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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 03 October 2024

Content: A Case of Nothing But Patent Censorship Taming the Outbreak: NITI Aayog’s Roadmap for Future Pandemic Preparedness Inflection Point: West Asia Needs Major Powers’ Intervention for Peace A Case of Nothing But Patent Censorship Context: On September 20, 2024, the Bombay High Court ruled that an amendment to the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, was unconstitutional. The ruling struck down a provision that would have allowed the government’s Fact Check Unit (FCU) to identify “fake, false, or misleading” information related to government business, imposing onerous obligations on digital intermediaries like social media platforms. The judgment emphasized that such regulations infringed upon the right to free speech and could lead to excessive censorship. Relevance: General Studies Paper 2 (Governance) Mains Question: Critically examine the challenges posed by the regulation of online content under the Information Technology Rules, 2021. How can a balance be struck between combating misinformation and protecting free speech? (250 words) Background of the Amendment: The Indian government’s proposed amendment under the IT Rules, 2021, aimed to impose strict obligations on intermediaries. The Fact Check Unit (FCU) was tasked with identifying any information related to government business that was deemed fake, false, or misleading. Intermediaries, under threat of losing their “safe harbor” protections, would have been required to remove such content. Implications for Intermediaries: The safe harbor provision under Section 79 of the Information Technology (IT) Act protects intermediaries from liability for content posted by users, provided they adhere to due diligence norms. The amendment threatened this protection by requiring intermediaries to act on government directives, even when content had not been independently verified. Bombay High Court’s Ruling: The Court held that the provision violated the right to free speech and expression. Justice A.S. Chandurkar found that the FCU’s powers were overbroad and vague, giving the government near-unchecked authority to control online content. The loss of safe harbor could have led to excessive censorship, as intermediaries would likely overcomply with government requests to avoid legal risks. Chilling Effect on Free Speech: The Court emphasized that the amendment imposed a “chilling effect” on speech, as intermediaries would be forced to censor content to protect themselves from legal liability. This could limit citizens’ ability to freely express dissent or criticize the government, undermining democratic principles. Vagueness of the Rule: One of the key issues raised was the vagueness of what constituted “fake, false, or misleading” information. Without clear definitions, intermediaries and users alike could not ascertain what content would be censored, leading to arbitrary enforcement. Differing Opinions on the Bench: The Bombay High Court had earlier seen conflicting judgments on the Rule’s validity, with one judge arguing that the provision violated free speech and another dismissing this concern. The tie-breaking decision by Justice Chandurkar highlighted the importance of safeguarding fundamental rights over government control of online content. Constitutional Principles at Stake: Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution guarantees the right to free speech and expression. Any restrictions on this right must be narrowly tailored to serve legitimate purposes, such as public order or national security. The Court found that the FCU’s unchecked powers were disproportionate to its stated objective of combating misinformation. Balancing Misinformation and Free Speech: While the Court acknowledged the need to address the problem of misinformation, it stressed that the solution must be found within constitutional boundaries. Targeting intermediaries with vague and overbroad directives would not only infringe upon free speech but also create a culture of censorship. Latest Data and Numbers: The Information Technology Act, 2000: Section 79 provides safe harbor protections for intermediaries. Internet users in India: 900 million as of 2024, underscoring the importance of digital freedom. Conclusion: The Bombay High Court’s ruling underscores the delicate balance between regulating online content and upholding free speech. The government’s attempt to combat misinformation must respect constitutional guarantees and avoid creating mechanisms that encourage over-censorship. Moving forward, any regulations should focus on transparency, accountability, and clear definitions to prevent misuse. Safeguarding the right to free speech in the digital age requires nuanced policies that combat misinformation without eroding fundamental rights. The Bombay High Court’s ruling is a step toward ensuring that balance is maintained. Taming the Outbreak: NITI Aayog’s Roadmap for Future Pandemic Preparedness Context: The COVID-19 pandemic exposed significant gaps in healthcare systems worldwide. In response, the Indian government and NITI Aayog have outlined a roadmap titled “Future Pandemic Preparedness and Emergency Response” to build a resilient public health system. The report emphasizes the need for preparedness, effective coordination between the public and private sectors, and data-driven health strategies to handle future outbreaks. Key focus areas include improving healthcare infrastructure, strengthening institutional frameworks, and ensuring timely interventions during health emergencies. Relevance: General Studies Paper 2 (Governance Mains Question: Discuss the lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic and analyze how the NITI Aayog’s roadmap for ‘Future Pandemic Preparedness and Emergency Response’ addresses gaps in India’s healthcare system. (250 words) COVID-19 and Its Impact on Healthcare Systems: The pandemic highlighted weaknesses in India’s healthcare system, especially in rural areas. Healthcare facilities were overwhelmed, and there was a shortage of medical supplies, workforce, and infrastructure. The crisis prompted a reassessment of healthcare strategies to ensure better management of future pandemics. NITI Aayog’s Report on Pandemic Preparedness: The report, titled “Future Pandemic Preparedness and Emergency Response,” focuses on institutionalizing a robust mechanism for pandemic management. It stresses the importance of the first 100 days in containing the spread of a pathogen. Key recommendations include creating an ecosystem for rapid response, legislative reforms for public health emergencies, and integrating technology to track and contain outbreaks. Need for Data and Coordination: A critical learning from COVID-19 was the need for an integrated database of healthcare facilities, especially private sector involvement. In India, 60% of the population relies on private healthcare. The report calls for building systems to coordinate between the private and public sectors and leveraging digital health technologies to ensure real-time data availability. Public-Private Partnership: The report highlights the role of private healthcare in handling health crises. During COVID-19, private hospitals, labs, and diagnostics played a pivotal role. Strengthening collaboration between the two sectors through clear guidelines and institutional frameworks is vital for better outcomes. Strengthening Institutional Capacity: The existing legal framework for health emergencies, largely based on colonial-era legislations, is inadequate for modern needs. The report recommends revisiting these laws to create a more agile and comprehensive public health emergency management system, including empowering local bodies and roping in experts early. Implementation Challenges: The success of the roadmap will depend on its effective implementation. Past reports, such as the National Water Mission’s groundwater crisis recommendations, have seen inconsistent follow-through. Similarly, the integration of Ayushman Bharat into the pandemic management strategy has been slow, with dues and funds remaining pending. Building Trust in the Healthcare System: The pandemic eroded public trust in the healthcare system due to delayed responses and over-reliance on unprepared systems. NITI Aayog’s report emphasizes the need to restore trust through better preparedness, transparency, and timely healthcare delivery. Latest Data and Numbers: Private Healthcare Dependency: 60% of Indians rely on the private healthcare sector. Ayushman Bharat Implementation: Recent delays in dues have hindered the scheme’s impact in states like Punjab. Conclusion: The NITI Aayog’s roadmap for future pandemic preparedness is a comprehensive framework that addresses critical gaps exposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Implementing its recommendations will require multi-sectoral coordination, political will, and sustained investment. The focus must be on institutionalizing these measures to ensure that India is better equipped to handle the next health emergency. A robust healthcare infrastructure, backed by strong policy frameworks and effective public-private partnerships, will be key to ensuring that future pandemics are managed efficiently and equitably. Inflection Point: West Asia Needs Major Powers’ Intervention for Peace Context: Iran’s October 1 ballistic missile attack on Israel signifies a critical escalation in the multi-front conflict in West Asia. The tensions have been brewing since early 2023, with repeated provocations by both sides, leading to increased regional instability. The involvement of Hezbollah, Hamas, and Iran’s proxy networks, coupled with Israel’s aggressive retaliatory stance, has pushed the region to a dangerous precipice. The lack of intervention by global powers, especially the United States, has led to a deteriorating security situation, with a full-scale regional war becoming a distinct possibility. Relevance: General Studies Paper 2 (International Relations) Mains Question: Examine the factors contributing to the escalating conflict in West Asia and discuss the role of major world powers in promoting peace and stability in the region. (250 words) Background of the Conflict: The conflict escalated sharply on October 1, 2024, when Iran launched a ballistic missile attack on Israel. The attack followed Israel’s April 1 strike on the Iranian embassy complex in Damascus, Syria, and was further fueled by the assassination of Ismail Haniyeh, the political chief of Hamas, in Tehran. Multi-Front Tensions: The conflict has spilled over into multiple fronts. Israel’s conflict with Gaza expanded to Lebanon, targeting Hezbollah. Iran’s response to these provocations has been measured but could intensify if Israel’s attacks continue. The war has drawn in various proxy groups, including the Houthis in Yemen, creating a volatile situation with no clear end in sight. Failure of Deterrence and Diplomacy: Deterrence strategies have failed across the board. Israel’s superior military might has not stopped Hamas or Hezbollah from launching attacks, and Iran’s missile capabilities have not deterred Israel from broadening its operations. The lack of effective deterrence has led to an escalation spiral, with each side increasing its military engagement. Role of the United States: The absence of strong U.S. leadership has been a critical factor in the current crisis. U.S. President Joe Biden’s limited diplomatic intervention has given Israel the space to escalate without fear of significant repercussions. Washington’s focus on preventing a broader war rather than de-escalating existing conflicts has left a vacuum that other regional powers, like China and Russia, could exploit. Potential for Regional War: The region is at a tipping point. With Israel threatening to retaliate more aggressively after the October 1 attack, and Iran’s proxy networks ready to respond, the conflict could spiral into a regional war. Such a war would be catastrophic, drawing in multiple state and non-state actors, and would have severe geopolitical and humanitarian consequences. The Need for Global Intervention: Major world powers like the U.S., China, and Russia have significant leverage over the conflicting parties. The U.S. holds influence over Israel, while China and Russia have established ties with Iran and its allies. Effective diplomacy must involve all these powers to enforce a ceasefire, initiate dialogue, and prevent further escalation. Latest Data and Numbers: Recent Conflict Casualties: Over 2,000 casualties in the latest Gaza conflict. Hezbollah’s Reach: Over 130,000 rockets in its arsenal as of 2023. Proxy Groups: Iran’s proxy network includes Hezbollah, Hamas, the Houthis, and Shia militias in Iraq. Conclusion: West Asia stands at a critical juncture, with the risk of a full-blown regional war growing by the day. Major global powers must intervene diplomatically to break the conflict loop and promote a sustainable peace framework. The immediate priority should be establishing off-ramps for the conflicting parties to de-escalate, followed by a comprehensive peace dialogue that includes all key stakeholders. Timely and coordinated action by global powers is crucial to avert a catastrophic conflict and restore stability to the region. The window for effective intervention is rapidly closing, making it imperative for the international community to act decisively.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 03 October 2024

CONTENTS Annual Survey of Industries Discipline Among Judges Changes in Indian Rice Export Policies The Rise of “Greenhushing” Among Carbon-Neutral Certified Firms Exercise KAZIND Tsetse flies Rise in Stroke Cases in India  Annual Survey of Industries Context: The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) recently released the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) for 2022-23. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: What is the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI)? Highlights of the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) for 2022-23 What is the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI)? ASI Overview: The Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) serves as the primary source for industrial statistics and data related to organized manufacturing in India. The survey is conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). It has been conducted since 1959 under the Collection of Statistics Act 1953 and is now carried out under the Collection of Statistics Act 2008, with amendments in 2017. Objectives: The ASI aims to gather comprehensive data that supports: Estimating the contribution of the registered manufacturing sector to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Studying the structure of various industries, categorized by type. Analyzing factors that influence industries, supporting the creation of effective industrial policies. Coverage of the Survey: Factories registered under the Factories Act 1948. It includes: Factories employing 10 or more workers using power. Factories employing 20 or more workers without using power. In states like Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Goa, the survey targets factories employing 20 or more workers using power, and 40 or more workers without power. Bidi and cigar manufacturing establishments under the Bidi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act 1966. Electricity undertakings involved in generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity but not registered with the Central Electricity Authority (CEA). Significance: The ASI provides crucial data to policymakers and planners to objectively evaluate the industrial scenario of the Indian economy, aiding in informed decision-making. Highlights of the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) for 2022-23: Main Drivers of Manufacturing Growth: Key industries included basic metal, coke & refined petroleum products, food products, chemical products, and motor vehicles. These sectors contributed 58% of total output and recorded a 24.5% output growth and 2.6% growth in gross value added (GVA) compared to 2021-22. Growth in Number of Factories: The total number of factories increased from 2.49 lakh in 2021-22 to 2.53 lakh in 2022-23. Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF): GFCF, representing capital investment, surged by 77%, rising from Rs 3.3 lakh crore in 2021-22 to Rs 5.85 lakh crore in 2022-23. Employment Growth: Total Employees: The number of employees in the manufacturing sector rose by 7.5%, from 1.72 crore in 2021-22 to 1.84 crore in 2022-23, marking the highest increase in 12 years. Employment by Sector: The most employment was recorded in food products, followed by textiles, basic metals, wearing apparel, and motor vehicles. Average Emoluments: Average emoluments per person rose by 6.3% in 2022-23, compared to the previous year. State Performance: In terms of GVA, Maharashtra led the rankings, followed by Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh. These five states contributed over 54% of the total manufacturing GVA in 2022-23. In terms of employment, the top five states (Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, UP, and Karnataka) contributed 55% of the total manufacturing employment. Key Takeaways: The ASI suggests that the impact of the Covid pandemic on manufacturing industries has been “wiped out”. The estimated employment in manufacturing in 2022-23 exceeded pre-pandemic levels (2018-19) by over 22.14 lakh. Sectors with the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme experienced better growth. -Source: Indian Express Discipline Among Judges Context: The Supreme Court recently expressed significant concerns regarding statements made by a judge from the Karnataka High Court. The intervention was later withdrawn following an apology from the judge in question. This incident has brought to light the constitutional challenges and limitations that the judiciary faces in disciplining its members, underscoring the delicate balance between judicial independence and accountability. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Disciplining Judges in India Additional Mechanisms for Disciplining Judges Measures to Ensure Discipline among Judges Disciplining Judges in India Article 121 of the Constitution: Restricts parliamentary discussions on the conduct of judges from the Supreme Court and High Courts unless a formal motion for their removal is introduced. Article 211 of the Constitution: Prevents state legislatures from discussing the conduct of judges from the Supreme Court or High Courts while they are performing their duties. Article 124(4) of the Constitution: Specifies that a motion for impeachment must be supported by a majority of the total membership and at least two-thirds of the members present and voting in both Houses of Parliament. High Threshold for Impeachment: The strict requirements for impeachment make it challenging to remove judges for minor offenses, which creates difficulties in addressing misconduct that does not meet the impeachment threshold. Rare Use of Impeachment: Impeachment proceedings have been initiated only five times in India’s history, and no Supreme Court judge has been impeached. Grounds for Removal: Removal is possible only for “proved misbehaviour” or “incapacity,” which is defined by a high standard, including issues such as corruption, lack of integrity, and moral misconduct. Misconduct Below Impeachment Standard: Numerous acts of judicial misconduct, like bias or indiscipline, do not meet the impeachment criteria, leaving limited avenues to address such issues. Additional Mechanisms for Disciplining Judges Judicial Action by the Supreme Court (SC): The SC has the authority to take action in disciplining judges. For example, in 2017, the SC found Calcutta High Court’s C.S. Karnan guilty of contempt of court and sentenced him to six months of imprisonment. Collegium System: The Supreme Court Collegium, composed of the five senior-most judges, including the Chief Justice of India (CJI), can recommend transferring High Court judges as a disciplinary measure. Although the Collegium’s decisions are not transparent, the transfer mechanism is sometimes used to address misconduct. Example: Justice P.D. Dinakaran was transferred from the Karnataka High Court to the Sikkim High Court when his impeachment was pending. In-House Inquiry Procedure (1999): The CJI can initiate an internal inquiry by requesting comments from the Chief Justice of the concerned High Court and obtaining a response from the implicated judge. If needed, a three-member committee of two High Court Chief Justices and one judge may conduct a fact-finding inquiry. Resignation or Retirement: The committee can advise the concerned judge to either resign or retire voluntarily. If the judge refuses, the CJI can recommend that no judicial work be assigned to the judge. Restatement of Values of Judicial Life (1997): A judicial code adopted by the Supreme Court, consisting of 16 points, serves as ethical guidelines for ensuring an independent and fair judiciary. It helps maintain discipline among judges. Measures to Ensure Discipline among Judges Reviving Key Legislation: Judicial Standards and Accountability Bill, 2010: Revive and pass this bill to establish the National Judicial Oversight Committee, a Complaints Scrutiny Panel, and an investigation committee to ensure proper oversight of judicial conduct. National Judicial Council (NJC): The Judges (Inquiry) Bill, 2006 should be revived to establish the NJC, which would oversee investigations into allegations of misconduct or incapacity among judges. Code of Conduct for Judges: A Code of Conduct should be developed, clearly outlining the expected behaviour, ethical standards, and mechanisms for addressing violations. The code should be publicly accessible to promote transparency and accountability. Performance Evaluation System: Implement a system to evaluate judicial performance based on key metrics such as case disposal rates, adherence to ethical standards, and feedback from litigants and peers. For example, in Odisha, judicial officers are expected to meet a work output equivalent to 240 working days annually. Judicial Independence: Reforms must ensure that accountability measures do not undermine the independence of the judiciary. Any system for holding judges accountable should preserve their ability to make impartial decisions. Asset and Liability Declarations: Judges should be required to declare their assets and liabilities, and this information should be made publicly available to deter corruption and enhance public trust in the judiciary. Training Programs: Regular training programs and workshops on judicial ethics, anti-discrimination laws, and the importance of impartiality should be instituted to foster a culture of accountability among judges. -Source: The Hindu Changes in Indian Rice Export Policies Context: The Indian government has recently made significant changes to its rice export policies. It lifted the ban on exporting Non-Basmati White Rice and established a minimum export price (MEP) of $490 per tonne. Additionally, the government previously removed a 20% export duty on Non-Basmati White Rice and lowered the export duties on three other rice categories: rice in the husk (paddy or rough), husked (brown) rice, and parboiled rice, reducing the duty from 20% to 10%. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Export Ban on Non-Basmati White Rice Lifted Rice Cultivation India’s Status as a Rice Exporter Export Ban on Non-Basmati White Rice Lifted The government has recently lifted the ban on the export of Non-Basmati White Rice, while also imposing a minimum export price (MEP) of $490 per tonne. Reasons for Lifting the Ban: Increase in Paddy Sowing: Favorable monsoon conditions have led to a rise in paddy sowing, with a significant portion of the crop planted during the Kharif season. Expansion in Cultivation Area: As of September 20, 2023, the paddy cultivation area reached 413.50 lakh hectares, marking a 2.2% increase over the previous year. Rice Production Growth: India’s total rice production for 2023-24 (including Kharif, Rabi, and summer crops) is estimated at 137.82 million tonnes, representing a 1.5% increase from last year. Price and Inflation Trends: Wholesale Price Decline: As of September 27, the wholesale price of rice was Rs 3,324.99 per quintal, down from Rs 3,597.09 a week earlier and Rs 3,502.91 a month ago. Retail Inflation Stability: Despite the decrease in wholesale prices, retail inflation measured by the Consumer Price Index has remained in double digits over the past two years, peaking at 13.09% in July 2023 before dropping to 9.52% in August, following the export ban. Rice Stock Surplus: As of September 1, the Food Corporation of India (FCI) had a stock of 323.11 lakh tonnes of rice in its central pool. The total stock, including unmilled paddy, amounted to 423 lakh tonnes, far exceeding the buffer stock norms, which require 135.40 lakh tonnes for July and 102.50 lakh tonnes for October. Who Stands to Benefit? Traders: The lifting of the export ban, along with the removal of the 20% duty, is expected to benefit traders by boosting export sentiment. Farmers: Farmers, especially those cultivating premium rice varieties like Sona Masoori (primarily in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana), are likely to benefit as they were previously affected by the ban. Consumers: However, domestic consumers may face higher retail prices due to the renewed export activity. Rice Cultivation: Primary Growing Season: Rice is predominantly cultivated during the Kharif season (June to November), aligning with the monsoon rains. In specific regions like Tamil Nadu and coastal Andhra Pradesh, rice is also cultivated during the Rabi season (November to April), especially in areas with irrigation. Optimal Conditions: Climate: Rice grows best in tropical and subtropical climates with high humidity. Temperature: Ideal growing temperatures range from 21°C to 37°C, with germination thriving around 21°C and the growth period requiring temperatures above 25°C. Rainfall: Requires 150-300 cm of evenly distributed rainfall during the growth period. Soil Requirements: Rice thrives in clayey or loamy soils that can retain water. Alluvial soils found in river basins and coastal regions are also ideal due to their depth and ability to retain moisture. Water Needs: Being a water-intensive crop, rice is typically grown in flooded fields (paddy fields). Adequate irrigation is critical in regions with insufficient rainfall. Rice Production in India: Cultivated Area: In the fiscal year 2024, approximately 47.6 million hectares of land were dedicated to rice cultivation in India. Global Standing: India holds the position of being the second-largest rice producer globally and is the largest exporter of rice. Production Estimates: The estimated rice production for 2023-24 is around 1378.25 lakh metric tons (LMT), marking a growth of 20.70 LMT compared to the previous year. Geographical Distribution: Rice is extensively grown in the coastal strips of both the eastern and western parts of the country, the Assam plains in the north-east, and the foothills of the Himalayas. India’s Status as a Rice Exporter Global Ranking and Contribution: India is the world’s second-largest rice producer and holds the position as the leading global rice exporter, significantly impacting the world rice trade. Alongside China, India contributes to more than half of the global rice production. While China mainly consumes its rice production, India plays a key role in global exports. As per the USDA, India was responsible for 33% (around 17 million tonnes) of the total global rice exports (53 million tonnes) in 2023. In 2022, prior to the ban on Non-Basmati White Rice exports, India accounted for 40% of global rice exports (56 million tonnes). Rice Export Categories: India’s rice exports are classified into two main types: basmati and non-basmati rice. Basmati rice forms approximately one-third of India’s total rice exports, with 52.42 lakh tonnes exported during the 2023-24 period. Non-basmati rice has six subtypes: rice in husk (seed quality and other), husked (brown) rice, parboiled rice, non-basmati white rice, and broken rice. Primary Export Destinations (2023-24): The top destinations for India’s rice exports include Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Benin, UAE, Guinea, Senegal, Togo, and Yemen. Saudi Arabia was the top importer in terms of export value, primarily importing basmati rice. Non-basmati white rice was mainly exported to Kenya, Mozambique, Cameroon, Vietnam, Malaysia, Togo, Madagascar, Cote D’Ivoire, and Benin. Competition in Global Rice Market: India’s key competitors in the global rice export market are Thailand and Vietnam. In 2023, the combined exports of these two countries nearly matched that of India. Other notable rice exporters include Pakistan, Cambodia, and the United States. The top rice-importing countries are the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, China, the European Union, Nigeria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Malaysia. -Source: Indian Express The Rise of “Greenhushing” Among Carbon-Neutral Certified Firms Context: While the number of carbon-neutral certified companies has been increasing globally, a notable trend has emerged where many of these firms opt not to publicize their environmental achievements, a phenomenon known as “greenhushing.” This reluctance often stems from a blend of altruism and a desire to maintain their social salience without appearing to capitalize on their green initiatives. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: What is Greenhushing? Concerns with Greenhushing Solutions to Address Greenhushing What is Greenhushing? Greenhushing refers to when companies underreport or withhold information about their environmental goals and achievements. These firms deliberately do not publicize their eco-friendly efforts or remain quiet about their future commitments to environmental sustainability. Why Do Firms Engage in Greenhushing? In the US, public firms could face lawsuits if perceived as prioritizing sustainability over shareholder profits, leading to firms avoiding open discussions about their environmental activities. In some conservative regions of the US, there has been a backlash against ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) initiatives, causing firms to retreat from promoting their sustainability goals to avoid political and regulatory scrutiny. Many consumers perceive green products to be of lower quality or to have higher prices, discouraging companies from marketing their environmental contributions due to potential brand harm. Firms vocal about sustainability may attract unwanted attention and be held to higher standards, pushing them to remain silent to avoid future commitments or pressures to achieve more ambitious goals. In industries like tourism, companies may opt not to promote their environmental efforts, fearing they might make customers uncomfortable by reminding them of issues like climate change or resource depletion. Concerns about greenwashing accusations, where companies are criticized for falsely claiming to be more eco-friendly than they are, also encourage firms to hide their environmental achievements from public view. A lack of consumer demand for carbon-neutral products further discourages companies from investing in marketing their carbon neutrality, as they are unwilling to spend on promotion without clear consumer interest. Concerns with Greenhushing: South Pole Report Findings: According to climate consultancy South Pole, 58% of surveyed companies have reduced their climate communication due to increased regulation and scrutiny. Assessment Challenges: Without open communication about sustainability efforts, it becomes difficult to evaluate a company’s progress in reducing carbon emissions. Tracking and Verification: Greenhushing reduces the ability to track and verify the progress of climate action. Delayed Adoption: Withholding information about environmental efforts could delay the adoption of sustainable practices, weakening the global effort to combat climate change. Fear of Backlash: Concerns about backlash from industries or regions that oppose sustainability efforts can discourage other businesses from adopting sustainable practices. Consumer Impact: Silence about sustainability efforts can lead to consumers continuing to purchase less sustainable products, inadvertently slowing down the demand for eco-friendly alternatives. Solutions to Address Greenhushing: Emphasize Sustainability as a Journey: Companies should stress that environmental sustainability is an ongoing process and not a fixed goal. Engage Audiences: Highlighting continuous improvement and engaging with audiences can help reduce criticism and ease concerns about greenwashing. Stronger Regulations: Clearer regulations, like the EU’s Greenwashing directive, can help prevent misleading advertisements, providing consumers with more accurate product information. Increase Consumer Awareness: Raising awareness about sustainability can help reverse negative perceptions of green products, encouraging consumers to support companies that are committed to sustainable practices. -Source: Down To Earth Exercise KAZIND Context: The 8th edition of Exercise KAZIND is scheduled to be conducted from 30th September to 13th October 2024 at Surya Foreign Training Node, Auli, Uttarakhand. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Exercise KAZIND: Exercise KAZIND is an annual joint military exercise conducted between India and Kazakhstan. Indian Representation: The Indian Armed Forces, consisting of 120 personnel, are being represented by a battalion from the Kumaon Regiment, supported by various arms and services, along with members of the Indian Air Force. Kazakhstan Representation: The Kazakhstan military delegation includes personnel from their Land Forces and Airborne Assault Troopers. Objective: The main goal of this exercise is to enhance the joint capabilities of both nations’ military forces to conduct counter-terrorism operations, specifically in a sub-conventional setting, as outlined in Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. Focus Areas: Operations are focused on semi-urban and mountainous regions. The exercise seeks to improve physical fitness and refine tactical drills for joint operations. Best practices in military operations will be shared to further strengthen both nations’ capabilities. Tactical Drills: The exercise includes rehearsing joint responses to potential terrorist actions. It will also focus on setting up a Joint Command Post and an Intelligence and Surveillance Centre. Expected Outcomes of KAZIND 2024: Sharing best practices in military tactics, techniques, and joint operational procedures. Strengthening cooperation between the two forces through increased interoperability, camaraderie, and friendship. Strategic Importance: This exercise is expected to boost defence cooperation between India and Kazakhstan, fostering deeper bilateral ties and enhancing mutual trust. -Source: The Hindu Tsetse Flies Context: According to a new atlas published by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Tsetse flies are present in 34 African countries. Relevance: GS III: Species in News Tsetse Flies: General Information: Tsetse flies belong to the genus Glossina and are unicellular, blood-feeding insects. Development Cycle: These flies undergo complete metamorphosis, with females giving birth to fully developed larvae that rapidly pupate in the soil. Taxonomy & Ecology: Tsetse flies are classified into three groups based on their habitat and characteristics: Fusca Group (Forest Group): Belonging to the subgenus Austenina. Morsitans Group (Savanna Group): Under the subgenus Glossina. Palpalis Group (Riverine Group): Part of the subgenus Nemorhina. Habitat: They are typically found in dense vegetation patches along riverbanks. They also inhabit lakes in dry regions and dense, wet, equatorial rainforests. Feeding & Disease Transmission: Tsetse flies feed on blood and act as vectors for Trypanosoma parasites, which cause sleeping sickness in humans and trypanosomosis (or “Nagana”) in cattle. Agricultural Impact: Tsetse flies are linked to significant agricultural losses in African livestock, with damages estimated to be in the billions of dollars annually. Geographical Range: Studies have confirmed the presence of Glossina species in 34 countries, ranging from Northern Senegal (approximately 15° N latitude) to South Africa’s Kwazulu-Natal province (at 28.5° S latitude). -Source: The Hindu Rise in Stroke Cases in India Context: A recent publication in The Lancet Neurology indicates a significant increase in stroke cases in India over the past 30 years. Relevance: Facts for Prelims What is a Stroke? A stroke occurs when blood flow to a section of the brain is interrupted, often due to a blocked or narrowed blood vessel, bleeding, or a clot. Increase in Stroke Cases: India recorded over 1.25 million new stroke cases in 2021, a substantial rise from 650,000 cases in 1990, representing a 51% increase. Prevalence of Stroke: The total number of people affected by strokes in India has surged from 4.4 million in 1990 to 9.4 million in 2021. Global Impact: India now contributes 10% to the global burden of stroke cases. -Source: Down To Earth

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 01 October 2024

CONTENTS A Decade of Make in India: Pioneering Economic Growth and Self-Reliance A Decade of Make in India: Pioneering Economic Growth and Self-Reliance Context: Launched by Prime Minister Modi on September 25, 2014, the “Make in India” initiative celebrates its 10th anniversary in 2024. This landmark initiative has significantly reshaped India’s economic landscape, focusing on boosting manufacturing, enhancing global competitiveness, and propelling the country towards self-reliance under the Atmanirbhar Bharat vision. The initiative’s success over the decade highlights its pivotal role in rejuvenating India’s economy and setting a sustainable path for future growth. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Make in India (MII) Initiative Pillars of ‘Make in India’ Key Initiatives under the “Make in India” Program Key Achievements Criticism and Challenges Conclusion Make in India (MII) Initiative Background: The Make in India initiative was launched in response to a steep economic decline in India, with growth rates falling to a decade-low by 2013. India, once considered a key player among the BRICS nations, was identified as part of the “Fragile Five,” signaling a need for urgent reforms to revive the economy. Need for the Initiative: At the time, India’s economic trajectory was at a turning point. Questions arose about whether India was “too large to fail” or in danger of faltering. This made it essential for the country to undertake significant economic measures to regain momentum. About the Make in India Initiative Launch: Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the “Make in India” initiative in September 2014 as a key part of India’s strategy to revitalize its economy. Objective: The initiative aims to transform India into a global hub for design and manufacturing, creating a robust ecosystem that strengthens the nation’s economic standing and generates employment opportunities. The focus is on encouraging global and domestic companies to manufacture in India. Core Goals: Strengthening India’s manufacturing sector. Positioning India as a global design and innovation hub. Enhancing employment opportunities by attracting investments in key industries. Key Sectors Under Make in India The Make in India initiative targets 27 sectors, categorized under: Manufacturing Sectors: These include industries such as: Aerospace and Defence Automotive and Auto Components Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Biotechnology Textiles and Apparels Chemicals and Petrochemicals Electronics System Design and Manufacturing (ESDM) Food Processing Gems and Jewellery Railways, among others. Service Sectors: This includes: Information Technology (IT) and IT-enabled Services (ITeS) Tourism and Hospitality Medical Value Travel Transport and Logistics Services Accounting and Finance Services Audio-Visual and Legal Services, among others. Pillars of ‘Make in India’ New Processes: The “Make in India” initiative identified ‘ease of doing business’ as a crucial factor for promoting entrepreneurship. Several measures were implemented to enhance the business environment, making it more conducive for startups and established enterprises alike. New Infrastructure: The government focused on developing industrial corridors and smart cities, integrating state-of-the-art technology and high-speed communication to create world-class infrastructure. Innovation and research were supported through streamlined registration systems and improved intellectual property rights (IPR) infrastructure. Efforts were made to identify industry skill requirements and develop the workforce accordingly. New Sectors: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) was significantly opened up in various sectors including Defence Production, Insurance, Medical Devices, Construction, and Railway infrastructure. This expansion also included easing FDI regulations in Insurance and Medical Devices, encouraging international investment and growth. New Mindset: The government embraced a role as a facilitator rather than a regulator, partnering with industry to drive the country’s economic development. This shift aimed to foster a collaborative environment that supported industrial growth and innovation. Key Initiatives under the “Make in India” Program Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes The PLI schemes have allocated ₹1.97 lakh crore (equivalent to $26 billion) to 14 key sectors, including electronics, automotive, pharmaceuticals, and textiles. By 2024, 755 applications have been approved under these schemes, resulting in investments worth ₹1.23 lakh crore and creating employment for approximately 8 lakh people. PM GatiShakti Plan Launched in 2021, PM GatiShakti is a national infrastructure initiative aimed at improving multimodal connectivity across transportation, energy, and communication systems. It integrates 36 ministries and departments to streamline logistics and synchronize project implementation. The “seven engines” of GatiShakti include railways, roads, ports, waterways, airports, mass transport, and logistics infrastructure, fostering economic growth and employment. Semiconductor Ecosystem Development To reduce reliance on imported components and boost self-sufficiency in critical technologies, the government introduced the Semicon India Programme with a budget of ₹76,000 crore.  National Logistics Policy (NLP) Unveiled in 2022, NLP is designed to work alongside PM GatiShakti to cut logistics costs, enhance India’s Logistics Performance Index (LPI) ranking, and build a sustainable logistics network. The policy focuses on standardizing logistics practices and using digital systems to improve overall efficiency in logistics and human resource development. Industrialization and Urbanization The National Industrial Corridor Development Programme, India’s largest infrastructure project, is focused on developing “Smart Cities” and advanced industrial hubs. The initiative promotes manufacturing growth and systematic urbanization through multi-modal connectivity corridors. Recent approvals of 12 new projects, with an investment of ₹28,602 crore, enhance India’s role as a global manufacturing hub. Startup India Launched in 2016, the Startup India initiative supports entrepreneurs and nurtures a strong startup ecosystem. As of September 2024, India ranks third globally in the startup ecosystem with 148,931 DPIIT-recognized startups generating more than 15.5 lakh jobs. Tax Reforms The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in July 2017 has unified India’s tax structure, creating a common market across 36 states and union territories. Unified Payments Interface (UPI) UPI has emerged as a global leader in digital payments, handling 46% of the world’s real-time payment transactions. Between April and July 2024, UPI processed transactions worth nearly ₹81 lakh crore, reflecting strong infrastructure and growing consumer trust. Ease of Doing Business India has made significant strides in improving its business environment, climbing from 142nd in 2014 to 63rd in the 2020 World Bank Doing Business Report (DBR). Government efforts to reduce red tape, simplify regulations, and create a more business-friendly environment have enhanced investor confidence. Record Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) The Make in India initiative has greatly benefitted from record levels of FDI, driven by streamlined FDI policies and improved ease of business. FDI rose from $45.14 billion in 2014-15 to a record $84.83 billion in 2021-22. Between 2014 and 2024, India attracted $667.41 billion in FDI, with inflows reaching $70.95 billion in FY 2023-24. Key Achievements 1. Growth in Manufacturing India is now the world’s second-largest mobile phone manufacturer. Mobile phone exports grew from ₹1,556 crore in 2014 to ₹1.2 lakh crore by 2024. The electronics industry expanded to $155 billion in FY 2023, with mobile phones contributing 43% of production. 2. Self-Reliance in Defence India has achieved notable progress in defence manufacturing, demonstrated by the launch of INS Vikrant, the first indigenous aircraft carrier. Defence production reached ₹1.27 lakh crore, with exports to more than 90 countries. Products like ‘Made in Bihar’ boots are now part of the Russian Army’s equipment. 3. Global Export Growth India’s merchandise exports hit $437.06 billion in FY 2023-24, reinforcing its role in global trade. 4. Job Creation Millions of jobs have been created across various sectors, with 8 lakh jobs generated through the PLI schemes alone. Additional Achievements Kashmir willow cricket bats have gained global popularity. Amul has expanded its presence by exporting dairy products to the United States. The textile industry created 14.5 crore jobs across India. India manufactures 400 million toys annually, producing 10 new toys every second. Criticism and Challenges Limited Impact on Manufacturing: Critics argue that Make in India has not significantly increased manufacturing’s share of GDP or attracted major investments. The manufacturing sector’s contribution to GDP decreased to 15.9% in 2023-24, down from 16.7% in 2013-14. Net FDI inflows have also declined from 1.5% of GDP in 2013-14 to 0.8% in 2023-24. Business Environment Concerns: Despite improvements, India’s ease of doing business still faces challenges. There is high taxation and rigid approaches to tax litigation. A shortage of skilled labor in manufacturing persists, with competition from countries like Vietnam and Bangladesh. Conclusion As the Make in India initiative enters its second decade, it stands as a symbol of India’s commitment to transforming its manufacturing landscape and global standing. With various reforms like the PLI schemes, PM GatiShakti, and the National Logistics Policy, India is positioning itself as a self-reliant and competitive economy. The success of homegrown projects, such as the Vande Bharat trains and INS Vikrant, and the growing electronics industry, indicate a bright future for India’s industrial and manufacturing sectors.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 01 October 2024

Contents: India’s Silver Dividend: Transforming Challenges into Opportunities for an Aging Population Having Private Participation in India’s Nuclear Energy Sector Steady but Slow India’s Silver Dividend: Transforming Challenges into Opportunities for an Aging Population Context: With a rapidly growing elderly population, India faces the dual challenge of providing adequate healthcare and ensuring the economic inclusion of its senior citizens. While rising longevity and demographic shifts put pressure on social security and healthcare systems, they also present an opportunity to harness the potential of the “silver economy.” This emerging segment could contribute significantly to economic growth if addressed with strategic reforms and policies. Relevance: General Studies Paper 1 (Society and Demographics) and General Studies Paper 2 (Social Justice, Welfare of Vulnerable Sections). Mains Question: Discuss the challenges faced by India’s elderly population and suggest strategies to convert these challenges into opportunities, focusing on healthcare, financial inclusion, and social security. (250 words) Rising Elderly Population and Its Impact: India’s elderly population is expanding rapidly, projected to reach 13.2% of the total population by 2031 and 19% by mid-century. This demographic shift is accompanied by an increase in life expectancy, creating pressure on healthcare and social security systems. The economic burden of this transition is significant, with healthcare consumption by the elderly currently estimated at $7 billion. Healthcare Challenges and Need for Reforms: Three-quarters of India’s elderly suffer from chronic ailments, and a quarter face difficulties with daily living activities. One-third experience depressive symptoms. Addressing these issues requires a multi-sectoral approach, involving healthcare, social, and economic reforms. Expanding tele-consultation services and training skilled healthcare workers can improve the quality of life for seniors. Digital and Financial Inclusion: The digital divide is a major barrier for the elderly. Empowering them through digital literacy and targeted financial schemes is essential. Programs like the Ayushman Bharat (AAM) and Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana (PMVVY) are steps in the right direction, but more is needed. Tailored financial products, like health insurance coverage up to ₹5 lakhs for every individual over 70 years, could ease financial insecurities. Social Inclusion and Support Systems: Social isolation is another critical issue. Establishing peer support groups and educating communities on elder care can foster inclusion. Legal awareness on entitlements, inheritance, and succession planning is equally vital to safeguard the rights of senior citizens. The Silver Economy: The “silver economy,” estimated at ₹73,082 crore, is poised to grow manifold over the next few decades. Seniors aged 45-64, with significant purchasing power, constitute a major consumer segment. Health and wellness-driven businesses, senior-centric housing, and leisure industries can tap into this market, turning a demographic challenge into an economic opportunity. Government Initiatives and Policy Support: The government has recognized this opportunity by launching initiatives like the Senior Able Citizens for Re-Employment in Dignity (SACRED) portal to connect seniors with job providers. Another effort is the Senior Citizen Ageing Growth Engine (SAGE) scheme, designed to support elder care startups. Creating an Elder-Friendly Environment: Policy reforms should focus on a comprehensive eldercare system, including mental health services, nutrition support, and age-friendly infrastructure. This would enable the elderly to maintain independence and contribute to the economy. Conclusion: India’s aging population presents both challenges and opportunities. By focusing on healthcare, social security, and economic inclusion, India can transform its growing elderly demographic into a silver dividend. Strengthening the silver economy, creating supportive social structures, and ensuring digital and financial inclusion will be key to leveraging the potential of this emerging segment. Latest Data and Numbers: India’s elderly population: 13.2% by 2031, 19% by mid-century. Silver economy potential: ₹73,082 crores, with expected manifold growth. Healthcare costs for the elderly: Estimated at $7 billion currently. By implementing targeted reforms, India can ensure a dignified life for its elderly population and harness their potential to contribute positively to the economy. Having Private Participation in India’s Nuclear Energy Sector Context: In the Union Budget for FY 2024-25, the Indian government announced its intent to expand nuclear energy through private sector partnerships. This includes developing Bharat Small Modular Reactors (BSMR) and exploring newer nuclear technologies. The move is aligned with India’s goal of achieving 500 Gigawatts of non-fossil fuel-based energy by 2030, as pledged at the COP26 Summit. However, India’s nuclear sector, governed by the Atomic Energy Act (1962), restricts private sector participation, leading to debates on regulatory, safety, and liability challenges. Relevance to GS Subject: General Studies Paper 3 (Science and Technology) Mains Question: Discuss the potential and challenges of involving private players in India’s nuclear energy sector. How can regulatory frameworks be revised to facilitate such participation while ensuring safety and compliance? (250 words) Current Scenario and Policy Framework: The Indian nuclear energy sector is governed by the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 (AEA), which empowers only the central government to “produce, develop, use and dispose of atomic energy.” This restricts private participation. The 1987 Amendment to the AEA allows only central government entities to engage in nuclear energy projects. Recent Announcements: In 2024, the Indian government proposed expanding the role of the private sector in nuclear energy, particularly for research and development (R&D) of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). This move is intended to accelerate technological development and reduce dependence on imported nuclear technology. Legal and Regulatory Hurdles: Section 3 of the AEA prohibits private sector involvement in R&D and operation of nuclear energy facilities. Additionally, the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA) imposes absolute liability on the operator, deterring private entities from entering the sector. The recent Supreme Court judgment (September 17, 2024) reaffirmed that private firms cannot exploit atomic energy unless the AEA is amended. Safety and Security Concerns: Involving private entities raises questions about safety and compliance. The Chernobyl and Fukushima disasters serve as reminders of the catastrophic risks associated with nuclear energy. Any inclusion of private players would necessitate stringent safety oversight and clear liability structures. Proposed Reforms: The government can consider allowing private firms to partner with public sector enterprises like the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) in specific areas, such as infrastructure development and component manufacturing. Amending the AEA to redefine private sector roles and strengthening the regulatory body—the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB)—would be crucial. Addressing Liability Issues: One of the key challenges is the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA), which places absolute liability on operators, making private entities wary. Introducing a liability pool or insurance framework could mitigate risks and attract private investment. Opportunities for Growth: With private sector participation, India could fast-track the development of newer technologies like SMRs, which are safer, more cost-effective, and flexible in deployment. Private investments can also spur innovation, bringing advanced safety features and global best practices into the domestic nuclear energy ecosystem. International Models and Lessons: Countries like the US and the UK have allowed private participation through public-private partnerships, balancing regulatory oversight with economic incentives. Learning from these models, India can create a hybrid framework that ensures safety without stifling private sector involvement. Latest Data and Numbers: India’s nuclear capacity: ~6,780 MW (as of 2023). Targeted non-fossil fuel energy capacity: 500 GW by 2030. Proposed investment in Bharat Small Modular Reactors: ₹526 billion. Conclusion: India’s nuclear energy sector is at a critical juncture, poised between tradition and transformation. Enabling private participation could unlock significant technological advancements and support the country’s clean energy transition. However, achieving this requires comprehensive legal reforms, strong regulatory frameworks, and clear safety protocols. By creating a robust and balanced policy environment, India can leverage its private sector’s potential while maintaining the highest safety standards. The path forward lies in fostering collaboration between public and private entities, supported by a transparent and adaptive regulatory structure that promotes innovation without compromising safety and public trust. Steady but Slow Context: India’s space program has made impressive strides, with achievements like the Chandrayaan-3 soft landing. However, resource constraints and a “one mission at a time” strategy limit its ability to respond rapidly to new opportunities in space exploration. In contrast, leading space agencies like NASA manage multiple flagship missions simultaneously, enabling them to pursue complex scientific and commercial objectives. The cancellation of NASA’s VIPER mission highlights the need for robust planning, adaptability, and adequate resources to sustain high-impact space missions. Relevance to GS Subject: General Studies Paper 3 (Science and Technology) Mains Question: Examine the challenges faced by ISRO in executing multiple flagship space missions. Discuss strategies to enhance India’s capability to handle high-impact missions in the global space race. (250 words) Current Scenario and Achievements: India has established itself as a prominent player in the space domain, especially after the successful Chandrayaan-3 lunar landing. The mission reinforced India’s position among elite spacefaring nations capable of autonomous lunar soft-landing. Limitations of Resource Allocation: Despite its achievements, ISRO is often constrained by limited resources, both in terms of funding and human capital. The organization typically focuses on a “one mission at a time” strategy, which hampers its ability to run parallel high-impact missions. This approach limits its agility to exploit emerging opportunities, as evident in the delayed approval for Chandrayaan-4. Comparison with Global Players: NASA’s cancellation of the VIPER mission due to cost overruns demonstrates the challenges of managing multiple large-scale projects. However, NASA’s ability to juggle several missions through efficient resource allocation sets it apart. Similarly, China’s rapid expansion in the space domain, with its complex lunar and planetary missions, further underscores the need for a more ambitious and well-funded Indian space program. Geopolitical Implications: The international race back to the moon is driven by strategic, commercial, and scientific interests. VIPER’s cancellation provides an opportunity for other nations, particularly China, to strengthen their lunar exploration capabilities. India must strategically position itself to capitalize on this evolving landscape. Missed Opportunities: The lack of timely decision-making has prevented ISRO from pursuing missions like the ‘Lunar Polar Explorer’ it is planning with Japan. Such missions could position India as a significant player in resource prospecting and space mining—areas poised to become highly lucrative in the future. Strategic Recommendations: Increase Funding and Resources: Expanding ISRO’s budget would enable the organization to simultaneously undertake multiple missions, improving efficiency and innovation. Develop Multi-Mission Capabilities: Establish a separate wing within ISRO to manage flagship missions, while existing divisions handle routine satellite launches. Leverage International Collaboration: Partnering with agencies like NASA and JAXA on complex projects can help India share costs and enhance technological capabilities. Establish a Commercial Arm: Strengthen the private sector’s role in routine satellite and commercial launches, allowing ISRO to focus on high-impact research missions. Latest Data and Numbers: India’s budget allocation for space: $1.8 billion (2023-24). NASA’s annual budget: $25 billion. Chandrayaan-3’s success cost: ₹615 crores (~$75 million). Conclusion: While India’s space program is making steady progress, it needs to transition to a more dynamic and multi-mission model to realize its full potential. Adequate funding, strategic planning, and global collaborations will be key in transforming ISRO into a world leader capable of handling multiple flagship projects simultaneously. The focus should be on scaling up its capabilities to ensure that India not only competes but also leads in the new space race. Strategic investments in talent, technology, and infrastructure can enable ISRO to handle multiple high-impact missions, paving the way for greater achievements in space exploration and strategic positioning on the global stage.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 01 October 2024

CONTENTS Supreme Court Limits Pretrial Detention Under PMLA Reforming UN Security Council New Rice Variety Pusa-2090 to Help Reduce Stubble Burning Lake Michigan Peechi -Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary Garra zubzaensis and Psilorhynchus kosygini  Supreme Court Limits Pretrial Detention Under PMLA Context: The Supreme Court of India has recently issued a ruling against the misuse of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002, specifically critiquing its use to unjustly extend the incarceration of accused individuals. The court declared that constitutional courts would not sanction indefinite pretrial detention under this legislation, emphasizing the need for fairness and the protection of legal rights in the enforcement of anti-money laundering measures. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key Takeaways from SC’s Ruling on PMLA and Bail Concerns Regarding India’s Bail System Way Forward Key Takeaways from SC’s Ruling on PMLA and Bail: Prima facie case & prolonged detention: Even if a prima facie case exists, the court may order the release of the accused if there is an undue delay in trial, leading to prolonged detention without a set timeline. Strict Provisions of PMLA: Section 45 of the PMLA should not be used to justify arbitrary or excessive detention of individuals. Conditions for Bail under Section 45 (PMLA, 2002): Bail can only be granted if the accused can prove they are prima facie innocent. The accused must convince the court that they will not commit any further offenses while on bail. Bail as a Principle: The Supreme Court reinforced that “bail is the rule, jail is the exception,” echoing a fundamental principle in India’s criminal law. Personal Liberty Concerns: The court noted that the high threshold for bail in cases involving the PMLA must not violate the accused’s personal liberty through indefinite detention. Delayed Trials & Stringent Bail Provisions: The ruling emphasized the issue of delayed trials, noting that harsh bail provisions under special laws (like PMLA, UAPA, and NDPS) must be balanced with constitutional rights. Fast-Tracking of Trials: The SC highlighted the need for expeditious trial processes, especially in cases where stringent laws are applied. Reference to KA Najeeb Case (2021): The court referenced its earlier judgment, affirming that prolonged delays in trials under UAPA laws can be grounds for granting bail. Fundamental Rights: The right to a speedy trial is tied to Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, which guarantees the right to life and personal liberty. Prolonged detention without trial can violate these rights. Compensation for Wrongful Detention: Individuals who have suffered wrongful imprisonment may seek compensation for violations of their rights under Article 21, especially in cases where they are later acquitted after long periods of detention. Concerns Regarding India’s Bail System Overcrowding of Undertrials: Over 75% of prisoners in India are undertrials, and the prison occupancy rate stands at 118%, indicating a crisis of overcrowding and inefficiencies in the bail system that require urgent reform. Supreme Court’s Observation: In the Satender Kumar Antil vs CBI case (2022), the Supreme Court recognized the shortcomings in the system, particularly in granting bail and dealing with undertrial prisoners. Presumption of Innocence: The principle of ‘presumption of innocence’ is weakened due to prolonged undertrial detention. This legal principle affirms that individuals should be considered innocent until proven guilty. Data Gaps: Critical data on undertrials, such as demographics, categories of offenses, and timelines for bail, as well as acceptance or rejection rates of bail applications, are not readily accessible. Arrests Justified as ‘Necessary’: The justification for arrests often hinges on the belief that they are necessary to secure the accused’s presence in court, but this disproportionately affects marginalized groups. Disadvantaged Individuals Remain Unprotected: Many arrested individuals, especially from disadvantaged communities, find themselves unprotected under the current system. Discretion in Granting Bail: The power to grant bail is left to the discretion of the courts and varies based on the facts of each case, the nature of the offense, and the likelihood of the accused absconding or tampering with evidence. Compliance with Bail Conditions: A significant number of undertrials remain in jail because they are unable to comply with stringent bail conditions. Challenging Bail Conditions: Conditions like cash bonds, surety bonds, and proof of property ownership make it difficult for the poor to secure their release, as these assumptions favor those with financial means or social connections. Way Forward Reforming Bail Conditions: Simplify and reassess bail conditions to ensure accessibility, especially for economically disadvantaged individuals. Introduce alternatives such as community service in place of cash and surety bonds. Safeguards Against Arbitrary Arrests: Implement guidelines and safeguards to prevent arbitrary arrests, especially for vulnerable populations. The police should be required to provide clear justifications for making arrests. Community-Based Supervision: Develop alternative programs like community-based supervision, which could involve local organizations or social workers monitoring undertrials instead of relying solely on bail. Reformatory Facilities: Petty criminals awaiting trial could be placed in reformatory facilities where they can participate in volunteer work or engage in productive activities, rather than being held in overcrowded prisons. Speedy Trials: Speedy trials, as highlighted by the Supreme Court Committee on Prison Reforms chaired by Justice (retd) Amitava Roy, can help mitigate the issue of overcrowding. Improving Infrastructure: The “Empirical Study to Evaluate the Delivery of Justice through Improved Infrastructure” recommends increasing courtroom space, providing basic furniture, and developing digital infrastructure, as well as increasing skilled manpower to reduce the number of undertrials. Clarifying Laws: Clearly defining laws and explaining individuals’ rights and responsibilities can help prevent prolonged detention caused by misunderstandings or gaps in the legal system. Reforming UN Security Council Context: As the United Nations nears its 80th anniversary in 2025, the G4 nations (India, Brazil, Germany, and Japan) have renewed their push for significant reforms of the UN Security Council (UNSC). Their call for change is backed by other plurilateral groups, including the L69 and C-10, which supports broadening the representation and improving the effectiveness of the UNSC. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: G4, L69, and C-10 Groups Overview United Nations Security Council G4, L69, and C-10 Groups Overview: L69 Group: The L69 Group consists of 42 developing nations from Asia, Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Pacific, including India. Its primary goal is to advocate for the expansion of both permanent and non-permanent UNSC membership, ensuring the Security Council reflects global realities and enhances accountability. The group calls for a review of the permanent membership composition every 15 years to adapt to changing global dynamics. Named after the “L.69” draft document introduced in 2007-08, the group initiated the Intergovernmental Negotiation (IGN) process to facilitate UNSC reforms. C-10 Group: The Committee of Ten (C-10) consists of 10 African nations representing the African Union. Its main objective is to reform the UNSC, focusing on increasing African representation in line with the Common African Position based on the Ezulwini Consensus and the Sirte Declaration. The Ezulwini Consensus (2005) proposed 2 permanent seats with veto power and 5 non-permanent seats for Africa, aiming to ensure more democratic and representative UNSC processes. The Sirte Declaration (1999) established the African Union to address peace and security across the African continent, further strengthening Africa’s voice in global governance. G4 Group: The G4 Group comprises Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan—countries aspiring to become permanent UNSC members. Formed in 2004, the group promotes UN Security Council Reforms to expand its permanent membership. The G4 members support each other’s bid for permanent UNSC membership, emphasizing mutual cooperation in the global diplomatic arena. United Nations Security Council The Security Council is one of the six main organs of the United Nations. The Permanent Residence of UNSC in the UN Headquarters New York City, USA. Its primary responsibility is the maintenance of international peace and security. While other organs of the United Nations make recommendations to member states, only the Security Council has the power to make decisions that member states are then obligated to implement under the Charter- Hence, it is the only body of the UN with the authority to issue binding resolutions to member states. Resolutions of the Security Council are typically enforced by UN peacekeepers, military forces voluntarily provided by member states and funded independently of the main UN budget. Membership It has 15 Members (5 as Permanent Members and 10 as Non- Permanent Members), and each Member has one vote. The Five permanent members are: China, France, Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Each of the Permanent Members has Veto Power over every decision of UNSC. The Ten non-permanent members are Elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly. Each year, the General Assembly elects five non-permanent members (out of ten in total) for a two-year term. The ten non-permanent seats are distributed on a regional basis. As per the rules of procedure, a retiring member is not eligible for immediate re-election and the election is held by secret ballot and there are no nominations. The presidency of the Council rotates monthly, going alphabetically among member states. Functions and Powers of UNSC Under the United Nations Charter, the functions and powers of the Security Council are: to maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and purposes of the United Nations; to investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international friction; to recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement; to formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments; to determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to recommend what action should be taken; to call on Members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not involving the use of force to prevent or stop aggression; to take military action against an aggressor; to recommend the admission of new Members; to exercise the trusteeship functions of the United Nations in “strategic areas”; to recommend to the General Assembly the appointment of the Secretary-General and, together with the Assembly, to elect the Judges of the International Court of Justice. -Source: The Hindu New Rice Variety Pusa-2090 to Help Reduce Stubble Burning Context: To address the persistent issue of farm fires in Punjab and Haryana, the government is promoting the adoption of new rice varieties. Pusa-2090 has been identified as a viable alternative to the popular Pusa-44 due to its similar yield potential. Crucially, Pusa-2090 can be harvested in early to mid-October, which is earlier than traditional varieties. This earlier harvest timing is key as it eliminates the need for stubble burning—a practice typically done to quickly clear fields before the sowing of wheat—thereby contributing to environmental conservation and reducing air pollution. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: PUSA-44: A Paddy Variety with Implications Overview of Pusa-2090 Key Facts about the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) PUSA-44: A Paddy Variety with Implications Development: PUSA-44 is a paddy variety that was developed in 1993 by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Widespread Adoption: By the end of the 2010s, PUSA-44 had gained immense popularity among farmers in Punjab, covering a substantial portion, approximately 70 to 80%, of the paddy cultivation area. Farmers have reported significantly higher yields with PUSA-44, producing nearly 85 to 100 quintals per acre, compared to the average yield of 28 to 30 quintals per acre with other varieties. Concerns Surrounding PUSA-44: Longer Duration: PUSA-44 is a long-duration paddy variety, taking around 160 days to mature, which is 35 to 40 days longer than other varieties. This extended growth period necessitates 5-6 additional cycles of irrigation. Groundwater Depletion: Given Punjab’s severe groundwater depletion issue, the government aims to conserve one month of irrigation water by banning this variety. Stubble Burning: PUSA-44 exacerbates the problem of stubble burning in the state. It generates approximately 2% more stubble than shorter-duration varieties, posing a significant environmental concern when cultivated on a large scale. Overview of Pusa-2090 Pusa-2090 is a recently developed, short-duration paddy variety by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), designed as a potential substitute for the Pusa-44 variety. It is the result of a cross between Pusa-44 and CB-501 (an early-maturing Japonica rice line). Pusa-2090 matures in 120-125 days, similar to PR-126, but offers a higher yield of about 34-35 quintals per acre, aligning it with the yield of Pusa-44. Key Benefits High Tillers and Grain Count: Pusa-2090 maintains a high number of tillers (grain-bearing branches) and grains per panicle, comparable to Pusa-44 and outperforming PR-126. Resilience Against Lodging: It features a robust culm (stem), reducing susceptibility to lodging (falling over due to strong winds or heavy rains), and responds well to nitrogen application. Water Efficiency: The shorter growth duration of Pusa-2090 helps conserve water, requiring 5-6 fewer irrigations compared to Pusa-44, which typically needs 29-30 irrigations. Can Pusa-2090 Replace Pusa-44? Comparable Yield: Pusa-2090 shows only a slight reduction in yield compared to Pusa-44, producing nearly as much grain. Early Maturity: Its early maturity, similar to PR-126, allows farmers to harvest sooner, enabling better preparation for subsequent crops without delay. Water-Saving Benefits: Pusa-2090 is an attractive alternative for farmers seeking both high yields and efficient water use. Post-Pusa-44 Era: Following the ban on Pusa-44, farmers are considering Pusa-2090 as a strong alternative in the region. Milling Quality: Apart from yield, the milling quality of rice plays a crucial role. For instance, PR-126 is not favored by millers due to its low rice recovery rate of 63%, which is below the government-mandated standard of 67%. Market Potential: If Pusa-2090 can match the grain quality of Pusa-44, it may gain wider acceptance among millers. Key Facts about the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Autonomous Organization: ICAR is an autonomous organization operating under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India. Former Name: ICAR was formerly known as the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research. Establishment: It was established on 16 July 1929 as a registered society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. Its establishment was in response to the recommendations of the Royal Commission on Agriculture. Apex Body: ICAR serves as the apex body responsible for coordinating, guiding, and managing research and education in various fields of agriculture, including horticulture, fisheries, and animal sciences, across India. National Agricultural System: ICAR oversees a vast network of agricultural institutions, including 113 ICAR institutes and 71 agricultural universities, making it one of the largest national agricultural systems globally. Headquarters: The headquarters of ICAR is located in New Delhi, India. -Source: Indian Express Lake Michigan Context: Researchers recently surveyed the bottom of Lake Michigan after spotting strange circles on the lakebed in 2022, and new observations show the circles are craters. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Lake Michigan Size and Ranking: Lake Michigan is the third largest among the Great Lakes of North America and the only one situated entirely within the United States. Global Standing: It is the fourth largest freshwater lake by surface area and the fifth largest lake globally. Dimensions: The lake stretches 321 miles (517 km) from north to south and has a maximum width of 118 miles (190 km). Drainage Basin: Lake Michigan has a drainage basin covering an area of 45,600 square miles (118,095 square km). Connection to Lake Huron: It is directly linked to Lake Huron through the Straits of Mackinac, which helps maintain water level equilibrium between the two lakes, making them behave like a single lake. River Inflows: Numerous rivers flow into Lake Michigan, including the Fox-Wolf, Grand, St. Joseph, and Kalamazoo rivers, which are part of the lake’s extensive drainage basin. Natural Habitats: Lake Michigan supports diverse natural habitats such as tallgrass prairies, savannas, and contains the largest freshwater sand dunes in the world. Biodiversity: The lake is home to a rich variety of flora and fauna, including several rare and endangered species like the Hine’s Emerald Dragonfly and the Dwarf Lake Iris. -Source: The Hindu Peechi -Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary Context: A female elephant recently died due to apparent electrocution near a tribal colony close to the Peechi wildlife sanctuary in Kerala’s Thrissur district. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary Location: Situated in Thrissur District, Kerala. Establishment and Area: Covering an area of 125 square kilometers, the sanctuary was established in 1958. Catchment Area: It lies within the catchment areas of both the Peechi and Vazhani Dams. Forestry Link: This sanctuary is a part of the Palapilli-Nelliampathy forests and forms the northern boundary of the Chimmini Wildlife Sanctuary. Vegetation and Terrain Forest Types: The sanctuary is home to tropical evergreen, tropical semievergreen, and moist deciduous forests. Terrain: The landscape is undulating with altitudes ranging from 100 to 914 meters, the highest point being Ponmudi. Flora The sanctuary hosts more than 50 species of orchids, numerous rare medicinal plants, and trees with high commercial value like teak and rosewood. Fauna The sanctuary supports a diverse wildlife population, including over 25 species of mammals. It is home to carnivores like leopards, tigers, and foxes, along with herbivores like elk, deer, barking deer, spotted deer, gaur, and elephants. -Source: The Hindu Garra zubzaensis and Psilorhynchus kosygini Context: Researchers have recently discovered two new fish species namely Garra zubzaensis and Psilorhynchus kosygini, of torrent minnows in the pristine rivers of Nagaland. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About New Fish Species: The new fish species described here are torrent minnows, belonging to the genus Psilorhynchus under the family Psilorhynchidae. Torrent minnows are freshwater species usually found in fast-flowing streams with strong currents such as rivers and mountain streams. Garra zubzaensis: Location: Discovered in the Zubza River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra River in Kohima district. Habitat: The river’s gravel, cobbles, and sandy substrate offer a perfect environment for these benthic species. Adaptations: Garra zubzaensis is well-suited for living in fast-flowing rocky streams. They use their gular discs (sucker-like structures) to cling to surfaces and feed. Psilorhynchus kosygini: Location: Found in the Tepuiki River, a tributary of the Barak River in Nagaland’s Peren district. Genus Origin: Psilorhynchus kosygini belongs to a genus primarily found in South Asia and Southeast Asia. Habitat: This species thrives in the shaded, fast-flowing waters of the Tepuiki River, favoring its gravelly and rocky substrate. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 30 September 2024

CONTENTS Paryatan Mitra And Paryatan Didi Initiative BRICS Paryatan Mitra And Paryatan Didi Initiative Context: Recently, the Ministry of Tourism has launched a national responsible tourism initiative titled Paryatan Mitra and Paryatan Didi. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Paryatan Mitra and Paryatan Didi Initiative The Paryatan Mitra and Paryatan Didi Initiative is aimed at enhancing the tourist experience across India by promoting interactions with tourist-friendly locals who serve as Ambassadors and Storytellers for their region. Vision: The initiative seeks to present the essence of Incredible India through the warmth and hospitality of its people, making tourism experiences more welcoming and memorable. Pilot Locations: The initiative has been piloted in six destinations: Orchha (Madhya Pradesh) Gandikota (Andhra Pradesh) Bodh Gaya (Bihar) Aizawl (Mizoram) Jodhpur (Rajasthan) Sri Vijaya Puram (Andaman & Nicobar Islands) Key Features: Focus on Women and Youth Training: The initiative emphasizes training women and youth in developing innovative tourism experiences like heritage walks, food tours, craft tours, nature treks, and homestay experiences. Inspired by “Athithi Devo Bhava” Philosophy: The training promotes treating tourists as honored guests, following the Indian tradition of hospitality. Employment Opportunities: The program envisions locals using these skills to seek employment in tourism as homestay owners, cuisine providers, cultural guides, natural guides, adventure guides, and more. Digital Training: In addition to tourism-specific training, participants receive digital literacy training to help make their tourism experiences more discoverable and accessible to tourists on a national and global scale. BRICS Context: The Indian External Affairs Minister recently met with his BRICS counterparts to affirm its role in a multipolar world. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: What is BRICS? What is BRICS? BRICS is the international grouping of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. This was set up as a move towards greater multi­polarity; hence the spread across three continents and both hemispheres. In terms of GDP, China occupies the second position; India the fifth; Brazil the ninth; Russia the 11th; and South Africa the 35th. In terms of growth rates, China grew at 6%; India at 4.5%, Russia 1.7%, Brazil 1.2% and South Africa 0.1%. BRICS does not exist in form of organization, but it is an annual summit between the supreme leaders of five nations. The Chairmanship of the forum is rotated annually among the members, in accordance with the acronym B-R-I-C-S. The BRICS seeks to deepen, broaden and intensify cooperation within the grouping and among the individual countries for more sustainable, equitable and mutually beneficial development. BRICS takes into consideration each member’s growth, development and poverty objectives to ensure relations are built on the respective country’s economic strengths and to avoid competition where possible. BRICS is emerging as a new and promising political-diplomatic entity with diverse objectives, far beyond the original objective of reforming global financial institutions.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 30 September 2024

Contents: Common Practice Standards Must Have an India-Centric Outlook for Carbon Finance Projects Demand Flux: India’s Growth Dynamics May Falter with Waning Urban Consumption A Rice Variety to Curb Farm Fires: Pusa-2090’s Potential for Sustainable Farming Common Practice Standards Must Have an India-Centric Outlook for Carbon Finance Projects Context: India’s agroforestry sector has substantial potential to contribute to global carbon finance through afforestation, reforestation, and revegetation (ARR) initiatives. With the right incentives and policies, India could double its agroforestry area by 2050, significantly enhancing its carbon sink capacity. However, existing global carbon standards often do not consider India’s fragmented, smallholder-dominated land patterns, limiting farmers’ participation in carbon credit projects. Revising these standards to suit Indian conditions is crucial for achieving environmental sustainability and economic development. Relevance: General Studies Paper 3 (Environment, Climate Change, and Sustainable Development). Mains Question: Analyze the challenges faced by India’s agroforestry sector in participating in global carbon finance projects. How can ‘Common Practice Standards’ be revised to better suit India’s unique agricultural landscape? (250 words) India’s Potential in the Agroforestry Sector: India’s agroforestry area currently covers 28.4 million hectares, contributing 8.65% of India’s total land area. The sector stores 19.3% of India’s carbon stocks. Expanding agroforestry to 53 million hectares by 2050 could add an additional 2.5 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent to the country’s carbon sink. Current Barriers in Carbon Standards: Global carbon finance platforms use a ‘Common Practice’ criterion to determine project eligibility for carbon credits. This standard often aligns with large-scale, contiguous landholdings typical of countries like the US, Latin America, or Africa. In contrast, 86.1% of Indian farmers operate on small, fragmented plots, making them ineligible for carbon credits under existing frameworks. Need for India-Centric Standards: Indian farmers use diverse agroforestry methods, such as planting trees along field boundaries or integrating agroforestry within agricultural landscapes. These small-scale, localized practices are not recognized as “additional” by global standards, excluding many Indian farmers from accessing carbon finance. Revising the standards to include smallholder-dominated landscapes would enable millions of farmers to participate and earn carbon credits. Benefits of an Inclusive Approach: Adopting India-specific standards would not only provide income diversification for farmers but also promote sustainable land-use practices. Participating in carbon finance projects can enhance soil fertility, reduce erosion, and improve water retention. These benefits align with broader goals of climate adaptation and rural development. Successful Examples in India: Organizations like the Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) have piloted ARR projects in seven states, benefiting over 56,600 farmers. These initiatives show that with supportive standards and frameworks, small and marginal farmers can successfully engage in carbon credit markets. However, scaling up requires revising ‘Common Practice’ guidelines to align with the realities of India’s fragmented landholding patterns. Role of International Carbon Platforms: Platforms like the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) or Gold Standard need to expand their criteria to accommodate India’s land structure. They should recognize incremental changes such as planting trees along field boundaries or restoring degraded forest areas. This would ensure that Indian projects contribute meaningfully to carbon sequestration and are acknowledged for carbon credits. Strategic Importance for India: India’s agroforestry sector has the potential to become a global leader in sustainable agriculture. Revising standards will unlock the carbon finance market for millions of smallholders, providing economic resilience and contributing to national climate goals. A more inclusive approach can also position India as a key player in international climate negotiations, showcasing its commitment to sustainability. Latest Data and Numbers: Current agroforestry area: 28.4 million hectares. Potential agroforestry area by 2050: 53 million hectares. Contribution to India’s carbon sink: 19.3% of national carbon stocks. Potential carbon addition: 2.5 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent by 2050. India’s smallholder farming: 86.1% of farmers operate on less than 2 hectares. Conclusion: India’s agroforestry sector presents a unique opportunity to integrate with global carbon finance if international standards are revised to suit its landscape. Revising ‘Common Practice’ standards to recognize smallholder and fragmented landholdings will empower millions of farmers to participate in carbon credit markets, promoting both economic and environmental benefits. Aligning these standards with India’s needs is crucial to realizing the full potential of agroforestry and achieving sustainable development. Implementing India-centric carbon finance standards would be a transformative step in scaling up agroforestry projects, ensuring that the sector achieves its dual goals of environmental sustainability and rural economic development. Demand Flux: India’s Growth Dynamics May Falter with Waning Urban Consumption Context: India’s GDP growth for 2023-24 reached 8.2%, but there are warning signs, especially in the form of faltering urban consumption and a struggling farm sector. While the farm sector’s slowdown is attributed to erratic monsoons, private consumption growth remains low. The decline in urban demand, if unaddressed, could hinder overall economic growth, affecting investment cycles and job creation. Relevance: General Studies Paper 3 (Economic Development, Growth, and Inflation Management). Mains Question: Analyze the recent trends in India’s consumption patterns and their implications on economic growth. Discuss measures that could be taken to stimulate urban demand. (250 words) Current Growth Scenario: India’s GDP grew by 8.2% in 2023-24, but private consumption expenditure (PFCE) grew only by 4%, which is less than half of the overall economic pace. This is the weakest consumption growth since 2002-03, excluding the pandemic-hit 2020-21. Sectoral Slowdown: The farm sector’s slowdown due to an erratic monsoon dampened rural demand. Economists observed a K-shaped consumption pattern, with high-end goods and services seeing better growth than essential goods. This disparity indicates weakening consumption in lower economic segments. Urban Demand and Inflation Concerns: Urban demand, which was expected to support the economy, is also showing signs of fatigue. The Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) Consumer Confidence Survey for July 2024 showed a decline in consumer optimism. High inflation, especially in food prices, has reduced the ability of urban consumers to spend on discretionary items. Impact on Economic Growth: A slowdown in consumption could disrupt the virtuous cycle of investment, job creation, and higher consumption, leading to a negative spiral. Lower demand affects industrial capacity utilization, reducing private investments and delaying new projects. Key Indicators to Monitor: The Finance Ministry highlighted a dip in passenger vehicle sales from April to August 2024 as a sign of weakening urban demand. S&P Global Ratings has downgraded India’s growth expectation to 6.8% for this fiscal year, indicating that high interest rates are tempering consumption. Policy Recommendations: The government needs to consider measures to stimulate demand, particularly in urban areas. Strategies could include passing on the benefits of reduced global oil prices to consumers and cutting taxes on retail fuel prices to increase disposable income. Rural Consumption Trends: On a positive note, rural demand has shown signs of recovery, driven by higher real wage growth and cooling inflation. Two-wheeler sales and other rural indicators have improved, suggesting a possible revival in rural consumption. Long-Term Measures Needed: Structural reforms to boost disposable incomes, reduce inflationary pressures, and support employment generation are crucial. Additionally, targeted interventions like relief in income tax slabs or subsidies could help increase consumer spending. Latest Data and Numbers: GDP growth for 2023-24: 8.2%. PFCE growth: 4% (lowest since 2002-03, excluding 2020-21). S&P Global’s revised GDP growth projection: 6.8%. Urban consumption trends: Dip in passenger vehicle sales from April-August 2024. Conclusion: India’s robust GDP growth is threatened by declining urban consumption and a fragile rural economy. Without targeted policy interventions, the current growth momentum may not sustain. Addressing these concerns through demand-side measures and stabilizing inflation is vital to keep the economy on its growth trajectory. Effective fiscal measures and careful monitoring of demand dynamics are essential to maintain economic stability and ensure inclusive growth across both urban and rural sectors. A Rice Variety to Curb Farm Fires: Pusa-2090’s Potential for Sustainable Farming Context: Pusa-2090, a new rice variety developed by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), could play a crucial role in reducing stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana. This new variety, which matures 30-35 days earlier than the widely grown Pusa-44, can be harvested by early to mid-October, allowing enough time for farmers to prepare for wheat sowing without resorting to stubble burning. With comparable yield levels and shorter growing cycles, Pusa-2090 offers an environmentally friendly and economically viable alternative for farmers. Relevance: General Studies Paper 3 (Agriculture, Environmental Conservation, and Technology) Mains Question: Discuss how the adoption of early-maturing rice varieties like Pusa-2090 can contribute to reducing stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana. Analyze its economic and environmental benefits. (250 words) The Problem of Stubble Burning: Stubble burning is a major issue in Punjab and Haryana, contributing to severe air pollution in North India every winter. Farmers burn paddy stubble to quickly clear fields for the next wheat crop due to the short window between harvesting rice and sowing wheat. Current Popular Varieties: Pusa-44, the most popular variety in Punjab, takes 155-160 days from sowing to maturity and is harvested around mid-November. The late harvest leaves farmers with no time to clear the fields for wheat sowing, forcing them to burn the stubble. Introduction of Pusa-2090: Pusa-2090, developed by IARI, matures in 120 days—30-35 days earlier than Pusa-44. This shorter duration allows harvesting by early October, providing a 25-30 day window before wheat sowing begins. Early harvesting eliminates the need for stubble burning as farmers have enough time to clear the fields manually or mechanically. Yield and Economic Viability: Pusa-2090’s yield (35-36 quintals per acre) is nearly equivalent to Pusa-44’s yield, making it a viable option for farmers. Additionally, early harvesting results in water savings, with Pusa-2090 requiring 5-6 fewer irrigations compared to Pusa-44. This translates to significant cost savings and higher net returns. Environmental Benefits: Adopting Pusa-2090 can substantially reduce stubble burning, lowering air pollution and improving soil health. Reducing smoke emissions would also alleviate respiratory issues in the region and contribute to meeting air quality standards. Acceptance Among Farmers: Farmers like Harpreet Singh from Punjab, who have experimented with Pusa-2090, report satisfaction with its yield and the additional time it provides for land preparation. The Punjab government’s decision to ban Pusa-44 and promote Pusa-2090 through subsidies indicates a policy shift towards sustainable farming. Long-Term Implications: Widespread adoption of early-maturing varieties like Pusa-2090 can change the crop cycle dynamics in North India, reducing the environmental footprint of paddy cultivation. This shift can be supported by government incentives, awareness programs, and easy access to seed varieties. Latest Data and Numbers: Pusa-2090 maturation period: 120 days. Pusa-44 maturation period: 155-160 days. Pusa-2090 yield: 35-36 quintals per acre (similar to Pusa-44). Potential water savings: 5-6 fewer irrigations compared to Pusa-44. Conclusion: The introduction of Pusa-2090 is a promising solution to the perennial problem of stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana. Its early maturation and comparable yields make it economically attractive to farmers. Policymakers should focus on promoting such varieties to create a sustainable agricultural model that benefits both the environment and farmers. Encouraging the adoption of Pusa-2090 through targeted support and extension services could pave the way for sustainable agriculture in the region, mitigating the negative impact of stubble burning and ensuring long-term environmental and economic benefits.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 30 September 2024

CONTENTS Recovery in India’s Sugar Sector India’s Shipbuilding Mission: Aiming for Global Leadership by 2047 Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 Draft Guidelines for Withdrawal of Life Support Released Rashtriya Poshan Maah Global Innovation Index 2024 GST Compensation Cess  Recovery in India’s Sugar Sector Context: India’s sugar industry is showing signs of significant recovery following an extended period of uncertainty. This rebound is crucial for the agriculture sector, impacting numerous stakeholders from farmers to exporters. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: State of the Sugar Industry in India Significance of the Sugar Industry in India Challenges Associated with the Sugar Industry in India Way Forward State of the Sugar Industry in India: Production Forecast (2024): The Indian Sugar Mills Association (ISMA) projects gross sugar production at 34.0 million metric tons (MT) for the Sugar Year (SY) 2024. Net production is estimated at 32.3 million MT after accounting for ethanol diversion and a ban on exports. Global Comparison: Brazil leads global sugar production with 45.54 million MT in 2023-24, contributing 25% of the global output. India is the largest consumer and the second-largest producer of sugar, contributing 19% of global production. Domestic Consumption: Domestic consumption is projected at 28.5 million MT for 2024. A closing stock of 9.4 million MT is expected by September 2024, an increase from 5.6 million MT in the previous year. Ethanol Supply: A target of 320 crore liters for the first half of the Ethanol Supply Year (ESY) 2024 was set. 224 crore liters were supplied by March 2024, achieving a blending ratio of 11.96%. Major Production Areas: North India: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Punjab. South India: Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh. South India is known for higher sucrose content, resulting in higher yields per unit area. Geographical Conditions for Sugarcane Growth: Temperature: 21-27°C (hot and humid climate). Rainfall: 75-100 cm annually. Soil Type: Deep rich loamy soil. Significance of the Sugar Industry in India: Economic Importance: The sugar sector is highly labor-intensive, providing livelihoods to approximately 50 million farmers and their families. Direct employment to over 500,000 skilled workers, in addition to numerous semi-skilled workers in sugar mills. Value Chain: The industry supports a broad value chain, spanning sugarcane cultivation to the production of sugar and alcohol, contributing to both local and national economic growth. Byproducts: Key byproducts include ethanol, molasses, and bagasse, which play a significant role in various industries. Multi-Product Crop: The sugar industry is a multi-product industry, serving as a source for sugar, ethanol, paper, and electricity generation. Molasses: Molasses is a highly nutritious byproduct used for livestock feeding and alcohol production, contributing to the agricultural economy. Ethanol Production: Ethanol is predominantly produced from sugarcane molasses, playing a critical role in reducing reliance on crude oil imports through ethanol-blended fuels. Bagasse: Bagasse, the fibrous residue after sugar extraction, is a key raw material in the paper industry, contributing about 30% of cellulose requirements from agricultural residues. Challenges Associated with the Sugar Industry in India Water-Intensive Crop: Sugarcane is highly dependent on water and is predominantly cultivated in monsoon-reliant regions like Maharashtra and Karnataka, exacerbating water scarcity in these areas. Seasonal Availability and Sucrose Loss: Delays in crushing sugarcane after harvest (beyond 24 hours) lead to sucrose loss, posing a significant challenge. Low Sugar Recovery Rate: The sugar recovery rate in Indian sugar mills remains at 9.5-10%, lower than the 13-14% observed in other countries. This stagnation is due to limited advancements in sugarcane varieties and improved yields. Competition with Other Crops: Sugarcane cultivation competes with other food and cash crops like cotton, oilseeds, and rice, leading to price volatility during surplus periods when prices fall. Outdated Machinery in Sugar Mills: Many sugar mills, particularly in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, operate with outdated machinery, reducing productivity. Low Return on Gur Production: While gur has higher nutritional value, it has a lower sugar recovery rate than sugar, leading to economic losses when sugarcane is diverted to gur production. Price Discrepancies: Gur factories often offer a lower price for sugarcane than sugar mills, incentivizing farmers to sell to them, which further impacts overall sugar production. Way Forward Research and Development (R&D) Investment: There is a need for substantial investment in R&D to develop high-yielding, drought-resistant sugarcane varieties, which will improve productivity and long-term sustainability. Remote Sensing Technologies: Advanced remote sensing technologies should be deployed to accurately map sugarcane cultivation areas and provide reliable data for better management. Government Intervention in Pricing: When the cane price determined by the formula drops below a reasonable level, the government can bridge the gap by creating a dedicated fund, sourced from a cess on sugar sales. Incentivizing Ethanol Production: The government should promote ethanol production to reduce reliance on oil imports and manage surplus sugar production, thereby stabilizing both the sugar and energy markets. -Source: The Hindu India’s Shipbuilding Mission: Aiming for Global Leadership by 2047 Context: The Minister for Ports, Shipping, and Waterways is spearheading a new Shipbuilding Mission aimed at establishing a strong global presence in the shipbuilding industry by 2047. This initiative is part of the broader Make in India campaign, which seeks to enhance domestic manufacturing capabilities. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: Overview of the Shipbuilding Industry Key Features of the Proposed Shipbuilding Mission Recent Developments in India’s Maritime Sector Overview of the Shipbuilding Industry Shipbuilding involves activities related to the design, construction, maintenance, and repair of various types of vessels used in transportation, defence, and commerce. Shipyards: Shipyards are specialised facilities responsible for assembling ships and managing large-scale maritime construction projects. Global Market Insights: In 2023, the global market for shipbuilding was valued at approximately USD 207.15 billion, and it is projected to grow to USD 220.52 billion by 2024. Key Shipbuilding Nations: The main contributors to the global shipbuilding industry include China, South Korea, Japan, India, Germany, and the United States. China, South Korea, and Japan account for a combined 85% of the global market share. India’s Contribution: India represents 0.06% of the global shipbuilding industry. The country ranks 12th globally, with shipbuilding exports valued at USD 1.12 billion, while China leads with exports worth USD 25 billion. In 2022, the value of India’s shipbuilding sector was USD 90 million, with projections indicating growth to USD 8.12 billion by 2033. Future Potential: The Indian shipbuilding sector has the potential to unlock opportunities worth over USD 237 billion by 2047, aided by government support, favourable geographic location, and cost-effective labour. Leading Indian Shipbuilding Companies: Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL): A key player in constructing warships for the Indian Navy and Coast Guard. Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL): Specialises in the production of offshore vessels, oil tankers, and aircraft carriers. CSL is India’s largest shipbuilder and operates the country’s most extensive ship-repair facilities. Adani Group’s Shipbuilding Initiative: In 2024, the Adani Group announced a large-scale shipbuilding project at Mundra Port in Gujarat, with a proposed investment of Rs 45,000 crore. The initiative aims to establish India as a major player in global shipbuilding, with a target market valuation of USD 62 billion by 2047. Key Features of the Proposed Shipbuilding Mission Goal for 2047: The government aims to position India as a leading player in the shipbuilding industry and establish the country as a global maritime hub by 2047. Current Global Market Share: India currently holds less than 1% of the global shipbuilding market. Twelve Key Focus Areas: The mission has outlined twelve focus areas for development, including financing, insurance, ownership, leasing, chartering, shipbuilding, repair, recycling, flagging, registration, operations, technical management, staffing, crewing, and arbitration. Shipbuilding Parks: Plans are in place to develop mega shipbuilding parks on both the eastern and western coasts of India. South Korea and Japan have been invited to explore foreign investment opportunities. Locations: These shipbuilding parks will be located in states like Maharashtra, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Gujarat. Economic Impact: Since 95% of India’s trade relies on foreign vessels, the initiative aims to reduce this dependency and retain the estimated annual outflow of USD 110 billion. Maritime Development Fund: The government plans to create a Maritime Development Fund with a corpus of Rs 25,000 crore to provide long-term financing for maritime initiatives, potentially modeled after the National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development (NaBFID). Upcoming Missions: Two additional missions are planned: Cruise India Mission: Focused on upgrading port infrastructure and building exclusive cruise terminals to accommodate large vessels. Ship Repair and Recycling Mission: Aiming to develop India as a repair and recycling hub for ships. Major Repair Hubs: Cities like Kochi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, and Vadinar (in Gujarat) will be further developed into major repair centers. Centre of Excellence: A Centre of Excellence in Shipbuilding and Repair will be established to foster innovation in these sectors. Free Trade Depot: Customs exemptions for imported materials used in ship repairs will be provided through Free Trade Depots at shipyards. Maritime Dispute Resolution: The International Maritime Dispute Resolution Centre (IIMDRC) has been launched to resolve maritime disputes domestically, reducing dependence on hubs like Dubai and Singapore. The IIMDRC will offer merit-based, industry-governed solutions, positioning India as a hub for maritime arbitration. Third-Party Maritime Insurance: A proposal for establishing the India Club is being considered to provide third-party maritime insurance for coastal and inland waterways, protecting against international sanctions and economic pressures. Recent Developments in India’s Maritime Sector Mega Ports Expansion: India has ambitious plans for establishing mega ports across the country, including the recently approved Rs 76,220 crore Vadhavan port in Maharashtra. Transhipment Port: A mega port is planned at Galathea Bay in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands, designed to handle transhipment cargo currently managed outside of India. Container Capacity Growth: The ministry projects that India’s container handling capacity will grow to 40 million TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units) over the next five years. Jawaharlal Nehru Port: India’s Jawaharlal Nehru Port aims to increase its capacity from 6.6 million TEUs to 10 million TEUs, becoming the first Indian port to achieve this capacity milestone. Land Allotment for Hydrogen Manufacturing Hubs: Around 3,900 acres of land has been allocated to the Deendayal Port Authority (DPA) in Kandla and VO Chidambaranar Port Trust to establish hydrogen manufacturing hubs. International Port Operations: India Ports Global Ltd (IPGL) has taken over operations at international ports in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Bangladesh. Chabahar Port Contract: India has successfully operationalized its contract for Chabahar Port. India-Middle East-Europe Corridor: The 4,800 km India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) will connect Indian ports with Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Europe. MAITRI Interface: The Master Application for International Trade and Regulatory Interface (MAITRI) integrates India’s operational trade portals with those of the UAE, streamlining cross-border processes. Virtual Trade Corridor (VTC): This platform, designed for secure and efficient trade data exchange, forms the backbone of the IMEC corridor. -Source: Live Mint Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 Context: NITI Aayog, the top think tank of the government, had opposed some of the provisions of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: NITI Aayog’s Concerns Over the DPDP Bill Salient Features of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA) 2023 Issues with Obtaining Parental Consent Addressing the Issue of Parental Consent NITI Aayog’s Concerns Over the DPDP Bill The DPDP Bill suggested an amendment to Section 8(1)(j) of the RTI Act, which would restrict the disclosure of personal information related to public officials, even if there is a larger public interest at stake. During inter-ministerial consultations, NITI Aayog advised the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) not to proceed with the bill in its current form, warning that it could potentially weaken the RTI Act. Opposition parties and civil society activists also voiced their objections to the amendment during the consultation period, and later when the bill was debated in Parliament. Despite these reservations, the MeitY did not make changes to the RTI Act in the proposed amendment. The government defended the changes, arguing that the right to privacy is a fundamental right under the Indian Constitution, which should also be extended to government officers. Salient Features of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA) 2023 Empowerment of Individuals: Grants individuals rights to access, correct, and erase their personal data. Provides citizens with enhanced control over their personal information. Consent Requirement: Stipulates that personal data can only be processed with explicit consent from individuals. Organizations must present clear and specific consent forms and secure consent before collecting data. Data Localization: Mandates that certain sensitive personal data must be stored and processed within India. Aims to bolster data security and simplify the enforcement of data protection regulations. Establishment of Data Protection Board: Creates the Data Protection Board of India (DPBI) to oversee compliance and address grievances. The Board is tasked with resolving disputes and imposing penalties for non-compliance. Breach Notification: Requires organizations to inform both individuals and the Data Protection Board about any data breaches that could compromise personal information. Promotes transparency and prompt action in the event of data leaks. Penalties for Non-Compliance: Imposes substantial fines for violations to encourage adherence to data protection standards. Issues with Obtaining Parental Consent Consent Requirement for Children’s Data: Section 9 of the DPDPA mandates that data fiduciaries must obtain verifiable consent from parents or guardians before processing children’s data. Prohibits harmful data processing and ad targeting aimed at minors. Exemptions: Certain entities, such as healthcare and educational institutions, may be exempt from obtaining verifiable parental consent under specific conditions. Limited exemptions are allowed based on the particular purpose for which the child’s data is processed. Challenges in Implementation: Difficulties in age verification and defining harm to children remain significant. Issues arise when parents revoke consent or when children reach the age of consent. Storing biometric data and ensuring compatibility across devices pose practical challenges. The act lacks clear guidance on how platforms should perform age-gating. Delay in Rules Implementation: The delay in finalizing data protection rules is primarily due to unresolved issues regarding verifiable parental consent. The DPDPA requires at least 25 provisions to operationalize the act, adding to the complexity. Proposed Solutions: The Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) initially considered using the DigiLocker app, but privacy and scalability concerns led to its rejection. Another suggestion was an electronic token system, but it faced practical limitations. A recent industry meeting proposed a graded approach based on risk, with the UK’s Age Appropriate Design Code (AADC) as a reference model. Addressing the Issue of Parental Consent Self-Declaration by Parents: Companies can allow parents to declare their relationship with the child during the account setup process. This method depends on the honesty of the parents and lacks a robust verification mechanism. Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): Implementing 2FA for parental accounts can enhance security. Parents receive a verification code via SMS or email to confirm their consent, adding an extra layer of security. Biometric Verification: Utilizing biometric methods, such as fingerprint or facial recognition, for parental consent can be both secure and privacy-conscious. Biometrics offer a high level of security by ensuring that only the authorized parent can provide consent. Proxy Consent: Allowing parents to authorize a trusted third party, such as a school or pediatrician, to verify their relationship with the child. This approach can provide additional verification and ease the process of obtaining consent. -Source: Indian Express Draft Guidelines for Withdrawal of Life Support Released Context: The Union Health Ministry has recently released the ‘Draft Guidelines for Withdrawal of Life Support in Terminally Ill Patients.’ This initiative seeks to establish a formal legal framework where previously only informal practices existed. Doctors have often informally advised families on withdrawing care for terminally ill patients, but the lack of formal guidelines has created a need for clear standards and protocols. Stakeholders are encouraged to provide feedback and suggestions on the draft by October 20, aiming to refine and formalize the approach to end-of-life care in India. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Draft guidelines on passive euthanasia What is euthanasia, and what is a living will? Different countries, different laws Draft guidelines on passive euthanasia The draft guidelines on passive euthanasia provide a framework for the withdrawal or withholding of medical treatment in terminally ill patients. The guidelines address the following key points: Defined Terminal Illness: Terminal illness is defined as an irreversible or incurable condition that leads to inevitable death in the foreseeable future. Conditions for Withdrawal or Withholding of Medical Treatment: The individual is brainstem dead. A medical assessment confirms that the patient’s condition is advanced and unlikely to improve with further treatment. The patient or their surrogate provides informed consent to discontinue life support after understanding the prognosis. The procedure complies with the Supreme Court’s directives. Patient Autonomy: Developed by AIIMS experts, the guidelines allow patients to decide on life support and resuscitation measures. The withdrawal of supportive care such as ventilation or dialysis is permitted if the patient is brain dead and unlikely to benefit from further interventions, provided the patient or surrogate refuses continued care. Advance Medical Directives: Individuals may issue advance medical directives outlining their treatment preferences in case they lose the ability to make decisions. Medical Board Review: If a physician determines that life-sustaining treatment is inappropriate, the case will be referred to a primary medical board for review. If the board concurs with the physician, a shared decision is made with the family, and a secondary medical board’s approval is required before life support is withdrawn. What is Euthanasia, and what is a living will? Euthanasia refers to the practice of an individual deliberately ending their life, oftentimes to get relief from an incurable condition, or intolerable pain and suffering. Euthanasia, which can be administered only by a physician, can be either ‘active’ or ‘passive’. Active euthanasia involves an active intervention to end a person’s life with substances or external force, such as administering a lethal injection. Passive euthanasia refers to withdrawing life support or treatment that is essential to keep a terminally ill person alive. Passive euthanasia was legalised in India by the Supreme Court in 2018, contingent upon the person having a ‘living will’ or a written document that specifies what actions should be taken if the person is unable to make their own medical decisions in the future. In case a person does not have a living will, members of their family can make a plea before the High Court to seek permission for passive euthanasia. Legality of Euthanasia in India Passive Euthanasia: The Supreme Court of India in the landmark case Common Cause vs Union of India (2018) acknowledged the right of individuals to die with dignity. The ruling allows terminally ill individuals to opt for passive euthanasia and make a living will, enabling them to refuse medical treatment if they are suffering from an incurable illness or enter a vegetative state. The judgment permits individuals to specify in their living will that they should not be placed on life support in the event of an incurable coma. The right to die with dignity was recognized as part of the fundamental right to life under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. Active Euthanasia: Active euthanasia remains illegal in India and is considered a criminal offense. The only exception is when a person is declared brain dead, in which case life support can be withdrawn with the consent of the family. Different countries, different laws NETHERLANDS, LUXEMBOURG, BELGIUM allow both euthanasia and assisted suicide for anyone who faces “unbearable suffering” that has no chance of improvement. SWITZERLAND bans euthanasia but allows assisted dying in the presence of a doctor or physician. CANADA had announced that euthanasia and assisted dying would be allowed for mentally ill patients by March 2023; however, the decision has been widely criticised, and the move may be delayed. UNITED STATES has different laws in different states. Euthanasia is allowed in some states like Washington, Oregon, and Montana. UNITED KINGDOM considers it illegal and equivalent to manslaughter. -Source: Times of India Rashtriya Poshan Maah Context: The closing ceremony of 7th Rashtriya Poshan Maah 2024 will be  held on 30th September, 2024 at Shaurya Sabhagaar, Ranchi. The 7th Rashtriya Poshan Maah (1st-30th September, 2024), focused on Anaemia, Growth Monitoring, Complementary Feeding, and Poshan Bhi Padhai Bhi, along with Technology for better governance. Relevance: Focus: GS II- Health Dimensions of the Article: National Nutrition Month (Rashtriya Poshan Maah) About Poshan Abhiyaan Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) – Govt. Schemes National Nutrition Month (Rashtriya Poshan Maah) The entire month of September is celebrated as the Rashtriya Poshan Maah. The purpose of celebrating the Poshan month is to take the message of nutrition to every nook and corner of the country (especially grass root level) and to focus on complimentary food, treatment, and prevention from infections in children. The programme is an initiative of Women and Child Development Ministry and NITI Aayog is supported by 18 line Ministries / Departments / Government Organizations. It seeks to synergise all efforts by leveraging technology and intends to take nutrition awareness to the level of Jan Andolan or People’s Movement. The programme focuses on 8 themes – Antenatal Care, Optimal Breastfeeding (Early & Exclusive), Complementary Feeding, Anemia, Growth Monitoring, Girls-education, diet, right age of Marriage, Hygiene & Sanitation, Food Fortification. About Poshan Abhiyaan The term ‘POSHAN’ in the name of the programme stands for ‘Prime Minister’s Overarching Scheme for Holistic Nutrition’. POSHAN Abhiyaan launched in 2018 aims at improving the nutritional status of Children from 0-6 years, Adolescent Girls, Pregnant Women and Lactating Mothers. According to ‘Mission 25 by 2020’, the National Nutrition Mission aims to achieve a reduction in stunting from 38.4% to 25% by 2022. POSHAN Abhiyaan focuses on convergence among partner Ministries leveraging technology and Jan Andolan among other things, to address issue of malnutrition comprehensively. Near-real time reporting by field functionaries and improved MIS is aimed at smooth implementation of scheme and better service delivery. It also targets stunting, under-nutrition, anaemia (among young children, women and adolescent girls) and low birth rate. It will monitor and review implementation of all such schemes and utilize existing structural arrangements of line ministries wherever available. Its large component involves gradual scaling-up of interventions supported by on-going World Bank assisted Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Systems Strengthening and Nutrition Improvement Project (ISSNIP) to all districts in the country by 2022. Its vision is to ensure attainment of malnutrition free India by 2022. Implementation of POSHAN Abhiyaan is based on the four-point strategy/pillars of the mission: Inter-sectoral convergence for better service delivery Use of technology (ICT) for real time growth monitoring and tracking of women and children Intensified health and nutrition services for the first 1000 days Jan Andolan Issues of Poshan Abhiyaan Information and communications technology-enabled real time monitoring (ICT-RTM) has been rolled out in POSHAN Abhiyaan districts. This could be ineffective due to the limited capacities of Anganwadi workers (AWs) to handle smartphones owing to their lack of technological literacy. Technical issues like slow servers and data deletion problems, resulting in irregular and improper recording of growth data of children. AWs are the fulcrum of POSHAN Abhiyaan and render vital services to mothers and children in villages. Nearly 40% of AWs had to use their personal money to run the AWCs, 35% of them complained of delayed payments. This makes AWs demotivated and demoralized. Anganwadi Centres Anganwadis or day-care centres are set up under the centrally sponsored Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme. The scheme is being implemented by the Ministry of Women and Child Development. Anganwadi centres provide a package of six services: supplementary nutrition, pre-school non-formal education, immunisation, nutrition and health education, as well as referral services. The primary aim of the scheme is to reduce infant mortality and child malnutrition. Beneficiaries of these centers will be Children in the age group of zero to six years, and pregnant women and lactating mothers. It was started by the Government of India In 1975 as part of the Integrated Child Development Services program to combat child hunger and malnutrition. The beneficiaries under the Anganwadi Services Scheme are identified on the basis of Aadhaar. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) – Govt. Schemes Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), a Centrally-Sponsored scheme, is an Indian government welfare programme that provides food, preschool education, and primary healthcare to children under 6 years of age and their mothers. The scheme was started in 1975 and aims at the holistic development of children and empowerment of mother. The scheme primarily runs through the Anganwadi centers and the scheme is under the Ministry of Women and Child Development. Objectives of ICDS are: To improve the nutritional and health status of children in the age-group 0-6 years; To lay the foundation for proper psychological, physical and social development of the child; To reduce the incidence of mortality, morbidity, malnutrition and school dropout; To achieve effective co-ordination of policy and implementation amongst the various departments to promote child development; and To enhance the capability of the mother to look after the normal health and nutritional needs of the child through proper nutrition and health education. Services Provided by the ICDS are: Supplementary Nutrition (SNP) Health & Nutrition Check-Up Immunization Non-Formal Education for Children in Pre-School Health and Nutrition Education Referral services Six Schemes under Umbrella ICDS: Anganwadi Services Scheme: A unique programme for early childhood care and development which benefits children in the age group of 0-6 years, pregnant women and lactating mothers. Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana: Provides cash incentive amounting to Rs.5,000/- in three installments directly to the Bank/Post Office Account of Pregnant Women and Lactating Mother (PW&LM) in DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer) Mode during pregnancy and lactation in response to individual fulfilling specific conditions. National Creche Scheme: Provides day care facilities to children of age group of 6 months to 6 years of working women for seven and half hours a day for 26 days in a month. Scheme for Adolescent Girls: Aims to empower and improve the social status of out of school girls in the age group 11-14 through nutrition, life skills and home skills. Child Protection Scheme: Aims to contribute to the improvement and well-being of children in difficult circumstances, as well as, reduction of vulnerabilities to situations and actions that lead to abuse, neglect, exploitation, abandonment and separation of children from parents. POSHAN Abhiyaan: Targets to reduce the level of stunting, under-nutrition, anemia and low birth weight babies by reducing mal-nutrition/undernutrition, anemia among young children as also, focus on adolescent girls, pregnant women and lactating mothers. -Source: The Hindu, PIB Global Innovation Index 2024 Context: The Prime Minister has expressed pride for Indian Innovators as India climbs to the 40th rank in  the Global Innovation Index of World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Relevance: GS-III: Indian Economy (Growth and Development of Indian Economy, Issues related to Development, Important International Organizations and their reports) Dimensions of the Article: What is Global Innovation Index (GII)? About World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Key Highlights of the Global Innovation Index 2024 What is Global Innovation Index (GII)? The Global Innovation Index (GII) is an annual ranking of countries by their capacity for, and success in, innovation. It is published by Cornell University, INSEAD, and the World Intellectual Property Organization, in partnership with other organisations and institutions, and is based on both subjective and objective data derived from several sources, including the International Telecommunication Union, the World Bank and the World Economic Forum. The GII aims to capture the multi-dimensional facets of innovation ranking and rich analysis referencing around 132 economies. The GII is commonly used by corporate and government officials to compare countries by their level of innovation. The GII is computed by taking a simple average of the scores in two sub-indices, the Innovation Input Index and Innovation Output Index, which are composed of five and two pillars respectively. Innovation inputs: Institutions; Human capital and research; Infrastructure; Market sophistication; Business sophistication. Innovation outputs: Knowledge and technology outputs; Creative outputs Each of these pillars describe an attribute of innovation, and comprise up to five indicators, and their score is calculated by the weighted average method. About World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is one of the 15 specialized agencies of the United Nations (UN) – headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. WIPO was created to promote and protect intellectual property (IP) across the world by cooperating with countries as well as international organizations. WIPO’s activities including hosting forums to discuss and shape international IP rules and policies, providing global services that register and protect IP in different countries, resolving transboundary IP disputes, helping connect IP systems through uniform standards and infrastructure, and serving as a general reference database on all IP matters. WIPO also works with governments, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and individuals to utilize IP for socioeconomic development. Key Highlights of the Global Innovation Index 2024: India’s Regional Dominance: Ranked first among the 10 economies in Central and Southern Asia, signifying its leadership in innovation within the region. Science and Technology (S&T) Cluster Ranking: India secured 4th position globally in the WIPO’s S&T Cluster Ranking. Top Innovation Hubs: Indian cities such as Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru, and Chennai are recognized among the world’s top 100 S&T clusters, underscoring their role as centers for technological advancements and research. Intangible Asset Intensity: India holds the 7th rank globally for intangible asset intensity, reflecting the country’s strength in non-physical assets such as patents and trademarks. -Source: The Hindu GST Compensation Cess Context: The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council recently set up a 10-member GoM to decide on the taxation of luxury, sin, and demerit goods once the compensation cess ends in March 2026. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy GST Compensation Cess The GST Compensation Cess is imposed under Section 8 of The Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to State) Act, 2017, with the aim of addressing the tax revenue loss faced by states after the implementation of GST. Why is GST Compensation Cess Levied? GST is a consumption-based tax, which means the state where goods are consumed benefits from the indirect tax revenue. However, states that are net exporters of goods and services are expected to see a reduction in indirect tax collections. To offset this revenue loss, the Central Government introduced the GST Compensation Cess to ensure states are adequately compensated. Usage of GST Compensation Cess: All funds from this cess are credited to the GST Compensation Fund, a non-lapsable fund. The money is utilized to compensate states for any loss of tax revenue due to the shift to GST. Unused funds at the end of the transition period are shared equally between the Central Government and the State Governments. States receive their share based on their total tax revenues in the final year of the transition period. Applicability: The GST Compensation Cess is applicable to the supply of specific goods or services as notified by the Central Government. Both intrastate and interstate supplies of goods or services are subject to the cess. All taxable entities under GST, except those registered under the GST Composition Scheme, are expected to collect and remit the cess. Cess is primarily levied on luxury, sin, and demerit goods such as cigarettes, tobacco products, soft drinks, and luxury cars. Extension of GST Cess: The GST Council decided to extend the levy of the GST Compensation Cess till March 2026. This extension aims to repay the loan of ₹2.69 lakh crore taken to compensate states for revenue loss during the COVID-19 pandemic. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 28 September 2024

CONTENTS PARAM Rudra Supercomputer PARAM Rudra Supercomputer Context: Recently, the Prime Minister of India virtually launched three Param Rudra Super Computing Systems and a High Performance Computing (HPC) system for weather and climate research. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: About PARAM Rudra Supercomputer What is National Supercomputing Mission (NSM)? About PARAM Rudra Supercomputer: Purpose: PARAM Rudra is built to solve complex computational challenges across various scientific and engineering fields. Development: Three PARAM Rudra supercomputers have been developed indigenously under the National Supercomputing Mission at a cost of Rs 130 crores. Deployment: These supercomputers have been set up at three major locations: Pune: At the Giant Metre Radio Telescope (GMRT), to study Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) and other astronomical phenomena. Delhi: At the Inter University Accelerator Centre (IUAC), facilitating research in material science and atomic physics. Kolkata: At the S N Bose Centre, driving advanced research in areas like physics, cosmology, and earth sciences. What is a High-Performance Computing (HPC) System? Purpose: The HPC system is specially designed for weather and climate research. Location: It operates from two key centers: The Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) in Pune. The National Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast (NCMRWF) in Noida. Systems: The HPC systems are named ‘Arka’ and ‘Arunika,’ reflecting their association with the Sun. Significance: These advanced systems will greatly enhance the accuracy and lead time of weather predictions, particularly for tropical cyclones, heavy rainfall, thunderstorms, heatwaves, droughts, and other critical weather events. What is National Supercomputing Mission (NSM)? The mission was set up to provide the country with supercomputing infrastructure to meet the increasing computational demands of academia, researchers, MSMEs, and startups by creating the capability design, manufacturing, of supercomputers indigenously in India. The mission will nationally coordinate collaborative programme involving developers and users of supercomputing systems as well as academic and research institutions. It looks to facilitate effective governance and monitoring mechanisms to build culture of supercomputing for solving complex R&D problems and designing solutions addressing various country specific requirements for scientific, strategic and societal applications. The Mission envisages empowering our national academic and R&D institutions spread over the country by installing a vast supercomputing grid comprising of more than 70 high-performance computing facilities. These supercomputers will also be networked on the National Supercomputing grid over the National Knowledge Network (NKN). The NKN is a central government initiative which connects academic institutions and R&D labs over a high-speed network. Under NSM, the long-term plan is to build a strong base of 20,000 skilled persons. The mission will be implemented by the Department of Science and Technology (Ministry of Science and Technology) and Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), through the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) and Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 28 September 2024

Contents: Keep the Fire of the Self-Respect Movement Going Russia’s Geopolitical Pivot to Asia: A New India Chapter Keep the Fire of the Self-Respect Movement Going Context: The article commemorates the centenary of the Self-Respect Movement, an emancipatory effort started in 1925. The movement, led by E.V. Ramasamy (Periyar), aimed to empower communities to challenge social hierarchies and advocate for social justice and gender equality. Though associated with the Dravidian Movement, it has broader significance in opposing cultural hegemony and promoting equality. The relevance of this movement persists as it addresses ongoing social and political challenges in India. Relevance: General Studies Paper 1 (Modern Indian History) Mains Question: Discuss the historical significance of the Self-Respect Movement and its role in shaping social and political discourse in Tamil Nadu and India. How is the movement’s ideology relevant in contemporary society? (250 words) Origins of the Movement: The Self-Respect Movement began in 1925 under the leadership of E.V. Ramasamy, popularly known as Periyar. Its key objective was to dismantle the entrenched caste system and empower non-Brahmin communities. It stood against the dominance of Brahminical social norms and aimed to establish social equality. Ideological Basis: The movement advocated radical social reforms, focusing on abolishing caste hierarchies and patriarchal traditions. It opposed the ritualistic dominance in society and promoted rationalism. It also pushed for women’s rights, gender equality, and equal access to education and employment. Women’s Empowerment: Periyar’s emphasis on gender equality led to reforms advocating women’s property rights, equal marital rights, and abolition of oppressive social practices like child marriage. This was revolutionary for its time and became a major focus of the movement. Influence on Political Discourse: The movement laid the groundwork for the formation of the Dravidian political ideology, which shaped the politics of Tamil Nadu. It became a key platform for the Dravidian political parties like the DMK, which later carried forward the agenda of social justice and secularism. Contemporary Relevance (Self-Respect 2.0): The modern iteration of the movement must counter new challenges such as rising cultural homogenization and right-wing cultural assertions. Issues like identity politics, caste-based discrimination, and social justice remain highly relevant. Integrating its principles into modern political and social reforms is crucial. Challenges in Modern India: The current socio-political climate in India has seen a rise in narratives that the movement traditionally opposed. Cultural and ideological pressures from Hindutva forces threaten the secular and rationalist principles of the Self-Respect Movement. The movement’s call for rational thought, social equity, and a secular society must be reinvigorated to counter these trends. Call to Action: The movement needs to focus on youth engagement and education to propagate its ideas. Promoting a rationalist and equality-driven society requires addressing misinformation, ideological propaganda, and caste-based oppression. Latest Data and Numbers: The Self-Respect Movement’s influence led to several progressive reforms in Tamil Nadu, such as the abolition of Devadasi practices and the promotion of widow remarriage. The Dravidian parties, shaped by the Self-Respect Movement, have governed Tamil Nadu for over 50 years, indicating its lasting political impact. Conclusion: As the Self-Respect Movement enters its second century, its values of social equality, rationalism, and empowerment are more critical than ever. The movement must adapt and modernize its approach to address contemporary challenges while staying true to its core values. It remains a potent force in the fight against social injustice and the assertion of individual and community rights. Reviving and modernizing the movement is essential to preserve its legacy and ensure its relevance in promoting social justice and equality in present-day India. Russia’s Geopolitical Pivot to Asia: A New India Chapter Context: After Russia cut its economic ties with Europe in 2022, it pivoted its focus towards Asia, especially India, amidst the geopolitical shifts caused by the Ukraine conflict. The move marks a significant strategic shift in Russia’s foreign policy, reflecting its aim to diversify economic and political engagements and reduce dependence on Western economies. Relevance: General Studies Paper 2 (International Relations Mains Question: Analyze the geopolitical and economic implications of Russia’s strategic pivot to Asia, with a focus on India-Russia relations. What are the key opportunities and challenges for India in this emerging partnership? (250 words) Russia’s Strategic Shift: The Ukraine crisis in 2022 pushed Russia to pivot from Europe to Asia. This decision was driven by the need to reduce vulnerability to Western sanctions and external shocks. The dependency on European markets and financial systems left Russia exposed to political and economic risks. Focus on India: India has emerged as a crucial partner in Russia’s new strategy. Bilateral trade between India and Russia crossed $35.5 billion in June 2022 and reached $75 billion by May 2024. A significant agreement between Prime Minister Modi and President Putin aims to establish $100 billion in bilateral trade by 2030. Economic Dynamics: India’s neutral stance in the Ukraine conflict has facilitated closer economic cooperation. Russia sees India as a stable economic partner for sectors like energy, defense, technology, and infrastructure. India imports Russian oil at discounted prices, which aligns with its strategic needs. Sectoral Collaboration: The focus is on enhancing cooperation in high-potential sectors like defense production, STEM education, technology, and heavy industry. Investments in power plants, refineries, and mining are also being prioritized. Both countries are exploring joint projects in construction and modernization. Challenges in Bilateral Relations: Several challenges hinder smooth cooperation. Sanctions against Russia limit its access to global technologies, complicating trade logistics and finance. Russia’s focus on import substitution and technological nationalism (similar to India’s ‘Make in India’ agenda) could create barriers in sectors like industrial production. Opportunities for India: The pivot provides an opportunity for India to access Russia’s underutilized manufacturing capabilities. Sectors such as steel, heavy machinery, and defense technology could see joint production initiatives. For example, there is potential for Indian firms to supply automotive and smartphone components to Russia. Strategic Implications: Geopolitically, the shift could reduce India’s over-dependence on Western partners and diversify its trade routes. It also aligns with India’s multipolar world view, where it seeks to balance relations with Russia, the West, and other Asian economies. Technological and Educational Cooperation: The emphasis is also on STEM collaborations. Strengthening science and technology cooperation could help overcome the knowledge gap between the two nations. STEM partnerships would be essential to boost innovation and foster educational exchanges.  Latest Data and Numbers: Bilateral trade between India and Russia: $75 billion in 2024. Trade target: $100 billion by 2030. India’s oil imports from Russia have significantly increased since 2022. Conclusion: Russia’s pivot to Asia opens up a new chapter in India-Russia relations, presenting both opportunities and challenges. The bilateral trade target of $100 billion by 2030 is ambitious but achievable through enhanced sectoral cooperation. Addressing sanctions-related hurdles and aligning technological standards will be crucial for sustaining this momentum. India must leverage this partnership strategically to secure its economic and geopolitical interests while ensuring diversification in its foreign policy engagements. India’s balanced approach and pragmatic policy can help it gain from Russia’s new geopolitical and economic orientation, making it a pivotal partner in the evolving Asian landscape. A Last-Minute Plan Context: Delhi’s Winter Action Plan aims to combat the city’s annual air pollution crisis, which peaks during the winter months. While the government has made efforts like deploying drones for real-time monitoring and setting up task forces, the plan lacks long-term vision and cohesive action. Meanwhile, the burning of paddy stubble in Punjab and Haryana remains a major contributor to winter pollution. Coordination between the Centre, Delhi, and neighbouring states is crucial to effectively address this crisis. Relevance: General Studies Paper 3 (Environment Mains Question: Discuss the challenges faced by Delhi in managing its winter air pollution. Evaluate the effectiveness of the Winter Action Plan and the role of inter-state coordination in addressing the issue. (250 words) Current Scenario and Need for Action: As in previous years, Delhi has unveiled its Winter Action Plan to tackle pollution that surges during the festival season and continues through the winter. The deployment of drones for real-time monitoring and task forces involving the environment, transport, revenue, and traffic departments are positive steps. However, most of these measures are reactive and short-term. Inadequacies in the Winter Action Plan: The plan lacks integration with an annual, comprehensive strategy. Short-term awareness campaigns, although helpful, are insufficient. Behavioral changes in residents and farmers in surrounding areas are essential to ensure long-term results. Without cohesive implementation and follow-up, the Winter Action Plan risks becoming another ineffective bureaucratic exercise. Role of Neighbouring States and the Stubble Burning Issue: A significant portion of Delhi’s winter pollution stems from stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana. The states generate massive amounts of paddy straw—19.52 million tonnes in Punjab and 8 million tonnes in Haryana. While there have been commitments to eliminate stubble burning, implementation remains weak. Last year, Punjab saw a 59% decrease, Haryana a 40% drop, but Uttar Pradesh experienced a 30% rise. Centre’s Intervention and Role of CAQM: The Centre convened meetings involving Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh to take stock of the pollution control measures. The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) was supposed to mediate, but has been criticized for its infrequent meetings and lack of timely interventions. Long-Term Solutions and Challenges: The existing solutions to stubble burning include in-situ management (using straw as mulch) and ex-situ management (using straw as fuel in power plants). Punjab aims to manage 11.5 million tonnes of its straw through these methods, while Haryana targets 3.3 million tonnes. However, logistical gaps and lack of coordination between the states and the Centre pose significant challenges. Government’s Role in Addressing Pollution Hotspots: The Winter Action Plan also focuses on addressing local pollution sources like road dust, vehicular emissions, and construction activities. Efforts such as deploying anti-smog guns, improving waste management, and enforcing traffic regulations are critical. Yet, enforcement has been sporadic and often lacks data-driven approaches. Need for a Multi-layered Strategy: Delhi’s air pollution is a multi-layered problem that requires a comprehensive, year-round approach. The states and the Centre need to integrate their efforts and move beyond blame games. Economic incentives for farmers to adopt cleaner methods and stricter penalties for stubble burning are essential. Latest Data and Numbers: Punjab: 19.52 million tonnes of paddy straw in 2024. Haryana: 8 million tonnes of paddy straw in 2024. Decrease in stubble burning incidents in 2023: Punjab (-59%), Haryana (-40%). Rise in stubble burning incidents in 2023: Uttar Pradesh (+30%). Conclusion: The Winter Action Plan, though a step in the right direction, needs a robust framework with long-term goals. Delhi’s pollution crisis cannot be solved in isolation. Inter-state collaboration, stronger regulatory mechanisms, and better coordination are crucial. The Centre must play a proactive role, while states like Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh need to implement their commitments seriously. Only a cohesive, year-round strategy will effectively combat the complex air pollution crisis plaguing Delhi and the Indo-Gangetic region. A strong multi-state action plan, consistent monitoring, and year-round efforts are needed to ensure clean air for Delhi and the entire region.

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