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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 20 December 2023

CONTENTS The Indian Forest and Wood Certification Scheme (IFWCS)India-Oman Joint Vision Partnership: Charting Bilateral CooperationDharavi Redevelopment ProjectYak Domestication in Bangga, Tibet20th Anniversary of UNCACInternet and Mobile Association of IndiaTEMPO SatelliteYogmaya Temple The Indian Forest and Wood Certification Scheme (IFWCS) Context: Amid rising international concerns on deforestation and illicit trade in timber, the Government of India has launched its own national forest certification scheme – The Indian Forest and Wood Certification Scheme (IFWCS). Relevance: GS II: government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Indian Forest and Wood Certification Scheme (IFWCS)Need for the Indian Forest and Wood Certification Scheme (IFWCS)Significance of the Indian Forest and Wood Certification Scheme (IFWCS) Indian Forest and Wood Certification Scheme (IFWCS): IFWCS aims to provide certification for sustainable forest management, including trees outside forests and a chain of custody for traceability of forest products in the supply chain. Components of IFWCS: Certification for Sustainable Forest Management:Focuses on ensuring sustainable practices in forest management.Sustainable Management of Trees Outside Forests:Extends certification to cover sustainable management of trees in plantations.Chain of Custody:Guarantees traceability of forest products throughout the supply chain, from origin to market. Potential Users of Certification: Forest management units, corporations, or wood-based industries.Tree growers, timber or NTFP (Non-Timber Forest Produce) traders.Saw millers, exporters, or importers of wood-based and NTFP-based products.Other end-user industries. Forest Management in India: Forests in India are managed based on their working plans.The Indian Forest Management Standards, comprising 8 criteria, 69 indicators, and 254 verifiers, guide forest management.Mandatory implementation of these standards for all forest divisions in the country.While certification is not compulsory for forest divisions, adherence to standards makes them eligible.Certification remains optional, dependent on specific needs and requirements. Need for the Indian Forest and Wood Certification Scheme (IFWCS): Global Deforestation Concerns:The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) uncovered serious issues with the integrity of existing forest certifications globally.Impact on International Markets:The credibility concerns raised by the ICIJ investigation have affected the acceptance of Indian forest-based products in international markets.High Dropout Rates Among Certified Entities:The doubts surrounding forest certifications have led to high dropout rates among entities previously certified.European and US Markets Significance:Europe and the US, being major export markets for Indian forest-based products, particularly handicraft and furniture, have tightened import rules due to increased sensitivity around deforestation and climate change concerns.Global Climate Change Commitments:The Glasgow climate change conference in 2021 witnessed over 100 countries pledging to halt and reverse deforestation by 2030.Government’s Response:In response to global concerns and commitments, the Government of India is planning to introduce its own certification scheme, IFWCS.Aimed at enhancing market regulation and ensuring the credibility of Indian forest-based products in international trade. Significance of the Indian Forest and Wood Certification Scheme (IFWCS): Alternative to Foreign Certification Agencies:IFWCS provides an alternative to private foreign certification agencies that have been active in the Indian market for the past two decades.Enhanced Trust and Transparency:The scheme aims to bring greater trust and transparency to the certification processes.This ensures that the certification of forest-based products aligns with international standards.Improved Acceptance in International Markets:IFWCS is expected to enhance the acceptability of Indian forest-based products in international markets.By addressing concerns raised by global investigations and meeting international standards, Indian products are likely to gain more credibility.Government-Initiated and Backed:Currently, IFWCS is a government-initiated and government-backed scheme.This government involvement adds authority and reliability to the certification process.Evolution into an Independent Entity:While currently government-driven, there is a potential for IFWCS to evolve into an independent entity.Similar to institutions like the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) or the Quality Council of India (QCI).This evolution can further strengthen the autonomy and credibility of the certification scheme. -Source: Indian Express India-Oman Joint Vision Partnership: Charting Bilateral Cooperation Context: Recently, India and Oman have adopted the India Oman Joint Vision Partnership For the Future, setting the stage for bilateral cooperation and charting pathways for future collaboration between the two countries. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the Bilateral MeetIndia-Oman Relationships: A Historical PerspectiveOman’s Strategic Significance for India Key Highlights of the Bilateral Meet: Agreements and Collaborations: Signed agreements encompass various sectors, including information technology, combating financial crimes, and cultural exchanges.Establishment of a Hindi chair of the Indian Council of Cultural Relations (ICCR) in Oman. Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA): Ongoing discussions to finalize a CEPA between the two nations.Substantial progress made, with a focus on concluding the agreement promptly to enhance economic ties. Oman-India Investment Fund: Announcement of the third tranche of the Oman-India investment fund, totaling USD 300 million.The fund, initially a 50:50 joint venture between SBI and the Oman Investment Authority, with tranches of USD 100 million and USD 200 million. Collaboration in Digital Payments: Exploring the potential use of India’s UPI (Unified Payments Interface) in collaboration with an Omani platform.Consideration of conducting trade in Rupees, currently in the exploratory stage. Global and Regional Discussions: Exchange of perspectives on regional and global matters.Addressed ongoing conflicts, specifically the Hamas-Israel situation.Shared concerns about terrorism and advocated for a two-state solution to address the Palestine issue. India-Oman Relationships: A Historical Perspective Background: Geographical, historical, and cultural ties link the two countries across the Arabian Sea.Warm and cordial relations are attributed to historical maritime trade linkages. Strategic Partnership: Oman is a strategic partner of India in the Gulf region.Key interlocutor at Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), Arab League, and Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) fora. Recognition of Leadership: Gandhi Peace Prize 2019 awarded to Late HM Sultan Qaboos for strengthening ties and promoting peace in the Gulf region. Defense Relations: Joint Military Cooperation Committee (JMCC): Highest forum for defense engagement.Meetings have been sporadic, with the last in 2018. Military Exercises: Al Najah (Army), Eastern Bridge (Air Force), Naseem Al Bahr (Naval). Economic & Commercial Ties: Institutional Mechanisms: Joint Commission Meeting (JCM) and Joint Business Council (JBC) oversee economic cooperation. Trade Relations: India a top trading partner for Oman.2nd largest market for Oman’s crude oil exports (2022).4th largest market for non-oil exports (2022).Indian companies invested in sectors like iron and steel, cement, fertilizers, textiles. India-Oman Joint Investment Fund (OIJIF): Operational joint venture between State Bank of India and State General Reserve Fund (SGRF) of Oman. Indian Community in Oman: Around 6.2 lakh Indians, including 4.8 lakh workers and professionals.Some Indian families have been in Oman for over 150-200 years. Oman’s Strategic Significance for India: Gateway to Strait of Hormuz:Oman is strategically positioned at the gateway of the Strait of Hormuz.The strait is crucial for India as it facilitates one-fifth of its oil imports.Defence Cooperation:Defence collaboration is a pivotal aspect of the India-Oman strategic partnership.A Framework MOU guides defence exchanges, renewed in 2021.Oman is the sole Gulf country engaging in regular bilateral exercises and staff talks with all three branches of the Indian armed forces, fostering close cooperation and trust.Participation in Naval Symposium:Oman actively participates in the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS), emphasizing regional maritime security.Military Access to Port of Duqm:India strategically secured access to the Port of Duqm in Oman for military and logistical support.Part of India’s maritime strategy to counter Chinese influence in the Indian Ocean region.Strategic Location:The Port of Duqm is strategically situated on Oman’s southeastern seaboard, overseeing the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean.Proximity to the Chabahar port in Iran enhances strategic importance.Maritime Security Roadmap:Integrates with India’s proactive maritime security roadmap, which includes developments in Assumption Island (Seychelles) and Agalega (Mauritius).Aligns with efforts to strengthen India’s presence and influence in the Indian Ocean region. -Source: Indian Express Dharavi Redevelopment Project Context: Opposition-led protesters, numbering in the thousands, marched towards billionaire Gautam Adani’s Mumbai offices to express their dissent against the ₹23,000 crore Dharavi Redevelopment Project. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: About DharaviEconomic significance of DharaviWhat is the Dharavi Redevelopment Project all about? About Dharavi Dharavi, infamous as one of the world’s largest slums, is located in the heart of India’s financial capital – Mumbai.A city within a city, it is one unending stretch of narrow dirty lanes, open sewers and cramped huts.While the land (area of 535 acres) is owned by the government, the houses are maintained by individuals.The Dharavi slum came into being in 1884. It was originally inhibited by fisherfolk when the area was still creeks, swamps.It became attractive to migrant workers from South Mumbai and others when the swamp began to fill in due to natural and artificial causes.The area grew as poor rural Indians migrated to urban Mumbai.Today, an estimated 600,000 to 1 million people live crammed in Dharavi. Economic significance of Dharavi Dharavi stands near to India’s richest business district, the Bandra-Kurla Complex, where commercial office premiums are among the highest in the country.The slum sprawl, spread over 2.8 sq.km. is home to an informal leather and pottery industry which employs over a lakh people. What is the Dharavi Redevelopment Project all about? The state had envisaged this sprawl be transformed into a cluster of high-rises with improved urban infrastructure.It entailed resettling 68,000 people, including slum dwellers and those with commercial establishments.The state was to provide 300-sqft houses for free to residents with proof that their slum structure was in existence before January 1, 2000.The project was initially mooted in 2004, but never got off the ground due to various reasons. When redevelopment was first proposed? In 1999, the government first proposed to redevelop Dharavi.Thereafter, the government of Maharashtra in the year 2003-04 decided to redevelop Dharavi as an integrated planned township.An action plan for redevelopment was approved by issuing a government resolution.It was decided to develop Dharavi by using land as a resource to cross-subsidie the cost of development through a sale component on the basis of the Slum Rehabilitation Scheme.The government also decided to notify the whole of Dharavi as an undeveloped area and to appoint a Special Planning Authority for its development.In 2011, the government cancelled all tenders and drew up a master plan. -Source: Indian Express Yak Domestication in Bangga, Tibet Context: A recent study reveals the earliest evidence of human domestication of yaks in Bangga, a settlement in the Shannan prefecture of the Tibetan Autonomous Region, China. Shannan, located along the Brahmaputra River and sharing borders with Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh, serves as the archaeological site for this significant discovery. Relevance: GS III: Conservation Dimensions of the Article: Major Highlights of the StudyMajor Points Related to Wild Yaks Major Highlights of the Study: Coexistence of Domesticated Yaks and Taurine Cattle:Indication of advanced animal husbandry and agricultural practices 2,500 years ago.Domesticated yaks and taurine cattle found in coexistence within Bangga. Surprising Presence of Taurine Cattle:Presence of taurine cattle near the Indian subcontinent, where Zebus are predominant.Suggested migration of taurine cattle to central and eastern Tibet from Anatolia via the Silk Route and northern Tibet.Origin and Distribution of Cattle Breeds:Most modern cattle breeds in Europe and temperate Asia are taurine.Distinction from Zebu or humped breeds native to the Indian subcontinent and tropical Asia.Unearthing Evidence of Hybrids:Discovery of intentional crossings between yaks and cattle.Significance in highlighting the ancient inhabitants’ nuanced understanding of animal breeding. Major Points Related to Wild Yaks: Habitat and Range: Thrives in remote areas of the Tibetan plateau.Inhabits high-elevation alpine tundra, grasslands, and cold deserts. Distribution: Native wild yak population previously found in Bhutan and Nepal.Currently presumed extinct in those regions, limiting habitat to China and India. Threats to Wild Yaks: Habitat Loss:Significant threat to wild yaks.Genetic Hybridization:Occurs with domestic yaks.Poaching:Poses a serious risk. Human-Induced Challenges: Disturbance from human activities and livestock.Forces wild yaks to relocate, impacting populations. Hybrid Usage: Dzo (Male hybrid) and Dzomo (Female hybrid) bred by crossing cattle and yaks.Utilized by communities across the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. Conservation Status: IUCN Red List Status: Vulnerable.CITES: Listed in Appendix I.The Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act 2022: Schedule I. -Source: Down To Earth 20th Anniversary of UNCAC Context: The year 2023 commemorates the 20th anniversary of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC). The G20 actively engages in global anti-corruption efforts through its Anti-Corruption Working Group, discussing relevant topics in the B20 and SAI20 dialogues within the G20 Social track. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC)G-20 Anti-Corruption Working Group (ACWG) United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC): Inception and Activation: Signed on December 9, 2003, in Mexico.Entered into force on December 14, 2005. International Anti-Corruption Day: Established on December 9.Proposed by the Brazilian delegation to the Convention. Binding Multilateral Treaty: Sole legally binding multilateral international anti-corruption treaty. Convention’s Main Areas: Preventive Measures.Criminalization and Law Enforcement.International Cooperation.Asset Recovery.Technical Assistance and Information Exchange. Scope of Coverage: Encompasses various forms of corruption.Includes bribery, trading in influence, abuse of functions, and private sector corruption. G-20 Anti-Corruption Working Group (ACWG): Establishment: Formed in June 2010.Emerged from the Toronto Summit of G-20. Focus Areas: Concentrates on sharing effective strategies to combat corruption.Addresses emerging challenges, including the use of new technologies in countering corrupt practices. Leadership: Chaired by the Presidency of the G20.Accompanied by a co-chair. -Source: G20 Internet and Mobile Association of India Context: The Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI), the representative body of nearly 600 internet firms and start-ups, recently welcomed the introduction of the Telecom Bill in Lok Sabha. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI): Establishment: Founded in 2004.Registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. Nature: Not-for-profit industry body. Representation: Sole organization representing the digital services industry in India. Membership: Over 500 Indian and multinational corporations.Members span diverse sectors of the digital ecosystem, including both established companies and startups. Mandate: Expand and enhance the online and mobile value-added services sectors. Unified Voice: Dedicated to presenting a unified voice of the businesses it represents to government, investors, consumers, and stakeholders. Industry Focus: Addresses issues, concerns, and challenges of the Internet and Mobile economy.Takes a leading role in the development of the digital ecosystem. Representation of Sectors: Encompasses sectors such as digital advertising, digital entertainment, traveltech, online gaming, digital payments, fintech, digital commerce, edtech, healthtech, agritech, big data, ML, AI & IoT, AR/VR, logistics-tech, etc. Activities: Promotes the inherent strengths of the digital economy.Evaluates and recommends standards and practices.Conducts research and creates platforms for members.Communicates on behalf of the industry.Creates a favorable business environment. Advocacy: Advocates for free and fair competition.Supports progressive laws for the sector.Advocates for equitable access and the best quality of services.Promotes a safe and secure internet for users. -Source: Indian Express TEMPO Satellite Context: NASA’s new satellite TEMPO measures air pollution hourly has shown significant progress and now the space agency officials are already thinking about ways to extend its life. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology TEMPO Satellite: Mission Focus: Tropospheric Emissions Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO). Geographical Coverage: Monitors major air pollutants across North America. Monitoring Range: Extends from Canada’s oil sands to the Yucatán Peninsula.Across the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Virtual Constellation: Part of a virtual constellation with South Korea’s GEMS and the European Space Agency’s upcoming satellite.Aims for comprehensive air pollution monitoring over the Northern Hemisphere. Scientific Observations: Measures ozone, nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide, and formaldehyde levels. Monitoring Capability: Capable of hourly air quality measurements over North America during the daytime.Provides resolution at the level of several square miles. Applications: Monitors effects of various sources, including rush-hour traffic, forest fires, and volcanoes. Orbit Type: Hosted in geostationary orbit.In contrast to traditional low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. Operation Duration: Designed for a 20-month operation period. -Source: Hindustan Times Yogmaya Temple Context: Yogmaya Temple is a historically important monument believed to be standing at the site of an ancient temple that is said to have come up during the period of the Mahabharata. Relevance: GS I: History Yogmaya Temple Overview: Alternative Name: Also known as Jogmaya Temple.Location: Situated in Mehrauli, Delhi.Proximity to the renowned Qutub Minar.Construction Period: Built between 1806 and 1837.Builder: Constructed by Lala Sidhu Mal, a noble in the court of Mughal Emperor Akbar II.Historical Context: Area known as Yoginipura in ancient Jain texts.Prithviraj Chauhan associated with a Yogini temple here.Significance in Akbar II’s Rule: Considered a focal point during Akbar II’s reign.Deity Replica: Houses a replica of the Goddess Yogmaya, also known as the “Pure Goddess.”Unique Festival: Celebrates the exclusive festival ‘Phoolwalon ki Sair.’Cultural Importance: A testament to the historical and cultural richness of Mehrauli, Delhi. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 19 December 2023

CONTENTS Guru Tegh BahadurSignificant Steps in Waste Management Guru Tegh Bahadur Context: The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi has paid tributes to Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Ji on his martyrdom day.  Relevance: GS I- History Dimensions of the Article: About Guru Tegh BahadurRun-in with the MughalsThe guru’s martyrdom About Guru Tegh Bahadur: Tegh Bahadur was born in Amritsar on April 21, 1621 to Mata Nanki and Guru Hargobind, the sixth Sikh guru, who raised an army against the Mughals and introduced the concept of warrior saints.As a boy, Tegh Bahadur was called Tyag Mal because of his ascetic nature.He spent his early childhood in Amritsar under the tutelage of Bhai Gurdas, who taught him Gurmukhi, Hindi, Sanskrit, and Indian religious philosophy, while Baba Budha trained him in swordsmanship, archery and horse-riding.He was only 13 when he distinguished himself in a battle against a Mughal chieftain.His bravery and swordsmanship in the battle earned him the name of Tegh Bahadur.He was married to Mata Gujri at Kartarpur in 1632, and subsequently left for Bakala near Amritsar.Guru Tegh Bahadur was the ninth of ten Gurus of the Sikh religion. The Guru’s times Aurangzeb was the ruling Mughal emperor at the time.Guru Tegh Bahadur who started travelling extensively through Malwa and Majha, first came into conflict with the authorities when he started questioning the tradition of worshipping at the graves of pirs and faqirs.He preached against this practice, and urged his followers to be ‘nirbhau’ (fearless) and ‘nirvair’ (without envy).His sermons, delivered in a mix of Sadukhri and Braj languages, were widely understood from Sindh to Bengal. The metaphors he used resonated with people across North India.Guru Tegh Bahadur often alluded to Panchali (Draupadi) and Ganika in his preachings and declared that Hindustan could regain its piety if it took refuge in one God. Run-in with the Mughals As his message began to spread, a local chieftain at Dhamtan near Jind in present-day Haryana picked him up on fabricated charges of collecting revenue from villagers, and took him to Delhi.But Raja Ram Singh of Amer, whose family was a long-time follower of the gurus, intervened and kept him in his house for around two months until he convinced Aurangzeb that the guru was a holy man with no political ambitions.Earlier, Raja Jai Singh of Amer had donated land for a dharamshala where the gurus could rest while visiting Delhi.The present-day Bangla Sahib gurdwara is built on this site. Travels beyond Punjab A little more than a year after setting up his headquarters in present-day Anandpur Sahib in 1665, the guru spent four-odd years travelling up to Dhaka in the east, and going up to Puri in Odisha.He also visited Mathura, Agra, Benares, Allahabad, and Patna, where he left his wife and her brother in the care of the local devotees. Guru Gobind Singh was born in Patna in 1666.While the guru was on the way back from Dhaka, Raja Ram Singh sought his help to broker a truce with the Ahom king.Gurdwara Dhubri Sahib on the banks of the Brahmaputra commemorates this peace accord. The guru was also honoured at Guwahati’s Kamakhya temple.According to historians, the guru rushed back to Punjab on learning about the increasing atrocities by the Mughals. The guru’s martyrdom Aurangzeb ordered the public execution of the guru on November 11, 1675 after the guru declined to embrace Islam.He was tortured to death and beheaded at Chandni Chowk along with his three companions, Bhai Mati Das, who was torn asunder, Bhai Sati Das, who was burnt to death, and Bhai Dyala ji, who was put in boiling water. Till the very end they were asked to change their minds, but they remained resolute.In 1784, Gurdwara Sis Ganj was built on the site on which they were executed.Describing his father in Vichitra Natak, Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth guru who founded the Khalsa, wrote: ‘’Dharam het saka jin kiya, sees diya par sir nahin diya (He sacrificed his life for dharma, he gave up his head but not his honour).” Significant Steps in Waste Management Context In a recent written reply in the Rajya Sabha, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change highlighted the significant steps taken to tackle waste management in the country. Relevance: GS II: Environment and Ecology Highlighted Initiatives in Waste Management: Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Mechanism: EPR is a policy approach that holds producers accountable for the entire lifecycle of their products.Producers are responsible for product collection, recycling, and disposal.Aims to reduce environmental impact by shifting waste management responsibility to producers.In 2022, EPR initiatives were implemented for plastic packaging, E-waste, battery waste, and used oil.Utilization of market mechanisms expected to stimulate growth in the waste management sector. Waste Processing Capacity: Approximately 76% of the 1.5 lakh metric tons per day (MT/D) of urban waste is processed.Notable increase in waste processing capacity since 2014.Capacity expansion for solid waste, hazardous waste, bio-medical waste, E-waste, plastic waste, and construction and demolition waste.Solid waste processing capacity increased by around 1.05 lakh MT/D under the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban). Swachh Bharat Mission for Solid Waste Management: Central assistance provided for solid waste management, including plastic waste management in urban and rural areas.Launch of Swachh Bharat Mission Urban 2.0 in 2021 with the goal of creating “Garbage Free Cities.”Focus on door-to-door collection, source segregation, and scientific processing of municipal solid waste.Emphasis on source segregation, reducing single-use plastic, managing construction-and-demolition waste, and bio-remediation of waste dump sites.Swachh Bharat Mission – Grameen Phase II includes solid waste management activities at the village level.  Waste Management Rules and Guidelines: Implementation of various waste management rules and guidelines under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.Includes Solid Waste Management Rules (2016), Plastic Waste Management Rules (2016), Bio-medical Waste Management Rules (2016), Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules (2016), Hazardous and other wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules (2016), E-waste Management Rules (2022), and Battery Waste Management Rules (2022).Guidelines issued for environmentally sound waste management.Development of guidelines for the levy of environmental damages/environmental compensation charges based on the polluter pays principle for hazardous waste, E-waste, and plastic waste.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 19 December 2023

CONTENTS The LEADS [Logistics Ease Across Different States] 2023 ReportArctic Report Card 2023: Impact of Extreme Weather and Climate Eventse-CigarettesViksit Bharat Sankalp YatraKetamineNoma diseaseMount Vinson The LEADS [Logistics Ease Across Different States] 2023 Report Context: As many as 11 States and two UTs have been named as ‘Achievers’ in the LEADS [Logistics Ease Across Different States] 2023 report released by the Union Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MoC&I;). Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Aricle: Logistics Market in IndiaNeed for a Holistic Logistics Policy in IndiaGovernment Initiatives to Improve the Logistics MarketLEADS (Logistics Ease Across Different States)Prospects for India’s Logistics Sector: China-Plus-One Strategy Perspective Logistics Market in India: Definition: Logistics involves the efficient planning and execution of the transportation and storage of goods from the origin to the consumption point.Objective: The primary goal of logistics is to fulfill customer requirements in a timely and cost-effective manner.Market Value: The estimated worth of the Indian logistics market exceeds USD 200 billion.Employment Impact: The logistics sector provides livelihoods for more than 22 million people in India. Need for a Holistic Logistics Policy in India: Rationale: The necessity for a national logistics policy arises due to the comparably high logistics costs in India when juxtaposed with other developed economies.Competitiveness Enhancement: Reducing logistics costs is crucial for enhancing the competitiveness of Indian goods, both in domestic and export markets.Economic Efficiency: Lowering logistics costs contributes to overall economic efficiency, fostering value addition and enterprise across various sectors.Encouraging Factors: An effective logistics policy is expected to encourage efficiency, streamline processes, and create a favorable environment for businesses to thrive.Strategic Impact: A holistic logistics policy is strategic in bolstering India’s position in the global market, fostering economic growth and trade relations. Government Initiatives to Improve the Logistics Market: National Logistics Policy (September 2022): Launched by the Indian government to ensure a smooth flow of goods across the country.Aims to boost the development of an integrated logistics ecosystem.Anticipated outcomes include a reduction in time, wastage, and overall logistics costs.Emphasizes sustainability in logistics operations. PM GATI Shakti Master Plan (2021): Introduced to enhance integrated planning and coordinated implementation of infrastructure connectivity projects.Establishes a digital platform bringing together 16 Ministries, including Railways and Roadways.Focuses on streamlining planning and execution for improved infrastructure development. Bharat Mala Pariyojana: Government approval for the development of 35 New Multi-Modal logistics Parks under Bharat Mala Pariyojana.Aims to reduce logistics costs by creating efficient and interconnected logistics hubs. Air Cargo Terminals for Export Promotion: Construction of 40 air cargo terminals to promote export activities.Provision of cold-storage facilities in 30 airports to support the storage and transportation of goods with specific temperature requirements. LEADS (Logistics Ease Across Different States): Conceived in 2018 by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), MoC&I.;Modeled after the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) of the World Bank. Methodology: LEADS incorporates both perception-based surveys and objective data.Aims to enhance robustness and comprehensiveness in evaluating logistics performance. Pillars Evaluated: LEADS assesses performance across three key pillars: Logistics InfrastructureLogistics ServicesOperating and Regulatory Environment Annual Exercise – LEADS 2023: The 5th edition of LEADS provides insights into the improvement of logistics performance at the State/Union Territory (UT) level.Highlights positive shifts in States’ performance across key pillars. Significance of LEADS: Encourages healthy competition among States/UTs to improve logistics performance.23 States/UTs align their State Logistics Policies with the National Logistics Policy.16 States/UTs grant industry status to logistics.Enhances the overall competitiveness of the Indian logistics ecosystem and its global positioning. India’s Global Ranking: India improves its Logistics Performance Index (LPI) rank by 6 places, reaching the 38th position in 2023.Digital reforms, including PM GatiShakti, Logistics Data Bank, Unified Logistics Interface Platform (ULIP), and GST, contribute to this advancement. Collaborative Approach: The LEADS report is developed collaboratively and through consultation, bringing objectivity to the assessment of infrastructure development and process-related reforms. Impact: Empowers State/UT Governments with region-specific insights for informed decision-making and comprehensive growth.Reflects a positive shift in States’ performance, signaling the effectiveness of various reforms and stakeholders’ perceptions. Prospects for India’s Logistics Sector: China-Plus-One Strategy Perspective Coined in 2013, China-Plus-One is a global business strategy diversifying investments beyond China. Western Investment Trends in China: Over the last 30 years, Western companies heavily invested in China.Attracted by low labor and production costs, and the substantial size of the domestic consumer market.Resulted in an overconcentration of business interests in China. Collective Supply Chain Roadmap: Economies, including India, unveiled a roadmap to establish collective and resilient supply chains.A response to the risks associated with over-reliance on a single market.Includes measures to counter supply chain dependencies and vulnerabilities. Role of India’s Logistics Sector: The Logistics sector identified as a cornerstone for India’s growth.Aims for tenfold economic expansion from $3.5 trillion to $35 trillion by 2047.Critical in facilitating diversified business operations under the China-Plus-One strategy. -Source: The Hindu Arctic Report Card 2023: Impact of Extreme Weather and Climate Events Context: Recently, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has released its 18th Annual Arctic Report Card, highlighting the profound impact of extreme weather and Climate Events on the Arctic. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Arctic Report Card 2023: Key HighlightsAbout Arctic and Arctic Report Card Arctic Report Card 2023: Key Highlights Record Summer Warmth: The Arctic experienced its warmest summer on record in 2023.The region has warmed nearly four times faster than the global average since 1979.Ranked as the sixth warmest year in the Arctic since 1900. Impact of Extreme Weather: Unprecedented wildfires, leading to evacuations, decline in sea ice extent, severe floods, food insecurity, and rising sea levels.Direct consequences on ecosystems, human health, and cultural practices. Thawing Permafrost and Greenhouse Gas Release: Warmer ocean temperatures accelerating subsea permafrost thaw, releasing methane and carbon dioxide.Concerns about the unknown extent and impact of released greenhouse gases. Decline in Salmon Populations: Western Alaska saw significant reductions in Chinook and chum salmon populations.Impacts Indigenous communities with cultural, food security, and economic implications. Worst Wildfire Season in Canada: Canada experienced its worst wildfire season, affecting 40% of Arctic and Northern lands.Over 10 million acres burned in the Northwest Territories, leading to evacuations and air quality issues. Mendenhall Glacier Thinning and Flooding: Dramatic thinning of Alaska’s Mendenhall Glacier over the past two decades.Glacier meltwater causing annual floods, with a notable event in August 2023 causing severe property damage. Greenland Ice Sheet Melting: Greenland’s ice sheet melted for the fifth time in 34 years.Despite above-average winter snow accumulation, the ice sheet lost approximately 350 trillion pounds of mass between August 2022 and September 2023.Significant contributor to sea-level rise. About Arctic and Arctic Report Card Arctic The Arctic is the northernmost polar region on Earth, characterized by seasonally changing snow and ice cover on its land.This expansive area includes the Arctic Ocean, surrounding seas, and portions of Alaska (United States), Canada, Finland, Greenland (Denmark), Iceland, Norway, Russia, and Sweden. Arctic Report Card The Arctic Report Card, issued annually since 2006, serves as a timely and peer-reviewed resource.Providing clear, reliable, and concise information, it offers insights into the current state of various Arctic environmental components compared to historical records.This report is a valuable reference for understanding the ongoing changes in the Arctic environmental system. -Source: Indian Express e-Cigarettes Context: Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has urged governments to treat e-cigarettes similarly to tobacco and ban all flavors, threatening cigarette companies’ bets on smoking alternatives. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: What are e-Cigarettes?Concerns Raised by WHO Regarding e-CigarettesArguments in Favor of e-Cigarettes What are e-Cigarettes? e-Cigarettes are battery-powered devices that heat a liquid into an aerosol for inhalation and exhalation.The liquid typically includes nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerin, flavorings, and other chemicals.These devices, also known as electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) or electronic non-nicotine delivery systems (ENNDS), come in various types. Concerns Raised by WHO Regarding e-Cigarettes Effectiveness: E-cigarettes are not proven effective at the population level for quitting tobacco use, and evidence suggests adverse health effects.Marketing and Accessibility: Aggressive marketing, especially targeting young people, combined with inadequate regulations, raises significant concerns.Global Regulations: Thirty-four countries ban e-cigarette sales, 88 have no minimum age restrictions, and 74 lack regulations for these products. Recruitment and Trapping of Youth Early Age Usage: Children and young people are at risk of early e-cigarette use, potentially leading to nicotine addiction.Marketing Influence: Aggressive marketing, coupled with lax regulations, contributes to the recruitment of young users.Global Trends: Youth e-cigarette use rates surpass those of adults in all WHO regions. Alarming Trends in Specific Regions Canada: E-cigarette use among 16–19-year-olds doubled between 2017–2022.England (UK): The number of young e-cigarette users tripled in the past three years. Health Risks and Unknowns Long-term Effects: While the long-term health impact is not fully understood, e-cigarettes produce toxic substances linked to cancer, heart, and lung disorders.Developmental Risks: E-cigarette use can affect brain development, cause learning disorders in young people, and harm fetal development in pregnant women. Addictive Nature of Nicotine Highly Addictive: E-cigarettes with nicotine are highly addictive, posing health risks to users and bystanders.Counteracting Addiction: Concerns arise about countering nicotine addiction, particularly among young users. Arguments in Favor of e-Cigarettes Harm Reduction Strategy: Proponents contend that e-cigarettes provide a harm reduction strategy in comparison to traditional tobacco products.While containing nicotine, they lack many of the harmful carcinogens found in conventional cigarettes, making them a potentially safer alternative.Seen as a viable option for adult smokers who may be unwilling or unable to quit nicotine use completely. Reduced Carcinogens: E-cigarettes are argued to be devoid of numerous harmful carcinogens present in traditional cigarettes, reducing the health risks associated with tobacco consumption.This aspect makes e-cigarettes a potentially less harmful option for adults who choose to continue using nicotine. Economic Benefits: An economic argument suggests that legalizing and regulating e-cigarettes could result in significant tax revenue for governments.Taxing e-cigarettes would not only generate revenue but also provide authorities with a means to control and monitor their usage, potentially curbing illicit markets. Consumer Choice and Access: Supporters emphasize the importance of consumer choice, advocating for the availability of alternatives in the market.Adults who struggle with traditional smoking cessation methods should have the option to choose less harmful nicotine delivery systems according to proponents.The argument centers on providing choices to adult smokers seeking alternatives to conventional tobacco products. -Source: The Hindu Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra Context: PM Modi is on a two-day visit to Varanasi where he addressed a Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra event. He is also scheduled to inaugurate the second edition of the Kashi Tamil Sangamam during this visit. Relevance: GS I: Culture Dimensions of the Article: Viksit Bharat Sankalp YatraKashi Tamil Sangamam Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra: Government initiative to raise awareness and monitor the implementation of key central schemes.Schemes include Ayushman Bharat, Ujjwala Yojana, PM Surkasha Bima, PM SVANidhi, etc. Aims: Reach eligible but unbenefitted vulnerable populations.Disseminate information and create awareness about various schemes.Interact with beneficiaries through personal stories/experience sharing.Enroll potential beneficiaries based on Yatra-derived details. Implementation: Active involvement of Union ministries and state governments in the program. Achievements: Over 2.50 crore citizens reached in just one month across 68,000 Gram Panchayats.Nearly 2 crore individuals participated in Viksit Bharat Sankalp.Over 2 crore beneficiaries shared their experiences through the ‘Meri Kahani Meri Zubani’ initiative, according to government’s PIB. About Kashi Tamil Sangamam The Kashi Tamil Sangamam commemorates a variety of characteristics of the North and South of India’s shared history and culture.The overarching goal is to strengthen the bonds between the peoples of the North and the South by bringing their respective knowledge systems and cultural traditions closer together.It is being put on by the Ministry of Education in association with the Government of Uttar Pradesh and other ministries including Culture, Textiles, Railways, Tourism, Food Processing, Information & Broadcasting, etc.The project is in line with the National Education Policy (NEP), which places a strong emphasis on fusing the richness of Indian Knowledge Systems with contemporary knowledge systems by the year 2020.The program’s two implementing organisations are IIT Madras and Banaras Hindu University (BHU). Cultural Significance: In order to construct a temple for Lord Shiva, King Parakrama Pandya of the area around Madurai in the 15th century travelled to Kashi (Uttar Pradesh) and brought back a lingam.He took a break under a tree while travelling back, but when he tried to move on, the cow carrying the lingam stood still.When Parakrama Pandya realised that this was the Lord’s intention, he put the lingam in the area, which later became known as Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu.The Pandyas had constructed the Kasi Viswanathar Temple for devotees who could not go to Kashi at what is now Tenkasi in southern Tamil Nadu, near to the state’s border with Kerala. -Source: Indian Express Ketamine Context: Recently, the autopsy report for Matthew Perry, stating that the actor’s cause of death was the “acute effects of ketamine,” which has sparked concerns and questions about the use of this medication. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: About KetamineSchedule X Drugs About Ketamine: Ketamine, also known as Ketalar, is a medicinal substance utilized by doctors to induce anesthesia and alleviate pain during surgical procedures. Chemical Origins and Mechanism: Derived from Phencyclidine (PCP), a hallucinogenic drug.Operates by blocking the NMDA receptor in the brain and spinal cord.Increases the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate. Medical Applications: Classified as a dissociative anesthetic with psychedelic properties.Used strictly under medical supervision for anesthesia.Also employed in the treatment of conditions such as depression, anxiety, PTSD, end-of-life distress, chronic pain, and substance abuse issues. Impact on the Body: Induces hallucinations and distorts sight and sound perceptions.Leads to a sense of disconnection and loss of control.Can result in unconsciousness and memory loss. Regulatory Status in India: Classified as a Schedule X drug in India.Subject to stringent control and monitoring on a case-specific basis by the prescribing doctor. Schedule X Drugs: Schedule X drugs are categorized as “restrictive drugs” under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act and Rules. Scope: The list of Schedule X drugs encompasses over 536 pharmaceutical substances. Composition: Schedule X includes Narcotic and Psychotropic drugs.These drugs are known to induce effects such as delusion, hallucination, psychosis, sedation, and hypnosis. Prescription Requirement: Sale of Schedule X drugs is strictly regulated and permitted only through a prescription.These prescriptions must be issued by a registered medical practitioner, emphasizing the importance of professional medical oversight. Control Measures: The classification of drugs under Schedule X signifies a high level of regulatory control and monitoring.The intention is to ensure that these substances are dispensed and used responsibly under the guidance of qualified healthcare professionals. Purpose: Schedule X aims to strike a balance between making certain medications available for therapeutic use while preventing their misuse or potential harm due to their psychotropic or narcotic nature. -Source: Indian Express Noma Disease Context: Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the inclusion of noma (cancrum oris or gangrenous stomatitis) in its official list of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Relevance: GS II: Health Noma Disease Definition: Noma disease is a rapidly progressing severe gangrenous condition that primarily affects the mouth and face.Aliases: Also known as cancrum oris or gangrenous stomatitis.Geographical Prevalence: Predominantly found in sub-Saharan Africa. Affected Population: Primarily targets children aged 2–6 years.Common among those suffering from malnutrition, infectious diseases, living in extreme poverty, and experiencing poor oral health or weakened immune systems.Occurs among immunocompromised adults, including those with HIV, leukemia, and other diseases. Progression: Begins as a soft tissue lesion (sore) of the gums.Develops into acute necrotizing gingivitis, rapidly destroying soft tissues.Progresses to involve hard tissues and the facial skin. Transmission and Contagiousness: Generally considered opportunistic and non-contagious.Cases reported outside sub-Saharan Africa, including Asia-Pacific, the Americas, the Middle East, and Europe.Evidence suggests causative agents are non-specific polymicrobial organisms.No documented evidence supports direct person-to-person transmission. Treatment: Early detection crucial, with therapy most effective in the early stages (aggressively swollen gums).Treatment involves prescription of widely available antibiotics.Recommendations and support for improved oral hygiene.Use of disinfectant mouthwash.Nutrition supplements may be advised. Conclusion: Noma disease poses a severe threat, particularly to vulnerable populations in sub-Saharan Africa and other regions.Timely intervention and comprehensive treatment strategies are essential for managing and preventing the progression of this devastating condition. -Source: WHO Mount Vinson Context: Recently, Kerala government employee Shaikh Hassan Khan has climbed Mount Vinson. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Mount Vinson and the Ellsworth MountainsEllsworth Mountains: Key Facts Mount Vinson and the Ellsworth Mountains: Mount Vinson: Mount Vinson stands as the highest mountain in Antarctica.Soaring to an elevation of 4,892 meters (16,050 feet) above sea level.Positioned within the Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains, near the Ronne Ice Shelf.Together with the next five highest summits in the vicinity, Mount Vinson is part of the Vinson Massif. Vinson Massif: Vinson Massif encompasses Mount Vinson and the five other prominent mountains in the same area.The collective term refers to the next five highest summits on the continent of Antarctica. Geographical Location: Mount Vinson is situated approximately 1,200 kilometers from the South Pole.The region ranks among the coldest places on Earth. Ellsworth Mountains: Key Facts: The Ellsworth Mountains constitute the mountain ranges in Antarctica.This mountainous region spans a length of 360 kilometers (224 miles) and a width of 48 kilometers (30 miles), configured in a north-to-south alignment.The Minnesota Glacier bisects the Ellsworth Mountains, giving rise to the Sentinel Range in the north and the Heritage Range in the south.The Sentinel Range, notably higher and more spectacular, hosts Mount Vinson, the highest point on the Antarctic continent. -Source: The Hindu

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 December 2023

CONTENTS Post Office Bill, 2023: Lok Sabha ConsiderationIndian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) Study: Impacts of Global WarmingOpium Cultivation Surge in Southeast Asia: UNODC ReportIUCN Red List Update: Climate Change Impact on SpeciesBharat NCAPVijay DiwasEuropean Wood Bison Post Office Bill, 2023: Lok Sabha Consideration Context: The Post Office Bill, 2023, recently passed in the Rajya Sabha, is now under consideration in the Lok Sabha. The bill aims to repeal the long-standing Indian Post Office Act of 1898. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: New Post Office Bill (2023)Criticism of the New Post Office Bill (2023) New Post Office Bill (2023): Need for Legislative Update: The Indian Post Office Act of 1898, focused on mail delivery, lacked provisions for the expanded range of services offered by the modern Post Office.Evolving into a provider of diverse citizen-centric services prompted the necessity for a new law. Interception Powers (Section 9): The Bill empowers the Centre to authorize officers, by notification, to intercept, open, or detain any item.Grounds for interception include state security, friendly foreign relations, public order, emergencies, public safety, or law contravention. Transfer to Customs Authorities: Post officers can hand over postal items to customs authorities if suspected of containing prohibited items or being liable to duty. Exemption from Liability (Section 10): Post Office and its officers are not held responsible for issues like loss, wrong delivery, delay, or damage during services unless specific rules dictate responsibility. Penalties and Offences: All penalties and offences under the 1898 Act, including those related to post office officials’ misconduct, fraud, and theft, have been removed.Non-payment for services results in recoverable charges, akin to arrears of land revenue. Removal of Centre’s Exclusivity (Section 4): The Bill removes Section 4 of the 1898 Act, which granted the Centre exclusive privilege for conveying all letters.The rise of private courier services in the 1980s had already diminished this exclusivity.The 2023 Bill regulates private courier services for the first time, extending interception powers beyond letters to any postal article. Criticism of the New Post Office Bill (2023): Retention of Draconian Provisions:Critics argue that the Bill, despite its promise to update the colonial-era law, retains some of its most draconian provisions.Concerns arise about the implications of maintaining potentially oppressive elements in the legislation.Lack of Accountability:The Bill is criticized for eliminating the burden of accountability that a governmental enterprise like India Post should constitutionally bear.Questions are raised about the implications of reduced accountability in the functioning of the postal system.Need for Holistic Reform:Analysts contend that while the Bill aims for an update, it may fall short of bringing about comprehensive reforms needed in the postal sector.Calls for a more extensive and inclusive legislative approach to address various challenges are emphasized.Potential for Misuse:Concerns are raised about the potential misuse of interception powers granted under Section 9.Critics worry that broad grounds for interception could lead to violations of privacy and civil liberties. -Source: Indian Express Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) Study: Impacts of Global Warming Context: A recent study published by Advancing Earth and Space Sciences (AGU) explores the geographical trapping of synchronous extremes during the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) from 1901 to 2019. The findings indicate significant alterations in the ISMR due to global warming, emphasizing the consistent presence of interconnected extreme hubs in Central India. This suggests a geographical concentration of concurrent extreme rainfall events in the region. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) Trends: Insights from a CenturyImplications for Forecasting Synchronized Extreme Rainfall in IndiaFactors Influencing the Indian Monsoon Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) Trends: Insights from a Century Consistent Geographical Concentration: Overview:Despite heightened variability in ISMR over the last century, synchronous extreme rainfall events consistently concentrate in a specific geographical region – Central India (CI).Unchanged Corridor:The identified corridor, spanning from parts of West Bengal and Odisha to parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan, has remained unchanged from 1901 to 2019.Stable Pattern:This stability denotes a consistent pattern of synchronized extreme events within the identified region, despite the overall increased variability. Persistent Network of Extreme Hubs in CI: Local Connections:A persistent network of highly interconnected extreme rainfall hubs exists in CI.Local Synchronization:These hubs demonstrate strong local connections, emphasizing the enduring synchronization of extreme events in CI over the long term. Relation to El Niño and La Niña: Forecast Dependencies:India’s monsoon forecasts heavily rely on the relation to El Niño and La Niña phenomena, showing accuracy approximately 60% of the time.ENSO Correlation:Indian Rainfall events exhibit correlation with El Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSO), with stronger synchronization during robust El Niño periods and less during La Niña conditions. Insights for Risk Management: Despite Increased Variability:Despite the growing complexity of ISMR, recognizing the persistent nature of extreme rainfall synchronization in CI provides valuable insights for predicting synchronous extremes.Implications:This knowledge is crucial for developing effective adaptation strategies and risk management during the monsoon season. Implications for Forecasting Synchronized Extreme Rainfall in India Challenge to Global Warming Notion:Despite assumptions that global warming eradicates stationary elements, the Indian monsoon’s ability to synchronize heavy rain events challenges this belief.Persistence of Consistent Patterns:Certain patterns, like synchronized extreme rainfall events along specific corridors, persist even amid climate change.Identification of Geographic Corridor:The identification of a geographic corridor, especially the mountain ranges along the west coast and across Central India, as a trapping zone for synchronized extreme rainfall events, provides a crucial insight.Enhanced Forecast Understanding:This insight enhances understanding of how and where these events occur, contributing to more accurate forecasts.Optimizing Existing Models:The research suggests that improving forecasts doesn’t necessarily require increased model resolution or higher computational costs. Instead, understanding synchronization dynamics within existing models could lead to more accurate predictions.Strategic Shift in Forecasting:The findings highlight a strategic shift in forecasting approaches, emphasizing the importance of synchronization dynamics.Vital for Risk Reduction:Accurate forecasts of large-scale extreme rainfall events are crucial for minimizing risks across sectors like agriculture, water management, energy, transportation, and public health.Refining Risk Reduction Strategies:The findings offer an opportunity to refine risk reduction strategies at a smaller scale, leveraging better forecasts for preparedness and mitigation.Leveraging India’s Modelling Capacity:The study underscores India’s strong modelling capacity and computational resources, positioning the country well to exploit this potential for better forecasting.Minimizing Impacts on Various Sectors:By delving into synchronization dynamics and optimizing forecasts, there is potential to minimize the impacts of extreme rainfall events on various sectors. Factors Influencing the Indian Monsoon Role of the Himalayas: Mechanism:The Himalayas play a crucial role in the formation of monsoon winds in India.During summer, rapid heating of the Indian subcontinent creates a low-pressure system.The Himalayas act as a barrier, preventing cool, dry air from the north and drawing in warm, moist air from the Indian Ocean.   Impact of the Thar Desert: Rain Shadow Effect:The Thar Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert, is a significant factor.It acts as a rain shadow for the Bay of Bengal branch, receiving little rainfall due to the Aravalli Mountain range.The Arabian branch, moving parallel to the Thar Desert, also leads to minimal rainfall, impacting agriculture and the local economy.Hot, dry air creates a low-pressure zone, drawing moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean, causing heavy rainfall in northwest India. Contribution of the Indian Ocean: Interaction with Low-Pressure System:The Indian Ocean contributes significantly to monsoon winds.The warm, moist air from the ocean interacts with the low-pressure system over the Indian subcontinent, contributing to the formation of monsoon winds. -Source: The Hindu Opium Cultivation Surge in Southeast Asia: UNODC Report Context: The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has released the “Southeast Asia Opium Survey 2023 – Cultivation, Production, and Implications,” revealing a substantial increase in opium cultivation in the Golden Triangle region of Southeast Asia. Relevance: GS III:  Linkages of Organized Crime with Terrorism Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the Report: Opium Cultivation in the Golden TriangleRecommendations: Addressing the Opium Cultivation Crisis in MyanmarKey Facts about Opium Poppy PlantsUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Key Highlights of the Report: Opium Cultivation in the Golden Triangle Expansion in Opium Cultivation: Opium cultivation in the Golden Triangle, a notorious region for illicit drug production, witnessed significant growth in Myanmar.The Golden Triangle encompasses the borders of Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand.Another infamous region is the Golden Crescent, including Afghanistan and Iran, serving as a transit point for drug smuggling out of Pakistan. Increase in Myanmar’s Opium Cultivation: Myanmar experienced an 18% surge in opium cultivation, reaching 47,100 hectares.This rise solidified Myanmar as the world’s largest opium source, influenced by disruptions following the Military Takeover in 2021. Advancements in Farming Practices: Average opium yield per hectare increased by 16%, reaching 22.9 kilograms/hectare.This growth signifies improved farming methods, increased investments in irrigation, and fertilizers, indicating a more sophisticated approach by farmers and buyers. Rising Prices Despite Increased Supply: Despite an expanding opium supply, the price paid to farmers rose by 27% to around USD 355 per kilogram.The price surge reflects the allure of opium as a crop and commodity, indicating robust demand fueling the opium trade in the Golden Triangle. Anticipation of Impact from Afghanistan’s Opium Ban: The report foresees that the sustained ban on opium in Afghanistan by the Taliban will likely result in prolonged high prices and further increases in cultivation in Southeast Asia.The Taliban’s ban caused a 95% drop in opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan. Broader Implications on Illicit Economy: Opium cultivation expansion contributes to a wider illicit economy in the Mekong region, encompassing Cambodia, China (Yunnan Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.It fuels synthetic drug production and converges with drug trafficking, money laundering, and online criminal activities, generating significant profits for organized crime groups. Recommendations: Addressing the Opium Cultivation Crisis in Myanmar Comprehensive Solutions for Crime and Governance Challenges:The crisis in Myanmar contributes to heightened crime and governance challenges in the region.Addressing these issues requires comprehensive solutions that acknowledge the complex realities faced by people in opium-cultivation areas.Viable Alternatives to Opium Cultivation:To counter the growing trend, it is essential to provide viable alternatives to opium cultivation.Improving socio-economic conditions in affected areas is crucial to steer communities away from reliance on opium.UNODC’s Direct Engagement in Myanmar and Laos:Given the insecurities and economic hardships experienced by farming communities, the direct engagement of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) with these communities in Myanmar and Laos is more critical than ever.Building Resilience and Sustainable Alternatives:Building resilience within these communities and offering sustainable income generation alternatives are vital strategies.By addressing economic hardships and providing viable alternatives, the allure of opium cultivation can be effectively combatted. Key Facts about Opium Poppy Plants Scientific Name: The opium poppy is scientifically known as Papaver somniferum. Uses: Opium derived from the sap of the opium poppy has been used for centuries.Used as a pain reliever, sedative, and in the production of opioids like morphine, codeine, and heroin.Medicinally employed to alleviate severe pain, suppress coughs, and induce sleep. Global Production: India is the sole country authorized by the United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961) to produce gum opium.Other countries cultivating opium poppies include Australia, Austria, France, China, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, and the Czech Republic.Some countries utilize the Concentrate of Poppy Straw process (CPS), involving the processing of the bulb with 8 inches of the stalk. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC): Established in 1997, designated as UNODC in 2002.Acts as the Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention, consolidating the United Nations International Drug Control Program (UNDCP) and the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division of the United Nations Office at Vienna. -Source: Indian Express IUCN Red List Update: Climate Change Impact on Species Context: The recent update of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, revealed at the 28th Conference of Parties, highlights the growing impacts of climate change on a wide array of species. The updated list comprises 157,190 species, with 44,016 facing the threat of extinction. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the IUCN Red List ReportIUCN Red List Overview Key Highlights of the IUCN Red List Report Species Threatened by Climate Change: Various species, from Atlantic salmon to green turtles, are increasingly endangered due to climate change.The IUCN Director General stresses the need for urgent and ambitious climate action to address species decline.The report highlights the interconnectedness of climate and biodiversity crises, advocating collaborative efforts for sustainable solutions. Freshwater Fish Assessment: The first comprehensive assessment of global freshwater fish species is unveiled.25% of assessed freshwater fish species face extinction risks.Contributing factors include climate change, pollution, overfishing, and invasive species. Atlantic Salmon Decline: Atlantic salmon, ray-finned fish in the North Atlantic Ocean basin, declined by 23% (2006-2020).This shift moved them from the “Least Concern” to “Near Threatened” category. Green Turtle Populations: Central South Pacific and East Pacific green turtle populations are respectively classified as “Endangered” and “Vulnerable.”Climate change impacts their life cycle, affecting hatching success and food sources. Big-Leaf Mahogany Status: Big-leaf mahogany, a sought-after timber tree, transitions from “Vulnerable” to “Endangered.”Factors include unsustainable harvest, urban encroachment, and illegal logging, leading to a 60% reduction over 180 years. Scimitar-Horned Oryx and Saiga Antelope: Scimitar-horned oryx, a desert antelope, moves from “Extinct in the Wild” to “Endangered” due to successful reintroduction efforts in the Republic of Chad.Saiga antelope improves from “Critically Endangered” to “Near Threatened” due to conservation measures. IUCN Red List Overview Purpose and Significance: The IUCN Red List is a leading global tool for evaluating the risk of extinction in animals, fungi, and plant species.It is universally accessible, providing a crucial indicator of global biodiversity health.Offers comprehensive insights into species’ characteristics, threats, and conservation measures, influencing informed conservation decisions and policies. Categories and Extinction Risk: The IUCN Red List Categories define the extinction risk of species, ranging from NE (Not Evaluated) to EX (Extinct).Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), and Vulnerable (VU) species are classified as threatened with extinction. Role in Global Goals: Serves as a key indicator for the Sustainable Development Goals and Aichi Targets, aligning with broader international conservation efforts. Green Status of Species: Introduces the IUCN Green Status of Species, assessing the recovery of species’ populations and gauging conservation success.Eight Green Status Categories include Extinct in the Wild, Critically Depleted, Largely Depleted, Moderately Depleted, Slightly Depleted, Fully Recovered, Non-Depleted, and Indeterminate. Conservation Action Assessment: The Green Status assessment evaluates the impact of conservation actions on the current Red List status of species.Offers a dynamic perspective on the effectiveness of conservation efforts and their outcomes. -Source: IUCN Bharat NCAP Context: The first round of crash testing of the cars under the Bharat New Car Assessment Programme (Bharat NCAP) has been successfully completed recently. Relevance: GS II- Governance Dimensions of the Article: About Bharat NCAPFeatureSignificance About Bharat NCAP It is a new car safety assessment programme which proposes a mechanism of awarding ‘Star Ratings’ to automobiles based upon their performance in crash tests.Bharat NCAP standard is aligned with global benchmarks and it is beyond minimum regulatory requirement.The US was the first country to start a programme that provided information on car safety with regard to crashes to customers in 1978. Later, a number of similar programmes were started across regions. Feature: The proposed Bharat NCAP assessment will allocate Star Ratings from 1 to 5 stars.The testing of vehicles for this programme will be carried out at testing agencies, with the necessary infrastructure.Bharat NCAP (New Car Assessment Program) will be applicable on type approved motor vehicles of category M1 with gross vehicle weight less than 3.5 tonnes, manufactured or imported in the country.M1 category motor vehicles are used for the carriage of passengers, comprising eight seats, in addition to the driver’s seat.Auto firms in India follow AIS-145 (automotive Indian standard-145), which enforces safety features for vehicles such as seatbelts tell-tale, passenger airbags, and the speed limit alarm. Significance Bharat NCAP will encourage manufacturers to participate voluntarily in the safety testing assessment programme and incorporate higher safety levels in new car models.It aims to reduce 50 per cent road accident deaths by 2024.Bharat NCAP will also promote a healthy competition among original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in India to manufacture safer vehicles.Bharat NCAP will ensure structural and passenger safety in cars, along with increasing the export-worthiness of Indian automobiles.Bharat NCAP will prove to be a critical instrument in making our automobile industry Aatmanirbhar with the mission of making India the top automobile hub in the world. -Source: Times of India Vijay Diwas Context: Leaders across the political lines paid tribute to the soldiers who fought in the 1971 war, on the occasion of 52nd Vijay Diwas recently. Relevance: GS I: History Vijay Diwas: Commemorating Triumph and Sacrifice Date of Commemoration: December 16 every year.Objective:Honor the victory of the Indian armed forces in the 1971 war against Pakistan.Pay tribute to the soldiers who sacrificed their lives for the country.International Observance:Also observed in Bangladesh as ‘Bijoy Dibos’ or Victory Day.Marks Bangladesh’s formal independence from Pakistan. Historical Context: The 1971 war initiated due to the genocide by the Pakistani military regime in East Pakistan.Conflict arose after the Awami League’s victory in the 1970 elections.Pakistani military used force to influence results, leading to mass exodus from East Pakistan.India intervened and provided refuge to those fleeing. Key Events: December 3, 1971: Pakistan launched air strikes on Indian airbases.Indira Gandhi instructed a full-scale war against Pakistan.‘Operation Trident’ targeted Karachi Port, executed by the Indian Navy.December 16, 1971: India achieved a decisive triumph, leading to the creation of Bangladesh.General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi of Pakistan signed the Instrument of Surrender, marking a significant military surrender. Outcome: Creation of Bangladesh from former East Pakistan. Significance: Marks one of the most substantial military surrenders post-World War II.Honors the courage and sacrifice of soldiers during the conflict. -Source: Indian Express European Wood Bison Context: A new study has warned that the ongoing war in Ukraine could act as a spanner in the works for efforts to save the last remnant of the mega-fauna European wood bison. Relevance: GS III: Species in News European Wood Bison (Wisent): Guardian of Grasslands and Forests Also Known As: WisentHabitat: Thrives in grasslands, deciduous, and mixed forests. Historical Challenges: Almost wiped out from Europe by 1927.Ecological Role: Essential ecosystem engineer, contributing to the restoration of grassland habitat.Conservation Status: IUCN Status: Near Threatened. Key Characteristics: Largest and heaviest land mammal in Europe.Belongs to the species Bison bonasus. Historical Distribution: Originally three subspecies, with only one remaining (Bison bonasus bonasus).Roamed across Europe in large herds at the end of the last ice age. Threats: Main drivers of extinction were rapid environmental change and human hunting.Hunting led to range loss in the north and east, while land use change caused losses in the west and south. -Source: India Today

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 18 December 2023

CONTENTS Safeguarding Unorganised Labour and Migrant Workers’ ChildrenSurat Diamond Bourse Safeguarding Unorganised Labour and Migrant Workers’ Children Context: The Ministry of Labour & Employment outlines measures and welfare facilities for unorganised labour and migrant workers’ children in a response to the Rajya Sabha. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Initiatives for Unorganised LabourWelfare Facilities for Children of Migrant Workers Initiatives for Unorganised Labour: Life and Disability Cover: PMJJBY (Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana):Provides Rs. 2.00 Lakh in case of insured’s death due to any reason.Annual premium: Rs. 436/-PMSBY (Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana):Offers Rs. 2.00 Lakh for accidental death or total permanent disability, and Rs. 1.00 Lakh for partial permanent disability due to an accident.Annual premium: Rs. 20/- Health and Maternity Benefits: AB-PMJAY (Ayushman Bharat- Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana):Provides health insurance coverage up to Rs. 5.00 Lakhs per family.Eligibility based on deprivation and occupation criteria. Old Age Protection: PM-SYM (Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan Yojana):Launched in 2019 for old age protection in the unorganised sector.Offers a monthly pension of Rs. 3000/- after reaching the age of 60 years. Welfare Facilities for Children of Migrant Workers: Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act, 1979: Protects the interests of migrant workers.Establishments employing Interstate Migrant Workers must register.Contractors must obtain licenses.Workers entitled to:Minimum wages.Journey allowance.Displacement allowance.Residential accommodation.Medical facilities.Protective clothing. Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009: Mandates the government to provide free and compulsory elementary education.Applicable to every child aged 6 to 14 years.Neighbourhood schools must offer education.Applies to children of inter-state migrant workers as well. Surat Diamond Bourse Context: The Prime Minister inaugurated the Surat Diamond Bourse today in Surat, Gujarat. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Surat Diamond Bourse: A Mega Hub for Global Diamond Trade Location: Situated in Khajod village, near Surat.Global Corporate Hub: Recognized as the world’s largest corporate office hub.Trading Hub: Functions as a global center for trading both rough and polished diamonds, along with jewelry.Global Platform: Attracts diamond buyers globally, providing a platform for international trade. Key Features: Built on 35.54 acres of land with an investment of Rs 3,400 crore.Holds the title of the world’s largest interconnected building with over 4,500 offices.Features 15 floors and nine ground towers, offering office spaces ranging from 300 sq ft to 1 lakh sq ft.Connected by a central spine, enhancing accessibility. Facilities: Houses a state-of-the-art ‘Customs Clearance House’ for Import-Export.Includes a jewelry mall for retail business and facilities for International Banking and Safe Vaults.Recognized as the country’s largest customs clearance house. Capacity and Global Reach: Can accommodate 4,200 traders from 175 countries, facilitating the purchase of polished diamonds. Environmental Considerations: Adheres to the principles of Panchtattva, aligning with the five elements of nature.Incorporates a cutting-edge rooftop solar energy project for sustainability.Utilizes a radiant cooling system for energy efficiency.Awarded a platinum rating by the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC).

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 16 December 2023

CONTENTS Operation Storm Makers II: Unveiling the Global Network of Fraud in Human TraffickingCOP28 Draft Decisions: Advancing Carbon Abatement TechnologiesSurge in Illegal Indian Migrants to the U.S.: A Decade of Alarming IncreaseCountervailing Duties Imposed on Indian Products: Retaliation Against RoDTEP SchemeSocial Stock ExchangeMumpsChannapatna Toys Operation Storm Makers II: Unveiling the Global Network of Fraud in Human Trafficking Context: Interpol has spearheaded Operation Storm Makers II, a collaborative effort involving law enforcement from 27 countries across Asia and beyond. The operation aims to target and expose the intricate web of fraud schemes associated with human trafficking and migrant smuggling on a global scale. Relevance: GS II: Issues Related to Children Dimensions of the Article: Major Highlights of Operation Storm Makers IIStatus of Human Trafficking in IndiaMajor Causes and Impacts of Human Trafficking Major Highlights of Operation Storm Makers II: Apprehension of Suspects: Operation led to the apprehension of 281 individuals in various countries.Charges include human trafficking, passport forgery, corruption, telecommunications fraud, and sexual exploitation. Rescue and Investigations: Rescue of 149 human trafficking victims.Initiation of over 360 investigations, with a significant number actively pursued by law enforcement agencies. Landmark Case in India: Telangana police registered one of the first cases in India related to human trafficking for the purpose of forcing victims into committing cyber fraud. Exploitation and Ransom Incident: An accountant was lured to a Southeast Asian country.Forced to participate in online fraudulent schemes under inhumane conditions.Secured release only after a ransom payment. Status of Human Trafficking in India: Definition: Human trafficking involves the illegal trade and exploitation of individuals, often for forced labor, sexual exploitation, or involuntary servitude.Actions: It encompasses recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of individuals through threat, force, coercion, abduction, fraud, or deception for the purpose of exploitation. Statistics: Victim Identification: In 2022, India identified over 6,500 human trafficking victims, with 60% being women and girls, according to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB). Constitutional & Legislative Provisions: Constitutional Prohibition: Article 23 of the Constitution prohibits human trafficking and begar (forced labor without payment). Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 (ITPA): Primary law preventing trafficking specifically for commercial sexual exploitation. Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012: Enacted to shield children from sexual abuse and exploitation.Clearly defines various forms of sexual abuse, including penetrative and non-penetrative assaults and sexual harassment. Other Specific Legislations: Various laws targeting trafficking in women and children, such as the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006, the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976, the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, the Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1994.Sections in the Indian Penal Code, such as Sections 372 and 373, address the selling and buying of girls for prostitution. State-Specific Legislation: States have enacted specific laws, such as The Punjab Prevention of Human Smuggling Act, 2012, to address human trafficking at the state level. Major Causes and Impacts of Human Trafficking: Causes: Poverty and Economic Disparities: Economic hardships make individuals vulnerable to promises of better opportunities exploited by traffickers.Limited Education and Awareness: Lack of education and awareness about trafficking tactics leaves individuals susceptible to trafficking.Conflict, Political Instability, and Natural Disasters: Environments affected by conflict, instability, or disasters create conditions conducive to exploitation.Marginalized Groups: Social discrimination and lack of support structures make marginalized groups, including women, children, migrants, and minorities, more vulnerable.Industries Seeking Low-Cost Labor: Industries ignoring exploitative practices perpetuate trafficking for labor exploitation.Technological Advancements: Online recruitment facilitated by technology enables traffickers to lure victims through various deceptive means. Impacts: Severe Psychological Trauma: Victims endure depression, anxiety, and a sense of betrayal, leading to long-term mental health issues.Physical Abuse and Health Complications: Victims suffer physical abuse, neglect, and inadequate healthcare, resulting in various health complications and long-term injuries.Loss of Autonomy and Basic Rights: Trafficked individuals lose autonomy, living in constant fear, subjected to control and exploitation.Social Stigma and Ostracization: Survivors face social stigma, making reintegration into society challenging even after rescue.Fueling a Global Criminal Network: Human trafficking contributes to a global criminal network, impacting social fabric, economies, and international relations, undermining global human rights efforts. -Source: The Hindu COP28 Draft Decisions: Advancing Carbon Abatement Technologies Context: At COP28 in Dubai, UAE, draft decisions have proposed the reduction and elimination of carbon emissions through the adoption of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and Carbon-Dioxide Removal (CDR) technologies. The focus is on addressing unabated fossil fuels, emphasizing the imperative to “phase out” the combustion of these fuels without employing CCS technologies for emission capture. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: CCS and CDR Technologies: Understanding the MethodsChallenges of CCS and CDR Technologies CCS and CDR Technologies: Understanding the Methods Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Definition: CCS involves capturing carbon dioxide (CO₂) at emission sources before its release into the atmosphere.Sources: Includes fossil fuel industries (coal, oil, and gas combustion for power generation) and industrial processes like steel and cement production. Carbon-Dioxide Removal (CDR): Nature and Technologies: Natural means like afforestation or reforestation.Technologies like direct air capture, mimicking trees by absorbing CO₂ and storing it underground.Complex methods like enhanced rock weathering, chemically breaking down rocks to remove CO₂.Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), capturing and storing CO₂ from biomass burning, such as wood. Importance in Achieving Global Warming Goals: IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report (AR6): Reliance: The AR6 heavily relies on CCS and CDR technologies for projections to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.Sequestration Scale: IPCC assumes the world can sequester 5 billion tonnes of CO₂ by 2040 in scenarios with over a 50% chance of meeting the 1.5 degrees Celsius target. No Pathway Without CDR: The AR6 lacks a pathway to achieve the 1.5 degrees Celsius target without integrating CDR technologies.Current emission rates pose a risk of surpassing the 1.5 degrees Celsius threshold within seven years. Significant Role in Mitigation: Given current emission rates, achieving the 1.5 degrees Celsius target solely through direct measures (like renewable energy adoption) is nearly impossible, necessitating substantial reliance on CDR technologies. Challenges of CCS and CDR Technologies: Risk of Continued Emissions: Concerns: Existence of CCS and CDR may inadvertently create room for continued emissions.Consequence: This might lead to increased emissions or prolonged reliance on fossil fuels instead of transitioning to renewable energy sources. CCS for Enhanced Oil Extraction: Issue: In some cases, CCS has been utilized to extract more oil by injecting captured CO₂ into oil fields.Concern: This practice potentially prolongs reliance on fossil fuels rather than facilitating a transition away from them. Land Constraints for CDR Methods: Methods Affected: Afforestation, reforestation, BECCS, and direct air capture.Challenge: These methods are constrained by the need for land.Global South Impact: Land in the Global South, considered ‘viable’ and ‘cost-effective,’ may be used for large-scale CDR projects.Consequences: Adverse effects on land rights of indigenous communities, biodiversity, and competition with essential land-use, like agriculture for food security. Technological Challenges: Scale-Up Challenges: The scale-up of CCS and CDR poses significant technological challenges.Issues: High costs, limited infrastructure, and the need for substantial innovation to enhance effectiveness and affordability of these technologies. -Source: The Hindu Surge in Illegal Indian Migrants to the U.S.: A Decade of Alarming Increase Context: Over the past decade, the influx of illegal Indian migrants to the U.S. has witnessed a remarkable surge, escalating from a modest 1,500 a decade ago to a staggering 96,917 in 2023, according to data from the U.S. Customs and Border Protection. The most significant increase in illegal border crossings by Indians has been observed since 2020, deviating from historically lower numbers below 10,000. While traditionally concentrated in the U.S.-Mexico border, Indian migrants are now increasingly choosing the northern border, with numbers surging from under 100 in 2014 to over 30,000 in 2023. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Reasons for Surge in Illegal Indian Migrants to the USASocio-Political and Geo-Political Implications for India Over Surge in Illegal Migrants Reasons for Surge in Illegal Indian Migrants to the USA: Push Factors: Lack of Economic Opportunities:Individuals seek better employment prospects abroad due to insufficient job opportunities and economic prospects in India.Social Conflicts and Governance Concerns:Social conflicts or lack of confidence in the governance structure in India prompt some to seek a more stable environment elsewhere. Pull Factors: Better Employment and Higher Wages:The U.S.’s reputation for offering better employment, higher wages, and career advancement serves as a significant pull factor for migrants.Quality Education:The allure of quality education and prestigious academic institutions in the USA attracts students and families seeking educational opportunities.Family Reunification:Desire to reunite with family members or relatives already settled in the USA drives some migrants to seek illegal entry for proximity to loved ones. Global Migration Trends: Post-Pandemic Opportunities: The overall rise in global migration post-pandemic contributes to the surge as individuals seek better opportunities and security in different countries. Visa Backlogs and Alternative Routes: Smuggler Strategies:Smugglers offer sophisticated and in-demand services, facilitating illegal entry into America.Driven by Visa Backlogs:Extreme visa backlogs push individuals to explore alternative, albeit illegal, pathways due to prolonged waiting times and limited legal entry options. Misinformation: Social Media Deception:Misinformation spread through social media and deceptive travel agencies misguides desperate migrants.Perilous Journeys:Desperate migrants may undertake complex, multi-leg journeys, facing numerous risks and challenges guided by multiple facilitators across continents. Socio-Political and Geo-Political Implications for India Over Surge in Illegal Migrants: Bilateral Ties with the USA: Impact on Relations: The surge in illegal migrants could strain bilateral ties between India and the USA.Potential Consequences: Trade negotiations, security cooperation, and strategic partnerships might be adversely affected. Economic Consequences: Brain Drain Concerns: The potential brain drain resulting from skilled individuals seeking illegal entry may impact India’s economy.Sectoral Impact: Sectors relying on skilled labor may face challenges due to the departure of skilled and educated individuals.Talent and Expertise Depletion: Loss of skilled and educated individuals to illegal migration can negatively impact India’s economy by depleting the country of talent and expertise. Labour Shortages and Economic Productivity: Impact on Workforce: The departure of skilled or semi-skilled workers may create labour shortages in certain sectors.Economic Productivity: This shortage could impact India’s workforce and economic productivity. Need for Stringent Policies: Policy Implementation: India might need to implement stringent policies to address the factors driving illegal migration.Resource Diversion: Such policy implementation could potentially divert resources and attention from other developmental priorities. -Source: The Hindu Countervailing Duties Imposed on Indian Products: Retaliation Against RoDTEP Scheme Context: The United States and the European Union have levied countervailing duties (CVDs) on four Indian products in response to the introduction of the Remission of Duties and Taxes on Export Products (RoDTEP) scheme for outbound shipments in January 2021. The U.S. concluded countervailing investigations, resulting in CVD determinations for items such as paper file folders, common alloy aluminum sheet, and forged steel fluid end blocks. Simultaneously, the European Commission investigated specific graphite electrode systems, leading to countervailing duties. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Countervailing Duty (CVD) ExplainedRemission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) Scheme Countervailing Duty (CVD) Explained: Countervailing Duty (CVD):Tariffs imposed on imported goods to offset subsidies provided to producers in the exporting country.Leveling the Playing Field:Intended to equalize competition between domestic and foreign producers of the same product, addressing the advantage foreign producers gain from government subsidies. WTO’s Role and SCM Agreement: WTO Permission:The World Trade Organization (WTO) permits member countries to impose countervailing duties.SCM Agreement:The WTO’s Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement) regulates subsidies and countervailing measures against injury from subsidized imports. Multilateral Regulations: Subsidy Rules:Multilateral disciplines establish rules on subsidy provisions, enforced through the WTO dispute settlement mechanism.Unilateral Imposition:Countervailing duties are unilaterally imposed by a member country after investigation and meeting criteria under the SCM Agreement. Defining Subsidies: SCM Agreement Definition:“Subsidy” is defined as a financial contribution by a government conferring a benefit.Specificity Criteria:Specificity determines whether a subsidy applies to a particular enterprise, industry, or region. Subsidy Categories: Prohibited and Actionable Subsidies:Subsidies are categorized as prohibited (e.g., export subsidies, local content subsidies) and actionable (subject to challenge or countervailing measures).Potential Harm:Actionable subsidies can cause injury, prejudice, or nullification of benefits. Transition Rules: Exemptions and Phasing Out:Transition rules provide exemptions or extended periods for developing countries and those transitioning to market economies to phase out certain subsidies. Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) Scheme The RoDTEP Scheme allows exporters to receive refunds on taxes and duties that are not exempted or refunded under any other scheme.Under the scheme, exporters receive refunds on the embedded taxes and duties previously non-recoverable.The chief aim of the scheme is to boost the export of goods that were poor in volume.The scheme basically replaces the Merchandise Export from India Scheme (MEIS).The scheme provides for rebates of Central, State and Local duties/taxes/ levies which are not refunded under any other duty remission schemes.The RoDTEP scheme can be said to be a combination of the MEIS and the Rebate of State and Central Taxes and Levies (RoSCTL).Under this scheme, refund would be claimed as a percentage of the Freight On Board (FOB) value of exports.  Features of RoDTEP Scheme It covers duties and taxes levied at the central, state and local levels that are not reimbursed under any other mechanism. Items that were under the MEIS and the RoSCTL are shifted to the RoDTEP.Refunds will be issued to exporters as transferable duty credit/electronic scrips and maintained in an electronic ledger. This is keeping in line with the Digital India mission. This can be used to pay basic customs duty on imported goods. The credits can also be transferred to other importers.Faster clearance through a digital platform will be facilitated through a monitoring & audit mechanism, with an IT-based risk management system that would physically verify the exporters’ records.The scheme is applicable across all sectors. RoDTEP Benefits Being WTO-compliant, the RoDTEP scheme can make available from the government benefits to the exporters seamlessly.The scheme is more exhaustive in that certain taxes that were not covered under the previous scheme are also included in the list, for example, education cess, state taxes on oil, power and water.It will add more competitiveness in the foreign markets, with assured duty benefits by the Indian Government.It will also help exporters meet international standards and promote business growth.Also under RoDTEP, tax assessment is set to become fully automatic for exporters, hence, Businesses will get access to their refunds for GST via an automatic refund-route. -Source: The Hindu Social Stock Exchange Context: Recently, the Unnati Foundation became the first entity to list on the social stock exchanges (SSE). Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: What is a Social Stock Exchange?Eligibility What is a Social Stock Exchange? The SSE would function as a separate segment within the existing stock exchange and help social enterprises raise funds from the public through its mechanism.It would serve as a medium for enterprises to seek finance for their social initiatives, acquire visibility and provide increased transparency about fund mobilisation and utilisation.Retail investors can only invest in securities offered by for-profit social enterprises (SEs) under the Main Board.In all other cases, only institutional investors and non-institutional investors can invest in securities issued by SEs. Eligibility Any non-profit organisation (NPO) or for-profit social enterprise (FPSEs) that establishes the primacy of social intent would be recognised as a social enterprise (SE), which will make it eligible to be registered or listed on the SSE.The seventeen plausible criteria as listed under Regulations 292E of SEBI’s ICDR (Issue of Capital and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2018 entail that enterprises must be serving to eradicate either hunger, poverty, malnutrition and inequality; promoting education, employability, equality, empowerment of women and LGBTQIA+ communities; working towards environmental sustainability; protection of national heritage and art or bridging the digital divide, among other things.At least 67% of their activities must be directed towards attaining the stated objective. Corporate foundations, political or religious organisations or activities, professional or trade associations, infrastructure and housing companies (except affordable housing) would not be identified as an SE. -Source: Indian Express About Mumps: A Contagious Paramyxovirus Infection Context: Recently, Mumps cases in children are on rise in the states of Maharashtra and Telangana which has become a cause of concern for parents. Relevance: GS II: Health About Mumps: A Contagious Paramyxovirus Infection Causative Agent: Mumps is a contagious disease caused by a paramyxovirus. Symptoms: Gland Swelling:It can cause swelling of the parotid glands on each side of the face, leading to tenderness or pain.Age Group Affected:It is an acute disease that commonly infects children and young adults. Transmission: Virus Host and Spread:Humans are the only known host for the mumps virus.Spread occurs through direct contact or airborne droplets from the upper respiratory tract of infected individuals. Symptoms and Progression: Incubation Period:After an incubation period of 2 to 4 weeks, mumps manifests with non-specific symptoms like myalgia, headache, malaise, and low-grade fever.Gland Swelling:Within days, swelling of the parotid salivary glands occurs, affecting other salivary glands in 10% of cases.Disease Nature:Mumps is typically a mild, self-limiting disease that resolves without complications.Possible Complications:Complications may include encephalitis or sensorineural deafness.Orchitis, a painful inflammation of the testes, occurs in 20% of young adult males with mumps. Treatment and Prevention: No Specific Treatment:There is no specific treatment for mumps, but various symptoms can be relieved with medicines.Immunization:Prevention involves ensuring immunization against mumps, particularly in children, as the most effective safeguard. -Source: Hindustan Times Channapatna Toys Context: Channapatna toys have now become part of children’s academic activities in Afghanistan. Relevance: GS I: Art and Culture Channapatna Toys: Wooden Craftsmanship from Gombegala Ooru Origin: Channapatna toys are a distinct form of wooden toys and dolls crafted in Channapatna, located in the Ramanagara district of Karnataka.Local Name: Channapatna is also known as Gombegala Ooru, meaning toy-town. History: Tipu Sultan’s Influence: The history of Channapatna toys dates back to the 18th century during Tipu Sultan’s reign in the Kingdom of Mysore.Legend has it that Tipu Sultan, impressed by the craftsmanship of Persian artisans, invited them to train local craftsmen in toy-making.This marked the inception of the Channapatna toy industry, which has thrived ever since. Distinct Features: Handmade Craftsmanship: Most Channapatna toys are handmade, preserving traditional techniques passed down through generations, ensuring each piece’s uniqueness. Material Composition: Traditionally crafted from Ivory Wood, sourced from nearby forests. Modern variations use sandalwood and mango wood.Painted with organic colors derived from vegetables, plants, and natural dyes, ensuring the toys are 100% chemical-free. Safe Designs: Typically shaped as rounds and cubes with blunt edges, ensuring complete safety for children. Geographical Indication (GI) Tag: Channapatna Toys received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2005, highlighting their unique origin and traditional craftsmanship. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 16 December 2023

CONTENTS Sardar Vallabhbhai PatelINS Tarmugli  Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Context: The Prime Minister, has paid tributes to Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel on his Punya Tithi. Relevance: GS I- Modern History About Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel (31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950), popularly known as Sardar Patel, was an Indian politician.He was the first Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of Independent India.He played an important role in the integration of many Indian princely states to make an Indian federation.He took charge of the task to forge a united India from over 560 semi-autonomous princely states and British-era colonial provinces.Using frank diplomacy backed with the option (and the use) of military action, Patel’s leadership enabled the accession of almost every princely state.Hence, he is recognized as the real unifier of India.He is also remembered as the ‘Patron saint of India’s civil servants’ as he established the modern all-India services system. He is also hailed as the Iron Man of India.Patel was in charge of the Provincial Constitution Committee and the Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas, in the Constituent Assembly of India.Since 2014, every year on 31 October ‘Rashtriya Ekta Diwas’ or the National Unity Day is observed to pay tribute to Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel – an Indian politician who played a pivotal role in India’s freedom struggle and then during the integration of the country.He was awarded the Bharat Ratna posthumously in 1991. Statue of Unity The Statue of Unity which is built in honour of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel is dedicated to the nation.The Statue of Unity is the tallest statue in the world at 182 metres.It is located on the Sadhu Bet island on the Narmada river, which flows between the Satpura and the Vindhya mountain ranges. INS Tarmugli Context: The Indian Navy recently commissioned INS Tarmugli, a fast attack craft (FAC), showcasing maritime diplomacy and strength. Relevance: Facts for Prelims  INS Tarmugli Commissioning and Service:The ship, commissioned in the Indian Navy as INS Tillanchang, belonged to the Trinkat Class and served actively until 2006.Diplomatic Gift to Maldives:In 2006, as part of diplomatic outreach in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), INS Tillanchang was gifted to the Maldives National Defence Force (MNDF) government of India.Return to Indian Navy (May 2023):In May 2023, the ship was returned to the Indian Navy, equipped with MTU engines, advanced communication tools, and a radar system.Coastal Surveillance and Protection:The warship is designated for extensive use in coastal surveillance and protection along the east coast of India.Namesake:Named after Tarmugli Island, a small island in the Andaman group.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 15 December 2023

CONTENTS Mental Health Initiatives in Indiae-SHRAM Portal Mental Health Initiatives in India Context: Recently, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has shed light on the initiatives aimed at addressing mental health concerns in the country. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Highlighted Mental Health Initiatives in India Highlighted Mental Health Initiatives in India: National Mental Health Programme (NMHP): Initiated in 1982, restructured in 2003.Aims to modernize mental health facilities and upgrade psychiatric wings in medical institutions.District Mental Health Programme (DMHP) since 1996 focuses on community mental health services in 716 districts.Provides outpatient services, counselling, psycho-social interventions, and support for severe mental disorders at primary healthcare level. National Tele Mental Health Programme: Launched in October 2022 to improve access to mental health counselling and care services.National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, coordinates Tele MANAS activities across India.25 States/UTs have established 36 Tele Mental Health and Normalcy Augmentation Systems (MANAS) Cells.Handled a total of 63,806 calls on the helpline number. NIMHANS and iGOT-Diksha Collaboration: NIMHANS provides psychosocial support and training through the iGOT-Diksha platform.Online training for health workers conducted on the iGOT-Diksha platform. Ayushman Bharat – HWC Scheme: Part of the Ayushman Bharat Programme.Aims to provide a wide range of services, including preventive, promotive, curative, rehabilitative, and palliative care.Operational guidelines on Mental, Neurological, and substance use disorders (MNS) at Health and Wellness Centres (HWC) under Ayushman Bharat. Addressing Pandemic-Induced Mental Health Challenges: Establishment of a 24/7 helpline for psychosocial support.Issuance of guidelines and advisories for various societal groups.Advocacy through diverse media platforms to manage stress and anxiety. Financial Support for Mental Health Institutions: District Mental Health Programme receives a fund allocation of Rs. 159.75 Crore for States/UTs under the National Health Mission for 2022-23. e-SHRAM Portal Context: The Ministry of Labour & Employment has launched e-SHRAM portal, a National Database of the Unorganised Workers on 26th August, 2021. Relevance: GS II- Government policies and Interventions About the E-Shram Portal With the help of the E-Shram Portal, the government aims to register 38 crore unorganized workers, such as construction labourers, migrant workforce, street vendors and domestic workers, among others.The workers will be issued an e-Shram card containing a 12-digit unique number, which, going ahead, will help in including them in social security schemes.The government had earlier missed deadlines for creating the database, inviting criticism from the Supreme Court.Targeted identification of the unorganized workers was a much-needed step and the portal which will be the national database of our nation builders will help take welfare schemes to their doorstep, who are the builders of our Nation.Targeted delivery and last mile delivery, has been a major focus of the schemes of government of India and the National Database of Unorganised workers (E-Shram portal) is another key step towards that.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 15 December 2023

CONTENTS GPAI Summit 2023Low Implementation of SO2 Emission Reduction Technology in Indian Coal PlantsGlobal Status Report on Road Safety 2023Truth and Reconciliation CommissionAnthraxOrganisation of Islamic CooperationTerai GPAI Summit 2023 Context: The Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) – an alliance of 29 member countries, has unanimously adopted the New Delhi declaration. The declaration underscored the need to mitigate risks arising from the development and deployment of AI systems, and promote equitable access to critical resources for AI innovation. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI): Nurturing Responsible AI DevelopmentNew Delhi Declaration OverviewNew Delhi Declaration Significance Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI): Nurturing Responsible AI Development GPAI, the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence, is an international initiative designed to steer the ethical and responsible evolution of artificial intelligence (AI). It emphasizes upholding human rights and democratic values among its member nations. Origins: Proposal: Canada and France initially proposed GPAI during the 2018 44th G7 summit.Launch: Formally launched in June 2020 with 15 member countries, it has since expanded to include 29 member nations. Membership: Composition: GPAI encompasses diverse countries such as India, the United States, the UK, France, Japan, and Canada.Notable Absence: China, a significant global tech powerhouse, has chosen not to be part of this multilateral consortium.Host Organization: GPAI is hosted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), a prominent international organization. Objectives: Multi-stakeholder Approach: GPAI operates as a multi-stakeholder initiative, fostering collaboration between science, industry, civil society, governments, international organizations, and academia.Bridging the Gap: It aims to bridge the divide between theoretical discussions and practical applications of AI by supporting cutting-edge research and applied activities.International Cooperation: Bringing together expertise from various sectors, GPAI seeks to encourage international cooperation in shaping the responsible development and use of AI. New Delhi Declaration Overview: GPAI’s Central Role: The New Delhi Declaration outlines the commitment to position the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) at the forefront of shaping AI’s future. This involves fostering innovation and collaborative AI efforts among partner nations, particularly in sectors like healthcare and agriculture.Global AI Governance Leadership: All GPAI members are dedicated to leading global discussions on AI governance to ensure safety and trust. The declaration emphasizes the importance of creating granular regulations that encompass all nations by the next GPAI meeting in Korea.Inclusivity and Benefits Distribution: GPAI aims to become an inclusive movement, extending its focus to countries in the Global South. The goal is to make AI benefits, platforms, and solutions available to people worldwide.Addressing AI Challenges: The declaration recognizes the necessity of addressing challenges posed by AI, including misinformation, unemployment, lack of transparency, intellectual property protection, and threats to human rights and democratic values. New Delhi Declaration Significance: Historic Meeting: This marks the first meeting of GPAI members since the rise of generative AI platforms like ChatGPT and Google Bard, bringing AI discussions into the mainstream.Thematic Priority in Agriculture: GPAI members, including India, have identified AI innovation in agriculture as a new thematic priority. This focus is crucial for implementing resilient agricultural practices, enhancing productivity, and addressing climate change challenges.India’s Collaborative Approach: The declaration represents a significant win for India, advocating a collaborative approach in building AI systems. It aligns with India’s model of digital public infrastructure (DPI) and supports the nation’s goal of establishing a sovereign AI system.Boost for Sovereign AI: Access to computing capabilities from GPAI member nations strengthens India’s plans for a sovereign AI system. This is pivotal for countering the dominance of a few foreign companies in the AI space and aligns with India’s strategic objectives. -Source: The Hindu Low Implementation of SO2 Emission Reduction Technology in Indian Coal Plants Context: An analysis by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) reveals that less than 8% of India’s coal-based power plants have adopted the recommended SO2 emission reduction technology mandated by the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC;). This raises concerns about the efficacy of measures to control Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) emissions. Notably, India holds the unenviable title of being the world’s largest emitter of SO2, as highlighted in a 2019 Greenpeace study. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Study’s Key Findings on India’s Coal Power PlantsTechnologies for SO2 Emission ReductionCategorization of Power Plants for FGD InstallationCentre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) Study’s Key Findings on India’s Coal Power Plants Technology Implementation:Only 16.5 GW of coal plants in India have installed Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) and Circulating Fluidised Bed Combustion (CFBC) boilers, equivalent to 5.9 GW.Absence of FGDs:The analysis reveals that a significant 92% of the country’s coal power plants operate without FGDs.Role of Deadline Extensions:The indiscriminate extension of deadlines by MoEF&CC; and CPCB, without monitoring progress, has contributed to the lack of emission control in coal-based electricity generation units.Emission Standards Introduction:In 2015, MoEF&CC; introduced emission standards regulating PM, SO2, NOx, and Hg emissions.Deadline Extensions History:Multiple extensions have been granted, four times for units in Delhi/NCR and three times for most other units nationwide.Energy Generation Capacity:India’s installed energy generation capacity is 425 GW, with the thermal sector holding the majority share, including coal (48.6%), gas (5.9%), and lignite (1.6%). Diesel contributes minimally (<0.2%). Technologies for SO2 Emission Reduction Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD): FGD is a process dedicated to eliminating sulphur compounds from the emissions of fossil-fueled power stations.It involves the addition of absorbents to remove up to 95% of sulphur dioxide from flue gas.Flue gas is emitted during the combustion of fossil fuels like coal, oil, natural gas, or wood for heat or power. Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC): CFBC Boiler is an eco-friendly power facility designed to minimize the release of pollutants like nitrogen oxide and sulphur oxide.It achieves this by simultaneously injecting air and lime during the burning process.Fluidization occurs when pressurized fluid (liquid or gas) passes through a medium, causing solid particles to behave like a fluid under specific conditions. This dynamic state change is known as fluidization. Categorization of Power Plants for FGD Installation Geographic Division (2021): In 2021, the MoEF&CC; implemented a categorization strategy for coal-based power plants based on their geographical locations, establishing specific deadlines for compliance.Category A: Encompasses coal-power plants within a 10-kilometer radius of the National Capital Region (NCR) and cities with a population exceeding one million.Category B: Includes plants within a 10 km radius of critically polluted areas or non-attainment cities.Category C: Covers the remaining power plants across the country, generally having more extended deadlines. Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA): Role: An independent research organization dedicated to uncovering trends, causes, health impacts, and solutions related to air pollution.Focus: Utilizes scientific data, research, and evidence to support global efforts by governments, companies, and advocacy organizations in transitioning towards cleaner energy and improving air quality. -Source: Down To Earth Global Status Report on Road Safety 2023 Context: Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has released a report titled-The Global Status Report on Road Safety 2023, revealing critical findings and insights regarding road traffic fatalities and safety across the globe. Relevance: GS: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the Road Traffic Deaths Report Key Highlights of the Road Traffic Deaths Report Global Trends (2010-2021): Worldwide road traffic deaths decreased by 5% between 2010 and 2021, totaling 1.19 million fatalities annually.108 UN member nations reported a decline in road traffic deaths during this period.India, however, experienced a 15% increase in fatalities, rising from 1.34 lakh in 2010 to 1.54 lakh in 2021. Countries Achieving Significant Reductions: Ten countries, including Belarus, Denmark, Japan, and the United Arab Emirates, successfully reduced road traffic deaths by over 50%.An additional 35 countries made notable progress, achieving a reduction of 30% to 50%. Regional Distribution of Deaths: WHO South-East Asia Region witnessed 28% of global road traffic deaths, followed by the Western Pacific Region (25%) and the African Region (19%).Low- and middle-income countries, constituting 90% of global deaths, possess only 1% of the world’s motor vehicles. Vulnerable Road Users: 53% of all road traffic fatalities comprise vulnerable road users, including pedestrians (23%), riders of two- and three-wheelers (21%), cyclists (6%), and users of micro-mobility devices (3%).Pedestrian deaths increased by 3% to 274,000, while cyclist deaths rose by nearly 20% to 71,000 (2010-2021). Legislation and Best Practices: Only six countries adhere to WHO best practices for all risk factors (speeding, drink–driving, helmet use, seatbelts, and child restraints).140 countries, comprising two-thirds of UN Member States, have such laws for at least one risk factor.Limited countries have legislation covering key vehicle safety features and require safety inspections for road users. Global Motor-Vehicle Fleet Growth: Expected to double by 2030, emphasizing the urgency for robust safety regulations and infrastructure improvements. UN Decade of Action 2021–2030: The report establishes a baseline for achieving the United Nations Decade of Action 2021–2030 target to halve road traffic deaths by 2030. -Source: The Hindu Truth and Reconciliation Commission Context: Recently, the Supreme Court unanimously upheld the abrogation of Article 370 by the Centre in 2019 and also recommended setting up a Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) to look into alleged violations of human rights by both state and non-state actors in Jammu & Kashmir. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC): An OverviewArticle 370: Special Status for Jammu and Kashmir Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC): An Overview A Truth and Reconciliation Commission, often referred to as a ‘truth and justice commission’ or simply a ‘truth commission’, is an official mechanism designed to acknowledge and expose wrongdoings, primarily by a government or non-state actors. Objectives: Focus on the Past:Concentrates on historical wrongs rather than ongoing events.Investigates a pattern of events occurring over a specified period.Engagement with the Affected Population:Direct and broad engagement with the affected population.Gathers information on their experiences related to the specified events.Temporary Body:Operates as a temporary body with a defined lifespan.Aims to conclude its activities with the issuance of a final report.Official Authorization:Officially authorized and empowered by the state under review.Functions with the consent and support of the relevant government. Nations with Established TRCs: South Africa:Notable for the TRC established in 1995 post-apartheid to uncover human rights violations during the apartheid era.Australia and Canada:Acknowledged for their truth commissions, contributing to reconciliation efforts.India’s Neighborhood:Sri Lanka and Nepal have instituted truth commissions to address historical grievances. Significance: TRCs play a crucial role in facilitating truth-telling, acknowledging past injustices, and fostering reconciliation within societies that have experienced significant historical trauma. Article 370: Special Status for Jammu and Kashmir Article 370 in the Indian constitution conferred special status upon Jammu and Kashmir, a region with disputed claims by India, Pakistan, and China. It was framed by N Gopalaswami Ayyangar, a member of the Constituent Assembly of India, and was incorporated into the constitution in 1949 as a ‘temporary provision.’ Key Provisions: Temporary Provision:Article 370 was included as a temporary measure, intending to provide a special status until a final resolution was reached.Autonomy Except in Specific Areas:Jammu and Kashmir had the liberty to have its own constitution, flag, and autonomy over most matters.Excluded defense, foreign affairs, and communications, which remained under the jurisdiction of the Indian government.Instrument of Accession:Rooted in the terms of the Instrument of Accession signed in 1947.The ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, Hari Singh, signed the instrument to accede to India following an invasion by Pakistan. Historical Context: Article 370 was introduced to address the unique circumstances surrounding Jammu and Kashmir’s accession to India and was considered a provisional arrangement. Impact and Controversy: Over time, Article 370 became a contentious issue, with debates about its relevance, special provisions, and the constitutional relationship between Jammu and Kashmir and the rest of India. Abrogation: In 2019, the Indian government, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, took a significant step by abrogating Article 370, thereby revoking the special status of Jammu and Kashmir. -Source: Indian Express Anthrax Context: Recently, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has reported a significant anthrax outbreak in Zambia, marking an alarming spread of the disease across nine out of the country’s ten provinces. Relevance: GS II-Health Dimensions of the Article: What is Anthrax?How do animals get Anthrax?How do humans get infected?What are the symptoms of Anthrax?How can it be treated? What is Anthrax? Anthrax, also known as malignant pustule or woolsorter’s disease, is a rare but serious disease caused by the rod-shaped bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis.It occurs naturally in soil and, according to the WHO it is primarily a disease of herbivores, with both domestic and wild animals being affected by it.Anthrax is a zoonotic disease, meaning that it is naturally transmissible from animals (usually vertebrae) to humans. People can get the disease through contact with infected animals or animal products that are contaminated with bacteria.According to the WHO, Anthrax is generally regarded as non-contagious. There have been instances of person-to-person transmission, however, such instances are extremely rare.Anthrax has usually been found in India’s southern states and is less frequently found in the northern states. Over the past years, it has been reported in Andhra Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, Assam, Orissa and Karnataka. How do animals get Anthrax? Domestic and wild animals can get infected when they breathe in or ingest spores in contaminated soil, plants or water.Host animals shed the bacteria into the ground, which sporulates when exposed to the air.These spores, which can persist in the soil for decades, wait to be taken up by another host, subsequently germinating and multiplying, leading to its spread. Flies also appear to play a significant role in explosive outbreaks of the disease, as per the WHO.Herbivorous animals can get the disease through contaminated soil and feed, while omnivorous and carnivorous animals get infected through contaminated meat, bones and other feeds.Wild animals get sick through feeding on anthrax-infected carcasses. How do humans get infected? Humans almost always contract the disease directly or indirectly from animals or animal products.People get infected with anthrax when spores enter the body, through breathing, eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water, or through cuts or scrapes in the skin.The spores then get “activated” and multiply, spreading across the body, producing toxins and causing severe illness, according to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), The US’s national public health agency.Humans can acquire the disease by handling carcasses, bones, wool, hides or other products from infected animals.People that deal with animals can get cutaneous anthrax when spores from the enter through cuts or scrapes on the skin.They can also get inhalation anthrax, by inhaling spores present on the wool, hide or hair of the animal.Ingesting raw or undercooked meat from infected animals can get people sick with gastrointestinal anthrax.People that are most at risk of contracting the disease are people that work with animals, such as farmers, veterinarians, livestock handlers, wool sorters and laboratory professionals. What are the symptoms of Anthrax? In livestock species, like cattle, sheep or goats, the first sign is usually the sudden death of one or two animals within the herd.Prior to their death, they might show signs of high fever.In wildlife, sudden death is also a usual indicator, often accompanied by bloody discharge from natural orifices (mouth, nose, ear, anus), bloating, incomplete rigour mortis and the absence of clotting of the blood, according to WHO.In humans, cutaneous anthrax symptoms can include groups of small blisters that may itch, painless skin sores with a black centre, with the possibility of swelling around them. This is the most common route of the disease and is seldom fatal.Inhalation anthrax includes fever and chills, shortness of breath, coughing and nausea to name a few.It’s the most deadly form of the disease and can lead to death within 2-3 days.Gastrointestinal anthrax symptoms can include nausea and vomiting (with blood), swelling of the neck, stomach pain and diarrhoea. How can it be treated? Antibiotic therapy that is administered early in the course of the infection has been proven to be responsive, according to the WHO.Penicillin has long been the antibiotic of choice and in recent years, ciprofloxacin and doxycycline have also been used as alternatives.One way to prevent the disease is by vaccination of livestock so that the disease cannot spread.There are also vaccines for humans, but their availability is usually restricted to at-risk individuals, such as lab workers and people who handle animals. -Source: Indian Express Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Context: India recently rejected a statement issued by the OIC on a judgement of the Supreme Court upholding the abrogation of Article 370 that guaranteed special status to Jammu and Kashmir. Relevance: GS II- International Relations Dimensions of the Article: About the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)Why is the region important for India?How much trade does India do with countries in this region? About the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation is an international organization founded in 1969, consisting of 57 member states, with a collective population of over 1.8 billion as of 2015 with 53 countries being Muslim-majority countries.The organisation states that it is “the collective voice of the Muslim world” and works to “safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit of promoting international peace and harmony”.The OIC has permanent delegations to the United Nations and the European Union.Some members, especially in West Africa and South America, are – though with large Muslim populations – not necessarily Muslim majority countries.A few countries with significant Muslim populations, such as Russia and Thailand, sit as Observer States. Why is the region important for India? India has enjoyed centuries of good relations with countries like Iran, while smaller gas-rich nation Qatar is one of India’s closest allies in the region.India shares good relations with most of the countries in the Gulf.The two most important reasons for the relationship are oil and gas, and trade.Two additional reasons are the huge number of Indians who work in the Gulf countries, and the remittance they send back home. How much trade does India do with countries in this region? The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), which includes UAE, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar and Kuwait has emerged as a major trading partner of India and has vast potential as India’s investment partner for the future.The GCC’s substantial oil and gas reserves are of utmost importance for India’s energy needs. UAE:  The UAE was India’s third largest trading partner in 2021-2022, and second largest for both exports ($28 billion) and imports ($45 billion) when these are counted individually.In terms of total trade volume, the UAE ($72.9 billion) was behind the United States ($1.19 trillion) and China ($1.15 trillion).The UAE accounted for 6.6% of India’s total exports and 7.3% of imports in the last financial year, up 68.4% since the previous year when international trade was impacted by the pandemic. -Source: The Times of India Terai Context: In a first, a tiger was spotted in the Shaukiyathal forest near Jageshwar Dham, Almora, at an elevation of over 6,000 feet in the Terai region of Uttarakhand. Relevance: GS I: Geography Overview of Terai: Geographical Location: Terai, also known as Tarai, is a lowland belt situated along the Nepal-India border, running parallel to the lower Himalayan ranges. Geographical Extent: It stretches from the Yamuna River in the west to the Brahmaputra River in the east.Extends over states in India: Haryana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal.Spans nearly 800 km from east to west and 30-40 km from north to south. Elevation and Terrain: Ranges from about 300 meters above sea level to approximately 1,000 meters at the foot of the Siwalik Range.Average elevation is below 750 meters.The flatland is formed by Gangetic alluvium, including silt, clay, sand, pebbles, and gravel. Hydrological Features: Numerous springs at the northern edge, giving rise to several streams, including the significant Ghaghara River.The presence of these water features contributes to the marshy character of the Terai. Protected Areas and Biodiversity: Home to well-known tiger reserves and protected areas, including Corbett Tiger Reserve, Rajaji National Park, Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, and Valmiki Tiger Reserve.In total, the landscape boasts 13 protected areas, nine in India and four in Nepal. Bhabar Region: Interspersed with Terai is the Bhabar region, characterized by coarse gravel and shingle deposits that support sal (Shorea robusta) forests. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 14 December 2023

CONTENTS Indian Forest and Wood Certification SchemeAsian Development Bank  Indian Forest and Wood Certification Scheme Context: Recently, the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change has launched the Indian Forest & Wood Certification Scheme. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Indian Forest and Wood Certification Scheme: Fostering Sustainable Practices Objective and Scope: The Indian Forest and Wood Certification Scheme is a national initiative promoting sustainable forest management and agroforestry through voluntary third-party certification. Certification Components: The scheme encompasses three key certifications: forest management certification, tree outside forest management certification, and chain of custody certification. Market Incentives: Entities adhering to responsible forest management and agroforestry practices can benefit from market incentives through this certification scheme. Stakeholders Involved: Participants include state forest departments, individual farmers, Farmer Producer Organizations engaged in agroforestry, and wood-based industries across the value chain. Forest Management Standards: Forest Management certification adheres to the Indian Forest Management Standard, featuring 8 criteria, 69 indicators, and 254 verifiers, integrated into the National Working Plan Code 2023. Trees outside Forests Standard: A separate standard for Trees outside Forests is introduced to address specific aspects. Oversight and Governance: The Indian Forest and Wood Certification Council, serving as a multistakeholder advisory body, oversees the implementation of the certification scheme. Council Representation: Members of the council include representatives from institutions such as the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Forest Survey of India, Quality Council of India, Indian Institute of Forest Management, along with involvement from Ministries of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare and Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Operational Agency: The Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal, acts as the scheme operating agency, responsible for the overall management of the certification initiative. Accreditation Process: The National Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies, under the Quality Council of India, accredits certification bodies conducting independent audits to assess entities’ adherence to scheme standards. Asian Development Bank Context: The Government of India and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) today signed agreement for availing of a $200 million loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB), to improve the quality, efficiency, and reliability of power supply in the state of Uttarakhand. Relevance: GS II- Inter Groupings Dimensions of the Article: About Asian Development Bank (ADB) About Asian Development Bank (ADB): The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank established on 19 December 1966 to promote social and economic development in Asia.It is headquartered in the city of Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines.The ADB was modelled closely on the World Bank and an official United Nations Observer.Japan holds the largest proportion of shares in ADB followed by the USA, and it has a weighted voting system where votes are distributed in proportion with members’ capital subscriptions (just like the World Bank).The bank admits the members of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP, formerly the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East or ECAFE) and non-regional developed countries.ADB defines itself as a social development organization that is dedicated to reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration.ADB aids in reducing poverty through investments in the form of loans, grants and information sharing (in infrastructure, health care services, financial and public administration systems), helping nations prepare for the impact of climate change or better manage their natural resources, as well as other areas.

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