flavours trick the brain into expecting nutrition that the food does not deliver → nutritional mismatch. Highly soft textures reduce chewing → faster calorie intake. Marketing reinforces habit-loop behaviours. Evidence Global meta-analyses: UPF addiction prevalence 14–20% (similar to alcohol-use disorder rates). Linked to: Obesity, diabetes Cardiovascular disease Dementia Depression Cancer What Does the Lawsuit Claim? Filed under California’s Unfair Competition Law and Public Nuisance Law. Core Allegations Deliberate Engineering of Addictive Food Products Companies knowingly created UPFs designed to trigger compulsive overeating. Deceptive Marketing Targeting children, minorities, low-income families with ads emphasising fun, sports, and happiness. Withholding Evidence Comparing companies to: Tobacco firms — hiding dangers of cigarettes Opioid manufacturers — downplaying addiction risks Public Health Damage UPFs linked to: soaring rates of obesity diabetes & metabolic syndrome mental health disorders Government Cost Burden The city seeks: restitution for public health expenses civil penalties injunctions restricting marketing tactics Why Is This Considered a Landmark Case? First lawsuit directly accusing the global food industry of creating addictive edible products. Could shape global regulations similar to: tobacco warning labels trans-fat bans sugar taxes May compel food companies to disclose: formulation data internal research papers addiction-related documentation Global Context & Public Health Crisis A. Obesity Epidemic US adult obesity: nearly 42% India: obesity and diabetes rising sharply (urban + rural) B. UPF Dominance UPFs now constitute: 58% of US calories 25–30% of India’s urban calorie intake (and rising) C. Low-income households disproportionately affected UPFs are cheaper, heavily marketed, require no cooking. Why the India Link Matters ? India faces: Rising NCDs (non-communicable diseases) High soft-drink, biscuit, chips consumption among youth Weak front-of-pack labelling norms No regulation on additives linked to overeating Aggressive marketing by multinational and domestic brands School food environments dominated by UPFs UPFs are now a public health challenge for India too. Possible Implications for India Regulatory Could push India to adopt: warning labels front-of-pack nutrition grading restrictions on advertising to children Judicial Indian courts may soon face PILs challenging: aggressive UPF marketing misleading health claims school availability Economic Reformulation costs may increase for FMCG companies. Health Systems Escalating NCD expenditure if consumption trends continue.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 03 December 2025

Content Food Irradiation India’s Commitment to Disability Rights Food Irradiation Why is it in News? Government announced major push for multi-product food irradiation units under ICCVAI, PMKSY. ₹1,000 crore outlay (July 2025) exclusively earmarked for 50 new irradiation units. As of Aug 2025: 16 proposals approved, 9 operational. As of June 2025: 395 cold chain projects approved, 291 operational, 25.52 LMT preservation capacity created. Objective: reduce post-harvest losses, improve food safety, boost export competitiveness. Relevance:   GS-III: Indian Economy — Agriculture, Food Processing Modernisation of food value chains under PMKSY and ICCVAI. Reducing post-harvest losses (20–40%) → direct link to farmers’ income and agri-efficiency. Expansion of cold chain + irradiation → critical for doubling agri-exports. Enhances competitiveness via compliance with global SPS standards (Codex, FAO/WHO). GS-III: Science & Technology — Applications of Radiation Use of gamma, X-ray, and e-beam technologies in food safety. Demonstrates peaceful applications of atomic energy (BRIT, DAE role). Supports safe, non-chemical alternatives to fumigation (methyl bromide phase-out). What are Processed Foods? Any food altered from natural state using techniques like heating, canning, drying, freezing, irradiation. Objectives: safety, extended shelf life, nutritional enhancement, marketability, waste reduction. Why Food Processing Matters? Reduces spoilage & microbial hazards (Pasteurisation, sterilisation, irradiation). Extends shelf life → stabilises markets for perishables. Leads to value addition, higher farmer income, stronger agri-food chains. Supports nutritional interventions (fortification, germination, fermentation). What is Food Irradiation? Application of controlled ionising radiation to food to: Kill bacteria, viruses, moulds Destroy insects & pests Delay ripening & sprouting Extend shelf life Does not make food radioactive. Radiation Sources Used Gamma Rays (Cobalt-60) Supplied by BRIT (DAE); MoU with BRIT mandatory. X-rays High-energy photons generated via electron beam–metal target. Electron Beam (e-beam) Fast electrons, rapid processing, shallow penetration. Applications in India Potatoes, onions Spices Mangoes Cereals, pulses, oilseeds Export quarantine treatment (especially mangoes) International Scientific Endorsement Approved by Codex Alimentarius, FAO/WHO, IAEA. Supported by American Medical Association, American Dietetic Association, Institute of Food Technologists. Studies show no toxicological or nutritional risks. Benefits of Food Irradiation Prevents sprouting of tubers. Extends shelf life of fruits & vegetables. Eliminates insect infestation → boosts export quality. Reduces microbial load → prevents food-borne diseases. Complements cold chain infrastructure. Reduces post-harvest losses (India loses 30–40% fruits & veggies annually). Supports agri-exports (e.g., mangoes to US/EU). Consumer Information & Labelling FSSAI licence number. Logos: Organic, Fortification (F+), HACCP, ISO22000, FSSC, BIS, AGMARK, Vegan. Irradiation symbol (Radura). Examine nutrition labels: calories, sodium, added sugar, saturated fats. Avoid misleading claims: “natural”, “low fat”, “home-made” etc. Government Support – ICCVAI under PMKSY ICCVAI (Integrated Cold Chain & Value Addition Infrastructure) Component of PMKSY (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana). Objective: end-to-end cold chain from farm gate → retail. Addresses post-harvest losses, farmer distress sales, supply chain inefficiencies. Key Functions Scientific storage Value addition (processing, packaging) Refrigerated transport Irradiation units for perishables Funding Pattern General areas: 35% of eligible project cost (max ₹10 cr). Difficult Areas / SC–ST / FPOs / SHGs: 50% (max ₹10 cr). Difficult Areas include NE states, J&K, Ladakh, Islands, ITDP regions. Eligibility Individuals, FPOs, FPCs, SHGs, NGOs, Firms, Companies, PSUs. Land requirement: Minimum 1 acre for standalone/integrated irradiation units. Proposals online: sampada-mofpi.gov.in. Strategic Objectives of ICCVAI Reduce post-harvest losses (currently 20–25% fruits/vegetables). Increase farmer income via storage & value addition. Improve quality & safety of perishables. Stabilise market prices. Ensure year-round availability. Boost export competitiveness via global-standard safety. Major Components of ICCVAI Farm Level Infrastructure (FLI). Distribution Hub (DH). Pack Houses, Ripening Chambers. CA/Cold Stores. Refrigerated/Insulated Transport. Radiological processing units. Funding requires FLI + linkage to DH/transport. Progress & Achievements Cold Chain Infrastructure (as of June 2025) 395 approved, 291 operational since 2008. Preservation capacity: 25.52 LMT/year. Processing capacity: 114.66 LMT/year. Jobs created: 1.74 lakh. Financial Milestones 2016–17 onwards: Grants approved: ₹2,066.33 crore Released: ₹1,535.63 crore Projects operationalised: 169 Food Irradiation Units (as of Aug 2025) 16 proposals approved 9 operational, 7 under implementation Total Grants-in-aid approved: ₹112.99 crore Released: ₹68.38 crore Expanded Outlay (July 2025) Additional PMKSY allocation: ₹1,920 crore Total PMKSY allocation: ₹6,520 crore (till March 2026) Includes: 50 irradiation units (20–30 LMT additional capacity) 100 NABL-accredited FTLs Significance for India Economic Reduces wastage → raises farm incomes. Enhances competitiveness of Indian exports. Boosts food processing sector (contributes ~12% of manufacturing GVA). Food Security Stabilises supply of perishables. Enhances safety & reduces food-borne illness burden. Environmental Reduces food waste → lower climate footprint (FAO: food waste emits 4.4 Gt CO₂-eq globally). Efficient utilisation of harvest surpluses. Strategic Supports Atmanirbhar Bharat in agri-value chain. Strengthens India’s compliance with global SPS norms. Reduces dependence on chemical fumigation (e.g. methyl bromide). Challenges High initial CAPEX for irradiation units. Limited awareness among farmers & consumers. Misconceptions about “radiation” & food safety. Need for trained radiation safety personnel. Logistics integration with wider cold chain still uneven. Rural connectivity gaps affect collection & distribution efficiency. Way Forward Strengthen farmer awareness through Krishi Vigyan Kendras & FPO networks. Incentivise private investment through expanded subsidies. Integrate irradiation with digital traceability (blockchain, QR-based tracking). Promote irradiation for export-oriented clusters (mango, spices, onions). Facilitate BRIT capacity enhancement for Cobalt-60 production & supply. Strengthen last-mile refrigerated transport networks. Conclusion Food irradiation is emerging as a scientifically robust, economically efficient, and export-enabling technology within India’s modernising food ecosystem. With strong government push under ICCVAI/PMKSY, India is creating a resilient, integrated cold chain that minimises losses, enhances safety, increases farm incomes, and ensures reliable availability of high-quality food. The scaling of irradiation units, alongside testing labs and cold chain expansion, marks a critical transition towards a future-ready, low-waste, high-value food system. India’s Commitment to Disability Rights Why Is This in News? Government highlighted major achievements in disability inclusion ahead of International Day of Persons with Disabilities (3 December). Launch of revamped Sugamya Bharat App, expanded ISL Digital Repository (3,189 e-content videos), and updates on national schemes (ADIP, SIPDA, UDID, PM-DAKSH). Recent large-scale events (Divya Kala Mela, Purple Fest 2025) showcased government efforts on accessibility, skilling, and digital inclusion. Relevance:   GS-II: Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections Disability inclusion aligned with RPwD Act, SIPDA, UDID, ADIP, NDFDC. Government interventions for assistive devices, livelihood, education, rehabilitation. National institutes, CRCs, PM-DAKSH enabling skilling and job linkage. GS-II: Social Justice, Equality, Rights Enforcement of Articles 14, 15, 16, 41, 46 for equitable access. Rights-based approach replacing charity model → core constitutional values. Reservation in jobs and education; anti-discrimination mandates. GS-II: Governance & Administration Digital public infrastructure: UDID, Sugamya Bharat App, ISL e-library. Standardisation of disability certification and service delivery. Regulation of rehabilitation professionals (RCI Act). Disability Rights — Constitutional & International Context Constitutional grounding: Equality before law (Article 14), non-discrimination (Articles 15–16). Social justice and empowerment under Directive Principles (Articles 41, 46). UNCRPD: India is a signatory (2007), driving accessibility-centric laws and programmes. Census 2011: PwDs: 2.68 crore (2.21% of population). Male: 1.50 crore, Female: 1.18 crore. Legal and Policy Framework 1. Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016 Replaced 1995 Act; effective from 19 April 2017. Expanded disability categories from 7 to 21. Mandates: 4% reservation in government jobs, 5% in higher education. Barrier-free access in public buildings, transport, ICT. Inclusive education and community-based living. Centralised disability certification (UDID integration). 2. National Trust Act (1999) Welfare for persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Intellectual Disability & Multiple Disabilities. Runs group homes, respite care, and guardian systems. 3. Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI) Act, 1992 Regulates training and certification of rehabilitation professionals; maintains national register. 4. SIPDA (Scheme for Implementation of RPwD Act) Umbrella programme supporting Ministries/States in accessibility, awareness, skill development, and inclusion. Key Government Schemes & Initiatives 1. Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan), 2015 Aims for universal accessibility in: Built environment Transport systems ICT services Revamped Sugamya Bharat App (2025): Accessibility mapping/rating of public spaces. Digital directory of schemes, jobs, scholarships. Grievance redressal for accessibility complaints. Supports assistive tech, voice navigation, multi-language UI. 2. ADIP Scheme (1981) Provides assistive aids/devices + corrective surgeries. Covers hearing aids, wheelchairs, prosthetics, cochlear implants. Case Highlight: Cochlear implant success story of Kritika (Nagpur). 3. Deendayal Divyangjan Rehabilitation Scheme (DDRS) Financial assistance to NGOs for special education, training, and rehabilitation services. 4. National Divyangjan Finance & Development Corporation (NDFDC) Concessional loans for entrepreneurship. DSY: Loans for self-employment. VMY: Microfinance via SHGs/JLGs. 5. Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India (ALIMCO) Only Indian PSU manufacturing a full range of assistive devices. Setting up Pradhanmantri Divyasha Kendras (PMDKs) across national institutes. 6. Unique Disability ID (UDID) Centralised national database. Single ID ensures uniformity, transparency, and targeted delivery. Includes online applications, renewals, MIS tracking, future scalability. 7. PM-DAKSH-DEPwD Portal One-stop platform for skill development and employment: Divyangjan Kaushal Vikas: 250+ skill courses, UDID-based enrolment. Rozgar Setu: 3,000+ geo-tagged job listings; MoUs with private companies. 8. National Institutes & CRCs 9 National Institutes + 30 CRCs providing rehabilitation, training, R&D, and outreach. Purple Fest 2025 (Goa) India’s largest inclusion festival. Key launches: Revamped Sugamya Bharat App. IELTS Handbook for PwDs. RPL Certification for ISL interpreters/SODA/CODA. Training programmes in ASL/BSL for ISL professionals. Promotion of Indian Sign Language (ISL) ISLRTC (Nodal Body) Established 2015 under DEPwD. Key achievements: World’s largest ISL Digital Repository (3,189 videos; 2,200+ glossary videos). ISL Dictionary > 10,000 terms. Channel 31 under PM e-Vidya dedicated to ISL training. ISL translation of NCERT textbooks (Classes 1–12) to be completed by 2026. PRASHAST App: screened 92 lakh+ students for early disability detection. Strengths Strong rights-based legislative framework aligned with UNCRPD. Digital-first inclusion strategy (UDID, Sugamya Bharat App, PM-DAKSH). Rapid expansion of ISL ecosystem — repository, dictionary, training channels. Economic empowerment through NDFDC, skill programmes, Divya Kala Melas. Challenges Physical accessibility in public spaces remains uneven across States. Delayed disability certification; rural areas lack trained assessors. Assistive devices market still dependent on imports despite ALIMCO. Learning materials in ISL need faster translation cycles. Employment for PwDs remains below 1% in many sectors. Way Forward Seamless integration of disability inclusion in Smart Cities and urban design. Strengthening local-level rehabilitation services via Panchayati Raj institutions. Incentivising private sector hiring via tax benefits and accessibility ratings. Expanding ISL interpreter workforce and formalising ISL as a recognised language. Conclusion India’s disability rights movement has shifted from a welfare approach to a rights-based, accessibility-driven model. The combination of strong legislation, digital inclusion tools, targeted financial schemes, assistive technology expansion, and large-scale awareness festivals reflects a maturing, institutionalised framework. These initiatives collectively aim to build a society where persons with disabilities participate fully and independently, with dignity and equal opportunity.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 03 December 2025

Content A template for security cooperation in the Indian Ocean Zero stars A template for security cooperation in the Indian Ocean Why is it in News? India hosted the 7th NSA-level Colombo Security Conclave (CSC) Summit on 20 Nov 2025. Chaired by NSA Ajit Doval; attended by Sri Lanka, Maldives, Mauritius, Bangladesh; Seychelles joined as a full member; Malaysia participated as a guest. Summit signals deepening cooperation in Indian Ocean maritime security, non-traditional threats, and India’s growing role amid China’s expanding footprint in the region. Relevance GS 2 – International Relations India’s neighbourhood-first policy Sub-regional groupings (CSC vs IORA vs BIMSTEC) India’s maritime diplomacy Impact of China’s presence in Indian Ocean Regional security cooperation and institutional mechanisms GS 3 – Internal Security Maritime security Non-traditional threats (trafficking, cyber, HADR) Coastal security architecture Undersea cable protection Blue economy–security linkages GS 3 – Disaster Management HADR coordination Climate-driven maritime vulnerabilities Practice Question “The Colombo Security Conclave has emerged as India’s most effective sub-regional maritime security platform, but its long-term relevance depends on institutionalisation and consensus-building.” Analyse.(250 Words) What is the Colombo Security Conclave (CSC)? Origin: Started in 2011 as a trilateral (India–Sri Lanka–Maldives). Dormancy: Lost momentum due to political transitions in Sri Lanka & Maldives; lack of convergence. Revival: Reborn in 2020 with a renewed mandate and expanded scope. Full Members (2025): India, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Mauritius (joined 2022), Bangladesh (2024), Seychelles (2025). Observers/Guests: Seychelles (earlier), Mauritius (earlier), Malaysia (guest 2025). Objective: A sub-regional security grouping aimed at strengthening cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) on Maritime Security Counter-terrorism Trafficking & Transnational Crime Cybersecurity HADR (increasingly linked) Significance of CSC in the IOR IOR = high-stakes region World’s busiest sea lanes 80% of global seaborne trade, 65% of oil shipments Hub for great-power rivalry Security architecture fragmented: No single comprehensive IOR security framework → CSC fills a sub-regional vacuum. Focus on Non-Traditional Security (NTS): Illegal fishing Maritime accidents Climate-driven disasters Drug trafficking Terror routes Cyber threats to ports & shipping Why CSC Matters Now (2025 Context) ? Geopolitical churn: Indo-Pacific realignments; Chinese naval expansion (bases, surveillance network, dual-use ports). Regional instabilities: Sri Lanka’s debt crisis legacy Maldives’ foreign-policy swings Bangladesh’s domestic uncertainties Development-security nexus: Small island states depend on oceans for GDP, trade, tourism, fisheries → require secure seas. New opportunities: Blue Economy, undersea cable protection, marine minerals, maritime connectivity. Key Outcomes/Highlights of the 2025 Summit Seychelles inducted as full member → major strengthening of western Indian Ocean representation. Malaysia participates as guest → signals possible future expansion into a wider Indo-Pacific security cluster. Reinforces India’s leadership in shaping sub-regional security architecture. Shows momentum toward institutionalisation and deeper multi-level cooperation. Strategic Drivers China Factor India’s Priority: Growing Chinese naval deployments, survey ships, PLA support bases (Djibouti; potential in Maldives/Sri Lanka). Dual-use ports (Hambantota) Undersea mapping → military relevance Member-State Divergence: Sri Lanka, Maldives, Bangladesh, Mauritius → rely on China for infrastructure and investments. Do not publicly label China as a security threat. Implication: India must calibrate CSC agenda without framing it as an “anti-China bloc”. Need consensus on NTS issues to avoid politicisation. Institutional Weakness Structure limited to NSA-level consultations. No permanent secretariat, working groups inconsistent across members. Requires: Permanent institutional mechanism Regular technical exercises Data-sharing agreements Maritime domain awareness (MDA) integration Legal harmonisation on transnational crimes Domestic Political Volatility Bangladesh’s internal political transition → uncertain continuity in foreign policy. Maldives’ cycles of pro-India/pro-China shifts affect CSC stability. Sri Lanka’s slow economic recovery risks inconsistent engagement. Development–Security Interlinkages (Core to CSC) Coastal livelihoods (fisheries, ports): directly dependent on safe seas. Tourism economies threatened by maritime crime and climate events. Blue Economy requires stable waters. Undersea cables (carry 95% of global data) → high vulnerability; CSC crucial for coordinated protection. Strengths of CSC India provides: Surveillance aircraft, coastal radars, joint patrols Training & capacity-building Disaster relief logistics Cybersecurity assistance Expanding membership → rising legitimacy NTS focus → less geopolitical friction among members. Challenges to CSC Divergent threat perceptions on China Resource asymmetry among small islands Coordination overlaps with other IOR groups (IORA, IOC, QUAD maritime initiatives) Ensuring continuity amidst domestic political flux Limited institutional depth Way Forward Institutionalisation: Secretariat, annual calendar, joint working groups Permanent MDA fusion cell integrating coastal radars and naval inputs Capacity-Building: Indian assistance in maritime law enforcement, cyber, digital forensics Legal Harmonisation: Anti-trafficking conventions, drug laws, maritime rules Expand Agenda: Climate-security Blue economy regulation Undersea cable protection Joint disaster response Balanced Diplomacy: Address China-related concerns subtly without alienating members. Conclusion CSC has emerged as India’s most effective sub-regional maritime security platform. 2025 summit marks greater cohesion, expanded membership, and strategic relevance amid evolving Indo-Pacific dynamics. Future success depends on institutional resilience, consensus-building, and addressing member-state asymmetries while navigating China’s growing footprint in the Indian Ocean. Zero stars  Why is it in News? On Nov 28 and Dec 1, 2025, the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) issued two directives: SIM Binding: Messaging accounts must be disabled if the physical SIM is removed. Mandatory Pre-installation of Sanchar Saathi App on all new smartphones by March 2026, visible during device setup and not allowed to be disabled. Aim: Combat cybercrime, spoofed IMEIs, digital impersonation, and fake devices. Trigger: Rise in “digital arrests”, spoofed IMEIs, cross-border fraud, government impersonation scams. Controversy: Concerns over privacy, surveillance, proportionality, and OS-level privileges. Relevance GS Paper 2 – Governance Privacy vs security Digital regulation Policy proportionality (Puttaswamy Judgment) Executive directives vs legislative oversight GS Paper 3 – Internal Security Cybercrime rise IMEI spoofing, digital arrests, cross-border fraud Cyber forensics and device traceability Surveillance concerns & cybersecurity risks GS Paper 3 – Science & Tech Mobile security architecture Device authentication mechanisms OS-level permissions and backdoor vulnerabilities Practice Question   Critically examine whether mandating compulsory pre-installation of the Sanchar Saathi app satisfies the constitutional standards of necessity and proportionality in addressing rising cybercrime in India.(250 Words) What is Sanchar Saathi? Government’s digital platform by DoT to help citizens: Verify IMEI authenticity, report lost/stolen phones, block/unblock devices. Identify SIMs issued under one’s name. Existing verification channels already available: Web portals, SMS verification, USSD codes. What is SIM Binding? Enforces that messaging apps deactivate an account if the physical SIM is removed. Goal: Prevent criminals from using apps anonymously after discarding SIMs. Effect: Reduces fake identities used in “digital arrest” and impersonation scams. RISING CYBERCRIME: Why the Government Acted ? Surge in: Digital arrest scams (fake police/CBI calls). Cross-border fraud networks using encrypted apps. Spoofed IMEI devices → untraceable. SIM discard anonymity loopholes in messaging apps. Law enforcement struggles due to: No device-user linkage, Easily cloned IMEI numbers, App accounts functioning without SIM presence. Benefits the Government Intends Stronger device traceability through verified IMEI. Crackdown on fake devices (15–20% of low-cost market estimated counterfeit). Better crime attribution to a specific handset. Reduces anonymity of cyber-fraudsters. Why Critics Call It “Overkill” ? Excessive Access inside Operating System Directive demands the app be visible at setup and cannot be disabled. This implies higher OS privileges, likely including: Camera access Phone/SMS logs Device identifiers Background activity Creates surveillance infrastructure even if not used abusively. Fails the Constitutional Test of Proportionality (K.S. Puttaswamy Judgment, 2017) Legality: Exists under executive directive, but not legislated. Necessity: There are less intrusive verification mechanisms. Proportionality: Mandating a high-privilege app for an entire population is disproportionate to the goal. Alternatives Already Exist Website IMEI check SMS-based verification USSD codes These require no intrusive OS-level application. Precedent of Surveillance Misuse Past Pegasus controversy → creates fear of state monitoring. Larger implications: Democratic chilling effect Self-censorship Undermining trust in government digital systems. High Cybersecurity Risk If app has elevated permissions, a compromise/hack can impact millions of devices simultaneously. Creates a single point of failure in national cybersecurity. Pushback from Industry Reports indicate privacy-sensitive manufacturers like Apple resisting compliance. Major concerns: OS integrity User experience disruption Global data protection compliance. SIM Binding: A Mixed Measure Pros Closes an important anonymity loophole. Directly addresses many fraud techniques. Cons May disrupt messaging app usability (e.g., WhatsApp while switching devices/SIMs). Raises interoperability issues for eSIM users. Implications for Citizens Constant device-level monitoring possibility. Compulsory presence of a government app, non-removable. Erosion of “informed consent”, a cornerstone of digital rights. Broader Governance and Security Implications India is moving toward hard security approaches to cybercrimes. Risk of turning smartphones into surveillance endpoints under the pretext of security. Absence of a comprehensive Data Protection Law exacerbates concerns. Way Forward 1. Use Less Intrusive Tools Strengthen USSD/SMS/portal-based verification. Encrypt IMEI linking at telecom-provider level. 2. Avoid Mandatory Pre-Installation Instead, offer it as opt-in, with clear permissions. 3. Legislative Backing Enact a law regulating device verification and privacy safeguards. 4. Independent Audits Conduct regular cybersecurity audits of the app. 5. Public Transparency Publish: Data flow Access logs Permission rationale Third-party evaluations. Conclusion Mandating Sanchar Saathi pre-installation with non-removable functionality is a disproportionate response to legitimate cybercrime challenges. The approach increases risk of surveillance, OS-level vulnerabilities, and fails the privacy proportionality test. Strengthening existing low-intrusion verification tools and enhancing telecom-level security offers a more balanced, constitutionally sound path forward.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 03 December 2025

Content DoT Order to Pre-Install Sanchar Saathi App Why There Is No Peace in Ukraine Why the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) Needs Complete Digitisation Only 20% of Candidates Accepted PM Internship Scheme Offers WHO Issues First Global Guidelines on GLP-1 Weight-Loss Drugs How the River Kosi’s Shifting Course Exposes the Perils of Embankments DoT Order to Pre-Install Sanchar Saathi App  Why Is It in the News? DoT issued a mandatory order directing all smartphone manufacturers to pre-install the Sanchar Saathi app on every device sold in India. Triggered political backlash (Opposition leaders calling it unilateral, undemocratic). Digital rights activists raised concerns over privacy, informed consent, and surveillance. Experts warned that pre-installed, non-removable apps can access OS-level permissions, creating potential pathways for malware/spying. Relevance GS-II: Governance Executive overreach vs citizen rights; informed consent; digital governance ethics. Accountability gaps: absence of statutory backing for mandatory apps. Public consultation deficits in tech regulation. GS-II: Polity (Fundamental Rights) Right to Privacy (Puttaswamy test: legality–necessity–proportionality). Surveillance concerns, metadata collection, state intrusion. GS-III: Cybersecurity Risk of system apps with OS-level permissions. Threat surface expansion; malware vector risks; IMEI–identity linking. What is Sanchar Saathi? Launched by DoT in 2023 as a web portal, later upgraded to a mobile app. Objective: Counter telecom fraud, enable blocking of stolen devices, verify IMEI authenticity. Key functions: Report fraudulent calls/number misuse. Check IMEI genuineness via CEIR. Request blocking/unblocking of stolen/ lost phones. Monitor numbers linked to a single identity (TAFCOP component). What Does the New DoT Mandate Require? Pre-installation on all new smartphones sold in India. Likely non-removable, as most pre-loaded system apps are integrated into OEM firmware. No public consultation before mandating. Not backed by a specific Act of Parliament. Why Did Government Push It? (Official Rationale) Sharp rise in online fraud, “digital arrest” scams, impersonation and cross-border cybercrime. Increase in IMEI spoofing, sale of fake devices. App-based services like WhatsApp/Telegram can function even when SIM credentials change → traceability gap. Aim: strengthen device-SIM-identity link and support real-time cybercrime response. Concerns Raised (Governance, Legal, Technical) A. Governance Concerns Absence of consultation with industry/citizens. Mandatory installation contradicts the principle of informed consent. Risks of normalising state-pushed software on personal devices. B. Legal and Constitutional Concerns Must pass Puttaswamy (2017) tests: Legality: no explicit law authorising such surveillance-enabling installations. Necessity: alternatives available (portal/SMS verification). Proportionality: intrusive, continuous access to device metadata possible. Could blur lines between regulation and surveillance. C. Technical & Cybersecurity Concerns Pre-installed apps often gain OS-level privileges (system apps). Users often cannot uninstall them → persistent capability. As cybersecurity expert Anand Venkatanarayanan noted: Once an app has system-level access, an over-the-air update can give it deeper permissions. Creates a potential single point of failure if app is compromised. Government becomes a potential malware vector—a major red flag. D. Risks of Abuse Potential for continuous digital supervision (CPI-M MP John Brittas). Could enable mass metadata collection across millions of devices. History of spyware allegations (Pegasus) intensifies distrust. Manufacturer pushback: compromises secure OS architecture (Apple’s protest expected). Broader Implications Expands executive authority without legislative scrutiny. Sets precedent: government apps may be forced on all devices in future. Could impact India’s reputation on digital rights and data protection. Could weaken India’s cybersecurity posture if exploited by threat actors. International Practices Democratic countries rarely mandate pre-installed government apps. Exceptions: South Korea’s disaster alert apps (voluntary install, not system apps). Covid apps globally were voluntary (UK, EU, Japan). India’s approach resembles state-led firmware intervention, not standard global regulation. Critical Overview Strengths (Limited but Relevant) Helps combat rising telecom fraud. Facilitates faster IMEI tracking. Streamlines reporting of stolen devices. Major Weaknesses Disproportionate → security benefits achievable without deep device intrusion. Undermines autonomy and informed consent. High systemic cybersecurity risk. Weak accountability → no statutory oversight. Diminishes trust in government technology. Way Forward Shift from mandatory to opt-in installation. Run Sanchar Saathi as a service layer, not firmware layer. Enact a statutory framework defining digital surveillance limits. Conduct third-party security audits, open-source app code. Keep IMEI–SIM linkage at the telecom backend, not user device. Launch transparent public consultation with industry, civil society. Conclusion The DoT’s move stems from a genuine rise in cybercrime but adopts a legally weak, technologically intrusive, and governance-deficient route. Mandatory pre-installation transforms a user’s smartphone into a potential instrument of persistent digital oversight. The policy must be redesigned along principles of proportionality, transparency, and privacy-by-design. Why is there no peace in Ukraine? Why Is It in the News? New U.S. (Trump administration)–led peace plan for the Russia–Ukraine war has been circulated to stakeholders. The plan is far less favourable to Ukraine than the 2022 Istanbul framework. Comes amid Ukrainian battlefield setbacks (Pokrovsk, Kupiansk), Western fatigue, domestic corruption scandals, and Trump’s shift in U.S. policy. Marks a major turning point: Ukraine is weaker, Russia stronger, and Western alignment fractured. Relevance GS-II: International Relations Power shifts in Russia–Ukraine conflict; failure of 2022 Istanbul process. Changing US foreign policy under Trump; “Reverse Kissinger” realignment attempt. Europe’s strategic autonomy gaps & NATO credibility questions. GS-I/World History Territorial annexation, violation of post-1945 norms; coercive peace frameworks. GS-II: Global Governance Erosion of international law due to legitimising territorial conquest. UN diplomacy limitations; great-power politics shaping peace frameworks. Timeline of Peace Attempts (2022–2025) A. Early 2022: Belarus → Turkey Talks Days after Russia invaded (Feb 2022), both sides opened negotiations in Belarus. Russian troops pushed towards Kharkiv and Kherson, aiming for a quick victory. B. March 2022 Istanbul Talks Mediated by Turkey; first serious diplomatic breakthrough. Ukraine indicated willingness to: Renounce NATO membership, Recognise Russian as an official language, Accept neutrality under multilateral security guarantees. Russia signalled readiness to: Withdraw to pre-Feb 24, 2022 lines, keeping Crimea and parts of Donetsk/Luhansk. Fiona Hill & Angela Stent (Foreign Affairs, 2022): Both sides reached a tentative interim settlement outline. C. Collapse of the Istanbul Process Western powers hesitant to offer hard security guarantees to Ukraine. Boris Johnson reportedly urged Kyiv to continue fighting. Zelenskyy grew confident after Russia withdrew from Kyiv–Chernihiv. Result: Ukraine resumed war → later expelled Russian forces from Kharkiv and Kherson (late 2022). Russia retaliated by: Annexing four more regions (Sept 2022), Launching partial mobilisation, Settling into a long-war strategy. Shift in Strategic Landscape (2023–2025) A. Military 2023 Ukrainian counter-offensive failed decisively → military option closed. Russia adapted to sanctions, stabilised economy, and improved defence lines. By 2024–25: Russia regained initiative → capture of Pokrovsk marks major advance. B. Political Zelenskyy extended term under martial law; recent corruption scandals eroded legitimacy. U.S. under Biden: “support as long as it takes”. U.S. under Trump: Views war as lost, Shifts burden to Europe, Seeks potential reset with Russia, including a “Reverse Kissinger” (tilting Russia away from China). Trump’s 28-Point Peace Plan: Key Features A. Territorial Settlement (Favors Russia) Crimea, Luhansk, Donetsk recognised as “de facto Russian”. Ukraine must withdraw from Donetsk (Russia currently controls ~80%). Contact lines in Kherson and Zaporizhzhia frozen → Russia keeps captured areas. Other seized territories outside annexed oblasts returned by Russia. B. Military Terms Ukraine must cap military strength at 600,000 personnel. Demilitarised buffer areas likely around the frontline. C. NATO Issue (Core Russian Demand) Ukraine must constitutionally renounce NATO membership. NATO must legally commit that Ukraine will never be admitted. Ukraine can join the EU. D. Security Guarantees Separate 3-point draft proposes NATO-style assurances for 10 years, renewable. Significant Russian attack treated as threat to transatlantic security. E. Sanctions & Russia’s Reintegration Russia to be reintegrated into global economy. Sanctions can be lifted; Russia could rejoin G8. Long-term U.S.–Russia economic cooperation (conditional). Russia to enact legal non-aggression commitments. Why Is the Plan Considered Pro-Russia? Ukraine loses ~20% of its pre-2014 territory permanently. NATO door shut irreversibly. Russia’s gains legitimised; its losses not fully reversed. Security guarantees for Ukraine remain vague. Russia receives economic reintegration even without full withdrawal. U.S. role shifts from active military supporter to mediator with Russia. Zelenskyy’s Dilemma If he accepts: Effectively admits Russian victory. Major political blow at home → backlash from military, nationalist groups. Legitimacy crisis given expired term + corruption scandals. Loss of territory becomes permanent. If he rejects: U.S. may withdraw support, further isolating Ukraine. Risk of losing more territory in prolonged war. Europe alone cannot sustain Ukraine financially/militarily. Europe’s Position Germany, France, U.K. vow continued support but lack U.S.-scale capability. European unity under strain due to energy, defence readiness, budget fatigue. Europe fears Trump’s plan may entrench Russian strategic advantages. Ground Reality (Dec 2025) A. Russia Controls: All of Crimea, All of Luhansk, ~80% of Donetsk, Significant parts of Kherson & Zaporizhzhia, Slowly advancing in Kharkiv region. War economy stabilised; military industrial production revived. B. Ukraine Facing power outages due to strikes on grid. Economic collapse prevented only through Western aid. Morale eroding; no feasible path to offensive victory. Why Istanbul Moment Cannot Return ? 2022: Russia was on back foot → willing for concessions. 2025: Russia has battlefield momentum + geopolitical leverage. Ukraine now negotiating from weakness, not parity. Trump plan reflects changed power balance, not diplomatic creativity. Implications for Global Politics A. U.S.–Russia–China Triangle Trump may pursue Reverse Kissinger: Draw Russia away from China to weaken Beijing. Success uncertain due to deep Russia-China alignment. B. NATO Credibility Forcing Ukraine to give up NATO path may weaken NATO’s moral authority. Sets precedent that military pressure can force Western concessions. C. International Law Legitimising territorial conquest undermines post-1945 rules. Conclusion Peace efforts collapsed in 2022 due to Western hesitation and Ukrainian optimism. Strategic balance shifted sharply in Russia’s favour over 2023–25. Trump plan formalises Ukraine’s territorial losses and neutrality. Ukraine in 2025 faces its toughest moment: military setbacks + political crisis + U.S. pressure. The new plan is a coercive peace, not a negotiated settlement. Why the SIR needs to be completely digitised  What is Special Intensive Revision (SIR)? Periodic exercise by the Election Commission to update, correct, and verify electoral rolls. Traditionally meant to remove dead/shifted voters, include new voters, and correct errors. Requires accurate foundational records for reliability. Relevance GS-II: Governance Electoral roll integrity; administrative capacity; citizen–state interaction. Digital governance failures due to legacy datasets. GS-II: Polity – Elections Role of Election Commission; BLO functioning; voter rights protection. Challenges to free, fair, and inclusive elections due to faulty rolls. GS-III: Technology in Governance Need for structured, searchable databases; Aadhaar/PAN integration with safeguards. Digital workflow vs paper-based systems; reducing human error. Why This Issue Is in News? SIR 2.0 depends on legacy voter rolls (2002–04) created manually on paper. India’s advanced digital systems (ECINet, Aadhaar-based verification, online EF system) are not fully used. Result: widespread errors, non-searchable data, mass deletions, voter panic, and operational delays. Core Problem: Weak Foundation “Garbage in, garbage out” rule: flawed base data = flawed electoral rolls, no matter the procedure. 2002–04 rolls have: Manual entries, handwritten, high spelling variation. No standardised metadata or searchable fields. Missing EPICs, house numbers, surnames, gender/age inconsistencies. Zero digitisation quality control. Evidence of Failure in Legacy Rolls Random audits reveal anomalies: Entries implying polygamy (two wives with same husband name). Incomplete names like “Rakesh”, “Vir”, “Sahgal/Sangal” mismatched spellings. Missing EPIC numbers, addresses, and house numbers. Author (IIT/DRDO/IITK professor) scanned thousands of entries and couldn’t find his own record despite voting for decades. Non-searchable PDFs make identification practically impossible. Systemic Regression: Why SIR 2.0 Fails Falls back to paper-era workflow: BLOs collect paper forms → later digitised manually → verified again → digitally uploaded. Massive delays: Over 50% of Uttar Pradesh’s EFs undigitised (EC statement, Nov 27). Low digital skills among BLOs: errors, delays, inconsistent formats. Voters forced to: Bring paper photos. Submit duplicate proofs. Make multiple visits. ECINet vs Legacy SIR: Stark Underutilisation ECINet Capabilities (Modern System) One-billion–record searchable database. Searchable by name, mobile, EPIC, DOB, address, relatives. Duplicate detection, Aadhaar linking, auto-verification. Online EF filing, constituency locator, grievance tracking. Legacy SIR Reality Non-searchable PDFs. Manual forms, manual corrections. Broken search interface → “error” or “no details found”. EC disclaims ownership: “rolls published exactly as received from CEOs”. Key Administrative Issues EC expects voters to remember where they voted in 2002–04, unrealistic after 20 years. EPIC cards from those years not archived; voters relied on scrap slips. BLOs often demand unnecessary documents (birth certificate, extra address proof) contrary to EC guidelines. For voters deleted from rolls: Online Form 6 forces them to declare as first-time voters, introducing further distortions. Approval requirements for minor corrections via Form 8 are restrictive and slow. Consequences Millions cannot locate or verify their names. Errors propagate through the system because the foundational dataset is unverified. Panic among citizens, overload on BLOs, political tensions during elections. Months-long disruption instead of a clean-up. What Should Have Been Done ? Digital-only workflow, eliminating paper forms entirely. Deploy mobile kiosks with trained personnel for citizens lacking digital skills. Build searchable databases for legacy rolls before initiating SIR. Integrate Aadhaar (with safeguards), PAN, local body records via API checks. Uniform standards for names, addresses, metadata. Transformation Blueprint: Fully Digital SIR 2026 a) Complete Digitisation Convert all State/UT rolls (2002–04 included) into English-searchable structured datasets. Regional scripts kept as display only, not for search logic. b) Data Integration Merge legacy data with reliable datasets: Aadhaar Income Tax/PAN Driving licence Local body property records Automated consistency checks. c) Voter Classification Stable-address voters. Frequent movers. Citizenship/immigration ambiguity cases. d) Online EF Submission 100% online workflows (mobile + web). Kiosks for rural/elderly users. Dedicated trained digital staff. e) Digitise All Post-Submission Steps Document verification, approval, objections, final roll publication – all within ECINet. Real-time tracking of corrections/deletions. Benefits of a Fully Digital System Eliminates legacy errors permanently. Single national database → consistent, verifiable, auditable. Faster approvals, real-time grievance handling. Massive reduction in human errors and BLO overload. Ensures transparency, trust, and electoral integrity. The Way Ahead Digital SIR is not optional — essential for a credible democratic process. Most reforms are immediately implementable; only deep integration may extend beyond SIR 2.0. Once digitised, future revisions become simple annual updates, not massive crisis-driven exercises. SIR 2026 must become a technology-led trust revolution, not a paper-driven crisis. Only 20% of candidates accepted PM Internship Scheme offers: data What is the PM Internship Scheme? A national-scale internship programme announced in Union Budget 2024. Objective: Provide 1 crore internships in five years in top Indian companies. Designed to bridge: industry–academia gap, employability skills, and early career exposure for youth. Implemented via Ministry of Corporate Affairs; companies post internships on a central portal. Relevance GS-II: Governance Scheme design flaws; weak policy feedback loops; centre–industry coordination gaps. Budget utilisation issues; outcome vs output mismatch. GS-III: Economy Labour market dynamics; employability and skilling ecosystem. Youth job-preparedness and industry-academia mismatch. GS-II: Social Sector Development Youth aspirations; access barriers; regional disparities. Internship quality norms; role clarity; stipend adequacy. Why is it in News? Data presented in Parliament shows low acceptance and high dropout rates. Despite exceeding target of 1.25 lakh internship offers for the pilot, only 20% of candidates accepted across two rounds. Nearly 20% of those who accepted quit mid-way, raising concerns about scheme design, workplace quality, and alignment with youth expectations. Pilot Scale & Targets Pilot launched in October 2024, target: 1.25 lakh internships in one year. Total internships posted (Round 1 + Round 2): 2.45 lakh+ opportunities. Key Numbers (Two Rounds Combined) 1.65 lakh offers made by companies. 33,300 offers accepted → Acceptance rate: 20.2%. 6,618 candidates left prematurely → Dropout rate: 19.9% among accepted candidates. Round-wise Performance Round 1 Opportunities posted: 1.27 lakh. Applications: 6.21 lakh. Offers made: 82,000. Accepted: 8,700 (10.6% acceptance). Dropouts: 4,565 → More than 50% of interns quit mid-way. Round 2 (January onwards) Opportunities posted: 1.18 lakh. Applications: 4.55 lakh. Offers made: 83,000+. Accepted: 24,600 (30% acceptance). Dropouts: 2,053 → 8.3% quit rate. Youth Response: Why Only 20% Acceptance? Data indicates candidates declined offers due to: Location mismatch (internships far from home; low stipends insufficient to support relocation). Unsuitable roles (low-skilled tasks, perceived lack of value). Long durations incompatible with academic calendars/exams. Many internships may not align with career aspirations or sector preferences. High Dropout Rates: Key Reasons Poor role clarity and limited learning outcomes. Inadequate mentorship, long work hours, or project irrelevance. Stipend-quality mismatch: opportunity cost remains high for many students. Mismatch between expectations (skill-building) and reality (routine administrative tasks). Better opportunities elsewhere (private platforms/placements). Utilisation of Funds Original pilot budget: ₹840 crore. Revised allocation (FY 2024–25): ₹380 crore. Actual utilisation so far: ₹73.72 crore. Low utilisation reflects low participation and operational delays. Structural Challenges in PMIS Geographical concentration of opportunities in large metros; rural/remote candidates unable to relocate. Sector skew: many roles posted in sales, operations, basic admin; fewer in high-skill domains. Insufficient company participation from top-tier firms. Lack of flexibility in internship timings and duration. Portal-based recruitment lacks personalised matching, career guidance, or screening support. Implications Indicates a misalignment between scheme design and youth aspirations. Calls into question feasibility of reaching the target of 1 crore internships. Poor internship experience could undermine employability goals. High dropout → signals issues in internship quality, company readiness, or monitoring. Low acceptance → reflects need for stronger incentives for both companies and interns. Required Reforms Stipend rationalisation based on city tiers and living cost. Remote/hybrid internship options to expand reach. Sector diversification: tech, digital, green economy, EV, logistics, AI, MSMEs. Academic integration: credit-linked internships through universities. Quality assurance framework: standardised projects, mentorship norms, feedback loop. Improved matching algorithm on the portal to align skills–roles–location. Performance-based incentives for companies ensuring high-quality mentorship. Conclusion The pilot achieved numbers in terms of offers, not uptake. The bottleneck is not supply but acceptance and retention. For the scheme to succeed at national scale: Roles must be meaningful. Stipends must be realistic. Duration must be flexible. Companies must be accountable. Without addressing these structural issues, scaling to 1 crore internships in 5 years is unlikely. GLP-1 drugs Why is it in News? On 1 December 2025, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued its first global guidelines on the use of GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) weight-loss drugs for treating adult obesity. WHO formally recognised GLP-1 therapies as effective, but issued conditional recommendations due to limited long-term data, high costs, and global inequity in access. The decision has major implications for public health, global obesity economics, and equitable access to new metabolic drugs. Relevance GS-II: Health WHO’s first global obesity-drug guidelines; global obesity governance. Integration of pharmacotherapy with behavioural interventions. GS-III: Science & Tech GLP-1 mechanism; metabolic diseases; long-term safety questions. Supply-demand imbalance; counterfeit risks. GS-II: Equity & Public Policy High cost; insurance gaps; unequal access in LMICs. Role of generics, price caps, regulated distribution. What Are GLP-1 Drugs? GLP-1 = Glucagon-Like Peptide-1, a hormone produced in the gut. Functions: Stimulates insulin secretion. Slows gastric emptying. Reduces appetite and cravings. Improves metabolic markers (glucose, lipids). Designed originally for type-2 diabetes → later found to cause significant weight loss. Examples of GLP-1 Drugs Semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy) Liraglutide (Saxenda) Tirzepatide (Mounjaro; dual GLP-1/GIP agonist, highly effective) Why GLP-1 Matters Globally Obesity ≠ lifestyle problem; it is a chronic metabolic disease. GLP-1 drugs represent the first major breakthrough since bariatric surgery. Impact Weight loss: ~15–22% depending on drug. Reduced risk of: Type-2 diabetes Cardiovascular events Certain cancers Severe infectious disease outcomes Economic angle: Obesity may cost $3 trillion annually by 2030. GLP-1 drugs could reduce this burden if made accessible. Key Elements of WHO’s New Guidelines Conditional Recommendation Use GLP-1 drugs for adults with obesity, except pregnant women. Conditional because: Limited long-term safety data. Unknown effects after drug discontinuation. Extremely high cost and equity barriers. Must Accompany Behavioural Interventions Drugs cannot be used alone. Diet modification + physical activity + counselling remain essential. GLP-1 → only when lifestyle interventions fail or when obesity is severe. Equity as Central Principle WHO stresses: Tax-funded or insurance-backed programmes. Avoiding two-tier systems where only the rich can access treatments. Need for affordable generics in developing countries. Why WHO Issued Guidelines Now ? Rapid worldwide adoption of drugs like Ozempic/Wegovy. Sharp rise of off-label use and medical tourism. Multiple countries witnessing shortages due to demand. Need for global standards on: Who should use the drugs. How to integrate them into national obesity programmes. Ensuring safe and monitored usage. Concerns Acknowledged by WHO High Cost GLP-1 drugs cost ₹20,000–₹30,000/month in India (imported brands). Remains unaffordable for most low-middle-income populations. Insurance coverage extremely limited. Limited Long-Term Data Weight regain after stopping is common. Safety beyond 5–10 years still unclear. Issues of gastrointestinal side effects (nausea, vomiting, inflammation). Supply-Demand Problems High demand has led to shortages even in countries like US & UK. Could divert supply away from diabetics who need them clinically. India-Specific Issues Cost Barrier Experts say affordability is the biggest obstacle. Need for: Generic manufacturing Government price caps Wider insurance coverage Misuse Risks Rising trend of: Off-label use for cosmetic weight loss Unmonitored consumption Counterfeit injectables Guidance by Indian Experts Anoop Mishra: Need insurance coverage + generics for real impact. V. Mohan: GLP-1 is not a magic injection; diet + exercise remain primary. Why GLP-1 Is a Global Public Health Turning Point ? Obesity now affects 1 in 8 people worldwide. Conventional lifestyle treatment works only for 10–15% long-term. GLP-1 therapies offer: Clinically significant weight reduction Improvements in metabolic syndrome Reduced long-term healthcare expenditure GLP-1 + Equity: Core Challenge Without systemic action: Rich countries and wealthy individuals dominate access. LMICs (like India) face supply and affordability barriers. WHO stresses that GLP-1 must not become a luxury therapy. Policies Needed Globally Public insurance coverage Regulation of prices Support for local manufacturing Integration into national obesity guidelines Continued investment in prevention and lifestyle interventions Conclusion WHO’s recognition is a major milestone in global obesity management. GLP-1 drugs are effective and transformative but: Not a standalone solution Not universally accessible Not yet proven long-term The guidelines emphasise: Safety Equity Integrated care For India and other LMICs, affordability and insurance coverage will determine real-world impact. How the river Kosi’s shifting course exposes the perils of embankments Why is it in News? Recent analysis highlights repeated breaches of Kosi embankments (latest in 2024), reviving debate on whether embankments worsen floods instead of preventing them. New studies and expert committees point to 120 km westward shift of the Kosi in 250 years due to sedimentation and engineering interventions. NDA’s “Flood to Fortune” promise and the Kosi-Mechi river-linking project have brought embankment policy back into political and ecological focus. Relevance GS-I: Geography River morphology; meandering rivers; sediment load; avulsion dynamics. Himalayan rivers’ hydrology and shifting channels. GS-III: Disaster Management Embankment breaches increasing flood intensity; risk amplification. Structural vs non-structural flood mitigation approaches. GS-III: Environment Human interventions altering natural river behaviour. Siltation, upstream catchment changes, climate variability impacts. Understanding the Kosi River Origin: Tibet & Nepal; joins Ganga in Bihar. Called Sapta Kosi due to seven tributaries. Highly dynamic, one of world’s most sediment-loaded rivers. Known as “River of Sorrow” due to catastrophic floods and course shifts. Has shifted course ~120 km west over the last 250 years (People’s Commission on Kosi Basin). Why Kosi Causes Extreme Flood Vulnerability ? High sediment load → riverbed aggradation. Dynamic course → frequent channel shifts. Low-gradient plains → sluggish flow, high inundation. Monsoon-fed system → sudden surge in discharge. Flood peaks: ~6 lakh cusecs (2024 flood). Embankments: Intended Role Artificial levees to contain floodwaters. Aim: protect settlements, stabilize agriculture, allow development. Built extensively since 1950s in Bihar and Assam. Issues with Embankments Increased Siltation Embankments trap silt inside the confined channel → riverbed rises continually. Over time, river flows at a higher elevation than surrounding land, making breaches catastrophic. G.R. Garg Committee (1951) warned embankments are risky for silt-heavy rivers. Frequent Breaches Kosi breached embankments in 1963, 1968, 1971, 1980, 1984, 1987, 1991, 2008, 2024. Breaches create sudden, unpredictable inundation over vast areas. Water Logging Outside Embankments Poor drainage → stagnant water in villages trapped between embankments. Creates chronic flooding even without major river spillage. Loss of Ecological Function Rivers lose: natural drainage roles floodplain recharge sediment redistribution wetland replenishment Leads to biodiversity loss and groundwater decline. Short-term protection, long-term vulnerability Embankments need continuous raising as silt accumulates. High maintenance costs; frequent failures. “False sense of security” leads to unsafe development in floodplains. Impact on Agriculture Deposition of coarse silt/sand during breaches (seen in Assam & Kosi belt). Loss of fertile topsoil → agrarian distress. Himalayan Context: Why East is More Vulnerable Eastern Himalayan rivers (Kosi, Brahmaputra): affluent rivers precipitation increases downstream high sediment → higher breach probability geologically weak terrain → landslides, river shifts Western Himalayan rivers: influent rivers rainfall decreases downstream more stable → embankments relatively safer Key Expert Views E. Somanathan: Embankments initially help but later turn dangerous due to rising riverbed; recommends floodplain-based resilience and removal where feasible. Rahul Yaduka: Embankments serve development aims but cause waterlogging; suggests improving palaeochannels for natural water distribution. Bindhy W. Pandey: Embankments unsuitable for eastern Himalayan rivers; require strict monitoring & rehabilitation if used. Mahendra Yadav (Kosi Nav Nirman Manch): Advocates “living with floods” + rehabilitating people outside embankments. Case Study: 2008 Kosi Catastrophe Breach at Kusaha (Nepal). Deaths: 400+ People affected: 33 lakh Caused by silt accumulation, embankment ageing, and altered flow due to barrage. Kosi–Mechi River-Linking Debate Government’s Argument Provide irrigation to Mahananda basin. Promote fisheries and agriculture. NDA’s “Flood to Fortune” political pitch. Expert Counterpoints Kosi peak flow: ~6 lakh cusecs Diversion through project: 5,247 cusecs → negligible impact on flood moderation. Linking won’t reduce flood peaks; may worsen siltation and cross-basin flooding. Economic Concerns Embankments require rising annual expenditure. Bihar’s embankment-related spending has increased multiple times since 1950s. High budget consumption with low resilience gain. Global Lessons United States Actively removing embankments in many basins. Allowing controlled flooding to restore: floodplains wetlands ecosystem integrity Result: milder floods, better ecological recovery. Alternatives & Way Forward 1. Living with Floods Restore natural floodplains. Zoned habitation. Seasonal cropping patterns aligned with flood cycles. 2. Reviving Palaeochannels Use abandoned channels to redistribute floodwaters. Reduce pressure on main embankment. 3. River Basin Governance Basin-wide planning Cross-border coordination with Nepal Sediment management strategy 4. Early Warning & Evacuation Training communities inside embankment belts. Improving forecasting systems. 5. Scientific Desiltation Targeted removal at critical nodes. Must be ecology-sensitive; avoid indiscriminate sand mining.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 02 December 2025

Content Kashi Tamil Sangamam 4.0 Atal Pension Yojna crosses 8.34 crore enrolments; Women account for 48% Kashi Tamil Sangamam 4.0 Why is it in News? Fourth edition of Kashi Tamil Sangamam begins on 2 December 2025. Theme: “Tamil Karkalam – Let Us Learn Tamil”, shifting focus to linguistic learning. Major initiatives: Teaching Tamil in 50 Varanasi schools, Tamil learning tours for 300 UP students, Sage Agastya Vehicle Expedition, and grand valedictory in Rameswaram. Marks a civilisational-cultural linkage between Tamil Nadu and Kashi, aligned with Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat (EBSB). Relevance GS 1 – Indian Culture Cultural continuity between Tamil Nadu and Kashi. Pilgrimage traditions, classical literature, temple architecture. Sage Agastya’s role in Indian civilisational history. GS 2 – Governance & Education NEP 2020 focus on Indian languages & IKS. Cultural diplomacy within India. Centre–State coordination in education & culture. What is Kashi Tamil Sangamam? A cultural initiative launched in 2022 during Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav. Celebrates historical, spiritual and knowledge links between Tamil Nadu and Kashi/Varanasi. Implemented by Ministry of Education with IIT Madras & BHU as academic partners. Participants include: Students, teachers, artisans, farmers, scholars, spiritual leaders, professionals. Core Idea: Revive centuries-old people-to-people exchange across two major civilisation nodes of India. Historical & Civilisational Context Pilgrimage routes between Tamil Nadu and Kashi documented in Bhakti literature (Appar, Sambandar, Manikkavasagar). Tamil mutts and communities settled in Kashi for centuries (e.g., Hanuman Ghat Tamil community). Scholars circulated ideas of Shaivism, Advaita, linguistics, Siddha medicine, temple architecture. Sage Agastya tradition symbolises north–south movement of knowledge. Civilisational Continuity Themes: Sanskrit–Tamil literary dialogue Temple architecture diffusion Kashi’s influence on Tamil saints and vice versa Shared devotional traditions (Shaiva, Vaishnava) Kashi Tamil Sangamam 4.0 – Key Features A. Tamil Karkalam (Let Us Learn Tamil) 50 Hindi-speaking Tamil teachers deployed in 50 Varanasi schools. 1,500 UP students learning introductory Tamil. Supported by CICT, CIIL Mysuru, BHU, IRCTC, UP administration. Builds linguistic inclusivity beyond Tamil Nadu. B. Tamil Karpom (Study Tour for UP Students) 300 college students from UP visit Tamil Nadu in 10 batches. Hosted by institutions such as IIT Madras, Pondicherry University, GRI Dindugal, Kanchipuram colleges, Shastra University. Modules include: Tamil language basics Tamil cultural immersion Visits to Tamil–Kashi heritage-linked sites C. Sage Agastya Vehicle Expedition (SAVE) Route: Tenkasi → Kashi (2–10 December 2025). Traces legendary Agastya’s north–south knowledge journey. Highlights: Classical Tamil literature Siddha medicine Medieval dynasties: Chola, Pandya, Chera, Pallava, Vijayanagara Reinforces civilisational linkages. D. Grand Valedictory at Rameswaram Symbolically completes Kashi–Rameswaram cultural corridor. Evolution of Kashi Tamil Sangamam (1.0 to 4.0) KTS 1.0 (2022) 2,500+ participants; large-scale immersion. Daily cultural events at BHU. Visits to Kashi Vishwanath, Sarnath, Ayodhya. Exhibitions: Handlooms, ODOP, books. KTS 2.0 (2023) 1,435 delegates. Real-time Tamil translation of PM’s address. Academic sessions, Agastya Jayanti program. ₹22 lakh exhibition sales, 2 lakh visitors. Digital reach: 8.5 crore (Brand24). KTS 3.0 (2025 Feb) Strong knowledge-centric focus. Thematic celebration of Sage Agastya. Link to Mahakumbh 2025 and Ram Mandir. Workshops integrating Indian Knowledge Systems with NEP 2020. KTS 4.0 (2025 Dec) Linguistic focus: Tamil learning in UP schools + Tamil study tours for UP youth. Civilisational reiteration through Sage Agastya expedition. Trend: From cultural exchange → heritage education → civilisational scholarship → linguistic immersion. Overview Cultural Significance Strengthens north–south cultural unity. Revives ancient pilgrimage–scholarship circuits. Reintroduces classical Tamil knowledge systems (literature, Siddha, philosophy). Linguistic Significance Positioning Tamil learning in North India is unprecedented. Strengthens Bharatiya Bhasha vision of NEP 2020. Encourages multilingualism and language appreciation beyond regional boundaries. Educational Significance Integrates Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) into contemporary learning. Academic partnerships between IIT Madras, BHU, CICT, CIIL. Encourages experiential learning through curated tours. Economic Significance Boosts cultural tourism (Kashi–Rameswaram circuit). Exhibitions expand markets for artisans, ODOP sectors. Promotes handlooms, handicrafts, and culinary heritage. Soft Power & National Integration Reinforces India’s internal cultural diplomacy. Builds emotional, linguistic and civilisational unity across regions. Supports Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat, Viksit Bharat Vision 2047. Continuity with Government Initiatives Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) under NEP 2020. Bharatiya Bhasha Utsav ecosystem. Revitalizing cultural–spiritual tourism (PRASHAD, Swadesh Darshan). Conclusion Kashi Tamil Sangamam has evolved into a sustained cultural-educational bridge linking Tamil Nadu and Kashi. KTS 4.0’s linguistic focus marks a major shift towards deeper, structured, youth-centric knowledge exchange. Strengthens civilisational unity, cultural tourism, linguistic diversity, and Indian Knowledge Systems in line with NEP 2020 and EBSB. Atal Pension Yojna crosses 8.34 crore enrolments; Women account for 48% Why is it in News? APY enrolments have crossed 8.34 crore (as of 31 Oct 2025). Women account for 48% of all subscribers → strong gender inclusion indicator. GoI & PFRDA report major expansion due to vernacular outreach, digital onboarding, BC/Self-Help-Group mobilisation, and saturation campaigns. Relevance   GS 2 – Governance & Welfare Social security schemes for vulnerable sections. Financial inclusion under JAM / DBT. Role of institutions: PFRDA, NABARD, NRLM, SHGs. GS 3 – Economy Unorganised sector labour dynamics. Social infrastructure (old-age security). Digital financial services, FinTech-led onboarding. What is Atal Pension Yojana? Launched: 9 May 2015. Purpose: Create a universal social security net for low-income & unorganised sector workers. Coverage: All Indian citizens aged 18–40 with a savings bank/post office account. Pension: Guaranteed monthly pension on turning 60 years (₹1,000–₹5,000 depending on contribution). Pension payouts will largely start from 2035 onwards (when earliest cohorts turn 60). Latest Data (2025) Total enrolments: 8,34,13,738 (8.34 crore). Women subscribers: 4.04 crore → 48% share. Pan-India implementation through: Banks (PSBs/Private/RRBs/SFBs), Cooperative banks, Payments banks, Department of Posts. Why APY Matters for India’s Social Security Architecture ? India has over 90% workforce in unorganised sector (ILO, PLFS). Lack of formal pension coverage → vulnerability in old age. APY ensures: Long-term savings discipline, State-backed guaranteed pension, Financial inclusion (FI) deepening post-JAM trinity. Key Drivers Behind the Rise in APY Enrolment Awareness & Behavioural Nudges Continuous advertising across print, electronic, social media. Vernacular outreach: Brochures in 13 languages. FI saturation drives across states. Institutional Support Engagement of: NABARD, NCFE, NRLM/SRLM, Ministries & SHG networks (bank sakhis). Virtual capacity-building for BCs → grassroots mobilisation. Digital Onboarding e-APY, net banking, mobile apps → frictionless enrolment. PoP-APY ecosystem strengthened inside banking networks. Gender Dimension: Why Women Form 48% Subscribers Strong SHG & NRLM mobilisation (7.2 crore women in SHGs nationwide). Women’s rising participation in financial inclusion: 56% of PMJDY accounts belong to women. Pension products provide security for widows, elderly women, SHG households. Challenges Low pension adequacy (₹1,000–₹5,000) may be insufficient for inflation-adjusted needs. Contribution burden on low-income households. High dropout risk when incomes fluctuate. Lack of financial awareness about long-term benefits. Opportunities Ahead Integration with gig economy workers. Linking with Nudges (auto-debit reminders, default enrolment). Enhancing pension amount through inflation-indexing (future reform potential). Multi-lingual digital campaigns for deeper state-level penetration. Conclusion APY represents India’s first scalable, contributory micro-pension system for informal workers. High women participation underlines the success of community-based mobilisation via SHGs. Strengthening APY is central to India’s future challenge of ageing and informal sector vulnerability.

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