Current Affairs 14 December 2023

CONTENTS Rajya Sabha Passes Bill on Election Commission AppointmentBihar Reservation Laws: Breaching the 50% RuleAnarcho-Capitalism in Spotlight: Private Governance in ArgentinaIndian Pharmacopoeia Commission’s Alert: Meftal’s Allergic ReactionsNTPC Wins Dual Silver Awards at Brandon Hall Group’s Excellence in Technology Awards 2023Cassiopeia AOtolith Rings Rajya Sabha Passes Bill on Election Commission Appointment Context: The Rajya Sabha has passed a bill aimed at regulating the appointment of the Election Commission of India. The bill maintains the status of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and two Election Commissioners (ECs) on par with judges of the Supreme Court. This comes as a modification from the earlier bill, which sought to downgrade their service conditions to align with those of a Cabinet Secretary. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Bill on Election Commissioners’ Status: Amendments and Key HighlightsAbout Election Commission of IndiaSupreme Court’s Stance on Election Commission Appointment Bill on Election Commissioners’ Status: Amendments and Key Highlights Passage in the Upper House: The Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Bill, 2023, received approval in the Upper House of Parliament through a voice vote. Background: The bill was initially introduced in the Rajya Sabha on August 10.It aimed to amend constitutional provisions equating Election Commissioners (ECs) with Supreme Court judges.The proposed changes sought to align ECs’ service conditions with those of a Cabinet Secretary.The bill was reintroduced on December 12, incorporating amendments to restore the status of ECs. Key Amendments and Highlights: Removal of CJI from Selection Panel: The bill proposes replacing the Chief Justice of India with a Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister in the committee for selecting CECs and ECs.Adds the Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha as a committee member. Selection Criteria: Requires members of the ECI to have held a post equivalent to the Secretary to the Government of India.Emphasizes integrity, knowledge, and experience in the management and conduct of elections. Selection Process: A Search Committee, chaired by the Law Minister, proposes a panel of names to the selection committee.The Selection Committee, led by the PM, includes the Leader of Opposition and a nominated Cabinet Minister.The committee may consider candidates beyond the Search Committee’s panel. Terms and Tenure: CEC and ECs’ terms remain unchanged at six years or until reaching the age of 65.Salaries equate to those of Supreme Court judges. Repeal of 1991 Act: The bill repeals the Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act, 1991. Decision Making in ECI: Stipulates that ECI business should be transacted unanimously.In case of differences, the majority’s opinion prevails. Removal Process: CEC’s removal mirrors that of an SC judge, while ECs can only be removed on CEC’s recommendation. Protection for CECs and ECs: New provision shields current and former CECs and ECs from civil or criminal proceedings related to official duties. About Election Commission of India The Election Commission of India is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering Union and State election processes in India.The body administers elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and State Legislative Assemblies in India, and the offices of the President and Vice President in the country.It is the Commission that decides the election schedules for the conduct of elections, whether general elections or by-elections.ECI decides on the location of polling stations, assignment of voters to the polling stations, location of counting centers, arrangements to be made in and around polling stations and counting centres and all allied matters.In the performance of its functions, the Election Commission is insulated from executive interference.Part XV of the Indian constitution deals with elections, and establishes a commission for these matters.The Election Commission was established in accordance with the Constitution on 25th January 1950, hence it is a constitutional body. Article 324 to 329 of the constitution deals with powers, function, tenure, eligibility, etc., of the commission and the member. Litigations against EC The decisions of the Commission can be challenged in the High Court and the Supreme Court of India by appropriate petitions.By long-standing convention and several judicial pronouncements, once the actual process of elections has started, the judiciary does not intervene in the actual conduct of the polls. Structure of the Election Commission Originally the commission had only one election commissioner but after the Election Commissioner Amendment Act 1989, it has been made a multi-member body.The commission consists of one Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners.The secretariat of the commission is located in New Delhi.At the state level election commission is helped by Chief Electoral Officer who is an IAS rank Officer.The President appoints Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners.They have a fixed tenure of six years, or up to the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.They enjoy the same status and receive salary and perks as available to Judges of the Supreme Court of India.The Chief Election Commissioner can be removed from office only through a process of removal similar to that of a Supreme Court judge for by Parliament. Issues with ECI Flaws in the composition: The Constitution doesn’t prescribe qualifications for members of the EC. They are not debarred from future appointments after retiring or resigning.No security of tenure: Election commissioners aren’t constitutionally protected with security of tenure.Partisan role: The EC has come under the scanner like never before, with increasing incidents of breach of the Model Code of Conduct in the 2019 general elections.Political favor: The opposition alleged that the ECI was favoring the ruling party by giving clean chit to the model code of conduct violations made by the PM.Non-competence: Increased violence and electoral malpractices under influence of money have resulted in political criminalization, which ECI is unable to arrest. Some Powers: The Election Commission of India is considered the guardian of free and reasonable elections.It issues the Model Code of Conduct in every election for political parties and candidates so that the decorum of democracy is maintained.It regulates political parties and registers them for being eligible to contest elections.It publishes the allowed limits of campaign expenditure per candidate to all the political parties, and also monitors the same.The political parties must submit their annual reports to the ECI for getting tax benefit on contributions.It guarantees that all the political parties regularly submit their audited financial reports. Other powers handled by the Election Commission of India are as follows: The Commission can repress the results of opinion polls if it deems such an action fit for the cause of democracy.The Commission can recommend for disqualification of members after the elections if it thinks they have violated certain guidelines.In case, a candidate is found guilty of dishonest practices during the elections, the Supreme Court and High Courts consult the Commission.The Commission can postpone candidates who fail to submit their election expense accounts timely. Supreme Court’s Stance on Election Commission Appointment Constitution Bench Hearing:A five-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court was addressing multiple petitions seeking a selection process similar to that of the Director of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).Comparison with CBI Director’s Selection:The Director of the CBI is chosen by a committee comprising the Prime Minister, Leader of the Single Largest Opposition Party, and the Chief Justice of India.Court’s Disapproval in March 2023:In March 2023, the Supreme Court unanimously expressed disapproval of the existing system where the Centre appoints members of the election watchdog.Reference to Constitution Article 324(2):Pointing to Article 324(2) of the Constitution, the Court urged Parliament to enact a law defining the criteria for selection, conditions of service, and tenure of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs).Interim Measures by the Apex Court:Until such legislation is in place, the Supreme Court established an interim arrangement.Formed a panel consisting of the Prime Minister, Chief Justice of India, and the leader of the opposition to make appointments to the Election Commission. -Source: The Hindu Bihar Reservation Laws: Breaching the 50% Rule Context: The Bihar Assembly recently passed Reservation Laws, elevating the quota for jobs and education to 75%, surpassing the 50% limit set by the Supreme Court. This development has ignited discussions on the acceptable boundaries of reservations in India, especially in light of the Supreme Court’s precedent in the Mandal Commission case (Indra Sawhney, 1992). Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of Bihar Reservation LawsUnderstanding the 50% RuleConstitutional Amendments and Reservation Policies in India: A Comprehensive OverviewWay Forward Key Highlights of Bihar Reservation Laws Legislation Details: Bihar Reservation of Vacancies in Posts and Services (for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes) Amendment Act-2023 and Bihar (in admission in educational institutions) Reservation Amendment Act, 2023. Revised Reservation Quotas: Total reservation increased to 65%, comprising 20% for Scheduled Castes, 2% for Scheduled Tribes, 18% for Backward Classes, and 25% for Extremely Backward Classes.Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) approved under the Central Act to continue with 10% reservation. Understanding the 50% Rule: Historical Context: The Supreme Court’s longstanding principle limits reservations to 50% of total seats or positions. Evolution of Perspective: Initially established in the 1963 M.R. In The Balaji case, reservations were considered an “exception” under the constitutional framework.In 1976, reservations were recognized as a component of equality, but the 50% limit persisted. Mandal Commission Case (1990): A nine-judge bench reaffirmed the 50% limit, considering it a binding rule.Exceptions allowed for specific circumstances, particularly for marginalized communities, regardless of geographical location. Recent Developments: The 103rd Constitutional Amendment permits an additional 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS).The 50% limit applies only to non-EWS reservations, allowing States to reserve a total of 60% of seats/posts. Other States Crossing the Limit: Chhattisgarh (72%), Tamil Nadu (69%, under a 1994 Act protected under the ninth Schedule of the Constitution), and northeastern States like Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland (80% each) have exceeded the 50% limit.Lakshadweep has 100% reservations for Scheduled Tribes.Previous attempts by Maharashtra and Rajasthan to exceed the limit were struck down by the courts. Constitutional Amendments and Reservation Policies in India: A Comprehensive Overview 77th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1995: Indra Sawhney Verdict:Reserved only for initial appointments, not promotions.Addition of Article 16(4A):Empowered states to provide promotion reservations for SC/ST employees if underrepresented. 81st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000: Introduction of Article 16(4B):Unfilled SC/ST quota carried forward treated separately from regular vacancies in the next year. 85th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2001: Reservation in Promotion with ‘Consequential Seniority’:Applied retrospectively from June 1995 for government servants from SCs and STs. 103rd Amendment to the Constitution (2019): 10% Reservation for EWS:Introduced reservation for Economically Weaker Sections. Article 335: Consideration of SC/ST Claims:SCs and STs claims considered with the maintenance of administrative efficiency. Way Forward: Reevaluation of 50% Reservation Cap:Courts urged to reconsider the cap, considering evolving social dynamics and equity principles.Expansion of Exceptions:Deliberation on extending exceptions beyond social exclusion to include broader criteria for historically disadvantaged communities, regardless of geography.Comprehensive Review of Reservation Policies:Detailed assessment of existing reservation policies, examining their effectiveness, impact, and alignment with current societal needs. -Source: The Hindu Anarcho-Capitalism in Spotlight: Private Governance in Argentina Context: The term “anarcho-capitalism” has garnered recent attention, notably following Javier Milei’s electoral triumph in Argentina. Milei, a self-proclaimed anarcho-capitalist, advocates for the abolition of the state, proposing a system where private companies manage law and order within a free market. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy (Capitalism) Dimensions of the Article: Anarcho-Capitalism: A Political and Economic PhilosophyConcernsAnarcho-Capitalist Responses: Anarcho-Capitalism: A Political and Economic Philosophy Definition: Anarcho-capitalism is a political philosophy and economic theory advocating for the voluntary exchange of goods and services in a society primarily regulated by the market rather than the state. Origins: Coined by Murray Rothbard, a prominent figure in the American libertarian movement from the 1950s. Core Tenets: Advocates for voluntary exchanges in a society regulated by the market.Argues that private companies in a free market can efficiently provide policing and legal services. Private Sector Efficiency: Asserts that private policing and legal systems, similar to private sectors offering superior products, can outperform state-monopolized counterparts. Operational Model: In an anarcho-capitalist society, individuals pay private police and courts for protection and dispute resolution. Accountability Through Competition: Private companies, driven by customer patronage, are argued to be more accountable. Dissatisfied customers can switch to competing services. Advocacy for Competitive Markets: Anarcho-capitalists advocate for competitive markets, contending that they ensure top-tier and cost-effective police and legal services.This stands in contrast to state-funded systems, providing individuals the freedom to select services aligned with their preferences and needs. Concerns: Potential for Armed Conflicts: Multiple private firms in one region may lead to armed conflicts and chaos.Wealth-Based Justice: Skepticism about a system favoring the wealthy, allowing them to evade justice by paying more to private firms.Marginalization of the Poor: Apprehensions that a profit-driven system could marginalize the poor, limiting their access to justice.Lack of Accountability: Concerns that private firms may not be accountable to the broader public, potentially compromising justice for financial interests.Risk of Vigilantism: Absence of a centralized authority may increase the risk of vigilantism.Societal Inequalities: Worsening societal inequalities, providing better legal protection for those who can afford premium services.Inconsistent Legal Standards: Absence of a standardized legal framework may result in varying standards of justice. Anarcho-Capitalist Responses: Market Satisfaction: Private firms aim to satisfy the larger market, not just the wealthy, ensuring fair and accessible justice for all.Accountability through Patronage: In a competitive market, private firms depend on customer patronage, making them accountable to the public and responsive to their needs.Access for the Poor: Private firms may strive to meet the demand at the bottom of the pyramid, potentially offering better chances of justice for the poor.Agreements on Common Rules: Competitive pressures among private firms would lead to agreements on common rules, preventing conflicts and potential vigilantism. -Source: The Hindu Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission’s Alert: Meftal’s Allergic Reactions Context: The Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) has issued a drug safety alert concerning Meftal, a common painkiller. The alert warns about severe allergic reactions, including the DRESS syndrome, triggered by its constituent, mefenamic acid, which has the potential to impact internal organs. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: DRESS SyndromeMeftal’s Use and Side EffectsIndian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC): Overview DRESS Syndrome DRESS syndrome, or Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms, is a severe allergic reaction affecting approximately 10% of individuals.Also known as Drug-Induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome (DIHS).It can be caused by certain medications and is characterized by skin rash, high fever, swollen lymph nodes, and complications in internal organs. Meftal’s Use and Side Effects Meftal is a commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Associated Side Effects of Meftal: Multiple Uses:Meftal is widely used in India for various purposes, including relieving menstrual pains, headaches, muscle and joint pain. It is also prevalent among children for high fever.Gastrointestinal Risks:Prolonged use of drugs like Meftal may increase the risk of stomach ulcers, bleeding, and related complications.Cardiovascular Concerns:Meftal has been associated with potential adverse effects on the cardiovascular system.Renal Complications:Some experts have flagged renal complications as a potential side effect of Meftal. Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC): Overview Autonomous Institution:IPC is an Autonomous Institution operating under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.Establishment and Purpose:Created to set standards for drugs in India.Primarily focuses on updating standards for drugs required in the treatment of prevalent diseases in the region.Key Functions:Regularly updates drug standards to ensure quality and efficacy.Publishes official documents, such as the Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP), to enhance the quality of medicines.Promotes the rational use of generic medicines by publishing the National Formulary of India.Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP):Serves as a reference document containing monographs that specify the standards and quality requirements for various drugs.National Formulary of India:A publication by IPC that encourages the rational use of generic medicines.IP Reference Substances (IPRS):Provides IP Reference Substances, acting as a fingerprint for identifying and assessing the purity of substances under test, as prescribed in IP. -Source: Indian Express NTPC Wins Dual Silver Awards at Brandon Hall Group’s Excellence in Technology Awards 2023 Context: The National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), a maharatna, central Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under the Ministry of Power, has achieved a remarkable feat by becoming the sole PSU in India to win two silver awards at the prestigious Brandon Hall Group’s Excellence in Technology Awards 2023. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Achievement OverviewOverview of NTPC Ltd.: A Pioneer in Energy Development Achievement Overview: The National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), a maharatna central Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under the Ministry of Power, has accomplished a significant feat. Recognition at Brandon Hall Group Awards: NTPC is the sole PSU in India to secure two silver awards at the prestigious Brandon Hall Group’s Excellence in Technology Awards 2023. Award Categories: NTPC received dual silver awards in the categories of “Best Advance in Corporate Wellbeing Technology” and “Best Advance in Augmented and Virtual Reality.” Noteworthy Initiatives: Award-winning efforts include the establishment of an Individual-Centric Health Care Ecosystem.Overcoming diversity and remoteness challenges at NTPC sites.‘iGuru’ initiative showcasing leadership in leveraging innovative technologies for workforce capacity building. Recognition by Brandon Hall Group: Brandon Hall Group, a US-based professional development company, acknowledges NTPC’s achievements through its HCM Excellence Awards program, often referred to as the “Academy Awards of Human Capital Management.” Criteria for Recognition: The awards recognize organizations that have successfully developed and deployed programs, strategies, modalities, processes, systems, and tools leading to measurable results. Overview of NTPC Ltd.: A Pioneer in Energy Development Nature of Organization: NTPC Ltd. stands as a central Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) operating under the Ministry of Power. Establishment and Roots: Founded in 1975, NTPC has evolved into India’s largest energy conglomerate, committed to accelerating power development in the country. Corporate Aim: Dedicated to providing reliable power and comprehensive solutions in an economical, efficient, and environmentally friendly manner.Driven by a commitment to innovation and agility. Maharatna Status: Achieved Maharatna status in May 2010, reflecting its strategic importance in India’s energy landscape. Headquarters: Based in New Delhi, the capital city of India. Recent Initiatives: Public Charging Infrastructure: Commissioned the creation of public charging infrastructure in various cities.Established battery charging and swapping stations for electric 3-wheelers. Electric Buses for Public Transport: Providing electric buses to state/city transport undertakings.Notable example: Implementation of e-bus solutions for Andaman and Nicobar Administration. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV) Project: Launched a new project involving Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles.Targeted for operation in Delhi and Leh, showcasing NTPC’s commitment to innovative and sustainable mobility solutions. -Source: The Hindu Cassiopeia A Context: NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope captured a stunning new image of a star that exploded in the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A (Cas A). Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: About Cassiopeia ASupernova Explosion Cassiopeia A: Nature and Origin: Cassiopeia A is the remnant of a massive star that experienced a spectacular explosion approximately 340 years ago.It stands as the youngest known remnant of a massive star in our galaxy. Supernova Remnant Type: This celestial object belongs to the prototypical category of supernova remnants.Its formation and characteristics have been extensively studied through observations from various ground-based and space-based observatories. Spatial Dimensions: The remnant spans an impressive 10 light-years in size.Positioned 11,000 light-years away in the constellation Cassiopeia, it adds a cosmic dimension to our understanding of supernovae. Scientific Insights: Cassiopeia A serves as a rich source of information about the intricacies of supernovae phenomena.Scientific exploration of this remnant contributes to unraveling the complexities associated with massive star explosions. Supernova Explosion: A supernova explosion marks the dramatic end of a massive star’s life cycle.Triggered by profound changes in the star’s core, this celestial event unfolds in two distinct ways, both culminating in a supernova. Binary Star System Scenario: In binary star systems, where two stars orbit a common point, one star, often a carbon-oxygen white dwarf, siphons matter from its companion.The accumulation of excess matter on the white dwarf leads to a critical point, resulting in a spectacular explosion— a supernova. Single Star’s Culmination: In the lifecycle finale of a single star, as it depletes its nuclear fuel, mass flows into its core.The core, unable to withstand its gravitational force, undergoes collapse, culminating in a colossal explosion—the signature of a supernova. -Source: Indian Today Otolith Rings Context Recently, marine biologists at the University of Southampton have developed a technique to decode the chemistry of otoliths. Relevance: GS III: Species in News Otolith Rings: Nature’s Age and Environment Tracker in Fish Composition and Location: Otoliths, often referred to as “earstones,” are calcified structures found in the ears of bony fishes. They serve as unique indicators of a fish’s age and environmental experiences. Age Revelation Through Rings: Similar to tree rings, otolith rings disclose the age of a fish. These rings form over time, creating identifiable layers. Environmental Clues: Isotopes of oxygen within otoliths indicate the temperature a fish encountered during its life. Carbon isotopes offer insights into the conversion speed of food into energy. Fitness Tracker for Fish: Otoliths act as fitness trackers for fish, providing essential data for their well-being. These stony structures are located behind the fish’s brain. Types of Otoliths: Sagitta: The largest among the three pairs, sagitta aids in sound detection and the hearing process.Asteriscus: Also involved in sound detection and hearing.Lapillus: This otolith type contributes to sensing gravitational force and sound. Diversity Among Species: Different fish species exhibit otoliths of distinct shapes and sizes. Cartilaginous fishes like sharks lack otoliths. Significance in Identification: Otolith features help identify fish species, determine size, age, growth rate, and even the season of death for an individual fish. Environmental Insights: Analysis of otolith oxygen isotope values provides data on the water temperature where the fish resided.Concentrations of trace elements, such as barium, in otoliths offer clues about the water’s salinity levels. -Source: The Hindu

November 2023 Monthly PIB Summaries Monthly Compilation.

November 2023 Monthly Current Affairs Compilation

PIB Summaries 13 December 2023

CONTENTS AMRIT TechnologyExercise VINBAX-2023 AMRIT Technology Context: Recently, the Ministry of Jal Shakti has shed light on the progress of the Jal Jeevan Mission and the Arsenic and Metal Removal by Indian Technology (AMRIT). Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: AMRIT Technology OverviewAbout Jal Jeevan Mission AMRIT Technology Overview Development Source:Developed by the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) – Madras.Purpose:Designed for the removal of arsenic and metal ions from water, addressing water quality issues.Operational Mechanism:Utilizes nano-scale iron oxy-hydroxide.Selectively removes arsenic when water passes through it.Applicability:Suitable for both domestic and community-level water purification.Alignment with Jal Jeevan Mission:Supports the goals of the Jal Jeevan Mission, aiming to provide safe and potable tap water to rural households in India.Recognition and Recommendation:Recommended by the ‘Standing Committee’ of the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation.Considered for addressing water and sanitation challenges. About Jal Jeevan Mission: Nodal: Ministry of Jal Shakti Jal Jeevan Mission, a central government initiative under the Ministry of Jal Shakti, aims to ensure access of piped water for every household in India.National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) was restructured and subsumed into Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) – to provide Functional Household Tap Water (FHTC) to every rural household with service level at the rate of 55 lpcd i.e., Har Ghar Nal Se Jal (HGNSJ) by 2024. Implications  Supply of water to all households is a basic necessityReduction in water borne diseases which was due to due to consumption of substandard water Challenges Critical situation of Decrease in ground water table.Water demand and supply is a miss matchContamination of local ground level sources of water like, ponds lakes and wells.Sustaining the provision of water to all households is a challenge, not just starting it. Exercise VINBAX-2023 Context: The Indian Armed Forces contingent reached Hanoi, Vietnam to take part in the fourth edition of Joint Military Exercise VINBAX-2023. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Exercise VINBAX Overview Inception: Instituted in 2018.First Edition: Conducted at Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh.Nature: Annual training event.Participants: Conducted alternatively in India and Vietnam.Focus Area: Under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter on Peacekeeping Operations.Format: Command Post Exercise cum Field Training Exercise. Aim: Foster collaborative partnership.Promote inter-operability.Share best practices. Specific Training Areas: Deployment and employment of an Engineer Company.Deployment and employment of a Medical Team. Knowledge Exchange: Modern methods for constructing roads, culverts, helipads, ammunition shelter, and observation posts in operational areas.

Current Affairs 13 December 2023

CONTENTS EU Proposes Groundbreaking AI RegulationReport Highlights: Addressing Untraceable Monuments and Protecting Monuments in IndiaIndia Nears Visceral Leishmaniasis EliminationRBI Report: Warning on Fiscal Burden from Return to Old Pension Scheme (OPS)How do web browsers work? EU Proposes Groundbreaking AI Regulation Context: The European Union (EU) is poised to enact the world’s inaugural comprehensive legislation for the regulation of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The proposed framework is anticipated to face a parliamentary vote in early 2024, with potential enforcement as early as 2025. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Components of the EU Framework for AI RegulationGlobal Approaches to AI Regulation Components of the EU Framework for AI Regulation: Legislative Safeguards: Consumer Empowerment: Individuals enabled to file complaints for perceived AI violations.Limits on Law Enforcement Adoption: Clearly defined boundaries on AI usage by law enforcement.Stringent AI Restrictions: Strong limitations on facial recognition and AI behavior manipulation.Penalties for Violations: Provision for severe penalties for companies breaching AI rules.Restricted Biometric Surveillance: Government-permitted real-time biometric surveillance in public areas only for serious threats like terrorism. AI Application Categorization: Four Risk Classes: AI applications categorized into four risk levels based on risk and invasiveness.Prohibited Applications: Mass-scale facial recognition and behavioral control AI mostly banned, with law enforcement exemptions.High-Risk Applications: Allowed with certification and transparency, e.g., AI tools for self-driving cars.Medium-Risk Applications: Deployable without restrictions, like generative AI chatbots, with user disclosure, transparency obligations, and detailed documentation. Other EU Regulatory Milestones: GDPR Implementation: Enforced since May 2018, focusing on privacy and explicit consent for data processing.Sub-Legislations: DSA and DMA:Digital Services Act (DSA): Regulates hate speech, counterfeit goods, etc.Digital Markets Act (DMA): Identifies “dominant gatekeeper” platforms, addressing non-competitive practices and dominance abuse. Global Approaches to AI Regulation: European Union (EU): Stringent Categorization: Classifies AI based on invasiveness and risk levels. United Kingdom (UK): ‘Light-Touch’ Approach: Fosters innovation in AI with a less restrictive regulatory stance. United States: Balanced Position: Positioned between supporting innovation and implementing some regulatory measures. China: Sovereign Measures: Introduces its own AI regulations aligning with national policies and priorities. India’s Strategy on AI Regulation: Stance Evolution: From Non-Consideration to Formulation: India shifts from not considering AI regulation to actively formulating regulations based on risk and user-harm approach. Advocacy for Responsible AI: Inclusive National AI Strategy: #AIFORALL (2018) focused on inclusivity in AI adoption.Principles of Responsible AI (2021): NITI Aayog introduces principles emphasizing equality, safety, inclusivity, transparency, accountability, privacy, and positive human value.Comprehensive National Initiative: IndiaAI (March 2023) introduced as a comprehensive program covering all AI-related research and innovations.Statutory Authority Recommendation: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (July 2023) proposes a domestic statutory authority for AI regulation with a risk-based framework and an advisory body with diverse expertise. Sector-Specific AI Frameworks in India: Healthcare Sector: Ethical Guidelines: Indian Council of Medical Research issues guidelines for AI in biomedical research and healthcare (June 2023).  Capital Market: SEBI Circular (January 2019): Guides policies and establishes an inventory for AI systems in the capital market. Education Sector: NEP 2020 Recommendation: National Education Policy recommends integrating AI awareness into school courses. -Source: Indian Express Report Highlights: Addressing Untraceable Monuments and Protecting Monuments in India Context: A parliamentary committee’s recent report suggests substantial revisions to the Archaeological Survey of India’s strategy, focusing on issues related to untraceable monuments and advocating changes in the handling of religious activities at protected sites. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Current ASI Policy on Worship at MonumentsCommittee’s Recommendations on Worship at ASI MonumentsConcerns Against the Committee’s RecommendationsAbout Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) Current ASI Policy on Worship at Monuments Selective Worship Allowance: ASI permits worship and rituals only at monuments where these traditions were active when the ASI assumed custody. Living ASI Monuments: Notable examples include the Taj Mahal, where namaz is conducted every Friday.Other living monuments include three mosques in Kannauj, the Roman Catholic Church in Meerut, the Nila Mosque in Delhi’s Hauz Khas Village, and several Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh. Preservation Objective: The restriction aims to preserve the historical and cultural integrity of monuments.No religious rituals are allowed at non-living monuments without a history of continuous worship. Policy Limitations: Revival of worship is prohibited in cases where it was not in practice at the time of protection or has been abandoned for an extended period. Monument Distribution: Out of 3,693 centrally protected monuments, around a fourth (820) include places of worship.The remaining are considered non-living monuments where new religious rituals are not allowed. Religious Diversity: Sites include various religious structures such as temples, mosques, dargahs, and churches. Case Example – Martand Sun Temple: Once a thriving place of worship commissioned by King Lalitaditya Muktapida, it was destroyed in the 14th century.ASI took control in the 20th century for conservation, and no Hindu rituals were practiced. Recent pujas in 2022 were considered a violation of ASI norms for non-living monuments. Committee’s Recommendations on Worship at ASI Monuments Exploring Worship Possibilities: Suggests examining the feasibility of allowing prayers and worship at ASI-protected monuments with religious significance. Policy Shift Implications: Raises questions about the potential impact of this policy shift on various religious sites. Transparency and Accountability: Recommends that the Ministry of Culture and ASI conduct surveys to promptly identify monuments.Emphasizes the importance of transparency and accountability in addressing critical issues related to monument protection. Concerns Against the Committee’s Recommendations Threats to Monument Integrity: Allowing religious activities may jeopardize the integrity, authenticity, and historical value of monuments.Concerns include possible alterations, additions, modifications, or damage by devotees or authorities. Potential Conflicts and Disputes: The possibility of conflicts and disputes among different religious groups.Potential claims of ownership or rights over the monuments or objections to the activities of other groups. About Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) The Archaeological Survey of India is an Indian government agency attached to the Ministry of Culture.ASI is responsible for archaeological research and the conservation and preservation of cultural monuments in the country.Maintenance of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance is the prime concern of the ASI.Besides it regulate all archaeological activities in the country as per the provisions of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.It also regulates Antiquities and Art Treasure Act, 1972.For the maintenance of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance the entire country is divided into 24 Circles.The organization has a large work force of trained archaeologists, conservators, epigraphist, architects and scientists for conducting archaeological research projects through its Circles, Museums, Excavation Branches, Prehistory Branch, Epigraphy Branches, Science Branch, Horticulture Branch, Building Survey Project, Temple Survey Projects and Underwater Archaeology Wing.The most important of the society’s achievements was the decipherment of the Brahmi script by James Prinsep in 1837. This successful decipherment inaugurated the study of Indian palaeography. -Source: Indian Express India Nears Visceral Leishmaniasis Elimination Context: India is on the verge of eliminating visceral leishmaniasis, or kala azar, with a significant reduction in reported cases and deaths, nearing the World Health Organization’s (WHO) elimination target. Bangladesh, India’s neighbor, has already been validated by the WHO for successfully eliminating kala azar as a public health problem. Relevance: GS III- Health, Prelims About Kala Azar Kala-azar is a slow progressing indigenous disease caused by a protozoan parasite of genus Leishmania.In India Leishmania donovani is the only parasite causing this disease.The Kala-azar is endemic to the Indian subcontinent in 119 districts in four countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal).This disease is the second-largest parasitic killer in the world. Elimination is defined as reducing the annual incidence of Kala Azar (KA) to less than 1 case per 10,000 people at the sub-district level.It is a neglected tropical disease affecting almost 100 countries.Neglected tropical diseases are a diverse group of communicable diseases that prevail in tropical and subtropical conditions in 149 countries. There are three types of leishmaniasis Visceral leishmaniasis, which affects multiple organs and is the most serious form of the disease.Cutaneous leishmaniasis, which causes skin sores and is the most common form.Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, which causes skin and mucosal lesions. The Visceral leishmaniasis, which is commonly known as Kala-azar in India, is fatal in over 95% of the cases, if left untreated. Symptoms of Kala azar It is associated with fever, loss of appetite (anorexia), fatigue, enlargement of the liver, spleen and nodes and suppression of the bone marrow.It also increases the risk of other secondary infections. Diagnosing Kala azar The first oral drug found to be effective for treating kala-azar is miltefosine.The most common method of diagnosing kala azar is by dipstick testing. However, this method is highly problematic. Where has kala-azar been detected in India? In West Bengal, the districts where the maximum number of cases were registered include Darjeeling, Malda, Uttar Dinajpur, Dakshin Dinajpur and Kalimpong.The districts of Birbhum, Bankura, Purulia, and Murshidabad have also reported a few cases, while none have been detected in Kolkata yet.The disease is endemic in Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.An estimated 165.4 million people are at risk, according to data from the National Centre for Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NCVBDC).In the country as a whole, there has been a significant decline in cases over the years.In 2014, around 9,200 cases were reported while in 2021 the number fell to 1,276 cases. What does the treatment include? Anti-leishmanial medicines are available for treatment.Vector control is also recommended by the WHO, which means reducing or interrupting the transmission of disease by decreasing the number of sandflies in surroundings through insecticide spray, use of insecticide-treated nets, etc.The government aimed to eliminate the disease in India by 2015, but that deadline was missed.However, the number of cases has been brought down significantly through the National Kala-Azar Elimination Programme.Medicines, insecticides and technical support were given by the central government, while state governments provided for costs involved in implementation.The program was implemented through State/District Malaria Control Offices and the primary health care system. -Source: Indian Express RBI Report: Warning on Fiscal Burden from Return to Old Pension Scheme (OPS) Context: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has issued a report titled “State Finances: A Study of Budgets of 2023-24,” expressing concern over the financial strain imposed by a return to the Old Pension Scheme (OPS) by some states. The report highlights that such a move would significantly burden state finances, limiting their capacity for capital expenditure and hindering efforts to drive economic growth. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: About Old Pension SchemeConcerns with the OPSOld Pension Scheme vs National Pension Scheme About Old Pension Scheme Pension to government employees at the Centre as well as states was fixed at 50 per cent of the last drawn basic pay.The attraction of the Old Pension Scheme or ‘OPS’ — called so since it existed before a new pension system came into effect for those joining government service from January 1, 2004 — lay in its promise of an assured or ‘defined’ benefit to the retiree.It was hence described as a ‘Defined Benefit Scheme’.To illustrate, if a government employee’s basic monthly salary at the time of retirement was Rs 10,000, she would be assured of a pension of Rs 5,000.Also, like the salaries of government employees, the monthly payouts of pensioners also increased with hikes in dearness allowance or DA announced by the government for serving employees. Dearness allowance DA — calculated as a percentage of the basic salary — is a kind of adjustment the government offers its employees and pensioners to make up for the steady increase in the cost of living.DA hikes are announced twice a year, generally in January and July.A 4 per cent DA hike would mean that a retiree with a pension of Rs 5,000 a month would see her monthly income rise to Rs 5,200 a month.As on date, the minimum pension paid by the government is Rs 9,000 a month, and the maximum is Rs 62,500 (50 per cent of the highest pay in the Central government, which is Rs 1,25,000 a month). Concerns with the OPS The pension liability remained unfunded: There was no corpus specifically for pension, which would grow continuously and could be dipped into for payments.The Government of India budget provided for pensions every year; there was no clear plan on how to pay year after year in the future.The government estimated payments to retirees ahead of the Budget every year, and the present generation of taxpayers paid for all pensioners as on date.The ‘pay-as-you-go’ scheme created inter-generational equity issues — meaning the present generation had to bear the continuously rising burden of pensioners. The OPS was also unsustainable: For one, pension liabilities would keep climbing since pensioners’ benefits increased every year; like salaries of existing employees, pensioners gained from indexation, or what is called ‘dearness relief’ (the same as dearness allowance for existing employees).And two, better health facilities would increase life expectancy, and increased longevity would mean extended payouts.Over the last three decades, pension liabilities for the Centre and states have jumped manifold.In 1990-91, the Centre’s pension bill was Rs 3,272 crore, and the outgo for all states put together was Rs 3,131 crore.By 2020-21, the Centre’s bill had jumped 58 times to Rs 1,90,886 crore; for states, it had shot up 125 times to Rs 3,86,001 crore. Old Pension Scheme vs National Pension Scheme Old Pension Scheme (OPS) An old pension scheme (OPS), commonly known as the PAYG scheme, is defined as an unfunded pension scheme where current revenues fund pension benefits.Under this scheme, the contribution of the current generation of workers was explicitly used to pay the pensions of existing pensioners.The scheme has been discontinued in most countries before the 1990s as it creates problem of pension debt sustainability, an ageing population, an explicit burden on future generations and the incentive for early retirement as the pension is fixed at the last drawn salary. National Pension Scheme (NPS) NPS is a defined contribution pension scheme. It enables an individual to undertake retirement planning while in employment.With systematic savings and investments, NPS facilitates the accumulation of a pension corpus during their working life. It is designed to deliver a sustainable solution of having adequate retirement income in old age or upon superannuation.NPS is mandatory for central government employees joining services on or after January 1, 2004, and almost all state governments have adopted it for their employees. NPS is regulated by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA).Under NPS, employees contribute 10% of their salary (Basic + Dearness Allowance) and the government contributes 14% towards the employees’ NPS accounts.As of December 2022, 59.78 lakh state government employees are part of NPS, with total assets under management of Rs 4.27 lakh crore. -Source: The Hindu How Do Web Browsers Work? Context: Web browsers translate code into the dynamic web pages that form the backbone of our online experiences. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Understanding Web Browsers: A Comprehensive Overview Definition and Purpose: A browser is an internet application facilitating the exchange of messages.It operates on devices, fetching and displaying information from the internet while translating user inputs into code for transmission. Origins and Evolution: In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee introduced the concept of the World Wide Web, later named ‘WorldWideWeb.’ Core Components of Modern Web Browsers: Request and Response:When entering a URL, the browser sends a request to a server for specific web page contents.The server processes the request and formulates a response containing the required information.Deconstructing the Response:The server’s response consists of files encoded in HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.HTML (Hypertext Markup Language):Provides the structural blueprint of a webpage.CSS (Cascading Style Sheets):Controls aesthetics, including color schemes, fonts, spacing, and positioning.JavaScript:Adds dynamism, enabling interactivity such as pop-ups, forms, animations, and real-time updates.Rendering:Involves interpreting HTML structure, applying CSS for style, and executing JavaScript for interactivity.Managing Data:Browsers act as custodians of digital footprints, using tools like cookies and cache to enhance the online experience.Cookies:Small data snippets stored by websites on user computers. Significance of Cookies and Cache: Cookies enhance online experiences by storing data, while cache improves browsing speed by storing frequently accessed information. -Source: The Hindu

PIB Summaries 12 December 2023

CONTENTS YUVAi InitiativeGram Manchitra and mActionSoft YUVAi Initiative Context: Recently, the Ministry of Electronics and IT has said that the program- ‘YUVAi- Youth for Unnati and Vikas with AI’ will be featured at the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) Summit. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions About YUVAi Initiative: Collaborative Effort: YUVAi is a collaborative initiative involving the National e-Governance Division (NeGD) of the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY), Government of India, and Intel India.Objective: The program is designed to equip students from class 8 to 12 with essential Artificial Intelligence (AI) skills, focusing on creating a future-ready workforce.Educational Focus: YUVAi aims to foster a deeper understanding of AI, empowering students to become human-centric designers and users of AI technologies.Real-World Problem Solving: YUVAi encourages students to direct their AI knowledge toward solving real-world problems, aligning their projects with one of the eight core themes of the program.Industry Engagement: The initiative involves industry experts, including Intel AI coaches, who provide mentorship and guidance to students at various stages of the program. Program Phases: Phase 1: Over 8,500 students participated in online orientation sessions to grasp fundamental AI concepts. Teachers also underwent training. Students submitted innovative AI-based ideas related to social themes.Phase 2: The top 200 ideas underwent deep dive AI training and mentorship sessions with certified Intel AI coaches. Students refined their solutions, and projects were submitted for evaluation.Phase 3: The top 50 students attended a four-day face-to-face rapid modeling workshop, receiving mentorship from industry experts. On-spot project presentations led to the shortlisting of the top 10 students. Gram Manchitra and mActionSoft Context: Recently, the Ministry of Panchayati Raj introduced “Gram Manchitra,” a Geographic Information System (GIS) app. Additionally, the Ministry launched “mActionSoft,” a mobile-based solution for geo-tagging project assets. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Gram ManchitramActionSoft Gram Manchitra: Objective: Gram Manchitra aims to promote spatial planning initiatives by Gram Panchayats, utilizing geo-spatial technology to support the Gram Panchayat Development Plan (GPDP).Unified GeoSpatial Platform: The app provides a unified platform for visualizing developmental projects and activities at the Gram Panchayat level, fostering better decision-making.Sector-Wise Planning: Gram Manchitra facilitates sector-wise planning, allowing Gram Panchayats to strategically execute developmental works across different sectors for comprehensive rural development.Development Plan Tools: Tools within the app include project site identification, asset tracking, cost estimation, and project impact assessment. mActionSoft: Role: mActionSoft serves as a mobile-based solution crucial for capturing geo-tagged photos with GPS coordinates throughout different stages of works with asset outputs.Geo-Tagging Assets: Assets undergo geo-tagging at three key stages: before work commences, during the work, and upon completion, creating a detailed repository of information on various developmental works.Comprehensive Integration: mActionSoft’s geo-tagged assets seamlessly integrate with Gram Manchitra, enhancing the visualization of developmental projects within Gram Panchayats.Transparency and Accountability: The app ensures transparency and accountability by geotagging assets created under finance commission funds through photographs.

Current Affairs 12 December 2023

CONTENTS Supreme Court’s Article 370 verdictItaly Withdraws from China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)Zonal CouncilsUniversal Declaration of Human RightsPM Vishwakarma SchemePradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha AbhiyanPinna Nobilis Supreme Court’s Article 370 verdict Context: The Supreme Court in a 5-0 unanimous ruling upheld the Centre’s abrogation of Article 370 of the Constitution. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Examining Jammu and Kashmir’s Sovereignty: Court VerdictAssessing the Permanence of Article 370: Court’s PositionLegality of Article 370 Abrogation: Examining the Legal ProcessPresident’s Rule and Executive Actions: Legal Scrutiny Examining Jammu and Kashmir’s Sovereignty: Court Verdict The court assessed the argument that Jammu and Kashmir (J&K;) retained an element of sovereignty distinct from other princely states during its integration into the Indian Union in 1947. Constitutional Set-up Analysis: Article 1 of the Indian Constitution designates India as a Union of States, with J&K; listed as a Part III state in the First Schedule.Section 3 of the J&K; Constitution explicitly declares J&K; as an integral part of India, with a prohibition on amendments to this provision. Continuous Exercise of Power under Article 370: The court emphasized that the ongoing exercise of power under Article 370(1) by the President indicated a gradual constitutional integration process.The President’s declaration under Article 370(3) marked the culmination of this integration process. Effect of Yuvraj Karan Singh’s Proclamation: The court rejected the argument that a merger agreement was necessary for J&K; to surrender sovereignty, citing Yuvraj Karan Singh’s Proclamation adopting the Indian Constitution in 1949.The Proclamation superseded and abrogated inconsistent constitutional provisions, achieving the same outcome as an agreement of merger. Justice S K Kaul’s Perspective: Justice Kaul, in his concurring opinion, acknowledged J&K;’s internal sovereignty despite the Instrument of Accession.Article 370’s recognition of the Constituent Assembly of the State reflected this internal sovereignty, but this viewpoint did not impact the final conclusions. Assessing the Permanence of Article 370: Court’s Position Various arguments were presented to the Court regarding the permanence or transience of Article 370, a provision integral to Jammu and Kashmir’s constitutional status. Petitioners’ Assertion: Petitioners contended that Article 370, forming part of the Constitution’s basic structure, had acquired permanence and couldn’t be abrogated. Kapil Sibal’s Argument: Senior advocate Kapil Sibal argued that since 370(3) required the Constituent Assembly’s recommendation (no longer in existence), abrogation became impractical. Court’s Perspective: Both the Chief Justice (CJI) and Justice Kaul concurred that Article 370 was inherently temporary.Justice Kaul reasoned that its temporary nature persisted even after the State Constituent Assembly dissolution. Temporary Nature Indicators: CJI highlighted two aspects showcasing Article 370’s temporariness:It served as an interim measure until the State Constituent Assembly formation, unnecessary post J&K; Constitution’s adoption.Enacted due to the state’s wartime circumstances, it addressed specific, transient needs. Legality of Article 370 Abrogation: Examining the Legal Process The abrogation of Article 370 followed a legal process involving constitutional amendments and presidential orders. The legality was dissected, with differing perspectives from Justice Kaul and Chief Justice (CJI) Chandrachud. Amendment to Article 367: On August 5, 2019, President Ram Nath Kovind issued CO 272 amending Article 367, introducing a new interpretation for “Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir” as the “legislative assembly of Jammu and Kashmir.” Parliament’s Consent via CO 273: CO 273 sought Parliament’s consent (acting as the J&K; legislature) to recommend the cessation of all clauses of Article 370. Justice Kaul’s View: Justice Kaul upheld this process, endorsing the constitutional amendments and parliamentary consent. CJI Chandrachud’s Opinion: CJI Chandrachud, while acknowledging the abrogation’s validity, deemed the alteration of the Constituent Assembly’s meaning unnecessary.He asserted that after the Constituent Assembly’s dissolution, the President could unilaterally abrogate Article 370. Continued Power under Article 370(3): The ruling clarified that the power under Article 370(3) persisted post the Constituent Assembly’s dissolution.While the transitional power ceased, the President’s authority under Article 370(3) remained intact. President’s Rule and Executive Actions: Legal Scrutiny The legal challenge revolved around the actions taken during President’s rule in Jammu and Kashmir, with petitioners contending that irrevocable steps were taken without the state’s consent. The examination of the extent of powers under Article 356 was crucial. Petitioner’s Argument: The petitioners asserted that irrevocable actions were executed without the state’s consent during President’s rule, raising questions about the permissible exercise of powers under Article 356. Bommai Ruling Reference: Both Chief Justice (CJI) and Justice Kaul referred to the 1994 S R Bommai v Union of India ruling, a binding precedent by a nine-judge Bench.The Bommai ruling outlined parameters for the proclamation of President’s rule. Validity Standard: The court emphasized that the President’s action must meet the standard of not being “mala fide or palpably irrational.”It required consideration of whether the advisability and necessity of the action were duly considered by the President. Burden of Proof: The ruling stated that both the petitioner and the Union government must demonstrate mala fides to the court.The argument that irrevocable actions inherently imply mala fides was rejected. -Source: Indian Express Italy Withdraws from China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Context: Italy has officially pulled out of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), marking a significant shift more than four years after being the sole G7 nation to join. The decision reflects a complex evaluation of economic, geopolitical, and strategic considerations prompting Italy to reconsider its participation in the BRI. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Reasons Behind Italy’s Exit from BRIThe Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)India’s Stance on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)Issues Concerning the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Reasons Behind Italy’s Exit from BRI Disappointing Economic Outcomes: Italy, seeking investment and infrastructure development, joined BRI in 2019 amid economic challenges.However, expected economic benefits did not materialize, with Chinese FDI dropping significantly from USD 650 million in 2019 to USD 33 million in 2021. Trade Imbalance and Limited Gains: Italy’s trade statistics with China did not see substantial improvements since joining BRI.Italian exports to China increased modestly, while Chinese exports to Italy expanded significantly, raising concerns over trade imbalances. Global Geopolitical Shifts: Italy’s reconsideration aligns with a broader trend in Europe, reflecting concerns over China’s growing influence and geopolitical alignments.Events like the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the collapse of the EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment have prompted nations to reassess ties with China. Alignment with Western Allies: Italy may be inclined to strengthen ties with its Western allies, especially in the G7, as it approaches the G7 presidency.Exiting BRI could be seen as a gesture of solidarity with Western partners. Global Criticisms of BRI: Worldwide criticism of BRI’s potential debt traps and lack of financial transparency has influenced Italy’s decision.Reports of other countries facing substantial debt burdens due to BRI participation contribute to Italy’s withdrawal. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a comprehensive development strategy launched in 2013 with the goal of enhancing global connectivity and cooperation.Initially named ‘One Belt, One Road,’ it was later rebranded as the BRI to emphasize inclusivity and openness rather than Chinese dominance. Components of BRI: The BRI consists of two primary components:Silk Road Economic Belt: This focuses on improving overland transportation routes, infrastructure, and trade links across Eurasia.Maritime Silk Road: Emphasizes maritime connections, including ports, shipping routes, and maritime infrastructure projects, extending from the South China Sea through Indo-China, Southeast Asia, the Indian Ocean, and reaching Africa and Europe. Objective: The primary objective of the BRI is to enhance international connectivity by improving infrastructure, trade, and economic cooperation.It encompasses a wide range of projects, including the development of railways, ports, highways, and energy infrastructure. Geographic Corridors: The land-based Silk Road Economic Belt includes six key development corridors:China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)New Eurasian Land Bridge Economic CorridorChina-Indochina Peninsula Economic CorridorChina-Mongolia-Russia Economic CorridorChina-Central Asia-West Asia Economic CorridorChina-Myanmar Economic Corridor Economic Impact: Participation in the BRI has led to increased trade and investments with China for the involved countries.Trade with BRI partners experienced an annual growth rate of 6.4%, reaching USD 19.1 trillion between 2013 and 2022. India’s Stance on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Opposition Based on Sovereignty and Transparency: India opposes the BRI project primarily due to concerns related to sovereignty and transparency.India chose to boycott BRI summits organized by China in 2017 and 2019 and refrained from endorsing BRI joint statements issued by the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). Objection to CPEC and PoK: India’s primary objection to the BRI is the inclusion of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which traverses through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK), a territory claimed by India.India asserts that PoK is an integral part of its territory. Call for International Norms and Financial Sustainability: India emphasizes the need for BRI projects to adhere to international norms, uphold the rule of law, and ensure financial sustainability.India is concerned about the potential creation of debt traps, as well as environmental and social risks for the countries hosting BRI projects. Promotion of Alternative Initiatives: Instead of participating in the BRI, India has been actively promoting alternative connectivity initiatives.One such initiative is the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII), a G7 effort aimed at funding infrastructure projects in developing nations. Issues Concerning the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Debt Sustainability and Transparency: One of the primary issues associated with the BRI is the debt sustainability and transparency of its projects, especially in countries with weak governance, high corruption, and low credit ratings.Accusations of “debt-trap diplomacy” have arisen, with critics suggesting that countries like Sri Lanka and Zambia, unable to repay BRI-related loans, have faced pressure to surrender strategic assets or make political concessions. Decentralized and Bilateral Nature: The BRI consists of primarily bilateral projects rather than a centralized, multilateral initiative. This decentralized approach can lead to coordination and governance challenges.Unlike initiatives like the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), the BRI lacks a centralized governing structure, making collective issue resolution challenging. Geopolitical Rivalries and Disputes: Geopolitical rivalries and disputes, such as the India-China border dispute, have had repercussions on the implementation of BRI projects in certain regions.Political tensions can undermine the progress of the initiative, affecting project timelines and outcomes. Environmental and Social Impacts: BRI infrastructure development projects have faced criticism regarding their potential environmental and social impacts.The challenge is to ensure that BRI projects prioritize environmental sustainability and consider the well-being of local communities. Geopolitical Concerns and Influence: The BRI has raised geopolitical concerns, especially regarding China’s growing influence and control over critical infrastructure in partner countries.These concerns have led some countries to reevaluate their participation in the initiative and seek to balance their interests. -Source: Indian Express Zonal Councils Context: The Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation chaired the 26th meeting of the Eastern Zonal Council in Patna, Bihar. Relevance: GS II- Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: 26th Eastern Zonal Council Meeting: Key Highlights What are Zonal Councils?CompositionObjectives of the zonal councils 26th Eastern Zonal Council Meeting: Key Highlights Increased Frequency of Zonal Council Meetings: Over the last 9 years, from June 2014 to the present, a total of 56 meetings, averaging 6.2 meetings per year, were conducted despite challenges, including the Covid-19 pandemic. Resolution of Issues: The Zonal Council meetings, along with their Standing Committees, have successfully resolved 1157 issues, demonstrating their effectiveness in addressing regional challenges. National Importance Agenda: Zonal Council meetings have addressed various issues of national significance, reflecting a comprehensive agenda.Key topics include initiatives like Poshan Abhiyan to combat child malnutrition, strategies for reducing school dropout rates, operationalization of Fast Track Special Courts for prompt handling of rape cases, ensuring the presence of Banks/India Post Payment Bank branches within 5 km of each village, and the establishment of two lakh new Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACSs) with a focus on strengthening existing ones. What are Zonal Councils? Zonal Councils are advisory councils and are made up of the states of India that have been grouped into five zones to foster cooperation among them. These were set up vide Part-III of the States Reorganization Act, 1956.The Zonal Councils are the statutory (and not the constitutional) bodies.They are established by an Act of the Parliament, that is, States Reorganization Act of 1956.The act divided the country into five zones (Northern, Central, Eastern, Western and Southern) and provided a zonal council for each zone.The Union Home Minister is the common chairman of the five Zonal Councils.Each chief minister acts as a vice-chairman of the council by rotation, holding office for a period of one year at a time.While forming these zones, several factors have been taken into account which include  the natural divisions of the country, the river systems and means of communication, the cultural and linguistic affinity and the requirements of economic development, security and law and order.In addition to the above Zonal Councils, a North-Eastern Council was created by a separate Act of Parliament i.e. the North-Eastern Council Act of 1971.These are advisory bodies that will discuss and make recommendations with regard to any matter of common interest in the field of economic and social planning between the Centre and States. Each zonal council consists of the following members Home minister of Central government.Chief ministers of all the States in the zone.Two other ministers from each state in the zone.Administrator of each union territory in the zone. Composition: The Northern Zonal Council: It comprises the States of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, National Capital Territory of Delhi and Union Territory of Chandigarh,The Central Zonal Council: It comprises the States of Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh,The Eastern Zonal Council: It comprises the States of Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Sikkim and West Bengal,The Western Zonal Council: It comprises the States of Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra and the Union Territories of Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli,The Southern Zonal Council: It comprises the States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and the Union Territory of Puducherry. Objectives of the zonal councils: To achieve an emotional integration of the country.To help in arresting the growth of acute state-consciousness, regionalism, linguism and particularistic trends.To help in removing the after-effects of separation in some cases so that the process of re- organisation, integration and economic advancement may synchronise.To enable the Centre and states to cooperate with each other in social and economic matters and exchange ideas and experience in order to evolve uniform policies.To cooperate with each other in the successful and speedy execution of major development projects.To secure some kind of political equilibrium between different regions of the country. -Source: Indian Express Universal Declaration of Human Rights Context: December 10, 2023 marked the 75th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): OverviewAchievements of Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)Current Situation Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): Overview Background: Approved by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948, in Paris, the UDHR was a response to the atrocities of World War II.It laid the groundwork for the post-war international order, aiming to establish a common understanding of basic rights and freedoms. Document Structure: The relatively concise declaration comprises a preamble and 30 articles, covering a spectrum of civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights.Despite being non-binding, it has been a crucial source of inspiration for the development of international human rights law. Universal Applicability: The rights and freedoms outlined are considered universal, applying to all individuals, irrespective of nationality, ethnicity, gender, religion, or any other status. Key Features: Preamble: Emphasizes the inherent dignity and equal, inalienable rights of all members of the human family.Articles: The 30 articles cover diverse rights, including life, liberty, security of person, freedom of religion, expression, assembly, work, education, and an adequate standard of living.Promotes equality before the law and the right to seek asylum from persecution in other countries. Achievements of Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): Global Inspiration: Recognized for inspiring over 70 human rights treaties globally and regionally.Impact on Movements: Served as a catalyst for the decolonization and anti-apartheid movements.Freedom Movements: Inspired freedom fighters worldwide, addressing gender, LGBTIQ+ issues, and fighting against racism. Current Situation: Challenges: Faces challenges amid conflicts like Israel-Hamas, Russia’s war in Ukraine, and internal conflicts in places like Myanmar and Sudan.Misuse and Abuse: UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres acknowledges the UDHR’s misuse and abuse for political gain.Relevance and Recognition: Despite challenges, Amnesty International asserts that the UDHR remains relevant, showcasing a global vision for human rights. The world should acknowledge its successes and learn from its failures. -Source: Indian Express PM Vishwakarma Scheme Context: The PM Vishwakarma Scheme, launched by the Centre, has received over 21 lakh applications in two and a half months, data from the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) show. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Inerventions Dimensions of the Article: PM Vishwakarma SchemeBenefits Offered by PM Vishwakarma SchemeRationale Behind PM Vishwakarma Scheme PM Vishwakarma Scheme Background: PM Vishwakarma Scheme was initially announced by Prime Minister Modi in his Independence Day address.Targeted Beneficiaries: The scheme is aimed at reaching economically marginalized and socially backward communities, particularly the Other Backward Classes (OBC) groups. Key Details Financial Allocation: The scheme has a total outlay of Rs 13,000 crore and is entirely funded by the Central government.Objective: PM Vishwakarma Scheme intends to provide subsidized loans, with a cap of Rs 2 lakh, to traditional artisans and craftsmen. This includes various professions like weavers, goldsmiths, blacksmiths, laundry workers, and barbers.Enhancing Product Quality: A key goal is to enhance the quality and market reach of products and services offered by artisans and craftsmen.Integration in Value Chains: The scheme aims to integrate Vishwakarmas (artisans) into both domestic and global value chains.Nodal Ministry: The Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprise (MSME) serves as the nodal ministry for the implementation of this scheme.Support from Tribal Affairs: The Ministry of Tribal Affairs will actively support the scheme’s execution to ensure the well-being of Vishwakarmas. Eligibility and Coverage Beneficiary Scope: PM Vishwakarma Scheme caters to both rural and urban artisans and craftsmen across India.Detailed Beneficiary List: A comprehensive list has been formulated to define the specific beneficiaries under the scheme. This list encompasses 18 traditional crafts, including Boat Makers, Armourers, Blacksmiths, Hammer and Tool Kit Makers, among others.Coverage: In the inaugural year, the scheme aims to benefit five lakh families, with the goal of extending its impact to 30 lakh families over the course of five years. Benefits Offered by PM Vishwakarma Scheme Registration and Recognition Artisans will be registered for free using the biometric-based PM Vishwakarma portal, facilitated by Common Services Centres (CSC).Recognition will be granted through the issuance of a PM Vishwakarma certificate and ID card. Skill Upgradation Beneficiaries will receive skill upgradation through both basic and advanced training. Toolkit Incentive Artisans will be provided with a toolkit incentive amounting to ₹15,000. Collateral-Free Credit Support Financial support in the form of collateral-free credit will be offered.The first tranche of credit support will be up to ₹1 lakh, and the second tranche will go up to ₹2 lakh.Interest rates on these loans will be concessional, set at 5%. Incentives for Digital Transactions and Marketing Additional incentives will be given for conducting digital transactions and marketing support to promote the artisans’ products. Toolkit Booklet and Training A toolkit booklet has been created in 12 Indian languages, accompanied by video materials.This educational resource will enhance artisans’ knowledge of new technologies in their respective fields.The skilling program includes both basic and advanced training phases.Participants will receive a stipend of ₹500 per day while undergoing training. Rationale Behind PM Vishwakarma Scheme Addressing Historical Challenges Traditional artisans, who have been practicing their crafts for generations, often lack formal professional training, access to modern tools, proximity to relevant markets, and the necessary capital for investment. Overcoming Training and Resource Gaps The scheme aims to bridge these gaps by offering structured training, providing essential toolkits, and offering financial support to empower artisans to enhance their skills, access markets, and improve their livelihoods. -Source: Indian Express Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan Context: Recently, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs has brought to light the ambitious Pradhan Mantri-Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN) Scheme. Aimed at uplifting Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), this initiative carries the potential to address their unique challenges and provide essential infrastructure for a brighter future. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN): Empowering Tribal Communities Comprehensive Scheme: PM JANMAN, comprising Central Sector and Centrally Sponsored Schemes, is a holistic initiative targeting 11 critical interventions through nine ministries, with a particular focus on the Ministry of Tribal Affairs. Key Interventions: Aims to address 11 critical interventions, including permanent housing, road connectivity, piped water supply, mobile medical units, hostel construction, ‘Anganwadi’ facilities, and skill development centers. Additional Ministries’ Involvement: Beyond the 11 critical interventions, other ministries contribute to the mission’s success.Ministry of Ayush:Establishes Ayush Wellness Centres based on existing norms.Extends Ayush facilities to Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) habitations through Mobile Medical Units.Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship:Facilitates skill and vocational training in PVTG habitations, multipurpose centers, and hostels, aligning with the specific skills of these communities. -Source: Indian Express Pinna Nobilis Context: Recently, marine biologists said that a huge clam that was on the verge of extinction has made a comeback, with a surge in numbers in waters off Croatia. Relevance: GS III: Species in News About Pinna nobilis: Species Description: Pinna nobilis is a large Mediterranean clam, belonging to the family Pinnidae, known for its sizable shells that can grow up to 1.2 meters across.Ecological Role: These clams contribute significantly to the ecosystem by filtering seawater, promoting the flourishing of other marine organisms.Attachment Mechanism: They attach themselves to rocks using a robust byssus, composed of silk-like threads historically used for making cloth.Byssus Composition: The byssus fibers, secreted by the clam, consist of keratin and other proteins, reaching lengths of up to 6 cm. The inner shell exhibits a brilliant mother-of-pearl lining.Symbiotic Relationship: Pinna nobilis hosts symbiotic shrimp within its shell, believed to provide a mutualistic relationship. The shrimp may act as a warning system for potential threats.Distribution: Endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, this species faces threats from pollution and shell damage due to its relatively fragile nature.Pathogen Impact: The noble pen shell experienced a decline, particularly around 2016, attributed to a lethal pathogen affecting parts of the Mediterranean.Conservation Status: Designated as “Critically Endangered” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), highlighting the urgent need for conservation efforts. -Source: The Hindu

PIB Summaries 11 December 2023

CONTENTS Technology Development Fund (TDF) schemeNational Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) Technology Development Fund (TDF) scheme Context: Recently, the Union Raksha Rajya Mantri informed Lok Sabha that 16 defence technologies have been successfully developed/realised under the Technology Development Fund (TDF) scheme. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Technology Development Fund (TDF) Scheme: Empowering Indigenous Defence Technologies Initiative Overview: The Technology Development Fund (TDF) scheme is a flagship program led by the Ministry of Defence and executed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) as part of the ‘Make in India’ initiative. Objectives: Grant in Aid:Provide financial support to Indian industries, including MSMEs and Start-ups, as well as academic and scientific institutions.Focus on the development of Defence and dual-use technologies currently unavailable in the Indian defence industry.Engagement with Private Industries:Cultivate a culture of Design & Development of Military Technology, especially in private industries, with a focus on MSMEs and Start-ups.Niche Technologies:Emphasize Research, Design & Development of niche technologies, particularly those being developed for the first time in the country.Collaborative Ecosystem:Create a collaborative platform involving the Armed Forces, research organizations, academia, qualifying/certifying agencies, and private sector entities.Prototype Development:Support futuristic technologies by providing funding for Proof of Concept, transforming them into prototypes. Funding Support: Grant Provision:Funding through grants to the industry.Consideration of project costs up to INR 10 Cr for funding, up to a maximum of 90% of the total project cost.Collaboration Dynamics:Industries allowed to collaborate with academia or research institutions.Academic involvement capped at 40% of the total project cost. Project Duration: Timeframe:Maximum development period set at two years. National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) Context: The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) recently signed a Memorandum of Common Purpose (MoCP) with the Mississippi River Cities and Towns Initiative (MRCTI), which represents 124 cities/towns situated along the banks of the Mississippi River, the United States. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)Challenges Faced by NMCG National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG): The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) is a significant initiative aimed at the rejuvenation and cleanliness of the Ganga River, one of India’s most important and sacred rivers. Here are the key details about NMCG: Formation and Legal Status: NMCG was officially registered as a society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860, on August 12, 2011.Initially, it functioned as the implementation body of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), which was established under the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act (EPA), 1986.In 2016, NGRBA was dissolved and replaced by the National Council for Rejuvenation, Protection, and Management of River Ganga. Objective: The primary objective of NMCG is to combat pollution and facilitate the restoration of the Ganga River to its pristine state.The “Namami Gange” program is a flagship initiative of NMCG, aimed at the comprehensive cleaning and restoration of the Ganga.Achieving this objective involves promoting intersectoral coordination, comprehensive planning and management, and maintaining a minimum ecological flow in the river to ensure water quality and environmentally sustainable development. Organizational Structure: The Act envisages a five-tier structure at the national, state, and district levels to take measures for prevention, control, and abatement of environmental pollution in river Ganga as below: National Ganga Council: Chaired by the Prime Minister of India, it serves as the highest-level decision-making body.Empowered Task Force (ETF): Headed by the Union Minister of Jal Shakti (Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation), ETF plays a crucial role in the mission’s execution.National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)State Ganga Committees: These committees operate at the state level, contributing to pollution control and river management efforts.District Ganga Committees: Operational at the district level, these committees play a role in managing pollution and river conservation efforts within their respective districts, particularly those adjoining the Ganga River and its tributaries. Challenges Faced by NMCG The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) faces several challenges in its efforts to rejuvenate and clean the Ganga River: Delayed Commissioning of Treatment Plants: The commissioning of sewage treatment plants has been delayed due to issues with land acquisition, which has hindered the timely execution of projects.Revisions in Detailed Project Reports: Many projects have required revisions in their Detailed Project Reports, which outline project execution steps and agency roles, causing delays and administrative challenges.Misconception Regarding Responsibilities: State governments have sometimes assumed that building treatment plants is solely the responsibility of the central government, leading to coordination challenges.Waste Management at the Source: Effective waste management, particularly the segregation and recycling of municipal solid waste (MSW), is most efficient when handled at the source. Implementing this approach has been challenging.Volunteer Cadre Implementation: Plans to create a cadre of volunteers at the village and town levels to monitor water quality and support local bodies have faced challenges in effective implementation.Funding Allocation: While NMCG is a ₹20,000 crore mission, in-principle approval has been given for projects worth ₹37,396 crore, with only ₹14,745 crore released to states for infrastructure work as of June 2023, indicating challenges in fund allocation.Municipal Solid Waste Management: The mission has faced criticism for not adequately addressing the issue of municipal solid waste entering the Ganga. Many towns and cities along the river lack proper waste treatment infrastructure, allowing untreated waste to enter the river.Limited Sewerage Network: A substantial portion of India’s urban population resides outside sewerage networks, leading to a significant amount of waste not reaching sewage treatment plants (STPs).Improper Waste Disposal: Studies have revealed that rubbish heaps are commonly found near ghats in numerous towns along the river, indicating improper waste disposal practices that threaten the cleanliness of the Ganga.

Current Affairs 11 December 2023

CONTENTS Climate Change Performance IndexIndian Navy’s Modernization for Undersea OperationsUNEP’s Action Plan for Cooling Sector Emission ReductionBan on the Use of Sugarcane Juice and Sugar Syrup in Ethanol ProductionVoluntary Code of Ethics and Government Oversight: Online Gaming Industry’s Initiative for Stability in IndiaSyphilisPotteromyces Asteroxylicola Climate Change Performance Index Context: Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2024 was released on the sidelines of the ongoing COP28 at Dubai. India ranked 7th in this year’s Climate Change Performance Index, up one spot from the previous one. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: India’s Climate Action: Fourth StrongestIndia-Specific ObservationsAbout Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) India’s Climate Action: Fourth Strongest Germanwatch Annual Performance Index: India’s climate actions ranked fourth strongest in the annual performance index released by Germanwatch. Top Performers: Denmark:Retained the top spot with a score of 75.59%, yet none of the top countries achieved a very high rating in recent years.Estonia and the Philippines:Occupied the second and third ranks with scores of 72.07 and 70.70, respectively.India:Followed closely in the fourth position with a score of 70.25%. Worst Performers: Most Developed Countries:Countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, Italy, and others fared poorly compared to the previous year.Saudi Arabia:Ranked at the bottom of the performance index. Global Climate Action Observations: Urgent Decarbonization:Despite the urgency to decarbonize all sectors, global greenhouse gases increased in 2022.CO2 Levels:Atmospheric CO2 is now 50% higher than pre-industrial levels.CCPI Goals:CCPI countries need an emissions peak by 2025 to achieve the 1.5°C goal.Emissions must be halved by 2030 (vs 2020) levels. India-Specific Observations: High Population Impact: India’s high population, leading to reduced per capita energy use, contributes significantly to its high position in climate performance. Category Rankings: 9th in GHG Emissions.10th in Energy Use.10th in Climate Policy.37th in Renewable Energy (within the ‘high’ performance category). Progress Toward Benchmarks: On track to meet a benchmark of well below 2°C in per capita GHG emissions. Concerns About Coal Use: India’s effort to meet its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) is impacted by a heavy reliance on coal, oil, and gas.Coal use is a major source of GHG emissions and contributes to severe air pollution, especially in urban areas. Air Pollution Challenge: India remains among the most air-polluted countries globally. About Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI): The Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI)  was released and published by three environmental nongovernmental organizations viz. New Climate Institute, German-watch, and the Climate Action Network (CAN) International. It is an independent monitoring tool for tracking the climate protection performance of 57 countries and the European Union.These countries together generate 90%+ of global greenhouse gas emissions.Aim: It aims to enhance transparency in international climate politics and enables comparison of climate protection efforts and progress made by individual countries.CCPI looks at four categories with 14 indicators:Greenhouse Gas Emissions,Renewable Energy,Energy Use, andClimate Policy. -Source: The Hindu Indian Navy’s Modernization for Undersea Operations Context: The Indian Navy aims to enhance the capabilities of its Marine Commandos (MARCOS) for special undersea operations through the acquisition of indigenously-made swimmer delivery vehicles, also referred to as underwater chariots and midget submarines. Relevance: GS III: Defence and Security Challenges Dimensions of the Article: Navy’s Acquisition Plans for Indigenous Undersea ChariotsMarine Commandos (MARCOS)The Chariots in Naval Operations Navy’s Acquisition Plans for Indigenous Undersea Chariots Key Features: Crew Capacity:Undersea chariots designed to carry a crew of at least six members.Power Source:Propulsion powered by advanced lithium-ion batteries. Operational Advantages: Increased Size:Larger size of delivery vehicles facilitates the transport of bigger cylinders by divers. Extended Underwater Stay:Longer operational durations underwater due to enhanced cylinder capacity.Improved Operational Range:Overall operational range in shallow waters extended. Enhanced Capabilities: Weapon Carriage:Larger chariot dimensions allow for the carriage of additional weapons. Indigenous Production: Made in India:Emphasis on indigenous manufacturing for undersea chariots. Marine Commandos (MARCOS) Overview: Special Operations Force:Formed by the Indian Navy, MARCOS specializes in air, water, and land operations.Establishment:Founded in February 1987.Alternate Name:Also known as the Marine Commando Force (MCF). Modeling After Elite Units: Inspiration:Modeled after the elite units such as the US Navy SEALs and the Royal Marines. Functions: Diverse Operations:Trained to conduct a variety of operations encompassing air, water, and land domains.Specialized Roles:Proficient in:Maritime and amphibious warfare.Counter-terrorism operations.Unconventional warfare.Rescue missions.Reconnaissance.Raids.Swift Response:Capable of a swift and stealthy response in denied territories. The Chariots in Naval Operations Overview: Specialized Platforms:Chariots are highly specialized self-propelled vehicles used by advanced navies worldwide.Launch Capability:Launched from ships or submarines based on size and designated roles.Historical Reference:In World War II, manned human torpedoes were referred to as chariots. Functionality: Shallow-Water Operations:Especially useful for naval operations in shallow waters. Mission Range:Suitable for various missions, including shallow-water surveillance and attacking coastal installations and adversary ships in harbors.Access to Restricted Areas:Enables marine commandos to access areas close to adversary harbors that submarines cannot reach due to shallow waters.Transportation of Equipment:Facilitates the transportation of weapons and equipment to operational areas. Usage in India: Limited Public Information:Limited publicly available information on the swimmer delivery vehicles used by the Indian Navy.Historical Use:Some sources suggest the use of Italian-made chariots by the Navy for several years.Indigenous Production:In 2012, the Ministry of Defence directed Hindustan Shipyard Limited to build two submarines of this type. -Source: Indian Express UNEP’s Action Plan for Cooling Sector Emission Reduction Context: The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has put forth an action plan outlined in the report “Keeping it Chill: How to meet cooling demands while cutting emissions,” with the goal of significantly decreasing emissions from the global cooling sector. This initiative has the potential to make a substantial impact, foreseeing a 60% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The report’s release aligns with the Global Cooling Pledge, a collaborative effort led by the United Arab Emirates, the host of the Conference of Parties (COP28), in conjunction with the Cool Coalition. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: UNEP’s Action Plan for Sustainable CoolingAddressing the Significance of the Cooling SectorBenefits of Sustainable Cooling: UNEP’s Action Plan for Sustainable Cooling Passive Cooling Measures: Recommendations: Advocates the adoption of passive cooling measures like shading, ventilation, insulation, green roofs, and reflective surfaces.Suggests reintroducing nature to urban areas. Impact on Energy Consumption: Highlights that passive cooling can significantly reduce the reliance on mechanical cooling, leading to energy and emission savings. Higher Energy Efficiency: Technological Emphasis: Stresses the importance of adopting higher energy efficiency technologies and practices for cooling equipment such as air conditioners, refrigerators, and fans. Benefits: Points out that higher-energy efficiency cooling not only reduces energy consumption and emissions but also lowers costs for users and utilities. Alternative Cooling Substances: Shift from HFCs:Advocates for the use of alternative substances like hydrocarbons, ammonia, or carbon dioxide instead of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).Impact of HFCs:Describes HFCs as potent greenhouse gases with super-pollutant properties, capable of trapping heat hundreds to thousands of times more than carbon dioxide.Phase-Down Initiative:Urges a faster phasedown of climate-warming refrigerants and air conditioning under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol.Reducing Direct Emissions:Highlights that low-global warming potential refrigerants can contribute to the reduction of direct emissions from cooling devices. Addressing the Significance of the Cooling Sector Importance of Cooling Sector: The cooling sector is vital for mitigating rising temperatures, ensuring food safety, supporting industrial processes, and fostering productive economies. Challenges Without Intervention: Electricity Consumption and Emissions: The growing demand for cooling equipment could result in a substantial increase in electricity consumption and emissions.The cooling sector currently constitutes 20% of global electricity consumption.Without intervention, the installed capacity of cooling equipment globally could triple, leading to a more than twofold increase in electricity consumption by 2050.This scenario could contribute to emissions between 4.4 billion and 6.1 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) in 2050, accounting for over 10% of projected global emissions. Benefits of Sustainable Cooling: Economic Savings:Passive cooling techniques and efficient cooling equipment can save consumers USD 17 trillion between 2022 and 2050.Power Requirements Reduction:Sustainable cooling is projected to reduce peak power requirements by 1.5-2 terawatts (TW), avoiding substantial power generation investments.Emission Reductions:Increasing the adoption of low-global warming potential technologies and managing refrigerant life cycles can reduce HFC emissions by 50% in 2050.Decarbonizing the power grid can further reduce sectoral emissions by 96%. -Source: Down To Earth Ban on the Use of Sugarcane Juice and Sugar Syrup in Ethanol Production Context: The Centre’s recent ban on using sugarcane juice and sugar syrup for ethanol production in the 2023-24 supply year aims to maintain adequate sugar availability for domestic consumption and stabilize prices. However, the government has permitted the use of B-molasses for ethanol production. Relevance: GS-III: Environment and Ecology, GS-III: Industry and Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: What is Ethanol fuel?What is ethanol blending?Advantages of Ethanol BlendingEthanol Blended Petrol Programme (EBP)Roadmap for Ethanol Blending in India by 2025 What is Ethanol fuel? Ethanol fuel is ethyl alcohol, the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, used as fuel.It is most often used as a motor fuel, mainly as a biofuel additive for gasoline.Ethanol is commonly made from biomass such as corn or sugarcane.Bioethanol is a form of renewable energy that can be produced from agricultural feedstocks.It can be made from very common crops such as hemp, sugarcane, potato, cassava and corn.There has been considerable debate about how useful bioethanol is in replacing gasoline.Concerns about its production and use relate to increased food prices due to the large amount of arable land required for crops, as well as the energy and pollution balance of the whole cycle of ethanol production, especially from corn. What is ethanol blending? Blending ethanol with petrol to burn less fossil fuel while running vehicles is called ethanol blending.Ethanol is an agricultural by-product which is mainly obtained from the processing of sugar from sugarcane, but also from other sources such as rice husk or maize.Currently, 10% of the petrol that powers your vehicle is ethanol.Though we have had an E10 — or 10% ethanol as policy for a while, it is only this year that we have achieved that proportion.India’s aim is to increase this ratio to 20% originally by 2030 but in 2021, when NITI Aayog put out the ethanol roadmap, that deadline was advanced to 2025.Ethanol blending will help bring down our share of oil imports (almost 85%) on which we spend a considerable amount of our precious foreign exchange.Secondly, more ethanol output would help increase farmers’ incomes.The NITI Aayog report of June 2021 says, “India’s net import of petroleum was 185 million tonnes at a cost of $55 billion in 2020-21,” and that a successful ethanol blending programme can save the country $4 billion per annum.  What are first generation and second generation ethanols? With an aim to augment ethanol supplies, the government has allowed procurement of ethanol produced from other sources besides molasses — which is first generation ethanol or 1G.Other than molasses, ethanol can be extracted from materials such as rice straw, wheat straw, corn cobs, corn stover, bagasse, bamboo and woody biomass, which are second generation ethanol sources or 2G. Advantages of Ethanol Blending Use of ethanol-blended petrol decreases emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx).The unregulated carbonyl emissions, such as acetaldehyde emission were, however, higher with E10 and E20 compared to normal petrol. However, these emissions were relatively lower.Increased use of ethanol can help reduce the oil import bill. India’s net import cost stands at USD 551 billion in 2020-21. The E20 program can save the country USD 4 billion (Rs 30,000 crore) per annum.The oil companies procure ethanol from farmers that benefits the sugarcane farmers.Further, the government plans to encourage use of water-saving crops, such as maize, to produce ethanol, and production of ethanol from non-food feedstock. Ethanol Blended Petrol Programme (EBP) Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) programme was launched in 2003- and this initiative is pursued aggressively in the last 4 to 5 years to reduce import dependence of crude oil as well as mitigate environmental pollution.The Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP) seeks to achieve blending of Ethanol with motor sprit with a view to reducing pollution, conserve foreign exchange and increase value addition in the sugar industry enabling them to clear cane price arrears of farmers.Although the Government of India decided to launch EBP programme in 2003 for supply of 5% ethanol blended Petrol, it later scaled up blending targets from 5% to 10% under the Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP).The Government of India has also advanced the target for 20% ethanol blending in petrol (also called E20) to 2025 from 2030.Currently, 8.5% of ethanol is blended with petrol in India. Roadmap for Ethanol Blending in India by 2025 The central government has released an expert committee report on the Roadmap for Ethanol Blending in India by 2025 that proposes a gradual rollout of ethanol-blended fuel to achieve E10 fuel supply by April 2022 and phased rollout of E20 from April 2023 to April 2025.The Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoP&NG;) had instituted an Expert Group to study the issues such as pricing of ethanol, matching pace of the automobile industry to manufacture vehicles with new engines with the supply of ethanol, pricing of such vehicles, fuel efficiency of different engines etc. How have other countries fared? Though the U.S., China, Canada and Brazil all have ethanol blending programmes, as a developing country, Brazil stands out. It had legislated that the ethanol content in petrol should be in the 18-27.5% range, and it finally touched the 27% target in 2021. -Source: The Hindu Voluntary Code of Ethics and Government Oversight: Online Gaming Industry’s Initiative for Stability in India Context: The online gaming industry has taken a significant step toward self-regulation by voluntarily adopting a code of ethics. This initiative aims to establish a more stable and responsible environment within the industry. The Government of India has designated the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology to oversee online gaming matters, emphasizing the need for organized governance in this rapidly growing sector. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Code of Ethics for the Gaming Industry: Voluntary InitiativesUnderstanding Online Gaming: Regulations and the CodeCode Alignment with Government Regulations: Code of Ethics for the Gaming Industry: Voluntary Initiatives Initiating Self-Governance: The Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI), E-Gaming Federation (EGF), and All India Gaming Federation (AIGF) have collaboratively adopted a voluntary code of ethics to self-regulate the online gaming industry.Non-Binding Commitment: The code of ethics, although non-binding, reflects a commitment to fostering responsible practices within the gaming sector, addressing concerns related to transparency and user protection.Empowering Consumers: Aimed at safeguarding consumer interests, the code emphasizes empowering users with information to make informed decisions regarding their online gaming choices.KYC Procedures: Online gaming companies are mandated to implement know-your-customer (KYC) procedures in compliance with relevant laws, ensuring a secure and accountable gaming environment.Transparency and Fairness: The code emphasizes transparency by requiring companies to disclose criteria for determining winners, applicable fees, and ensuring that deposited funds are solely used for playing games on the platform.Promoting Responsible Gaming: With a focus on creating a “healthy environment” for online gaming in India, the code encourages responsible gaming practices, underscoring transparency, fairness, and user protection. Understanding Online Gaming: Regulations and the Code Online Gaming Defined: Online gaming refers to playing games over the internet, enabling players to connect and collaborate regardless of physical locations, accessible on various devices such as computers and mobile phones.Distinguishing Gambling and Online Gaming: Gambling involves placing bets on uncertain outcomes to win money or possessions, posing a risk of loss. In India, games of skill are distinguished from games of chance, and the Supreme Court considers competitions substantially involving skills as not falling under gambling. Code Alignment with Government Regulations: Public Gambling Act, 1867: While primarily addressing physical gambling, this act extends its relevance to online gaming, providing a legal framework for regulation.Information Technology Act, 2000: Sections 66, 67, 67A, and 67B empower authorities to formulate laws regarding online gaming, recognizing the need for discretion in regulating chance-based activities. This aligns with the constitutional division, placing gambling under state jurisdiction.Self-Regulatory Bodies: The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology permits the establishment of self-regulatory bodies within the online gaming industry, emphasizing industry self-governance.Inter-Ministerial Task Force Recommendations: Proactively addressing the sector, the government’s recommendations from the inter-ministerial task force contribute to formulating rules for online gaming, emphasizing a balanced approach between industry growth and consumer protection. -Source: Indian Express Syphilis Context: A cluster of cases of ocular syphilis has been recently reported in Michigan, US. Relevance: GS II: Health Syphilis: A Sexually Transmitted Infection Cause and Duration: Syphilis is a Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum.The infection can remain latent in the body for years without symptoms and may become active again. Transmission: It spreads through direct contact with sores on the genitals, rectum, or mouth.Transmission can also occur from a mother to a baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. Symptoms: Syphilis progresses through stages, often with painless symptoms.The first stage involves painless sores on genital, rectal, or oral areas.The second stage may include a rash, flu-like symptoms, fatigue, fever, sore throat, and muscle aches.After the second stage, symptoms may become latent, hiding the infection. Complications and Risks: If untreated, syphilis can cause severe damage to the heart, brain, and other organs, becoming life-threatening. Treatment: Syphilis is curable with prompt diagnosis and appropriate antibiotics. Early treatment is crucial for effective resolution. -Source: The Print Potteromyces Asteroxylicola Context: Researchers discover a 407-million-year-old fungus fossil, Potteromyces asteroxylicola in the Rhynie Chert, marking the oldest evidence of fungi causing diseases. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Potteromyces asteroxylicola: Unveiling Ancient Plant-Fungus Interaction Discovery and Host: Potteromyces asteroxylicola is a newly identified fungus found infecting the ancient plant Asteroxylon mackiei.The discovery showcases a predator-prey interaction between the fungus and the living plant during its ancient existence. Reproductive Structures: The fungus’s reproductive structures, known as conidiophores, stood out due to their unique shape and formation.This distinctive feature led to the classification of Potteromyces asteroxylicola as a new species. Rhynie Chert Site: The discovery took place at the Rhynie Chert site in Scotland, renowned for preserving Early Devonian communities, including plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria. Devonian Period: The Devonian Period spanned approximately 2 million to 358.9 million years ago.It is often referred to as the “Age of Fishes” due to the diversity and abundance of fish species in Devonian seas.Significant events in this period include the appearance of forests, coiled shell-bearing marine organisms (ammonites), and the emergence of the first four-legged amphibians, indicating the colonization of land by vertebrates.Three major continental masses, including North America, Europe, and a composite continent in the southern hemisphere, characterized the Devonian landscape. -Source: The Times of India

PIB Summaries 09 December 2023

CONTENTS Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS)Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) Context: Recently, the Ministry of Cooperation has introduced Model Bye laws aimed at revitalizing Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS). Relevance: GS III- Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Purpose of Model Bye-Laws for PACSAbout Primary agricultural credit societiesObjectives of PACSFunctions of PACS Purpose of Model Bye-Laws for PACS Structural Guidelines: Enhanced Economic Viability: Designed to delineate the structure, activities, and functioning of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS).Aims to enhance the economic viability of PACS, making them more sustainable and impactful in rural areas. Business Diversification: Expanded Business Activities: The Model Bye-Laws empower PACS to diversify their business activities.Allows PACS to engage in over 25 business activities, including but not limited to dairy, fishery, floriculture, setting up godowns, procurement of foodgrains, fertilizers, seeds, short-term & long-term credit, custom hiring centers, Fair Price Shops (FPS), community irrigation, and Business Correspondent activities. Inclusivity and Representation: Broadened Membership: Introduces provisions to make the membership of PACS more inclusive and broad-based.Ensures adequate representation for women and Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes within the PACS structure. Overall Objectives: Economic Growth in Rural Areas:The Model Bye-Laws serve the overarching objective of fostering economic growth in rural areas by empowering PACS to engage in diverse economic activities.Social Inclusion:Prioritizes social inclusion by ensuring diverse representation within the membership, promoting gender equality, and providing opportunities for marginalized communities.Community Development:Aims to strengthen the role of PACS as catalysts for community development, enabling them to play a more significant and varied role in the economic landscape of rural regions. About Primary agricultural credit societies: PACS is the smallest cooperative credit institution in India and a basic unit.The initial Primary Agricultural Credit Society (PACS) was founded in 1904.It has a grassroots effect (gram panchayat and village level).PACS serves as the last point of contact between the primary borrowers, or rural residents, and the higher agencies, such as the Central Cooperative Bank, State Cooperative Bank, and Reserve Bank of India.PACS are governed by the RBI and registered under the Co-operative Societies Act.The “Banking Regulation Act-1949” and the “Banking Laws (Co-operative societies) Act 1965” are in charge of them. Objectives of PACS To raise capital for the purpose of making loans and supporting members’ essential activities.To collect deposits from members with the goal of improving their savings habit.To supply agricultural inputs and services to members at reasonable prices,To arrange for the supply and development of improved breeds of livestock for members.To make all necessary arrangements for improving irrigation on land owned by members.To encourage various income-generating activities through supply of necessary inputs and services. Functions of PACS PACS typically offer the following services to their members:Input facilities in the form of a monetary or in-kind componentAgriculture implements for hireStorage space Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) Context: India is hosting the Annual Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) Summit from December 12 – 14, 2023. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) A multi-stakeholder initiative established to bridge the gap between theory and practice in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI).Aims to support cutting-edge research and applied activities on AI-related priorities. Launch: Launched in June 2020. Membership: Open to all countries, including emerging and developing nations.As of now, it has 28 member countries, including the European Union.India is one of the founding members of GPAI. Secretariat: The secretariat is hosted at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in Paris. Structure: Council and Steering Committee:Governed by a Council and a Steering Committee.Centres of Expertise:Two Centres of Expertise, located in Montreal and Paris.Facilitate GPAI’s four working groups and their research and practical projects. Working Groups and Themes: Responsible AI:Focuses on promoting AI development and deployment in an ethical and responsible manner.Data Governance:Addresses issues related to the collection, management, and use of data in the context of AI.Future of Work:Explores the impact of AI on the nature of work and employment.Innovation and Commercialization:Concentrates on fostering innovation and commercialization of AI technologies. Objectives: Foster collaboration among nations on AI-related matters.Provide a platform for joint research and practical projects.Address key challenges and opportunities in the AI domain. Global Collaboration: Reflects a commitment to global collaboration, inviting participation from a diverse range of countries and stakeholders.