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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 June 2024

CONTENTS Prime Minister Inaugurates New Campus of Nalanda University in Bihar Global Lag in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Bengaluru Proposes Increase in Solid Waste Management Cess 5G Intelligent Village Initiative Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary Prime Minister Inaugurates New Campus of Nalanda University in Bihar Context: The Prime Minister of India inaugurated the new campus of Nalanda University in Rajgir, Bihar. Located near the ancient ruins of the historic Nalanda University, the new campus was established through the Nalanda University Act of 2010. This initiative followed a decision made at the 2nd East Asia Summit in the Philippines in 2007. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Highlights of the PM’s Address at the New Nalanda University Inauguration Features of the New Nalanda University Campus The Ancient Nalanda Mahavihara Revival of Nalanda University Highlights of the PM’s Address at the New Nalanda University Inauguration: Significance of Nalanda University: Nalanda University symbolizes that knowledge is indestructible. The university is set to become a new emblem of global unity and a key identity in India’s developmental journey. Its Renaissance will showcase India’s potential and position it as a global hub for education and knowledge. Historical Context: History demonstrates that developed nations became economic and cultural leaders by prioritizing education. India, with its 23 IITs and 21 IIMs, has seen significant growth in higher education, establishing one university every week and an industrial training institute every 10 days over the past decade. Ongoing major reforms in the education sector are highlighted by the National Education Policy 2020. Features of the New Nalanda University Campus: Architectural Highlights: The campus, spread over 455 acres, merges modern and ancient architectural styles. The design focuses on eco-friendliness, aiming for a net-zero carbon footprint. Academic Structure: The university operates six schools: Buddhist Studies, Historical Studies, Ecology, Sustainable Development, Languages, Literature, and International Relations. It also hosts four specialized centres: Bay of Bengal Studies, Indo-Persian Studies, Conflict Resolution, and a Common Archival Resource Center. Program Offerings: Nalanda offers a diverse range of programs, including postgraduate and doctoral research courses, short-term certificate courses, and scholarships for international students. These programs emphasize the university’s commitment to global academic excellence and fostering international educational collaboration. The Ancient Nalanda Mahavihara: Historical Significance: Nalanda was a renowned Buddhist mahavihara (great monastery) in ancient and medieval Magadha (modern-day Bihar), near Rajagriha (now Rajgir), about 90 km southeast of Pataliputra (now Patna). Established by Kumargupta I, the ruler of the Gupta Empire (3rd to 6th century CE), it was one of the greatest learning centers of the ancient world. Cultural and Academic Impact: Played a crucial role in the patronage of arts and academics during the 5th and 6th centuries CE, often termed as the “Golden Age of India.” Detailed accounts of ancient Nalanda are provided by 7th-century Chinese traveler Hsuan Tsang. Post-Gupta Period: Thrived under the Pala Empire rulers but faced attacks and damage in the 1190s by Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji, a Turko-Afghan military general. Rediscovery and Recognition: Rediscovered in 1812 by Scottish surveyor Francis Buchanan-Hamilton. Officially identified as the ancient university in 1861 by Sir Alexander Cunningham. Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site; revived by the Government of India through a law enacted in 2010. The contemporary Nalanda University in Rajgir is listed as an “Institute of National Importance” by the Indian Government. Revival of Nalanda University: Proposal and Endorsement: The idea to re-establish Nalanda University was proposed by former president Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam in 2006. Endorsed at the East Asia Summit in Mandaue, Philippines, in 2007 and reiterated in the 2009 East Asia Summit in Hua Hin, Thailand. Legislative and Operational Milestones: The Nalanda University Bill was passed in the Indian Parliament in 2010, leading to its operational launch in 2014 from a temporary location near Rajgir. Former president Pranab Mukherjee laid the foundation stone for the permanent campus in Pilkhi village, Rajgir, in 2016. Construction and International Support: Construction began in 2017, with the university becoming fully functional by 2022. The university has received support from 17 countries other than India, including Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, New Zealand, Portugal, Singapore, and South Korea. -Source: Indian Express Global Lag in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Context: The world is substantially behind in meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established by the United Nations in 2015, according to a recent UN report. These goals, which address a range of areas such as poverty reduction, hunger eradication, and environmental conservation, were set to be accomplished by 2030. However, the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) report shows that none of the 17 goals are currently on track to be achieved by the target date. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Findings of the Report Call for Reform and Financial Strategies Multilateralism and Country Rankings Challenges in Food and Land Systems UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) Key Findings of the Report Stagnant Progress and Uneven Distribution: Only 16% of SDG targets are progressing adequately, with the rest either stagnant or regressing. Particularly concerning are the goals related to zero hunger (SDG 2), sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11), life below water (SDG 14), life on land (SDG 15), and peace, justice, and strong institutions (SDG 16). Issues like rising obesity rates, declining press freedom, and biodiversity loss were highlighted. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated existing challenges, notably impacting life expectancy (SDG 3). Geographical Disparities: Nordic countries lead in SDG achievement, while BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) show some progress. Least developed nations are falling further behind, widening the gap since 2015. BRICS+ nations (Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE) have shown average SDG progress exceeding the global average. Call for Reform and Financial Strategies Need for Financial Architecture Reform: The report emphasizes the necessity of significant investment in public goods that cross national boundaries. Low and middle-income countries urgently need access to affordable long-term capital to invest in critical areas like education (SDG 4). Proposed Financial Strategies: SDSN suggested five strategies to address financing gaps, including new institutions, innovative global taxation schemes, and prioritizing investments in quality education. Multilateralism and Country Rankings Multilateralism Index: A new index evaluating countries’ support for UN-based multilateralism was introduced. It assessed treaty ratifications, UN General Assembly votes, UN organization memberships, involvement in conflicts and militarization, use of unilateral sanctions, and financial contributions to the UN. A correlation was found between a country’s commitment to global cooperation and its SDG progress. Country Rankings: Barbados leads the index, with the United States ranking last, indicating a significant disconnect from international cooperation. Following Barbados in the top ranks are Antigua and Barbuda, Uruguay, Mauritius, and the Maldives. The lowest-ranked countries include Somalia, South Sudan, Israel, and the Democratic Republic of Korea. Challenges in Food and Land Systems Critical Issues: The report also addressed challenges in food and land systems (SDG 2). With 600 million people projected to be hungry by 2030, rising obesity, and unsustainable agricultural practices, a new approach is necessary. Current trends are widening the gap between climate, biodiversity, and water quality targets. FABLE Pathways: To achieve significant progress, the report recommends major changes through FABLE pathways: Reducing overconsumption and limiting animal-based protein while respecting cultural preferences. Investing in increased productivity, especially in high-demand areas. Creating inclusive and transparent monitoring systems to halt deforestation. Urgent Recommendations: World leaders are urged to embrace comprehensive UN reform, address financing shortfalls, strengthen global cooperation, and implement innovative solutions like the FABLE pathways to secure the future of sustainable development. UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) Establishment and Purpose: The UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) was founded in 2012 by the United Nations. Its primary objective is to advance practical solutions to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at both national and international levels. Key Focus Areas: Mobilising Expertise: SDSN focuses on harnessing expertise by linking universities, research institutions, and national laboratories. Developing Solutions: It identifies and develops innovative solutions to address critical sustainability challenges. Secretariat Locations: The SDSN has its secretariats located in three global cities: Paris, France Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia New York, United States -Source: Down To Earth Bengaluru Proposes Increase in Solid Waste Management Cess Context: Recently, Bengaluru has proposed increasing the Solid Waste Management (SWM) Cess to Rs. 100 per month for each household to address the high financial strain in the SWM process. Currently, Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) charge about Rs. 30-50 per month for SWM services, which is often collected along with property tax. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: What is SWM Cess? What are Solid Waste Management Rules 2016? Rationale Behind Increasing SWM Cess Collection Measures to Reduce Operational Expenditure on SWM Services What is SWM Cess? Definition: Solid Waste Management (SWM) cess is a user fee or charge imposed by Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India. A cess is a type of tax or levy used by governments to fund specific services like waste management or infrastructure development. Implementation: As per the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, ULBs must collect user fees or cess for SWM services. The rise in fees is to address the growing costs and challenges faced by ULBs in managing solid waste efficiently. What are Solid Waste Management Rules 2016? Replacement and Focus: These rules replaced the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000. Emphasis is on waste segregation at the source, manufacturers’ responsibility for disposing of sanitary and packaging wastes, and user fees from bulk generators for collection, disposal, and processing. Key Features: Residents must separate waste into wet (biodegradable), dry (recyclable), and hazardous categories. User fees are charged for waste collection, with fines for littering or improper segregation. Encouragement of composting or bio-methanation of biodegradable waste. Municipalities are responsible for collecting segregated waste, ensuring proper processing and disposal, and levying user fees to cover costs. Extended Producer Responsibility mandates that manufacturers of disposables financially support waste management systems. Rationale Behind Increasing SWM Cess Collection High Complexity and Costs: SWM is resource-intensive, using up to 50% of ULBs’ annual budgets. Expenses include capital investments and operational costs like salaries, waste collection, and waste management plant operations. Minimal Revenue Generation: Despite high costs, revenue from SWM services is minimal. For instance, Bengaluru spends around Rs 1,643 crore on SWM services but generates only Rs 20 lakh annually. Only 1-2% of dry waste is recyclable, leading to negligible revenue from recycling. Challenges in Waste Segregation and Market Viability: Inadequate waste segregation at the source complicates processing. Limited market for finished products from waste processing makes it financially unviable. High transportation costs for non-compostable and non-recyclable dry waste disposal due to distant disposal facilities. Measures to Reduce Operational Expenditure on SWM Services Improving Household Waste Segregation: Enhancing segregation at the household level can increase composting yields and improve dry waste recycling, reducing costs. Reducing Single-Use Plastics: Decreasing the use of non-recyclable single-use plastics can lower transportation and disposal costs. Micro Composting Centers (MCCs): Establishing MCCs at ward levels, as in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, can process wet waste locally, reducing transportation costs. In-House Waste Processing: Incentivizing large institutions to set up in-house waste processing facilities can reduce ULBs’ burden and promote cleaner premises. Information, Education, and Awareness (IEC): Effective IEC campaigns to discourage improper waste disposal can prevent open littering and reduce the labor needed for road sweeping and drain clearing, allowing resources to be redirected to waste processing and value recovery. -Source: The Hindu 5G Intelligent Village Initiative Context: Recently, the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) announced two proposals—5G Intelligent Village and Quantum Encryption Algorithm (QEA)—aimed at catalysing innovation and technological advancement in the telecom sector. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: About 5G Intelligent Village Initiative: About 5G About 5G Intelligent Village Initiative: Objective: The initiative addresses the need for equitable technological advancement, leveraging 5G technology to uplift rural communities. It aims to effectively utilize Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) and massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) aspects of 5G in selected villages. Scope: The initiative focuses on showcasing the advantages of 5G connectivity. It targets critical sectors such as agriculture, education, healthcare, governance, and sustainability. Key Facts about Quantum Encryption Algorithm (QEA) Purpose: The call for proposals aims to develop an India-specific Quantum Encryption Algorithm (QEA). This algorithm will secure digital communication channels using quantum mechanics principles. Requirements: The algorithm must ensure unparalleled security, advanced encryption capabilities, and ultrafast and efficient encryption. Funding for these proposals will be provided under the Telecom Technology Development Fund (TTDF) scheme of the Department of Telecom (DoT). What is Telecom Technology Development Fund? Establishment: The Telecom Technology Development Fund (TTDF) is set up under the Universal Services Obligation Fund (USOF) of the Department of Telecom (DoT), Government of India. Purpose: It aims to promote the ecosystem for research, design, prototyping, proof of concept testing, intellectual property rights (IPR) creation, field testing, security, certification, and manufacturing of products. About 5G 5G is the next generation of mobile broadband that will eventually replace, or at least augment 4G LTE connection and it  offers exponentially faster download and upload speeds. 5G will deliver multi-Gbps peak rates, ultra-low latency, massive capacity, and a more uniform user experience. This is in contrast to 4G link speeds in averaging 6-7 Megabit per second (Mbps) in India as compared to 25 Mbps in advanced countries. Application of 5G 5G will help in creating cyber-physical networks which not only interconnect people, but also interconnect and control machines, objects, and devices. It will deliver new levels of performance and efficiency that will empower new user experiences and connect new industries. It will act as an enabler for the Industrial Revolution 4.0 and is expected to form the backbone of emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine to machine communications. 5G can also help make transport infrastructure more efficient by making it smart. It will enable vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, making driverless cars, among other things, a reality. Also, the primary applications of 5G will be the implementation of a sensor-embedded network that will allow real-time relay of information across fields such as manufacturing, consumer durables and agriculture -Source: The Hindu, PIB Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister Context: The Chairman of the Economic Advisory Council (EAC) to the Prime Minister emphasized the need for a new poverty line at a data user conference organized by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) recently. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance About Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM): Overview: An independent body established in 2017 to provide advice on economic and related issues to the Government of India, specifically to the Prime Minister. Terms of Reference: Analyzes any issue, economic or otherwise, referred to it by the Prime Minister and provides advice. Addresses issues of macroeconomic importance and presents views to the Prime Minister. Can be either suo-motu or on reference from the Prime Minister or anyone else. Includes attending to other tasks as desired by the Prime Minister. Functions: Prepares a monthly report on economic developments at home and abroad for the Prime Minister. Monitors economic trends and brings important developments to the PM’s attention, suggesting suitable policy responses. Regularly interacts with stakeholders and the public, communicating findings and recommendations through reports, presentations, and public events. Composition: Headed by the Chairman and includes a mix of economists and experts from academia, research institutions, and the private sector. There is no fixed number of members and staff, allowing for reconstitution over time with different organizational structures. Typically headed by economists of recognized international eminence. Administrative and Logistic Support: For administrative, logistic, planning, and budgeting purposes, the NITI Aayog serves as the nodal agency for the EAC-PM. -Source: Indian Express Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary Context: Recently, The Indian Air Force deployed an MI17 helicopter to control the massive wildfire in Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary (BWS) in Almora, Uttarakhand. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology About Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary: Location: Situated in Uttarakhand, India. Located in the Kumaon region of the Himalayas, approximately 33 kilometres north of Almora district. Covers an area of around 47 square kilometres. Historical Significance: Formerly the summer capital of the Chand Dynasty rulers, who governed Kumaon from the 7th to 18th century AD. The sanctuary is at an elevation of 2,420 meters. Named after the Bineshwar Mahadev temple, a 16th-century temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. Biodiversity: Known for its rich biodiversity and panoramic views of Himalayan peaks such as Chaukhamba, Nanda Devi, Nanda Kot, Panchachuli, and Kedarnath. Flora: Features oak and rhododendron forests at higher altitudes and chir pine forests at lower elevations. Contains 25 types of trees, 24 types of bushes, and seven varieties of grasses. Fauna: Hosts more than 200 species of native and migratory birds. Houses endangered species like the Indian red fox, jackals, pine martens, and porcupines. Also home to leopards, ghorals, wild boars, kakars, monkeys, Himalayan black bears, and several bird species including the Himalayan monal, koklass pheasant, and Himalayan griffon. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 20 June 2024

CONTENTS Krishi Sakhi Convergence Program National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme Krishi Sakhi Convergence Program Context: Recently, the Prime Minister of India granted certificates to over 30,000 women from Self Help Groups (SHGs) as ‘Krishi Sakhis’ under the Krishi Sakhi Convergence Programme (KSCP). Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Overview of the Krishi Sakhi Convergence Program: Objective: The initiative aims to transform rural India by empowering rural women as Krishi Sakhis through training and certification as Para-extension Workers. This certification course aligns with the goals of the ‘Lakhpati Didi’ Program. Training Provided: Krishi Sakhis receive training in various extension services, including: Agro-Ecological Practices: Techniques from land preparation to harvest. Organizing Farmer Field Schools: Facilitating practical learning sessions for farmers. Seed Banks: Establishment and management of seed banks. Soil Health and Conservation: Methods to maintain soil health and moisture. Integrated Farming Systems: Combining different farming practices for sustainability. Livestock Management: Basic practices for managing livestock. Bio Inputs: Preparation, usage, and establishment of bio-input shops. Communication Skills: Essential skills for effective communication with farmers. Current Training: The Krishi Sakhis are undergoing refresher training focused on Natural Farming and Soil Health Cards, facilitated by DAY-NRLM agencies in coordination with MANAGE. Implementation: The Krishi Sakhi Training Program has been implemented in 12 states during Phase 1, including Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Odisha, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, and Meghalaya. National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme Context: Cabinet approves Central Sector Scheme “National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme” (N.F.l.E.S.) Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Approval of National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme (NFIES): Approval and Financial Outlay: The Union Cabinet, led by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, has approved the proposal by the Ministry of Home Affairs for the Central Sector Scheme “National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme (NFIES)”. The total financial outlay for this scheme is Rs. 2254.43 crore, covering the period from 2024-25 to 2028-29. The funding for this scheme will come from the Ministry of Home Affairs’ budget. Components of the Scheme: Establishment of New Campuses of the National Forensic Sciences University (NFSU): New NFSU campuses will be established across the country to enhance forensic education and training. Establishment of Central Forensic Science Laboratories (CFSLs): New CFSLs will be set up to increase the capacity for forensic examinations and reduce the backlog of cases. Enhancement of Existing Infrastructure: The existing infrastructure of the Delhi Campus of NFSU will be upgraded to improve facilities and resources for forensic education and research. Objectives and Rationale: The scheme aims to create an effective and efficient criminal justice system by ensuring scientific and timely forensic examination of evidence. It highlights the necessity of high-quality, trained forensic professionals for the scientific examination of evidence, which is critical for an efficient criminal justice process. The scheme leverages advancements in technology and evolving crime methods to improve forensic capabilities. Context and Importance: The new criminal laws mandate forensic investigation for offences punishable by 7 years or more, leading to an anticipated increase in the workload of forensic science laboratories. There is currently a significant shortage of trained forensic personnel in the Forensic Science Laboratories (FSLs) across India. To meet the increased demand, there is a need for substantial investment and enhancement of national forensic infrastructure. Expected Outcomes: The establishment of additional NFSU campuses and new CFSLs will address the shortage of trained forensic manpower. This expansion will help alleviate the backlog of forensic cases and reduce pendency in forensic laboratories. The initiative aligns with the Government of India’s goal of achieving a high conviction rate of over 90% by ensuring timely and accurate forensic examinations.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 20 June 2024

CONTENTS NAM Faces Challenges of Neo-Colonialism Classifying a Prolonged Summer as a Natural Disaster NAM Faces Challenges of Neo-Colonialism Context: British Prime Minister Winston Churchill once said, “Those who forget history and do not learn from it are condemned to repeat it.” This remark, made during his 1948 speech in the House of Commons, was directed at his predecessor, who failed to adequately arm the country, making the Second World War inevitable. Relevance: GS2- Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India’s Interests Mains Question: The Non-Aligned Movement must rejuvenate its commitment to safeguarding national sovereignty and resist the subtle encroachments of neo-colonialism. Discuss. (15 Marks, 250 Words). The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), which India co-founded in 1955, was established after the Second World War to protect countries’ sovereignty and integrity from colonial powers. In the 1950s and beyond, many nations gained independence from colonial rule and joined NAM, making it a significant force advocating for the freedom of its members during the Cold War. With skilled diplomacy, the most vocal member countries incorporated a “neutralist policy” into the organization’s charter. This policy encouraged member countries to resist the temptations and allurements from both the capitalist West and the communist East, choosing instead to follow a middle path and establish NAM as a “third formidable forum.” Nothing illustrates NAM’s role as a power broker more clearly than the “swing votes” at the UN, which were courted by both the East and West blocs. NAM provided support to former have-not countries. The proof is in the results: many countries refused to align with either bloc, demonstrating NAM’s strength as an independent entity. Despite this, Churchill seemed to believe that countries, including India, had not learned from history. He suggested that without a strong deterrent against colonialism, it could resurface in different forms over time. Relevance of NAM Over the Years: After the Cold War, NAM’s relevance declined. Many foundational principles of the Movement were undermined. For instance, economic self-reliance was a key ideological stance against the aggression of multinationals and monopolistic companies. However, conflicting statements and diplomatic disputes among member countries suggested that NAM had strayed from its original path, casting doubt on its future. The fight against colonialism was far from over in the post-war period. NAM could not foresee the rise of neo-colonialism, which manifested through control by money, debt, and media. Colonialism was replaced by neo-colonialism, where countries were controlled through economic and media influence despite being independent in name. In this respect, NAM’s purpose remained unfulfilled. In the context of Britain, King Charles III, during his visit to Kenya, issued a profound apology for the oppressive actions of his predecessors in colonized countries. This significant historical statement clarifies the United Kingdom’s current diplomatic intentions, which aim to foster partnerships based on mutual respect. The anticipated free trade deal between the United Kingdom and India, likely to be implemented in the New Year, exemplifies this approach, promising to unite the two countries as equals. The Other Side: In contrast, France, once a close competitor of Britain in establishing colonial dominance, has not shown similar remorse for its past actions. Instead, France continues to exercise neo-colonial control with audacity. France maintains influence in supposedly independent West and Central African countries by controlling two currencies, the West African franc and the Central African franc, used by 14 African countries. France’s mandate requires these countries to deposit 50 percent of their foreign assets in the French Treasury, making its intention to maintain economic hegemony clear. These nations have suffered under France’s exploitative economic practices for decades post-colonialism, with France leveraging its relationship with these countries to its advantage. The desperation of these nations—independent in name but not in reality—is evident. Over the past twelve months, nearly all French-speaking African countries have demanded the departure of French military, diplomats, and businessmen from their territories. France is engaged in similar oppressive activities in other parts of the world, where it daringly prevents further independence. For example, in 2021, the French territory of New Caledonia in the South Pacific experienced French interference as the last of three independence referenda was deliberately thwarted through security pressures. Paradoxically, France has extended its neo-colonial interests even to countries that were never part of its former empire. In the past two years, France has obstructed a peace process in the South Caucasus to favor Armenia, with whom it has an arms deal. French diplomats have publicly criticized Azerbaijan, Armenia’s neighbor, and have instigated the Armenian diaspora in France to pressure lawmakers to pass laws against Azerbaijan. They also left no stone unturned in maligning Azerbaijan in the French media. Coincidentally or not, Azerbaijan currently chairs the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). After assuming the chairmanship, Azerbaijan vowed to reclaim Nagorno-Karabakh, a quarter of its territory illegally occupied by Armenian forces for three decades. In a 44-day war against Armenia in 2020 and a 24-hour military operation in 2023, Azerbaijan succeeded in reclaiming its occupied territories. This outcome displeased France, which initially and unabashedly undermined EU-led peace negotiations. Uganda Taking over the 2024 Chairmanship: In January 2024, Uganda will take over the chairmanship from Azerbaijan. However, Uganda faces challenges from neo-colonialist powers, who are pressuring the country to repeal a child protection law. These powers aim to introduce modern Western social norms into Ugandan schools, a move that the Ugandan people have outrightly rejected as socially and culturally demeaning. It is crucial for India to support Uganda—an independent nation and fellow NAM member—and to denounce this unwarranted interference in its education system. Conclusion: With NAM experiencing a revival in a new incarnation, it is imperative for all its members, including co-founder India, to unite and form a cohesive group to combat the encroachment on sovereignty and resources by neo-colonialists from both Western and Eastern blocs. If NAM members do not intervene now, the growing influence of these neo-colonial powers will make the world poorer, less safe, and more prone to conflicts. Therefore, Churchill’s advice to learn from history remains highly relevant in these modern times. Classifying a Prolonged Summer as a Natural Disaster Context: Northern India has been enduring the longest series of heatwaves in the past 15 years. In some states, daytime temperatures have consistently exceeded 45°C, while in relatively cooler states, temperatures have been 3°-6°C higher than usual for this time of year. Night temperatures have also remained 3°-6°C above normal, due to the near-absence of moisture and rain. Relevance: GS3- Disaster Management Mains Question: What has been the effect of heatwaves and delayed monsoons in India? Should prolonged summer be declared as a natural disaster? (10 Marks, 150 Words). Heatwaves: Heatwaves are extended periods of extremely hot weather that can have adverse effects on human health, the environment, and the economy. In India, the IMD defines a heatwave based on the following criteria: Physiography of Regions: Plains: Maximum temperature reaches 40 degrees Celsius or higher at a station. Coastal Areas: Maximum temperature reaches 37 degrees Celsius or higher at a station. Hills: Maximum temperature reaches 30 degrees Celsius or higher at a station. Based on Departure from Normal Temperature Heat Wave: Departure from normal temperature is between 4.5°C to 6.4°C. Severe Heat Wave: Departure from normal temperature is greater than 6.4°C. Based on Actual Maximum Temperature: Heat Wave: Declared when the actual maximum temperature is 45°C or higher. Severe Heat Wave: Declared when the actual maximum temperature is 47°C or higher. A Heat Wave is officially declared if the above criteria are met at least in two stations within a Meteorological subdivision for at least two consecutive days. More on the Weather Conditions: Additionally, the monsoon has been sluggish. Despite an early start, it has stalled since June 12 and is stuck in central India. Before its onset over Kerala, the India Meteorological Department had predicted ‘normal’ rainfall for June, but has now revised this to ‘below normal,’ indicating an 8% shortfall from the expected 16.69 cm. However, this update does not provide insight into the monsoon’s progress. The normal arrival dates for the monsoon in the northwestern and northern states are between June 25 and July 1. It remains to be seen if the current hiatus will delay these dates further. A prolonged delay could place additional strain on the infrastructure in these states. Rising Power Demands in Northern States: On June 17, the Power Ministry reported that demand in northern India had surged to 89 GW (89,000 MW), marking the highest single-day demand recorded. To meet this requirement, approximately 25%-30% of the power had to be “imported” from the other four regions — south, west, east, and northeast — and possibly from Bhutan, though specific details were not provided. While the Ministry took credit for meeting the demand, this indirectly highlights the strain on the infrastructure. Northern India’s installed power capacity is 113 GW (113,000 MW), and the need to import power indicates an inability to fully utilize this capacity. On the same day, Delhi’s international airport experienced a half-hour blackout, suggesting that prolonged heatwaves and increased cooling demands will further strain the grid. Additionally, Delhi is facing a severe water crisis. Water pilferage is a common issue, but the heat has increased demand, and Haryana, a crucial water supplier for Delhi, has refused to increase the supply due to its own limitations. Conclusion: It is crucial that political differences are set aside and that the prolonged summer is addressed holistically by both the Centre and the States as a natural disaster.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 20 June 2024

CONTENTS Unlawful Activities Prevention Act India’s First Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace Operations Released Direct Seeding of Rice Criticism of 2023 Amendments and Broadened Scope of Angel Tax Expansion of DigiYatra Technology Proposed Japan on High Alert Due to Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS) Outbreak Double Sun Halo Phenomenon Witnessed in Ladakh Unlawful Activities Prevention Act Context: Recently, the Delhi Lieutenant Governor (LG) approved the prosecution of novelist Arundhati Roy for supposedly making provocative statements at a 2010 event that advocated Kashmiri separatism. This approval was granted under Section 13 of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, of 1967. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967 The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967 The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) of 1967 is an upgrade on the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act TADA (which lapsed in 1995) and the Prevention of Terrorism Act – POTA (which was repealed in 2004). Its main objective was to make powers available for dealing with activities directed against the integrity and sovereignty of India. The National Integration Council appointed a Committee on National Integration and Regionalisation to look into, the aspect of putting reasonable restrictions in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India. The agenda of the NIC limited itself to communalism, casteism and regionalism and not terrorism. However, the provisions of the UAPA Act contravenes the requirements of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Unlawful Activities Prevention Amendment Bill, 2019 The original Unlawful Activities Prevention Act, 1967, dealt with “unlawful” acts related to secession; anti-terror provisions were introduced in 2004. It provides special procedures to deal with terrorist activities, among other things. Key Provisions of the Amendment The Bill amends the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (UAPA) and additionally empowers the government to designate individuals as terrorists on the same grounds. Under the Act, the central government may designate an organisation as a terrorist organisation if it: commits or participates in acts of terrorism prepares for terrorism promotes terrorism is otherwise involved in terrorism The word “terror” or “terrorist” is not defined. However, a “terrorist act” is defined as any act committed with the intent – to threaten or likely to threaten the unity, integrity, security, economic security, or sovereignty of India to strike terror or likely to strike terror in the people or any section of the people in India or in any foreign country The central government may designate an individual as a terrorist through a notification in the official gazette. The Bill empowers the officers of the National Investigation Agency (NIA), of the rank of Inspector or above, to investigate cases. Under the Act, an investigating officer can seize properties that may be connected with terrorism with prior approval of the Director General of Police. Issues with UAPA UAPA gives the state authority vague powers to detain and arrest individuals who it believes to be indulged in terrorist activities. Thus, the state gives itself more powers vis-a-vis individual liberty guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution. UAPA empowers the ruling government, under the garb of curbing terrorism, to impose indirect restriction on right of dissent which is detrimental for a developing democratic society. The right of dissent is a part and parcel of fundamental right to free speech and expression and therefore, cannot be abridged in any circumstances except for mentioned in Article 19 (2). UAPA can also be thought of to go against the federal structure since it neglects the authority of state police in terrorism cases, given that ‘Police’ is a state subject under 7th schedule of Indian Constitution. -Source: The Hindu India’s First Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace Operations Released Context: The Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan released India’s first joint doctrine for cyberspace operations, acknowledging that cyberspace has emerged as a crucial and challenging domain in modern warfare. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Dimensions of the Article: India’s First Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace Operations Understanding Cyber Warfare Vulnerability of India to Cyber Attacks and its Cyber Security Challenges Cyber Security Measures Taken by the Indian Government India’s First Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace Operations Overview China’s Capabilities: China has developed significant cyberwarfare capabilities, including the use of cyberweapons to disrupt or destroy the military assets and strategic networks of adversaries. India’s Position: India has been trailing in this field, with the government establishing only a tri-service Defence Cyber Agency in 2019, rather than the comprehensive Cyber Command sought by the armed forces. Current Context Operationalisation: The doctrine is being introduced as the Army sets up specialized units within its six operational or regional commands to manage cyberspace operations. Guidance: It will direct the tri-services in planning and conducting cyberspace operations within the current complex military environment. Integration: The doctrine aims to further the integration efforts currently being pursued by the Army, Indian Air Force (IAF), and Navy. Significance of the Doctrine Military Understanding: Emphasizes the importance of comprehending military aspects of cyberspace operations. Conceptual Guidance: Provides guidance to commanders, staff, and practitioners on planning and executing cyberspace operations. Awareness: Enhances the awareness of Indian war fighters at all levels about the significance and conduct of cyberspace operations. Understanding Cyber Warfare Definition: Cyber warfare involves actions in cyberspace (a dynamic and virtual space connecting various computer systems) conducted by state or non-state actors. These actions: Pose a significant threat to a nation’s security. Are responses to perceived threats against national security. Characteristics: Unlike traditional warfare domains (land, sea, air), cyberspace is a global common with shared sovereignty. Hostile actions in cyberspace can affect a nation’s economy, cohesion, political decision-making, and defensive capabilities. Types of Cyber Warfare: Cyber Terrorism: Premeditated disruptive activities against computers/networks to harm or further social, ideological, religious, political, or similar objectives. Cyber Fraud: Attacks aimed at monetary or related gains. Cyber Spying: Attacks aimed at gathering information. Cyber Stalking/Bullying: Attacks designed to intimidate and frighten individuals rather than businesses or governments. Vulnerability of India to Cyber Attacks and its Cyber Security Challenges Vulnerability: Cybersecurity threats in India arise from various sources, affecting individuals, businesses, national infrastructure, and government. In 2023, India faced 2,138 weekly cyber attacks per organization, marking a 15% increase from 2022, making it the second most targeted nation in the Asia Pacific region after Taiwan. Challenges: Insufficient human resources, infrastructure, R&D, and budgetary allocations to address cyber threats. Threats from servers hosted outside India. Challenges posed by imported electronics/IT products. Emerging technologies like Cloud Computing, Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), etc. Balancing cybersecurity with the right to privacy. Cyber Security Measures Taken by the Indian Government Key Initiatives: Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In): Acts as the central agency for incident response, vulnerability handling, and security management in India’s cyberspace. Cyber Surakshit Bharat: Launched by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) with the National Electronic Governance Division (NeGD) to raise awareness about the latest cybercrimes and cybersecurity challenges in India. Cyber Swachhta Kendra: Provides free tools for malware analysis and helps improve the security of systems and devices. National Cybersecurity Policy 2013: Offers a framework for creating a secure cyber ecosystem and aims to protect critical information and infrastructure. National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC): Established to protect the country’s critical information infrastructure. Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C): A Central Government scheme to handle issues related to cybercrime comprehensively and in a coordinated manner. -Source: Times of India, PIB Direct Seeding of Rice Context: The Government of Punjab is actively promoting the Direct Seeding of Rice (DSR) also called the ‘tar-wattar’ technique of rice cultivation, which promises a multitude of advantages over traditional transplanting.  Relevance: GS III- Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: What is DSR? How much water can DSR help save? Advantages of DSR tech Disadvantages of DSR tech What is DSR? Direct Seeding of Rice (DRS): In DSR, a tractor-powered machine drills the pre-germinated seeds straight into the field. This procedure does not require nursery preparation or transplantation. Farmers only need to level their soil and apply pre-sowing irrigation once. Normal Paddy Transplanting: Farmers create nurseries where paddy seeds are first sowed and nurtured into young plants before transplanting paddy. The nursery seed bed takes up 5-10% of the transplanted area. These seedlings are then pulled and transplanted on the puddled land 25-35 days later. How much water can DSR help save? According to an analysis by the Punjab Agriculture University, DSR technique can help save 15% to 20% water. In some cases, water saving can reach 22% to 23%. With DSR,15-18 irrigation rounds are required against 25 to 27 irrigation rounds in traditional method. Since area under rice in Punjab is almost stagnant around 3 million hectares for the last three to four years, DSR can save 810 to 1,080 billion litres water every year if entire rice crop is brought under the technique. Advantages of DSR tech: Solve labour shortage problem: Like the traditional method it does not require a paddy nursery and transplantion of 30 days old paddy nursery into the main puddled field. With DSR, paddy seeds are sown directly with machine. Offers avenues for ground water recharge: It prevent the development of hard crust just beneath the plough layer due to puddled transplanting and it matures 7-10 days earlier than puddle transplanted crop, therefore giving more time for management of paddy straw. Higher yield: A PAU study said that results from research trials and farmers’ field survey have also indicated that yield, after DSR, are one to two quintals per acre higher than puddled transplanted rice. Disadvantages of DSR tech; Suitability: This is the most significant element since farmers must not seed it in light textured soils because this approach is only suitable for medium to heavy textured soils such as sandy loam, loam, clay loam, and silt loam, which make up around 80% of the state’s land. Avoid using this approach in fields that were previously planted with crops other than rice (such as cotton, maize, or sugarcane), as DSR on these soils is more likely to suffer from iron deficiency and weed problems. Compulsory Laser and Leveling: The field should be levelled with a laser. Herbicide Spraying: Herbicide spraying must be done at the same time as sowing and the initial irrigation. -Source: Indian Express Criticism of 2023 Amendments and Broadened Scope of Angel Tax Context: Recent amendments in 2023 and the broadened scope of the Angel tax have faced criticism due to a significant downturn in startup funding and the resulting job losses. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: What is Angel Tax? Expansion Under Finance Act, 2023: What is Angel Tax? Introduction: The ‘angel tax’ was first introduced in 2012 and later expanded through the Finance Act of 2023. It aims to curb the generation and use of unaccounted money through investments in closely held companies. Definition: It is a tax on funds raised by unlisted companies through the issuance of shares in off-market transactions that exceed the fair market value (FMV) of the company. Fair Market Value (FMV): FMV is the price at which an asset would trade when the buyer and seller have reasonable knowledge of the asset and are willing to transact without any pressure. Expansion Under Finance Act, 2023: Amendments: The Finance Act, 2023, amended a section of the Income-tax Act to include foreign investors under the angel tax provision. Current Provisions: If a start-up receives equity investment from a resident that exceeds the face value of the shares, it is treated as income and taxed under ‘Income from other Sources’. Recent Amendments: The rule now extends to include foreign investors, meaning start-ups raising funds from them are also subject to this tax. Start-ups recognized by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) are excluded from this provision. Industry Pushback: Due to industry concerns and declining funding, the Finance Ministry exempted investors from 21 countries, including the US, UK, and France, from the Angel Tax for investments in Indian startups. Funding Winter and Job Losses: Challenges in 2023: Indian startups faced severe funding challenges, with a reported decline of over 60% in funding compared to previous years. This led to layoffs affecting over 15,000 employees in the sector. Industry Perspective on Angel Tax: Recommendations: The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and other stakeholders have suggested removing Section 56(2) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, commonly known as the Angel Tax. -Source: The Hindu Expansion of DigiYatra Technology Proposed Context: Recently, the CEO of Digi Yatra Foundation proposed that the DigiYatra technology used at airports could be implemented at hotels and public places such as historical monuments. Relevance: GS Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Overview of DigiYatra Concerns Overview of DigiYatra Introduction: The ‘DigiYatra’ initiative introduces a Biometric Enabled Seamless Travel (BEST) experience using facial-recognition technology. Functionality: This system facilitates check-in at airports by utilizing biometric data, enabling paperless movement through airport checkpoints. Coordination: DigiYatra is an industry-led initiative coordinated by the Ministry of Civil Aviation. Implementation: Launched in 2022, DigiYatra is currently operational at 14 airports, with plans to extend to 15 more by the end of 2024. Potential Expansion: The application of DigiYatra may extend beyond airports to other public venues, such as hotels, indicating its broader potential. Concerns Privacy: There are concerns about the government gaining increased access to individuals’ travel information through this system. DigiYatra collects comprehensive facial biometric data from passengers, raising privacy issues. Governance DigiYatra Foundation: The initiative is managed by Digi Yatra Foundation, a non-profit private entity. The foundation is composed of a consortium of private airports, holding a 74% share, while the Airports Authority of India holds a 26% share. -Source: The Hindu Japan on High Alert Due to Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS) Outbreak Context: Recently, health officials in Japan are on high alert after close to 1,000 cases of a deadly infection were reported across the country. The disease is known as Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS). Relevance: GS II: Health Overview of Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS) Definition: Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS) is a rare but severe bacterial infection caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria. It occurs when these bacteria invade deep tissues and the bloodstream, releasing toxins that trigger a rapid and severe response in the body. Symptoms: Initial symptoms include fever, chills, muscle aches, nausea, and vomiting. Within 24 to 48 hours, these symptoms can escalate to low blood pressure, organ failure, rapid heart rate, and fast breathing. In children, group A Streptococcus (GAS) typically causes strep throat, but in adults, it can lead to more severe symptoms like limb pain, swelling, fever, and low blood pressure. The condition can quickly progress to tissue death, breathing problems, organ failure, and sometimes death, particularly in individuals over 50. Transmission: STSS is highly contagious and can be transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact. Group A strep bacteria can also spread via food if it is not handled properly. Prevention: Preventing STSS involves practicing good hygiene, such as regular handwashing and covering the mouth when coughing or sneezing. -Source: India Today Double Sun Halo Phenomenon Witnessed in Ladakh Context: Recently, a rare celestial phenomenon known as a “double sun halo” was witnessed in the skies over Ladakh. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Understanding the Double Sun Halo Definition: The double sun halo is a rare optical phenomenon featuring two concentric rings surrounding the sun. Formation: This occurs when sunlight is refracted through ice crystals suspended in cirrus clouds, resulting in a dazzling visual effect. The double sun halo is a variant of the common 22-degree halo, which is a bright ring that encircles the sun. In the case of the double sun halo, there are two distinct halos: an inner halo with a radius of approximately 22 degrees and an outer halo with a radius of around 46 degrees from the sun’s center. Mechanism: The formation of a double sun halo is due to the unique shape and orientation of ice crystals in cirrus clouds. These crystals, typically hexagonal, act as natural prisms, refracting and reflecting sunlight at specific angles. When the ice crystals are randomly oriented, the refracted sunlight creates the inner 22-degree halo. If the crystals align horizontally, with their flat faces parallel to the ground, additional refraction occurs, forming the outer 46-degree halo. The precise alignment of these ice crystals is rare, making the double sun halo an uncommon sight. Occurrence: This phenomenon is especially visible in regions with ideal atmospheric conditions, such as Ladakh. Significance: The double sun halo is not only a stunning natural spectacle but also an indicator of specific atmospheric conditions involving ice crystal orientation and sunlight refraction. -Source: India Today

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 19 June 2024

CONTENTS National Survey on AYUSH Systems of Medicine National Survey on AYUSH Systems of Medicine Context: Recently, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) released the findings of a national survey on Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) systems of medicine. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Highlights of the AYUSH Survey Understanding AYUSH Highlights of the AYUSH Survey Overview: The first comprehensive all-India AYUSH survey was conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) from July 2022 to June 2023, providing valuable insights into the use of traditional healthcare practices within the Indian population. Coverage: The survey spanned the entire Indian Union, excluding a few inaccessible villages in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Objectives: To gather data on: Public awareness of the traditional healthcare system (AYUSH). The usage of AYUSH for the prevention or treatment of ailments. Household knowledge of home remedies, medicinal plants, and local health traditions/folk medicine. Household expenditure on treatments using AYUSH medicine systems. Key Findings Awareness of AYUSH: In rural India, about 95% of males and females (aged 15 and above) are knowledgeable about AYUSH, with urban areas showing an awareness rate of approximately 96%. About 79% of households in rural areas and 80% in urban areas have at least one member aware of medicinal plants and home medicines. Around 24% of households (both rural and urban) have at least one member aware of folk medicine or local health traditions. Usage of AYUSH: Approximately 53% of urban residents and 46% of rural residents have used AYUSH for the prevention or treatment of ailments in the past year. Expenditure on AYUSH Treatments: The average expenditure per person for AYUSH treatments is Rs. 574 in urban areas and Rs. 472 in rural areas. Purpose of AYUSH System Usage: The survey provides insights into the specific purposes for which AYUSH systems are used, such as rejuvenation (preventive), therapeutic (curative), or both. Yoga Practice: In about 1.1 crore rural households and 1.4 crore urban households, at least one member practices yoga regularly. Understanding AYUSH Definition: AYUSH is an acronym for the traditional medical systems practiced in India, including: Ayurveda: Focuses on holistic well-being. Yoga: Integrates body, mind, and spirit through physical postures and meditation. Naturopathy: Utilizes natural elements like water, air, and diet for healing. Unani: Restores balance using herbal medicines and humoral theory. Siddha: Traditional Tamil medicine based on five elements and humours. Homoeopathy: Employs highly diluted remedies to stimulate self-healing responses. Philosophy: These systems are grounded in specific medical philosophies, promoting healthy living and the prevention of diseases. Ministry of AYUSH: The Ministry is responsible for the development, education, research, and promotion of AYUSH in India.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 19 June 2024

CONTENTS Heatwave Could Severely Impact the Economy India Champions Inclusive Use of Technology at G7 Heatwave Could Severely Impact the Economy Context: The intense heat waves sweeping across the country, particularly in Northern India, have pushed temperatures to over 52 degrees Celsius in Delhi and Rajasthan, marking the season’s highest temperatures and resulting in a few suspected heat-related deaths. Relevance: GS3- Disaster Management Mains Question: The ongoing scorching heat could undermine economic activity and underscores the critical need for climate-responsive action to safeguard both people and productivity. Analyse. (15 Marks, 250 Words). Heatwaves across Indian States: Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh are also grappling with heat waves. The situation is expected to worsen as the Meteorological Department predicts temperatures in northwest India will nearly reach 50 degrees Celsius, endangering millions of workers in farming, construction, and industrial sectors, and causing widespread distress. This presents a significant threat to productivity in many economies, highlighting the urgent need for a climate-responsive action plan. Effect of Heatwaves on Economy: According to a World Bank report, rising temperatures due to climate change are a growing concern in India, with each year experiencing higher temperatures. By 2030, over 160-200 million people across the country could be exposed to deadly heat waves annually. Additionally, about 34 million people in India may face job losses due to productivity declines related to heat stress. The impacts of rising temperatures vary across different occupations and employment sectors. Jobs requiring high levels of physical exertion or extended outdoor work are particularly vulnerable to increasing heat. Specifically, agricultural and construction jobs, as well as work in steel plants and brick kilns, are expected to be the hardest hit. According to a study by the International Labour Organization (ILO), in 1995, heat stress caused a loss of 5.87% of working hours in agriculture and construction, 2.95% in industry, and 0.63% in services in India. By 2030, these losses are expected to rise to 9.04% in agriculture and construction, 5.29% in industry, and 1.48% in services. Heat stress is increasingly hindering economic activities, reducing the ability of businesses to operate during peak heat hours, and further temperature increases are expected to decrease labor productivity. This could make some agricultural areas unproductive and displace many farm workers. Global economic losses from heat stress at work were estimated at US$280 billion in 1995 and are projected to rise to US$2,400 billion by 2030. Currently, annual food losses due to heat during transportation are nearly $13 billion. By 2037, the demand for cooling is likely to be eight times higher than current levels, equating to a new air conditioner being needed every 15 seconds and resulting in a projected 435% increase in annual greenhouse gas emissions over the next two decades. To address this challenge, India must implement new strategic sustainable solutions to help people adapt to rising temperatures. Way Forward: The World Bank study, “Climate Investment Opportunities in India’s Cooling Sector,” highlights that adopting alternative and innovative energy-efficient technologies is crucial to tackling the heat wave crisis. This strategy could open up an investment opportunity of $1.6 trillion by 2040, significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and create nearly 3.7 million jobs. The study strongly suggests that a more energy-efficient approach could significantly reduce CO2 levels over the next two decades. By implementing a comprehensive cooling strategy, India can save lives and livelihoods, cut carbon emissions, and establish itself as a global leader in green cooling manufacturing. The report outlines a sustainable roadmap for cooling that could effectively cut 300 million tons of carbon dioxide annually by 2040. In 2019, India launched the India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP) to promote sustainable cooling measures across various sectors. These measures include indoor cooling for buildings, solar refrigeration for the agriculture and pharmaceuticals sectors, and air-conditioning for passenger transport. The plan aims to reduce electricity-driven cooling demand by up to 25 percent by 2037-38, potentially creating 2 million jobs for trained technicians and decreasing refrigerant demand by about 31 percent over the next two decades. Adopting climate-responsive cooling techniques is essential to ensure that rising temperatures do not disproportionately affect those at the bottom of the economic ladder. The report advocates for incorporating these techniques into India’s affordable housing program, which could benefit over 11 million urban homes and more than 29 million rural houses planned by the government. Public-private investments in district-level cooling technologies are crucial. These advanced systems produce chilled water in a central plant and distribute it to multiple buildings through underground insulated pipes, drastically reducing individual building cooling costs and cutting electricity bills by 20-30 percent compared to the most efficient conventional solutions. The Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA) office in Chandigarh is a prime example of a climate-responsive building, providing cooling in summer and warmth in winter. This model can be widely replicated in future green building projects. To combat rising food and pharmaceutical waste during transportation due to higher temperatures, the World Bank report recommends addressing gaps in cold chain distribution networks. Investments in pre-cooling and refrigerated transport can significantly reduce food loss by about 76 percent and lower carbon emissions by 16 percent. India is determined to phase out the production and use of ozone-depleting hydrochlorofluorocarbons, which are used as coolants in air conditioners and refrigerators. The report emphasizes the need to improve the servicing, maintenance, and disposal of equipment using these substances, and to swiftly transition to alternatives with a lower global warming impact. Understanding the impact of climate change on the workplace, especially for the most affected and vulnerable populations, is essential. Conclusion: The World Bank report strongly recommends accelerating the structural transformation of rural economies by promoting the growth of responsible and sustainable, or “green,” businesses. This approach will decrease the exposure of agricultural workers to extreme temperatures and reduce the need for physical labor in such conditions. Other critical policy measures include developing skills, creating an environment conducive to sustainable enterprises, and making significant public investments in infrastructure to address the climate crisis. India Champions Inclusive Use of Technology at G7 Context: Welcoming leaders from 10 countries, to the “G-7 Outreach” Summit, Italy’s Prime Minister emphasized the importance of moving beyond the traditional “West vs the Rest” narrative. Italy’s decision to invite predominantly Global South countries, including notable BRICS members such as Brazil, India, and the UAE, for an outreach session with seven African countries on energy issues underscored this sentiment. The summit was hosted in the Mediterranean region of Apulia. Relevance: GS2- Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests. Mains Question: The Indian Prime Minister’s recent visit to Italy for the G7 summit marked a significant step in India’s diplomatic engagements and technological ambitions. Discuss. (10 Marks, 150 Words). More on the Summit: The G-7, once regarded as a dynamic group of the world’s most developed democracies, traditionally convened annually to tackle global financial and development challenges with decisive actions. However, recent years have seen manufacturing slowdowns, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and disruptions from the Russia-Ukraine conflict and subsequent sanctions, which have dampened its effectiveness. The electoral uncertainties facing several G-7 leaders further contributed to a sense of diminished influence at the summit. The joint communiqué issued by the G-7 appeared more focused on listing global challenges rather than offering robust solutions. Key highlights included continued military, budgetary, humanitarian, and reconstruction support for Ukraine, yet without a clear strategy to resolve the conflict. Efforts to broker a Gaza ceasefire with Israel also remained unfulfilled. The G-7’s sharp focus on China’s activities in the Indo-Pacific region, industrial targeting, and unfair trade practices was notable. However, it remains uncertain whether any member country will significantly reduce its substantial trade ties with Beijing. The communiqué reaffirmed commitments to several infrastructure corridors, including the India-Middle East-Europe Corridor, yet underscored the group’s limited progress in executing these projects rather than merely discussing them. India @ G7: The Lok Sabha Elections 2024: At the G7 summit, the Indian Prime Minister emphasized India’s recent Lok Sabha election results, framing them as a victory for democracy worldwide. Reflecting on the magnitude of India’s Lok Sabha elections, the Indian Prime Minister drew comparisons with upcoming elections in Europe and the US, emphasizing the unique scale and swift results of Indian elections. He described them as the largest celebration of democracy and highlighted India’s ancient values as the “mother of democracy.” Emphasis on the Global South: At the G7 summit, he reaffirmed India’s commitment to advocating for the priorities and interests of Global South nations globally. Additionally, the Indian Prime Minister held separate meetings with US President Joe Biden and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. On platform X, he expressed his satisfaction in meeting President Biden and highlighted ongoing collaboration between India and the US for global welfare. The Indian Prime Minister underscored India’s dedication to representing Global South priorities, noting the upcoming Global South summits in Delhi in 2023. He also emphasized the importance of collaboration with G7 nations to tackle global challenges. Technology’s Transformative Role: During the G7 outreach session on artificial intelligence (AI), led by Prime Minister Meloni, the Indian Prime Minister emphasized the responsible use of technology. He stressed India’s advocacy for international governance of AI at the G20 summit, advocating for AI to be transparent, fair, safe, accessible, and responsible. French President Emmanuel Macron commended PM Modi’s initiatives on AI and digital public infrastructure as significant contributions during India’s G20 presidency. PM Modi articulated India’s vision of achieving developed nation status by 2047, emphasizing inclusive development that benefits all segments of society. Addressing technology’s transformative impact, PM Modi observed its influence across various domains, from space exploration to addressing cybersecurity challenges. He acknowledged technology’s dual role as an enabler of human progress and a source of challenges like cybersecurity, advocating for its benefits to be equitably shared across society. PM Modi highlighted India’s proactive stance on AI, launching the AI Mission this year under the slogan “AI for All” and leading the Global Partnership for AI to promote international cooperation. On the energy front, another focus of the outreach session, he outlined India’s principles: availability, accessibility, affordability, and acceptability. PM Modi underscored India’s leadership in meeting COP commitments ahead of schedule and its goal to achieve net zero emissions by 2070. Inclusive Growth: He stressed the collective responsibility to ensure that the benefits of technology reach all segments of society, eliminate inequalities, and empower individuals. He advocated for transforming technological monopolies into widespread use, promoting a human-centric approach that enhances human potential. Way Forward: Given the current state of the G-7, India, attending for the eleventh time, may consider evaluating the effectiveness of its engagement. While the summit provided the Indian Prime Minister, now in his third term, an opportunity to meet with some of the world’s top leaders, the meetings themselves did not result in significant outcomes. Scheduled bilateral meetings with key partners like the U.S. and Canada, amidst their complex relationships, did not materialize. Conclusion: Many of these issues might find more suitable discussion in a broader and more inclusive forum like the G-20, while the G-7 may need to reconsider its identity and purpose in light of a rapidly evolving global power landscape.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 19 June 2024

CONTENTS Environmental Performance Index 2024 US National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan Visits India 2024 Kavli Prize Awards Dead Zone Filoboletus Manipularis Matsya 6000 Exercise Tarang Shakti Environmental Performance Index 2024 Context: The Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy and the Columbia Center for International Earth Science Information Network released the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) for 2024. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Overview of the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) Challenges Related to the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) Key Highlights of the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) 2024 India’s Response to the EPI Overview of the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) The Environmental Performance Index (EPI), launched by the World Economic Forum in 2002 under the name Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI), is a biennial assessment tool. It measures countries’ efforts to achieve international environmental policy targets, including the U.N. sustainability goals, the Paris Climate Agreement (2015), and the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. Structure: The 2024 EPI incorporates 58 performance indicators categorized into 11 issues, focusing on three main policy goals: Environmental Health Ecosystem Vitality Climate Change The EPI team converts raw environmental data into scores that rank countries on a 0 to 100 scale, with higher scores indicating better performance. Importance of the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) The EPI promotes global collaboration and knowledge sharing, aiming to achieve a more environmentally secure and equitable world. It underscores the need for strong governance frameworks, including transparency, accountability, and effective policymaking, which are essential for implementing and enforcing environmental regulations. Adequate financial resources are crucial for initiating and maintaining environmental initiatives, allowing nations to invest in sustainable practices and infrastructure. Nations with higher levels of human development, such as education, healthcare, and overall well-being, tend to prioritize environmental sustainability and are more capable of implementing effective measures. Well-structured environmental regulations, along with robust enforcement mechanisms, are vital for mitigating environmental degradation and ensuring compliance with sustainability standards. Challenges Related to the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) Measuring biodiversity loss or ecosystem health can be challenging due to complex dynamics and the lack of standardized methodologies across different regions. Some developing countries may lack efficient monitoring systems or face challenges in collecting comprehensive environmental data, resulting in incomplete assessments. Economic development may sometimes be prioritized over environmental protection, leading to potential conflicts or resistance in adopting EPI recommendations. Countries heavily reliant on resource extraction or fossil fuel-based industries may find it difficult to transition to more sustainable practices. Developing nations might struggle to allocate sufficient funds or expertise for environmental projects, and developed countries may not provide adequate financial support for mitigation. Addressing transboundary issues like air pollution, water management, or wildlife protection often necessitates multilateral agreements and collaborative efforts. Key Highlights of the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) 2024 Leading Nation: Estonia leads the index by achieving a 59% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990 levels. Top Performers: Only five countries — Estonia, Finland, Greece, Timor-Leste, and the United Kingdom — are on track to reduce GHG emissions to reach net zero by 2050. Lowest Performing Regions: Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia rank lowest among the eight regions evaluated. Progress and Challenges: Except for the United Kingdom, other countries identified in the 2022 EPI report as being on track to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 have shown either slow progress (e.g., the United States) or increasing emissions (e.g., China, India, Russia). India’s Ranking: India ranks 176th out of 180 countries with a score of 27.6 points, ranking higher only than Pakistan, Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar. India performs poorly in categories such as air quality, emissions, and biodiversity conservation, primarily due to its heavy reliance on coal, contributing significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. India is ranked 177th in air quality and 172nd in projected emissions by 2025. Transboundary Pollution: In South Asia, India is the largest emitter of transboundary pollution, impacting neighboring Bangladesh and affecting residents’ well-being. Renewable Energy Investments: Despite its low overall ranking, India fares better in the climate change category (133rd), attributed to investments in renewable energy and a commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2070. Achieving these goals will require an additional USD 160 billion annually in climate change mitigation investments. New Metrics: The 2024 EPI introduces pilot indicators to measure the effectiveness and stringency of protected areas. India’s Response to the EPI Extended Timeframe: India contends that the calculations should consider a longer period (10 to 20 years) and include renewable energy capacity and usage, additional carbon sinks, and energy efficiency measures implemented by respective countries. Rate of Change: The calculation of projected GHG emissions by 2050 is based on the average rate of change in emissions over the last 10 years, which India deems inadequate. Carbon Sinks: India’s forests and wetlands, which act as crucial carbon sinks, have not been considered in the projected GHG emissions trajectory up to 2050 in the EPI 2024. Ecosystem Condition: While the index measures the extent of ecosystems, it does not evaluate their condition or productivity. Exclusion of Critical Indicators: The index does not include indicators such as agro-biodiversity, soil health, food loss, and waste, which are crucial for developing countries with large agrarian populations. -Source: The Hindu US National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan Visits India Context: In the first official visit from the US since Prime Minister Narendra Modi was re-elected for a third term, US National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan met National Security Advisor Ajit Doval in Delhi. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: News Summary What is the Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET)? National Security Council (NSC) of India News Summary Bilateral Talks: India’s National Security Advisor, Ajit Doval, held a bilateral meeting with the US’ National Security Advisor, Jake Sullivan, in New Delhi. Agreed Areas of Cooperation: They agreed to enhance cooperation in various domains including Defence technology, Space, Artificial Intelligence, High-Performance Computing, and critical minerals. Commitments: Both sides committed to taking concrete steps in the upcoming months to overcome long-standing obstacles in bilateral strategic trade, technology, and industrial cooperation, including commercial and civil space sectors. iCET Meeting: They co-chaired the second meeting of the India-U.S. initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET). What is the Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET)? Framework: The iCET is a framework agreed upon by India and the U.S. to foster cooperation in critical and emerging technologies. Technologies: The initiative focuses on artificial intelligence, quantum computing, semiconductors, and wireless telecommunication. Announcement: Prime Minister Modi and President Biden announced the framework during the Quad meeting in Tokyo in May 2022. Launch: It was officially launched in 2023 to bolster strategic partnership and promote technology and defence cooperation between the two nations. Focus Areas of iCET Primary Goal: The iCET aims to establish New Delhi and Washington D.C. as “trusted technology partners” to develop supply chains and support the co-production and co-development of technologies. Key Focus Areas: Research Partnership: Establishing a research agency partnership to collaborate on Artificial Intelligence. Defence Cooperation: Creating a new defence industrial cooperation roadmap to speed up technological collaboration for joint development and production. Standards Development: Developing common standards in Artificial Intelligence. Defence Technological Cooperation: Formulating a roadmap to enhance defence technological cooperation and an ‘innovation bridge’ to connect defence startups. Semiconductor Ecosystem: Supporting the development of a semiconductor ecosystem. Human Space Flight: Strengthening cooperation on human space flight. 5G and 6G Development: Advancing cooperation on the development of 5G and 6G technologies. OpenRAN Technology: Adopting OpenRAN network technology in India. National Security Council (NSC) of India Primary Role: The NSC is the main advisory body to the Prime Minister on national security and strategic interests. Establishment: The council was established in 1998 by then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, with Brajesh Mishra as the first National Security Advisor (NSA). Composition of the NSC: Head: Prime Minister Oversees all aspects of national security and strategic policy. National Security Advisor: Acts as the primary advisor to the Prime Minister on national security matters. Coordinates with various ministries, agencies, and departments involved in national security. Members: National Security Advisor (NSA) Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) Deputy National Security Advisors Union Ministers of Defence, External Affairs, Home, Finance Vice Chairman of the NITI Aayog Functions of the NSC: Policy Formulation and Coordination Intelligence Assessment Strategic Planning Crisis Management International Security Cooperation Historical Note: Before the formation of the NSC, these functions were managed by the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister. -Source: Indian Express 2024 Kavli Prize Awards Context: Recently, eight scientists were awarded the 2024 Kavli Prize for their contributions to astrophysics, neuroscience, and nanoscience. All eight scientists awarded the Prize this year are professors at leading American universities. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Kavli Prize Kavli Medal Kavli Prize Overview: The Kavli Prize is an international award recognizing outstanding achievements in astrophysics, nanoscience, and neuroscience. It is awarded biennially and was established in 2008 by Norwegian-American businessman and philanthropist Fred Kavli. Administered by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, in partnership with the Kavli Foundation and the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research. Comparison with Nobel Prize: The Kavli Prize is similar to the Nobel Prize in the fields of astrophysics, neuroscience, and nanoscience. Unlike the Nobel Prize, which is awarded for achievements made “during the preceding year,” the Kavli Prize recognizes achievements without this restriction. 2024 Winners: Astrophysics: Winners: David Charbonneau (Harvard University) and Sara Seager (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Achievements: Discoveries and characterization of exoplanets and their atmospheres. Contributions: Pioneered methods for detecting atomic species in planetary atmospheres and measuring thermal infrared emissions, crucial for identifying molecular fingerprints in planetary atmospheres. Nanoscience: Winners: Robert Langer (MIT), Armand Paul Alivisatos (University of Chicago), and Chad Mirkin (Northwestern University). Contributions: Langer: Nano-engineering for controlled drug delivery systems. Alivisatos: Development of semiconductor quantum dots for bio-imaging. Mirkin: Concept of spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) for applications in gene regulation and immunotherapy. Neuroscience: Winners: Nancy Kanwisher (MIT), Winrich Freiwald (Rockefeller University), and Doris Tsao (University of California, Berkeley). Achievements: Mapping brain functions related to facial recognition using neuroimaging and neuronal recording techniques, identifying brain centres and neural architectures involved in face processing. Kavli Medal Description: The Kavli Medal, separate from the Kavli Prize, is awarded annually for excellence in environmental science and engineering. Eligibility: Open to UK, Commonwealth, or Irish Republic citizens or residents with at least three years of residency. Targets early career scientists within 15 years of their PhD, excluding career breaks. Selection Process: Recipients are chosen by the Royal Society Council based on recommendations from the Joint Physical and Biological Sciences Awards Committee. Nominations are valid for five years; candidates must wait a year before being re-nominated after this period. -Source: Indian Express Dead Zone Context: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is forecasting an above-average summer “dead zone” in the Gulf of Mexico covering approximately 5,827 square miles. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: About Dead Zones How are Dead Zones Formed? About Dead Zones Definition: The term “dead zone” or “hypoxia” refers to low-oxygen areas in the world’s lakes and oceans. Because most organisms need oxygen to live, few organisms can survive in hypoxic conditions, leading to these areas being termed dead zones. Hypoxic zones can occur naturally, but human activities can also lead to the creation of new dead zones or the worsening of existing ones. How are Dead Zones Formed? Eutrophication Process: Dead zones occur due to eutrophication, which happens when a body of water is overloaded with nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen. Normally, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) feed on these nutrients. Excessive nutrients cause a rapid overgrowth of algae, known as algae blooms. Dead zones form when these algae die, sink to the bottom, and are decomposed by bacteria, a process that depletes dissolved oxygen from the surrounding water. Dense algae blooms block sunlight, preventing underwater grasses from growing, which negatively impacts animals that rely on these grasses for food and shelter. Human activities often cause these nutrient excesses, leading to dead zones frequently being located near populated coastlines. Influencing Factors: Wind can mix oxygen from the surface into deeper water, helping to break up dead zones. High temperatures can worsen dead zones by creating a layer of warm surface water that traps colder, oxygen-poor water below. Heavy rainfall can increase the amount of pollution washed into waterways. Water Depth and Mixing: Shallow waters are less likely to stratify compared to deep waters, making them less prone to developing hypoxic conditions due to better mixing by winds and tides. Shallow and clear waters that allow light to reach the bottom can support primary producers such as phytoplankton, algae, and seagrasses, which release oxygen during photosynthesis. -Source: Down To Earth Filoboletus Manipularis Context: Recently, researchers have discovered a rare species of bioluminescent mushrooms in the forests of Kasaragod which are scientifically known as Filoboletus manipularis. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Filoboletus manipularis: Species Characteristics: Filoboletus manipularis is an intriguing species of bioluminescent mushroom. These mushrooms emit a bright green glow at night due to a chemical reaction occurring within their cells. Habitat: They thrive in tropical, humid environments, commonly found in dense forests rich in decaying organic matter such as fallen trees and leaves. This moist and nutrient-rich environment is essential for their growth and bioluminescence. Biochemical Process: The glowing property of these mushrooms is due to a chemical reaction involving luciferin (a pigment) and luciferase (an enzyme) in the presence of oxygen. This reaction generates light, similar to the bioluminescence seen in fireflies and certain marine organisms. Advantage: In fungi, this bioluminescent trait is believed to attract insects, aiding in the dispersion of the mushroom’s spores. What are Mushrooms? Role in Ecosystem: Mushrooms are secondary saprophytic fungi within the forest ecosystem. Secondary saprophytic fungi are crucial for decomposing plant litter. The Western Ghats region in Kerala is abundant in fungi, many of which are endemic to this region. -Source: The Hindu Matsya 6000 Context: India is set to become the sixth country to have its own deep-sea mission. The first stage of the harbour trial, reaching depths of 40-50 meters, is planned by September 2024. This mission has the potential to significantly contribute to the overall growth of the Indian economy. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Matsya 6000: A three-person submersible capable of descending to a depth of 6,000 meters. Developed by Chennai’s National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT). Structure: Constructed with 80mm-thick titanium alloy, it can withstand pressures 600 times that at sea level. The submersible can operate continuously for 12 to 16 hours and has an oxygen supply lasting 96 hours. National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT): Establishment: Founded in November 1993 as an autonomous society under the Ministry of Earth Sciences. Objectives: To develop reliable indigenous technologies to address various engineering challenges related to the extraction of non-living and living resources in the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), which covers about two-thirds of India’s land area. Deep Sea Mission: Overview: The Deep Ocean Mission (DOM) is a significant Indian initiative aimed at exploring and utilizing oceanic depths. Details: A five-year mission approved by the Union Cabinet in 2021, with a budget of approximately ₹4,077 crore. The mission’s goals include developing technologies for deep-sea mining, manned submersibles, and underwater robotics, as well as providing ocean climate change advisory services, and conducting deep-ocean surveys and exploration. -Source: Indian Express Exercise Tarang Shakti Context: The Indian Air Force will host an air exercise, Tarang Shakti-2024 in August. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Exercise Tarang Shakti: Description: Exercise Tarang Shakti is the inaugural multinational air exercise hosted by the Indian Air Force (IAF). Objective: To invite and collaborate with friendly foreign countries with whom the IAF interacts regularly and shares a certain degree of interoperability. Phases: Phase 1: Scheduled in southern India during the first two weeks of August. Phase 2: Scheduled in the western sector from the end of August to mid-September. Participating Countries: Australia, France, Germany, Japan, Spain, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Germany will deploy fighter jets and an A-400M transport aircraft. Aims: To foster professional interactions among the participating forces. To enrich the employment philosophy of the forces. To facilitate the exchange of valuable insights. Significance: Provides a unique opportunity for these nations to collaborate and enhance their tactical and operational capabilities. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 18 June 2024

CONTENTS Global Wind Day Exercise Red Flag 2024  Global Wind Day Context: Recently, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) organised ‘Global Wind Day’ on the 15th June 2024 with the theme of “Pawan Urja: Powering the Future of India”. Relevance: Facts for prelims Key points The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) recently celebrated ‘Global Wind Day’ on June 15, 2024, under the theme “Pawan Urja: Powering the Future of India.” The event was focused on acknowledging the achievements of the Indian Wind Sector and exploring strategies to enhance wind energy adoption in the country. As of May 2024, India has achieved a cumulative installed wind power capacity of 46.4 GW, making it the 4th largest in the world, following China, the US, and Germany. Wind energy plays a vital role in India’s goals to reach 50% of its electric power capacity from non-fossil fuel-based sources (500 GW renewable energy capacity) by 2030 and to achieve net zero emissions by 2070. Gujarat, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu are the leading states in wind-energy production in India. Exercise Red Flag 2024 Context: An Indian Air Force (IAF) contingent participated in Exercise Red Flag 2024 conducted at Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska of the United States Air Force, from 04 Jun to 14 Jun 24. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About: The second edition of Ex Red Flag 2024, an advanced aerial combat training exercise held four times annually by the US Air Force, took place recently. Participants included the Indian Air Force, Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF), Royal Air Force (RAF) of the United Kingdom, Royal Netherlands Air Force (RNLAF), German Luftwaffe, and the US Air Force (USAF). Red Flag is an air combat exercise featuring realistic combat scenarios, dividing forces into Red Force (simulating Air Defence with USAF Aggressor Squadron’s F-16 and F-15 aircraft) and Blue Force (simulating Offensive Composite elements). This year marked the debut of the Indian Air Force’s Rafale aircraft in the exercise, operating alongside RSAF and USAF F-16s, F-15s, and A-10s. The missions included Beyond Visual Range combat exercises in Large Force Engagements, focusing on Offensive Counter Air and Air Defence roles.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 18 June 2024

CONTENTS Unleashing AI for Social Justice The Vulnerabilities of India’s Elderly Unleashing AI for Social Justice Context: While AI has significantly impacted areas like medical science, space exploration, financial inclusion, cybersecurity, manufacturing, and transportation, its greatest potential lies in solving complex societal issues and alleviating human hardships at the grassroots level. It shouldn’t be limited to tasks like driving our cars, controlling our air conditioners, writing essays, or improving art. Thus, it’s important to reimagine AI’s role and focus its capabilities on promoting human dignity and social progress. Relevance: GS2- Issues Relating to Development and Management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources. E-governance- applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential. GS3- Indigenization of Technology and Developing New Technology. Mains Question: By prioritising ethical deployment, AI stands poised to become a powerful tool for driving meaningful social change. Discuss. (10 Marks, 150 Words). Role of AI in Societal Change: Upliftment of Marginalized Communities: AI should be used to uplift marginalized communities, enhance social equity, and drive meaningful societal change. In primary education, AI can be instrumental in addressing the fundamental challenges faced by children of migrant laborers and displaced civilians, thereby helping to break the cycle of disadvantage. AI can tackle barriers such as lack of access, resources, language, quality instruction, and personalized support. Adaptive learning platforms and customized educational content can meet individual needs, allowing children to integrate into the mainstream education system seamlessly. This ensures equitable access to educational opportunities for all, regardless of background or circumstances, and helps prevent anyone from falling behind. Eradication of Manual Scavenging: Another urgent issue requiring AI intervention is the eradication of manual scavenging in countries like India. Despite legal prohibitions, manual scavenging continues, exposing individuals to hazardous conditions and stripping them of their basic dignity. AI-powered sanitation systems and robotics, deployed swiftly, can provide a viable solution by automating waste management processes and eliminating the need for manual labor. Access to Justice: Access to justice is another domain where AI can have a substantial impact, leading to quicker resolutions and better outcomes. AI can manage databases, provide legal assistance, and offer support services and information resources to underserved communities. This can help individuals navigate the legal system, understand their rights, and access legal representation, especially in cases involving war crimes, civil rights violations, discrimination, or social injustice. Using AI for social justice initiatives can help combat systemic biases and promote inclusivity by analyzing large datasets to identify patterns of discrimination in various fields, from education to criminal justice. AI-driven decision-making can reduce biases in hiring and law enforcement, ensuring fair and equitable treatment for everyone. Way Forward: The examples above highlight the transformative potential of AI intervention. It is essential to adopt a ground-up approach rather than a top-down one. Safeguards must be in place to prevent algorithmic biases and mitigate risks of misuse or manipulation, making interdisciplinary collaboration between technologists and policymakers crucial to navigate the ethical complexities of AI development and implementation. It’s important to remember that AI is a tool, not a solution. AI can only be considered transformational if it is used to eliminate dehumanizing practices, build social equity, and improve the lives of grassroots communities. Conclusion: Therefore, AI should be harnessed as a force for positive change, ensuring it remains a tool for empowerment and progress. We should focus its capabilities on endeavors that uplift humanity and promote social progress, setting other applications aside for now. The Vulnerabilities of India’s Elderly Context: The aging phenomenon is one of the most significant experiences of this century, characterized by a remarkable increase in human longevity alongside historically low reproduction rates. While the scale and growth of this phenomenon may seem alarming, efforts are being made to redefine it not just by age, but by other related factors influenced by the increase in longevity and changing vulnerabilities. Relevance: GS1- Population and Associated Issues GS2- Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these Schemes Mains Question: What are the concerns associated with the elderly population in India? How have government initiatives performed in this regard and what can be done to make them more effective? (15 Marks, 250 Words). Main Vulnerabilities of the Elderly in India: In India, four main vulnerabilities affecting the elderly are restrictions in daily activities, multi-morbidity, poverty, and lack of income. According to the Longitudinal Ageing Survey of India (LASI, 2017-18), around 20% of the elderly population experiences each of these vulnerabilities. Addressing these issues requires a multi-faceted approach that includes principles of inclusion and social security measures. Considering these vulnerabilities as part of the life course, it is essential to promote life preparatory measures that ensure not only financial independence but also healthy, active, and productive years. Existing Evaluations of the Aging Phenomenon in India: Most evaluations of the aging phenomenon focus on individual attributes and characteristics rather than the circumstances and conditions of later life. The increasing number of elderly people should not be viewed in isolation, as this population transition is happening alongside a familial transition. This familial transition involves changes in household compositions and how the elderly are accommodated within them. There are households without elderly members, those with multiple elderly members, and instances of elderly living together. This arrangement is becoming more common, and issues of dependence, care provision, social security, and financial protection are more prominent in households with elderly members compared to those without. This indicates that the persistence of vulnerabilities among the elderly arises more from household characteristics than individual ones. Prospective Elderly Populations: Comparing today’s elderly with tomorrow’s, future generations may benefit from better education, life preparation, and economic independence, yet they may face health challenges and reduced quality of life due to increased longevity and the prevalence of chronic illnesses. Therefore, the focus of healthy aging should extend significantly to prospective elderly populations. While limitations in activities of daily living (ADL) worsen with age among the current elderly, there is hope that these patterns might be delayed for future elderly populations. By mid-century, the elderly population is projected to reach 319 million, growing at about 3% annually. This group will have a female predominance, with a sex ratio of 1,065 females per 1,000 males, and 54% of elderly women will be widows. Although 6% of elderly men live alone compared to 9% of elderly women, 70% of the elderly will reside in rural areas. These statistics are crucial for targeting welfare measures for this demographic. Associated Concerns: A particularly concerning aspect is the health status of the elderly, with a quarter reporting poor health compared to about 20% of those aged 45 and above. Seventy-five percent of the elderly suffer from one or more chronic diseases, and 40% of those aged 45 and above have some form of disability. With the increasing global burden of disease, diabetes and cancer are notably prevalent among India’s elderly. Mental health is also an emerging concern, with 20% of those over 45 self-reporting ailments, mainly depression, a higher rate than that reported by the elderly. Food insecurity is another issue among India’s elderly, with 6% of those over 45 eating smaller portions or skipping meals, and 5.3% not eating despite being hungry. While these numbers may seem small, they significantly impact nutrition and related health issues. Recognizing these adversities, protection measures have been implemented, including welfare provisions, legal recourse, and concessional measures for the elderly. However, awareness of these measures is very low. Only about 12% are aware of the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007, and just 28% know about the various concessions available to them. Overall, India’s elderly have few expectations from life, and their vulnerabilities expose them to various forms of abuse by family, community, and society. Although only 5% report abuse, it is particularly common for women in rural areas, where they are often the most neglected. Conclusion: There is a pressing need for a movement to create social agency for this vulnerable group. Innovative institutional changes are required to reframe their role from a perceived liability to a valuable asset, focusing on ensuring an active life course for future elderly populations.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 June 2024

CONTENTS Climate Change and the Silk Road India’s Rise as a Strategic Intellectual Hub Path to Peace Summit in Switzerland Truenat Diagnostic Test Recognized at World Health Assembly SDG 7: Energy Progress Report 2024 The Impact of Electromagnets in Modern Life  Climate Change and the Silk Road Context: A recent study by Chinese scientists published in the journal Science Bulletin found that the main route of the ancient Silk Road shifted northward due to climate change. The study provides a valuable case study for examining the relationship between climate change and the spatial evolution of human societies. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: What is the Silk Road? Historical Significance of the Silk Route End of the Silk Route and Modern Revival Efforts The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) What is the Silk Road? Definition: The Silk Road was an extensive network of trade routes linking the Atlantic seaboard of Europe with the Pacific coast of Asia, spanning over 1,500 years. Naming: It was named after the prosperous silk trade that originated in China. Other Goods: In addition to silk, it was used to transport items like spices, gold, and precious stones. Key Cities: This route passed through significant cities and kingdoms such as Samarkand, Babylon, and Constantinople. Historical Background: Establishment: The Silk Road has a history of over 1,500 years, tracing back to the 2nd century BCE when connections between Europe and China were established. Diplomatic Missions: In the 2nd century BCE, Emperor Wu of the Chinese Han Dynasty sent diplomat Zhang Qian to the “Western Regions” (Xinjiang and beyond), which led to the gradual formation of the Tarim Basin route. Zhang Qian’s Role: Zhang Qian is regarded as the “Father of the Silk Road” for his pioneering efforts. Caravan Routes: Caravans traveling from China’s capital Xian used the Tarim Basin route, which was bordered by the Tianshan, Kunlun, and Pamir mountains and included the Takla Makan Desert within the basin. Trade Path: After navigating the Tarim Basin, caravans moved west towards the Levant (modern-day Syria, Jordan, the Holy Land, and Lebanon) and Anatolia, where goods were transferred to ships in Mediterranean ports for further transport to Western Europe. Cultural Exchange: The Silk Road enabled the exchange of goods, people, ideas, religions, and even diseases between the far ends of Eurasia, playing a crucial role in the cultural and economic interactions between Europe and Asia. Route Shifts: Original Route: The initial main route of the Silk Road circled the Tarim Basin, situated between the Tianshan Mountains to the north and the Kunlun Mountains to the south. Merchants selected this route to avoid the harsh desert conditions of the Tarim Basin. Route Changes (420–850 CE): New Route: During 420–850 CE, caravans stopped using the traditional route around the Tarim Basin. Northern Slopes Route: Instead, they began using the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains (in the Junggar Basin in modern-day Xinjiang), historically known as Dzungaria. “New Northern” Route: This new route eventually completely replaced the Tarim Basin route. Consequences of the New Route: Cultural Development: Encouraged the development of the Turco-Sogdian cultural sphere. Trade Facilitation: Improved communication and trade between Chinese dynasties and nomadic empires in Central and West Asia, such as the Khazar Empire. Enhanced Connectivity: Enhanced communication and trade across Eurasia, connecting the Pacific and Atlantic regions. Historical Significance of the Silk Route: Main Trade Route: The Silk Road was the primary trade route, facilitating the exchange of luxury goods like silk, spices, precious metals, and gemstones between regions such as China, India, Persia, Arabia, and the Mediterranean. Economic Impact: This trade route generated substantial wealth and prosperity, contributing to the economic growth and development of societies along the route. Cultural Exchange: The Silk Route enabled the exchange of cultural, artistic, and religious ideas between the East and the West, promoting the spread of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and other beliefs. It also facilitated the transfer of technologies, agricultural practices, and artistic traditions. Cultural Blending: This interaction led to the blending of cultures, languages, and knowledge, enriching cultural heritage and fostering a more interconnected world. Strategic Importance: The Silk Route was a vital network of trade routes, providing power and influence to empires that controlled it. Securing this route led to the establishment of military outposts, fortifications, and diplomatic relationships. Geopolitical Influence: The competition for control over the Silk Road shaped Eurasia’s geopolitical landscape, influencing the rise and fall of civilizations for centuries. Technological Exchange: The Silk Route facilitated the exchange of technological innovations such as the compass, gunpowder, and printing between East and West. Transportation Advancements: It also encouraged the development of advanced transportation methods, including camel caravans and maritime shipping. Modern Impact: The Silk Route continues to influence modern trade and cultural exchanges. Initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative underscore its importance in contemporary economic and geopolitical contexts. End of the Silk Route and Modern Revival Efforts: Closure: The original Silk Route came to an end in 1453 when the Ottoman Empire blocked trade with the West, leading to the separation of Eastern and Western trade routes. Subsequently, more efficient sea routes were discovered for East-West trade. Revival Initiative: In 2013, China launched the “One Belt, One Road” (OBOR) initiative, also known as the Belt and Road Initiative, to revive the Silk Route. Connectivity Goals: This initiative aims to improve connectivity with over 60 countries across Asia, Europe, and East Africa, reviving the spirit of the ancient Silk Road. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a comprehensive development strategy launched in 2013 with the goal of enhancing global connectivity and cooperation. Initially named ‘One Belt, One Road,’ it was later rebranded as the BRI to emphasize inclusivity and openness rather than Chinese dominance. Components of BRI: The BRI consists of two primary components: Silk Road Economic Belt: This focuses on improving overland transportation routes, infrastructure, and trade links across Eurasia. Maritime Silk Road: Emphasizes maritime connections, including ports, shipping routes, and maritime infrastructure projects, extending from the South China Sea through Indo-China, Southeast Asia, the Indian Ocean, and reaching Africa and Europe. Objective: The primary objective of the BRI is to enhance international connectivity by improving infrastructure, trade, and economic cooperation. It encompasses a wide range of projects, including the development of railways, ports, highways, and energy infrastructure. Geographic Corridors: The land-based Silk Road Economic Belt includes six key development corridors: China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) New Eurasian Land Bridge Economic Corridor China-Indochina Peninsula Economic Corridor China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor China-Central Asia-West Asia Economic Corridor China-Myanmar Economic Corridor Economic Impact: Participation in the BRI has led to increased trade and investments with China for the involved countries. Trade with BRI partners experienced an annual growth rate of 6.4%, reaching USD 19.1 trillion between 2013 and 2022. -Source: The Hindu India’s Rise as a Strategic Intellectual Hub Context: In recent years, India’s transformation from a back-office service provider to a strategic intellectual hub for Multinational Corporations (MNCs) has been driven by the rise of Global Capability Centers (GCCs). GCCs are offshore units established by MNCs to perform strategic functions using specialized talent, cost advantages, and operational efficiencies in different locations worldwide. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Key Economic Shifts in India Attributed to the Growth of GCCs Understanding Global Capability Centers (GCCs) Current Status and Benefits of GCCs Impact on Local Economies Key Economic Shifts in India Attributed to the Growth of GCCs Initial Focus: During the 1990s and 2000s, India’s global economic role was largely centered around back-office operations such as telemarketing and data entry. Expansion: India’s economic activities have now expanded to include complex functions like research and development (R&D), analytics, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), robotic process automation, and product development, establishing India as a critical player in global innovation. Education and Skills Development: The increasing demand for skilled professionals from Global Capability Centers (GCCs) is transforming India’s education and training systems. STEM Emphasis: Educational institutions are increasingly focusing on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields, as well as critical thinking and problem-solving skills, to meet the requirements of GCCs. Innovation Hubs: GCCs are evolving from mere task replicators to innovation centers for their parent companies, fostering a culture of research and development in India and leading to new technologies and solutions. Knowledge Transfer: Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are transferring valuable knowledge to the Indian workforce, further bolstering India’s position in the knowledge economy. Job Creation: GCCs are generating high-paying jobs across various sectors beyond traditional IT services, attracting a wide range of talent including engineers, data scientists, and financial analysts. Living Standards: This growth is improving career prospects and living standards for skilled professionals in India. Technological Investment: The presence of GCCs is driving investment in cutting-edge technologies such as AI, cloud computing, and big data analytics, positioning India as a leader in the global IT services market. Global Recognition: The rise of GCCs is showcasing India’s capabilities on the international stage, attracting more foreign investment due to India’s recognized talent and cost-efficiency advantages. Understanding Global Capability Centers (GCCs) Definition: GCCs, also known as Global In-House Centers (GICs), are strategic outposts established by multinational corporations around the world. Function: These centers provide specialized capabilities including IT services, R&D, customer support, and various business functions within the global corporate framework. Examples: General Electric (GE): Has a large GCC in Bangalore focused on R&D and engineering for aviation and healthcare. Nestle: Established a GCC in Lausanne, Switzerland, dedicated to product development and innovation for food and beverage brands. Current Status and Benefits of GCCs Market and Employment: In 2022-23, there were approximately 1,600 GCCs contributing to a USD 46 billion market and employing 1.7 million people. Growth Rate: Professional and consulting services within GCCs are growing rapidly, with a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 31% over the past four years, outpacing computer services (16% CAGR) and R&D services (13% CAGR). Operational Cost Savings: Establishing GCCs in countries with lower operational costs provides significant savings for MNCs. Strategic Functions: GCCs can manage specific functions, freeing up headquarters to focus on core strategies. Local Insights: GCCs provide insights into local markets, customer preferences, and regulatory environments, helping MNCs adapt their strategies for regional success. Impact on Local Economies High-Skilled Jobs: GCCs create high-skilled jobs, boosting the local economy and knowledge base. Technology Adoption: They facilitate knowledge transfer and technology adoption within the host country. Foreign Investment: GCCs can act as catalysts for further foreign investment by showcasing the skilled workforce and favorable business environment in the host country. -Source: The Hindu Path to Peace Summit in Switzerland Context: The two-day Summit on Peace in Ukraine at the Bürgenstock resort in Switzerland concluded recently with hopes for an end to the Russia-Ukraine war. Out of the 100 attending delegations, 80 countries and four organizations supported the final joint communiqué from the Path To Peace Summit, which focused on finding ways to end the Russia-Ukraine war that has been ongoing since February 2022. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: What is the Swiss Peace Summit? Key Outcomes of the Swiss Peace Summit India’s Stand at the Summit Reasons for India’s Non-Signatory Position What is the Swiss Peace Summit? Definition: The Swiss Peace Summit, also referred to as the Summit on Peace in Ukraine, is an international conference focused on addressing and resolving the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine. Location: Held at the Bürgenstock resort in Switzerland, it brings together representatives from various nations and organizations to promote peace initiatives. Goal: The primary aim is to facilitate dialogue and negotiations to end the war that has been ongoing since February 2022. Participants: The summit includes a diverse range of participants, including representatives from many countries, international organizations, and peace advocacy groups. In the recent summit, 80 countries and four organizations endorsed the final joint communiqué. Key Outcomes of the Swiss Peace Summit: Joint Communiqué: A final joint communiqué was issued, supported by 80 countries and four organizations out of the 100 delegations present. This document outlines the consensus and recommendations for achieving peace between Russia and Ukraine. Territorial Integrity: The communiqué emphasized that the territorial integrity of Ukraine should be the foundation for any peace agreement. Key Themes: Nuclear Safety: Any threat or use of nuclear weapons in the conflict is deemed unacceptable. Food Security: Food security should not be weaponized, and Ukrainian agricultural products should be securely and freely available to interested third countries. Prisoner Exchanges: All prisoners of war must be exchanged, and unlawfully displaced Ukrainian children and civilians must be returned to Ukraine. Commitment to Peace: Participants committed to ending the war through continued dialogue and diplomatic efforts. Humanitarian Aid: The importance of providing humanitarian aid to those affected by the conflict was highlighted. International Cooperation: The summit fostered international cooperation and solidarity, with countries pledging to work together to promote peace and stability. India’s Stand at the Summit: Participation: India joined the summit to explore ways towards a negotiated settlement. Representation: India was represented by the Secretary (West) in the Ministry of External Affairs, rather than Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who was invited by Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. India’s strategic ties with Moscow and dependence on Russian defense supplies influenced this decision. Oil Purchases: Since the war began, India has been buying Russian oil at discounted prices to mitigate the impact of rising oil prices. Non-Signatory Decision: India chose not to sign the joint communiqué, stating that only mutually acceptable options can lead to lasting peace. India emphasized that enduring peace can only be achieved through dialogue and diplomacy. Reasons for India’s Non-Signatory Position: Russia’s Absence: Russia, one of the key parties in the conflict, declined to attend the summit, making a lasting peace agreement difficult. Other Non-Signatories: Besides India, countries like Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Thailand, Indonesia, Mexico, and UAE also did not sign the final communiqué. Brazil, listed as an observer, did not feature as a signatory either. -Source: Indian Express Truenat Diagnostic Test Recognized at World Health Assembly Context: Recently, the Truenat, a rapid molecular diagnostic test for pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB and rifampicin-resistant TB, was hailed at the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Truenat About Tuberculosis India’s TB Elimination Target: Goals and Challenges Efforts to Achieve TB Elimination Target of 2025 in India Truenat: Description: Truenat is a portable, battery-powered device capable of delivering test results in less than an hour. It can test for over 40 diseases. Usage in India: It is widely used in over 7,000 primary and community health centers and around 1,500 private laboratories under the National TB Elimination Programme. Global Recognition: The World Health Assembly, the decision-making body of the WHO, has recognized India’s efforts in TB elimination, highlighting the use of Truenat machines and handheld X-ray devices as innovative models for global use. Handheld X-ray Devices: These are utilized in India’s TB program to diagnose TB in difficult operational settings. TB Statistics: According to the WHO, there are over 10 million new TB cases annually. India accounts for 27% of the global TB burden, with over 1,400 deaths daily. National Initiative: Under the Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan, India aims to eradicate TB by 2025. About Tuberculosis TB remains the world’s deadliest infectious killer. Each day, over 4000 people lose their lives to TB and close to 30,000 people fall ill with this preventable and curable disease TB is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Transmission: TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. Symptoms: Cough with sputum and blood at times, chest pains, weakness, weight loss, fever and night sweats. Treatment: TB is a treatable and curable disease. It is treated with a standard 6 month course of 4 antimicrobial drugs that are provided with information, supervision and support to the patient by a health worker or trained volunteer. Anti-TB medicines have been used for decades and strains that are resistant to 1 or more of the medicines have been documented in every country surveyed. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a form of TB caused by bacteria that do not respond to isoniazid and rifampicin, the 2 most powerful, first-line anti-TB drugs. MDR-TB is treatable and curable by using second-line drugs. Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) is a more serious form of MDR-TB caused by bacteria that do not respond to the most effective second-line anti-TB drugs, often leaving patients without any further treatment options India’s TB Elimination Target: Goals and Challenges India has set an ambitious target of eliminating tuberculosis by 2025, five years ahead of the global sustainable development target of 2030. Here are the goals and challenges in achieving this target: Target Goals: India’s national strategic plan 2017-2025 aims to report no more than 44 new TB cases or 65 total cases per lakh population by 2025. The plan also aims to reduce TB mortality to 3 deaths per lakh population by 2025 and eliminate catastrophic costs for affected families. Current Incidence: The estimated TB incidence for 2021 stood at 210 per lakh population. However, achieving the target is a big task as the plan had envisaged an incidence of only 77 cases per lakh population by 2023. Mortality: The estimated TB mortality for the year 2020 stood at 37 per lakh population, which is higher than the 2025 target of 3 deaths per lakh population. Catastrophic Costs: The plan aims to reduce catastrophic costs for the affected family to zero. However, the report states that 7 to 32 per cent of those with drug-sensitive TB, and 68 per cent with drug-resistant TB experienced catastrophic costs. Challenges: India faces several challenges in achieving the TB elimination target, including inadequate funding, weak health infrastructure, low awareness, and poor treatment adherence. End TB Strategy: The goals are in line with the World Health Organisation’s End TB strategy that calls for an 80% reduction in the number of new cases, a 90% reduction in mortality, and zero catastrophic cost by 2030. Efforts to Achieve TB Elimination Target of 2025 in India Active Case Finding: The government is actively looking for TB cases among vulnerable and co-morbid populations and screening for it at health and wellness centers. Notification System: A Ni-kshay portal has been established to track notified TB cases, and the private sector has been called upon to notify all TB cases. Improved Diagnostic Tests: The pandemic has led to improved access to more accurate molecular diagnostic tests like CB-NAAT and TureNat, with 4,760 molecular diagnostic machines covering all districts of the country. Additionally, 79 line probe assay laboratories and 96 liquid culture testing laboratories have been set up for the diagnosis of multi and extremely drug-resistant TB. Universal Drug Susceptibility Test: The government has implemented a universal drug susceptibility test, which determines antibiotic susceptibility for all newly diagnosed cases, ensuring patients are given effective treatment from the outset. Community Engagement Program: The government launched a community engagement program in which Ni-kshay mitras adopt TB patients and provide them with monthly nutritional support. So far, 71,460 Ni-kshay Mitras have adopted about 10 lakh TB patients under the program. -Source: The Hindu SDG 7: Energy Progress Report 2024 Context: SDG 7: Energy Progress Report 2024, released recently, finds that the world remains off course to achieve Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 for energy by 2030. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: About SDG 7: Energy Progress Report 2024 Highlights of the 2024 Report Disparities and Challenges India’s Progress About SDG 7: Energy Progress Report 2024 Introduction: Since its establishment in 2018, the Energy Progress Report has become the primary source of information for tracking progress toward achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7) of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Objective of SDG 7: The goal is to “ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.” Production: The report is produced annually by five custodian agencies: International Energy Agency (IEA) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) World Bank World Health Organization (WHO) Content: The report summarizes global progress on energy access, efficiency, renewable energy, clean cooking, and international cooperation to advance SDG 7. Highlights of the 2024 Report: Electricity Access: The number of people without electricity increased for the first time in over a decade, with 685 million people lacking access in 2022, up by 10 million from 2021, primarily due to rapid population growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Clean Cooking: The world is off track to achieve universal access to clean cooking by 2030. Approximately 2.1 billion people still lack access to clean cooking fuels and technologies, mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Renewable Electricity: Renewable electricity consumption grew by more than 6% year-on-year in 2021, raising the share of renewables in global electricity consumption to 28.2%. Installed Capacity: The installed renewable energy-generating capacity per capita reached a new record in 2022 at 424 watts per capita globally. Disparities and Challenges: Capacity Disparities: Developed countries have 3.7 times more installed capacity (1,073 watts per capita) compared to developing countries (293 watts per capita). Insufficient Efforts: Current efforts are insufficient to achieve SDG 7 on time. India’s Progress: Advancements: Between 2010 and 2021, India, along with China and Indonesia, made significant advancements in modern renewable energy use. Renewable Energy Growth: India recorded one of the highest increases in the use of modern renewable energy, with the share of renewables in total final energy consumption (TFEC) rising by nearly 7 percentage points. International Support: India’s transition to renewable energy has been significantly supported by international financial assistance. Funding: In 2022, India received USD 627 million for 47 renewable energy projects, many of which were valued at less than USD 1 million. A substantial portion of this funding came from Germany and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). Transportation Sector: India’s role in renewable energy extends to the transportation sector, where it, along with the United States, Brazil, Europe, and China, accounts for 85% of renewable energy use. -Source: The Hindu The Impact of Electromagnets in Modern Life Context: Invented in 1824 by William Sturgeon, electromagnets are a fixture of modern life, appearing in loudspeakers, motors, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines, maglev trains, and particle accelerators. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Electromagnets: Definition: Electromagnets are devices that generate a magnetic field when an electric current flows through a coil of wire. Magnetic Field: The magnetic field is concentrated within the coil. The strength of this field can be adjusted by modifying the electric current. When the current stops, the magnetic field vanishes. Construction and Materials: Typically, electromagnets consist of a wire coil wrapped around a core made of ferromagnetic materials like iron. The core enhances the magnetic field’s strength by aligning its magnetic domains. Control: Electromagnets can be activated or deactivated by controlling the electric current. Power: They are more powerful than permanent magnets because the magnetic field can be intensified by the magnetic core. Applications: They are commonly used in various devices such as motors, generators, MRI machines, and magnetic separation equipment. Industrial Uses: Electromagnets are utilized in industries for lifting and moving heavy metal objects, sorting materials, and generating motion. Medical and Consumer Uses: They are also used in medical imaging and consumer devices like electric doorbells and card readers. Energy Requirement: Electromagnets need a continuous supply of electrical power to maintain their magnetic field. As a result, they are less energy-efficient compared to permanent magnets. -Source: The Hindu

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