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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 06 June 2024

CONTENTS NDA Wins Third Term but Requires CoalitionWorld Environment Day and India’s First BiospheresIndira Gandhi Zoological Park’s Wildlife Conservation EffortsDiscovery of Neo Protein in Bacterial Defence MechanismsDiscovery of Ancient Rock Shelter Paintings near Pampa LakeChang’e 6 MissionTmesipteris oblanceolate NDA Wins Third Term but Requires Coalition Context: The NDA has won a historic third term at the Centre, but the BJP fell short of the 272-seat majority, necessitating a coalition government. Previously, the BJP’s majority in the last two Lok Sabhas marked the first time since economic reforms began in 1991 that a single party had a majority mandate, which was expected to positively impact India’s economic reform trajectory Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Coalition Governments and Weak Economic Reforms Since 1991Can a Coalition Government Derail India’s Economic Reforms Trajectory?Notable Reforms Brought by Previous Coalition Governments Coalition Governments and Weak Economic Reforms Since 1991 Historical Context Shift in Economy: Since 1991, India’s transition from a planned to an open economy has seen all governments being coalition-based, with no single party achieving the majority mark of 272.Consensus for Weak Reforms: According to Montek Singh Ahluwalia, former Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission, this led to a “strong consensus for weak reforms.”Divergence on Reforms: Although there was general agreement on the need for economic reforms, coalition parties often diverged on specifics, resulting in diluted measures. Can a Coalition Government Derail India’s Economic Reforms Trajectory? Diverse Interests and Challenges Historical Challenges: Coalition governments in India have historically faced challenges in implementing strong economic reforms due to differing priorities among coalition partners.Varied Agendas: Coalition partners often have varied political and economic agendas, leading to compromises and diluted reforms.Slowing Reforms: This can slow down or alter the trajectory of economic reforms. Consensus and Instability Broader Consensus: While coalition governments can foster broader consensus, the need to appease various factions might lead to weaker reform measures.Complex Issues: Achieving a unified stance on complex economic issues becomes difficult.Policy Instability: Frequent changes in coalition partners or internal disagreements can lead to policy instability, affecting investor confidence and long-term economic planning. Recent Efforts and Challenges Modi Government: The past decade under PM Narendra Modi aimed to resolve coalition government weaknesses, ensuring policy stability and boosting investor confidence.Significant Reforms: Reforms like the Goods and Services Tax (GST) and the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code were introduced.Unachieved Goals: Despite these efforts, certain goals were not fully achieved, such as failing to reform land acquisition and repealing farm reforms after widespread protests.Economic Uncertainty: The demonetization announcement also caused significant economic uncertainty. Conclusion Not a General Truth: The statement that coalition governments will necessarily derail India’s economic reforms trajectory is not generally true.Historical Achievements: Coalition governments since 1991 have undertaken some of the boldest and most visionary reforms, laying the foundation for India’s resurgence.Mitigating Risks: While coalition governments can pose challenges to the economic reform trajectory, effective leadership, clear communication, and strategic compromises can mitigate these risks and maintain reform momentum. Notable Reforms Brought by Previous Coalition Governments P V Narasimha Rao Government: Economic Liberalization Economic Reforms: Initiated major economic reforms, discarding centralized planning, and opening the Indian economy to global competition by removing the license-permit raj.Global Integration: India became a member of the World Trade Organisation during this period. Deve Gowda Government: The “Dream Budget” Tax Reforms: Finance Minister P Chidambaram introduced the “dream budget,” which cut tax rates for personal income tax, corporate taxes, and customs duties, fostering trust among Indian taxpayers. Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government: Fiscal and Infrastructure Reforms Fiscal Responsibility: Implemented the Fiscal Responsibility & Budget Management (FRBM) law to limit government borrowing and promote fiscal discipline.Disinvestment and Infrastructure: Advanced the disinvestment of loss-making PSUs and boosted rural infrastructure through the PM Gram Sadak Yojana.Information Technology Act: The 2000 Act laid the foundation for India’s thriving e-commerce sector. Manmohan Singh Government: Rights-Based Reforms Education Reforms: Built on the Vajpayee-era Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan by enacting the Right to Education Act.Transparency and Welfare: Introduced key reforms such as the Right to Information Act, the Right to Food, and the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MG-NREGA).Economic and Technological Advances: Deregulated fuel prices, initiated direct benefit transfers, and worked on Aadhaar and GST implementation. -Source: Indian Express World Environment Day and India’s First Biospheres Context: World Environment Day is celebrated on 5th June every year to encourage awareness and environmental protection. In a remarkable initiative to combat deforestation and restore biodiversity, two environmentalists have spearheaded the creation of India’s first biospheres within tiger reserve Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Facts About World Environment DayIndia’s First Biosphere in a Tiger Reserve Key Facts About World Environment Day Establishment and Purpose Established by: The United Nations Assembly in 1972.Historical Context: The first day of the Stockholm Conference on the human environment.Annual Celebration: World Environment Day (WED) is celebrated every year with a specific theme and slogan focusing on major environmental issues. Recent Hosts and Themes WED 2024 Host: Saudi Arabia.India’s Role: Hosted the 45th celebration in 2018 under the theme ‘Beat Plastic Pollution’. Key Initiatives UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration: Initiated in 2021, a global mission to revive billions of hectares, including forests, farmlands, mountains, and seas.2024 Theme: Land Restoration, Desertification, and Drought Resilience.Significant Milestone: 2024 marks the 30th anniversary of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). Significance of Land Restoration Combats Environmental Issues: Addresses land degradation, drought, and desertification.Economic Benefits: Each dollar invested can yield up to USD 30 in benefits from healthy ecosystems.Socioeconomic Impact: Creates jobs, reduces poverty, and improves livelihoods.Climate Resilience: Helps communities better withstand extreme weather events.Carbon Storage: Increases carbon storage in soil and slows the pace of warming.Biodiversity Conservation: Restoring just 15% of degraded land could prevent a significant portion of expected species extinction. India’s First Biosphere in a Tiger Reserve Initiative by Environmentalists: Jai Dhar Gupta and Vijay Dhasmana have created India’s first biosphere in a tiger reserve.Name and Location: The Rajaji Raghati Biosphere (RRB) is located within the Rajaji National Park in Uttarakhand. Project Scope: Area: The biosphere covers a 35-acre private forest.Goals: It aims to identify and revive rare and endangered species of native trees while protecting the area from poaching and mining.Previous Land Condition: The land designated for the RRB was previously barren and degraded.Future Development: They are also developing a second biosphere above the Koyna River in the buffer zone of the Sahyadri Tiger Reserve near Pune, Maharashtra, along the Western Ghats. -Source: The Hindu, PIB Indira Gandhi Zoological Park’s Wildlife Conservation Efforts Context: Recently, the Indira Gandhi Zoological Park (IGZP) in Visakhapatnam has been at the forefront of wildlife conservation in India, particularly in the successful breeding and nurturing of Striped hyenas and Asiatic wild dogs (Dhole). Relevance: GS III- Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Conservation Dimensions of this article: Key Points About Indira Gandhi Zoological Park (IGZP)About DholesStriped Hyenas Key Points About Indira Gandhi Zoological Park (IGZP) Establishment and Location: Established in 1977.Located amidst Seethakonda Reserve Forest in the Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh. Geographical Surroundings: Surrounded by the Eastern Ghats on three sides and the Bay of Bengal on the fourth side. Recognition: Recognized as a large category zoo by the Central Zoo Authority. Proximity to Wildlife Sanctuary: Close to Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary, making it home to many free-ranging animals and birds. IGZP has successfully bred several species including: Striped hyenasWild dogsIndian grey wolvesRing-tailed lemursIndian bisonBlue and gold macawsJungle catsEclectus parrots About Dholes It is a wild carnivorous animal and is a member of the family Canidae and the class Mammalia.They are also known as Asian wild dogs.Historically, dholes purportedly occurred throughout southern Russia, all across central Asia, south Asia and southeast Asia.According to recent research and current distribution maps, they are restricted to south and southeast Asia, with the northernmost populations in China.In India, they are found in three clusters across India namely the Western and Eastern Ghats, central Indian landscape and North East India.Karnataka, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh rank high in the conservation of the endangered dhole in India, according to a study (2020).Dholes play an important role as apex predators in forest ecosystems. Conservation Status IUCN List of Threatened Species: EndangeredConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES): Appendix IIWildlife Protection Act, 1972 : Schedule II Reasons for their Population Decreasing Due to deforestation and fragmentation of forest corridors.Ungulates are the main prey of dholes whose population is rapidly decreasing due to excessive hunting and habitat loss.Persecution due to livestock predation and disease transfer from domestic and feral dogs. Striped Hyenas About Species: Striped hyenas (Hyaena hyaena) are one of the three hyena species.Other Hyena Species: Includes Brown hyenas and Spotted hyenas (the largest).Characteristics: Striped hyenas are smaller and less social compared to the more well-known Spotted hyena. Challenges to Conservation Habitat Loss: Reduction in natural habitats due to human activities.Human-Wildlife Conflict: Encounters with humans leading to conflicts.Poaching: Illegal hunting for body parts and other purposes.Illegal Wildlife Trade: Trade of hyenas or their parts in black markets. Protection Status IUCN Status: Near Threatened.Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Listed under Schedule I. -Source: The Hindu Discovery of Neo Protein in Bacterial Defence Mechanisms Context: Recent research has discovered a novel protein, referred to as “Neo,” which plays a critical role in bacterial defence mechanisms against viral infections, particularly bacteriophages. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: About NeoReverse Transcriptase About Neo Discovery and Background Research Team: Led by Stephen Tang and Samuel Sternberg, reported in a 2023 preprint paper on bioRxiv, while studying Klebsiella pneumoniae.Bacterial Defense Mechanism: Bacteria defend against viral infections (bacteriophages) using diverse immune systems that sense and target foreign nucleic acids. One such system is the Defense-associated Reverse Transcriptase (DRT) system. DRT-2 System Mechanism Gene Synthesis: In the DRT-2 system, bacteria undergo de novo gene synthesis via rolling-circle reverse transcription (RT) of non-coding RNA (ncRNA).Synthesis Process:Uninfected Bacterial Cells: ncRNA and RT enzyme lead to the synthesis of a repetitive single-stranded cDNA.Phage Presence: Triggers the second-strand cDNA synthesis, producing long double-stranded DNA.Function of cDNA: Generates messenger RNAs that encode a stop codon-less, never-ending open-reading frame (neo). The translation of the neo protein causes potent growth arrest (cell dormancy) in bacteria, protecting the population from phage spread. Significance in Biotechnology and Medicine Potential Tool: Represents a potential biotechnological tool for controlling viral infections.Evolutionary Insights: Retroelements in the human genome and bacterial reverse transcriptases share a common evolutionary history and functional mechanisms.Precursors: Bacterial reverse transcriptases are believed to be precursors of their eukaryotic counterparts, exhibiting analogous mechanisms. Reverse Transcriptase Function: Enables cells to create DNA copies from RNA, a process called reverse transcription, performed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase.Discovery: Discovered by Howard Temin and David Baltimore in 1970, revolutionizing molecular biology research methods. Applications: Gene Cloning: Used in molecular biology to clone genes.PCR: Performs Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).Genome Analysis: Analyzes genomes.Diagnostics: Detects and quantifies viral loads, such as in SARS-2, aiding in tracking virus spread, surveillance, public healthcare, and vaccine development. -Source: The Hindu Discovery of Ancient Rock Shelter Paintings near Pampa Lake Context: A team from the Karnataka State Department of Archaeology Museums and Heritage has uncovered rock shelter paintings estimated to be around 2,500 years old near Pampa Lake in the Hampi World Heritage Area. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: About Pampa LakeKey Facts about Tungabhadra River About Pampa Lake Location: Situated in Koppal district near Hampi in Karnataka.Located to the south of the Tungabhadra River. Significance in Hindu Mythology: One of the five sacred lakes known as Panch-Sarovar, which include Man Sarovar, Bindu Sarovar, Narayan Sarovar, Pampa Sarovar, and Pushkar Sarovar. Mythological Importance: Regarded as the place where Pampa, a form of Shiva’s consort Parvati, performed penance to show her devotion to Shiva.Mentioned in the Hindu epic, Ramayana, as the place where Shabhari, a devotee of Lord Rama, waited for his arrival. Natural Features: Surrounded by hills and temples.Filled with lotuses. Key Facts about Tungabhadra River Geographical Importance: Major river in the south Indian peninsula.Major tributary of the Krishna River. Origin: Formed by the union of two rivers, Tunga and Bhadra.Both rivers originate on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats.Merge at Koodli in the Shimoga district of Karnataka. Course: Flows northwest before joining the Krishna River at Sangamaleshwaram in Andhra Pradesh.The Krishna River ends in the Bay of Bengal.Total length: 531 km.Catchment area: 28,000 sq. km.Flows through Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Climate Influence: Influenced chiefly by the South-West monsoon. Major Tributaries: Varada River.Hagari (Vedathy) River.Dams and Reservoirs:Tunga Anicut Dam.Bhadra Dam.Hemavathy Dam.Tungabhadra Dam. -Source: The Hindu Chang’e 6 Mission Context: China’s space agency said that China landed an uncrewed spacecraft on the far side of the moon on 2nd of June. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Chang’e 6 Mission: Unveiling Lunar Secrets from the South Pole Objective and Design: A planned lunar lander mission, Chang’e 6 is meticulously crafted to retrieve samples from the lunar south pole, contributing pivotal data for understanding the Moon’s geological intricacies. Sampling Strategy: Aiming to secure samples from the Moon’s far side, the mission is set to collect up to two kilograms of lunar surface material, paralleling the configuration of the successful Chang’e 5 mission. Geological Exploration: Chang’e 6 embarks on the unprecedented task of exploring the far side of the Moon, unraveling geological mysteries through the analysis of collected samples. International Collaboration: Showcasing global cooperation, the mission incorporates payloads from the European Space Agency (ESA) and the French space agency CNES, including instruments for ion testing, radon gas measurement, radar calibration, and the contribution of a CubeSat from Pakistan. Dual Components – Lander and Rover: Chang’e 6 comprises a lander and a rover, with the lander executing a precise touchdown on the lunar surface. Simultaneously, the rover engages in exploration, conducts experiments, and facilitates the meticulous collection of lunar samples. -Source: The Hindu Tmesipteris Oblanceolate Context: New research shows that a fork fern species, called Tmesipteris oblanceolata, has a genome that is 7% larger than that of the previous record-holder, the Japanese flowering plant Paris japonica, and more than 50 times the size of the human genome. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Tmesipteris oblanceolate: Habitat and Distribution: A rare species of fern growing primarily on the ground or atop fallen tree trunks.Found on the island nation of New Caledonia (an overseas French territory in the Southwest Pacific) and neighboring islands such as Vanuatu. Physical Characteristics: A small plant, typically 10-15 centimeters (4-6 inches) in height. Genomic Significance: Holds a record-breaking genome size of 160.45 billion base pairs (Gbp).This is 11 billion more than the previous record holder, the Japanese flowering plant Paris japonica, and 50 times more than the human genome.If stretched out, the DNA in each cell of this fern would extend nearly 350 feet (106 meters), while the human genome would extend only about 6-1/2 feet (2 meters). Evolutionary Background: Tmesipteris is a small genus of ferns whose ancestors evolved about 350 million years ago, well before dinosaurs set foot on Earth. Habitat Characteristics: Distinguished by its mainly epiphytic habit, meaning it grows mainly on the trunks and branches of trees.Has a restricted distribution in Oceania and several Pacific Islands. What are Ferns? General Characteristics: Plants that do not have flowers.Have roots, stems, and leaves similar to flowering plants. Reproduction: Unlike flowering plants, ferns do not have flowers or seeds.They usually reproduce sexually by tiny spores or can sometimes reproduce vegetatively. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 05 June 2024

CONTENTS Phenome India Project Phenome India Project Context: Recently, CSIR concluded the first phase of its longitudinal health monitoring project, Phenome India, and organised a special event, Phenome India Unboxing 1.0. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: About ‘Phenome India’ ProjectAbout the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) About ‘Phenome India’ Project Project Name: Phenome India-CSIR Health Cohort Knowledgebase (PI-CheCK)Initiated by: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)Launch Date: 7th December 2023 Objective Goal: Develop India-specific risk prediction models for cardio-metabolic diseases including diabetes, liver diseases, and cardiac diseases.Scope: The first-ever pan-India longitudinal health monitoring study focused on cardio-metabolic diseases. Participants and Data Collection Participants: Nearly 10,000 participants including CSIR employees, pensioners, and their spouses from 17 states and 24 cities.Data Collected: Clinical questionnaires, lifestyle and dietary habits, anthropometric measurements, imaging/scanning data, and extensive biochemical and molecular data. Importance Significance: Understanding the risk and incidence of cardio-metabolic disorders in the Indian population, considering ethnic diversity and varied lifestyle patterns. Precision Medicine Initiative P4 Healthcare: Promoting Predictive, Personalised, Participatory, and Preventive healthcare tailored specifically to Indian phenotypic and genetic profiles. About the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Establishment and Location Established: September 1942Headquarters: New Delhi Funding and Autonomy Funding: Ministry of Science and TechnologyAutonomous Body: Operates under the Societies Registration Act, of 1860. Objectives Focus Areas: Scientific research and development in fields such as aerospace, biology, chemistry, earth sciences, engineering, and medical sciences. Organisational Structure President: The Prime Minister of India (Ex-officio)Vice President: The Union Minister of Science and Technology (Ex-officio) Governing Body: Head: Director-GeneralEx-officio Member: Finance secretary (expenditures)Term Duration: Members serve terms of three years. CSIR Advisory Board: Composition: 15-member body of prominent experts from various scientific and technological fields.Role: Provide science and technology insights to the governing body, with member terms spanning three years.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 05 June 2024

CONTENTS Persistent Underrepresentation of Women in Indian Corporate LeadershipVote CountingKAZA-TFCA States Renew Withdrawal Calls from CITESICMR Seeks Partners for Hydroxyurea Development for ChildrenPrime Minister’s Visit to Vivekananda Rock MemorialAhilya Bai HolkarBank Clinic Persistent Underrepresentation of Women in Indian Corporate Leadership Context: A recent report titled “Women in Leadership in Corporate India” by a networking platform has highlighted the persistent underrepresentation of women in leadership positions across Indian corporates. The percentage of women in these roles has remained stagnant below 30% for a considerable period. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Report Findings on Women Representation in the WorkforceFactors Contributing to Lower Representation of Women in CorporatesStrategies to Improve Gender Diversity in Corporate LeadershipConclusion Report Findings on Women Representation in the Workforce Overview of Representation Trends Consistently Low Representation: Women hold less than 30% of positions across the workforce and in senior leadership roles, a figure which has been declining since the pandemic.Key Cause: The primary reason for this trend is the reduction in the hiring of women for leadership roles. Industry-Specific Representation Lowest Representation: Construction, Oil, Gas, and Mining, and Utilities: 11%Wholesale and Manufacturing: 12%Accommodation and Food Services: 15% Slightly Better Representation: Wholesale and Manufacturing: 12%Moderate Representation:Technology, Information & Media, Financial Services: 19% Highest Representation: Education: 30%Government Administration: 29% Compliance with Legal Mandates Legislation: The Companies Act, 2013 mandates the inclusion of women directors on company boards.Non-Compliance: Reports indicate that compliance with this law is lax.Penalties: Between April 2018 and December 2023, 507 companies were fined for non-compliance, with 90% of these being listed companies. Factors Contributing to Lower Representation of Women in Corporates Societal and Structural Barriers Societal Biases and Stereotypes: Prevalent biases regarding women’s abilities and leadership styles result in unfair assessments and restricted career advancement opportunities.Reduced Flexible Working Arrangements: The decline in hybrid or work-from-home options has stalled progress, as these arrangements often support women’s participation in the workforce.Domestic and Caregiving Responsibilities: The heavy burden of these responsibilities on women hampers their ability to commit and be as available as their male counterparts. Environmental and Institutional Challenges Migration and Safety Concerns: These concerns restrict women’s access to employment, especially in urban areas where inadequate infrastructure and unsafe public spaces deter women from seeking and retaining jobs.Lack of Mentorship and Sponsorship: Women have fewer influential mentors and sponsors to advocate for their career progression and help them navigate corporate environments.Scarcity of Senior Role Models: The shortage of women in senior leadership roles means fewer role models for aspiring women, making it difficult for them to envision achieving such positions themselves. Strategies to Improve Gender Diversity in Corporate Leadership Work Environment and Policies Flexible or Hybrid Work Policies: Essential for retaining women, particularly at junior and middle management levels, as these stages often require balancing career aspirations with family commitments. Recruitment and Hiring Practices ‘Skills-First’ Hiring Approach: Prioritize hiring based on relevant skills, qualifications, and experience rather than gendered assumptions. This method helps reduce biases and promotes meritocracy. Government Initiatives Promoting Board Diversity: Governments can encourage diversity in senior leadership by raising awareness about board diversity in listed companies.Example: The Japanese Ministry of Economy, in collaboration with the Tokyo Stock Exchange, launched the “Nadeshiko Brands” program, which highlights companies that support women’s empowerment and leadership, making them attractive investment opportunities. Professional Networking and Support Creating Strong Networks: Establishing professional groups for women can foster connections and collaboration, empowering women to navigate the path to leadership.Benefits: These networks allow women to share experiences, learn from each other’s successes and challenges, and build a robust support system.Mentorship and Networking Opportunities: Providing women with mentorship and networking opportunities can aid their navigation up the corporate ladder.Role of Female Leaders: Experienced female leaders can mentor aspiring women, offering insights and strategies for career advancement. Equitable Distribution of Responsibilities Promoting Equitable Caregiving: Policies that promote an equitable distribution of caregiving responsibilities between men and women can help balance professional and personal commitments.Paid Paternity Leave: Implementing paid paternity leave, especially in the private sector, can contribute to a more balanced distribution of caregiving duties. Conclusion The ongoing underrepresentation of women in corporate leadership roles in India is a significant concern that necessitates comprehensive and targeted interventions. By adopting a multifaceted approach, including policy changes, organizational reforms, and cultural shifts, it is possible to enhance gender diversity and unlock the full potential of women in the corporate sector. -Source: The Hindu Vote Counting Context: Over the past six weeks, 642 million voters have participated in the world’s largest democratic exercise. Now, it’s their turn to be heard through the counting of votes. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Counting of VotesPostal Ballots and EVM VotesVVPAT and RecountingResult Declaration Counting of Votes Handbook and Governance Handbook Issued by EC: Guides Returning Officers (ROs) and counting agents on the counting process, highlighting design, operations, and objection protocols.Rule 66A Governance: The counting process follows Rule 66A of the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, as amended in 1992. Responsibilities and Procedures RO Responsibilities: Typically, the District Magistrate is appointed by the Election Commission of India (ECI).Must inform candidates or their agents of the counting schedule and location at least one week before polling.Assistant Returning Officers assist where the RO oversees multiple constituencies.Counting officials appointed by the RO conduct the vote counting at various tables. Appointment of Time and Place: Rule 51 Requirement: RO must appoint the time and place for vote counting at least one week before the poll.The ECI sets a uniform date and time for counting, usually at the RO’s headquarters but possibly outside the constituency.Votes for an Assembly constituency are counted at a single location with each constituency in a separate hall with up to 14 counting tables plus the RO’s table. Counting Process Scheduled Start: The RO must begin counting strictly at the scheduled time, with the entire process documented in-camera and timestamped.EVM Strong Room Procedures:The room must be opened in the presence of observers, ROs/AROs, and candidates or their agents.Continuous CCTV coverage documents the movement of control units, VVPATs, and relevant documents.Counting staff and others must remain at the Counting Centre until official results are announced. Postal Ballots and EVM Votes Postal Ballot Counting: Rule 54A mandates starting with postal ballots.EVM vote counting starts 30 minutes after postal ballots.VVPAT slips are matched with EVM results post counting. EVM Counting Procedures: Organized on tables arranged in rows and numbered sequentially.Control Unit of each EVM determines poll results for each station.Ballot Units remain in a secure strong room.Candidate-wise results from each control unit are recorded in Form 17C part II, signed by the counting supervisor and candidates/polling agents, and countersigned by the RO before preparing the Final Result Sheet in Form 20. VVPAT and Recounting VVPAT Counting: Begins only after all votes from Control Units are counted.Conducted under close supervision in the VVPAT Counting Booth with observers and candidates or their agents present. Recounting: Usually unnecessary due to the validity of each vote recorded by machines.Rule 63 provisions for recount still apply if required. Result Declaration Authorization: RO must obtain authorization from the Observer to declare results.NOC Requirement: RO should seek NOC on Form 20 from the Commission, Observer, and the leading candidate before public announcement. -Source: The Hindu KAZA-TFCA States Renew Withdrawal Calls from CITES Context: At the 2024 Heads of State Summit for the Kavango-Zambezi Trans-Frontier Conservation Area (KAZA-TFCA) in Livingstone, Zambia, member states renewed their calls to withdraw from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This demand stems from repeated denials of permission to sell their abundant ivory and other wildlife products. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Issues Discussed at the 2024 SummitCauses of the Wildlife Product TradeMeasures Needed to Tackle Wildlife Crime Key Issues Discussed at the 2024 Summit The KAZA-TFCA Initiative Geographical Scope: The KAZA-TFCA spans five southern African nations: Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, along the Okavango and Zambezi river basins.Conservation Land: Approximately 70% of KAZA land is under conservation, comprising 103 wildlife management areas and 85 forest reserves.Elephant Population: This region harbors over two-thirds of Africa’s elephant population (approximately 450,000), with Botswana (132,000) and Zimbabwe (100,000) holding significant portions. Ivory Trade and Human-Wildlife Conflicts 2022 Conference of Parties: Southern African countries advocated for legalizing the ivory trade to finance conservation and reduce human-wildlife conflicts, but their proposal was rejected.Rejection Reasons: The proposal was accused of prioritizing anti-trade ideologies over scientific conservation methods. Economic Impact of CITES Restrictions Economic Pitfalls: Delegates emphasized the economic disadvantages of existing CITES restrictions, advocating for the sale of wildlife products to highlight elephant mortality rates and the loss of economic potential from ivory stockpiles.Funding for Conservation: The ban on ivory and wildlife product trade affects conservation funding, as revenue from sales could support wildlife management.Scientific Evidence vs. Political Agendas: Decisions are argued to be based more on populism and political agendas rather than scientific evidence, undermining CITES’ effectiveness in promoting sustainable conservation. Appeals and Responses Exiting CITES: The summit featured renewed appeals to exit CITES, suggesting it could prompt CITES to reconsider or empower KAZA states to manage their wildlife resources autonomously.Trophy Hunting Restrictions: In response to increased restrictions on trophy hunting imports by Western countries, Zimbabwe and other KAZA states are exploring alternative markets, particularly in the East.Trophy Hunting Definition: Trophy hunting involves selectively hunting wild animals, often large mammals, to obtain body parts like antlers or horns, which serve as symbols of achievement or for display. Causes of the Wildlife Product Trade Organized Crime and Illegal Trade Dynamics Criminal Networks: Involves organized crime in remote operations like elephant and tiger poaching, merging with other criminal networks and exploiting power dynamics, illicit weapons, and money laundering channels.Market Scarcity: When legal sales decline, illegal traders find new ways to continue selling products, such as rare animals or endangered species trophies, making illegal markets more attractive to buyers. Socioeconomic and Cultural Factors Economic Pressures: While large criminal groups may dominate some trafficking, many impoverished individuals engage in poaching to make ends meet.Cultural Significance: In some regions, poaching is driven by cultural traditions. For example, in the Chinko reserve in the Central African Republic, elephant hunting symbolizes cultural heritage, courage, and masculinity. Legal Market Complications Legal Market Confusion: Legal markets for certain wildlife products (e.g., Lao PDR permits trade in bear bile) make it difficult to distinguish between legally and illegally sourced products.Major Legal Market: Japan represents the world’s most significant legal ivory market, adding complexity to efforts to curb illegal trade. Corruption and Ineffectiveness of Controls Bribery and Corruption: Wildlife trafficking is facilitated by bribery at inspection points and higher-level influence on permit issuance and legal decisions, undermining anti-trafficking efforts. Measures Needed to Tackle Wildlife Crime Reducing Demand Illegalize Possession and Trade: Make the possession or trading of goods derived from illegally obtained wildlife illegal to reduce demand.Support Anti-Poaching Efforts: Direct funds to agencies that protect wildlife, such as park rangers and anti-poaching teams. Education and Awareness Public Education: Educate people about the consequences of wildlife trafficking and the value of wildlife to lower demand for illegal products. Scientific and Economic Collaboration Scientific Review: Conduct independent scientific reviews to assess the sustainability of potential ivory trade from KAZA countries.Collaborative Efforts: CITES and KAZA countries could collaborate to explore alternative income sources for conservation, such as promoting ecotourism and carbon offset programs. Best Practices and Successful Initiatives TRAFFIC and WWF: TRAFFIC’s technical expertise supported a WWF campaign in Thailand, significantly reforming Thai legislation and nearly eliminating the domestic ivory market.Domestic Ivory Bans: In China, WWF and other NGOs played crucial roles in implementing a domestic ivory ban.Destroying Stockpiles: Gabon, Congo, and the USA have destroyed confiscated ivory stockpiles to prevent their return to the black market and publicly condemn ivory trade and poaching. -Source: Down To Earth ICMR Seeks Partners for Hydroxyurea Development for Children Context: The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) seeks partners for a new project to develop and commercialize a low-dose or children’s version of hydroxyurea, aimed at treating sickle cell disease in India. Eligible organizations are invited to express their interest in this initiative. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Sickle Cell AnaemiaIndian Government Initiatives to reduce Sickle Cell AnaemiaAbout the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission Hydroxyurea for Treating Sickle Cell Disease in Children Overview and Mechanism Hydroxyurea: An oral chemotherapy drug prescribed for sickle cell disease.Helps patients by keeping blood cells round and flexible, facilitating better flow and oxygen delivery.Myelosuppressive Agent: Slows or stops the growth of blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and steroids. Effects on Blood Cells Deoxygenated Sickle Cells: Tend to clump together and form chains or long polymers, becoming stickier and increasing blockage risks in small blood vessels.Fetal Hemoglobin (HbF): Prevents polymer formation, reducing the likelihood of blockages and organ damage.Hydroxyurea’s Role: Increases the amount of HbF in the blood, preventing complications from sickle cell disease. Pharmaceutical Availability and Challenges Current Availability: Hydroxyurea is offered in 500 mg capsules or 200 mg tablets by most pharmaceutical companies in India.Pediatric Treatment Challenges: Lack of a suspension form makes low-dose treatment difficult for children.Service providers must break down high-dose tablets, risking dose accuracy and efficacy.Need for Pediatric Formulation: Considering the high number of sickle cell disease cases and the goal of eliminating the disease in India by 2047, a pediatric formulation of hydroxyurea is essential. Sickle Cell Anaemia Haemoglobin which is tasked with carrying oxygen to all parts of the body, has four protein subunits — two alpha and two beta.In some people, mutations in the gene that creates the beta subunits impact the shape of the blood cell and distorts it to look like a sickle.A round red blood cell can move easily through blood vessels because of its shape but sickle red blood cells end up slowing, and even blocking, the blood flow.Moreover, sickle cells die early, resulting in a shortage of red blood cells that deprive the body of oxygen.These obstructions and shortages may cause chronic anaemia, pain, fatigue, acute chest syndrome, stroke, and a host of other serious health complications.Without treatment, quality of life is compromised and severe cases can become fatal in the initial years of life. Symptoms The symptoms of sickle cell anaemia can vary from person to person, but common symptoms include: Painful episodes (sickle cell crisis)AnaemiaFatigue and weaknessShortness of breathDelays in growth and developmentJoint painfrequent infections Treatment Currently, there is no cure for sickle cell anaemia, but treatments are available to manage the symptoms and prevent complications. Pain managementBlood transfusionsAntibiotics to prevent infectionsHydoxyurea, a medication to reduce the frequency of sickle cell crisesStem cell transplantation in some cases Indian Government Initiatives to reduce Sickle Cell Anaemia The Indian Council of Medical Research and the National Rural Health Mission in different States are undertaking outreach programmes for better management and control of the disease.The Ministry of Tribal Affairs launched a portal wherein people can register themselves if they have the disease or the trait, in order to collate all information related to SCA among tribal groups.In the Budget, the Union Health Minister said the government plans to distribute “special cards” across tribal areas to people below the age of 40.The cards will be divided into different categories based on the screening results.The mission will receive funding under the National Health Mission. National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission: The mission aims to tackle the significant health challenges associated with sickle cell disease (SCD), with a particular focus on the tribal population.It represents a crucial milestone in the Government’s ongoing efforts to eliminate SCD as a public health issue by 2047. Objectives of the Mission: Provision of Affordable and Accessible Care: Ensure that all SCD patients have access to affordable and easily accessible healthcare services.Improve the availability and affordability of SCD treatments and medications. Quality of Care: Enhance the quality of care provided to SCD patients.Implement measures to ensure that healthcare facilities meet the required standards for SCD management. Prevalence Reduction: Implement strategies to reduce the prevalence of SCD in the population.Focus on early detection and prevention methods to minimize the number of new SCD cases. Health Promotion: Raise awareness about SCD through health promotion campaigns.Provide pre-marital genetic counseling to educate individuals about the risks associated with SCD. Prevention: Conduct universal screening programs to identify SCD cases at an early stage.Emphasize the importance of early detection and prompt intervention to prevent complications. Holistic Management & Continuum of Care: Develop a comprehensive management approach for individuals with SCD.Establish coordinated care across primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare levels.Ensure adequate treatment facilities at tertiary healthcare institutions. Patient Support System: Establish a robust support system for SCD patients.Provide guidance, counseling, and emotional support to patients and their families. Community Adoption: Encourage community involvement in SCD prevention and care.Promote the adoption of preventive measures and support systems within local communities. Coverage Targets: The mission aims to reach a total of 7 crore people.Provide screening, counseling, and care services for individuals with SCD within a three-and-a-half-year timeframe. -Source: The Hindu Prime Minister’s Visit to Vivekananda Rock Memorial Context: Recently, the Prime Minister visited and meditated at the Vivekananda Rock Memorial in Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Key Facts Related to Vivekananda Rock MemorialAbout Swami VivekanandaVedantic HumanismHis teachings Key Facts Related to Vivekananda Rock Memorial Historical Significance Swami Vivekananda’s Meditation: In 1892, Swami Vivekananda swam to the rock from the shores of Kanyakumari for meditation, spending three days and nights there, leading to his enlightenment.Core Philosophy Crystallization: Swami Vivekananda’s letter to Swami Ramkrishnananda in 1894 suggests that his core philosophy crystallized after meditating at the Dhyan Mandapam on the rock. Location and Physical Features Geographical Position: The memorial is situated on one of the two rocks located approximately 500 meters off the mainland of Vavathurai, Tamil Nadu.Islet Characteristics: The Vivekananda rock is a small rocky islet, surrounded by the Laccadive Sea, where the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ocean, and the Arabian Sea converge, offering a picturesque view. Structural Details Main Structures: The memorial consists of two primary structures: Vivekananda Mandapam and Shripada Mandapam. Construction and Inauguration Purpose: The memorial was constructed to honor Swami Vivekananda, a prominent Indian spiritual leader.Inauguration: It was formally inaugurated in 1970 by the then-President of India, V V Giri. About Swami Vivekananda The Swami Vivekananda ji’s original name was Narendranath.He was born on 12th January, 1863 at Kolkata , the Swamiji’s Jayanti i.e. birth anniversary is celebrated as the “National Youth Day“. Spiritual primacy is the central theme of Vivekananda’s teachings, through which human beings can succeed in every sphere of their lives.Nevertheless, he urges people, especially the youth, to never let go of reason.Instead, he premises his philosophy, ideas and life work on the premise of reason.The three instruments of knowledge that he propounded are instincts, reason, and inspiration. Vedantic Humanism Swami Vivekananda believed that there is only one Self in the universe. There is only one Existence. He saw the entire universe as a manifestation of the absolute One.On the coexistence of various faiths, he believed religious acceptance, and not tolerance was important. He claimed that tolerance comes out of a superiority complex.For Vivekananda, the most desirable path for self-realisation was the selfless service of man.Some ways through which the essential unity of all human beings can be realised are unconditional love for all, judicious detachment, and expansion of self through service of fellow humans despite any sectarian difference, he believed.He was an exponent of vedantic humanism.He did not propagate a world-negating concept of spirituality, rather he said that each and every chore of your life should be done with divinity.He articulated that external rituals of religion are of secondary importance but the spiritual essence of a religion should be preserved and accepted. His teachings Divinity within ourselves “Infinite power is in the soul of man, whether he knows it or not. Its manifestation is only a question of being conscious of it. With the full consciousness of his infinite power and wisdom, the giant will rise to his feet.”Swami Vivekananda asserted that each soul is potentially divine.The goal of human beings should be to manifest this divinity within, which can be done by controlling nature, external and internal. Karma Yoga Swami Vivekananda, emphasising the importance of work, said that God can be attained through work.He said that in every society there are people whose minds cannot be concentrated on the plane of thought alone.He stressed that a lot of people fritter away a great amount of their energies because they are oblivious to the secret of work. The key to this secret lies in Karma Yoga, as it teaches how to employ to the maximum advantage all our energies in our work.Karma-Yoga teaches how to work for work’s sake, unattached to the results.A Karma Yogin works out of her nature as she feels it is the right thing for her to do and that is the sole objective of her work. “Whatever you do, let that be your worship for the time being,” he said. Bhakti Yoga Bhakti Yoga teaches that love is a vital element of all human beings.It teaches how to love bereft of any ulterior motives. “All love is expansion, all selfishness is contraction. Love is therefore the only law of life. He who loves lives, he who is selfish is dying,” said Swami Vivekananda. Raja Yoga Raja Yoga opens up the psychological way to union with God.This Yoga teaches that in order to acquire knowledge, we’d have to use a method called concentration.Swami Vivekananda, to explain this Yoga, gives an example of a chemist who works in her laboratory, concentrating all the powers of her mind, bringing them into one focus, and throwing them onto the elements; the elements stand analysed and thus her knowledge comes.“The more this power of concentration, the more knowledge is acquired. The stronger the power of concentration, the better will that thing be done.” Faith in oneself He emphasises that the ideal of faith in ourselves is of the greatest help to us as whatever “you think, that you will be. If you think yourselves weak, weak you will be; if you think yourselves strong, strong you will be.”One has to know that all knowledge, power, purity, and freedom are in oneself.Swami Vivekanand also urges people to not shy away from taking responsibility for their actions.“We, as Vedantists, know for certain that there is no power in the universe to injure us unless we first injure ourselves. Let us blame none, let us blame our own karma. The effect is here and the cause is here too. We are to blame. Stand up, be bold, and take the blame on your own shoulders.” -Source: The Hindu Ahilya Bai Holkar Context: The 300th birth anniversary of the Maratha queen Ahilya Bai Holkar — a great administrator and visionary with a spiritual inclination, was recently celebrated. Relevance: GS I: History About Ahilya Bai Holkar Personal Background Full Name: Maharani Ahilyabai HolkarLifespan: 31 May 1725 – 13 August 1795Title: Holkar Queen of the Maratha Malwa Kingdom, IndiaReputation: Known as one of India’s most visionary female rulers, celebrated for her wisdom, courage, and administrative skills. Early Life and Ascension to Power Tragedy: Ahilyabai’s husband, Khanderao Holkar, was killed in the battle of Kumbher in 1754.Further Loss: Twelve years later, her father-in-law, Malhar Rao Holkar, passed away.Coronation: In 1767, a year after her father-in-law’s death, she was crowned the queen of Malwa. She ruled for the next 28 years, bringing justice, wisdom, and knowledge to her governance. Achievements and Contributions Peace and Prosperity: Under her rule, Malwa enjoyed relative peace, prosperity, and stability. Her capital, Maheshwar, became a hub for literary, musical, artistic, and industrial pursuits.Welcoming Scholars: She welcomed notable figures such as Marathi poet Moropant, Shahir Ananta Gandhi, and Sanskrit scholar Khushali Ram into her capital.Promoting Dharma and Industrialization: She played a significant role in spreading the message of dharma and fostering industrialization.Textile Industry: Established a textile industry in Maheshwar, now famous for Maheshwari sarees. Military and Justice Defense: Military Training: Ahilyabai was military-trained and personally led armies into battle.Appointment: She appointed Tukojirao Holkar as the Chief of Army.Justice Administration: Known for her fair and impartial administration of justice, she even sentenced her only son to death for a capital offense. Religious and Social Contributions Temple Construction: A pioneer in building Hindu temples, she constructed hundreds of temples and Dharmashalas across India. Her notable contributions include the renovation and repair of the Kashi Vishwanath Temple in 1780.Landmark Decisions: Implemented significant reforms, such as abolishing the law that confiscated property from childless widows.Public Audiences: Held daily public audiences to address and resolve the common man’s problems. Legacy and Death Philosopher Queen: British historian John Keay honored her with the title ‘The Philosopher Queen’.Death: Ahilyabai passed away on August 13, 1795, at the age of seventy.Succession: Her throne was succeeded by her commander-in-chief and nephew, Tukojirao Holkar. -Source: Indian Express Bank Clinic Context: The All India Bank Employees’ Association (AIBEA) has launched the “Bank Clinic” initiative to assist bank customers with grievance redressal. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy About Bank Clinic Initiative by AIBEA: The All India Bank Employees’ Association (AIBEA) launched Bank Clinic to help bank customers with grievance redressal in line with Reserve Bank of India (RBI) guidelines on retail banking amid rapid technological advancements.Advisory Platform: It serves as a non-resolving advisory platform, providing guidance on remedies available as per RBI guidelines.Additional Channel: Functions alongside the traditional Banking Ombudsman process. How It Works Complaint Registration: Customers can register their complaints on the Bank Clinic website.Response Time: Within five working days, customers receive a reply detailing available remedies and relevant RBI guidelines for their specific issue.Purpose: Ensures timely and effective redressal of customer issues by guiding them on available remedies, though it does not directly resolve queries. Benefits Building Goodwill: Helps build goodwill with customers.Feedback to Banks: Provides valuable feedback to banks, highlighting areas where service deficiencies exist. What is AIBEA? Full Name: All India Bank Employees Association.Representation: A national trade union representing bank employees across India.Foundation: Established on April 20, 1946, in Kolkata. The headquarters is in Chennai.Role: Advocates for the rights, welfare, and interests of bank workers. -Source: Economic Times

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 04 June 2024

CONTENTS World No-Tobacco DayDraft Resolution Approved to Improve Organ Transplantation Availability World No-Tobacco Day Context: Recently, The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (GoI), organized an event today to observe World No Tobacco Day 2024. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: World No-Tobacco DayTobacco Cultivation in India World No-Tobacco Day: Creation and Purpose: World No Tobacco Day was established by the Member States of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1987.A resolution passed in 1988 set the annual observance on May 31st.The day aims to raise awareness about the harmful effects of tobacco use and second-hand smoke, and to discourage tobacco consumption in any form.The theme for the year is “Protecting Children from Tobacco Industry Interference.” Tobacco Cultivation in India: Introduction and History: Tobacco cultivation in India was introduced by the Portuguese in 1605. Area and Production: Major tobacco-growing states in India include Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar.Gujarat contributes 45% of the total area (0.13 million hectares) and 30% of production (0.16 million tonnes). It also boasts the highest productivity, yielding 1700 kg per hectare, followed by Andhra Pradesh. Types of Tobacco: Gujarat: Anand area grows mainly bidi tobacco.Karnataka: Nipani area is known for bidi tobacco.North Bihar and Bengal: Both tabacum and rustica types, used for hookah and limited chewing and snuff varieties.Tamil Nadu: Madurai and Coimbatore regions cultivate cigars, filter, binder, and chewing tobacco. Climate and Soil: Optimal growth occurs at mean temperatures between 20°C and 27°C.As a rainfed crop, tobacco needs at least 500 mm of well-distributed rainfall during the growing season.It is not typically grown in regions where rainfall exceeds 1200 mm during the season. Draft Resolution Approved to Improve Organ Transplantation Availability Context: At the 77th World Health Assembly, member states approved a draft resolution aimed at improving the availability of organ transplantation, including human cells and tissues. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Increasing Availability and Ethical Access to Transplantation: Recent Developments: Member States, led by Spain, approved a resolution to enhance the availability, ethical access, and oversight of human cell, tissue, and organ transplantation. About the Draft Resolution: Member states are encouraged to align with WHO’s Guiding Principles on Human Cell, Tissue, and Organ Transplantation.Emphasis is placed on promoting donation following neurological or circulatory determination of death.The resolution highlights that insufficient access to transplantation fuels human trafficking for organ removal and poses public health risks.It calls for the establishment of an expert committee to help develop and implement a global strategy.The draft resolution also proposes a global strategy for adoption by 2026 and suggests creating a World Donor Day to raise awareness and donations. World Health Assembly (WHA): The World Health Assembly is the decision-making body of the WHO.It includes delegations from all WHO Member States and focuses on a specific health agenda prepared by the Executive Board.Main functions include determining WHO policies, appointing the Director-General, overseeing financial policies, and approving the programme budget.The Assembly meets annually in Geneva, Switzerland.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 04 June 2024

CONTENTS Supreme Court Reaffirms Promotion is Not a Fundamental RightArchaeologists and Sanskrit Scholars Decipher Rigveda for Historical LinksAdani Group Accused of Mislabeling Coal Quality in 2014RudraM-IISarcophagusParaparatrechina neela Supreme Court Reaffirms Promotion is Not a Fundamental Right Context: The Supreme Court of India has recently reiterated that promotion is not a fundamental right for government servants. The judgement emphasized that the Constitution does not prescribe any criteria for filling promotional posts, leaving this matter to the discretion of the legislature and the executive. Relevance: GS-II: Social Justice and Governance (Government Policies and Initiatives, Issues related to Minorities), GS-II: Polity and Constitution (Constitutional Provisions, Important Judgements) Dimensions of the Article: Constitutional Provisions on ReservationReservation not a fundamental RightArguments for applying reservation in promotionsPros and Cons of Reservation in PromotionReservation Related Developments in IndiaWay Forward Constitutional Provisions on Reservation Article 16(4) empowers the state to make any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the state, is not adequately represented in the services under the state.By way of the 77th Amendment Act, a new clause (4A) was added to Article 16, empowering the state to make provisions for reservation in matters of promotion to Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe employees if the state feels they are not adequately represented in services. Reservation not a fundamental Right It is a settled law, time and again reiterated by the Supreme Court, that there is no fundamental right to reservation or promotion under Article 16(4) or Article 16(4 A) of the Constitution.Rather they are enabling provisions for providing reservation, if the circumstances so warrant (Mukesh Kumar and Another vs State of Uttarakhand & Ors. 2020).However, these pronouncements no way understate the constitutional directive under Article 46.Article 46 mandates that the state shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people and in particular SCs and STs.However such provisions resulted in the ever-evolving jurisprudence of affirmative action in public employment. Arguments for applying reservation in promotions As there is a peculiar hierarchical arrangement of caste in India, it is obvious that SCs and STs are poorly represented in higher posts.Denying application of reservation in promotions has kept SCs and STs largely confined to lower cadre jobs.Hence, providing reservation for promotions is even more justified and appropriate to attain equality.This judgment destabilises the very basis of reservation, when there is no direct recruitment in higher posts.This delineation of the scope of reservation as at the entry level and in promotions will only lead to confusion in its implementation.Now, by declaring that reservation cannot be claimed as a fundamental right is a dangerous precedent in the history of social justice. Pros and Cons of Reservation in Promotion >td >Helps address historical discrimination by providing support to overcome entrenched social and economic barriers.Advantages of ReservationDisadvantages of ReservationEnhances representation of historically disadvantaged groups (SC, ST, OBC) in higher positions within services.Raises concerns about potentially bypassing the most qualified candidates for promotion.Fosters a more diverse and inclusive leadership, improving understanding of societal issues.May cause demotivation and frustration among general category candidates who feel overlooked.Provides marginalized communities with opportunities to advance and compete at higher levels.Reservations in promotions can disrupt seniority-based systems, impacting overall efficiency. Reservation Related Developments in India Mandal storm Reservation in employment which was otherwise confined to SC and STs got extended to new section called the Other Backward Classes (OBCs).This was the basis of the recommendations of the Second Backward Class Commission as constituted, headed by B.P. Mandal.The Mandal Commission (1980) provided for 27% reservation to OBC in central services and public sector undertakings.This was over and above the existing 22.5% reservation for SCs and STs, was sought to be implemented by the V.P. Singh Government in 1990.The same was assailed in the Supreme Court resulting in the historic Indra Sawhney Judgment. Indra Sawhney case, 1992 In its landmark 1992 decision in Indra Sawhney vs Union of India, the Supreme Court had held that reservations under Article 16(4) could only be provided at the time of entry into government service but not in matters of promotion.It added that the principle would operate only prospectively and not affect promotions already made and that reservation already provided in promotions shall continue in operation for a period of five years from the date of the judgment.On June 17, 1995, Parliament, acting in its constituent capacity, adopted the seventy-seventh amendment by which clause (4A) was inserted into Article 16 to enable reservation to be made in promotion for SCs and STs. The Constitution (Seventy-seventh Amendment) Act, 1995 In Indra Sawhney Case, the Supreme Court had held that Article 16(4) of the Constitution of India does not authorise reservation in the matter of promotions.However, the judgment was not to affect the promotions already made and hence only prospective in operation, it was ruled.By the Constitution (Seventy-seventh Amendment) Act, 1995, which, Article 16(4-A), was inserted.It aimed to provide the State for making any provision for reservation in matters of promotion to any class or classes of posts in the services under the State.This was to be in favour of the SCs and the STs which, in the opinion of the State, are not adequately represented in the services under the State.Later, two more amendments were brought, one to ensure consequential seniority and another to secure carry forward of unfilled vacancies of a year. M. Nagaraj case, 2006 The constitutional validity of Art 16(4A) was upheld by the Supreme Court in the M. Nagaraj v. Union of India 2006 case; however, State is not bound to make such reservations in promotions.If the states seek to make reservation in promotions, then it must collect quantifiable data on three parametersThe backwardness of the classThe inadequacy of the representation of that class in public employment;The general efficiency of service would not be affected Jarnail Singh vs Lachhmi Narain Gupta case, 2018 In Jarnail Singh vs Lachhmi Narain Gupta case of 2018, the Supreme Court held that reservation in promotions does not require the state to collect quantifiable data on the backwardness of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.The court upheld the argument that once various caste groups were listed as SC/ST, this automatically implied they were backward.That judgment had, while modifying the part of the Nagaraj verdict which required States to show quantifiable data to prove the ‘backwardness’ of a Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe community to provide quota in promotion in public employment, rejected the Centre’s argument that Nagaraj misread the creamy layer concept by applying it to SC/ST. The Constitution (103rd Amendment) Act, 2019 The 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) other SCs, STs and backward classes for government jobs and admission in educational institutions.This is currently under challenge before the Supreme Court which has referred the same to a constitution bench.This was a critical milestone to specifically include economic backwardness without social backwardness as is traditionally seen.  Dr. Jaishri Laxmanrao Patil vs Chief Minister (2021) Despite the Indra Sawhney ruling, there have been attempts on the part of many States to breach the rule by way of expanding the reservation coverage.The Maharashtra Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Act 2018, (Maratha reservation law) came under challenge before the Supreme Court.This case was referred to a bench of five judges to question whether the 1992 judgment needs a relook.Interestingly, the Supreme Court affirmed the Indra Sawhney decision, and struck down Section 4(1)(a) and Section 4(1)(b) of the Act which provided 12% reservation for Marathas in educational institutions and 13% reservation in public employment respectively.This judgment gave out a strong message that some State governments blatantly disregard the stipulated ceiling on electoral gains rather than any exceptional circumstances. Way Forward Assessing Current Representation: It is essential to evaluate the present representation of SC/ST/OBCs at various levels and departments. This data will help set specific targets for fulfilling reservation quotas.Merit and Relaxation System: Advocate for a system that emphasizes merit while providing some relaxation in qualifying marks for SC/ST/OBC candidates in promotions. This ensures that qualified candidates from these communities have a better chance while maintaining acceptable competency standards.Addressing Concerns: Acknowledge the issues related to unqualified candidates being promoted due to reservations.Training and Mentorship: Propose robust training and mentorship programs for promoted SC/ST/OBC employees to bridge any skill gaps and ensure they excel in their new roles.Temporary Measure: Highlight that reservations are a temporary measure aimed at achieving long-term social justice and equal opportunity in promotions.Parallel Initiatives: Advocate for simultaneous initiatives that enhance education and access to resources for these communities, ultimately leading to a scenario where reservations might not be required. -Source: Times of India Archaeologists and Sanskrit Scholars Decipher Rigveda for Historical Links Context: Archaeologists are collaborating with Sanskrit scholars to decipher the Rigveda, conducting research that aims to uncover potential relationships between the people of the Vedic age and the Harappan civilization. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) / Harappa Civilisation (3300 – 1300 BCE)The Vedic Age (1500 – 600 BCE)How Archaeologists are Establishing Relationships Between the Harappan and the Vedic Age?Evidence Supporting the Relationship Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) / Harappa Civilisation (3300 – 1300 BCE) Overview: The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilisation, was a prominent Bronze Age civilisation located in the northwestern regions of South Asia.Historical Significance: The IVC is notable for being one of the three early civilisations of the Near East and South Asia, alongside ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. It was the most extensive of the three.Geographical Spread: Its sites span from present-day northeast Afghanistan, across Pakistan, and into western and northwestern India.Flourishing Areas: It thrived in the basins of the Indus River and along river systems near the seasonal Ghaggar-Hakra river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan.Urban Features: The cities were well-planned with baked brick houses, advanced drainage systems, water supply networks, clusters of large non-residential buildings, new handicraft techniques (such as carnelian products and seal carving), and metallurgical advancements (copper, bronze, lead, and tin).Decline: The civilisation’s urbanisation might have been influenced by the gradual drying of the region’s soil. Eventually, the civilisation declined, and its population moved eastward and southward due to weakened monsoons and reduced water supply. The Vedic Age (1500 – 600 BCE) Historical Context: The Vedic Age marks the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age in Indian history, characterised by the composition of Vedic literature, including the Vedas, in northern India.Timeline Position: This period falls between the end of the urban Indus Valley Civilisation and the beginning of the second urbanisation in the central Indo-Gangetic Plain around 600 BCE.Literary and Cultural Evolution: The Vedic Age is divided into two periods:The Rigvedic Period / Early Vedic Period (1500 – 1000 BCE)The Later Vedic Period (1000 – 600 BCE)Early Vedic Aryans: Initially, the early Vedic Aryans lived in the region known as Sapta-Sindhu, which encompassed areas around present-day Punjab.Later Vedic Migration: During the Later Vedic Period, they gradually expanded eastward, occupying areas in eastern Uttar Pradesh (Kosala) and north Bihar (Videha). How Archaeologists are Establishing Relationships Between the Harappan and the Vedic Age? Recent Findings by NCERT: The NCERT has recently updated the Class 12 History textbook based on DNA evidence from the 4,600-year-old remains of a woman, suggesting that the Harappans were indigenous to the region.However, NCERT has included a disclaimer that further research is required to confirm this relationship.Some historians propose that the Vedas could date back to 2,500 BC (4,500 years ago), aligning them with the Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC). Current Archaeological Research: Archaeologists are exploring the hypothesis that the Harappans and the Vedic people might have been the same.Renowned archaeologist Vasant Shinde emphasizes the importance of understanding references in the Rigveda to correlate them with archaeological discoveries from Harappan sites. Evidence Supporting the Relationship: Rakhigarhi Excavations: Excavations at Rakhigarhi in Haryana revealed ritual platforms and fire altars, which are also mentioned in Rigvedic texts as part of fire worship. Saraswati River: The Rigveda mentions the Saraswati River (modern Ghagghar-Hakra river) at least 71 times.Archaeological excavations have found that many Harappan settlements were located along the banks of this river. Animal Bones in Surkotada: A set of animal bones discovered in Surkotada, Kutch, Gujarat, was studied by archaeo-zoologists.Some researchers believe these bones belong to a domesticated horse, as referenced in Rigvedic texts.Others argue that the bones could be from a wild ass, highlighting the need for further investigation. -Source: The Hindu Adani Group Accused of Mislabeling Coal Quality in 2014 Context: A recent report by the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project alleges that in 2014, the Adani Group falsely labeled low-grade Indonesian coal as high-quality, inflating its value before selling it to Tamil Nadu’s power generation company, TANGEDCO. The reporting project is backed by billionaire hedge fund manager and philanthropist, George Soros. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Status of the Coal Sector in IndiaCoal Quality and GradationWhat is Clean Coal?Challenges Related to Coal for India Status of the Coal Sector in India: Coal, a naturally occurring combustible sedimentary rock, holds significant importance in India’s energy landscape. Geographic Distribution: India’s coal reserves are concentrated in the eastern and central regions, with major coal-producing states being Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and parts of Madhya Pradesh. Types of Coal and Clusters: Anthracite: Carbon content: 80% to 95%Limited quantities, primarily found in Jammu and Kashmir. Bituminous Coal: Carbon content: 60% to 80%Predominantly found in Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh. Lignite: Carbon content: 40% to 55%High moisture levelsFound in Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Jammu & Kashmir. Peat: Carbon content below 40%Represents the earliest stage of the transformation from organic matter into coal. Characteristics of Indian Coal Ash Content and Calorific Value: Indian coal typically has a high ash content and a lower calorific value compared to imported coal.The Gross Calorific Value (GCV) of domestic thermal coal ranges from 3,500 to 4,000 kcal/kg, whereas imported thermal coal has a GCV of over 6,000 kcal/kg. Environmental Impact: The average ash content in Indian coal exceeds 40%, while imported coal has less than 10% ash content.Burning high-ash coal leads to higher emissions of particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide. Government Policies: Since 1954, the Indian government has regulated coal prices to limit the use of high-grade coking coal for power generation.To manage coal production, power needs, and pollution, the government advises using imported coal with lower ash and moisture content.The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) in 2012 suggested blending 10-15% imported coal with Indian coal for power boilers designed for low-quality domestic coal. Coal Quality and Gradation Determining Quality: Coal quality is measured by its Gross Calorific Value (GCV), which indicates the heat or energy released upon combustion.As a fossil fuel, coal is composed of carbon, ash, moisture, and various impurities. Higher carbon content signifies superior quality or grade of coal. Categories: Non-coking coal: Graded by Gross Heat content.Coking coal: Graded based on ash percentage.Semi-coking coal: Graded based on ash and moisture percentages. Grades: Coal quality varies with 17 different grades from grade 1 (highest quality) yielding over 7,000 kcal/kg to the lowest grades yielding 2,200-2,500 kcal/kg. Applications: Non-coking coal: Utilized in thermal power plants, capable of providing adequate heat despite higher ash content.Coking coal: Crucial for steel production, necessitates minimal ash content. What is Clean Coal? Definition: Clean coal technologies aim to mitigate the environmental impact of coal energy production by increasing carbon content and reducing ash content. Technologies: Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Captures CO2 emissions from coal-fired power plants and stores them underground.Coal Washing: Removes impurities before combustion, reducing emissions of ash, sulfur, and other pollutants.Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD): Scrubs sulfur dioxide from exhaust gases.Gasification: Converts coal into synthetic gas (syngas) that burns cleaner than coal.Advanced Combustion Techniques: Enhances combustion efficiency to reduce emissions and boost energy output.Challenges:Coal Washing: Although it removes ash and moisture, the process is expensive and increases production costs.Coal Gasification: Converts coal into gas using IGCC systems, which improve efficiency by generating both steam and syngas. Coal Imports in India: Import Policy:The current import policy allows unrestricted coal imports under an Open General License.Consumer Categories:Steel, power, and cement sectors, along with coal traders, can import coal based on their commercial requirements.Coking Coal in Steel Sector:The steel sector primarily imports coking coal to supplement domestic availability and improve quality.Non-Coking Coal Imports:Other sectors like power and cement, as well as coal traders, import non-coking coal to meet their respective needs. Significance of Coal for India: Energy Source:Accounts for 55% of the country’s energy needs, making it the most important and abundant fossil fuel.Power Generation:70% of India’s power demand is met by thermal power plants, mostly powered by coal.Energy Consumption Trends:Over the past four decades, commercial primary energy consumption in India has increased by approximately 700%.Per Capita Consumption:Current per capita consumption is around 350 kilograms of oil equivalent per year, still lower than developed countries. Challenges Related to Coal for India: Environmental Impact: Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions:Coal mining and combustion contribute to air and water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and habitat destruction, necessitating the management of environmental impacts.Addressing Environmental Impacts:Balancing the need for energy security with addressing environmental impacts remains a significant challenge. Health Risks: Community Health Hazards:Exposure to coal dust, particulate matter, and emissions from coal-fired power plants poses health risks to communities, leading to respiratory diseases and other health issues. Social Challenges: Land Acquisition and Displacement:Acquiring land for coal mining often displaces communities, disrupting livelihoods and posing challenges for proper rehabilitation and resettlement.Socio-economic Hardships:Rehabilitation and resettlement efforts encounter challenges, with affected populations facing social and economic hardships. Technology Adoption: Limited Adoption of Clean Coal Technologies:Despite advancements in technologies like carbon capture and storage (CCS), their widespread adoption in India is limited due to high costs and technical challenges. Transition to Renewable Energy: Balancing Energy Security and Renewable Transition:India’s commitment to transitioning to renewable energy sources and reducing greenhouse gas emissions presents challenges for the coal sector. Finding a Balance: Striking a balance between ensuring energy security and meeting climate change mitigation objectives remains a significant hurdle. -Source: The Hindu RudraM-II Context: Recently, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully flight-tested the Rudra M-II Missile from a Sukhoi-30 MKI fighter jet. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology RudraM-II Missile System: Overview: The RudraM-II is an indigenously developed, solid-propelled air-launched missile designed for air-to-surface operations.It is capable of neutralizing various enemy assets and enhancing India’s air security and defence readiness, acting as a ‘force multiplier.’ Performance Evaluation: Tested with advanced range tracking tools, including electro-optical systems, radar, and telemetry stations. Specifications: Range: 300 kilometresSpeed: Up to Mach 5.5Payload: 200 kilogramsDetection: Capable of identifying enemy radio frequencies and radar signals from over 100 km away.Intended to replace Russia’s Kh-31 missile currently used in India’s Sukhoi fighter jets. -Source: The Hindu Sarcophagus Context: A sarcophagus fragment discovered beneath the floor of a religious center belongs to Ramesses II, one of the best-known ancient Egyptian pharaohs, according to a new study. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Sarcophagi Definition and Purpose: A sarcophagus is a highly decorated coffin or a box-like container that houses a coffin.Originally intended to be displayed above ground, they were sometimes entombed or placed in burial chambers. Historical Usage: Used to hold and protect the remains of important individuals throughout history, dating back to ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Rome, and Greece.The term “sarcophagus” originates from the Greek words “sarx” (flesh) and “phagien” (to eat), literally translating to “eater of flesh.”First used in Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece, the sarcophagus gained popularity across the ancient world.Continued to be used in later European societies, often for high-status members of the clergy, government, or aristocracy. Features: Cultural Variations: Designs and details vary from one culture to another.Material: Typically made of stone, with limestone being the most common. Other materials include granite, sandstone, and marble.Decoration: Elaborately adorned with carvings, images, and inscriptions, often featuring the name of the deceased. Archaeological Significance: Sarcophagi are crucial artifacts for archaeologists and historians, providing insights into the art, culture, and beliefs of the societies that created them.The carvings and inscriptions often contain valuable historical information.Notable Example:The golden sarcophagus of King Tutankhamun is one of the most famous Egyptian sarcophagi. -Source: The Hindu Paraparatrechina Neela Context: Indian researchers recently discovered a new ant species named Paraparatrechina neela from Arunachal Pradesh’s remote Siang Valley. About Paraparatrechina Neela: Discovery: Paraparatrechina neela is a newly discovered ant species found in the Siang Valley of Arunachal Pradesh.It belongs to the rare genus Paraparatrechina and is named “neela” to reflect its unique blue color, as “neela” means blue in many Indian languages. Significance: This discovery marks the first new species of Paraparatrechina in 121 years since the description of the previously known species, P. aseta (Forel, 1902), in the Indian subcontinent. Features: Size: A small ant with a total length of less than 2 mm.Color: Predominantly metallic blue, except for the antennae, mandibles, and legs.Head: Subtriangular with large eyes, and a triangular mandible featuring five teeth.Distinctiveness: The species stands out for its distinct metallic blue color, unlike any other species in its genus. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 03 June 2024

CONTENTS Heatwaves Heatwaves In India Context: PM reviews the situation of ongoing heat wave in the country and preparedness for onset of monsoon. Relevance: GS  III- Environment (Climate change) Dimensions of the Article: About Heat WaveCriteria for Heat WavesHealth Impacts About Heat Wave A heat wave is a period of abnormally high temperatures, more than the normal maximum temperature that occurs during the summer season in the North-Western and South Central parts of India.Heat waves typically occur between March and June, and in some rare cases even extend till July.Higher daily peak temperatures and longer, more intense heat waves are becoming increasingly frequent globally due to climate change. Criteria for Heat Waves The heat wave is considered when the maximum temperature of a station reaches at least 40°C for Plains and at least 30°C for Hilly regions.If the normal maximum temperature of a station is less than or equal to 40°C, then an increase of 5°C to 6°C from the normal temperature is considered to be heat wave condition.Further, an increase of 7°C or more from the normal temperature is considered as severe heat wave condition.If the normal maximum temperature of a station is more than 40°C, then an increase of 4°C to 5°C from the normal temperature is considered to be heat wave condition. Further, an increase of 6°C or more is considered as severe heat wave condition.Additionally, if the actual maximum temperature remains 45°C or more irrespective of normal maximum temperature, a heat wave is declared. Health Impacts The health impacts of Heat Waves typically involve dehydration, heat cramps, heat exhaustion and/or heat stroke.It also causes heat cramps, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps and sweating.The extreme temperatures and resultant atmospheric conditions adversely affect people living in these regions as they cause physiological stress, sometimes resulting in death.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 03 June 2024

CONTENTS India to Resume Wheat Imports and Remove Import TaxRecord Forest Fires in Brazil’s Amazon Rainforest Due to Drought and Climate ChangeDjibouti Launches Pilot Program with GM Mosquitoes to Combat MalariaED Arrests Uttarakhand Resident for International Drug TraffickingIndia Reaffirms Support for Two-State Solution in Israel-Palestine Conflict60th meeting of the Subsidiary BodiesAgnikul Cosmos and the Agnibaan Sub Orbital Technology Demonstrator (SOrTeD) India to Resume Wheat Imports and Remove Import Tax Context: India, the world’s second-largest wheat producer, plans to resume wheat imports after a six-year hiatus to replenish depleted reserves and control rising prices, following three consecutive years of disappointing crops. The country is likely to remove a 40% import tax on wheat, permitting private traders to purchase from countries like Russia, albeit in small quantities. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: WheatReasons for India Resuming Wheat ImportsPotential Implications of the DecisionFood Corporation of India (FCI) Wheat Importance: Second most important cereal crop in India after rice.Main food crop in the north and north-western parts of the country. Type: Wheat is a rabi crop that requires a cool growing season and bright sunshine at the time of ripening. Historical Impact: Success of the Green Revolution significantly contributed to the growth of Rabi crops, especially wheat. Optimal Growing Conditions: Temperature:Sowing: 10-15°CRipening and Harvesting: 21-26°C with bright sunlight.Rainfall: Around 75-100 cm.Soil Type: Well-drained fertile loamy and clayey loamy soils, particularly in the Ganga-Satluj plains and the black soil region of the Deccan. Top Producers: World (2021): China, India, and Russia.India (2021-22): Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Punjab. Indian Wheat Production and Export: India is the world’s second-biggest wheat producer after China.Despite its large production, India accounts for less than 1% of the global wheat trade as a significant portion is kept for domestic use to provide subsidized food for the poor.Top Export Markets: Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. Reasons for India Resuming Wheat Imports Production Decline: India’s wheat output has decreased over the past three years due to adverse weather conditions, resulting in a significant reduction in wheat yield.The government projects this year’s wheat harvest to be 6.25% lower than the 2023 record production of 112 million metric tons. Reduced Stock Levels: By April 2024, government wheat reserves have plummeted to 7.5 million tons, the lowest in 16 years, largely because over 10 million tons were sold to control domestic prices. Procurement Deficit: The government’s wheat procurement target for 2024 was 30-32 million metric tons, but only 26.2 million tons have been acquired so far. Increasing Prices: Domestic wheat prices have remained above the government’s minimum support price (MSP) of 2,275 rupees per 100 kg and have been rising.To address this, the government removed the 40% import duty on wheat, enabling private traders and flour millers to import wheat, mainly from Russia. Potential Implications of the Decision Domestic Market Effects: Removing the import duty is expected to boost wheat supplies in the domestic market, helping to curb price increases.Lower import costs can assist the government in replenishing depleted wheat stocks, enhancing food security by providing a buffer against unexpected disruptions in domestic production. Global Market Effects: Although India’s expected import volume (3-5 million metric tons) is relatively small, it could lead to an increase in global wheat prices due to the current situation of high prices driven by production issues in major exporting countries like Russia.India’s import needs are unlikely to have a significant impact on the global market, as larger exporters will continue to have a more substantial influence on global wheat price trends. Food Corporation of India (FCI) Statutory Basis: The FCI was established under the Food Corporations Act 1964.It operates under the Department of Food & Public Distribution within the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution. Primary Functions: Procurement: Acts as the nodal agency for procuring wheat and paddy at the government-declared Minimum Support Price (MSP) to protect farmers’ interests and encourage agricultural production.Storage: Stores the procured food grains in scientifically managed warehouses across the country to maintain buffer stocks and ensure availability during lean periods.Distribution: Efficiently distributes food grains to state governments for further distribution through the Public Distribution System (PDS), ensuring access to essential food items at subsidised prices for vulnerable sections of society.Price Stabilisation: Helps stabilise food grain prices in the market by regulating procurement and distribution, preventing undue price fluctuations.Monitoring: Closely monitors food grain stocks and their movement throughout the country to identify potential shortages and ensure timely corrective measures. -Source: The Hindu Record Forest Fires in Brazil’s Amazon Rainforest Due to Drought and Climate Change Context: Recently, Brazil’s Amazon rainforest has experienced its largest forest fires on record in the first four months of 2024. These fires have been fueled by a record drought in the Amazon region, driven by the El Nino climate phenomenon and global warming, leading to extremely dry conditions. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Facts About the Amazon RainforestsCauses of Amazon Forest FiresAdvantages of forest firesDisadvantages of forest firesForest Fire Vulnerability in IndiaWays to mitigate the risk of forest fires Key Facts About the Amazon Rainforests Geographical Span: The Amazon rainforests span across 8 countries, covering an area twice the size of India.These rainforests occupy about 40% of Brazil’s total area, bounded by the Guiana Highlands to the north, the Andes Mountains to the west, the Brazilian central plateau to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Characteristics: They are large tropical rainforests covering the drainage basin of the Amazon River and its tributaries in northern South America, encompassing an area of 6,000,000 square km.The region is very wet, receiving more than 200 cm of rainfall annually, either seasonally or throughout the year.Temperatures are uniformly high, ranging between 20°C and 35°C. Global Distribution: Similar tropical rainforests are found in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central America, Mexico, and many Pacific Islands. Biodiversity and Cultural Significance: These rainforests are home to more than 400 different indigenous groups, with around 300 indigenous languages spoken, highlighting significant cultural and linguistic diversity.Despite covering only about 1% of the Earth’s surface, the Amazon rainforest is home to 10% of all wildlife species on Earth. Environmental Importance: The Amazon rainforest plays a crucial role in curbing global warming by absorbing vast amounts of greenhouse gases. Causes of Amazon Forest Fires Human Activities: Slash-and-Burn Techniques: Farmers and ranchers use slash-and-burn methods to clear land for cattle grazing or agriculture. After cutting down trees, they intentionally set fires to remove remaining vegetation and prepare the land, which can spread uncontrollably during dry seasons. Natural and Climatic Factors: El Nino Events: Research indicates a connection between El Nino events (periods of warmer Pacific Ocean temperatures) and increased fire activity in the Amazon. The peak fire season often coincides with El Nino events, such as the severe fires in 2019 and 2023 linked to El Nino-related droughts.Climate Change: Rising global temperatures and altered weather patterns due to climate change increase the risk of fires in the Amazon by creating drier conditions. Accidental Causes: Ignitions: Accidental ignitions from discarded cigarettes, sparks from machinery, or lightning strikes also contribute to forest fires. Economic Factors: Global Demand for Food: Increasing global demand for food, particularly meat, has led to Brazil becoming the world’s largest beef exporter and the second-largest exporter of soybeans, mainly used for livestock feed. This demand drives further deforestation to meet export needs, increasing the risk of fires. Advantages of forest fires: Some species of trees and plants have adapted to thrive in the aftermath of fires. For example, some pine trees rely on fires to open their cones and release seeds.Forest fires can help to clear out dead wood, brush, and other debris, reducing the risk of future fires.Fires can help to promote new growth and biodiversity by creating openings in the forest canopy that allow sunlight to reach the forest floor, stimulating the growth of new vegetation. Disadvantages of forest fires: Forest fires can destroy habitats and negatively impact biodiversity by killing animals and plants that are unable to escape the flames.Smoke from fires can cause respiratory problems and other health issues for humans and animals.Forest fires can damage or destroy homes, buildings, and other infrastructure, and can pose a significant threat to human safety.The release of large amounts of greenhouse gases during forest fires can contribute to climate change. India’s Initiatives to Tackle Forest Fires National Action Plan on Forest Fires (NAPFF) was launched in 2018 to minimise forest fires by informing, enabling and empowering forest fringe communities and incentivising them to work with the State Forest Departments.The Forest Fire Prevention and Management Scheme (FPM) is the only centrally funded program specifically dedicated to assist the states in dealing with forest fires. Forest Fire Vulnerability in India Forest fire season in India is from November to JuneCouncil of Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) report notes a tenfold increase in forest fires over the past two decades in IndiaMore than 62% of Indian states are prone to high-intensity forest fires according to CEEW reportAndhra Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Telangana, and Northeastern states are most prone to forest firesMizoram has the highest incidence of forest fires over the last two decades with 95% of its districts as forest fire hotspotsISFR 2021 estimates over 36% of the country’s forest cover is prone to frequent forest fires, 6% is ‘very highly’ fire-prone, and almost 4% is ‘extremely’ proneAn FSI study found nearly 10.66% area under forests in India is ‘extremely’ to ‘very highly’ fire-prone. Ways to mitigate the risk of forest fires: Prevention: One of the most effective ways to mitigate forest fires is to prevent them from occurring in the first place. This can be done by creating fire breaks, clearing debris, and reducing the amount of flammable material in the forest.Early Detection: Early detection of forest fires can help prevent them from spreading and causing more damage. This can be done by installing fire detection systems, using drones or satellite imagery, and training local communities to report fires quickly.Fire Suppression: Fire suppression is a critical component of forest fire mitigation. This involves using firefighting equipment such as helicopters, water tanks, and fire retardants to put out fires.Forest Management: Proper forest management practices can also help mitigate the risk of forest fires. This includes thinning out dense forests, creating fire-resistant vegetation, and reducing the amount of deadwood and other flammable materials in the forest.Community Education: Educating local communities on the risks of forest fires and how to prevent them can also be effective in mitigating the risk of forest fires. This includes providing information on safe campfire practices, prohibiting the use of fireworks in fire-prone areas, and encouraging the use of fire-resistant building materials in areas at high risk of forest fires. -Source: The Hindu Djibouti Launches Pilot Program with GM Mosquitoes to Combat Malaria Context: Djibouti, an East African nation, is taking a bold step in the fight against malaria by deploying genetically modified (GM) mosquitoes. This pilot program, launched in May 2024, represents a significant milestone in the battle against this deadly disease. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Why Use Genetically Modified (GM) Mosquitoes for Malaria Control?Malaria Why Use Genetically Modified (GM) Mosquitoes for Malaria Control? Purpose and Engineering: GM mosquitoes are developed in laboratories with two specific genes: one that limits female offspring survival to adulthood and a fluorescent marker gene for identification in natural settings.They are designed to decrease the population of female Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes, which are primary vectors of malaria. This strategy aims to disrupt the malaria transmission cycle. Rationale for GM Mosquitoes: Djibouti has seen a significant increase in malaria cases, attributed to an invasive mosquito species, Anopheles stephensi, which has adapted well to urban environments like Djibouti City.Traditional control measures such as insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor spraying are losing effectiveness due to growing mosquito resistance. Mechanism of Action: Only male GM mosquitoes, carrying the self-limiting gene, are released. When they mate with wild female A. stephensi mosquitoes, their female offspring inherit the gene and fail to survive to adulthood.This method aims to reduce the female mosquito population over time, thereby decreasing malaria transmission rates. Environmental Concerns and Challenges: There are concerns about unintended ecological impacts of releasing GM mosquitoes.Potential issues include the evolution of unforeseen survival skills or adaptability, similar to resistance observed in Bt cotton, where GM mosquitoes might develop resistance to gene-editing mechanisms.Mosquitoes play a role in pollination by consuming nectar, and their population decline could affect plants dependent on them.Reducing mosquito populations might disrupt local food webs and biodiversity. Malaria: Malaria is a disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite. Transmission through Mosquito Bites: The Plasmodium parasite is primarily transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.These Anopheles mosquitoes are often referred to as “night-biting” mosquitoes because they are more active and likely to bite between dusk and dawn. Variety of Parasites: While there are many types of Plasmodium parasites, only five of them cause malaria in humans: Plasmodium falciparum: Predominant in Africa, responsible for most malaria-related deaths worldwide.Plasmodium vivax: Mainly found in Asia and South America, causing milder symptoms but capable of remaining dormant in the liver, leading to relapses.Plasmodium ovale: Less common, usually found in West Africa, can stay in the liver for several years without causing symptoms.Plasmodium malariae: Rare and primarily found in Africa.Plasmodium knowlesi: Extremely rare, found in parts of Southeast Asia. Transmission Process: When an infected mosquito bites a person, the Plasmodium parasite enters the bloodstream and eventually travels to the liver.The infection develops in the liver, and then the parasites re-enter the bloodstream and invade red blood cells (RBCs).Within RBCs, the parasites grow and multiply. Periodically, the infected RBCs burst, releasing more parasites into the bloodstream.If another mosquito bites a person already infected with malaria, it can become infected and subsequently spread the parasite to other individuals.Notably, malaria does not transmit directly from person to person. It relies on the mosquito vector for transmission between humans. -Source: The Hindu ED Arrests Uttarakhand Resident for International Drug Trafficking Context: The Enforcement Directorate (ED) has arrested a resident of Uttarakhand for allegedly operating an international drug trafficking group. He has been booked under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act. The accused is said to have managed a global dark web enterprise that distributed fentanyl and other dangerous drugs to communities across America, including all 50 states, as well as Canada, Europe, and the Caribbean. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Dark WebData Governance Provisions in India Dark Web: The dark web comprises unindexed sites accessible only through specialized web browsers, forming a smaller but concealed part of the internet.It requires special software, configurations, or authorization for access, making it intentionally hidden and challenging for average users to reach. Personally Identifiable Information (PII) and Data Breach: PII includes information that can identify an individual, ranging from direct identifiers like passport details to quasi-identifiers.Threat actors on the dark web claimed to possess PII of 815 million Indians, including Aadhaar and passport details, sourced from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). Data Source and Authentication Challenges: The threat actors did not disclose how they obtained the data, posing challenges in identifying the data leak’s source.Claims of a 1.8 terabyte data leak from an unnamed “India internal law enforcement agency” by a threat actor named Lucius are yet to be authenticated. India’s Cybersecurity Landscape: India, a rapidly growing economy, ranked 4th globally in malware detection in H1 2023, exposing the vulnerability of its digital infrastructure.Unrest in West Asia contributed to an increase in cyber attacks, elevating the risk of digital identity theft as threat actors exploit stolen identity information for various cyber-enabled financial crimes. Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 According to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) 2002, Money laundering is concealing or disguising the identity of illegally obtained proceeds so that they appear to have originated from legitimate sources. It is frequently a component of other, much more serious, crimes such as drug trafficking, robbery or extortion.Money laundering is punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a minimum of 3 years and a maximum of 7 years and Fine under the PMLA.The Enforcement Directorate (ED) is responsible for investigating offences under the PMLA.The Financial Intelligence Unit – India (FIU-IND) is the national agency that receives, processes, analyses and disseminates information related to suspect financial transactions.After hearing the application, a special court (designated under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act PMLA, 2002) may declare an individual as a fugitive economic offender and also confiscate properties which are proceeds of crime, Benami properties and any other property, in India or abroad.The authorities under the PMLA, 2002 will exercise powers given to them under the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act.These powers will be similar to those of a civil court, including the search of persons in possession of records or proceeds of crime, the search of premises on the belief that a person is an FEO and seizure of documents. Recent Changes Made Under the PMLA The Indian government has made several changes to the Prevention of Money-Laundering Act (PMLA) to plug loopholes and comply with Financial Action Task Force (FATF) regulations. Some of the key changes are: More disclosures for non-governmental organizations by reporting entities like financial institutions, banking companies, or intermediaries.Definition of “politically exposed persons” (PEPs) as individuals who have been entrusted with prominent public functions by a foreign country, which brings uniformity with a 2008 Reserve Bank of India (RBI) circular for Know Your Customer (KYC) norms and anti-money laundering standards for banks and financial institutions.Inclusion of practicing chartered accountants, company secretaries, and cost and works accountants carrying out financial transactions on behalf of their clients under the ambit of the money laundering law.Widening the list of non-banking reporting entities to allow 22 financial entities like Amazon Pay (India) Pvt. Ltd, Aditya Birla Housing Finance Ltd, and IIFL Finance Ltd. to verify the identity of their customers via Aadhaar under the ambit of the money laundering law. The financial transactions covered under the money laundering law include buying and selling of any immovable property, managing client money, securities, or other assets, management of bank, savings, or securities accounts, organization of contributions for the creation, operation, or management of companies, creation, operation, or management of companies, limited liability partnerships, or trusts, and buying and selling of business entities. -Source: Indian Express India Reaffirms Support for Two-State Solution in Israel-Palestine Conflict Context: Recently, India reiterated that it was one of the first countries to recognize Palestine and has long supported the two-state solution to resolve the Israel-Palestine conflict. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: The Israel-Palestine ConflictEmergence of Hamas and the Oslo AccordsTerritorial Disputes of Israel with Neighboring CountriesEvolution of India’s Relationship with IsraelImpact of Assault on Israel-Saudi Arabia TiesWay Forward About the Two-State Solution: The two-state solution is seen as the most viable path to achieving peace in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.It envisions the creation of an independent Palestinian state alongside the state of Israel, providing both groups with their own sovereign territories. Origins of the Two-State Solution: In 1947, the United Nations proposed a plan to partition Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states, with Jerusalem under international administration. The Jewish leaders accepted the plan, which allocated them 56% of the land.The state of Israel was declared on May 14, 1948. The following day, five Arab states launched an attack. The ensuing war concluded with Israel controlling 77% of the territory.Approximately 700,000 Palestinians were displaced, many fleeing to neighboring countries such as Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria, as well as regions like the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, and East Jerusalem.During the 1967 war, Israel captured the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, from Jordan and took Gaza from Egypt, thereby gaining control over the area from the Mediterranean to the Jordan Valley.Today, Palestinians remain without a state, many living under Israeli occupation or as refugees in adjacent countries. The Israel-Palestine Conflict Origins of Conflict: The conflict traces its roots back to the 1917 Balfour Declaration, where the British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour expressed official support for the establishment of a Jewish “national home” in Palestine. Creation of Palestine: In 1948, Britain, unable to quell Arab-Jewish violence, withdrew its forces from Palestine, leaving the responsibility of resolving competing claims to the newly formed United Nations.The UN proposed a partition plan to establish independent Jewish and Arab states in Palestine, but it was not accepted by most Arab nations. Arab-Israel War (1948): Israel’s declaration of independence in 1948 led to attacks by surrounding Arab states. Israel ended up controlling about 50% more territory than originally envisioned by the UN partition plan. UN Partition Plan: The UN partition plan saw Jordan control the West Bank and Jerusalem’s holy sites, while Egypt controlled the Gaza Strip. However, it didn’t resolve the Palestinian crisis, resulting in the formation of the Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO) in 1964. Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO): Founded with the goal of freeing Palestine from Israeli rule and Jewish dominance, establishing Muslim Brotherhood dominance in the Arab world.The United Nations granted PLO observer status in 1975, recognizing Palestinians’ right to self-determination. Six-Day War (1967): Israeli forces seized the Golan Heights from Syria, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip from Egypt. Camp David Accords (1978): The “Framework for Peace in the Middle East,” brokered by the U.S., laid the groundwork for peace talks between Israel and its neighbors and a resolution to the “Palestinian problem,” although this remained unfulfilled. Emergence of Hamas and the Oslo Accords Founding of Hamas (1987): In 1987, Hamas, a violent offshoot of Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood, was founded. It sought to fulfill its agenda through violent jihad and is regarded as a terrorist organization by the U.S. government.In 2006, Hamas won the Palestinian Authority’s legislative elections, leading to its control of Gaza and the expulsion of Fatah in 2007, resulting in a geographical split in the Palestinian movement. First Intifada (1987): The First Intifada (Palestinian Uprising) began in 1987 as tensions in the occupied territories of the West Bank and Gaza reached a boiling point.This uprising evolved into a small war between Palestinian militants and the Israeli army. Oslo Accords (1993): In 1993, Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) signed the Oslo Accords. The agreements led to both parties officially recognizing each other and renouncing the use of violence.The Oslo Accords also established the Palestinian Authority, which was granted limited autonomy in the Gaza Strip and parts of the West Bank. Israeli Withdrawal from Gaza (2005): In 2005, Israel initiated a unilateral withdrawal of Jewish settlements from Gaza, while maintaining tight control over all border crossings, effectively imposing a blockade on the region. UN Recognition (2012): In 2012, the United Nations upgraded Palestinian representation to that of a “non-member observer state.” Territorial Disputes of Israel with Neighboring Countries West Bank: The West Bank is situated between Israel and Jordan, with its major city being Ramallah, the de facto administrative capital of Palestine.Israel took control of the West Bank during the 1967 war and has since established settlements in the region. Gaza: The Gaza Strip is located between Israel and Egypt.Israel occupied Gaza after the 1967 war but transferred control of Gaza City and day-to-day administration in most of the territory during the Oslo peace process.In 2005, Israel unilaterally removed Jewish settlements from Gaza, although it retains control over international access to the territory. Golan Heights: The Golan Heights is a strategically important plateau captured by Israel from Syria during the 1967 war.Israel effectively annexed the territory in 1981.The USA has officially recognized Jerusalem and the Golan Heights as part of Israel in recent developments. Evolution of India’s Relationship with Israel India’s Stand on the Israel-Palestine Conflict: India initially opposed the UN’s partition plan in 1947, reflecting its own recent experience of independence.India recognized Israel in 1950 but was also the first non-Arab country to recognize the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as the sole representative of the Palestinians.India recognized the statehood of Palestine in 1988.In recent times, India’s policy has shifted toward dehyphenation, maintaining a balancing act between its historical support for Palestine and its friendly ties with Israel.India advocates a Two-State Solution and the right to self-determination for both Israel and Palestine. Impact of Assault on Israel-Saudi Arabia Ties: Hamas’ assault on Israel may have disrupted efforts to bring Saudi Arabia and Israel closer, along with other countries interested in normalizing relations.Hamas emphasized threats to Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, the Israeli blockade on Gaza, and Israeli normalization with regional countries.Dehyphening Saudi Arabia from Israel could promote the Muslim Brotherhood’s agenda and territorial sovereignty in the Arab and Middle East region.The normalization of ties between regional powers and Israel may strengthen Israel’s position regarding Palestinian territories.Ties with UAE, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, etc., could facilitate infrastructure development and create inter-dependence among these countries, affecting the Palestinians. Way Forward: A balanced approach is essential to maintain favorable relations with Arab countries and Israel.Recent normalization agreements, such as the Abraham Accords, are positive steps, and regional powers should work toward peace.India, as a member of multilateral organizations, should cooperate with relevant parties to achieve security and stability in the Middle East and West Asia.India’s role as a mediator in the Israel-Palestine issue should be promoted through platforms like the United Nations Security Council and the Human Rights Council. -Source: Indian Express 60th Meeting of the Subsidiary Bodies Context: As the world prepares for the 29th Conference of Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC later this year, the Delhi-based think tank Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) has urged developed countries to fulfill their financial commitments in combating climate change. Additionally, the 60th meeting of the Subsidiary Bodies (SB60) is scheduled to take place in Bonn, Germany, from June 3-13, 2024. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: About the 60th Meeting of the Subsidiary Bodies (SB60)About the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) About the 60th Meeting of the Subsidiary Bodies (SB60) The mid-year climate conference, known as the 60th meeting of the Subsidiary Bodies (SB60), will gather countries that are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).A significant portion of the approximately 6,000 attendees will consist of national delegates and representatives from civil society.This gathering acts as an important interim event between the 28th Conference of the Parties (CoP) in Dubai and CoP29 in Azerbaijan, setting the groundwork for the next phase of global climate negotiations.The conference will feature the first Annual Global Stock Take (GST) Dialogue, which aims to share effective strategies and lessons learned on how countries are integrating GST outcomes into their NDCs, fostering collaborative learning and progress towards meeting the Paris Agreement’s objectives. Key issues to be addressed include: Climate financeAdvancing the next round of national climate action plans (Nationally Determined Contributions – NDCs)Ensuring timely submission of countries’ plansThe inaugural Biennial Transparency ReportsDeveloping National Adaptation PlansAccelerating climate action through a just transition About the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) is a research organization dedicated to public interest, located in New Delhi.CSE focuses on researching and communicating the urgency of sustainable and equitable development.It functions as a think tank on environment-development issues in India, drawing attention to poor planning, climate changes impacting India’s Sundarbans, and advocating for policy reforms and better implementation of current policies.The Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) has recognized CSE as a “Centre of Excellence” (CoE) for sustainable water management. -Source: Down To Earth Agnikul Cosmos and the Agnibaan Sub Orbital Technology Demonstrator (SOrTeD) Context: Chennai-based start-up Agnikul Cosmos has successfully launched the world’s first rocket powered by a fully 3D-printed engine, named the Agnibaan Sub Orbital Technology Demonstrator (SOrTeD). Relevance: Facts for Prelims Details Objective: The primary goal is to conduct a test flight to showcase the company’s internally developed technologies and collect critical flight data. Significant Achievements: The launch took place from a private pad (Dhanush), marking several firsts for the Indian space ecosystem.It is the first homegrown rocket powered by a semi-cryogenic engine and features the world’s first single-piece 3D-printed engine.Propellant: The rocket uses liquid oxygen and kerosene as propellants.Support: The launch was supported by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe). 3D Printing Definition: 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, involves using materials such as plastics and metals to transform computer-aided designs into real three-dimensional objects.Contrast to Subtractive Manufacturing: Unlike subtractive manufacturing, which involves cutting or hollowing out a piece of material, 3D printing adds material layer by layer to create the final product. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 01 June 2024

CONTENTS Adoption of Treaty on Intellectual Property and Traditional KnowledgeAntarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting  Adoption of Treaty on Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge Context: The Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, and Associated Traditional Knowledge was adopted at the Diplomatic Conference organized by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) at its headquarters in Geneva. Relevance: GS II: International Relations About World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Nature: A specialized agency of the United Nations located in Geneva, Switzerland.Established by the WIPO Convention in 1967. Mission: To lead the development of a balanced and effective international intellectual property (IP) system that fosters innovation and creativity for the benefit of all. Membership: Comprises 193 member states. Functions: Provides a global policy forum where governments, intergovernmental organizations, industry groups, and civil society come together to address evolving IP issues.Regular meetings of member states and observers in various standing committees and working groups to negotiate changes and new rules, ensuring the international IP system keeps pace with the changing world. Key Points about the Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, and Associated Traditional Knowledge Requirements: When a patent application involves genetic resources, the applicant must disclose the country of origin or source.If traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources is involved, the applicant must disclose the Indigenous Peoples or local community that provided it. Genetic Resources: Often utilized in patented inventions, such as medicinal plants and agricultural crops, though the resources themselves cannot be patented. Implementation: The Treaty will establish an international legal framework requiring patent applicants to disclose the origin of genetic resources and the associated traditional knowledge once ratified by 15 contracting parties. Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting Context: India successfully concluded hosting of the 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM-46) and the 26th Committee on Environmental Protection (CEP-26) from May 20th to May 30th, 2024 in Kochi, Kerala. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Understanding the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM): Purpose: The ATCM is an annual gathering of the original 12 parties to the Antarctic Treaty, along with other parties interested in Antarctic research.Antarctic Treaty: Signed in 1959, the treaty designates Antarctica as a region devoted to peaceful activities, scientific collaboration, and environmental preservation.Membership: Currently, 56 countries are party to the Antarctic Treaty, including India, which became a Consultative Party in 1983 and reaffirmed its commitment through the Antarctic Act in 2022.Meeting Frequency: Initially held biennially from 1961 to 1994, the meetings have been annual since 1994.46th ATCM Agenda: The agenda includes discussions on sustainable management of Antarctica, policy, legal matters, biodiversity, inspections, data exchange, research, climate change, tourism, and awareness.India’s Role: As a Consultative Party, India participates in decision-making alongside other Consultative Parties and has been conducting annual scientific expeditions to Antarctica since 1981. Understanding the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP): Establishment: Formed in 1991 under the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (Madrid Protocol).Function: The CEP advises the ATCM on matters related to environmental protection and conservation in Antarctica.Importance: Both the ATCM and CEP play crucial roles in safeguarding Antarctica’s delicate ecosystem and promoting scientific research in the region.Annual Meetings: Convened under the Antarctic Treaty System, these meetings serve as platforms for addressing environmental, scientific, and governance issues in Antarctica.26th CEP Agenda: Focuses on evaluating the Antarctic environment, climate change responses, area protection, marine spatial protection, and biodiversity conservation.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 01 June 2024

CONTENTS Tobacco Epidemic in IndiaSevere Turbulence Incidents Highlight Growing ConcernsIndian Peacekeeper to Receive Posthumous Dag Hammarskjold MedalAsian Development BankRecombinant ProteinsIndia to Use Food Irradiation to Mitigate Onion Shortages Amid Declining OutputPre-packaged Insolvency Resolution Process  Tobacco Epidemic in India Context: Tobacco is the most widely recognized preventable cause of disease and death globally. India has the world’s second-highest number of tobacco consumers, following China, with nearly 26 crore (260 million) people using tobacco products. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Reports on Tobacco Consumption in IndiaWHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)Government InitiativesHidden Costs of Tobacco Beyond Health RisksChallenges to Effective Tobacco Control in IndiaWay Forward for Tobacco Control in India Reports on Tobacco Consumption in India Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS): Indicates a general decline in tobacco use among people aged above 15 years, except for an increase among women between 2015-2016 and 2019-2021. Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS): Shows a reduction in tobacco use among students aged 13-15 years. National Family Health Survey (NFHS): Aligns with GATS findings, showing a decrease in tobacco use among individuals above 15 years, with the exception of an increase among women. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) Overview: The FCTC is an international treaty adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2003 and is legally binding.Countries that ratify the treaty are required to implement the measures within their national jurisdictions.The treaty addresses global health risks related to tobacco use and provides a framework for effective tobacco control policies and strategies. Government Initiatives Regulations: Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) 2003: Regulates advertisement, promotion, and sponsorship of tobacco products, prohibits smoking in public places, mandates pictorial health warnings on tobacco packaging, and sets rules for selling tobacco products to minors.Media Awareness: India is the first country to implement warnings on OTT platform content when actors are seen using tobacco products.Product Awareness: Implementation of prominent and graphic pictorial health warnings on tobacco packaging. Hidden Costs of Tobacco Beyond Health Risks Environmental Impact: Tobacco cultivation rapidly depletes soil nutrients, requiring more fertilizers, which further degrade soil quality.Tobacco production contributes to deforestation; processing 1 kg of tobacco requires up to 5.4 kg of wood.The production and consumption of tobacco generate massive waste, amounting to 1.7 lakh tonnes annually in India. Economic and Health Costs: Tobacco use leads to significant healthcare costs, with an estimated loss of Rs. 1.7 lakh crore in India (2017-18), surpassing the national health budget of Rs. 48,000 crore.Over 6 million people working in the tobacco industry are at risk of health issues due to tobacco absorption through the skin.Cleaning up tobacco waste incurs substantial additional costs, estimated at Rs. 6,367 crore annually in India. Challenges to Effective Tobacco Control in India Regulatory Challenges: Smokeless tobacco (e.g., gutkha) and smuggled products often evade Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) regulations, complicating control over their production, sale, and marketing.Fines for COTPA violations are low (maximum of Rs. 5,000 for first-time violations) and have not been updated since 2003, providing inadequate deterrence. Advertising and Promotion: Surrogate Advertising: Tobacco companies use advertisements for other products (e.g., elaichi) to indirectly promote their brands, making regulation difficult. The ICC Men’s Cricket World Cup 2023 featured surrogate advertisements for at least two tobacco brands. Policy and Implementation Issues: The Indian government has not passed proposed amendments to strengthen COTPA in 2015 and 2020, which could have addressed existing regulatory gaps.The National Tobacco Control Programme (NTCP) lacks the necessary staff, resources, and monitoring systems to fully implement COTPA across the country. Industry Influence and Governance: Effective lobbying by the tobacco industry impacts policy-making and regulation enforcement.Despite the ban, issues with enforcing the policy on e-cigarettes persist.Tax breaks for small tobacco companies result in unequal taxation, making harmful products more affordable.The government’s 7.8% stake in ITC Ltd., India’s largest tobacco company, raises concerns about conflicts of interest and commitment to tobacco control. Way Forward for Tobacco Control in India Update Legislation:India’s Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) and the National Tobacco Control Programme (NTCP) need revisions to enhance tobacco control efforts.Increase Taxes:Current taxes on tobacco products, particularly bidis and smokeless tobacco, fall short of the WHO-recommended target of 75%. Raising these taxes would reduce consumption and generate revenue for public health initiatives.Enhance Monitoring:Regular monitoring is essential to track tobacco use trends, identify violations of COTPA, and evaluate the effectiveness of anti-tobacco campaigns.Support for Farmers:Implement public programs to assist tobacco farmers in transitioning to alternative crops, minimizing economic hardship due to reduced tobacco cultivation.Data Collection:Timely collection of data on tobacco use patterns is crucial to understand changes and identify new strategies employed by the tobacco industry. This data is vital for formulating effective tobacco control policies. -Source: The Hindu Severe Turbulence Incidents Highlight Growing Concerns Context: Recent incidents of severe turbulence affecting a Singapore Airlines flight over Myanmar and a Qatar Airways flight over Turkey underscore the increasing impact of rapid air traffic growth and climate change. While turbulence is a common occurrence on flights worldwide, episodes resulting in serious injuries are rare, pointing to emerging challenges in aviation safety due to these factors. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Understanding Flight-Turbulence: Causes and TypesImpact of Climate Change on Flight-Turbulence Understanding Flight-Turbulence: Causes and Types Definition of Flight-Turbulence: Turbulence refers to the irregular motion of air caused by eddies and vertical currents.It can range from minor bumps to severe conditions that may throw an airplane out of control or cause structural damage.Turbulence is often associated with weather fronts, wind shear, thunderstorms, and other atmospheric phenomena. Effects of Flight-Turbulence: Turbulence can affect the smoothness of a flight, causing varying levels of disruption to the aircraft’s altitude and attitude. Types of Flight-Turbulence: Light Turbulence: Causes slight, momentary changes in altitude, resulting in minor bumpiness.Moderate Turbulence: Leads to more noticeable changes in altitude and attitude, but the aircraft remains well-controlled.Severe Turbulence: Involves significant and sudden changes in altitude and attitude, potentially causing the aircraft to momentarily go out of control.Extreme Turbulence: The aircraft is violently tossed and becomes practically uncontrollable. Causes of Flight-Turbulence: Mechanical Turbulence: Results from friction between the air and the ground, including irregular terrain and man-made obstacles, leading to the formation of eddies.Convective or Thermal Turbulence: Occurs when hot air from certain ground surfaces rises rapidly while cooler air descends, creating convective air currents.Frontal Turbulence: Caused by the friction between two opposing air masses and the lifting of warm air by a sloping frontal surface, commonly near thunderstorms.Wind Shear: Involves changes in wind direction or speed over a specific horizontal or vertical distance, often near jet streams or in temperature inversion areas.Clear Air Turbulence (CAT): A type of wind shear turbulence that can be sudden, severe, and difficult to forecast or see. Impact of Climate Change on Flight-Turbulence: Increasing Frequency and Severity: Studies suggest that climate change may increase the frequency and severity of turbulence.Jet Streams: Climate change strengthens jet streams, which contribute to turbulence.Clear Air Turbulence (CAT): There has been a significant increase in CAT between 1979 and 2020, especially at mid and aircraft cruising altitudes.North Atlantic: Severe CAT durations over the North Atlantic have increased by more than 55% during this period. Broader Impact: The frequency of severe turbulence is expected to rise more than that of light or moderate turbulence.Other types of turbulence, such as mountain wave turbulence and near-cloud turbulence, will also intensify due to climate change. -Source: Indian Express Indian Peacekeeper to Receive Posthumous Dag Hammarskjold Medal Context: Indian peacekeeper Naik Dhananjay Kumar Singh, who served with the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO), will be posthumously awarded the prestigious Dag Hammarskjold medal for his service and sacrifice. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Service of Naik Dhananjay Kumar Singh and MONUSCOInternational Day of UN PeacekeepersUN Peacekeeping Forces Service of Naik Dhananjay Kumar Singh and MONUSCO Service and Sacrifice: Naik Dhananjay Kumar Singh served under the United Nations (UN) flag as part of MONUSCO.He lost his life in the line of duty, exemplifying an unwavering commitment to peacekeeping efforts. Role of MONUSCO: MONUSCO took over from a previous U.N. peacekeeping mission in the African country in 2010.Its mission is to protect civilians, humanitarian personnel, and human rights defenders from imminent threats of physical violence.It supports the government of the country in stabilization and peace consolidation efforts. The Dag Hammarskjöld Medal Purpose: Established in December 2000, the Dag Hammarskjöld Medal is a posthumous award to members of peacekeeping operations who lost their lives during service under the operational control of the United Nations. Namesake: Named after former UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld, who died in a plane crash while on a peacekeeping mission in 1961. Award Ceremony: Held annually on Peacekeeper’s Day (29th May), the medal is awarded to any Member State that has lost one or more military or police peacekeepers. International Day of UN Peacekeepers Establishment: The International Day of UN Peacekeepers was established by the UN General Assembly in 2002.It honors all men and women serving in peacekeeping and commemorates those who have lost their lives in the cause of peace. 2024 Theme: “Fit for the future, building better together” emphasizes the evolution and adaptability of UN Peacekeeping to address future conflicts. UN Peacekeeping Forces UN Peacekeeping is a joint effort which deploys troops and police from around the world, integrating them with civilian peacekeepers to address a range of mandates set by the UN Security Council (UNSC) and the General Assembly.This joint effort between the Department of Peace Operations and the Department of Operational Support helps countries navigate the difficult path from conflict to peace.According to the UN Charter, every Member State is legally obligated to pay their respective share for peacekeeping.Since 1948, UN Peacekeepers have undertaken 71 Field Missions.There are approximately 81,820 personnel serving on 13 peace operations led by UNDPO, in four continents currently.This represents a nine-fold increase since 1999.A total of 119 countries have contributed military and police personnel to UN peacekeeping.Currently, 72,930 of those serving are troops and military observers, and about 8,890 are police personnel. India’s contribution to UN Peacekeeping India has a long history of service in UN Peacekeeping, having contributed more personnel than any other country.To date, more than 2,53,000 Indians have served in 49 of the 71 UN Peacekeeping missions established around the world since 1948.Currently, there are around 5,500 troops and police from India who have been deployed to UN Peacekeeping missions, the fifth highest amongst troop-contributing countries.India has also provided, and continues to provide, eminent Force Commanders for UN Missions.India is the fifth largest troop contributor (TCC) with 5,323 personnel deployed in 8 out of 13 active UN Peacekeeping Missions, of which 166 are police personnel.India’s contribution to UN Peacekeeping began with its participation in the UN operation in Korea in the 1950s, where India’s mediatory role in resolving the stalemate over prisoners of war in Korea led to the signing of the armistice that ended the Korean War. India chaired the five-member Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, while the Indian Custodian Force supervised the process of interviews and repatriation that followed.The UN entrusted the Indian armed forces with subsequent peace missions in the Middle East, Cyprus, and the Congo (since 1971, Zaire).India also served as Chair of the three international commissions for supervision and control for Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos established by the 1954 Geneva Accords on Indochina. Role of women in Indian Peacekeeping India has been sending women personnel on UN Peacekeeping Missions.In 2007, India became the first country to deploy an all-women contingent to a UN Peacekeeping Mission.The Formed Police Unit in Liberia provided 24-hour guard duty and conducted night patrols in the capital Monrovia, and helped to build the capacity of the Liberian police.These women officers not only played a role in restoring security in the West African nation but also contributed to an increase in the number of women in Liberia’s security sector. Medical care as part of India’s Missions In addition to their security role, the members of the Indian Formed Police Unit also organised medical camps for Liberians, many of whom have limited access to health care services.Medical care is among the many services Indian Peacekeepers provide to the communities in which they serve on behalf of the Organization. They also perform specialised tasks such as veterinary support and engineering services.Indian veterinarians serving with the UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS), stepped up to help cattle herders who were losing much of their stock to malnutrition and disease in the war-torn nation.The Indian contingent in South Sudan has provided vocational training and life-saving medical assistance, as well as carrying out significant road repair work.In September 2020, based on an urgent request received from the UN Secretariat, India deployed two medical teams of 15 medical personnel each at Goma (DRC) and Juba (South Sudan).The Hospital by India in Goma, operational since January 2005, has 90 Indian nationals including 18 specialists. -Source: The Hindu Asian Development Bank Context: The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has made a significant commitment of USD 2.6 billion in sovereign lending (important source of financing for countries around the world) to India in 2023, focusing on various development projects and initiatives. Relevance: GS II- Inter Groupings Dimensions of the Article: About Asian Development Bank (ADB) About Asian Development Bank (ADB): The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank established on 19 December 1966 to promote social and economic development in Asia.It is headquartered in the city of Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines.The ADB was modelled closely on the World Bank and an official United Nations Observer.Japan holds the largest proportion of shares in ADB followed by the USA, and it has a weighted voting system where votes are distributed in proportion with members’ capital subscriptions (just like the World Bank).The bank admits the members of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP, formerly the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East or ECAFE) and non-regional developed countries.ADB defines itself as a social development organization that is dedicated to reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration.ADB aids in reducing poverty through investments in the form of loans, grants and information sharing (in infrastructure, health care services, financial and public administration systems), helping nations prepare for the impact of climate change or better manage their natural resources, as well as other areas. -Source: The Economic Times Recombinant Proteins Context: Researchers at the Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, have developed a novel method for the production of recombinant proteins. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Recombinant Proteins: Definition: These are proteins encoded by recombinant DNA that has been cloned into an expression vector, supporting gene expression and translation of messenger RNA.Gene Modification: Recombinant DNA technology can modify genes, leading to the expression of mutant proteins.Manipulation: These proteins are manipulated forms of native proteins, generated to increase production, modify gene sequences, and create useful commercial products.Creation: They are created by fusing sequences not normally present in an organism.Production: Examples include vaccine antigens, insulin, and monoclonal antibodies. These are mass-produced by growing modified bacterial, viral, or mammalian cells in large bioreactors. The most widely used organism is the yeast Pichia pastoris (now Komagataella phaffii). Application of Recombinant Proteins: Biomedical Research: Used to understand health and disease.Biotherapeutics: Used in treatments.Drug Delivery and Disease Treatment: Produce protein-based polymers, antibodies, and enzymes, and protein scaffolds for tissue engineering. What is Protein? Role: Proteins are the workhorse in biological systems, facilitating most biological processes in a cell, including gene expression, cell growth, proliferation, nutrient uptake, intercellular communication, and apoptosis.Synthesis: The blueprint for protein synthesis is stored in DNA, which serves as a template for highly regulated transcriptional processes to produce messenger RNA (mRNA). -Source: The Hindu India to Use Food Irradiation to Mitigate Onion Shortages Amid Declining Output Context: To prevent shortages and price hikes, the Indian government plans to utilize radiation processing (food irradiation) to extend the shelf life of a 100,000 tonne onion buffer stock. This initiative comes as India, a major onion exporter, faces a 16% decline in onion output for the 2023-24 season, reducing production to an estimated 25.47 million tonnes. Relevance: Facts for Prelims What is Food Irradiation? Definition: Food irradiation is the process of exposing food and food products to ionising radiation such as gamma rays, electron beams, or X-rays.Purpose: It is used in food processing to help ensure food safety. Causes of Food Waste: Seasonal Overstocking and Long Transport Times: Lead to significant food waste.Climate Factors: India’s hot and humid climate is a breeding ground for spoilage-causing insects and microbes.Post-Harvest Losses: In India, these losses amount to about 40-50% in food and food grains, mostly caused by insect infestation, microbiological contamination, sprouting, ripening, and poor shelf life.Seafood, Meat, and Poultry: These can harbor harmful bacteria and parasites that make people sick. Applications of Food Irradiation: Prevention of Spoilage: Helps in preventing spoilage and extending the shelf life of food.Germ Elimination: Kills germs and harmful microorganisms.Pest Control: Eliminates bugs in stored food.Delaying Sprouting: Helps in delaying the sprouting of certain foods. Regulatory Framework: In India, irradiated food is regulated in accordance with the Atomic Energy (Control of Irradiation of Food) Rules, 1996. -Source: The Hindu Pre-packaged Insolvency Resolution Process Context: The Pre-packaged Insolvency Resolution Process (PPIRP) has resulted in the full settlement of operational creditors’ claims in five cases. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy About Pre-packaged Insolvency Resolution Process: Introduction: Launched in April 2021 in response to the Covid pandemic to alleviate stress on small and mid-sized companies.Aimed at addressing the unique needs of distressed MSMEs. Purpose: Offers an alternative and faster resolution mechanism for micro, medium, and small enterprises in financial distress. Process: Negotiation: The debtor and creditors negotiate and agree on a resolution plan before formally starting the insolvency process.Approval: The agreed resolution plan is submitted to the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) for approval, resembling an out-of-court settlement.Drafting: Debtor and creditors draft a resolution plan before formal initiation.Final Submission: The finalised plan, once approved by the required majority of creditors, is submitted to NCLT. Initiation: The pre-packaged insolvency process is voluntarily initiated by the debtor. Significance: The pre-negotiated and finalised resolution plan before NCLT filing significantly reduces resolution time compared to the corporate insolvency resolution process, minimizing disruptions. -Source: The Economic Times

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 31 May 2024

CONTENTS eMigrate projectRudraM-II Missile eMigrate project Context: Recently, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) is entered into between Ministry External Affairs (MEA), Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) and Common Service Centre eGovernance Services India Limited to create a synergy between CSC SPV & MEA to provide the eMigrate services through CSCs in the country. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Overview of the eMigrate Project Purpose: The eMigrate project is designed to primarily assist blue-collar workers heading to Emigration Check Required (ECR) countries. Objectives: Address the challenges faced by migrant workers by making the emigration process seamless and online.Integrate foreign employers, registered recruitment agents, and insurance companies onto a single platform to promote safe and legal migration. Implementation: MoU with CSCs: The eMigrate Portal of the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) will be integrated with the Common Service Centres (CSC) portal to offer various services:Registration of applicants on the eMigrate portal via CSCs.Assistance with uploading and processing required documents through CSCs.Support for booking medical and other necessary services for migrant workers or applicants registered on the eMigrate portal.Raising awareness about eMigrate services among citizens across India. Key Facts About Common Service Centres (CSCs) Role and Importance: CSCs are a crucial component of the Digital India mission.They serve as frontline service delivery points for digital services, particularly in rural and remote areas. Contributions: CSCs help fulfill the vision of Digital India and the government’s goal for a digitally and financially inclusive society.They provide essential government and public utility services and a wide range of other services, including:Social welfare schemesFinancial servicesEducational coursesSkill development programsHealthcare servicesAgricultural supportDigital literacy programs RudraM-II Missile Context: Recently, the Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully flight-tested the RudraM-II from Su-30 MK-I platform of the Indian Air Force (IAF) off the coast of Odisha. Relevance: GS III: Defence Overview of RudraM-II Missile Key Features: Development: Indigenously developed solid-propelled air-launched missile system.Purpose: Designed for an Air-to-Surface role to neutralize various enemy assets.Range: Capable of striking targets up to 350 km away, launched from a Sukhoi-30MKI fighter jet of the Indian Air Force (IAF).Technology: Incorporates advanced indigenous technologies developed by various DRDO laboratories. RudraM Series Missiles Development and Purpose: Developer: Developed by DRDO as next-generation anti-radiation missiles (NGARMs).Function: Target and destroy enemy surveillance, communication systems, radars, and command and control centers on the ground. RudraM-I Missile: Range: 150 km.Navigation: Uses INS-GPS navigation with a passive homing head for the final attack.Testing: First tested in October 2020. Role in Air Defence: SEAD: Designed for the suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) from long stand-off ranges, allowing IAF strike aircraft to conduct bombing missions without interference. Anti-Radiation Missiles Functionality: Purpose: Detect, track, and neutralize adversary radar, communication assets, and other radio frequency sources, typically part of air defense systems. Navigation System: Inertial Navigation System (INS): A computerized mechanism that uses changes in the missile’s own position, enhanced with GPS (satellite-based).Passive Homing Head: Capable of detecting, classifying, and engaging targets (radio frequency sources) across a wide range of frequencies as programmed.

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