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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 05 January 2024

CONTENTS Free Movement Regime to end at Myanmar borderExtension of Bharatmala Pariyojana Phase-I DeadlinePrime Minister’s National Relief Fund(PMNRF)Savitribai PhuleGujarat’s Wolf Reintroduction Project: Early SuccessSwadesh Darshan 2.0 SchemeKhadi and Village Industries Commission Free Movement Regime to end at Myanmar Border Context: As per the govt officials, the Union government is all set to scrap the Free Movement Regime (FMR) along the Myanmar border. People living in border areas, who could cross over to India, will soon require visas. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Free Movement Regime (FMR) between India and Myanmar: A Shift in PolicyIndo-Myanmar Border Dynamics: Security and Border Management Free Movement Regime (FMR) between India and Myanmar: A Shift in Policy Introduction to FMR: The Free Movement Regime (FMR) is a bilateral agreement between India and Myanmar allowing border tribes to travel up to 16 km inside the other country without a visa.Launched in 2018 as part of the Act East policy, it aimed to promote movement, trade, and cultural exchange among ethnically similar communities along the border. Historical Context: The boundary demarcated by the British in 1826 divided ethnically similar communities into two nations.FMR intended to address this by enabling free movement without visas, fostering local trade and business. Current Status: FMR has been defunct since 2020, initially due to the COVID-19 pandemic.Post the military coup in Myanmar (2021), and escalating refugee crises, India suspended FMR in September 2022.Concerns arose over unintended consequences, such as illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and gun-running. New Development: The Indian government has decided to conclude the Free Movement Regime with Myanmar.Initiatives include initiating tenders for an advanced smart fencing system along the entire India-Myanmar border. Rationale for the Shift: Insurgent groups exploit FMR to conduct attacks on the Indian side and escape to Myanmar.The move aims to curb illegal immigration, drug smuggling, and gold trafficking.In September 2023, Manipur’s Chief Minister advocated winding up FMR to address concerns related to illegal immigration. Challenges: Potential opposition from states like Nagaland and Mizoram.While acknowledging state concerns, border security and management fall under the Centre’s jurisdiction. Indo-Myanmar Border Dynamics: Security and Border Management Border Characteristics: The Indo-Myanmar border spans 1,643 km, with states like Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, and Mizoram sharing this boundary.The demarcation of 1,472 km out of the total length has been completed, leaving two un-demarcated portions in Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur. Security Concerns: Secessionist Movements:Greater Nagaland movement destabilizes the border, aspiring to include areas from both India and Myanmar.Support to Insurgents and Terrorism:Insurgents in India’s North Eastern states maintain ties with groups in Myanmar, receiving political, economic, logistic, and military support.The porous border facilitates insurgent safe havens.Narcotics Smuggling:India’s proximity to the Golden Triangle results in rampant drug trafficking, especially synthetic drugs to and from Myanmar. Border Management Measures: Security Forces:The Assam Rifles, known as “Friends of the North East People,” is deployed along the Indo-Myanmar border.Modern Surveillance and Security Tools:Deployment of modern weapons and equipment like UAVs, BFSRs, and Laser Range Finders for effective border security.Border Fencing:Initiatives to fence the border to curb infiltration, smuggling, and illegal activities.Comprehensive Border Infrastructure Project:Undertaking a comprehensive project to enhance infrastructure along the India-Myanmar border.Integrated Check Posts (ICPs):Setting up ICPs at major entry points on land borders for streamlined cross-border movements.Border Area Development Programme (BADP):MHA’s developmental initiatives under BADP contribute to a holistic approach to border management. -Source: The Hindu Extension of Bharatmala Pariyojana Phase-I Deadline Context: The government has extended the deadline for the completion of the flagship highway development project, Bharatmala Pariyojana Phase-I, to 2027-28. This decision comes in the wake of a significant increase in the estimated cost of the project by over 100%, indicating a slowdown in implementation and financial constraints. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Bharatmala Pariyojana OverviewEnhancing Project Efficiency: The Way Forward Bharatmala Pariyojana Overview Introduction: Bharatmala Pariyojana is a comprehensive program initiated by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Phases and Timeline: The first phase of Bharatmala was introduced in 2017 with an initial completion target of 2022. Salient Features: Enhanced Effectiveness:Focuses on maximizing the efficiency of existing infrastructure.Multi-Modal Integration:Aims to seamlessly integrate different modes of transportation.Bridging Infrastructure Gaps:Addresses gaps in infrastructure for smooth movement.National and Economic Corridors:Integrates both national and economic corridors for comprehensive development. Key Program Features: Economic Corridors Integration:Enhances connectivity between economically vital production and consumption centers.Inter-Corridor and Feeder Routes:Ensures connectivity for the first mile and last mile.National Corridor Efficiency Improvement:Focuses on lane expansion and decongestion of existing national corridors.Border and International Connectivity Roads:Improves border road infrastructure for maneuverability and boosts trade with neighboring countries.Coastal and Port Connectivity Roads:Strengthens connectivity to coastal areas, fostering both tourism and industrial development.Green-Field Expressways:Introduces expressways to address traffic congestion and enhance efficiency. Project Status: As of November 2023, 42% of the project, equivalent to 15,045 km, has been completed. Challenges: Cost Factors:Challenges include the cost of raw materials and increased land acquisition expenses.High-Speed Corridor Construction:Challenges associated with constructing high-speed corridors.Goods and Services Tax (GST) Impact:Increased GST rates pose a challenge to the project’s progress. Enhancing Project Efficiency: The Way Forward Strategic Procurement: Examine Procurement Methods:Assess strategic procurement methods for acquiring raw materials at competitive prices.Negotiations with Suppliers:Actively participate in negotiations with suppliers to secure favorable rates, especially during market fluctuations. Land Acquisition Practices: Efficient and Transparent Practices:Implement efficient and transparent land acquisition practices to mitigate compensation disputes.Exploration of Alternatives:Explore alternatives such as land pooling and community engagement to streamline the land acquisition process. High-Speed Corridors: Thorough Feasibility Studies:Conduct comprehensive feasibility studies before incorporating high-speed corridors to ensure their viability.Optimized Corridor Designs:Optimize corridor designs to strike a balance between functionality and cost-effectiveness. GST Policies: Advocacy for Stability:Advocate for stable and predictable GST policies to reduce uncertainties in the project.Engagement with Authorities:Engage with government authorities to provide industry insights on the potential impact of tax rate changes. -Source: The Hindu Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund(PMNRF) Context: An acid attack survivor has approached the Delhi High Court seeking additional compensation from the Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund (PMNRF), highlighting delays and challenges in accessing the grant. Relevance: GS II: Welfare schemes for vulnerable Sections Dimensions of the Article: About Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund(PMNRF)Difference between PMCARES and PMNRF in the below table;- About Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund(PMNRF) Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund (PMNRF) in India is the fund raised to provide support for people affected by natural and man made disasters.Natural disasters covered under this include flood, cyclone, earthquake etc. Man made disasters include major accidents, acid attacks, riots etc.The fund is also allotted to the people for treatment like cancer, kidney transplantation, heart surgery etc.The fund was first consolidated during the time of the first prime minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru. Difference between PMCARES and PMNRF in the below table;- >td >td >td >Chairman of the Prime Minister National Relief Fund (PMNRF) is the Prime Minister of India. Other members are from Tata Trusts, representatives of FICCI, Congress President.PMNRF (Prime Minister National Relief Fund)PM CARES Fund [Prime Minister’s Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations Fund]PMNRF (Prime Minister National Relief Fund) was established in January 1948.PM CARES Fund was established on 27th March 2020.PMNRF was established by the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru.Chairman of the PM-CARES fund is the Prime Minister of India. The Prime Minister has the power to nominate members. The other members of the PM CARES Fund are the Defence Minister, Home Minister and Finance Minister.>td >PM CARES Fund allows option for Micro donation, one can donate as low as Rs 10 in the PM CARES Fund.PMNRF focuses on all kinds of natural disasters and calamities like Cyclones, Earthquakes, Floods, Tsunamis etc. The PMNRF funds are also utilized for acid attack victims, cancer treatments, kidney transplants etc.PM CARES fund is exclusively used for COVID-19 purposes.>td >CARES Fund is not being audited by the CAG, and is being audited by a private party appointed directly by the Government of India instead. -Source: The Hindu Savitribai Phule Context Recently, the Prime Minister of India paid tributes to Savitribai Phule on her birth anniversary (3rd January 1831). Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Who was Savitribai Phule?The loud opposition to Phules’ schoolsPhule’s role as a social reformer, beyond educationSavitribai’s literary works Who was Savitribai Phule? A Dalit woman from the Mali community, Savitribai was born on January 3, 1831, in Maharashtra’s Naigaon village.Married off at the tender age of 10, her husband Jyotirao Phule is said to have educated her at home.Later, Jyotirao admitted Savitribai to a teachers’ training institution in Pune.Throughout their life, the couple supported each other and in doing so, broke many social barriers.At a time when it was considered unacceptable for women to even attain education, the couple went on to open a school for girls in Bhidewada, Pune, in 1848.This became the country’s first girls’ school. The loud opposition to Phules’ schools The Phules opened more such schools for girls, Shudras and Ati-Shudras (the backward castes and Dalits, respectively) in Pune, leading to discontent among Indian nationalists like Bal Gangadhar Tilak.They opposed the setting up of schools for girls and non-Brahmins, citing a “loss of nationality”, and believing not following the caste rules would mean a loss of nationality itself.The opposition to the couple was so hostile that eventually Jyotirao’s father Govindrao was forced to kick them out of his house.Savitribai herself faced great animosity from the upper castes, including instances of physical violence.But this would not deter the work and the schools came to be hailed as a success. Phule’s role as a social reformer, beyond education Savitribai Phule advocated inter-caste marriages, widow remarriage, and eradication of child marriage, sati and dowry systems, among other social issues.The Phules also adopted Yashwantrao, the child of a widow, whom they educated to become a doctor. Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha Along with Jyotirao, Savitribai started the Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha (‘Home for the Prevention of Infanticide’) for pregnant widows facing discrimination.This was inspired by a turn of events wherein a young Brahmin widow was sentenced to life imprisonment in the Andamans after she killed her newborn child.The man who had raped the illiterate widow refused to take up any responsibility for the child, driving the widow to infanticide. Satyashodhak Samaj: In 1873, the Phules set up the Satyashodhak Samaj (‘Truth-seekers’ society’), a platform open to all, irrespective of their caste, religion or class hierarchies, with the sole aim of bringing social equity.As an extension, they started ‘Satyashodhak Marriage’ – a rejection of Brahmanical rituals where the marrying couple takes a pledge to promote education and equality. Balyata Pratibandak Gruha: The couple also set up ‘Balyata Pratibandak Gruha’, a childcare centre for the protection of pregnant widows and rape victims.Urging women to break free of caste barriers, Savitribai encouraged them to sit together at her meetings. Husband’s funeral procession At her husband’s funeral procession on November 28, 1890, Savitribai again defied convention and carried the titve (earthen pot).Walking ahead of the procession, Savitribai was the one who consigned his body to the flames, a ritual which is still predominantly carried out by men. Death: Setting an extraordinary example of living a life of compassion, service and courage, Savitribai became involved in relief work during the 1896 famine in Maharashtra and the 1897 Bubonic plague.She herself contracted the disease while taking a sick child to the hospital, and breathed her last on March 10, 1897. Savitribai’s literary works Savitribai Phule published her first collection of poems, called Kavya Phule (‘Poetry’s Blossoms’), at the age of 23 in 1854.She published Bavan Kashi Subodh Ratnakar (‘The Ocean of Pure Gems’), in 1892.Besides these works, Matushri Savitribai Phlenchi Bhashane va Gaani (S’avitribai Phule’s speeches and songs’), and her letters to her husband have also been published. -Source: Indian Express Gujarat’s Wolf Reintroduction Project: Early Success Context: Gujarat’s unique project to reintroduce captive-bred wolves into the wild demonstrates promising early success, marking the first initiative of its kind outside the United States. The endeavor aims to replenish wolf populations, enabling them to function as biocontrol agents, regulating the populations of wild herbivores such as nilgai (blue bulls) and wild boars. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Wolves: Key Information Wolves: Key Information Introduction: Wolves, the largest members of the Canidae family, are known for their imposing physique, dense fur, keen eyes, robust jaws, pointed ears, and a lengthy bushy tail. Ecology and Behavior: Social Animals:Wolves exhibit social behavior, living in packs comprising a breeding pair and their offspring. Packs collaborate in hunting and raising pups.Apex Predators:Primarily hunting large ungulates like deer, elk, and moose, wolves play a vital role in maintaining ecosystem balance.Communicative Masters:Wolves utilize their famous howls for various purposes, including strengthening pack bonds, defending territory, and communicating with other packs. Subspecies Found in India: Grey Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes):Predominantly found in the peninsular region of India.Himalayan or Tibetan Wolf (Canis lupus chanco):Indigenous to the northern regions of India, particularly in Ladakh and the Lahaul and Spiti region of northeastern Himachal Pradesh. Distribution Range in India: Grey Wolf:Distributed across several states, including Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, among others.Himalayan Wolf:Primarily found in the Ladakh region and the Lahaul and Spiti region of northeastern Himachal Pradesh, among other areas. Protection Status: Grey Wolf:IUCN Red List: Least ConcernWildlife Protection Act (India): Schedule ICITES Appendix: IHimalayan Wolf:IUCN Red List: Vulnerable -Source: The Hindu Swadesh Darshan 2.0 Scheme Context: The tourism ministry has included Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary in the Swadesh Darshan 2.0 scheme. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Swadesh Darshan Scheme: Nurturing Sustainable TourismDebrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary Swadesh Darshan Scheme: Nurturing Sustainable Tourism Inception: Launched in 2015 by the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India.Aims to foster sustainable and responsible tourism destinations across India. Funding Mechanism: A 100% centrally funded scheme.Financial assistance provided to State governments, Union Territory Administrations, or Central Agencies for tourism infrastructure development.Operation and Maintenance (O&M;) responsibility lies with the respective State Government/UT Administration. Swadesh Darshan 2.0 (SD2.0): Recently revamped version focusing on comprehensive development:Tourism and allied infrastructure.Tourism services.Human capital development.Destination management and promotion.Backed by policy and institutional reforms. Objectives:Encourage increased private sector investment in tourism and hospitality.Promote Public Private Partnerships (PPP) in tourism and facilitate operation and maintenance of created assets. Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary Location:Situated in the Bargarh district of Odisha, near the Hirakud dam on the Mahanadi River.Significance:Special mention due to its association with freedom fighter Veer Surendra Sai.Declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1985.Vegetation:Encompasses dry deciduous mixed forests.Flora:Abundance of trees including Sal, Asana, Bija, Aanla, Dhaura, etc.Fauna:Rich biodiversity with inhabitants like Tiger, Sloth Bear, Leopard, Hyena, Spotted Deer, Antelopes, Sambar, Gaur, Nilgai, Bison, Langur Monkeys, etc. -Source: The Times of India Khadi and Village Industries Commission Context: The Quality Council of India (QCI) and Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) recently signed an initial pact to enhance the quality of the latter’s products, train artisans, and introduce ‘Made in India’ label for Khadi. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance About Khadi Village Industries Commission: Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) is a statutory body of the Indian Constitution.It comes under the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.It was established by Khadi and Village Industries Act, 1956. It has been amended twice, in 1965 and 2006. Objectives of KVIC The broad objectives of the Khadi Village and Industries Commission encompassing self-reliance and sustainability are: To boost employment in the country.To promote the promotion and sale of Khadi articlesTo cater to the self-reliance doctrine of the country by empowering underprivileged and rural sections of the society. Functions of KVIC The following are the functions of Khadi Village and Industries Commission: It plans, promotes, organizes, and implements programmes for the development of Khadi and Village Industries (KVI).It coordinates with multiple agencies that are engaged in rural development for several initiatives w.r.t khadi and village industries in rural areas.It maintains a reserve of raw materials that can be further promoted in the supply-chain.It aids in creating common service facilities that help in processing of raw materials.It aids the marketing of KVI products through artisans and other avenues.It creates linkages with multiple marketing agencies for the promotion and sale of KVI products.It encourages and promotes research and development in the KVI sector.It brings solutions to the problems associated with the KVI products by promoting research study and enhancing competitive capacity.It also helps in providing financial assistance to the individuals and institutions related to the khadi and village industries.It enforces guidelines to comply with the product standards to eliminate the production of ingenuine products.It is empowered to bring projects, programmes, schemes in relation to khadi and village industries’ development. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 04 January 2024

CONTENTS Union Cabinet Approval for India-Italy Migration and Mobility AgreementIndia’s MICE Promotion and Mega Events Line-up Union Cabinet Approval for India-Italy Migration and Mobility Agreement Context: Recently, the Union Cabinet granted ex-post facto approval to the Migration and Mobility Agreement between India and Italy. Relevance: GS II: International Relations India-Italy Migration and Mobility Agreement: Key Points Objective and Cooperation: The agreement aims to enhance cooperation on issues related to irregular migration while strengthening people-to-people ties between India and Italy. Facilitation of Mobility: The agreement facilitates mobility for various segments, including students, skilled workers, businesspersons, and young professionals, promoting exchange and collaboration. Temporary Residence for Indian Students: Graduates seeking professional exposure in Italy after academic or vocational training can obtain temporary residency for up to 12 months. Reserved Quotas for Workers: The agreement outlines quotas for both non-seasonal and seasonal Indian workers. A reserved quota range is specified for the years 2023-2025 under Italy’s existing Flows Decree, which sets the maximum number of non-EU citizens allowed to enter Italy for work and self-employment. Duration and Renewal: The agreement is valid for 5 years, with automatic renewal unless terminated. Joint Working Group (JWG): A Joint Working Group (JWG) will oversee the implementation of the agreement, convening periodically to assess progress and propose supportive measures for effective execution. India’s MICE Promotion and Mega Events Line-up Context: The Ministry of Commerce & Industry is actively promoting India as a global MICE destination, aiming to showcase the country’s MSME sector, traditional handicrafts, artisanal offerings, weavers, and manufacturing capabilities on the international stage. Additionally, the Ministry has unveiled India’s ambitious line-up of Mega Events for the coming months, including Aatmanirbhar Bharat Utsav, Indus Food, Bharat Mobility Global Expo 2024, and Bharat Tex. Relevance: Facts for Prelims MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, and Exhibitions): Key Insights Definition and Scope: MICE is a term in the tourism and events industry representing business and corporate tourism.Involves organizing events, meetings, conferences, exhibitions, and incentives for companies and groups to facilitate networking, knowledge exchange, and business collaborations. Objectives: Aims to create a networking platform for business, industry, government, and the academic community, fostering meaningful conversations. Infrastructure and Global Rankings: Core MICE infrastructure in India is comparable to developed countries.India’s consistent improvement in World Bank Ease of Doing Business and WEF Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Rank (54th in 2021). India’s Progress and Global Scenario: Rapid progress in areas like Information Technology and Scientific Research.In the International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA) Country and City Rankings 2019, the USA, Germany, and France led in international association meetings.India ranked 28th with 158 meetings in the 2019 ICCA ranking. Challenges and Strategies: Indian MICE has less than 1% share in the estimated global MICE business.Strategies include the “Meet in India” brand promotion, providing infrastructure status for financing MICE infrastructure, and skill development for the MICE industry.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 04 January 2024

CONTENTS Square Kilometer Array ObservatoryShifting Dynamics in Indian Inflation: A Supply and Demand AnalysisChallenges Amidst Global Conflicts in 2023Snow LeopardLitchi Cultivation Expansion: A Nationwide Horticulture Boost in IndiaSouth Africa’s Urgent Move to ICJ on Israel and Genocide ConventionIndian Telecom Operators Seek Spectrum Auction for D2M Technology Square Kilometer Array Observatory Context: Scientists in India will now also be part of the international mega-science project, the Square Kilometer Array Observatory (SKAO), that will function as the world’s largest radio telescope. India’s Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) is amongst the world’s six large telescopes. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Radio TelescopesSquare Kilometer Array Observatory (SKAO): Overview and India’s RoleGiant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT)Gravitational Waves Radio Telescopes: Detection of Radio Waves: Radio telescopes are instruments designed to detect and amplify radio waves emanating from space, converting them into signals for astronomers to decipher. Universal Observations through Light Waves: Astronomy involves observing various waves of light.Stars, galaxies, and celestial objects emit visible light as well as electromagnetic waves like radio waves, gamma rays, X-rays, and infrared radiation. Components of a Radio Telescope: A basic radio telescope consists of three essential components:One or more antennas pointed towards the sky to gather radio waves.A receiver and amplifier to strengthen the weak radio signals to measurable levels.A recorder to document and preserve the received signals. Versatility of Radio Telescopes: Radio telescopes are operational both day and night, providing astronomers with continuous opportunities for observation. Square Kilometer Array Observatory (SKAO): Overview and India’s Role The Square Kilometer Array is an international radio telescope project situated in Australia and South Africa.Its construction in the southern hemisphere is chosen for the optimal view of the Milky Way galaxy and minimal radio interference.Participating countries include the UK, Australia, South Africa, Canada, China, France, India, Italy, and Germany. Objective: Aims to construct and operate cutting-edge radio telescopes to revolutionize our understanding of the Universe, fostering global collaboration and innovation. Construction Phases: The project has two construction phases: SKA1 (current) and a potential future phase known as SKA2.Construction began in December 2022 in both South Africa and Australia. Headquarters: Jodrell Bank Observatory, United Kingdom. India’s Role: India, through the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA) and other institutions, has been involved in SKAO’s development since the 1990s.India’s primary contribution is in developing and operating the Telescope Manager element, the crucial software enabling the telescope’s functionality.NCRA led an international team from nine institutions and seven countries in this software development.Countries must sign and ratify the SKAO convention to formalize their membership.Recently, the Central Government of India decided to join the project, allocating a financial sanction of Rs 1,250 crore. Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) GMRT is a low-frequency radio telescope used for investigating various radio astrophysical phenomena, ranging from nearby solar systems to the edge of the observable universe.It is located at Khodad, situated 80 km north of Pune, and is operated by the National Centre of Radio Astrophysics (NCRA).The NCRA is a part of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) based in Mumbai.GMRT is a project of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and operates under the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR).The telescope consists of 30 fully-steerable dish-type antennas, each with a diameter of 45 meters, spread over a 25-km region.Presently, GMRT holds the distinction of being the world’s largest radio telescope operating at meter wavelengths. The objectives of GMRT include: Detecting highly redshifted spectral lines of neutral Hydrogen: GMRT aims to detect the faint signals of neutral Hydrogen in its highly redshifted state.This can provide insights into the early phase of the Universe when proto-clusters or protogalaxies were forming before condensing into galaxies.Redshift, in this context, refers to the change in the wavelength of the signal based on the object’s location and movement. Studying rapidly-rotating Pulsars in our galaxy: GMRT is also used to search for and study pulsars, which are rapidly rotating neutron stars with extremely high densities.Pulsars emit regular radio beams that flash towards the Earth, similar to how a lighthouse emits beams.By studying pulsars, scientists can gain valuable information about their properties, behavior, and the surrounding environment. Significance of GMRT The significance of GMRT lies in its unique capabilities and contributions to various fields of astrophysics. Some key points highlighting its significance are: Wide frequency bandwidth: GMRT operates within the frequency range of 100 MHz to 1,500 MHz, allowing it to observe a broad range of radio emissions and signals from celestial objects.This wide frequency coverage enables the study of diverse astrophysical phenomena. International collaboration: GMRT is highly sought-after by scientists from more than 30 countries, demonstrating its recognition and importance in the global scientific community.Its capabilities and data are valuable for researchers worldwide. Tracing the evolution of galaxies: GMRT plays a crucial role in understanding the evolution of galaxies over cosmic time.By detecting and analyzing the radio emissions from atomic hydrogen (21 cm wavelength), GMRT enables scientists to trace the distribution and behavior of neutral gas in galaxies.This gas is essential for star formation and provides insights into the processes involved in galaxy evolution. Studying distant galaxies: GMRT’s large collecting area and sensitivity allow for the detection of faint radio signals emitted by distant galaxies.This is particularly important when studying the 21 cm emission from atomic hydrogen in distant galaxies, which is otherwise challenging to detect.GMRT’s data contributes to our understanding of galaxies across different cosmological periods. Wide range of astrophysical studies: GMRT’s capabilities extend beyond galaxy evolution.Its large collecting area and frequency coverage make it a useful instrument for studying various astrophysical phenomena.This includes investigating solar and planetary radio emissions, studying the relationship between solar activity and disturbances in the interplanetary medium, and exploring other frontier areas of astrophysics. Gravitational Waves Gravitational waves are space-time ripples resulting from violent and energetic processes in the Universe.Albert Einstein predicted their existence in 1916 through his general theory of relativity.According to Einstein’s mathematics, massive accelerating objects, such as orbiting black holes or neutron stars, disrupt space-time, causing undulating waves to propagate in all directions.These waves carry information about their origins and provide insights into the nature of gravity.Massive objects like neutron stars or black holes orbiting each other are sources of gravitational waves. Production of Gravitational Waves Cataclysmic events, including colliding black holes, supernovae, and colliding neutron stars, generate the strongest gravitational waves.Gravitational waves can also be produced by non-spherical rotating neutron stars and possibly remnants of gravitational radiation from the Big Bang. Feature Gravitational waves are challenging to detect due to their weak interaction with matter.Interferometers, highly sensitive instruments, have been developed to detect these waves.The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) is a well-known example that achieved the first direct detection of gravitational waves in 2015. -Source: The Hindu, Indian Express Shifting Dynamics in Indian Inflation: A Supply and Demand Analysis Context: The Reserve Bank of India’s recent observations reveal a noteworthy shift in the dynamics of inflation in India, with supply and demand factors playing crucial roles. Over the period from January 2019 to May 2023, approximately 55% of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) headline inflation is attributed to supply-side factors, while demand drivers contributed 31%. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Causes of Inflation in Recent Years in IndiaMethodology for Assessing Inflation CausesUnderstanding Inflation: Definition and Impact Causes of Inflation in Recent Years in India Impact of Covid-19 Waves: Supply disruptions during both Covid-19 waves were the primary contributors to inflation.Pandemic-induced lockdowns led to a significant drop in production and demand, causing a sharp decline in economic growth.Weakened demand during this phase also led to a reduction in commodity prices. Reopening Challenges: The reopening of the economy, coupled with vaccine distribution and pent-up demand release, resulted in a faster recovery of demand compared to supply.This imbalance exerted upward pressure on commodity prices.The Russia-Ukraine conflict in 2022 intensified supply chain challenges, compounding commodity price pressures. Methodology for Assessing Inflation Causes Monthly Shifts in Prices and Quantities: Inflation’s nature is determined by unforeseen shifts in prices and quantities within a month.Demand-driven inflation occurs when prices and quantities move in the same direction, while supply-driven inflation sees prices and quantities moving in opposite directions. Supply-Driven Inflation Indicators: Unexpected changes in prices and quantities moving in opposite directions indicate supply-driven inflation.A decrease in supply linked with a lower volume but increased prices, and vice versa, characterizes supply-driven inflation. Combining Demand and Supply Factors: Assessing overall headline inflation involves combining demand and supply factors at the sub-group level using CPI weights. Headline Inflation Measurement: Headline inflation is a comprehensive measure of total inflation within an economy, encompassing volatile commodities like food and energy.Calculated through the Consumer Price Index (CPI), it determines inflation by assessing the cost of purchasing a fixed basket of goods. Understanding Inflation: Definition and Impact Definition of Inflation: Inflation, according to the International Monetary Fund, is the rate of increase in prices over a specified period, encompassing a broad measure of overall price increases or specific goods and services.It signifies the rising cost of living, indicating the increase in the expense of a set of goods and/or services over a defined period, typically a year. Impact of Inflation in India: In India, the impact of inflation is particularly significant, given economic disparities and a large population. Causes of Inflation: Demand-Pull Inflation:Occurs when the demand for goods and services surpasses their supply.High overall demand in the economy prompts consumers to pay more for available goods and services, resulting in a general price increase.A booming economy with substantial consumer spending can create excess demand, exerting upward pressure on prices.Cost-Push Inflation:Driven by an increase in the production costs for goods and services.Factors such as increased incomes, rising costs of raw materials, or disruptions in the supply chain contribute to this type of inflation.Built-In or Wage-Price Inflation:Described as a feedback loop between wages and prices.When workers demand higher wages, businesses may raise prices to cover increased labor costs.Collective bargaining by labor unions can lead to higher wages, escalating production costs and subsequently causing higher prices for goods and services. -Source: The Hindu Challenges Amidst Global Conflicts in 2023 Context: Despite India’s emphasis on an era of peace, the year 2023 saw significant conflicts, including the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the ongoing war in the Gaza Strip. These destructive conflicts, coupled with China’s assertive behavior, present substantial challenges and disrupt diplomatic efforts, causing concern not only in the West but also in India. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Overview of 2023 Global Geopolitical TrendsUpcoming Challenges for India in 2024 Overview of 2023 Global Geopolitical Trends Disruption in Israel-Arab Reconciliation: Two years of efforts to normalize ties between Israel and the Arab world were disrupted by a Hamas attack, leading to casualties and hostages.Israel’s disproportionate response garnered criticism, derailing the Israeli-Arab reconciliation process. Bilateral Ties with the U.S.: Despite successful visits, bilateral ties between India and the U.S. faced challenges over allegations of an Indian official’s link to an assassination plot against a Khalistani separatist in the U.S.India’s response differed from its reaction to a similar accusation from Canada, emphasizing commitment to the rule of law. Funding Challenges in Ukraine War: Funding challenges for the West in the ongoing Ukraine war, with obstacles to assistance from the U.S. Congress and Hungary in the EU.Putin’s imminent re-election and the resilient Russian economy, coupled with Moscow’s proximity to Beijing, cause concern in the West. Geopolitical Shifts in Maldives: The Maldivian government, close to China, asks India to withdraw military personnel and signals the termination of a water survey pact. China as a Strategic Challenge: China remains India’s major strategic challenge, with the ongoing Border Standoff and concerns about Moscow’s economic dependence on Beijing.The Maldives aligning with China in the Indian Ocean adds to India’s strategic concerns. India’s Diplomatic Success at G20: India surprises the international community by negotiating a joint declaration at the G20 summit.New Delhi’s mobilization of developing and less developed countries under the Global South umbrella is seen as a continuation of India’s Non-Alignment legacy in the 21st century. Change in Afghanistan Embassy Leadership: Change of guard in the Afghanistan embassy in New Delhi, with reassurances that Taliban symbols won’t be displayed. Upcoming Challenges for India in 2024 Resolution of ‘Assassination Plot’ Issue with the U.S.: Resolving the alleged Indian official link to an assassination plot in the U.S. poses a challenge, with the absence of the U.S. President at Republic Day causing delays in the Quad summit. Managing Ties with Canada and the U.S.: Canada’s allegations strain ties, but public support backs India’s response. Different approaches are required for the U.S. and Canada issues due to their distinct importance for India. Ties with Pakistan and Elections: India-Pakistan ties have remained strained since 2019, with elections due in Pakistan after February 2024. The outcome may influence the dynamics between the two countries. Bangladesh Elections and Security Imperatives: Bilateral ties with Bangladesh under the Sheikh Hasina government have seen positive momentum. India will be keen on her return to power, driven by security imperatives and concerns about the opposition. Ongoing Border Standoff with China: The border standoff with China, ongoing since 2020, remains a critical challenge. Any escalation may impact the security environment and India’s domestic political atmosphere. Diplomatic Stance in Israel-Hamas Conflict: India’s evolving stance in the Israel-Hamas conflict presents complex diplomatic challenges that require careful navigation. Balancing Russian Oil Imports and U.S. Pressure: Balancing India’s interests in importing Russian oil while navigating pressure from the U.S. amid the ongoing war shapes the country’s foreign policy strategy. -Source: The Hindu Snow Leopard Context: Kyrgyzstan has officially declared the Snow Leopard(Panthera uncia) as its national symbol, signifying its commitment to conservation and ecological balance. Relevance: GS III- Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: About the Snow leopardSnow Leopards in India and their conservation About the Snow leopard The snow leopard is a large cat native to the mountain ranges of Central and South Asia.It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.The snow leopard, like all big cats, is listed on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES), which makes trading of animal body parts (i.e., fur, bones and meat) illegal in CITES signatory countries.Global population is estimated to number less than 10,000 mature Snow Leopards.It inhabits alpine and subalpine zones at elevations from 3,000 to 4,500 m.It is threatened by poaching and habitat destruction following infrastructural developments. Snow Leopards in India and their conservation In India, their geographical range encompasses a large part of the western Himalayas including the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh in the eastern Himalayas. The last three states form part of the Eastern Himalayas – a priority global region of WWF and the Living Himalayas Network Initiative.Project Snow Leopard (PSL): It promotes an inclusive and participatory approach to conservation that fully involves local communities.SECURE Himalaya: Global Environment Facility (GEF)-United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) funded the project on conservation of high-altitude biodiversity and reducing the dependency of local communities on the natural ecosystem. This project is now operational in four snow leopard range states, namely, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Sikkim. -Source: The Hindu Litchi Cultivation Expansion: A Nationwide Horticulture Boost in India Context: The cultivation of litchi, traditionally confined to Muzaffarpur, Bihar, has experienced substantial growth, extending to 19 Indian states. This notable expansion is attributed to the initiatives of the National Research Centre on Litchi (NRCL) based in Muzaffarpur, Bihar, showcasing a positive trend in horticulture across the country. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Key Facts about LitchiHorticulture Key Facts about Litchi Botanical Background:Litchi belongs to the Sapindaceae family, recognized for its delectable and juicy translucent aril or edible flesh.Climate and Growing Conditions:Thrives in sub-tropical climates and prefers moist conditions.Flourishes in regions with low elevation, up to approximately 800 meters.Ideal Soil and Sensitivity to Temperature:Optimal soil for cultivation is deep, well-drained loamy soil enriched with organic matter.Sensitive to extreme temperatures, with intolerance to temperatures above 40.5 degrees Celsius in summer or freezing temperatures in winter.Impact of Rain on Cultivation:Prolonged rain, particularly during flowering, can disrupt pollination and adversely affect the crop.Traditional Cultivation Regions in India:Historically cultivated in the northern Himalayan foothills, from Tripura to Jammu & Kashmir, and plains of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.Expansion of Cultivation in India:Due to increased demand and viability, cultivation has expanded to states such as Bihar, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh.Leading States in Litchi Production:Bihar accounts for nearly 40% of India’s litchi production, followed by West Bengal (12%) and Jharkhand (10%).Global Production and Rankings:India ranks as the second-largest global producer of litchi, following China.Other significant litchi-producing countries include Thailand, Australia, South Africa, Madagascar, and the United States. Horticulture: Horticulture involves the science, art, and practice of cultivating fruits, vegetables, flowers, ornamental plants, and various crops.Encompassing a wide range of activities, it includes plant cultivation, management, propagation, and enhancement for human use and enjoyment. Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH): MIDH is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme designed for the comprehensive advancement of the horticulture sector, covering fruits, vegetables, and related areas.Government of India contributes 60% of the total outlay for developmental programs in states (except North Eastern and Himalayan states where GOI contributes 90%), while State governments contribute 40%. Horticulture Cluster Development Programme: A central sector initiative focused on the growth and development of identified horticulture clusters to enhance their global competitiveness.A horticulture cluster refers to a regional/geographical concentration of targeted horticulture crops. -Source: The Hindu South Africa’s Urgent Move to ICJ on Israel and Genocide Convention Context: Recently, South Africa has urgently approached the International Court of Justice (ICJ), seeking an order declaring Israel in violation of its obligations under the 1948 Genocide Convention. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Genocide Convention 1948: A Definition and FrameworkKey Facts about the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Genocide Convention 1948: A Definition and Framework The term ‘genocide’ is commonly used informally to describe attacks on various communities globally. Definition in the UN’s Convention (1948): The UN’s Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, established in 1948, provides a defined criteria for the term.Genocide, as per the convention, involves acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group, including killing members, causing serious bodily or mental harm, inflicting conditions leading to physical destruction, imposing measures to prevent births, and forcibly transferring children. Applicability in Time: The convention considers genocide a crime whether committed during wartime or peacetime.India ratified the convention in 1959, although no specific legislation on the subject currently exists. Key Facts about the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Establishment and Official Languages: Established in June 1945, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the UN.French and English are the official languages of the Court. Powers and Functions: The ICJ handles legal disputes between States (contentious cases) and provides advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by UN organs and specialized agencies (advisory proceedings).Advisory proceedings are limited to five UN organs and 16 specialized agencies.Judgments in contentious cases are final and binding on the involved parties, while advisory opinions are not binding. Composition: The ICJ consists of 15 judges from different countries, elected for nine-year terms by the UN General Assembly (UNGA) and the UN Security Council (UNSC).Candidates need an absolute majority of votes in both UNGA and UNSC for election.One-third of the Court’s composition is renewed every three years.Once elected, a member of the Court represents neither their own government nor any other State. -Source: The Hindu Indian Telecom Operators Seek Spectrum Auction for D2M Technology Context: Indian telecom operators have formally requested the government to conduct an auction for the spectrum designated for direct-to-mobile (D2M) technology services. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Direct-to-Mobile (D2M) Technology: Revolutionizing Content Delivery Underlying Science: D2M technology operates on a principle similar to FM radio, utilizing a receiver within the device to access diverse radio frequencies. Broadband-Broadcast Fusion: A cutting-edge fusion of broadband and broadcast, D2M leverages mobile phones to capture territorial digital TV signals. Streaming without Internet Dependency: D2M facilitates the direct streaming of multimedia content, including live TV matches, to mobile phones without relying on internet connectivity. Versatility of D2M: D2M ensures the direct and reliable delivery of emergency alerts, authentic disaster management audio content, and citizen-centric information, all without dependence on internet or cellular networks. Benefits for Consumers: Consumers benefit from reduced reliance on internet data consumption for staying informed and entertained. Challenges: D2M technology is still in the developmental stage.A significant challenge lies in bringing various stakeholders, including telecommunications, on board to launch D2M technology on a wide scale. -Source: Times of India

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 03 January 2024

CONTENTS Sickle Cell AnaemiaDesert Cyclone 2024 Sickle Cell Anaemia Context: A significant milestone has been crossed by the Health Ministry. More than 1 crore people have been screened for Sickle Cell Disease under the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Sickle Cell AnaemiaSymptomsTreatmentIndian Government Initiatives to reduce Sickle Cell AnaemiaAbout the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission Sickle Cell Anaemia Haemoglobin which is tasked with carrying oxygen to all parts of the body, has four protein subunits — two alpha and two beta.In some people, mutations in the gene that creates the beta subunits impact the shape of the blood cell and distorts it to look like a sickle.A round red blood cell can move easily through blood vessels because of its shape but sickle red blood cells end up slowing, and even blocking, the blood flow.Moreover, sickle cells die early, resulting in a shortage of red blood cells that deprive the body of oxygen.These obstructions and shortages may cause chronic anaemia, pain, fatigue, acute chest syndrome, stroke, and a host of other serious health complications.Without treatment, quality of life is compromised and severe cases can become fatal in the initial years of life. Symptoms The symptoms of sickle cell anaemia can vary from person to person, but common symptoms include: Painful episodes (sickle cell crisis)AnaemiaFatigue and weaknessShortness of breathDelays in growth and developmentJoint painfrequent infections Treatment Currently, there is no cure for sickle cell anaemia, but treatments are available to manage the symptoms and prevent complications. Pain managementBlood transfusionsAntibiotics to prevent infectionsHydoxyurea, a medication to reduce the frequency of sickle cell crisesStem cell transplantation in some cases Indian Government Initiatives to reduce Sickle Cell Anaemia The Indian Council of Medical Research and the National Rural Health Mission in different States are undertaking outreach programmes for better management and control of the disease.The Ministry of Tribal Affairs launched a portal wherein people can register themselves if they have the disease or the trait, in order to collate all information related to SCA among tribal groups.In the Budget, the Union Health Minister said the government plans to distribute “special cards” across tribal areas to people below the age of 40.The cards will be divided into different categories based on the screening results.The mission will receive funding under the National Health Mission. National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission: The mission aims to tackle the significant health challenges associated with sickle cell disease (SCD), with a particular focus on the tribal population.It represents a crucial milestone in the Government’s ongoing efforts to eliminate SCD as a public health issue by 2047. Objectives of the Mission: Provision of Affordable and Accessible Care: Ensure that all SCD patients have access to affordable and easily accessible healthcare services.Improve the availability and affordability of SCD treatments and medications. Quality of Care: Enhance the quality of care provided to SCD patients.Implement measures to ensure that healthcare facilities meet the required standards for SCD management. Prevalence Reduction: Implement strategies to reduce the prevalence of SCD in the population.Focus on early detection and prevention methods to minimize the number of new SCD cases. Health Promotion: Raise awareness about SCD through health promotion campaigns.Provide pre-marital genetic counseling to educate individuals about the risks associated with SCD. Prevention: Conduct universal screening programs to identify SCD cases at an early stage.Emphasize the importance of early detection and prompt intervention to prevent complications. Holistic Management & Continuum of Care: Develop a comprehensive management approach for individuals with SCD.Establish coordinated care across primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare levels.Ensure adequate treatment facilities at tertiary healthcare institutions. Patient Support System: Establish a robust support system for SCD patients.Provide guidance, counseling, and emotional support to patients and their families. Community Adoption: Encourage community involvement in SCD prevention and care.Promote the adoption of preventive measures and support systems within local communities. Coverage Targets: The mission aims to reach a total of 7 crore people.Provide screening, counseling, and care services for individuals with SCD within a three-and-a-half-year timeframe. Desert Cyclone 2024 Context: The Joint Military Exercise ‘Desert Cyclone 2024’ between India and UAE will be held from January 2 to January 15 in Rajasthan. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Joint Military Exercise “Desert Cyclone 2024” Inaugural edition of a joint military exercise between India and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), focused on enhancing interoperability and sharing best practices in Urban Operations.Aims to mark a significant milestone in the strategic partnership between India and the UAE. India-UAE Relations Diplomatic relations established in 1972; UAE opened its Embassy in Delhi in 1972, and India opened its Embassy in Abu Dhabi in 1973.First-ever India-UAE Joint Air Forces exercise took place in September 2008.Regular participation of India in the biennial International Defence Exhibition (IDEX) in Abu Dhabi.Earlier this year, Indian Navy ships, INS Visakhapatnam, and INS Trikand, participated in the bilateral exercise ‘Zayed Talwar’ to enhance interoperability and synergy between the two navies.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 03 January 2024

CONTENTS Decline in PM-Kisan Beneficiaries and Saturation Drive ImpactISRO Launches X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XpoSat)ABPS Mandatory for NREGS Payments with Possible ExemptionsTsunami Warnings After Japan EarthquakesCigaritis Meghamalaiensise-SCR Portal Decline in PM-Kisan Beneficiaries and Saturation Drive Impact Context: The number of beneficiaries under the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-Kisan) scheme has recently witnessed a notable decline, dropping by over 20% from a peak of 10.47 crore in April-July 2022 to 8.12 crore. However, the government’s proactive efforts, including the “saturation drive” implemented as part of the Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra, have resulted in the re-inclusion of 34 lakh farmers in the list of beneficiaries. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Vikasit Bharat Sankalp Yatra: Campaign OverviewPM Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana (PM-Kisan)Challenges of PM-Kisan Vikasit Bharat Sankalp Yatra: Campaign Overview Nationwide Awareness Drive:A countrywide campaign focused on conducting outreach activities to achieve the saturation of various Government of India schemes.Targets coverage across all Gram Panchayats, Nagar Panchayats, and Urban Local Bodies.Collaborative Approach:Implemented through a comprehensive government approach with active participation from various Ministries/Departments of the Government of India, State Governments, Central Government Organizations, and Institutions. Objectives: Targeting the Eligible Vulnerable:Reach out to individuals eligible under different schemes but have not yet availed of the benefits.Information Dissemination and Awareness:Disseminate information and generate awareness about government schemes.Beneficiary Interaction:Engage with beneficiaries of government schemes through the sharing of personal stories and experiences.Enrolment of Potential Beneficiaries:Facilitate the enrolment of potential beneficiaries by gathering relevant details during the Vikasit Bharat Sankalp Yatra. PM Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana (PM-Kisan): Launched to supplement the financial needs of landholding farmers.Operational since December 2018. Financial Benefits: Provides a financial benefit of Rs 6000 per year, disbursed in three equal installments every four months.Transferred directly into the bank accounts of farmers’ families nationwide through the Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) mode. Eligibility and Scope: Initially intended for Small and Marginal Farmers (SMFs) with landholding up to 2 hectares.Later expanded to cover all landholding farmers. Funding and Implementation: Central Sector Scheme with 100% funding from the Government of India.Implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. Objectives: Financial Support for Inputs:Supplement the financial needs of Small and Marginal Farmers in procuring various inputs for crop health and yields.Protection from Moneylenders:Prevent farmers from relying on moneylenders for meeting expenses, ensuring their continued participation in farming activities. PM-KISAN Mobile App: Developed and designed by the National Informatics Centre in collaboration with the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.Physical Verification Module:Mandates a mandatory physical verification of 5% of beneficiaries annually, following the scheme’s laid-down provisions. Challenges of PM-Kisan: Complexity in Land Seeding and Aadhaar Linkage:The mandatory provisions for land seeding and linking Aadhaar with active bank accounts have introduced complexity, posing challenges for farmers in meeting these prerequisites.Technical Challenges in Remote Areas:Farmers, especially those in remote locations, may encounter technical difficulties in fulfilling the Aadhaar linkage and land seeding requirements, impeding their access to PM-Kisan benefits.Limited Awareness and Information:Many eligible farmers may still lack awareness of the PM-Kisan scheme or have insufficient information about the application process, potentially leading to non-participation.Outreach Challenges:Despite outreach efforts, initiatives may struggle to reach all segments of the farming community, particularly those in remote or marginalized areas, resulting in uneven awareness and participation.Technology Disparities:Disparities in technology access, including smartphones and internet connectivity, may pose hurdles for farmers, limiting their ability to engage with the online processes required for PM-Kisan enrollment and compliance. -Source: The Hindu ISRO Launches X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XpoSat) Context: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has successfully launched its inaugural X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XpoSat) to study X-ray polarization and investigate cosmic sources such as Black holes, Neutron stars, and Magnetars. The mission was propelled into Low Earth Orbit via the PSLV-C58 rocket. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat)X-rays and their Study of Celestial Objects X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat): Objective: Designed to study X-ray polarization in the medium X-ray band, providing crucial insights into the radiation mechanisms and geometry of celestial sources. Significance for Astrophysics: Essential for understanding the physics underlying celestial bodies and their radiation processes. Payloads: Carries two main payloads: POLIX (Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays):Observes approximately 40 bright astronomical sources.XSPECT (X-ray Spectroscopy and Timing):Studies the electromagnetic spectrum produced by different types of matter. Development: Entirely constructed by two Bengaluru-based institutes—ISRO’s UR Rao Satellite Centre and Raman Research Institute.Development initiated in 2008, with a formal agreement signed with ISRO in 2015. Global Context: Only the world’s second mission dedicated to X-ray polarization in the medium X-ray band.NASA’s Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE), launched in 2021, was the first such mission by a space agency. National Contribution: Marks India’s third space-based observatory, succeeding the recently launched solar mission Aditya-L1 and AstroSat, launched in 2015.Represents a significant advancement for Indian astronomy and space research. X-rays and their Study of Celestial Objects: Nature of X-rays: X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometres. Electromagnetic Radiation Characteristics: Electromagnetic radiation exhibits characteristics of an electric field and a magnetic field vibrating perpendicular to each other. Polarization of Electromagnetic Radiation: Polarization refers to the orientation of the electric and magnetic fields as electromagnetic radiation moves through space. Polarization of X-rays: X-rays can undergo polarization when scattered.Polarized X-rays are also generated when the path of a fast-moving charged particle is altered by a magnetic field. Measurement and Astronomical Insights: Instruments like POLIX are utilized to measure the polarization of X-rays.This measurement allows astronomers to comprehend the orientation and strength of magnetic fields in celestial objects. Significance: Insights into the nature and behavior of celestial phenomena emitting X-rays are gained.Crucial understanding of pulsars, regions around black holes, and other cosmic entities emitting X-rays is achieved through the study of X-ray polarization. -Source: The Hindu, PIB, Indian Express ABPS Mandatory for NREGS Payments with Possible Exemptions Context: The Aadhaar-based Payment System (ABPS) is now mandatory for National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) workers’ payments. The government has indicated that exemptions may be considered on a “case-by-case basis.” The NREGS ensures a legal guarantee of 100 days of employment per financial year to adult members of rural households engaged in unskilled manual work at the statutory minimum wage. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Aadhaar-enabled Payment System (AePS)ABPS Implementation for NREGS Aadhaar-enabled Payment System (AePS) Identity Verification and Banking Access: AePS enables bank customers to use their Aadhaar number as their identity to access their Aadhaar-enabled bank accounts.Customers can perform basic banking transactions using this service. Basic Banking Transactions: AePS allows customers to perform various banking activities, including:Balance enquiryCash withdrawalRemittances through a Business Correspondent. Mandatory Requirements: To avail AePS, customers must meet the following criteria: Possess a Bank Account with a Bank participating in AePS.Link their Aadhaar to the respective bank account. Biometric Authentication: Transactions under AePS are completed using the customer’s biometric authentication.This ensures secure and reliable access to banking services. Objectives of AePS: Aadhaar-based Identity Access:Empower bank customers to use Aadhaar as their identity for accessing Aadhaar-enabled bank accounts.Basic Banking Transactions:Perform fundamental banking transactions, including cash deposits, cash withdrawals, intrabank or interbank fund transfers, balance inquiries, and obtain mini statements through a Business Correspondent.Financial Inclusion Goals:Support the objectives of the Government of India and Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in advancing Financial Inclusion.Retail Payments Electronification:Contribute to the RBI’s goal of electronification of retail payments.Centralized Routing for Aadhaar Transactions:Enable banks to route Aadhaar-initiated interbank transactions through a central switching and clearing agency.Government Entitlement Disbursements:Facilitate the disbursement of Government entitlements such as NREGA, Social Security pension, Handicapped Old Age Pension, etc.Interoperability Across Banks:Enable interoperability across banks in a safe and secured manner.Foundation for Aadhaar-enabled Banking Services:Build the foundation for a comprehensive range of Aadhaar-enabled banking services. ABPS Implementation for NREGS: ABPS Utilization Under NREGS (Aadhaar-enabled Payment System): Implemented since 2017 under Mahatma Gandhi NREGS.Links workers’ 12-digit Aadhaar numbers with job cards and associated bank accounts. Expansion of ABPS for NREGS Beneficiaries: Extended to beneficiaries under the scheme due to widespread Aadhaar availability.Ensures safer and faster payment transfers through ABPS. Aadhaar Seeding and Authentication Statistics: Out of 14.33 crore active beneficiaries, Aadhaar has been seeded for 13.97 crore.81.89% of active workers are now eligible for ABPS, with 13.34 crore Aadhaar authenticated. ABPS Implementation Details: In July 2023, 88.51% of wage payments made through ABPS. Mandatory ABPS for NREGS Workers: Initially made mandatory from Feb 1, 2023, with extensions until Dec 31, 2023.Mandatory ABPS implementation from Jan 1, 2024, with the mixed route of ABPS and National Automated Clearing House (NACH) for bulk payments. Exemptions and Technical Issues: Exemption consideration for gram panchayats facing technical or Aadhaar-related problems.Decision on exemptions to be made on a case-by-case basis until the resolution of issues. Government’s Response to Criticism: Opposition parties criticize ABPS implementation as exclusionary.Government may consider exemptions in case of technical issues.Accusations of “weaponizing technology, especially Aadhaar.” -Source: The Hindu Tsunami Warnings After Japan Earthquakes Context: Strong earthquakes, including a preliminary 7.6 magnitude, struck Japan, prompting tsunami warnings from North and South Korea, and Russia. Tsunami waves impacted various coastal areas in Japan, leading to urgent evacuation warnings. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Tsunami OverviewTsunami Preparedness in IndiaWhy is Japan Prone to Earthquakes and Tsunamis? Tsunami Overview: Tsunami is a series of massive ocean waves caused by seismic activities like earthquakes or volcanic eruptions beneath the ocean.Characterized by long wavelengths and high energy, tsunamis can traverse entire ocean basins, leading to extensive destruction upon reaching coastlines.These waves can reach considerable heights, moving swiftly over deep waters and slowing down in shallower areas. Factors Behind Tsunami Creation: Underwater Earthquakes:Shifting tectonic plates generate seismic waves, propagating through water and creating tsunamis.Volcanic Eruptions:Volcanic activity, especially under the ocean, displaces water, triggering tsunamis, particularly during volcanic island collapses or explosive eruptions.Landslides:Underwater landslides, caused by various factors, displace water, generating significant tsunami waves.Meteorite Impact:Rare but possible; the impact of a large meteorite or asteroid in the ocean can create tsunami-like waves.Underwater Explosions:Human activities, such as underwater explosions, have the potential to generate tsunamis. Devastation Caused: Tsunami waves, traveling at high speeds across the open ocean, unleash devastating force upon reaching coastal areas.Unique energy and wavelength characteristics differentiate them from regular ocean waves, causing widespread damage during inundation. Tsunami Preparedness: Early warning systems and preparedness measures play a crucial role in minimizing the impact of tsunamis on coastal communities.Swift responses and effective communication are essential components of mitigating the destructive effects of tsunamis. Tsunami Preparedness in India: Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System (IOTWS): India actively participates in the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System (IOTWS).The system includes seismic and sea-level sensors strategically placed to detect underwater earthquakes and monitor sea level changes.Information collected is utilized to issue timely warnings to coastal communities. Tsunami Early Warning Centre (ITEWC): The Tsunami Early Warning Centre (ITEWC) is situated at the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) in Hyderabad.ITEWC provides tsunami advisories to stakeholders. Public Awareness and Education: INCOIS, in collaboration with the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), conducts mock drills and organizes workshops/trainings on tsunami awareness and preparedness. Enhancing Community Preparedness: INCOIS coordinates the implementation of the UNESCO-IOC “Tsunami Ready” initiative to enhance community preparedness.Villages like Venkatraipur and Noliasahi in Odisha have been recognized as Tsunami-ready communities by UNESCO-IOC, making India the first country in the Indian Ocean region to achieve this distinction. Software and Multimode Dissemination: INCOIS has the necessary software for monitoring earthquakes and multimode dissemination of early tsunami warnings.The Decision Support System software automatically generates and disseminates warnings, integrating with the NDMA Common Alert Protocol (CAP) system.INCOIS has developed the “SAMUDRA” mobile application for effective access to marine users for ocean data resources and advisories. Why is Japan Prone to Earthquakes and Tsunamis? Pacific Ring of Fire: Japan is located along the ‘Pacific Ring of Fire,’ the most active earthquake tectonic belt globally, forming an imaginary horseshoe-shaped zone around the Pacific Ocean.The Ring of Fire is renowned for frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Tectonic Plates Interaction: Within the Ring of Fire, several tectonic plates, such as the Pacific Plate, Eurasian Plate, and Indo-Australian Plate, continuously interact.The constant collision and subduction of these plates result in earthquakes, volcanic activities, and the potential for tsunamis. 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami: In 2011, Japan experienced a catastrophic 9.0 magnitude earthquake followed by a devastating tsunami.The northeastern coastal communities were severely impacted, causing the loss of around 18,000 lives and displacing tens of thousands.The tsunami triggered a nuclear meltdown at the Fukushima power plant, marking one of the most severe nuclear accidents since the 1986 Chernobyl disaster in the Soviet Union. -Source: Indian Express Cigaritis Meghamalaiensis Context: The pristine hills of the Meghamalai in Tamil Nadu have thrown up a new species of ‘silverline’ butterflies. Relevance: Species in News Dimensions of the Article: Cigaritis Meghamalaiensis: A New Butterfly SpeciesPeriyar Tiger Reserve: Key Facts Cigaritis Meghamalaiensis: A New Butterfly Species Recently discovered butterfly species in the Western Ghats, named Cigaritis meghamalaiensis.Marks the first butterfly species described from the Western Ghats in 33 years.Discovered in the high elevations of Periyar in Idukki in 2018, with subsequent findings revealing its confinement to the Meghamalais and the adjoining Periyar Tiger Reserve.Unique features include conjoined discal and post-discal bands on the forewing underside, setting it apart from other Cigaritis species in Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Periyar Tiger Reserve: Key Facts Located in the Western Ghats of Kerala, named after the River Periyar originating within the reserve.Drained by two main rivers, Pamba and Periyar.Rich biodiversity with tropical evergreen, semi-evergreen, and moist deciduous vegetation.Home to various tribal communities, including the Mannans and the Palians.Diverse flora, including teak, mangoes, rosewood, jamun, jacarandas, terminalias, tamarind, royal ponciana, and bamboos.Fauna includes elephants, wild pigs, sambar, gaur, mouse deer, dole or barking deer, Indian wild dog, and tigers. -Source: The Hindu e-SCR Portal Context: The Electronic Supreme Court Reports (e-SCR) portal starts with just 2,238 translated judgments as of January 2023 and ends the year with over 31,000 rulings translated. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions e-SCR Portal: Digitizing Supreme Court Judgments The e-SCR portal is an initiative by the Supreme Court to offer digital versions of its judgments similar to the official law reports.Developed with the help of the National Informatics Centre, the portal incorporates an elastic search technique for efficient database searches.Search options include free text search, search within search, case type and case year search, judge search, year and volume search, and bench strength search.The portal grants free access to approximately 34,000 judgments for lawyers, law students, and the general public.Judgments will be available on the Supreme Court website, mobile app, and the National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG) judgment portal. National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG): Key Facts NJDG serves as a national repository for data on cases across India’s courts, covering instituted, pending, and disposed of cases.Developed by the National Informatics Centre (NIC) in collaboration with the Registry’s in-house software development team.Features an interactive interface and analytics dashboard, offering case-related information, statistics on institution, pendency, and disposal of cases, case types, and year-wise breakdown for the Supreme Court of India.The database on the NJDG portal is regularly updated to provide current and comprehensive information. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 02 January 2024

CONTENTS Scheme for Residential Education For Students in High schools in Targeted AreasMaulana Azad National Fellowship Scheme for Residential Education For Students in High schools in Targeted Areas Context: The Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment recently highlighted the Scheme for Residential Education for Students in High Schools in Targeted Areas (SHRESHTA). Relevance: GS II- Welfare schemes About SHRESHTA The government has approved a new scheme named SHRESHTA (Residential Education for Students in High Schools in Targeted Areas) for the purpose of providing seats for the meritorious SC boys and girls in the best private residential schools in the country. National Entrance Test for SHRESHTA Under this, each year a specified number of meritorious SC students (Approx 3000) in States / UTs are selected through a transparent mechanism of a National Entrance Test for SHRESHTA (NETS) , conducted by the National Testing Agency ( NTA ) .Selected students are admitted in the Best Private Residential Schools, affiliated by CBSE, in classes 9th and 11th for completion of education till 12th standard.Thereafter, the students may be connected to Post Metric Scholarship Scheme or Top – Class Education Scheme of theMinistry to continue their further studies with adequate financial aid from the Government of India. Selection of Schools: For selection of Schools , the Ministry through a committee with the representative of Ministry of Education and CBSE and Finance Division of the Department , has selected the best performing private residential schools affiliated with the CBSE , based on certain parameters such asSchools is in existence for at least for last 5 yearsBoards results of the schools were more than 75 % in Class 10 and 12 for the last 3 yearsthe Schools have adequate infrastructure for admitting additional at SC students in classes 9th and 11th . Quality of Education: For ensuring the quality of students in the scheme , the Department has decided to seek the students based on All India Entrance Examination from the National Testing Agency ( NTA ) , which conducts all major exams including JEE / NEET and selection of employee for the Government through SSC and others . The Ministry intends to provide level playing field to the poor and meritorious SC students, by providing facilities for providing High Quality Education in the CBSE based Private Schools having Residential Facility ( Hostel ) from class 9th to 12th .Entire cost of school fee and hostel fee including food charges shall be borne by the Government of India. The Students under the Scheme may select any school across the country for their academics. Objectives of the Scheme: To enhance the reach of the development initiative of the government.To fill the gap in service-deprived Scheduled Castes (SCs) dominant areas in the sector of education by collaborating with voluntary organizations.To provide an environment for socio-economic upliftment and overall development of the Scheduled Castes (SCs).To provide access to high-quality education to bright Scheduled Caste (SC) students so that they can explore future opportunities. Maulana Azad National Fellowship Context: Researchers and doctoral students from about 30 universities across the country have written separate letters to Union Minority Affairs Minister to increase the scholarships under Maulana Azad National Fellowship (MANF). Relevance: Facts for Prelims Maulana Azad National Fellowship Overview: Objective: The primary goal of the Maulana Azad Fellowship Scheme (MANF) is to offer five-year fellowships in the form of financial assistance. Eligible Minority Communities: The fellowship targets students from six specified minority communities recognized by the Central Government: Buddhist, Christian, Jain, Muslim, Parsi, and Sikh.Designed to support their pursuit of M.Phil and Ph.D. degrees. Inclusive Educational Institutions: The scheme encompasses all Universities/Institutions acknowledged by the University Grants Commission (UGC).Inclusive of Central/State Universities, Deemed Universities, Institutions fully funded by the State/Central Government empowered to grant degrees, and Institutions of National Importance as identified by the Ministry of Human Resource Development. Scope of Fellowship: The fellowship is tailored for minority community students engaged in regular and full-time research studies leading to the conferment of M.Phil/Ph.D. degrees, limited to institutions within India. Employability Enhancement: Aims to enhance employability for fellowship recipients, making them eligible for positions requiring M.Phil and Ph.D. qualifications, including Assistant Professors in various academic institutions. Implementing Agency: The University Grants Commission (UGC) serves as the pivotal agency responsible for the implementation of this fellowship.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 02 January 2024

CONTENTS Global Trade Concerns: Red Sea Ship Attacks and Panama Canal DroughtImprovement in GNPA Ratio: RBI ReportPrevention of Money Laundering ActAyushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY)Green DepositsStrategic Lithium Deal with ArgentinaUnited Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East Global Trade Concerns: Red Sea Ship Attacks and Panama Canal Drought Context: Recent attacks on ships in the Red Sea trade route and the ongoing drought problem at the Panama Canal have raised worries about global trade disruptions. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Issues in the Red Sea and Panama Canal: OverviewSignificance of Maritime Transport in Global TradeMeasures India Can Adopt to Reduce Vulnerability Key Issues in the Red Sea and Panama Canal: Overview Red Sea: Chemical Tanker Attack:Incident: Drone attack on chemical tanker MV Chem Pluto.Location: Approximately 200 nautical miles off Gujarat’s coast.Vessel Details: Liberia-flagged, Japanese-owned, and Netherlands-operated.Journey: Commenced journey carrying crude from Al Jubail, Saudi Arabia.Alleged Perpetrators: Houthi rebels based in Yemen, expressing protest against Israel’s actions in Gaza.Conflict Context: Houthi rebels involved in a decade-long civil conflict with Yemen’s government Impact on India:Concerns for Importers and Exporters:Indian oil importers and exporters face potential disruptions.Key commodities like basmati and tea at risk.Trade Route Significance:Critical trade route disruptions may elevate Indian agricultural product prices.Rerouting through the Cape of Good Hope may lead to a 10-20% increase. Panama Canal: Drought-Induced Shipping Reduction:Issue: Due to drought conditions, shipping through the 51-mile stretch of the Panama Canal has decreased by over 50%. Climate Pattern Impact:Naturally occurring El Nino climate pattern, associated with warmer-than-usual water in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, contributes to Panama’s drought. Impact on Trade Routes:Water shortage compels vessels from Asia to the US to choose the Suez Canal, adding six extra days compared to the Panama Canal route. Strategic Significance:Bab-el-Mandeb Strait connects Asia to Europe via the Suez Canal in the Red Sea region.The 100-year-old Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.Both routes rank among the world’s busiest. Significance of Maritime Transport in Global Trade: Dominance in Global Trade:Maritime transport accounts for 80% of global trade by volume and over 70% by value.This dominance surpasses other transportation modes, as reported by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.Trade Value:In 2019, the annual world shipping trade’s total value exceeded 14 trillion US Dollars.Environmental Impact:While shipping contributes to about 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions, it is more fuel-efficient and emits less per ton of cargo compared to modes like air freight.Energy Resource Transport:Critical for global energy needs, with the majority of energy resources (e.g., oil and natural gas) transported by sea.Tankers play a crucial role, carrying resources from production to consumption regions. Measures India Can Adopt to Reduce Vulnerability: Collaborative Security Framework:Propose a security framework involving key Red Sea stakeholders (Egypt, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Yemen).Emphasize intelligence sharing, coordinated patrols, and joint exercises to enhance maritime security.Surveillance Systems:Install integrated radar and drone surveillance systems along India’s western coastline.Enhance early threat detection and response capabilities to safeguard against potential maritime security threats.Engagement with Panama Canal Authorities:Collaborate with Panama Canal authorities.Explore options for preferential passage or potential toll discounts for Indian vessels on specific routes to mitigate trade disruptions. Source: Indian Express Improvement in GNPA Ratio: RBI Report Context: The Reserve Bank of India’s recent report reveals a noteworthy reduction in the gross non-performing asset (GNPA) ratio for Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs). The ratio, which stood at 3.9% at the end of March 2023, experienced a significant decline, reaching 3.2% by the end of September 2023. This positive shift can be attributed to key contributing factors, including strategic write-offs, successful upgrades of previously non-performing assets, and effective recoveries. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Understanding Non-Performing Assets (NPAs)Understanding Financial Actions Regarding NPAsProvisions to Address NPAs in India Understanding Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) According to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), an asset is classified as non-performing when it stops generating income for the bank.Typically, NPAs are loans or advances where principal or interest payments have been overdue for a specific period. Criteria for Classification: Debt is commonly labeled as non-performing when loan payments remain unpaid for a minimum of 90 days.In agriculture, if principal and interest are unpaid for two cropping seasons, the loan is deemed an NPA. Types of NPAs: Sub-standard Assets:NPAs for a period less than or equal to 12 months.Doubtful Assets:NPAs existing for more than 12 months.Loss Assets:Uncollectible assets with little to no hope of recovery, requiring full write-off. Gross NPA (GNPA) and Net NPA: GNPA:Total amount of NPAs without deducting the provisional amount.Net NPA:Gross NPA minus the provision.Provision represents funds set aside by banks to cover potential losses from bad loans or NPAs. Understanding Financial Actions Regarding NPAs: Write-offs: Definition:Write-offs involve the removal of a non-performing loan or asset from the bank’s records, recognizing the unlikelihood of debt recovery.Implication:This action doesn’t relieve the borrower of repayment obligations but acknowledges the challenging prospect of recovery. Upgrades: Definition:Upgrades signify the reclassification of a loan account from Non-Performing Asset (NPA) status back to a “standard” asset category.Conditions for Upgrades:Typically occurs when arrears of interest and principal are paid by the borrower. Recoveries: Definition:Recoveries denote funds or assets regained by the bank through various actions aimed at collecting on defaulted loans or NPAs.Recovery Mechanisms:Include repayments, collateral liquidation, or settlements achieved through pursuing effective recovery strategies. Provisions to Address NPAs in India: Recovery of Debts due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act (RDB Act), 1993: Established Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs) and Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunals (DRATs).Aims to facilitate swift adjudication and recovery of debts owed to banks and financial institutions. Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act (SARFAESI Act), 2002: Empowers banks and financial institutions to seize and sell secured assets of defaulting borrowers without requiring court intervention.Enhances the efficiency of the debt recovery process. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016: Provides a streamlined corporate insolvency resolution process for stressed assets, including NPAs.Facilitates a time-bound and effective mechanism for the resolution of insolvency cases. Impact of IBC: Since its inception, the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code has successfully resolved Rs 3.16 lakh crore of debt in 808 cases.Demonstrates the effectiveness of IBC in addressing and mitigating the impact of non-performing assets on the financial sector. Source: Indian Express Prevention of Money Laundering Act Context: The Financial Intelligence Unit India (FIU-IND) has issued show cause notices to 9 offshore cryptocurrency and virtual digital assets service providers (VDA SPs) including Binance Kucoin, Huobi for not being compliant with the requisite provisions of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA). Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: PMLA Compliance Obligations for VDA SPs:Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002Recent Changes Made Under the PMLA PMLA Compliance Obligations for VDA SPs: Registration Requirement: VDA SPs involved in activities related to virtual digital assets and fiat currencies must register with FIU-IND as reporting entities. Activity-Based Compliance: PMLA compliance is not tied to physical presence but is determined by activities performed, encompassing reporting, record-keeping, and other specified obligations. Regulatory Framework Expansion and Enforcement: Regulatory expansion in March 2023 brought VDA SPs under the Anti Money Laundering (AML) and Counter Financing of Terrorism (CFT) framework within PMLA. Anti-Money Laundering Law Requirements: Reporting entities must maintain Know Your Customer (KYC) details, client identity records, beneficial owner information, account files, and relevant business correspondence. Statements of Financial Transactions (SFT): Reporting entities are obligated to file Statements of Financial Transactions (SFT) detailing specific financial transactions or reportable accounts maintained during the year under the Income Tax Act. Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 According to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) 2002, Money laundering is concealing or disguising the identity of illegally obtained proceeds so that they appear to have originated from legitimate sources. It is frequently a component of other, much more serious, crimes such as drug trafficking, robbery or extortion.Money laundering is punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a minimum of 3 years and a maximum of 7 years and Fine under the PMLA.The Enforcement Directorate (ED) is responsible for investigating offences under the PMLA.The Financial Intelligence Unit – India (FIU-IND) is the national agency that receives, processes, analyses and disseminates information related to suspect financial transactions.After hearing the application, a special court (designated under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act PMLA, 2002) may declare an individual as a fugitive economic offender and also confiscate properties which are proceeds of crime, Benami properties and any other property, in India or abroad.The authorities under the PMLA, 2002 will exercise powers given to them under the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act.These powers will be similar to those of a civil court, including the search of persons in possession of records or proceeds of crime, the search of premises on the belief that a person is an FEO and seizure of documents. Recent Changes Made Under the PMLA The Indian government has made several changes to the Prevention of Money-Laundering Act (PMLA) to plug loopholes and comply with Financial Action Task Force (FATF) regulations. Some of the key changes are: More disclosures for non-governmental organizations by reporting entities like financial institutions, banking companies, or intermediaries.Definition of “politically exposed persons” (PEPs) as individuals who have been entrusted with prominent public functions by a foreign country, which brings uniformity with a 2008 Reserve Bank of India (RBI) circular for Know Your Customer (KYC) norms and anti-money laundering standards for banks and financial institutions.Inclusion of practicing chartered accountants, company secretaries, and cost and works accountants carrying out financial transactions on behalf of their clients under the ambit of the money laundering law.Widening the list of non-banking reporting entities to allow 22 financial entities like Amazon Pay (India) Pvt. Ltd, Aditya Birla Housing Finance Ltd, and IIFL Finance Ltd. to verify the identity of their customers via Aadhaar under the ambit of the money laundering law. The financial transactions covered under the money laundering law include buying and selling of any immovable property, managing client money, securities, or other assets, management of bank, savings, or securities accounts, organization of contributions for the creation, operation, or management of companies, creation, operation, or management of companies, limited liability partnerships, or trusts, and buying and selling of business entities. -Source: The Hindu Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) Context: The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare has recently unveiled certain statistics pertaining to the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY). Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of AB PM-JAY StatisticsAyushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) Key Highlights of AB PM-JAY Statistics: Gender Distribution:Women constitute around 49% of the total Ayushman cards created.Approximately 48% of total authorized hospital admissions are accounted for by women.Ayushman Card Creation:As of December 2023, a total of approximately 28.45 Crore Ayushman Cards have been generated.Notably, around 9.38 crore Ayushman Cards were created in the year 2023 alone.Coverage and Expansion:The scheme extends coverage to 55 crore individuals belonging to 12 crore families.Many states and union territories implementing AB PM-JAY have independently expanded the beneficiary base, incurring additional costs.Hospital Admissions:A significant total of 6.11 crore hospital admissions, amounting to Rs 78,188 crores, have been authorized.In the year 2023 (Jan-Dec), 1.7 crore hospital admissions, worth over Rs 25,000 crores, were specifically authorized, reflecting the scheme’s substantial impact on healthcare accessibility and affordability. Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) is the flagship scheme of the Union government as a part of the Indian government’s National Health Policy.AB-PMJAY provides a health cover of up to Rs. 5 lakh a family a year, for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization, to India’s bottom 40% poor and vulnerable population.The programme was launched in September, 2018.AB-PMJAY is under the aegis of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.The PM Jan Arogya Yojana beneficiaries get an e-card that can be used to avail services at an empanelled hospital, public or private, anywhere in the country, with which they can walk into a hospital and obtain cashless treatment.The scheme has certain pre-conditions by which it picks who can avail of the health cover benefit. While in the rural areas the list is mostly categorized on lack of housing, meagre income and other deprivations, the urban list of PMJAY beneficiaries is drawn up on the basis of occupation. Key Features of AB-PMJAY PM-JAY is a health assurance scheme that covers 10.74 crores households across India or approximately 50 crore Indians.It provides a cover of 5 lakh per family per year for medical treatment in empanelled hospitals, both public and private.It provides cashless and paperless service to its beneficiaries at the point of service, i.e., the hospital.E-cards are provided to the eligible beneficiaries based on the deprivation and occupational criteria of Socio-Economic Caste Census 2011 (SECC 2011).There is no restriction on family size, age or gender.All previous medical conditions are covered under the scheme.It covers 3 days of hospitalisation and 15 days of post hospitalisation, including diagnostic care and expenses on medicines.The scheme is portable and a beneficiary can avail medical treatment at any PM-JAY empanelled hospital outside their state and anywhere in the country.The Central government has decided to provide free testing and treatment of Coronavirus under the Ayushman Bharat Yojana. -Source: The Hindu Green Deposits Context: Recently, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) said it is not mandatory for banks and Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) to raise green deposits. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: What are green deposits?Regulatory Framework for Green Deposits by RBIPotential Benefits for Depositors/InvestorsLimitations and Challenges: What are green deposits? Green deposits are not very different from the regular deposits that banks accept from their customers.The only major difference is that banks promise to earmark the money that they receive as green deposits towards environment-friendly projects.For example, a bank may promise that green deposits will be used towards financing renewable energy projects that fight climate change.A bank may also avoid using green deposits to invest in fossil fuel projects that are considered harmful to the climate.A green deposit is just one product in a wide array of other financial products such as green bonds, green shares, etc., that help investors put money into environmentally sustainable projects. Regulatory Framework for Green Deposits by RBI Conditions for Accepting Green Deposits: Banks must establish approved rules or policies for investing green deposits.These rules must be publicly available on the banks’ websites. Transparency Requirements: Banks need to disclose information about the amount of green deposits received.Banks must provide details on how the deposits are allocated to different green projects.Banks should report on the environmental impact of their investments.Claims made by banks regarding project investments and sustainability credentials must be verified by a third-party. Sustainable Sectors Eligible for Green Deposits: RBI has identified sectors that qualify for green deposits.Eligible sectors include renewable energy, waste management, clean transportation, energy efficiency, and afforestation. Prohibited Investments: Banks are not allowed to invest green deposits in projects related to fossil fuels, nuclear power, tobacco, gambling, palm oil, and hydropower generation. Objective of the Rules: Prevent greenwashing, which involves misleading claims about environmental impact.Ensure that banks do not exaggerate the positive effects of green deposits.Avoid investments that are not truly environmentally friendly but marketed as such for higher returns. Potential Benefits for Depositors/Investors: Depositors who care about the environment may find satisfaction in investing their money in environmentally sustainable projects.Green deposits can align with the values and beliefs of individuals who prioritize environmental sustainability.Investing in green projects can be seen as a way to contribute to environmental preservation and positive change. Limitations and Challenges: The range of projects available for investment through green deposits is limited by design. This restricts the investment options for depositors.Critics argue that green investment products may primarily serve as a way to make investors feel good, without necessarily providing significant environmental benefits.Assessing the true environmental sustainability of a project can be complex, as it involves considering various second-order effects that may not be immediately apparent.It can be difficult for depositors/investors to determine if a project is genuinely environmentally sustainable, given the complexities and potential greenwashing in the industry. -Source: The Hindu Strategic Lithium Deal with Argentina Context: India is on the verge of finalizing a crucial agreement for five lithium blocks in Argentina, marking a pivotal step in diversifying its sources of critical minerals. This strategic move holds the potential to significantly diminish India’s dependency on China for essential resources, presenting a game-changing development in the country’s resource security. Relevance: GS III: Energy Dimensions of the Article: Key Developments in India’s Lithium Exploration:Overview of Lithium Key Developments in India’s Lithium Exploration: Draft Agreement with CAMYEN: The Union Ministry of Mines, through Khanij Bidesh India Ltd (KABIL), has initiated a draft exploration and development agreement with Argentinean miner CAMYEN for potential acquisition and development of five lithium blocks. Non-disclosure Agreement with ENAMI: KABIL has also entered a non-disclosure agreement with Chilean miner ENAMI, exploring possibilities for “exploration, extraction, processing, and commercialization” of lithium. PwC Consultancy for Australian Projects: In another strategic move, KABIL has appointed consultancy major PwC to identify investable projects in Australia. India’s Lithium Acquisitions in Argentina: Over the past year, India has intensified its pursuit of critical minerals, particularly lithium.Lithium plays a crucial role in India’s shift towards green energy, aligning with efforts to reduce carbon footprints.Argentina, known for its extensive lithium deposits and cost-effective production, emerges as a key source to fulfill India’s increasing demand for this vital mineral. Argentina’s Lithium Industry: Argentina currently boasts two active lithium mines, with 14 projects under construction or in advanced exploration stages as of September 2023.The country is poised to become a leading lithium producer globally once these projects are operational. KABIL Board Approval and Branch Office Proposal: The KABIL board has previously sanctioned the ‘Draft Exploration and Development Agreement.’The Ministry has subsequently greenlit a proposal to establish a Branch Office in Catamarca, Argentina, indicating a significant stride in India’s lithium acquisition ventures. . Overview of Lithium: Chemical Properties:Lithium is a chemical element denoted by the symbol Li and atomic number 3.Classified as a soft, silvery-white alkali metal.Special Characteristics:Distinguished by its lightness and softness, allowing it to be cut with a kitchen knife.Remarkably low density, enabling it to float on water. Applications of Lithium: Rechargeable Batteries:Lithium is extensively utilized in rechargeable batteries for mobile phones, laptops, digital cameras, and electric vehicles (EVs).Often referred to as “white gold” in the context of EVs.Metal Alloys:Lithium metal is alloyed with aluminum and magnesium, enhancing strength and reducing weight.Aluminum-lithium alloys find applications in aircraft, bicycle frames, and high-speed trains.Toxicity:Lithium has no known biological role and is toxic in larger doses. Natural Occurrence of Lithium: Earth’s Crust Presence:Lithium constitutes a mere 0.0007% of the Earth’s crust and is primarily found in minerals and salts.Global Reserves:Chile holds the world’s largest known lithium reserves, amounting to 9.3 million tonnes.Australia follows with 6.2 million tonnes.Indian Lithium Reserves:The Geological Survey of India identified 9 million tonnes in the Salal-Haimana area of Reasi district, J&K;, ranking India as the third-largest lithium resource globally.Global Ranking:Argentina (2.7 million tonnes) and China (2 million tonnes) follow India in lithium reserves.Production Statistics:Global lithium production surpassed 100,000 tonnes in 2021, with Australia contributing 52% of the world’s lithium. Future of Lithium Production: Projected Demand:The rising demand for batteries and EVs is anticipated to require 1.5 million tonnes of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE) by 2025 and over 3 million tonnes by 2030.Production Requirements:To meet these projections, lithium production needs to triple by 2025 and increase nearly six-fold by 2030. -Source: The Hindu United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East Context: India recently announced that it has provided US $ 2.5 million to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East or the UNRWA for the welfare of Palestinian refugees. Relevance: GS II: International Relations United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA): Establishment and Mandate: Established by United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 302 (IV) on December 8, 1949, following the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.Commenced operations on May 1, 1950, with a mandate to provide direct relief and work programs for Palestinian refugees.The UNGA has consistently renewed UNRWA’s mandate, most recently extending it until June 30, 2023. Scope and Operations: One of the largest UN programs, catering to around 5 million registered Palestine refugees across five fields of operation: Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem.Uniquely delivers services directly to beneficiaries.Services include education, healthcare, relief and social services, camp infrastructure and improvement, microfinance, and emergency assistance, particularly during armed conflicts. Funding and Reporting: Funded predominantly by voluntary contributions from UN Member States.Receives some funding from the Regular Budget of the United Nations, primarily for international staffing costs.Reports solely to the UNGA. Headquarters and Leadership: Originally headquartered in Beirut, Lebanon, moved to Vienna, Austria, in 1978.Relocated to the Gaza Strip in 1996, demonstrating the UNGA’s commitment to the Arab-Israeli peace process.The Commissioner-General, UNRWA’s chief officer, is the only leader of a UN agency reporting directly to the General Assembly. Appointed by the UN Secretary-General with the approval of an Advisory Commission. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 29 December 2023

CONTENTS PM Vishwakarma SchemeNon-invasive Formaldehyde Sensor PM Vishwakarma Scheme Context: An awareness programme on PM Vishwakarma scheme was organized by MSME-Development Office, Karnal, Government of India in Sonipat ,Haryana. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Inerventions Dimensions of the Article: PM Vishwakarma SchemeBenefits Offered by PM Vishwakarma SchemeRationale Behind PM Vishwakarma Scheme PM Vishwakarma Scheme Background: PM Vishwakarma Scheme was initially announced by Prime Minister Modi in his Independence Day address.Targeted Beneficiaries: The scheme is aimed at reaching economically marginalized and socially backward communities, particularly the Other Backward Classes (OBC) groups. Key Details Financial Allocation: The scheme has a total outlay of Rs 13,000 crore and is entirely funded by the Central government.Objective: PM Vishwakarma Scheme intends to provide subsidized loans, with a cap of Rs 2 lakh, to traditional artisans and craftsmen. This includes various professions like weavers, goldsmiths, blacksmiths, laundry workers, and barbers.Enhancing Product Quality: A key goal is to enhance the quality and market reach of products and services offered by artisans and craftsmen.Integration in Value Chains: The scheme aims to integrate Vishwakarmas (artisans) into both domestic and global value chains.Nodal Ministry: The Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprise (MSME) serves as the nodal ministry for the implementation of this scheme.Support from Tribal Affairs: The Ministry of Tribal Affairs will actively support the scheme’s execution to ensure the well-being of Vishwakarmas. Eligibility and Coverage Beneficiary Scope: PM Vishwakarma Scheme caters to both rural and urban artisans and craftsmen across India.Detailed Beneficiary List: A comprehensive list has been formulated to define the specific beneficiaries under the scheme. This list encompasses 18 traditional crafts, including Boat Makers, Armourers, Blacksmiths, Hammer and Tool Kit Makers, among others.Coverage: In the inaugural year, the scheme aims to benefit five lakh families, with the goal of extending its impact to 30 lakh families over the course of five years. Benefits Offered by PM Vishwakarma Scheme Registration and Recognition Artisans will be registered for free using the biometric-based PM Vishwakarma portal, facilitated by Common Services Centres (CSC).Recognition will be granted through the issuance of a PM Vishwakarma certificate and ID card. Skill Upgradation Beneficiaries will receive skill upgradation through both basic and advanced training. Toolkit Incentive Artisans will be provided with a toolkit incentive amounting to ₹15,000. Collateral-Free Credit Support Financial support in the form of collateral-free credit will be offered.The first tranche of credit support will be up to ₹1 lakh, and the second tranche will go up to ₹2 lakh.Interest rates on these loans will be concessional, set at 5%. Incentives for Digital Transactions and Marketing Additional incentives will be given for conducting digital transactions and marketing support to promote the artisans’ products. Toolkit Booklet and Training A toolkit booklet has been created in 12 Indian languages, accompanied by video materials.This educational resource will enhance artisans’ knowledge of new technologies in their respective fields.The skilling program includes both basic and advanced training phases.Participants will receive a stipend of ₹500 per day while undergoing training. Rationale Behind PM Vishwakarma Scheme Addressing Historical Challenges Traditional artisans, who have been practicing their crafts for generations, often lack formal professional training, access to modern tools, proximity to relevant markets, and the necessary capital for investment. Overcoming Training and Resource Gaps The scheme aims to bridge these gaps by offering structured training, providing essential toolkits, and offering financial support to empower artisans to enhance their skills, access markets, and improve their livelihoods. Non-invasive Formaldehyde Sensor Context: Recently, the Nanomaterials and Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Guwahati University, Assam has developed a cost-effective formalin sensor that can effectively detect the presence of formalin in adulterated fishes. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Non-invasive Formaldehyde Sensor: Revolutionizing Detection TechnologyFormaldehyde: A Pungent, Industrial Gas Non-invasive Formaldehyde Sensor: Revolutionizing Detection Technology Sensor Composition: Materials Used: Tin oxide-reduced graphene oxide composite (rGO-SnO2). Key Components: Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for detecting various toxic gases and VOCs.Tin oxide (SnO2) known for formaldehyde detection due to high stability and sensitivity. Synthesis Process: Wet chemical processing of Graphene oxide (GO).Synthesis of rGO-SnO2 composite through a hydrothermal route followed by calcination. Sensor Characteristics: Effectiveness: Tin oxide decorated with reduced graphene oxide.Detection: Efficient sensing of formaldehyde vapour at room temperature.Stability: Long-term stability with a low detection limit.Application: Non-invasive detection of formalin adulteration in fishes. Comparison with Existing Sensors: Commercial Sensors: Primarily electrochemical or colorimetric.Issues: Expensive, invasive, and face challenges in low-level and selective detection. Significance of the New Sensor: 2D Materials Advantage: Leveraging 2D materials for gas sensors enhances the detection of toxic vapours at room temperature.Potential Impact: Detection of formalin evaporation from adulterated food products, particularly in the fish industry.Support: Research supported by DST-PURSE (Promotion of University Research and Scientific Excellence). Formaldehyde: A Pungent, Industrial Gas Characteristics: Form: Colourless.Odor: Pungent. Applications: Industrial Use: Integral in various industrial processes.Food Industry: Used as a preservative, notably in fish preservation in developing nations. Industrial Significance: Preservative Role: Utilized for its preservative properties, extending the shelf life of certain food products.Versatility: Employed in diverse industrial applications owing to its unique chemical properties. Health Implications: Exposure Concerns: Prolonged exposure to formaldehyde can have adverse health effects.Respiratory Irritant: Known for its irritating effect on the respiratory system. Global Usage: Widespread: Found in various industrial and consumer products globally.Concerns: The use of formaldehyde in certain applications raises health and safety concerns, necessitating accurate detection methods. Detection Importance: Adulteration Alert: Critical in identifying formalin adulteration, particularly in the fish industry.Safety Assurance: Ensures compliance with safety standards and regulations in various sectors.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 29 December 2023

CONTENTS Balancing Act of the Universe’s Energy Composition: Dark Energy’s DominanceNational Legal Services AuthorityPantoea TagoreiINS ImphalEurasian OtterHuntington’s Disease Balancing Act of the Universe’s Energy Composition: Dark Energy’s Dominance Context: The universe’s energy distribution involves a delicate equilibrium. Dark energy, comprising 68% of the total, emerges as the dominant force influencing the universe’s expansion. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Understanding Dark Energy in the UniversePossible Explanations of Dark Energy Understanding Dark Energy in the Universe Definition and Significance: Dark energy is a mysterious and elusive form of energy constituting a substantial portion of the total energy content in the universe.It is believed to drive the observed accelerated expansion of the cosmos. Energy Distribution: Approximately 68% of the universe is composed of dark energy, while dark matter makes up about 27%.All observable normal matter on Earth, using various instruments, contributes to less than 5% of the universe. Key Points on Dark Energy: Acts as an unseen force responsible for the universe’s accelerated expansion, contrary to gravity, which pulls objects together.Presents a new perspective on space, defining it as a dynamic and stretchable medium responsive to energy presence.Different forms of energy, including matter, radiation, and dark energy, uniquely contribute to the non-uniform expansion of the universe.Dominates the universe’s energy budget, determining the overall rate of space expansion and maintaining balance with other energy forms. Implications of Dark Energy Amount: The quantity of dark energy holds significant consequences for the observable universe.Excessive positive energy could result in galaxies moving away faster than light, limiting visibility to nearby regions.Excessive negative energy might lead to the universe collapsing to a tiny point. Characteristics and Diluteness: Despite dominance, dark energy is incredibly dilute across the vast universe, comparable to a single sugar crystal in a cubic kilometer.The diluteness raises questions about the nature and distribution of this enigmatic force. Possible Explanations of Dark Energy Einstein’s Cosmological Constant: Albert Einstein was the first to propose that empty space possesses its own energy.The cosmological constant in Einstein’s gravity theory suggests that the energy of “empty space” remains constant, not diluted with the expansion of space.This energy-of-space contributes to the accelerating expansion of the universe as more space is created. Quantum Theory of Matter: According to the quantum theory of matter, “empty space” is filled with temporary (“virtual”) particles that continuously form and disappear. Fifth Force Hypothesis: There are four fundamental forces in the universe, and some speculative theories propose the existence of a fifth force.To explain this fifth force, various models for dark energy incorporate special mechanisms.Some theorists refer to this hypothetical force as “quintessence,” drawing inspiration from the fifth element in Greek philosophy.None of these theories have been conclusively proven, leading to the characterization of dark energy as “the most profound mystery in all of science.” -Source: The Hindu National Legal Services Authority Context: The President recently nominated Justice Sanjiv Khanna, the second senior-most judge of the Supreme Court, as the Executive Chairperson of the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA). Relevance: GS II- Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: About National Legal Services Authority (NALSA)Legal Services Institutions at Various LevelsWho is Eligible for Getting Free Legal Services? About National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) National Legal Services Authority of India (NALSA) was formed on 9 November 1995 under the authority of the Legal Services Authorities Act 1987.Its purpose is to provide free legal services to eligible candidates (defined in Sec. 12 of the Act), and to organize Lok Adalats for speedy resolution of cases.The Chief Justice of India is patron-in-chief of NALSA while second senior most judge of Supreme Court of India is the Executive-Chairman.There is a provision for similar mechanism at state and district level also headed by Chief Justice of High Courts and Chief Judges of District courts respectively.The prime objective of NALSA is speedy disposal of cases and reducing the burden of judiciary. Basis for formation Article 39A of the Indian Constitution contains provisions for free legal aid to the weaker and poor sections of the society in order to ensure justice for all.Also, articles 14 and 22(1) of the Constitution make it obligatory for the State to ensure equality before law and a legal system which promotes justice on the basis of equal opportunity to all.Therefore, the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) was constituted for the provision of free legal services to the weaker sections of the society and to organize Lok Adalats for speedy and amicable resolution of cases. Objectives: Provide free legal aid and advice.Spread legal awareness.Organise lok adalats.Promote settlements of disputes through Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Mechanisms. Various kinds of ADR mechanisms are Arbitration, Conciliation, Judicial settlement including settlement through Lok Adalat, or Mediation.Provide compensation to victims of crime. Legal Services Institutions at Various Levels National Level: NALSA was constituted under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987. The Chief Justice of India is the Patron-in-Chief.State Level: State Legal Services Authority. It is headed by the Chief Justice of the State High Court who is its Patron-in-Chief.District Level: District Legal Services Authority. The District Judge of the District is its ex-officio Chairman.Taluka/Sub-Division Level: Taluka/ Sub-Divisional Legal Services Committee. It is headed by a senior Civil Judge.High Court: High Court Legal Services CommitteeSupreme Court: Supreme Court Legal Services Committee Who is Eligible for Getting Free Legal Services? Women and childrenMembers of SC/STIndustrial workmenVictims of mass disaster, violence, flood, drought, earthquake, industrial disaster.Disabled personsPersons in custodyThose persons who have annual income of less than the amount prescribed by the respective State Government, if the case is before any court other than the Supreme Court, and less than Rs. 5 Lakhs, if the case is before the Supreme Court.Victims of Trafficking in Human beings or begar. -Source: The Hindu Pantoea Tagorei Context: Researchers at Visva-Bharati University have discovered a new species of bacteria that could transform agricultural practices. They named it Pantoea Tagorei after the famous Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore. Relevance: GS III: Species in News Dimensions of the Article: Key Facts About Pantoea TagoreiBiofertilizer Key Facts About Pantoea Tagorei Taxonomic Classification: Pantoea Tagorei belongs to the genus Pantoea.It is classified under the Enterobacteriaceae family. Wide Environmental Presence: Pantoea bacteria, including Pantoea Tagorei, can be found in various environments such as water, soil, humans, animals, and plants. Plant Growth-Promoting Characteristics: Described as a plant growth-promoting bacteria, Pantoea Tagorei has demonstrated significant capabilities in enhancing crop cultivation, particularly in crops like paddy, pea, and chilli. Nutrient Extraction and Solubilization: The bacteria efficiently extracts potassium from the soil, contributing to enhanced plant growth.It facilitates the solubilization of both potassium and phosphorus, engages in nitrogen fixation, and increases overall nutrient availability for plants. Impact on Crop Yield and Food Security: Positive effects on plant growth suggest the potential for increased crop yield.The bacteria’s abilities can contribute to addressing critical issues related to food security. Sustainable Agriculture and Biofertilizer Potential: Pantoea Tagorei enhances soil nutrient availability, potentially reducing the dependency on commercial fertilizers.By minimizing reliance on traditional fertilizers, the bacteria offers a cost-effective approach to sustainable agriculture, positioning it as a potential biofertilizer. Biofertilizer Biofertilizer refers to biological products containing living microorganisms that, when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, promote growth through various mechanisms. These mechanisms include increasing nutrient supply, enhancing root biomass or area, and improving the nutrient uptake capacity of plants. Composition: Biofertilizers are composed of living organisms, including bacteria, blue-green algae, and mycorrhizal fungi. Examples of Biofertilizers: Bacterial Biofertilizers:RhizobiumAzospiriliumAzotobacterPhosphobacteriaFungal Biofertilizers:MycorrhizaAlgal Biofertilizers:Blue Green Algae (BGA)Azolla -Source: The Hindu INS Imphal Context: Recently, INS (Indian Naval Ship) Imphal (Pennant D68) has been commissioned into the Indian Navy. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Dimensions of the Article: INS Imphal: A Technologically Advanced Guided Missile DestroyerProject 15B: Advancing India’s Destroyer Capabilities INS Imphal: A Technologically Advanced Guided Missile Destroyer Introduction: INS Imphal is the third vessel in the ‘Project 15 Bravo Vishakhapatnam class’ guided missile destroyers, showcasing advanced naval capabilities. Launch and Naming: Launched and christened as ‘Imphal’ on April 20, 2019, INS Imphal stands as a testament to India’s naval prowess. Technical Specifications: Length: 163m, Breadth: 17m, Displacement: 7,400 tonnes.Propulsion: Powered by four Gas Turbines in a Combined Gas and Gas configuration, achieving speeds exceeding 30 knots.Armament: Capable of launching the BrahMos cruise missile, world’s fastest supersonic cruise missile.Warfare Capabilities: Equipped for Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical warfare conditions. Weaponry and Sensors: Sophisticated arsenal includes Surface-to-Surface Missiles, Surface-to-Air Missiles, Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) rocket launchers, Torpedo launchers, ASW helicopters, radars, sonar, and Electronic Warfare systems. Strategic Significance: Strengthens India’s maritime influence in the Indo-Pacific region.Upholds the principle of “Jalmev Yasya, Balmev Tasya,” emphasizing the power derived from controlling the seas.Critical in securing sea lanes, ensuring safe passage for trade vessels, and safeguarding India’s economic interests, particularly in the face of geographical barriers and regional challenges. Project 15B: Advancing India’s Destroyer Capabilities Overview: Initiated as an indigenous Destroyer construction program in the late 1990s.Followed by Delhi class (P-15) and Kolkata class (P-15A) destroyers, leading to the current Project 15B (Visakhapatnam Class). Scope and Planning: Project 15B involves the construction of four advanced destroyers: Visakhapatnam, Mormugao, Imphal, and Surat.Success and technological advancements from Project 15A laid the foundation for Project 15B. Objectives: Aims to build advanced variants of the Kolkata class destroyers, now known as Visakhapatnam class.Contract signed in January 2011 to enhance capabilities, incorporating technological advancements, and improving weaponry, electronics, and other systems. Lead Ship: INS Visakhapatnam (Pennant No D66) is the lead ship commissioned in November 2021, showcasing the project’s progress. Successive Ships: INS Mormugao (D67) commissioned in December 2022.INS Surat (to be designated D69) launched in May 2023. Design and Construction: Designed by the Indian Navy’s Warship Design Bureau.Constructed by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDSL) in Mumbai. Technological Advancements: Incorporates improvements in weaponry, electronics, and overall systems, building on the capabilities of earlier destroyer classes. Strategic Significance: Strengthens India’s naval capabilities and underscores the nation’s commitment to indigenous defense production. -Source: Indian Express Eurasian Otter Context: A team of researchers recently discovered a Eurasian otter in the Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary in Idukki, a first in Kerala. Relevance: GS III: Species in News Dimensions of the Article: Eurasian Otter: Exploring a Semi-Aquatic CarnivoreChinnar Wildlife Sanctuary (CWS): Exploring Biodiversity in Kerala Eurasian Otter: Exploring a Semi-Aquatic Carnivore Overview: The Eurasian Otter is a semi-aquatic carnivorous mammal native to Eurasia.Scientific Name: Lutra lutra Distribution: Exhibits one of the broadest distributions among all Palearctic mammals.Ranges from Ireland to China and extends to Southeast Asia.Found throughout Europe, North Africa, and Asia.In India, it inhabits northern, northeastern, and southern regions. Habitat: Thrives in diverse environments, including streams, rivers, lakes, freshwater and peat swamp forests, ocean shores, rice fields, fjords, caves, and terrestrial areas near waterways.In the Indian subcontinent, specifically found in cold hills and mountain streams. Conservation Status: IUCN: Near threatenedWildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule IICITES: Appendix I Significance: Plays a vital role in maintaining the ecological balance of water ecosystems.The near-threatened status highlights the need for conservation efforts to ensure the species’ survival.Protected under national and international regulations, emphasizing its ecological importance and the need for conservation measures. Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary (CWS): Exploring Biodiversity in Kerala Location: Situated in Idukki District, Kerala.Falls within the rain shadow region of the Western Ghats, experiencing minimal annual rainfall.Bounded by Eravikulam National Park to the south and Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary to the north. Vegetation: Diverse habitat types, including deciduous forests, dry thorn scrub, riparian forest, shoals, and grasslands.Features an extensive sandalwood forest in close proximity. Flora: Boasts approximately 1000 species of flowering plants, including a rich variety of medicinal plants.Prominent plant species: Acacia arabica, Acacia leucofolia, Acacia concinna, antallum album, Anogeissus latifolia, Rhododendron nilagiricum, Elaeocarpus, and more. Fauna: Home to the endangered Great Grizzled Squirrel of India.Diverse mammalian species, including elephants, tigers, leopards, gaur, sambar, spotted deer, Nilgiri Tahr, and others. Significance: The sanctuary’s strategic location within the Western Ghats contributes to its unique ecological features.Rich biodiversity, including endangered species, emphasizes the need for conservation efforts.Offers a diverse range of habitats, making it an ecological hotspot in the region. -Source: The Hindu Huntington’s Disease Context: Researchers from the University of Szeged, in Hungary, have taken some important strides by studying fruit flies to understand more about Huntington’s disease. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Huntington’s Disease: A Rare Genetic Disorder Huntington’s Disease: A Rare Genetic Disorder Rare, inherited disease leading to progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the brain.Impacts functional abilities, causing movement, cognitive, and psychiatric disorders. Types of Huntington’s Disease: Adult Onset:Most common form, with symptoms typically starting after age 30.Early Onset (Juvenile Huntington’s Disease):Affects children and teenagers; extremely rare.Manifests with different symptoms and may progress more rapidly. Cause: Caused by a genetic mutation in the HTT gene, responsible for producing the huntingtin protein crucial for nerve cell function.Normal HTT gene has a DNA stretch specifying glutamine repeats (11 to 31).In Huntington’s, this stretch is expanded to 35 or more repeats, leading to increased severity and earlier onset. Symptoms: Variety of signs and symptoms affecting movement, cognition, and mental health.Mood swings, reasoning difficulties, uncontrollable movements, and challenges in speaking, swallowing, and walking. Treatment: Medications available to manage symptoms.No cure; treatments focus on symptom relief but can’t prevent the overall decline associated with the condition. -Source: The Hindu

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 28 December 2023

CONTENTS Japan’s SLIM Lunar Orbit Entry: Implications for Chandrayaan 4T+0, Instant settlement cyclePress and Registration of Periodicals Bill, 2023Valmiki Tiger ReserveGood Governance DayIonosphereGaucher disease Japan’s SLIM Lunar Orbit Entry: Implications for Chandrayaan 4 Context: Japan’s Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) successfully entered lunar orbit on December 25, marking a crucial step before its planned moon landing on January 19. This development positions Japan to potentially become the fifth country to achieve a soft landing on the moon, following India’s success with Chandrayaan 3 in August. The outcome of SLIM’s mission carries significance, as it may impact the upcoming Chandrayaan 4 mission. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: SLIM: Japan’s Lunar MissionSLIM’s Lunar Mission ObjectivesSLIM’s Impact on Chandrayaan 4 Mission SLIM: Japan’s Lunar Mission Overview of SLIM Developed and launched by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) on September 7, 2023.Weighs 590 kg at launch, significantly lighter than Chandrayaan 3.Launched alongside XRISM, a next-gen X-ray space telescope, onboard an H-2A rocket.Entered an elliptical orbit around the moon on December 25. Comparison with Chandrayaan 3 SLIM’s launch closely follows the success of Chandrayaan 3’s surface component and Luna 25’s failure.SLIM marks Japan’s second attempt in 2023 for a lunar soft landing. Journey to the Moon SLIM’s lighter weight is attributed to carrying less fuel.Utilized a longer but fuel-thrifty route based on weak-stability boundary theory.Built up kinetic energy around Earth through multiple swings, allowing for a more fuel-efficient journey.Sacrificed time for fuel efficiency, reaching lunar orbit after four months.December 25 marked SLIM’s orbital capture around the moon. Innovative Approach SLIM’s deflection toward the moon, rather than slowing down, utilized the combined forces of Earth and lunar gravity.Physicists developed this approach in the late 1980s during the ‘Hiten’ mission.SLIM’s unique trajectory prioritized fuel efficiency over a faster journey to the moon. A diagram illustrating SLIM’s path from the earth to the moon, spanning four months. | Photo Credit: JAXA SLIM’s Lunar Mission Objectives Precision in Lunar Landing SLIM is known as the “moon sniper” for its remarkable precision in landing.Scheduled to attempt a landing within 100 meters of its chosen site on the moon. Historical Context Past moon-landing missions had more lenient area tolerances for landing spots.For example, the Vikram lander of Chandrayaan 3 had a 4 km x 2.5 km area tolerance.China’s Chang’e 3 holds the record for the most precise moon landing, 89 meters away from its chosen spot within a 6 km x 6 km ellipse. Landing Site and Data Utilization SLIM’s landing site is near the Shioli Crater at 13.3º S and 25.2º E.Similar to Chandrayaan 3, SLIM will use data from JAXA’s SELENE orbiter to guide its descent.  Technical Specifications SLIM’s lower mass, only 120 kg excluding fuel, contributes to its maneuverability.Its small size tests the efficiency of its design. Additional Exploration Before landing, SLIM will deploy two small rovers, Lunar Excursion Vehicle (LEV) 1 and 2.LEV-1, LEV-2, and SLIM will collectively study the lunar surface, gather temperature and radiation readings, and attempt to explore the moon’s mantle. SLIM’s Impact on Chandrayaan 4 Mission Targeting Moon’s South Pole Scientists aim for the moon’s south pole region due to perpetually shadowed craters containing water-ice.Chandrayaan 3’s success marked the conclusion of the second phase of India’s lunar exploration program. Lunar Polar Exploration (LUPEX) Mission LUPEX, or Chandrayaan 4, is the first mission of the third phase.Joint venture with Japan (pending Indian approval) and scheduled for a potential launch in 2026.LUPEX will explore an area closer to the moon’s south pole compared to Chandrayaan 3. Challenges and Technologies Moon’s polar terrain is rocky with craters and steep slopes, requiring precise landing.Downrange and cross-range limits for LUPEX will be lower, demanding advanced navigation systems.SLIM’s tested technologies, including a feature-matching algorithm, are crucial for LUPEX’s success. Collaboration Details JAXA expected to provide the launch vehicle and lunar rover; India contributes the lander module.The landing site for LUPEX is yet to be determined. JAXA’s SLIM Mission Timing SLIM’s mission launch closely follows Chandrayaan 3’s success and precedes Russia’s Luna 25 spacecraft failure.SLIM’s success on January 19 sets a record for the smallest-ever area tolerance in a moon landing. -Source: The Hindu T+0, Instant settlement cycle Context: The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has put forth a proposal to introduce a facility for clearing and settlement of funds and securities on T+0 (same day), providing an optional instant settlement cycle. This initiative aims to complement the existing T+1 settlement cycle in the secondary markets for the equity cash segment. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: SEBI’s Proposal: Advancing Settlement CyclesBenefits of Instant Settlement MechanismT+1 Settlement Cycle SEBI’s Proposal: Advancing Settlement Cycles Introduction of T+0 and Instant Settlement Cycle: SEBI proposes the introduction of a shorter settlement cycle alongside the existing T+1 cycle.The new cycles include T+0 settlement and an instant settlement cycle implemented in two phases. Phase 1: T+0 Settlement Cycle: Optional T+0 settlement cycle for trades until 1:30 PM.Settlement of funds and securities on the same day by 4:30 PM. Phase 2: Instant Settlement Cycle: Optional immediate trade-by-trade settlement (funds and securities).Trading permitted until 3:30 PM in this phase. Rationale for Shorter Settlement Cycle: Increased growth in Indian securities markets necessitates more efficient and secure measures.Focus on enhancing market efficiency, particularly for retail participants.Leverage the widespread adoption of UPI and instant payment platforms for equity transactions.Address investor preferences for reliable, low-cost, and high-speed transactions in the current market landscape. Benefits of Instant Settlement Mechanism Immediate Receipt of Funds and Securities:Enables instant receipt of funds and securities compared to the current T+1 settlement.Elimination of Settlement Shortages:Mitigates the risk of settlement shortages by requiring availability of both funds and securities before placing an order.Improved Market Liquidity:Faster settlement enhances market liquidity as investors gain quicker access to their funds after selling securities.Reduced Margin Requirements:Traders may need lower margin or collateral with the assurance of rapid settlement, potentially reducing trading costs.Price Stability:Market price stability is enhanced as the security’s price is less likely to undergo significant changes between trade execution and settlement.Enhanced Investor Control:Provides investors with greater control over securities and funds, particularly for UPI clients trading through blocked amounts.Establishing Equities as a Superior Asset Class:Instant settlement contributes to positioning Indian equities as an asset class with superior features such as resilience, low cost, and efficient transaction times, surpassing emerging alternatives. T+1 Settlement Cycle Background: Trade Settlement Settlement involves the transfer of funds and securities on the settlement date, marking the completion of a trade. Current Cycle of Trade Settlement SEBI has progressively shortened settlement cycles: T+5 to T+3 in 2002, and further to T+2 in 2003.The current settlement cycle in the Indian stock market is T+1, effective from January 2023.India became the second country, after China, to adopt the T+1 settlement cycle for top-listed securities. T+1 Settlement Plan Under T+1, trade-related settlements must be completed within 24 hours of a transaction.For instance, if an investor buys shares on Wednesday, they are credited to the demat account on Thursday. Benefits Prompt Fund Receipt and Share Transfer:Investors receive money within a day of selling shares, and buyers get shares in their demat account within a day.Reduced Exposure to Counterparty Risk:Quicker settlement mitigates counterparty risk as trade obligations are fulfilled rapidly.Capital Efficiency:Shorter settlement cycles reduce the capital tied up for collateralizing risk, enhancing capital efficiency. -Source: Indian Express Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill, 2023 Context: Recently, the Lok Sabha passed the Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill, 2023, repealing the colonial era law of the Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867. The Bill has already been passed by Rajya Sabha in August 2023. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Key Features of Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill, 2023 Key Features of Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill, 2023 Scope and Coverage: The Bill addresses the registration of periodicals, specifically publications containing public news or comments on public news.Exclusions: Books and scientific/academic journals are not considered periodicals under this legislation. Online Registration: Periodical publishers can register online through the Press Registrar General and designated local authority. Prohibition and Declaration: Individuals convicted of terrorism or actions against state security are barred from publishing periodicals.A shift from the previous act’s requirement, declarations regarding periodicals are now submitted to the Press Registrar General instead of the District Magistrate. Reproduction of Foreign Periodicals: Reproduction of foreign periodicals in India requires prior approval from the central government, with specific registration protocols outlined. Role of Press Registrar General: The Press Registrar General of India is introduced, responsible for issuing registration certificates, maintaining a periodical register, establishing title guidelines, verifying circulation figures, and managing registration revisions, suspensions, or cancellations. Online Declarations for Printing Presses: Declarations regarding printing presses can now be submitted online to the Press Registrar General. Suspension and Cancellation: The Press Registrar General can suspend a periodical’s registration for a minimum of 30 days (extendable to 180 days) for reasons such as false information, discontinuity in publication, or inaccurate annual statements.Registration may be canceled for issues like title similarity or convictions related to terrorism or acts against national security. Penalties and Imprisonment: The Press Registrar General has the authority to impose penalties for unregistered publication or failure to submit annual statements promptly.Non-compliance may lead to imprisonment for up to six months. Appeals Mechanism: Provisions for appeals against refusal of registration certificates, suspension/cancellation of registration, or imposed penalties are available.Appeals can be filed before the Press and Registration Appellate Board within a 60-day timeframe. -Source: Indian Express, PIB Valmiki Tiger Reserve Context: The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) recently declared a notable rise in the tiger population at Valmiki Tiger Reserve (VTR), with the number of big cats increasing from 31 in 2018 to 54 in 2023. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Factors Behind Increased Tiger Population in VTRKey Features of Valmiki Tiger Reserve (VTR)About the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) Factors Behind Increased Tiger Population in VTR: Sand and Stone Mining Ban: A complete prohibition on sand and stone mining within VTR, coupled with stringent restrictions in its eco-sensitive zone, led to an augmentation of grassland cover.Grassland Expansion: The surge in grassland cover plays a vital role in supporting prey populations, thereby enhancing the prospects of carnivore survival.Conservation Efforts: The reserve is dedicated to managing and sustaining the tiger population through initiatives like raising awareness among local residents and closely monitoring mining activities to mitigate human-wildlife conflict.Recognition by NTCA: The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) acknowledged these efforts, categorizing the reserve as ‘Very Good.’ Key Features of Valmiki Tiger Reserve (VTR): Unique Status: VTR holds the distinction of being Bihar’s sole tiger reserve, situated at the easternmost extremity of the Himalayan Terai forests.Geographical Location: Located in Bihar’s West Champaran district, it shares borders with Nepal to the north and Uttar Pradesh to the west.Bio-geographic Region: Positioned in the Gangetic plains bio-geographic region, the reserve features a blend of Bhabar and Terai region vegetation.Forest Cover: As per the Forest Survey of India Report 2021, approximately 85.71% of the total area is enveloped by forest cover.Rich Fauna: The diverse wildlife includes species such as tiger, sloth bear, leopard, wild dog, bison, and wild boar.River Flow: The reserve is traversed by rivers like Gandak, Pandai, Manor, Harha, Masan, and Bhapsa, contributing to its ecological diversity. National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA): Establishment: Formed in December 2005 based on the recommendations of the Tiger Task Force, which was appointed by the Prime Minister of India. This reorganization aimed at efficiently managing Project Tiger and multiple Tiger Reserves in the country.Legal Framework: The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 was amended in 2006 to incorporate the establishment of the National Tiger Conservation Authority, tasked with executing the Project Tiger plan to safeguard endangered tigers.Leadership: Chaired by the Minister for Environment and Forests, the Authority comprises eight experts or professionals well-versed in wildlife conservation and tribal welfare. Additionally, it includes three Members of Parliament, with two elected by the House of the People and one by the Council of States.Tiger Census: Conducts a comprehensive tiger census every four years across India to monitor and assess the tiger population and conservation efforts. Functions and Responsibilities: Normative Standards: Lays down standards and guidelines for tiger conservation in Tiger Reserves, National Parks, and Sanctuaries.Information Dissemination: Provides information on protection measures, conservation plans, tiger estimation, disease surveillance, mortality surveys, patrolling, and other relevant management aspects.Facilitation: Supports tiger reserve management in states through eco-development and people’s participation, aligning with approved management plans. Also, backs similar initiatives in surrounding areas following central and state laws.Reporting: Prepares an Annual Report presented in Parliament along with the Audit Report. -Source: The Hindu Good Governance Day Context: Good Governance Day (25th December) is being celebrated on the birth anniversary of former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: About Good GovernanceChallenges to Good Governance in IndiaSteps taken to promote Good Governance in India About Good Governance Decision-making and decision-implementation processes are referred to as governance.The term “governance” can be employed in a variety of situations, including corporate, national, international, and municipal government.The method in which authority is exercised in the administration of a country’s economic and social resources for development is the definition of good governance.Chanakya lived in an era when good administration was a concept. In Arthashastra, he had elaborated on the subject.Good governance is based on administration that is centred on the needs of the citizenry. 8 Principles of Good Governance: ParticipationRule of LawConsensus OrientedEquity and InclusivenessEffectiveness and EfficiencyAccountabilityTransparencyResponsiveness Challenges to Good Governance in India In the government and other related industries, women are underrepresented.Many people believe that India’s high level of corruption makes it difficult to increase the effectiveness of government.A citizen has the right to prompt justice, yet there are many reasons why the average person doesn’t receive it. Lack of staff and logistics at the court’s disposal is one such reason.Only when given the necessary authority can lower level governments run effectively. This is especially important for the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), who are now struggling with a lack of resources and staff to carry out the duties that the constitution has given them.Public policy development and governance are being negatively impacted by the criminalization of politics and the unholy alliance between government officials, commercial interests, and elected officials.Other problems such as problems of globalisation, liberalisation, and the market economy, as well as environmental security and sustainable development. Steps taken to promote Good Governance in India As a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), India is under an international obligation to effectively guarantee citizens the Right to Information as per Article 19 of the ICCPR. RTI Act, 2005 marks a significant shift in Indian democracy. It gives greater access of the citizen to the information which in turn improves the responsiveness of the government to community needs.Various steps taken towards e-Governance such as Digital India Initiative, MyGov, PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance And Timely Implementation), Common Services Centres 2.0 (CSC 2.0), e-Courts etc., effectively delivers better programming and services in the era of newly emerging information and communication technologies (ICTs), which herald new opportunities for rapid social and economic transformation worldwide.The think tank called the National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog) was established replacing the Centralised Planning Commission to  promote “cooperative federalism”.The Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP) was launched in January 2018 to transform the lives of people in the under-developed areas of the county in a time bound manner.Government has launched the ‘Make in India’ initiative and took various steps to improve business conditions including legislation meant to improve the country’s business environment and policy ecosystems (such as the Bankruptcy Code, the Goods and Services Tax or GST, and the anti-money-laundering law). -Source: Indian Express Ionosphere Context: A team of scientists from the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG) have examined the long-term seasonal ionospheric observations at Indian Antarctica station Bharati between 2010 and 2022 and also with solar activity following the Sun’s 11-year cycle. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: About the Ionosphere About the Ionosphere: Definition and Location: The ionosphere is a segment of Earth’s upper atmosphere, spanning an altitude range of 100-1000 km.Positioned above the mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere, it is partially ionized and exhibits dynamic behavior. Polar Regions Dynamics: At polar regions, the ionosphere is particularly dynamic, serving as a significant energy sink for space weather events within the magnetosphere-ionosphere system.Vertical magnetic field lines in polar areas contribute to unique interactions. Active Atmosphere Layer: Overlapping with multiple atmospheric layers, including the mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere, the ionosphere is characterized by constant growth and shrinkage.Its activity is closely tied to solar energy absorption. Solar Influence: Being a highly active atmospheric layer, the ionosphere’s dimensions fluctuate based on solar energy absorption.It plays a vital role in space weather events. Observational Challenges in Antarctica: Observations in the ionosphere over Antarctica are relatively limited compared to the Arctic due to geographical constraints and a sparse station network. Scientific Findings: Long-term observations at Bharati station, Antarctica, revealed substantial seasonal variations in total electron count (TEC), with equinoctial months exhibiting maximum ionization.Particle precipitation and convectional plasma transport from high latitudes were identified as contributing factors. Seasonal Density Variations: During polar days with 24 hours of sunlight in the summer, the ionospheric density was approximately twice that of polar nights in the Bharati region. Study Significance: Decade-long studies provide insights into the ionosphere’s impact on satellite-based navigation and communication systems.Understanding these effects aids in developing mitigation strategies. -Source: The Hindu, PIB Gaucher disease Context: Children suffering from lysosomal storage disorders like Gaucher disease are facing a bleak future as their treatment has been stopped due to the exhaustion of one-time support from the Union health Ministry. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: About Gaucher Disease About Gaucher Disease: Type of Disorder: Gaucher disease is an inherited lysosomal storage disorder (LSD). Nature of the Disease: It leads to the accumulation of fatty substances (sphingolipids) in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen.This accumulation weakens bones and causes enlargement of organs. Symptoms: Enlarged spleen and liver.Eye movement disorders.Yellow spots in the eyes, among others. Treatment: No cure for Gaucher disease.Treatments focus on relieving symptoms and significantly improving the quality of life. Types of Gaucher Disease: Type 1:Affects spleen, liver, blood, and bones.Does not impact the brain or spinal cord.Treatable, but no cure exists.Type 2:Rare form appearing in babies under 6 months.Causes enlarged spleen, movement problems, and severe brain damage.No treatment available.Type 3:Most common form appearing before age 10.Causes bone and organ abnormalities and neurological (brain) problems.Treatments can extend life into the 20s or 30s. -Source: Times of India

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