Current Affairs 29 November 2023

CONTENTS NASA to Train an Indian Astronaut for ISS MissionModel Code of ConductDecentralised Autonomous OrganisationsGreen Leaf Volatiles (GLVs)AstroSatKalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger ReserveWalking Pneumonia NASA to Train an Indian Astronaut for ISS Mission Context: US space agency NASA will train an Indian astronaut for a mission to the International Space Station by the end of 2024. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: NASA’s Collaborative Endeavor with ISRO: Training an Indian Astronaut for ISS MissionIndia’s Endeavor: Bharatiya Antariksha Station and Lunar AspirationsWhat needs to be done?NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR): Advancing Earth Observation NASA’s Collaborative Endeavor with ISRO: Training an Indian Astronaut for ISS Mission Key Highlights: Training Collaboration: NASA commits to assisting in the training of an Indian astronaut selected by ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation).ISS Mission Timeline: The trained astronaut is slated to embark on a mission to the International Space Station (ISS) by the close of 2024.Selection Process: ISRO will be responsible for the selection of the astronaut, with potential candidates likely to emerge from the pool of individuals who have undergone foundational space astronaut training for the Gaganyaan mission.Mission Duration: The mission’s science objectives, spanning a two-week period, will be determined by India. Joint Working Group and Collaborative Areas: A joint working group has been established by both NASA and ISRO to explore collaborative ventures in various domains.The areas of collaboration encompass radiation impact studies, micro-meteorite investigations, orbital debris shield studies, and aspects related to space health and medicine. Future of the ISS: NASA has outlined plans to decommission the International Space Station (ISS) by 2031.The decommissioning involves guiding the ISS out of Earth’s orbit, causing it to plunge into the ocean at a location far removed from human settlements.Preparations for a seamless transition involve the anticipation of commercial replacement facilities that would sustain a continual human presence in low-Earth orbit. India’s Endeavor: Bharatiya Antariksha Station and Lunar Aspirations Indian Space Station – Bharatiya Antariksha Station (BAS): India’s planned space station is named the Bharatiya Antariksha Station.It will be both constructed and operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).The anticipated completion date for BAS is set for 2035.Prime Minister Modi has urged ISRO to establish the Indian Space Station by 2035 and send an Indian to the moon by 2040. Characteristics of BAS: The Indian space station is projected to be smaller in scale compared to the International Space Station (ISS).It will have a mass of 20 tonnes, distinguishing it from the ISS (450 tonnes) and the Chinese Tiangong Space Station (100 tonnes).Its primary purpose will be to facilitate microgravity experiments.The planned orbit for BAS is around 400 km above Earth’s surface. What needs to be done? Challenges and Technological Upgrades: Constructing and maintaining a space station necessitates distinct technological expertise.Areas such as life support systems, radiation protection, and ensuring long-term structural integrity pose challenges.India needs substantial technological advancements to meet these demands. International Collaborations and Funding: To overcome challenges, India must explore international collaborations and potentially involve the private sector for funding. Human Spaceflight Programs: The development and operation of a space station require a well-trained team of astronauts.Investment in human spaceflight programs, astronaut training, and essential infrastructure for crewed missions is crucial. NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR): Advancing Earth Observation Collaborative Effort: NISAR, the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar, is a joint venture between NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation). Innovative Technology: NISAR stands out as the first radar imaging satellite to utilize dual frequencies, marking a technological advancement in Earth observation capabilities. Comprehensive Earth Survey: The primary mission objective is to survey all of Earth’s land and ice-covered surfaces every 12 days, providing frequent and comprehensive data.The mission duration is slated for three years. Observing Complex Natural Processes: NISAR aims to observe intricate natural processes on Earth, including ecosystem disturbances, ice-sheet collapse, earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides. Functional Capabilities: Positioned in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), NISAR will meticulously measure Earth’s dynamic surfaces, changing ecosystems, and ice masses.Information gathering spans biomass, natural hazards, sea level rise, and groundwater. Dual Radar Frequencies: The satellite employs two distinct radar frequencies: L-band and S-band.This dual-frequency approach allows for precise measurements of changes on Earth’s surface, achieving a level of precision down to less than a centimeter. -Source: Indian Express Model Code of Conduct Context: The Election Commission of India (ECI) has withdrawn its earlier approval for the disbursement of funds under Telangana’s Rythu Bandhu scheme. This decision follows allegations of violations of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC). Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Rythu Bandhu Scheme OverviewECI’s Reversal of Rythu Bandhu DisbursementModel Code of Conduct (MCC)MCC (Model Code of Conduct) for political parties and candidatesCriticisms of the MCC Rythu Bandhu Scheme Overview: Initiated by the Telangana government, Rythu Bandhu supports farmers with investment aid for agriculture and horticulture crops.The scheme aims to alleviate the financial burden on farmers, offering a Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) of Rs.5,000 per acre each season for various agricultural needs.Since its launch in 2018, the number of Rythu Bandhu beneficiaries has increased from 50.25 lakh to 70 lakh farmers. ECI’s Reversal of Rythu Bandhu Disbursement: The Election Commission of India (ECI) initially permitted Rythu Bandhu disbursement during the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) period, provided it adhered to specific guidelines.Similar to the PM Kisan Samman Nidhi, the scheme aimed to support farmers without political exploitation.However, a violation of MCC occurred when a Telangana minister publicized the release of funds during the elections, leading to the ECI’s reversal of permission.The EC’s directive mandates an immediate halt to Rythu Bandhu disbursement during the MCC, impacting farmers’ financial assistance until the MCC period concludes.  Model Code of Conduct (MCC) The MCC refers to a set of guidelines created by the Election Commission of India (ECI).It serves as a regulatory tool for political parties and candidates in the run-up to elections.The primary objective of the MCC is to enable the EC to fulfill its constitutional mandate of supervising and conducting free and fair elections to the Parliament and State Legislatures. Duration and applicability: The MCC becomes operational from the date on which the election schedule is announced.It remains in effect until the date of the result announcement. MCC (Model Code of Conduct) for political parties and candidates: Campaign Conduct Political parties can criticize opponents based on policies, programs, past records, and work only.Prohibited activities include using caste or communal feelings, criticizing candidates based on unverified reports, bribing or intimidating voters, etc.Political parties must inform local police authorities of the time and venue of any meetings to allow for adequate security arrangements.Parties should establish contact to avoid clashes between processions of multiple candidates.Carrying and burning effigies representing members of other political parties is not allowed. Polling Booth and Identity Only voters and those with a valid pass from the EC can enter polling booths.Authorized party workers at polling booths should wear suitable badges or identity cards.Identity slips provided to voters by party workers should be on plain paper without symbols, candidate names, or party names. Conduct of Party in Power Ministers cannot combine official visits with election work or use official machinery for the same.The party in power cannot advertise at the cost of the public exchequer or use official mass media for publicity to improve election chances.The party in power cannot announce financial grants, promise construction of roads or provision of drinking water from the time of election announcement until the end of the election process.Public spaces and rest houses cannot be monopolized by the party in power. Election Manifesto Manifestos should not contain anything against the ideals and principles of the Constitution.Political parties should avoid making promises that may influence voters or vitiate the purity of the election process.Manifestos should indicate the rationale and ways to meet financial requirements for promises.Manifestos cannot be released during the prohibitory period prescribed under Section 126 of the Representation of the People Act 1951. Recent Additions to the MCC: Regulation of opinion polls and exit polls during the period notified by the ECI.Prohibition of unapproved print media advertisements on polling day and one day prior to it.Restriction on government advertisements featuring political functionaries during the election period. Legally Enforceable MCC: The MCC does not have statutory backing but is strictly enforced by the EC.Certain MCC provisions can be enforced through corresponding provisions in other statutes such as the IPC 1860, CrPC 1973, and RPA 1951.The Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice recommended making the MCC legally binding in 2013.The ECI is against making the MCC legally binding, citing the short duration of elections and the length of judicial proceedings. Criticisms of the MCC Limitations and Failures of the MCC: The MCC has not been effective in preventing various forms of electoral malpractices such as hate speech, fake news, money power, booth capturing, voter intimidation, and violence. Challenges with New Technologies and Social Media: The ECI faces difficulties in dealing with new technologies and social media platforms, which enable the rapid and extensive spread of misinformation and propaganda during elections. Non-Binding Nature of the MCC: The MCC is not a legally binding document, and its implementation depends on moral persuasion and public opinion, which makes it less effective in preventing electoral malpractices. Implications on Policy Decisions and Public Interest: The MCC places certain limitations on policy decisions, public spending, welfare schemes, transfers, and appointments, which can have implications for development activities and public interest. Criticism of Application Timing: The ECI has been criticized for applying the MCC too early or too late, which affects the timing of development activities and public interest. Lack of Awareness: The MCC is not widely known or understood by voters, candidates, parties, and government officials, which may lead to non-compliance with its provisions. -Source: The Hindu Decentralised Autonomous Organisations Context: Decentralised Autonomous Organisations (DAOs) represent a groundbreaking innovation at the intersection of Blockchain Technology and governance. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Decentralised Autonomous Organisations (DAOs): A Digital Paradigm ShiftSignificance of DAOsChallenges Associated with DAOs Decentralised Autonomous Organisations (DAOs): A Digital Paradigm Shift DAOs are digital entities functioning autonomously, free from centralized control, relying on smart contracts and member consensus.Utilizing cryptocurrencies for decision-making and resource allocation, DAOs have emerged across industries like finance, art, and governance. Use Cases Across Industries: Global Financial Ecosystem: Platforms like Compound and Maker DAOs redefine decentralized finance, providing global financial services beyond traditional banks.Art World: Artists tokenize creations, employing DAOs for royalty management and intellectual property control.Supply Chain Management: DAOs in supply chains ensure transparency and traceability, enhancing product authenticity and quality.Governance of Online Communities: Platforms like DAOstack facilitate decentralized governance structures for internet communities. Significance of DAOs: Decentralization: DAOs shift power away from central authorities, embodying a decentralized approach.Democratic Decision-Making: Token holders participate in proposing and voting on decisions, ensuring an inclusive and fair governance structure.Transparency and Immutability: DAOs leverage smart contracts for transparency and immutability, fostering trust and reducing opacity.Global Participation: DAOs transcend geographical and socio-economic barriers, promoting diversity and innovation.Direct Cooperation: DAOs facilitate direct collaboration among participants, eliminating the need for intermediaries.Encouraging Innovation: The structure of DAOs encourages innovation, cooperation, and the free flow of ideas, unrestricted by hierarchical structures. Challenges Associated with DAOs Security Concerns: Smart Contract Vulnerabilities: Notorious incidents like the 2016 DAO hack underscore the importance of addressing vulnerabilities in smart contracts.Security Audits: Rigorous security audits and ongoing improvements in code reliability are imperative to ensure the integrity of blockchain systems. Legal and Regulatory Challenges: Decentralized Nature: Legal classification, taxation, liability assignment, and regulatory compliance across jurisdictions pose challenges due to the decentralized nature of DAOs.Governance and Compliance: Unanswered questions regarding governance, Intellectual Property, and cross-border operations require regulatory adaptation. Dispute Resolution and Accountability: Decentralized Decision-Making: Decentralized decision-making complicates dispute resolution and responsibility assignment within DAOs.Smart Contract Automation: The automated nature of smart contracts raises concerns about accountability and conflict resolution without traditional legal mechanisms. -Source: The Hindu Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs) Context: Recently, for the first time, scientists were able to visualise plants sensing compounds called green leaf volatiles (GLVs) released by other plants in danger. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs)Volatiles Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs): Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs) stand out as a crucial category among plant volatiles, playing a pivotal role in various ecological interactions.Composition: This group comprises six-carbon (C6) compounds, featuring a diverse array of substances such as alcohols, aldehydes, and esters. Notably, these aromatic messengers are emitted by nearly every plant. Release Mechanisms: Triggered Responses: GLVs are unleashed into the atmosphere in response to specific stimuli, primarily mechanical damage inflicted upon the plant or in reaction to herbivory, including attacks by fungi or bacteria. Ecological Implications: Multifaceted Roles: GLVs participate in a wide spectrum of ecological interactions. They exhibit the capacity to either repel or attract herbivores and their natural predators, showcasing their versatility in the plant kingdom. Defence Mechanisms: Dual Defence Strategies: Plants employ two major defence mechanisms triggered by molecular cascades. When subjected to damage, GLVs are released as by-products, initiating a series of reactions. This defense response aims to render the plant less palatable or even indigestible to potential insect attackers.Calcium-Mediated Reactions: The intricate molecular cascade involved in plant defence is orchestrated by calcium, serving as a common mediator for both chemical and electrical signals. This calcium-mediated process underscores the sophistication of the plant’s defence strategy against external threats. Volatiles Volatiles refer to elements or compounds that undergo a phase change from a solid or liquid state to vapor at relatively low temperatures. Common Examples: Among the most prevalent volatiles are carbon dioxide, nitrogen, ammonia, hydrogen, methane, sulphur dioxide, and water. These substances are not only abundant in nature but also vital for the sustenance of living organisms. Characteristic Features:  A defining characteristic of volatiles is their ability to transition into a gaseous state at temperatures that are comparatively low, contributing to their dynamic presence in various natural processes. Significance: Essential for Life: The ubiquity of these volatiles, coupled with their transformative nature, underscores their indispensability in the intricate web of biological and ecological systems. They play a crucial role in sustaining life processes and maintaining environmental balance. -Source: The Hindu AstroSat Context: India’s first multi-wavelength space telescope, AstroSat, has successfully detected its 600th Gamma-ray Burst (GRB), an event named GRB 231122B. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: AstroSatScientific Objectives AstroSat AstroSat stands as India’s inaugural dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory, designed for the comprehensive study of celestial entities across X-ray, optical, and UV spectral bands simultaneously. Key Launch Details: Launched on September 28, 2015, by the Indian Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), AstroSat boasts a lift-off mass of 1515 kg.Positioned in a 650 km orbit with a 6-degree inclination to the equator. Mission Control: Ground Operations: The spacecraft is diligently managed by the spacecraft control center located at the Mission Operations Complex (MOX) of the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) in Bengaluru.Mission Life: With a minimum anticipated mission life of around 5 years, AstroSat continues to contribute to scientific exploration. Scientific Payloads: AstroSat is equipped with five scientific payloads, facilitating the imaging and analysis of galactic and extra-galactic cosmic sources across a broad spectrum of wavelengths on a unified platform. Scientific Objectives: Probing High Energy Phenomena: Uncover the intricacies of high-energy processes within binary star systems housing neutron stars and black holes.Magnetic Fields Exploration: Estimate the magnetic fields associated with neutron stars.Stellar Birth Regions: Investigate star birth regions and the high-energy phenomena within star systems beyond our Milky Way.X-ray Sky Exploration: Detect new, transiently luminous X-ray sources in the celestial expanse.Ultraviolet Universe Survey: Conduct a limited yet profound deep-field survey of the Universe in the Ultraviolet region. -Source: The Hindu Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve Context: Researchers have discovered a new plant species in the genus ‘Impatiens’ (Balsaminaceae) in Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Tirunelveli. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Discovery of ‘Impatiens Karuppusamyi’ in Agasthyamalai RegionKey Facts about Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve Discovery of ‘Impatiens Karuppusamyi’ in Agasthyamalai Region The recently discovered plant species is named ‘Impatiens Karuppusamyi’, paying tribute to S. Karuppusamy for his notable contributions to the taxonomy of South Indian angiosperms.It exclusively inhabits the Agasthyamalai region within the southern Western Ghats.Classified under the scapigerous group (stemless group), the plant graces the landscape during the monsoon season for a limited period. Impatiens Genus Overview: Genus Impatiens: Encompassing over 1,000 species of flowering plants, the genus is widespread across tropical Africa, Madagascar, India, Sri Lanka, and China. Key Facts about Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve: Location: Situated in the Southern Western Ghats, spanning the Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari districts of Tamil Nadu.Composite Sanctuaries: The reserve comprises three main sanctuaries: Kalakkad Sanctuary, Mundanthurai Sanctuary, and a segment of Kanyakumari Sanctuary.Agastya Malai Hill Range: Forming the core area of the sanctuary, this hill range is part of one of the world’s 18 biodiversity hotspots and is colloquially known as the “River Sanctuary” due to 14 rivers originating from the Tiger Reserve.Vegetation Diversity: Ranging from dry thorn forest to dry deciduous, moist deciduous, and a patch of West Coast wet evergreen forests on the higher elevations.Rich Fauna: Home to diverse wildlife, including the Lion-tailed Macaque, Nilgiri Tahr, Nilgiri Pipit, Grey Headed Bulbul, Blue Winged Parakeet, and more. -Source: The Times of India Walking Pneumonia Context: Recently, a mysterious influenza-like illness termed as Walking Pneumonia has gripped school children in China. Relevance: GS II: Health Walking Pneumonia: A Mild Form of Respiratory Infection Walking pneumonia, or atypical pneumonia, is a less severe form of pneumonia primarily caused by bacteria, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae.Termed “walking” pneumonia due to its mild symptoms, allowing individuals to continue daily activities without requiring hospitalization or bed rest. Prevalence and Transmission: Common in Children: More prevalent among children, especially those aged 5 to 15, often transmitted in close-contact settings like schools.Airborne Transmission: Spread through airborne droplets from coughing, sneezing, or talking, emphasizing the role of close contact in infection transmission. Symptoms: Mild Symptoms: Symptoms are generally mild and may include a persistent cough, fever, sore throat, headache, runny nose, ear pain, and occasional chest discomfort from coughing. Treatment: Antibiotics: Treatment involves antibiotics to target the specific bacteria causing the infection, aiding in a quicker recovery. -Source: The Hindu

PIB Summaries 28 November 2023

CONTENTS Constitution DayGuru Nanak Constitution Day 2023 Context: India celebrates Constitution Day, or Samvidhan Divas, on November 26. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Constitution Dimensions of the Article: About Constitution Day:Interesting Facts about the Indian Constitution: About Constitution Day: Date: Celebrated on November 26th annually.Significance: Marks the adoption of the Constitution of India on November 26, 1949, which came into force on January 26, 1950.Initiative: Instituted in 2015 to promote constitutional values among citizens. Constituent Assembly (CA) of India: Formation: Established in 1946 under the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946.First Meeting: Held on December 9, 1946, with Dr. Sachhidanand Sinha as the Provisional President.Permanent Chairman: Rajendra Prasad elected on December 11, 1946.Duration: Took three years (1946-49) to complete the drafting process.Membership: Comprised 299 elected members from provincial legislative assemblies.Committees: Had 13 committees, including the drafting committee led by B.R. Ambedkar.Adoption: The Constitution was adopted in 1949, with 284 members signing it. Interesting Facts about the Indian Constitution: Length: World’s longest constitution, with the original copy spanning 251 pages.Handwriting: Completely handwritten by Prem Behari Narain Raizada, a master of calligraphic art. Design: Nand Lal Bose, a pioneer of modern Indian art, designed borders and adorned pages with art pieces.Original Manuscript: Written on parchment sheets measuring 16 x 22 inches, weighing 3.75 kg, and designed to last a thousand years. Overall Impact: Cultural Heritage: Highlights the meticulous craftsmanship and artistic contributions to the creation of the Indian Constitution.Educational Initiative: Constitution Day serves as a platform to educate and instill constitutional values in the citizens of India. Guru Nanak Jayati Context: The Prime Minister greeted people on the occasion of Guru Nanak Jayanti. Relevance: GS I- History Dimensions of the Article: About Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji 5 teachings of Guru Nanak Ji About Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji The Guru Nanak Dev Ji (1469-1539) was born in a village, Talwandi Rai Bhoe, near Lahore (it was renamed later as Nankana Sahib).The Guru Nanak Dev Ji initiated inter-faith dialogue way back in the 16th century and had conversations with most of the religious denominations of his times.The Guru Nanak Dev Ji, also referred to as Baba Nanak, was the founder of Sikhism and is the first of the ten Sikh Gurus.His birth is celebrated worldwide as Guru Nanak Gurpurab on Katak Pooranmashi i.e October – November.His written compositions were included in the Adi Granth compiled by Guru Arjan (1563-1606), the fifth Sikh guru.This came to be known as Guru Granth Sahib after the additions made by the 10th Guru Gobind Singh (1666-1708).In compiling the Adi Granth, Guru Arjan showed a remarkable commitment to pluralism while retaining the unity of thought initiated by Guru Nanak Dev.He advocated Nirguna Bhakti.He firmly repudiated practices of religions around him like sacrifices, ritual baths, idol worship, austerities, and scriptures of both Hindus and Muslims.He appointed Angad to succeed him as the Guru.He never wished to establish new religion, but after his death his followers consolidated his practices and distinguished from both Hindus and Muslims by calling themselves ‘Sikhs’.  5 teachings of Guru Nanak Ji The One God The Guru Nanak ji said “I am neither hindu nor Muslim, I am follower of God”, which actually spoke about his belief in one God. In Sikhism, the god is omnipresent, shapeless, timeless and sightless. (Nirankar, akar, alakh) No Discrimination The Guru Nanak Ji was strongly against all artificially created divisions and all discriminations, both in word and deed. Stay Away          The Guru Nanak ji asked his followers to shun five evils of Ego, Anger, Greed, Attachment and Lust and adopting five virtues Truth, Compassion, Contentment, Discipline and Contemplation Importance of Guru The Guru Nanak Ji laid great emphasis on having the importance of Guru in one’s Life. Sewa is the Key to Humanity As Said by Guru Nanak Ji “In the midst of this world, do Sewa and you shall be given a place of honor in the court of the Lord”.

Current Affairs 28 November 2023

CONTENTS KambalaUNODC and UN Women Study: Rise in Gender-related Killings (2022)Social Audit of MGNREGA SchemeInvestor Risk Reduction Access (IRRA) PlatformCarbon Dioxide RemovalBooker PrizeSaurauia Punduana Kambala Context: Recently, Bengaluru held its first Kambala race, with 159 pairs of buffaloes and their jockeys racing through the specially made slush tracks in the city’s Palace Grounds. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Kambala: Coastal Karnataka’s Traditional Buffalo RaceKambala Ban, Repeal, and Caste Discrimination: Unraveling the Narrative Kambala: Coastal Karnataka’s Traditional Buffalo Race Folk Sport: Kambala is a traditional folk sport primarily practiced in coastal Karnataka districts, especially in regions with a majority of Tulu speakers.Historical Context: Originally hosted by families in sludgy fields post-paddy harvest, it has evolved with various Kambala Samithis now organizing events. Organizing Bodies: Kambala Samithis: These organizing bodies host weekly events from November to April in Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts.Community Involvement: Families, particularly from the Bunt community, take pride in participating, grooming buffaloes throughout the year for the races. Categories of Kambala: Negilu (Plough): Entry-level category using light ploughs to tie buffaloes for the race.Hagga (Rope): Buffaloes raced by jockeys with only a rope tying the pair together.Adda Halage: Jockeys stand on a horizontal plank dragged by buffaloes, offering a unique twist to the traditional format.Kane Halage: Wooden plank tied to buffaloes with water holes, and the winner is determined by the height of water splashes. Cultural Significance: Prestige and Pride: Kambala holds cultural significance, especially for the Bunt community, with families investing efforts to win events.Symbol of Tradition: Reflects the rich cultural heritage of coastal Karnataka and serves as a showcase of traditional practices. Kambala Ban, Repeal, and Caste Discrimination: Unraveling the Narrative Ban by Supreme Court: Animal Rights Petition: Various organizations, including PETA, filed a petition against traditional sports, alleging animal abuse.Complaint Against Kambala: Allegations of cruelty, such as tying buffalo noses with ropes and continuous whipping during races, led to Kambala’s ban by the Supreme Court in 2014.Parallel Ruling: Jallikattu and bullock cart racing were also banned based on Sections 3, 11(1)(a), and (m) of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act. Ban Reversal and Amendments: 2016 Notification: MoEF&CC; issued a notification prohibiting bull exhibitions but carved exceptions for events like Jallikattu and Bullock Cart Races in specific states based on cultural practices.State Amendments: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra amended the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act to provide exemptions for these events. A Constitutional Bench upheld these amendments in May 2023. Caste Discrimination Accusations: Historical Context: Koraga community members, historically considered untouchable, were mistreated before Kambala events.Contemporary Criticism: Critics argue that dominant caste groups control the sport, perpetuating caste discrimination, with lower-caste individuals relegated to menial roles during the event. Evolution of Kambala: Cultural Heritage: Despite challenges, Kambala remains a vital cultural tradition in coastal Karnataka.Shift in Dynamics: Ongoing discussions aim to address caste-related issues, ensuring a more inclusive and respectful environment during Kambala festivities. -Source: The Hindu UNODC and UN Women Study: Rise in Gender-related Killings (2022) Context: Recently, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and UN Women released a study titled-Gender-related killings of women and girls (femicide/feminicide), revealing an increase in gender-related killings of women and girls in 2022. Relevance: GS II: Issues Related to Women Dimensions of the Article: Femicide/Feminicide and the Highlights of the StudyUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Femicide/Feminicide and the Highlights of the Study Femicide/Feminicide: Deliberate killing of women or girls based solely on their gender, rooted in societal attitudes and discrimination. Key Highlights of the Study: Global Trends: Nearly 89,000 intentional killings of women and girls in 2022, marking the highest yearly number in the past two decades.Despite a decline in overall homicides globally, female homicides are not decreasing. Victim Profile: Women are more likely to be victims of intimate partner or family-related homicides compared to men.While men and boys constitute 80% of global homicides, women represent 53% of killings in the home and 66% of intimate partner killings. Regional Disparities: Africa reported the highest number of intimate partner/family-related homicides in 2022, surpassing Asia for the first time in 13 years.The Americas, with fewer cases, exhibited higher rates of femicides per 100,000 female population. Africa’s Standing: Africa, with around 20,000 victims in 2022, surpassed Asia as the region with the highest absolute number of victims.Africa also had the highest number of victims relative to its female population (2.8 per 100,000 women). Europe’s Trends: Europe saw an average reduction in female intimate partner/family-related homicides by 21% between 2010 and 2022, with variations across sub-regions. India’s Situation: India experienced a slight decline in gender-based killings over the past decade.Dowry-related deaths remained a significant cause, with honour killings and witchcraft-related murders forming a smaller percentage. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is a United Nations agency established to address global issues related to drugs, crime, and terrorism. It was established in 1997 through the merger of the United Nations Drug Control Programme (UNDCP) and the Centre for International Crime Prevention. Key Functions of UNODC: Drug Control: UNODC works to combat the production, trafficking, and abuse of illicit drugs globally. This includes efforts to prevent drug abuse, treat addiction, and support alternative development strategies for communities affected by the illicit drug trade.Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice: UNODC focuses on preventing and combating various forms of transnational crime, including human trafficking, organized crime, corruption, and cybercrime. It supports member states in strengthening their criminal justice systems.Terrorism Prevention: UNODC plays a role in preventing and countering terrorism by providing assistance to member states in developing legal frameworks, enhancing capacities, and promoting international cooperation in combating terrorism.Corruption Prevention: The agency works to prevent and combat corruption by promoting anti-corruption measures, supporting the implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), and providing technical assistance to member states.Research and Data Analysis: UNODC conducts research and analysis to provide member states with accurate and up-to-date information on trends related to drugs, crime, and terrorism. This information helps in formulating evidence-based policies and strategies.Technical Assistance: UNODC provides technical assistance and capacity-building support to member states, helping them develop effective policies, legislation, and institutions to address drug-related and criminal justice challenges.International Cooperation: The agency facilitates international cooperation and coordination among governments, international organizations, and other stakeholders to address cross-border challenges related to drugs, crime, and terrorism. -Source: The Hindu Social Audit of MGNREGA Scheme Context: Recent data from the Management Information System (MIS) on Social Audit, maintained by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD), sheds light on the progress and challenges of the social audit in the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS). Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Progress of Social Audits in MGNREGSSocial Audit Mechanism under MGNREGAMahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) Progress of Social Audits in MGNREGS Overall Status: Out of 34 States and Union Territories, only 6 have completed social audits for over 50% of the works conducted under MGNREGS in gram panchayats. Leadership in Social Audits: Kerala: Leads the way with 100% coverage of gram panchayats in social audits, demonstrating a comprehensive and inclusive approach. States Surpassing 50% Mark: Bihar (64.4%): Achieves significant progress with a social audit coverage exceeding 50%.Gujarat (58.8%): Surpasses the halfway mark in social audit coverage for MGNREGS works.Jammu and Kashmir (64.1%): Demonstrates substantial progress with over 60% social audit coverage.Odisha (60.42%): Exceeds the 60% mark in social audit completion.Uttar Pradesh (54.97%): Crosses the 50% threshold in social audit coverage. States with 40% or More Coverage: Telangana (40.5%): Achieves over 40% social audit coverage.Himachal Pradesh (45.32%): Crosses the 45% mark in social audit completion.Andhra Pradesh (49.7%): Approaches the halfway point with nearly 50% social audit coverage. Low Coverage in Poll-Bound States: Among states heading into elections, social audit coverage is notably low:Madhya Pradesh (1.73%): Significantly low social audit completion.Mizoram (17.5%): Moderate progress with room for improvement.Chhattisgarh (25.06%): Crosses the 25% mark in social audit coverage.Rajasthan (34.74%): Approaching the 35% milestone in social audit completion. About Social Audit: Social audit is the examination and assessment of a program or scheme conducted with the active involvement of people, comparing official records with ground realities.It serves as a powerful tool for social transformation, community participation, and government accountability.Unlike financial audits that scrutinize financial records, social audits focus on evaluating a program’s effectiveness in achieving its social goals while involving stakeholders. Social Audit Mechanism under MGNREGA: Provision: Section 17 of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) mandates social audits for all works executed under the program.The Audit of Scheme Rules, 2011, outlines the procedures for social audits and the responsibilities of various entities, including the Social Audit Unit (SAU), state government, and MGNREGA field workers. Related Issues and Challenges: Funding Shortages: Social audit units often grapple with inadequate funding, hindering their effectiveness.While the Union government provides funds to these units to ensure their independence from states, issues with timely fund allocation have left some units without funds for extended periods. Lack of Training: Inadequate training and resources further hinder the effectiveness of social audit units in identifying malpractice.Personnel Shortage:Insufficient staffing makes it difficult for social audit units to carry out their duties effectively. Low Recovery Rate: Some states have consistently reported “zero cases” and “zero recoveries” over the last three years, raising questions about the effectiveness of monitoring in these regions.Even states with active social audit units, like Telangana, struggle with low recovery rates, indicating systemic challenges. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, MGNREGA, is an Indian labour law and social security measure that aims to guarantee the ‘right to work’. This act was passed in September 2005.It aims to enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.It covers all districts of India except the ones with 100% urban population.MGNREGA is to be implemented mainly by gram panchayats (GPs). The involvement of contractors is banned.Apart from providing economic security and creating rural assets, NREGA can help in protecting the environment, empowering rural women, reducing rural-urban migration and fostering social equity, among others.The MGNREGA wage rates are fixed according to changes in the CPI-AL (Consumer Price Index-Agriculture Labour), which reflects the increase in the inflation in rural areas. How MGNREGA came to be? In 1991, the P.V Narashima Rao government proposed a pilot scheme for generating employment in rural areas with the following goals:Employment Generation for agricultural labour during the lean season.Infrastructure DevelopmentEnhanced Food SecurityThis scheme was called the Employment Assurance Scheme which later evolved into the MGNREGA after the merger with the Food for Work Programme in the early 2000s. Features of MGNREGA It gives a significant amount of control to the Gram Panchayats for managing public works, strengthening Panchayati Raj Institutions.Gram Sabhas are free to accept or reject recommendations from Intermediate and District Panchayats.It incorporates accountability in its operational guidelines and ensures compliance and transparency at all levels. Objectives of MGNREGA Provide 100 days of guaranteed wage employment to rural unskilled labourIncrease economic securityDecrease migration of labour from rural to urban areas. -Source: Indian Express Investor Risk Reduction Access (IRRA) Platform Context: The Investor Risk Reduction Access (IRRA) is a platform that will act as a ‘safety net’ for investors in case of technical glitches faced by a trading member or a stock broker registered with SEBI. It will provide investors an opportunity to close open positions and cancel pending orders in case of disruption at the stock brokers’ end. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: IRRA Platform: Enhancing Investor ProtectionNeed and Significance IRRA Platform: Enhancing Investor Protection Purpose and Functionality: Risk Reduction: Developed to mitigate risks for investors in the event of technical glitches at the trading member’s end, both at the primary and disaster recovery sites.Investor Opportunity: Enables investors to close open positions and cancel pending orders using the IRRA platform during technical glitches, ensuring continued market access. Developed By: Collaborative Development: Jointly developed by major stock exchanges, including BSE, NSE, NCDEX, MCX, and MSE. Mechanism of Working: Initiation: Trading members can invoke IRRA when facing technical glitches impacting client service across exchanges.Exchange Monitoring: Stock exchanges can also monitor parameters and initiate IRRA enablement if disruptions affect trading services across all exchanges for a particular member.Limited Functionality: IRRA is designed exclusively for canceling pending orders, not for initiating fresh positions. Need and Significance: Risk Mitigation: Addresses risks for investors in the face of technical disruptions, offering a solution to close positions during glitches.Contingency Planning: Acts as a contingency service by stock exchanges, ensuring investor protection during crises.Market Volatility: Especially crucial in volatile markets where swift actions are necessary for risk management.Persistent Disruptions: Despite business continuity plans, certain disruptions like delayed recovery sites or cyber-attacks persist, making IRRA a valuable initiative. -Source: Indian Express Carbon Dioxide Removal Context: According to the Emissions Gap report, delaying greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction will further increase the future dependence on carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) Methods: A Comprehensive Overview Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) Scope: Encompasses technologies, practices, and deliberate human interventions aimed at extracting carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Significance: Climate Mitigation: Essential component of climate change mitigation efforts, contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere.Global Impact: Holds promise in addressing the escalating climate crisis by actively mitigating anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) Methods: A Comprehensive Overview Biochar: Production Process: Generated through the controlled burning (pyrolysis) of organic waste from agricultural and forest sources.Distinctive Features: Resembles charcoal but is a stable carbon form, minimizing atmospheric escape.Carbon Storage: Provides a safe method for storing carbon, reducing contamination during production. Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): Process: Involves bioenergy production through combustion, with subsequent capture and storage of resulting CO2 emissions.Objective: Prevents combustion emissions from contributing to the greenhouse effect.Sequestration: Captures and stores photosynthetically fixed carbon post-combustion. Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS): Extraction: Directly captures CO2 from the atmosphere at any location.Storage: Permanently stores captured CO2 in deep geological formations or repurposes it for other applications.Technology: Uses electricity to remove CO2 from the air. Enhanced Rock Weathering: Process: Involves pulverizing silicate rocks to accelerate the typically slow weathering action.Product: Yields a powdered form with increased reactive surface area, applied to agricultural lands for chemical reactions. Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement: Approach: Includes adding alkaline substances to seawater to expedite the natural sink process.Objective: Accelerates the absorption of CO2 by seawater, enhancing the overall carbon removal. Significance: Diverse Strategies: Showcases a range of methods from pyrolysis to ocean alkalinity enhancement for deliberate carbon removal.Technological Advancements: Reflects advancements in technology, offering solutions at various scales to address carbon emissions. Overall Impact: Holistic Approach: Represents a comprehensive toolkit for carbon dioxide removal, contributing to climate change mitigation efforts globally. -Source: The Hindu Booker Prize Context: Recently, Irish writer Paul Lynch won the Booker Prize for fiction for his novel Prophet Song. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Booker Prize: Established in the UK in 1969, the Booker Prize is a prestigious literary award for a singular work of fiction.Initially focused on Commonwealth writers, it has evolved to include global participation, open to authors regardless of their origin. Objectives of the Prize: The primary goal is to champion outstanding fiction by recognizing the best novel of the year written in English. Eligibility Criteria: The Booker Prize considers novels originally written in English and published in the UK and Ireland in the prize year.Only original works in English, not translations, are eligible.The novel must be published by a registered UK or Irish imprint; self-published works are not considered. Prize Details: The winner is awarded £50,000, while each shortlisted author receives £2,500. Booker Prize Foundation: Established in 2002, the Booker Prize Foundation is a registered charity overseeing the Man Booker Prize for Fiction and the Man Booker International Prize, which commenced in 2005. -Source: Indian Express Saurauia Punduana Context: Recently, the Saurauia Punduana plant was recorded for the first time in Manipur’s Tamenglong district. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Saurauia Punduana: Saurauia Punduana is a plant species belonging to the Actinidiaceae family, characterized by its distinctive flowers and fruits.The flowers undergo a transformation from white to pink as they mature, featuring pink, ovate to obovate petals that curl at the tip.The spherical fruits are shiny white and hold significance in veterinary medicine. Habitat and Characteristics: Typically found in subtropical forests at altitudes ranging from 600 to 1800 meters.The complete, bisexual flowers possess both functional male (androecium) and female (gynoecium) parts. Conservation Status: Classified as a critically endangered species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Global Distribution: Saurauia Punduana is distributed across countries such as Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, and Myanmar.Within India, it is present in states like Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura. Threats to Saurauia Punduana: Susceptible to various threats, including insect pests, viruses, and fungi, impacting leaves, fruits, and roots. -Source: The Hindu

Celebrating Indian #ConstitutionDay - A Tribute to Democracy #SamvidhanDivas #DemocracyCelebration

Current Affairs 27 November 2023

CONTENTS Conference of the Parties (COP)Ozone hole detected over AntarcticaChild Pornography2nd CII India Nordic-Baltic Business Conclave 2023AmaterasuAmplifi 2.0 Portal  Conference of the Parties (COP) Context: Tens of thousands will descend on Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE), next week to attend the world’s biggest climate negotiation — Conference of the Parties, better known as COP. The 28thedition of COP is scheduled to be held in Dubai.Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Conference of the Parties (COP)Paris Agreement (COP 21): A Comprehensive Overview Conference of the Parties (COP) Background: COP is the annual United Nations (UN) climate meeting.Originated from the 1992 Rio Earth Summit where 154 countries signed the UNFCCC.Aims to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations to prevent dangerous human-induced interference with the climate system. Formation and Participants: UNFCCC came into force in 1994, leading to annual COP meetings.Currently, 198 countries are parties to the Convention.Rooted in the success of environmental agreements like the 1987 Montreal Protocol and a 1991 US-Canada agreement on acid rain. Inaugural COP (COP-1): Held in Berlin, Germany, in 1995.Focused on implementing the UNFCCC, marking the beginning of annual climate conferences.Led to the Kyoto Protocol during COP-3 in Kyoto, Japan. Kyoto Protocol: Agreement during COP-3 placed obligations on rich and industrialized countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.Kyoto Protocol became a significant outcome of COP meetings. Objectives of COP Meetings: Primary objective is to review progress toward the overarching goal of limiting climate change.Addresses global agreements to reduce greenhouse gas emissions causing rising global temperatures.Emphasizes negotiations, debates, and occasionally results in new agreements or treaties like the Kyoto Protocol. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): Member countries, part of the Paris Agreement (2015), present NDCs at COP meetings.NDCs are climate action plans detailing emission cuts and adaptation strategies.Reviewed periodically, usually every five years, as a crucial part of COP discussions. Paris Agreement (COP 21): A Comprehensive Overview Legal Commitment: The Paris Agreement, also referred to as COP21, stands as a legally binding international treaty focusing on climate change.It was collectively adopted by 196 parties during the UN Climate Change Conference held in Paris, France, in December 2015. Effective Commencement: The agreement officially came into force on November 4, 2016, marking the initiation of concerted global efforts to combat climate change. Key Objectives: Limit Global Warming:Primary objective is to restrict global warming:Keep the temperature increase below 2°C above pre-industrial levels.Pursue additional efforts to limit the increase to an even more ambitious target of 1.5°C.Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction:Aiming for a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2100, contributing to the mitigation of climate change impacts.Support for Countries:Strengthening the capacity of countries to effectively cope with the consequences of climate change.Financial Support:Providing financial assistance to developing countries to facilitate their efforts in mitigating climate change and adapting to its impacts. Global Collaboration: The Paris Agreement stands as a testament to global collaboration and commitment to address climate change comprehensively. Historic Accord: Recognized as a historic accord due to the unprecedented consensus among nations and the shared determination to combat climate change collectively. -Source: Indian Express Ozone Hole Detected over Antarctica Context: According to a recent study, published in Nature Communications, stated that the Antarctic Ozone Hole has been massive in the last four years. Relevance: GS I- Geography Dimensions of the Article: What is Ozone Layer and what are Ozone Holes?Ozone creation and destructionOzone Holes Grow and Shrink Every YearCauses of the Giant Ozone Hole in 2023Is Climate Change Reopening Ozone Holes? What is Ozone Layer and what are Ozone Holes? Ozone layer, also called ozonosphere, is a region of the upper atmosphere, between roughly 15 and 35 km (9 and 22 miles) above Earth’s surface which contains relatively high concentrations of ozone molecules (O3).Approximately 90 percent of the atmosphere’s ozone occurs in the stratosphere, the region extending from 10–18 km (6–11 miles) to approximately 50 km (about 30 miles) above Earth’s surface.The ozone layer effectively blocks almost all solar radiation of wavelengths less than 290 nanometres from reaching Earth’s surface, including certain types of ultraviolet (UV) and other forms of radiation that could injure or kill most living things. What are Ozone Holes? The ‘ozone hole’ is not really a hole — it refers to a region in the stratosphere where the concentration of ozone becomes extremely low in certain months.The ‘ozone holes’ most commonly talked about are the depletions over Antarctica, forming each year in the months of September, October and November, due to a set of special meteorological and chemical conditions that arise at the South Pole, and can reach sizes of around 20 to 25 million sq km.Such holes are also spotted over the North Pole, but owing to warmer temperatures than the South Pole, the depletions here are much smaller in size. Ozone creation and destruction The production of ozone in the stratosphere results primarily from the breaking of the chemical bonds within oxygen molecules (O2) by high-energy solar photons. This process, called photodissociation, results in the release of single oxygen atoms, which later join with intact oxygen molecules to form ozone.The amount of ozone in the stratosphere varies naturally throughout the year as a result of chemical processes that create and destroy ozone molecules and as a result of winds and other transport processes that move ozone molecules around the planet.Over the course of several decades, however, human activities substantially altered the ozone layer.Ozone depletion, the global decrease in stratospheric ozone observed since the 1970s, is most pronounced in polar regions, and it is well correlated with the increase of chlorine and bromine in the stratosphere.Those chemicals, once freed by UV radiation from the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other halocarbons (carbon-halogen compounds) that contain them, destroy ozone by stripping away single oxygen atoms from ozone molecules.As the amount of stratospheric ozone declines, more UV radiation reaches Earth’s surface, and scientists worry that such increases could have significant effects on ecosystems and human health. Ozone Holes Grow and Shrink Every Year: The size of the ozone hole over Antarctica changes annually, typically opening in August and closing in November or December.It’s caused by special winds over Antarctica due to the Earth’s rotation, creating a shield over the continent that prevents mixing with surrounding air. When the winds calm down, the hole closes. Causes of the Giant Ozone Hole in 2023: The large ozone hole this year may be linked to volcanic eruptions at Hunga Tonga in Tonga during December 2022 and January 2023.Normally, gas from volcanic eruptions stays below the stratosphere, but this one released a lot of water vapor into the stratosphere.The water vapor, through chemical reactions, impacted the ozone layer and altered its heating rate. It also contained elements like bromine and iodine that can deplete ozone.There isn’t strong evidence to attribute this ozone hole to human activities. Is Climate Change Reopening Ozone Holes? Ozone depletion isn’t a primary driver of global climate change, but rising temperatures could have an influence on ozone holes.Mitigation efforts for ozone holes were effective since the 1980s, but the 2020 and 2021 ozone holes were unusually deep and long-lasting, with wildfires in southeastern Australia contributing to the 2020 hole.The impact of ozone holes on Earth’s climate is not entirely clear; some data suggests they might have cooling effects by reducing the greenhouse gas effect. -Source: Down To Earth Child Pornography Context: Recently, the EU lawmakers agreed to draft rules requiring Alphabet’s Google, Meta and other online services to identify and remove Online Child Pornography, stating that end-to-end encryption would not be affected. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Child PornographyNavigating Challenges in Addressing Pornography IssuesAbout Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 Child Pornography: Child Pornography: Involves the creation, distribution, or possession of sexually explicit material featuring minors.Online Manifestation: The digital form encompasses activities through digital platforms, exacerbating the gravity of the crime. Legal Framework in India: Legal Reference: Defined by the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act, 2019.Inclusive Description: Encompasses visual depictions involving children in sexually explicit conduct, spanning photographs, videos, or computer-generated images. Indian Scenario: Alarming Statistics: Cases surged from 738 in 2020 to 969 in 2021, as reported by the National Crime Report Bureau (NCRB) in 2021. Impact on Children: Psychological Ramifications: Linked to depression, anger, anxiety, and mental distress.Behavioral Influence: Regular exposure may lead to a distorted sense of sexual gratification, potentially manifesting in real-life actions.Addiction Analogy: Experts equate pornography’s impact on the brain to that of substance addiction. Social and Gender Dynamics: Gender Stereotypes: Adolescent pornography use is associated with reinforced gender stereotypes, particularly among males.Attitudes Toward Violence: Exposure to pornography may contribute to attitudes supportive of sexual violence and violence against women. Navigating Challenges in Addressing Pornography Issues Diverse Socioeconomic Impact: Class Disparities: The impact of pornography varies among children from different socioeconomic backgrounds, requiring tailored interventions.Cultural Stigma: Societal perceptions of sex as negative contribute to a lack of healthy family dialogues, fostering external learning, and potential addiction. Detection and Monitoring Challenges: Complex Oversight: Agencies face significant difficulties in detecting and effectively monitoring child pornography activities.Online Proliferation: Ubiquitous explicit content on mainstream websites and OTT platforms blurs the line between non-vulgar and vulgar material, complicating regulation efforts. About Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 was enacted to provide a robust legal framework for the protection of children from offences of sexual assault, sexual harassment and pornography, while safeguarding the interest of the child at every stage of the judicial process.The framing of the Act seeks to put children first by making it easy to use by including mechanisms for child-friendly reporting, recording of evidence, investigation and speedy trial of offences through designated Special Courts.The Act provides for a variety of offences under which an accused can be punished. It recognises forms of penetration other than penile-vaginal penetration and criminalises acts of immodesty against children too. Offences under the act include:Penetrative Sexual Assault: Insertion of penis/object/another body part in child’s vagina/urethra/anus/mouth, or asking the child to do so with them or some other personSexual Assault: When a person touches the child, or makes the child touch them or someone elseSexual Harassment: passing sexually coloured remark, sexual gesture/noise, repeatedly following, flashing, etc.Child PornographyAggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault/ Aggravated Sexual Assault Salient Features of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act, 2019 Gender-Neutral Approach: The Act adopts a gender-neutral stance, applying equally to children of any gender and the accused.Expansive Definition of Child Pornography: Criminalizes the act of watching or collecting pornographic content involving children.Criminalization of Abetment: Makes abetment of child sexual abuse a punishable offence.Age Definition: Defines a child as an individual below eighteen years of age.Mandatory Reporting: Mandates the reporting of sexual offences, aligning with international child protection standards.Police Responsibility for Child Protection: Empowers police personnel to urgently arrange for the care and protection of the child upon receiving a report of sexual abuse.Child-Friendly Medical Examination: Ensures that medical examinations of the child are conducted with minimal distress.Establishment of Special Courts: Special Courts conduct trials in-camera, safeguarding the child’s identity in a child-friendly manner.Timely Disposal of Cases: Requires cases of child sexual abuse to be disposed of within one year from the date of reporting.Comprehensive Recognition of Sexual Abuse Forms: Recognizes a broad range of sexual abuse forms as punishable offences.Punishment for Child Trafficking: Imposes stringent punishment, including rigorous imprisonment for life and fines, for those trafficking children for sexual purposes.Child-Friendly Trial Process: Implements procedural reforms to simplify the trial process, particularly tailored to ease the challenges faced by children. -Source: The Hindu 2nd CII India Nordic-Baltic Business Conclave 2023 Context: Recently, the 2nd CII (Confederation of Indian Industries) India Nordic-Baltic Business Conclave 2023 was held in New Delhi, aiming to foster collaboration between India and the Nordic Baltic Eight (NB8) countries, known for their prowess in innovation and technology. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Nordic Baltic (NB) 8: An OverviewKey Highlights of the Conclave: Transforming Collaborations for SustainabilityEconomic Relations Between India and Nordic-Baltic Countries Nordic Baltic (NB) 8: An Overview Regional Cooperation Format: The NB8 constitutes a regional cooperation format that unites the Nordic countries and the Baltic states. Member Countries: Nordic Countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden.Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Shared Ties: The group is characterized by shared historical, cultural, and geographical ties.Collaboration spans various domains, including politics, economics, trade, security, and culture. Nordic Countries: Located in Northern Europe, the Nordic countries exhibit similarities in governance, social systems, and values. Baltic States: Situated in Northeastern Europe, the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) have distinct historical backgrounds and geopolitical positioning. Fostering Cooperation: The NB8 framework facilitates collaboration and cooperation among member states for mutual benefit.The cooperation encompasses a range of sectors, contributing to regional stability and development. Geopolitical Significance: The alliance’s geopolitical positioning and unity enhance its collective influence and engagement in regional and global affairs. Comprehensive Engagement: NB8 engages in comprehensive discussions and initiatives, reflecting a commitment to addressing shared challenges and advancing common goals. Key Highlights of the Conclave: Transforming Collaborations for Sustainability Sustainable Food Systems: Discussions centered on transforming food systems for sustainability.Focus on sharing experiences, innovations, and best practices between India and the Nordic-Baltic nations. Holistic Approach: Collaboration aimed at addressing global challenges with a holistic approach covering economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Blue Economy Management: Emphasis on efficient Blue Economy management.Objectives included enhancing Global Supply Chain Resilience, promoting sustainable marine practices, encouraging innovation, and fostering maritime cooperation. Renewable Energy Integration: Deliberations on India’s push for Renewable Energy integration.Focus on identifying resources, policy support, energy storage, and advanced technology initiatives.Seeking support from Nordic-Baltic economies for implementing clean energy-related technologies. Technological Advancements: Collaboration discussions on leveraging AI, IoT, and smart manufacturing in the manufacturing sector.Exploring ways to contribute to India’s goal of becoming a developed nation by 2047. Climate Finance for Green Transitions: Significance of climate finance in achieving green and sustainable transitions.Exploring strategies and solutions to drive funding and investments.Fostering collaboration for advancing climate action. IT and AI Cooperation: Emphasis on exploring cooperation in leveraging IT and AI to address societal challenges.Discussions on skill development initiatives for inclusive AI and IT growth. Strengthening Global Value Chains: Discussions on building efficient and resilient supply chains.Alignment with India’s Logistics Policy.Exploring collaboration to strengthen global value chains using technological advancements. Economic Relations Between India and Nordic-Baltic Countries: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Cumulative FDI from Nordic countries has surpassed significant figures, indicating robust mutual investment interests.Cumulative FDI from 2000 to 2023 stands at USD 4.69 billion. Trade in Goods: India’s combined trade in goods with the Nordic-Baltic (NB8) countries is approximately USD 7.3 billion. Corporate Presence: Over 700 Nordic companies operate in India.Close to 150 Indian companies have established a presence in the Nordic-Baltic region. Specific Collaborations: Established collaborations and partnerships in various domains.Examples include sustainability partnerships with Finland, green strategic partnerships with Denmark focusing on water solutions, wind energy, and agriculture, and joint projects with Iceland in harnessing geothermal energy. Potential Sectors for Collaboration: Identification of potential collaboration in sectors like renewable energy, food processing, logistics, IT, AI, maritime cooperation, and blue economy initiatives.Alignment of India’s ambitious renewable energy targets with Nordic-Baltic technological expertise offers collaboration opportunities. High-Tech Collaboration: Potential collaboration in space technology, geospatial sectors, and polar and climate research.Discussions around joint research projects and opportunities in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Global Engagements: Active engagement in global partnerships, including India’s participation in the G20.Opportunities for collaboration in finding solutions for sustainable growth.Exploration of partnerships in joint development projects, particularly in Africa, to expand collective global footprint. -Source: The Hindu, PIB Amaterasu Context: Scientists recently detected the most powerful cosmic ray seen in more than three decades, which has been named ‘Amaterasu’. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Amaterasu: The Cosmic PhenomenonCosmic Rays: Celestial Messengers of Energy Amaterasu: The Cosmic Phenomenon Overview: Named after the Japanese sun goddess, Amaterasu is among the highest-energy cosmic rays ever recorded.Energy Magnitude: Exceeds 240 exa-electron volts (EeV), a scale millions of times greater than particles generated in the Large Hadron Collider.Comparison: Second only to the Oh-My-God particle, another ultra-high-energy cosmic ray detected in 1991 at 320 EeV.Extraordinary Energy: Equivalent to the energy of a golf ball traveling at 95 mph, signifying its remarkable cosmic force.Emergence: Originates from the Local Void, an expansive, nearly empty region bordering the Milky Way galaxy. Cosmic Rays: Celestial Messengers of Energy Origins: Cosmic rays result from violent celestial events that strip matter of subatomic structures, propelling it through the universe at nearly light speed.Particle Diversity: Comprising charged particles, cosmic rays encompass positive protons, negative electrons, and entire atomic nuclei.Continuous Earth Impact: Constantly raining down on Earth, cosmic rays strike its upper atmosphere, colliding with oxygen and nitrogen nuclei, generating numerous secondary particles.Atmospheric Impact: Secondary particles travel a short distance within the atmosphere, initiating a cascade effect, creating a shower of billions of particles that disperse to the Earth’s surface. -Source: Indian Express Amplifi 2.0 Portal Context: Recently, the Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs launched the Amplifi 2.0 portal. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Amplifi 2.0 Portal: Enhancing Urban Data AccessibilityUrban Outcomes Framework 2022: A Holistic Approach Amplifi 2.0 Portal: Enhancing Urban Data Accessibility Objective: Data Centralization: Amplifi (Assessment and Monitoring Platform for Liveable, Inclusive, and Future-Ready Urban India) aims to consolidate raw data from Indian cities onto a unified platform.Policymaking Support: The portal serves as a valuable resource for academics, researchers, and stakeholders, facilitating data-driven policymaking. Coverage: Currently, the portal has on-boarded 258 urban local bodies (ULB), providing data for 150 cities. Information Spectrum: The portal offers a diverse range of data for various cities, including metrics such as total diesel consumption and the number of water quality samples tested. Urban Outcomes Framework 2022: A Holistic Approach Developers: Crafted by the National Institute of Urban Affairs and PwC India for the Ministry.Shift in Focus: This framework moves away from indices, emphasizing comprehensive indicators and promoting data-centric analysis.Sectors Covered: Encompassing 14 sectors, including demography, economy, education, energy, environment, finance, governance, health, housing, mobility, planning, safety and security, solid waste management, and water and sanitation.Data Streamlining: Aims to streamline data across sectors, enhancing focus on collection, analysis, and the creation of new frameworks on open data. -Source: The Hindu

PIB Summaries 27 November 2023

CONTENTS 2D Protein Monolayer Unravels AmyloidosisLachit Borphukan 2D Protein Monolayer Unravels Amyloidosis Context: Recently, researchers have achieved a significant breakthrough in disease study through the creation of a two-dimensional (2D) protein monolayer using lysozyme molecules. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Major Highlights of the ResearchLysozymeAmyloidosis Major Highlights of the Research Molecular Assembly: Scientists assembled lysozyme molecules into a 2D monolayer at the interface of a pure water subphase. Model for Amyloidosis: The arranged layers of lysozyme provide a unique model for investigating the complexities of Amyloidosis. Langmuir-Blodgett Technique: Utilized the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique to create specialized two-dimensional protein layers.This technique involves forming monolayers of molecules, including proteins, at air-water and air-solid interfaces. pH-Dependent Changes: Observed changes in the structure and shape of lysozyme molecules under different pH conditions.These changes mirror abnormalities seen in Amyloidosis. Research Significance: Offers deeper insights into Amyloidosis, contributing to a better understanding of disease mechanisms.Establishes a versatile platform for exploring nanotechnology applications in protein science. Lysozyme: Lysozyme is a naturally occurring enzyme present in bodily secretions such as tears, saliva, and mucus. Defensive Role: Plays a vital role in the body’s defense system by combating bacteria.Acts by breaking down the cell walls of specific bacteria, disrupting their structure and leading to destruction. Airway Fluid Component: Principal component of airway fluid.Serves as a model protein in the study of diseases like Amyloidosis, associated with multi-organ dysfunction. Amyloidosis Amyloidosis encompasses a set of uncommon disorders marked by the buildup of anomalous protein aggregates known as amyloids in diverse organs and tissues across the body.Comprising misfolded proteins, these amyloid formations can interfere with the regular functioning of organs such as the heart, kidneys, liver, and spleen, leading to gradual damage over time. Lachit Borphukan Context: Recently, the Prime Minister of India paid tribute to Lachit Borphukan on Lachit Diwas. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Lachit BorphukanAhom Kingdom Overview Lachit Borphukan: Revered in Assam for his pivotal role in the Battle of Saraighat in 1671 against the Mughals.Served as the commander of Ahom armies, displaying exceptional military prowess. Battle of Saraighat: Fought on the banks of the Brahmaputra in Guwahati.Successfully employed guerrilla tactics, providing an advantage to his smaller, agile forces. Administrative Responsibilities: Chosen as one of the five Borphukans by King Charadhwaj Singha.Entrusted with administrative, judicial, and military duties, showcasing his multifaceted capabilities. Military Strategy: Known for preferring guerrilla tactics, showcasing strategic acumen.Led fast-moving and highly capable forces, contributing to the success of the Ahom armies. Legacy: Revered as a brilliant military commander who played a pivotal role in preserving Assam’s independence.Succumbed to a prolonged illness a year after the Battle of Saraighat. Ahom Kingdom Overview: Ruled significant parts of present-day Assam for nearly 600 years, from the early 13th century to the early 19th century.Flourished as a prosperous, multi-ethnic kingdom in the Brahmaputra valley, sustaining on rice cultivation in fertile lands.Engaged in conflicts with the Mughals from 1615-1682, spanning the reigns of Jahangir to Aurangzeb.

Ocean Acidification - Causes and Effect Explained !!!

25 Years of International Space Station | Major Achievement And Future | UPSC Current Affairs

Current Affairs 24 November 2023

CONTENTS Second ‘Voice of the Global South Summit’ (VOGSS): Strengthening Global SolidarityGujarat gets a State FishTransit Anticipatory Bail Across Jurisdictions: SC RulingSupreme Court’s Directions on Adoption Process in IndiaInternational Tropical Timber CouncilSouthern Annular ModeNew Frog Species Second ‘Voice of the Global South Summit’ (VOGSS): Strengthening Global Solidarity Context: India recently hosted the second edition of the ‘Voice of the Global South Summit’ (VOGSS), reinforcing its dedication to building unity among nations and solidifying its leadership role in the Global South. The summit, conducted virtually, marks a continuation of India’s commitment to fostering solidarity among diverse nations. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of Second VOGSSUnderstanding the Global South Key Highlights of Second VOGSS Themes: Inaugural session: ‘Together, for Everyone’s Growth, with Everyone’s Trust’Concluding session: ‘Global South: Together for One Future’ Objectives: Disseminate G20 summit outcomes hosted by India.Ensure sustained momentum for effective G20 decision implementation.Focus on the interests of developing countries. Key Outcomes: Inauguration of the Global South Center of Excellence ‘DAKSHIN.’Ministerial sessions covering diverse topics: SDGs, energy transition, climate finance, digital transformation, women-led development, counter-terrorism, and global institution reforms. India’s Stand on Israel-Hamas Conflict: Deep concern expressed for civilians affected.Urgent call for restraint, prioritizing civilian safety, and de-escalation efforts. Global South’s 5 ‘Cs’: Consultation, Cooperation, Communication, Creativity, and Capacity Building. Understanding the Global South Emergence: Initially denoted countries excluded from industrialization.Ideological Divide: Shaped by Cold War conflicts between capitalist and communist nations.Encompassing Continents: Encompasses Asia, Africa, and South America.Economic Contrast: Opposite of ‘Global North’, marked by economic disparity. Challenges Faced by the Global South Geopolitical Shifts and Emerging Challenges Disruption Catalysts: Coronavirus pandemic and prolonged Ukraine-Russia War.Resulting Challenges: Food and energy supply security, technology transfer, energy transition, climate change impact. Securing Supply Chain Supply Chain Concerns: Escalating energy costs and fertilizer prices.Necessity of Supply Chain Security: Reevaluating essential commodity distribution to ensure availability in the Global South. Ensuring Adequate Energy Supply Energy Transition Hurdles: Sustainable energy transition entails technological and financial challenges.Disproportionate Impact: Global South nations most affected due to financial constraints.Sustainable Transition Imperative: Vital for socio-economic development across Global South nations. Adapting to Climate Change Disproportionate Impact: Historical polluters from Global North, adverse climate change effects on Global South.Broader Climate Change Perspective: Need to consider climate change consequences holistically for Global South. Advocating for Multilateralism Genuine Multilateralism Demand: Call for equitable representation in global governance institutions.UNSC Reform: Necessity to reform United Nations Security Council and other multilateral bodies for fair Global South representation. India’s Role in the Global South Historical Leadership and Global Influence Non-Aligned Movement: India’s historical leadership in the Non-Aligned Movement underscores its role in global politics.Economic and Geopolitical Clout: India’s growing economic and geopolitical influence drives its increased involvement in global geopolitics.G-20 Presidency: Assumes G-20 Presidency in 2022-23, reflecting its greater global role. Leader of the Global South Voice of the Global South: As a leader of the Global South, India provides representation and a platform for the Global South Movement.Proactive Engagement: Active participation in international forums on climate change, energy transition, and normative issues. Championing Global South’s Interests Alternative Narrative: India contributes to an alternative narrative in global geopolitics by voicing Global South concerns.Climate Summits: Protecting Global South interests in climate financing, emission norms, and historical polluter responsibility. Global Energy Transition and Security Leading Energy Transition Discourses: Initiatives like International Solar Alliance and hydrogen-based fuel promotion.Energy Security Emphasis: Prime Minister Modi’s call for energy market stability at the G-20 Summit in 2022. Democratizing International Relations and UN Reform Consistent Approach: India aligns with Global South demands for international relations democratization and United Nations reform.Leadership and Narrative Shift: India’s leadership reshapes global geopolitics and provides a new perspective. -Source: The Hindu Gujarat gets a State Fish Context: The black-spotted croaker, or the Ghol fish — considered a fisherman’s lottery — was declared the state fish of Gujarat. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Ghol FishGhol’s Designation in Gujarat: Economic Value and Conservation Significance Ghol Fish: The Ghol fish is a rare and expensive marine species.Found in the Indo-Pacific region, stretching from the Persian Gulf to the Pacific Ocean. Nutrient-Rich Profile: Loaded with nutrients, including iodine, omega-3, DHA, EPA, iron, taurine, magnesium, fluoride, and selenium. Characteristics: Length: Approximately one-and-a-half meters.Price Variation: The longer the Ghol fish, the higher its price, reaching up to Rs 5 lakh per unit length. Distribution: Primarily found in marine areas of Gujarat and Maharashtra.Recognizable by its golden-brown color. Unique Feature – ‘Sea Gold’: The Ghol fish is nicknamed ‘Sea Gold’ due to a pouch in its stomach with potent medicinal properties.This feature holds high value in the overseas market. Benefits: Nutrient Boost:Rich in vitamins, minerals, and proteins for maintaining eyesight.Skin Health:Collagen content prevents wrinkles and maintains skin elasticity.Brain Health:Omega-3 content enhances infant IQ by stimulating brain cell growth.Muscle Toning:Contributes to muscle toning.Versatile Usage:The fish is in demand for its meat and air bladder, the latter being sold separately. Diverse Applications: Used in beer and wine production.Air bladder utilized in pharmaceuticals. Ghol’s Designation in Gujarat: Economic Value and Conservation Significance Reasons for Selection: Economic Value: The Ghol fish was chosen by the Gujarat government due to its economic significance and uniqueness.Conservation Efforts: The declaration serves the dual purpose of recognizing its economic value and incorporating it into conservation initiatives. Commercial Importance: Global Demand: Although not widely consumed locally due to its expense, the Ghol fish holds immense market value, especially in China and other nations.Culinary Significance: Recognized as a delicacy in many countries, it is sought after for its taste.Medicinal Uses: In some regions, it is utilized for medicinal purposes. Export Dynamics: Meat Export: The fish’s meat is exported as frozen fillet or whole fish to European and Middle-Eastern countries.Air Bladder Export: The dried air bladder, obtained by cutting it open from the stomach, is exported to China, Hong Kong, and other Asian countries, particularly valued for its medicinal properties. Gujarat’s Fish Export Statistics: Production (2021-22): Gujarat’s total fish production estimated at 8.74 lakh tonnes, valued at Rs 11,221 crore.Exports (2021-22): Approximately 2.3 lakh tonnes of fish and fish products, valued at Rs 5,233 crore, were exported. -Source: The Hindu Transit Anticipatory Bail Across Jurisdictions: SC Ruling Context: The Supreme Court of India, in the case of Priya Indoria vs State of Karnataka and Ors, 2023, ruled that a Sessions Court or the High Court in a state has the authority to grant transit anticipatory bail to an accused when an FIR is registered outside their jurisdiction. The ruling underscores the constitutional imperative of safeguarding citizens’ right to life and personal liberty, as enshrined in Article 21 of the Constitution of India. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Transit Anticipatory Bail: SC Guidelines and RulingBail in India: Overview and Types Transit Anticipatory Bail: SC Guidelines and Ruling Definition: Transit anticipatory bail provides protection from arrest until the accused reaches a court with territorial jurisdiction for the alleged offense.Legislation: The term is not explicitly defined in the Code Of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) or any other legislation.Introduction: The Supreme Court introduced the concept in the 1998 case of State of Assam v. Brojen Gogol. SC’s Ruling: Granting Authority: High Court/Sessions Courts should grant transit anticipatory bail under Section 438 of the CrPC for FIRs outside their jurisdiction.Reasoning: An absolute jurisdiction bar could lead to unjust consequences, especially for genuine applicants facing wrongful or politically motivated prosecution.Preventing Abuse: Acknowledges the possibility of forum shopping and emphasizes a territorial connection between the accused and the court to prevent abuse. Conditions for Interim Protection: Mandatory Notice: Notice to the investigating officer and public prosecutor is mandatory during the first hearing.Explicit Recording: The order must explicitly record reasons for anticipating an inter-state arrest and the potential impact on the investigation.Satisfaction of the Court: The applicant must satisfy the court about their inability to seek anticipatory bail in the jurisdiction of the FIR.Basis of Satisfaction: Reasons may include threats to life, concerns about arbitrariness, or medical issues. Bail in India: Overview and Types Bail: Conditional/provisional release of a person held under legal custody, pledging to appear in court as required. It involves a security/collateral deposited before the court for release.Principle: In the Supt. and Remembrancer of Legal Affairs v. Amiya Kumar Roy Choudhry (1973) case, the Calcutta High Court explained the principle behind granting bail. Types of Bail: Regular Bail: Direction by any court to release a person already under arrest and in police custody.Application filed under Sections 437 and 439 of the Code Of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973. Interim Bail: Temporary and short-term bail granted by the court while the application for Anticipatory Bail or Regular Bail is pending. Anticipatory Bail or Pre-arrest Bail: Legal provision allowing an accused to seek bail before arrest.Granted under Section 438 of the CrPC.Issued by Sessions Court and High Court.Discretionary, considering the nature of the offense, antecedents of the accused, and other factors.Conditions may be imposed, like surrendering the passport or reporting to the police regularly. Statutory Bail: Distinct from bail under regular CrPC sections.Granted when the police or investigating agency fails to file a report/complaint within a specified time (Section 167(2) of the CrPC). -Source: Indian Express Supreme Court’s Directions on Adoption Process in India Context: The Supreme Court of India in a recent hearing of a petition filed by a Non-governmental Organization(NGO), has issued a series of directions to the Centre, the States, and the Union Territories to expedite and simplify the adoption process in the country. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Supreme Court’s Directives on Adoption ProcessAbout the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA)Benefits of Adoption for Children and SocietyAdoption Trends and Statistics in IndiaChallenges Related to Adoption in India Supreme Court’s Directives on Adoption Process Identification of Children:Children in Child Care Institutions (CCIs) with parents not visiting for over a year or having unfit parents should be identified.Definition of “Unfit Guardian”:An unfit guardian includes those unable or unwilling for parenting, involved in substance abuse, alcohol abuse, child abuse, neglect, having a criminal record, needing care themselves, or being mentally unsound.Bi-Monthly Drives:States and Union Territories should conduct bi-monthly drives to identify orphaned, abandoned, or surrendered (OAS) children in CCIs.Data Compilation:States and Union Territories must compile data on potential adoptable children, especially those in CCIs, and provide details to the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) and the Ministry of Women and Child Development.Registration on CARINGS Portal:States should ensure the registration of all OAS children in the district on the Child Adoption Resource Information and Guidance System (CARINGS) portal, the online platform for adoption in India. About the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA): CARA is a statutory body under the Ministry of Women & Child Development, Government of India. Role as Central Authority: Designated as the Central Authority for handling inter-country adoptions in line with the Hague Convention on Inter-country Adoption, 1993, ratified by India in 2003. Functions: Nodal body regulating the adoption of “orphaned, surrendered, and abandoned children” in India.Monitors and regulates entities such as State Adoption Resource Agencies (SARAs), Specialized Adoption Agencies (SAAs), Authorized Foreign Adoption Agencies (AFAAs), Child Welfare Committees (CWCs), and District Child Protective Units (DPUs). Legal Framework in India: Child placement with a family is governed by the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956; the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890; and the Juvenile Justice Act, 2000.Mandatory registration of Child Care Institutions (CCIs) and linking to CARA is outlined in the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015. Hague Convention on Inter-country Adoption: The Convention establishes safeguards for children and families involved in inter-country adoptions.Aims to prevent the illegal abduction, sale, or trafficking of children during adoptions.Objectives:Protect children and families from illegal or ill-prepared inter-country adoptions.Prevent abduction, sale, or trafficking of children.Establish minimum standards while recognizing that it does not serve as a uniform law of adoption. Benefits of Adoption for Children and Society Loving and Stable Family Environment:Adoption provides children deprived of parental care with a loving and stable family environment.Holistic Development and Well-being:Ensures the holistic development and well-being of adopted children, addressing their physical, mental, emotional, social, and educational needs.Social and Economic Contribution:Contributes to the social and economic development of the country by:Reducing the burden on the state and society in caring for orphaned, abandoned, or surrendered children.Empowering adopted children to become productive and responsible citizens.Positive Adoption Culture:Cultivates a positive adoption culture in society by:Breaking down social stigmas associated with adoption.Raising awareness about the numerous benefits of adoption.Empowerment of Children:Empowers children through adoption, providing them with opportunities for growth, education, and a brighter future.Family and Community Support:Strengthens the fabric of families and communities by fostering support networks around adopted children.Diversity and Inclusion:Promotes diversity and inclusion by creating families that embrace children from different backgrounds, cultures, and communities.Fulfillment of Parental Desires:Allows prospective adoptive parents to fulfill their desires of parenthood, creating a positive impact on their lives.Humanitarian and Compassionate Act:Reflects a humanitarian and compassionate act, demonstrating the potential for positive change through acts of care and kindness.Lifetime Bonds and Relationships:Builds lifetime bonds and relationships between adoptive parents and children, fostering love, support, and a sense of belonging. Adoption Trends and Statistics in India Annual Adoption Figures:Approximately 4,000 child adoptions occur annually in India, according to the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA).Orphan Population:As of 2021, there are over 3 Crore orphans in the country.Adoption Mismatch:There is a significant mismatch between the number of children available for legal adoption and prospective adoptive parents (PAPs).CARA’s Data (October 2023):2,146 children were available for adoption.30,669 PAPs have been registered for in-country adoption.Waiting Period for PAPs:PAPs face a waiting period of three to four years to adopt a healthy and young child due to the imbalance between registered PAPs and available children.Age Preferences of PAPs:69.4% of registered PAPs prefer children aged zero to two years.10.3% prefer children aged two to four years.14.8% prefer children aged four to six years.Specialised Adoption Agencies (SAAs):Out of 760 districts in India, only 390 districts have Specialised Adoption Agencies. Challenges Related to Adoption in India Complex Adoption Process: Adoption in India, governed by multiple laws, involves intricate steps, including registration, home study, child referral, matching, acceptance, pre-adoption foster care, court order, and follow-up. Extended Timeline: Factors like child availability, parental preferences, administrative efficiency, and legal formalities contribute to the prolonged duration of the adoption process. Child Returns and Challenges: An unusual upsurge in child returns, particularly affecting girls, those with special needs, and older children, raises concerns.Disabled and older children face extended adjustment periods, compounded by inadequate preparation and counselling during the transition. Decline in Adoption of Special Needs Children: Only 40 children with disabilities were adopted between 2018 and 2019, representing approximately 1% of total adoptions.Annual trends indicate a decline in domestic adoptions of children with special needs, revealing a disparity in adoption patterns. Illegal Adoption Activities: The diminishing pool of adoptable children contributes to an increase in illegal adoption activities.Threats of child trafficking, especially during the pandemic, raise ethical and legal concerns, impacting poor or marginalized families. Legal Recognition for LGBTQ+ Families: Legal challenges for LGBTQ+ families seeking adoption hinder their ability to become adoptive parents, leading to an increase in illegal adoptions within the queer community. Social Stigma and Limited Awareness: Social stigma surrounding adoption, particularly for certain demographics, affects adoption rates.Limited awareness about the adoption process contributes to misconceptions and creates barriers for prospective adoptive parents. Corruption and Legal Disputes: Instances of corruption within the adoption process compromise its integrity.Legal disputes and litigation further slow down adoption proceedings, adding to the complexities of the overall process. -Source: The Hindu International Tropical Timber Council Context: Recently, the 59th International Tropical Timber Council (ITTC) concluded on November 17, 2023, with major decisions. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: About the International Tropical Timber CouncilKey Facts about the International Tropical Timber Organisation About the International Tropical Timber Council: Affiliation: Governing body of the International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTO).Purpose: Convenes annually to discuss a comprehensive agenda focusing on sustainable tropical forest management and promoting the trade of sustainably produced tropical timber. Major Decisions in the 59th ITTC Session: Project Endorsements: Agreement to endorse eight projects related to sustainable forest management and associated objectives.Budget Approval: Adoption of a budget amounting to $7.1 million for the upcoming financial year 2024-25.Trial Measure: Approval of a trial measure allowing ineligible members to submit project proposals and concept notes. Ineligible members can submit one project and concept note for every two years of arrears paid. Key Facts about the International Tropical Timber Organisation: Establishment: Formed under the International Tropical Timber Agreement 1983 (ITTA 1983), negotiated under the UN Conference on Trade and Development.Objectives: Promotes sustainable management and conservation of tropical forests, along with expanding and diversifying international trade in tropical timber from sustainably managed and legally harvested forests.Funding Facilitation: Facilitates funding for forestry projects in tropical timber-producing countries, funded by voluntary contributions from governments.Membership: 75 countries, including India, collectively managing about 80 percent of the world’s tropical forests and responsible for 90 percent of the global tropical timber trade.Headquarters: Yokohama, Japan. -Source: Down To Earth Southern Annular Mode Context: Recently, the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) discovered that the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), an important climate pattern, plays a pivotal role in shaping sea conditions across the Indian Ocean. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Southern Annular Mode (SAM): Understanding Antarctic OscillationSignificance Southern Annular Mode (SAM): Understanding Antarctic Oscillation Definition: The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) refers to the north-south movement of Southern Westerly Winds occurring over timescales of 10s to 100s of years.Other Name: Also known as the Antarctic Oscillation.Geographical Range: These winds persistently blow in the mid- to high-latitudes of the southern hemisphere. Characteristics: Definition Basis: SAM is typically defined as the difference in the zonal mean sea level pressure at 40°S (mid-latitudes) and 65°S (Antarctica). SAM Modes: Positive SAM: Lower anomalous air pressure over Antarctica.Higher anomalous air pressure over the mid-latitudes.Strengthens and contracts the belt of strong westerly winds towards Antarctica. Negative SAM: Belt of strong Southern Westerly Winds expands northwards towards the equator.Results in cold, wet weather in Patagonia, glacier advance, and decreased Circumpolar Deep Water upwelling on the Antarctic Continental Shelf. Significance: Wave Predictions: Advances in SAM understanding contribute to more accurate wave predictions, aiding in identifying fair-weather windows.Beneficiaries: Fishing communities, as well as stakeholders in the blue economy like shipping, maritime boards, and the oil industry, stand to benefit from improved operations at sea. -Source: The Hindu New Frog Species Context: Recently, scientists have discovered a new species of frog in Arunachal, named Nidirana noadihing. Relevance: GS III: Species in News Discovery of Nidirana Noadihing: A New Music Frog Species Species Name: Nidirana noadihing.Type: Belongs to the category of ‘music frogs.’Distinct Features: Phenotypically unique, identified by a combination of morphological characteristics. Geographical Distribution: Confirmation: Marks the first-time presence of the Nidirana genus in India.Known Regions: Previously identified in Japan, Taiwan, China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. Habitat and Behavior: Preferred Habitats: Inhabit swamps, ponds, and paddy fields.Reproductive Behavior: Known to construct nests for egg-laying activities. Naming Significance: Name Origin: Named “Nidirana noadihing” after the Noa-Dihing River, the vicinity of specimen discovery. Physical Appearance: Eye Characteristics: Moderately large eyes with irregularly shaped and sized spots on their eyelids.Pupil and Iris: Gold-rimmed pupils, dark brown irises with a golden spackle.Stripes: Dark stripes encircle their eyes. -Source: The Times of India

PIB Summaries 24 November 2023

CONTENTS Rapid Innovation and Startup ExpansionExercise AUSTRAHIND-23 Rapid Innovation and Startup Expansion Context: Recently, AIM, NITI Aayog launched a new accelerator called Rapid Innovation and Startup Expansion (RISE) to support Australian and Indian circular economy startups. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Rapid Innovation and Startup Expansion (RISE) AcceleratorCircular Economy: A Sustainable Model of Production and Consumption Rapid Innovation and Startup Expansion (RISE) Accelerator Collaborators: Jointly delivered by CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation), Australia’s national science agency, and Atal Innovation Mission (AIM), the Government of India’s initiative for fostering innovation and entrepreneurship. Focus Areas: Target Audience: Startups and Small to Mid-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in India and Australia.Key Themes: Circular economy technologies and solutions, specifically centered around:Climate Smart AgricultureClean EnergyCircular Economy and Waste ManagementClimate Smart Mobility Program Duration: Accelerator Timeline: Nine months. Program Benefits: Market Entry Support: Assisting startups in navigating the initial stages of operating in a new region.Network Development: Facilitating rapid connections to relevant partners, customers, and talent.Credibility Building: Supporting startups in establishing credibility for success in international markets. First Round Focus: Theme: Technologies and solutions for waste and the circular economy.Potential Grants: Participating startups may qualify for non-equity grants of up to INR 40,00,000. Upcoming Rounds: Future Focus Areas: Subsequent rounds will center on:Climate-smart agricultureClean energyClimate-smart mobility Circular Economy: A Sustainable Model of Production and Consumption The circular economy is a production and consumption model that aims to minimize waste and maximize resource efficiency. It involves various practices, such as sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing, and recycling existing materials and products throughout their life cycle. The key characteristics of the circular economy model are: Extending Product Life Cycle: By promoting sharing, reusing, and recycling, the circular economy model extends the life cycle of products, reducing waste and minimizing environmental impact.Recycling for Resource Retention: When products reach the end of their life, materials are kept within the economy through recycling, ensuring that valuable resources are used productively again and again. Benefits of the Circular Economy Model: Environmental Impact: Reusing and recycling products reduce the consumption of natural resources, decrease landscape and habitat disruption, and help limit biodiversity loss. The circular economy contributes to lower greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change mitigation.Resource Security: Recycling raw materials mitigates risks associated with resource supply, such as price volatility, availability, and import dependency. This becomes especially crucial as the world’s population grows and demands for raw materials increase.Economic Growth and Competitiveness: Transitioning to a circular economy can stimulate innovation, increase competitiveness, and lead to economic growth. Redesigning materials and products for circular use fosters innovation across different sectors.Improved Quality of Life: Consumers benefit from durable and innovative products that save money in the long run. A circular economy offers more reliable and long-lasting products, enhancing the overall quality of life. Exercise AUSTRAHIND-23 Context: The Indian Armed Forces contingent, comprising 81 personnel, departed for Australia to take part in the second edition of Joint Military Exercise AUSTRAHIND-23. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Exercise AUSTRAHIND-23: Enhancing India-Australia Military Collaboration Inception and Frequency: Initiation: Instituted in 2022.First Edition: Held in Mahajan, Rajasthan.Annual Event: Planned as a recurring training exercise, alternating locations between India and Australia. Objective: Purpose: Foster collaborative partnerships and share best practices between the Indian and Australian military forces. Current Edition – AUSTRAHIND-23: Location: Perth, Australia.Duration: November 22nd to December 6th, 2023.Participants: Indian Army contingent, consisting of 60 personnel from a Gorkha Rifles battalion. Operational Focus: Terrain Emphasis: Multi-domain operations in urban and semi-urban settings.UN Chapter VII: Adherence to peacekeeping operations protocols. Key Highlights: Inter-Operability: Promoting joint operations and compatibility.Tactical Operations Rehearsal: Exchange of tactical ideas and joint practice of techniques and procedures.Strategic Understanding: Enhancing mutual understanding between the Indian and Australian militaries.Defence Cooperation: Reinforcing and strengthening defense cooperation between the two nations. Long-Term Significance: Collaborative Learning: Facilitating the exchange of ideas for the effective execution of military operations.Strategic Partnership: Furthering the understanding and synergy between the armed forces of India and Australia.