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Current Affairs 24 November 2023

CONTENTS Second ‘Voice of the Global South Summit’ (VOGSS): Strengthening Global SolidarityGujarat gets a State FishTransit Anticipatory Bail Across Jurisdictions: SC RulingSupreme Court’s Directions on Adoption Process in IndiaInternational Tropical Timber CouncilSouthern Annular ModeNew Frog Species Second ‘Voice of the Global South Summit’ (VOGSS): Strengthening Global Solidarity Context: India recently hosted the second edition of the ‘Voice of the Global South Summit’ (VOGSS), reinforcing its dedication to building unity among nations and solidifying its leadership role in the Global South. The summit, conducted virtually, marks a continuation of India’s commitment to fostering solidarity among diverse nations. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of Second VOGSSUnderstanding the Global South Key Highlights of Second VOGSS Themes: Inaugural session: ‘Together, for Everyone’s Growth, with Everyone’s Trust’Concluding session: ‘Global South: Together for One Future’ Objectives: Disseminate G20 summit outcomes hosted by India.Ensure sustained momentum for effective G20 decision implementation.Focus on the interests of developing countries. Key Outcomes: Inauguration of the Global South Center of Excellence ‘DAKSHIN.’Ministerial sessions covering diverse topics: SDGs, energy transition, climate finance, digital transformation, women-led development, counter-terrorism, and global institution reforms. India’s Stand on Israel-Hamas Conflict: Deep concern expressed for civilians affected.Urgent call for restraint, prioritizing civilian safety, and de-escalation efforts. Global South’s 5 ‘Cs’: Consultation, Cooperation, Communication, Creativity, and Capacity Building. Understanding the Global South Emergence: Initially denoted countries excluded from industrialization.Ideological Divide: Shaped by Cold War conflicts between capitalist and communist nations.Encompassing Continents: Encompasses Asia, Africa, and South America.Economic Contrast: Opposite of ‘Global North’, marked by economic disparity. Challenges Faced by the Global South Geopolitical Shifts and Emerging Challenges Disruption Catalysts: Coronavirus pandemic and prolonged Ukraine-Russia War.Resulting Challenges: Food and energy supply security, technology transfer, energy transition, climate change impact. Securing Supply Chain Supply Chain Concerns: Escalating energy costs and fertilizer prices.Necessity of Supply Chain Security: Reevaluating essential commodity distribution to ensure availability in the Global South. Ensuring Adequate Energy Supply Energy Transition Hurdles: Sustainable energy transition entails technological and financial challenges.Disproportionate Impact: Global South nations most affected due to financial constraints.Sustainable Transition Imperative: Vital for socio-economic development across Global South nations. Adapting to Climate Change Disproportionate Impact: Historical polluters from Global North, adverse climate change effects on Global South.Broader Climate Change Perspective: Need to consider climate change consequences holistically for Global South. Advocating for Multilateralism Genuine Multilateralism Demand: Call for equitable representation in global governance institutions.UNSC Reform: Necessity to reform United Nations Security Council and other multilateral bodies for fair Global South representation. India’s Role in the Global South Historical Leadership and Global Influence Non-Aligned Movement: India’s historical leadership in the Non-Aligned Movement underscores its role in global politics.Economic and Geopolitical Clout: India’s growing economic and geopolitical influence drives its increased involvement in global geopolitics.G-20 Presidency: Assumes G-20 Presidency in 2022-23, reflecting its greater global role. Leader of the Global South Voice of the Global South: As a leader of the Global South, India provides representation and a platform for the Global South Movement.Proactive Engagement: Active participation in international forums on climate change, energy transition, and normative issues. Championing Global South’s Interests Alternative Narrative: India contributes to an alternative narrative in global geopolitics by voicing Global South concerns.Climate Summits: Protecting Global South interests in climate financing, emission norms, and historical polluter responsibility. Global Energy Transition and Security Leading Energy Transition Discourses: Initiatives like International Solar Alliance and hydrogen-based fuel promotion.Energy Security Emphasis: Prime Minister Modi’s call for energy market stability at the G-20 Summit in 2022. Democratizing International Relations and UN Reform Consistent Approach: India aligns with Global South demands for international relations democratization and United Nations reform.Leadership and Narrative Shift: India’s leadership reshapes global geopolitics and provides a new perspective. -Source: The Hindu Gujarat gets a State Fish Context: The black-spotted croaker, or the Ghol fish — considered a fisherman’s lottery — was declared the state fish of Gujarat. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Ghol FishGhol’s Designation in Gujarat: Economic Value and Conservation Significance Ghol Fish: The Ghol fish is a rare and expensive marine species.Found in the Indo-Pacific region, stretching from the Persian Gulf to the Pacific Ocean. Nutrient-Rich Profile: Loaded with nutrients, including iodine, omega-3, DHA, EPA, iron, taurine, magnesium, fluoride, and selenium. Characteristics: Length: Approximately one-and-a-half meters.Price Variation: The longer the Ghol fish, the higher its price, reaching up to Rs 5 lakh per unit length. Distribution: Primarily found in marine areas of Gujarat and Maharashtra.Recognizable by its golden-brown color. Unique Feature – ‘Sea Gold’: The Ghol fish is nicknamed ‘Sea Gold’ due to a pouch in its stomach with potent medicinal properties.This feature holds high value in the overseas market. Benefits: Nutrient Boost:Rich in vitamins, minerals, and proteins for maintaining eyesight.Skin Health:Collagen content prevents wrinkles and maintains skin elasticity.Brain Health:Omega-3 content enhances infant IQ by stimulating brain cell growth.Muscle Toning:Contributes to muscle toning.Versatile Usage:The fish is in demand for its meat and air bladder, the latter being sold separately. Diverse Applications: Used in beer and wine production.Air bladder utilized in pharmaceuticals. Ghol’s Designation in Gujarat: Economic Value and Conservation Significance Reasons for Selection: Economic Value: The Ghol fish was chosen by the Gujarat government due to its economic significance and uniqueness.Conservation Efforts: The declaration serves the dual purpose of recognizing its economic value and incorporating it into conservation initiatives. Commercial Importance: Global Demand: Although not widely consumed locally due to its expense, the Ghol fish holds immense market value, especially in China and other nations.Culinary Significance: Recognized as a delicacy in many countries, it is sought after for its taste.Medicinal Uses: In some regions, it is utilized for medicinal purposes. Export Dynamics: Meat Export: The fish’s meat is exported as frozen fillet or whole fish to European and Middle-Eastern countries.Air Bladder Export: The dried air bladder, obtained by cutting it open from the stomach, is exported to China, Hong Kong, and other Asian countries, particularly valued for its medicinal properties. Gujarat’s Fish Export Statistics: Production (2021-22): Gujarat’s total fish production estimated at 8.74 lakh tonnes, valued at Rs 11,221 crore.Exports (2021-22): Approximately 2.3 lakh tonnes of fish and fish products, valued at Rs 5,233 crore, were exported. -Source: The Hindu Transit Anticipatory Bail Across Jurisdictions: SC Ruling Context: The Supreme Court of India, in the case of Priya Indoria vs State of Karnataka and Ors, 2023, ruled that a Sessions Court or the High Court in a state has the authority to grant transit anticipatory bail to an accused when an FIR is registered outside their jurisdiction. The ruling underscores the constitutional imperative of safeguarding citizens’ right to life and personal liberty, as enshrined in Article 21 of the Constitution of India. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Transit Anticipatory Bail: SC Guidelines and RulingBail in India: Overview and Types Transit Anticipatory Bail: SC Guidelines and Ruling Definition: Transit anticipatory bail provides protection from arrest until the accused reaches a court with territorial jurisdiction for the alleged offense.Legislation: The term is not explicitly defined in the Code Of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) or any other legislation.Introduction: The Supreme Court introduced the concept in the 1998 case of State of Assam v. Brojen Gogol. SC’s Ruling: Granting Authority: High Court/Sessions Courts should grant transit anticipatory bail under Section 438 of the CrPC for FIRs outside their jurisdiction.Reasoning: An absolute jurisdiction bar could lead to unjust consequences, especially for genuine applicants facing wrongful or politically motivated prosecution.Preventing Abuse: Acknowledges the possibility of forum shopping and emphasizes a territorial connection between the accused and the court to prevent abuse. Conditions for Interim Protection: Mandatory Notice: Notice to the investigating officer and public prosecutor is mandatory during the first hearing.Explicit Recording: The order must explicitly record reasons for anticipating an inter-state arrest and the potential impact on the investigation.Satisfaction of the Court: The applicant must satisfy the court about their inability to seek anticipatory bail in the jurisdiction of the FIR.Basis of Satisfaction: Reasons may include threats to life, concerns about arbitrariness, or medical issues. Bail in India: Overview and Types Bail: Conditional/provisional release of a person held under legal custody, pledging to appear in court as required. It involves a security/collateral deposited before the court for release.Principle: In the Supt. and Remembrancer of Legal Affairs v. Amiya Kumar Roy Choudhry (1973) case, the Calcutta High Court explained the principle behind granting bail. Types of Bail: Regular Bail: Direction by any court to release a person already under arrest and in police custody.Application filed under Sections 437 and 439 of the Code Of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973. Interim Bail: Temporary and short-term bail granted by the court while the application for Anticipatory Bail or Regular Bail is pending. Anticipatory Bail or Pre-arrest Bail: Legal provision allowing an accused to seek bail before arrest.Granted under Section 438 of the CrPC.Issued by Sessions Court and High Court.Discretionary, considering the nature of the offense, antecedents of the accused, and other factors.Conditions may be imposed, like surrendering the passport or reporting to the police regularly. Statutory Bail: Distinct from bail under regular CrPC sections.Granted when the police or investigating agency fails to file a report/complaint within a specified time (Section 167(2) of the CrPC). -Source: Indian Express Supreme Court’s Directions on Adoption Process in India Context: The Supreme Court of India in a recent hearing of a petition filed by a Non-governmental Organization(NGO), has issued a series of directions to the Centre, the States, and the Union Territories to expedite and simplify the adoption process in the country. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Supreme Court’s Directives on Adoption ProcessAbout the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA)Benefits of Adoption for Children and SocietyAdoption Trends and Statistics in IndiaChallenges Related to Adoption in India Supreme Court’s Directives on Adoption Process Identification of Children:Children in Child Care Institutions (CCIs) with parents not visiting for over a year or having unfit parents should be identified.Definition of “Unfit Guardian”:An unfit guardian includes those unable or unwilling for parenting, involved in substance abuse, alcohol abuse, child abuse, neglect, having a criminal record, needing care themselves, or being mentally unsound.Bi-Monthly Drives:States and Union Territories should conduct bi-monthly drives to identify orphaned, abandoned, or surrendered (OAS) children in CCIs.Data Compilation:States and Union Territories must compile data on potential adoptable children, especially those in CCIs, and provide details to the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) and the Ministry of Women and Child Development.Registration on CARINGS Portal:States should ensure the registration of all OAS children in the district on the Child Adoption Resource Information and Guidance System (CARINGS) portal, the online platform for adoption in India. About the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA): CARA is a statutory body under the Ministry of Women & Child Development, Government of India. Role as Central Authority: Designated as the Central Authority for handling inter-country adoptions in line with the Hague Convention on Inter-country Adoption, 1993, ratified by India in 2003. Functions: Nodal body regulating the adoption of “orphaned, surrendered, and abandoned children” in India.Monitors and regulates entities such as State Adoption Resource Agencies (SARAs), Specialized Adoption Agencies (SAAs), Authorized Foreign Adoption Agencies (AFAAs), Child Welfare Committees (CWCs), and District Child Protective Units (DPUs). Legal Framework in India: Child placement with a family is governed by the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956; the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890; and the Juvenile Justice Act, 2000.Mandatory registration of Child Care Institutions (CCIs) and linking to CARA is outlined in the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015. Hague Convention on Inter-country Adoption: The Convention establishes safeguards for children and families involved in inter-country adoptions.Aims to prevent the illegal abduction, sale, or trafficking of children during adoptions.Objectives:Protect children and families from illegal or ill-prepared inter-country adoptions.Prevent abduction, sale, or trafficking of children.Establish minimum standards while recognizing that it does not serve as a uniform law of adoption. Benefits of Adoption for Children and Society Loving and Stable Family Environment:Adoption provides children deprived of parental care with a loving and stable family environment.Holistic Development and Well-being:Ensures the holistic development and well-being of adopted children, addressing their physical, mental, emotional, social, and educational needs.Social and Economic Contribution:Contributes to the social and economic development of the country by:Reducing the burden on the state and society in caring for orphaned, abandoned, or surrendered children.Empowering adopted children to become productive and responsible citizens.Positive Adoption Culture:Cultivates a positive adoption culture in society by:Breaking down social stigmas associated with adoption.Raising awareness about the numerous benefits of adoption.Empowerment of Children:Empowers children through adoption, providing them with opportunities for growth, education, and a brighter future.Family and Community Support:Strengthens the fabric of families and communities by fostering support networks around adopted children.Diversity and Inclusion:Promotes diversity and inclusion by creating families that embrace children from different backgrounds, cultures, and communities.Fulfillment of Parental Desires:Allows prospective adoptive parents to fulfill their desires of parenthood, creating a positive impact on their lives.Humanitarian and Compassionate Act:Reflects a humanitarian and compassionate act, demonstrating the potential for positive change through acts of care and kindness.Lifetime Bonds and Relationships:Builds lifetime bonds and relationships between adoptive parents and children, fostering love, support, and a sense of belonging. Adoption Trends and Statistics in India Annual Adoption Figures:Approximately 4,000 child adoptions occur annually in India, according to the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA).Orphan Population:As of 2021, there are over 3 Crore orphans in the country.Adoption Mismatch:There is a significant mismatch between the number of children available for legal adoption and prospective adoptive parents (PAPs).CARA’s Data (October 2023):2,146 children were available for adoption.30,669 PAPs have been registered for in-country adoption.Waiting Period for PAPs:PAPs face a waiting period of three to four years to adopt a healthy and young child due to the imbalance between registered PAPs and available children.Age Preferences of PAPs:69.4% of registered PAPs prefer children aged zero to two years.10.3% prefer children aged two to four years.14.8% prefer children aged four to six years.Specialised Adoption Agencies (SAAs):Out of 760 districts in India, only 390 districts have Specialised Adoption Agencies. Challenges Related to Adoption in India Complex Adoption Process: Adoption in India, governed by multiple laws, involves intricate steps, including registration, home study, child referral, matching, acceptance, pre-adoption foster care, court order, and follow-up. Extended Timeline: Factors like child availability, parental preferences, administrative efficiency, and legal formalities contribute to the prolonged duration of the adoption process. Child Returns and Challenges: An unusual upsurge in child returns, particularly affecting girls, those with special needs, and older children, raises concerns.Disabled and older children face extended adjustment periods, compounded by inadequate preparation and counselling during the transition. Decline in Adoption of Special Needs Children: Only 40 children with disabilities were adopted between 2018 and 2019, representing approximately 1% of total adoptions.Annual trends indicate a decline in domestic adoptions of children with special needs, revealing a disparity in adoption patterns. Illegal Adoption Activities: The diminishing pool of adoptable children contributes to an increase in illegal adoption activities.Threats of child trafficking, especially during the pandemic, raise ethical and legal concerns, impacting poor or marginalized families. Legal Recognition for LGBTQ+ Families: Legal challenges for LGBTQ+ families seeking adoption hinder their ability to become adoptive parents, leading to an increase in illegal adoptions within the queer community. Social Stigma and Limited Awareness: Social stigma surrounding adoption, particularly for certain demographics, affects adoption rates.Limited awareness about the adoption process contributes to misconceptions and creates barriers for prospective adoptive parents. Corruption and Legal Disputes: Instances of corruption within the adoption process compromise its integrity.Legal disputes and litigation further slow down adoption proceedings, adding to the complexities of the overall process. -Source: The Hindu International Tropical Timber Council Context: Recently, the 59th International Tropical Timber Council (ITTC) concluded on November 17, 2023, with major decisions. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: About the International Tropical Timber CouncilKey Facts about the International Tropical Timber Organisation About the International Tropical Timber Council: Affiliation: Governing body of the International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTO).Purpose: Convenes annually to discuss a comprehensive agenda focusing on sustainable tropical forest management and promoting the trade of sustainably produced tropical timber. Major Decisions in the 59th ITTC Session: Project Endorsements: Agreement to endorse eight projects related to sustainable forest management and associated objectives.Budget Approval: Adoption of a budget amounting to $7.1 million for the upcoming financial year 2024-25.Trial Measure: Approval of a trial measure allowing ineligible members to submit project proposals and concept notes. Ineligible members can submit one project and concept note for every two years of arrears paid. Key Facts about the International Tropical Timber Organisation: Establishment: Formed under the International Tropical Timber Agreement 1983 (ITTA 1983), negotiated under the UN Conference on Trade and Development.Objectives: Promotes sustainable management and conservation of tropical forests, along with expanding and diversifying international trade in tropical timber from sustainably managed and legally harvested forests.Funding Facilitation: Facilitates funding for forestry projects in tropical timber-producing countries, funded by voluntary contributions from governments.Membership: 75 countries, including India, collectively managing about 80 percent of the world’s tropical forests and responsible for 90 percent of the global tropical timber trade.Headquarters: Yokohama, Japan. -Source: Down To Earth Southern Annular Mode Context: Recently, the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) discovered that the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), an important climate pattern, plays a pivotal role in shaping sea conditions across the Indian Ocean. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Southern Annular Mode (SAM): Understanding Antarctic OscillationSignificance Southern Annular Mode (SAM): Understanding Antarctic Oscillation Definition: The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) refers to the north-south movement of Southern Westerly Winds occurring over timescales of 10s to 100s of years.Other Name: Also known as the Antarctic Oscillation.Geographical Range: These winds persistently blow in the mid- to high-latitudes of the southern hemisphere. Characteristics: Definition Basis: SAM is typically defined as the difference in the zonal mean sea level pressure at 40°S (mid-latitudes) and 65°S (Antarctica). SAM Modes: Positive SAM: Lower anomalous air pressure over Antarctica.Higher anomalous air pressure over the mid-latitudes.Strengthens and contracts the belt of strong westerly winds towards Antarctica. Negative SAM: Belt of strong Southern Westerly Winds expands northwards towards the equator.Results in cold, wet weather in Patagonia, glacier advance, and decreased Circumpolar Deep Water upwelling on the Antarctic Continental Shelf. Significance: Wave Predictions: Advances in SAM understanding contribute to more accurate wave predictions, aiding in identifying fair-weather windows.Beneficiaries: Fishing communities, as well as stakeholders in the blue economy like shipping, maritime boards, and the oil industry, stand to benefit from improved operations at sea. -Source: The Hindu New Frog Species Context: Recently, scientists have discovered a new species of frog in Arunachal, named Nidirana noadihing. Relevance: GS III: Species in News Discovery of Nidirana Noadihing: A New Music Frog Species Species Name: Nidirana noadihing.Type: Belongs to the category of ‘music frogs.’Distinct Features: Phenotypically unique, identified by a combination of morphological characteristics. Geographical Distribution: Confirmation: Marks the first-time presence of the Nidirana genus in India.Known Regions: Previously identified in Japan, Taiwan, China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. Habitat and Behavior: Preferred Habitats: Inhabit swamps, ponds, and paddy fields.Reproductive Behavior: Known to construct nests for egg-laying activities. Naming Significance: Name Origin: Named “Nidirana noadihing” after the Noa-Dihing River, the vicinity of specimen discovery. Physical Appearance: Eye Characteristics: Moderately large eyes with irregularly shaped and sized spots on their eyelids.Pupil and Iris: Gold-rimmed pupils, dark brown irises with a golden spackle.Stripes: Dark stripes encircle their eyes. -Source: The Times of India

PIB Summaries 24 November 2023

CONTENTS Rapid Innovation and Startup ExpansionExercise AUSTRAHIND-23 Rapid Innovation and Startup Expansion Context: Recently, AIM, NITI Aayog launched a new accelerator called Rapid Innovation and Startup Expansion (RISE) to support Australian and Indian circular economy startups. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Rapid Innovation and Startup Expansion (RISE) AcceleratorCircular Economy: A Sustainable Model of Production and Consumption Rapid Innovation and Startup Expansion (RISE) Accelerator Collaborators: Jointly delivered by CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation), Australia’s national science agency, and Atal Innovation Mission (AIM), the Government of India’s initiative for fostering innovation and entrepreneurship. Focus Areas: Target Audience: Startups and Small to Mid-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in India and Australia.Key Themes: Circular economy technologies and solutions, specifically centered around:Climate Smart AgricultureClean EnergyCircular Economy and Waste ManagementClimate Smart Mobility Program Duration: Accelerator Timeline: Nine months. Program Benefits: Market Entry Support: Assisting startups in navigating the initial stages of operating in a new region.Network Development: Facilitating rapid connections to relevant partners, customers, and talent.Credibility Building: Supporting startups in establishing credibility for success in international markets. First Round Focus: Theme: Technologies and solutions for waste and the circular economy.Potential Grants: Participating startups may qualify for non-equity grants of up to INR 40,00,000. Upcoming Rounds: Future Focus Areas: Subsequent rounds will center on:Climate-smart agricultureClean energyClimate-smart mobility Circular Economy: A Sustainable Model of Production and Consumption The circular economy is a production and consumption model that aims to minimize waste and maximize resource efficiency. It involves various practices, such as sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing, and recycling existing materials and products throughout their life cycle. The key characteristics of the circular economy model are: Extending Product Life Cycle: By promoting sharing, reusing, and recycling, the circular economy model extends the life cycle of products, reducing waste and minimizing environmental impact.Recycling for Resource Retention: When products reach the end of their life, materials are kept within the economy through recycling, ensuring that valuable resources are used productively again and again. Benefits of the Circular Economy Model: Environmental Impact: Reusing and recycling products reduce the consumption of natural resources, decrease landscape and habitat disruption, and help limit biodiversity loss. The circular economy contributes to lower greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change mitigation.Resource Security: Recycling raw materials mitigates risks associated with resource supply, such as price volatility, availability, and import dependency. This becomes especially crucial as the world’s population grows and demands for raw materials increase.Economic Growth and Competitiveness: Transitioning to a circular economy can stimulate innovation, increase competitiveness, and lead to economic growth. Redesigning materials and products for circular use fosters innovation across different sectors.Improved Quality of Life: Consumers benefit from durable and innovative products that save money in the long run. A circular economy offers more reliable and long-lasting products, enhancing the overall quality of life. Exercise AUSTRAHIND-23 Context: The Indian Armed Forces contingent, comprising 81 personnel, departed for Australia to take part in the second edition of Joint Military Exercise AUSTRAHIND-23. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Exercise AUSTRAHIND-23: Enhancing India-Australia Military Collaboration Inception and Frequency: Initiation: Instituted in 2022.First Edition: Held in Mahajan, Rajasthan.Annual Event: Planned as a recurring training exercise, alternating locations between India and Australia. Objective: Purpose: Foster collaborative partnerships and share best practices between the Indian and Australian military forces. Current Edition – AUSTRAHIND-23: Location: Perth, Australia.Duration: November 22nd to December 6th, 2023.Participants: Indian Army contingent, consisting of 60 personnel from a Gorkha Rifles battalion. Operational Focus: Terrain Emphasis: Multi-domain operations in urban and semi-urban settings.UN Chapter VII: Adherence to peacekeeping operations protocols. Key Highlights: Inter-Operability: Promoting joint operations and compatibility.Tactical Operations Rehearsal: Exchange of tactical ideas and joint practice of techniques and procedures.Strategic Understanding: Enhancing mutual understanding between the Indian and Australian militaries.Defence Cooperation: Reinforcing and strengthening defense cooperation between the two nations. Long-Term Significance: Collaborative Learning: Facilitating the exchange of ideas for the effective execution of military operations.Strategic Partnership: Furthering the understanding and synergy between the armed forces of India and Australia.

PIB Summaries 23 November 2023

CONTENTS Exercise VAJRA PRAHARInternational Film Festival of India (IFFI) Exercise VAJRA PRAHAR Context: Recently, the Indo-US Joint Special Forces exercise “VAJRA PRAHAR 2023” commenced at the Joint Training Node, Umroi, Meghalaya. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Exercise VAJRA PRAHAR 2023: Strengthening Indo-US Defence Ties Exercise VAJRA PRAHAR is a joint military exercise conducted between the Indian Army and the US Army Special Forces.Aim and Focus:  Aims to share best practices and experiences in crucial areas like joint mission planning and operational tactics. Edition: Marks the 14th edition of the Indo-US Joint Special Forces exercise “VAJRA PRAHAR 2023.”Commenced at the Joint Training Node, Umroi. Participating Forces: The US contingent is represented by personnel from the 1st Special Forces Group (SFG) of the US Special Forces.The Indian Army contingent is led by Special Forces personnel from the Eastern Command. Historical Context: The inaugural edition took place in 2010 in India.The 13th edition was conducted at the Special Forces Training School (SFTS), Bakloh (HP). Duration and Location: The current edition is hosted at Umroi Cantonment, Meghalaya.Scheduled from 21st November to 11th December 2023. Objectives: Serve as a platform to enhance inter-operability and strengthen defence cooperation between the armies of India and the United States of America. Strategic Significance: Underscores the commitment of both nations to fostering strategic ties and building mutual trust through collaborative military exercises. International Film Festival of India (IFFI) Context: The 54th International Film Festival of India (IFFI) recently commenced with a grand opening ceremony at the Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Indoor Stadium in Panaji, Goa. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: International Film Festival of India (IFFI): Celebrating Cinematic ExcellenceInternational Federation of Film Producers and Associations (FIAPF) International Film Festival of India (IFFI): Celebrating Cinematic Excellence Founding and Evolution: Established in 1952 under the patronage of India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru.Organized by the Films Division, Government of India.The inaugural edition took place in Mumbai, later moving to various cities. Competitive Format: Transformed into a competitive event from its third edition. Shift to Goa: Permanently relocated to Goa in 2004.An annual and competitive event conducted jointly by the Government of Goa and the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Accreditation: The only film festival in South Asia accredited by the International Federation of Film Producers and Associations (FIAPF). Objectives: Provides a common platform for global cinemas to showcase film art excellence.Contributes to understanding and appreciating film cultures worldwide.Promotes friendship and cooperation among people globally. Role in Indian Cinema: Aims to inspire and encourage Indian cinema, fostering its potential and placing it on par with international standards. International Federation of Film Producers and Associations (FIAPF): An international organization representing film producers globally.Comprising 37 producer organizations across 30 countries on five continents.Dedicated to defending and promoting the legal, economic, and creative interests of film producers worldwide.Advocates for producers and coordinates political action in key industry areas.

Current Affairs 23 November 2023

CONTENTS Quashing of Haryana’s Local Candidates Reservation Act, 2020Impact of Gamma-Ray Burst on Earth’s IonosphereSilkyara-Barkot Tunnel Collapse: Examining Causes and PrecautionsAtmospheric Waves ExperimentNaval Anti-Ship Missile Short RangeSATHEE (Self Assessment Test and Help for Entrance Exams) PortalGambusia fish Quashing of Haryana’s Local Candidates Reservation Act, 2020 Context: The Punjab and Haryana High Court has declared the Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Act, 2020 as unconstitutional, nullifying the mandated 75% reservation for local candidates in private sector jobs. The court ruled that the law violates fundamental rights of both citizens and employers. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Haryana Private Sector Quota LawConcerns Regarding Haryana’s Private Sector Quota LawHigh Court’s Ruling Haryana Private Sector Quota Law Enactment:The Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Act, 2020 was passed by the state government in March 2021.Reservation Percentage:Mandated a 75% reservation for local candidates in private sector jobs.Applied to positions with a monthly salary below Rs 30,000 (originally Rs 50,000) for a period of 10 years.Entities Covered:Applied to various entities, including companies, societies, trusts, partnership firms, and large individual employers.Employer Criteria:Employers with 10 or more employees were subject to the law.Central or state governments and their organizations were exempted. Registration and Domicile Requirement Employee Registration:Employers required to register their employees on a government portal.Domicile Certificate:Local candidates needed a certificate of domicile to avail the reservation.Local Candidate Definition:A “local candidate” domiciled in the State of Haryana. Objective and Intent Employment Opportunities:Aimed at providing job opportunities and skill development for local youth.Focused on unskilled and semi-skilled workers.Migration Control:Intended to reduce the influx of migrants from other states into Haryana. Concerns Regarding Haryana’s Private Sector Quota Law Legal Challenge by Industry Associations Petitioners: Faridabad Industries Association and other Haryana-based associations approached the high court.Contended that Haryana’s policy of “sons of the soil” infringed upon constitutional rights of employers. Violation of Constitutional Rights: Argument that the reservation policy infringed on the constitutional rights of employers.Private sector jobs should be skill-based, and individuals have a fundamental right to work anywhere in India. Federal Structure Concerns: Asserted that forcing employers to hire local candidates violated the federal structure of the Constitution.Viewed as contrary to public interest and benefiting only one class. Haryana Government’s Defense Legal Basis: Haryana government argued that it had the authority under Article 16(4) of the Constitution to create such reservations.Article 16(4) allows the state to provide reservations for backward classes not adequately represented in state services. Protection of Rights: Government stated the law was necessary to protect the rights of people domiciled in the state, including the right to life, livelihood, health, living conditions, and employment. High Court’s Ruling Inspector Raj Criticism:Sections 6 and 8 of the Act, establishing reporting requirements and verification, criticized as creating an “Inspector Raj.”Inspector Raj refers to excessive government supervision in industrial units.Violations of Fundamental Rights:Court ruled that the law violated the fundamental right to equality under Article 14.Discrimination based on place of birth and residence.Freedom of Trade and Commerce:Violation of the fundamental right to freedom of trade and commerce under Article 19(1)(g).Imposed unreasonable restrictions on employers, irrespective of merit and suitability.Constitutional Vision Concerns:Court expressed concern that the law could lead to similar enactments by states, creating unintended barriers against the Constitution’s vision. -Source: The Hindu Impact of Gamma-Ray Burst on Earth’s Ionosphere Context: Recent research indicates that a gamma-ray burst (GRB) triggered by a supernova explosion in a galaxy nearly two billion light-years away has caused a significant disruption in the ionosphere of Earth. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Key Findings from the Research on Gamma-Ray BurstGamma-Ray Bursts: A Brief OverviewIonosphere Key Findings from the Research on Gamma-Ray Burst Supernova Explosion and Gamma-Ray Release Temporal Context:Approximately two billion years ago, a supernova explosion occurred in a distant galaxy outside the Milky Way.The explosion unleashed a substantial surge of gamma rays into the cosmos.Journey to Earth:Over the span of two billion years, the gamma rays traveled through space, reaching Earth in 2022. Utilization of China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) Observational Tool:The effects of the gamma-ray burst were examined using the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES), also known as Zhangheng.Launched in 2018, the satellite carried the Electric Field Detector (EFD) instrument, offering unprecedented resolution for analysis. Impact on Earth’s Ionosphere Ionosphere Disturbance:The gamma-ray burst induced a remarkable disruption in Earth’s ionosphere.The ionosphere, situated 30-600 miles above the planet’s surface, exhibited significant variations.Detection Timeframe:The disturbance was detected in October 2022. Multi-Satellite Observations Collaborative Monitoring:The European Space Agency’s Integral and various satellites in proximity to Earth recorded the impact.Observations revealed a strong variation in the electric field of the ionosphere. Duration and Aftereffects Gamma Ray Persistence:The gamma rays lingered for approximately 13 minutes.Extended Impact Period:Despite the short duration of the gamma rays, the disturbance in the ionosphere persisted for several hours.Global Effects:The impact even triggered lightning detectors in India. Record-Breaking Potency Unprecedented Potency:Scientists identified this gamma-ray burst as the most potent ever recorded. Gamma-Ray Bursts: A Brief Overview Definition and Characteristics Nature of Gamma-Ray Bursts:Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are brief explosions of gamma rays, representing the most energetic form of light.Duration and Brightness:Lasting from milliseconds to hours, GRBs shine hundreds of times brighter than typical supernovae.They are about a million trillion times as bright as the Sun.Observational Location:Observed in distant galaxies, GRBs are the brightest electromagnetic events known in the universe. Classification of Gamma-Ray Bursts Long- and Short-Duration Events:Astronomers categorize GRBs into long- and short-duration events.Long-duration bursts, associated with massive star deaths in supernovae, last from 2 seconds to several hours.Short-duration bursts, lasting less than 2 seconds, result from events like the merger of neutron stars or a neutron star with a black hole.Common Outcome:Regardless of type, both long and short-duration events lead to the creation of a new black hole. Ionosphere: Geographical Location:The ionosphere is situated in Earth’s upper atmosphere, spanning an altitude of approximately 30 to 600 miles (50 to 950 kilometers) above the Earth’s surface.Ionization Process:Ionized by solar radiation, the ionosphere forms a layer of charged particles.Dynamic Sensitivity:Highly sensitive to changing magnetic and electrical conditions in space, often influenced by solar activity.Expands and contracts in response to solar radiation. Significance of the Ionosphere Radio Propagation:Influences the propagation of radio waves, reflecting and refracting them back to Earth.Enables long-distance communication through radio transmissions.Solar Radiation Shield:Acts as a protective shield against harmful solar radiation, particularly extreme ultraviolet rays from the sun.Auroras Formation:Interactions between charged particles in the ionosphere and Earth’s magnetic field result in phenomena like auroras.Auroras are luminous displays predominantly seen at high latitudes. -Source: Indian Express Silkyara-Barkot Tunnel Collapse: Examining Causes and Precautions Context: Recently, the collapse of the under-construction Silkyara-Barkot tunnel in Uttarakhand has highlighted concerns about tunnel construction safety. The incident emphasizes the need for a thorough investigation into potential causes and the implementation of preventive measures. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: Potential Causes of the Silkyara-Barkot Tunnel CollapseCritical Aspects of Tunnel ConstructionMajor Tunnels in IndiaWay Forward for Tunnel Construction and Maintenance Potential Causes of the Silkyara-Barkot Tunnel Collapse Background of Silkyara-Barkot Tunnel Project Overview: Part of the Char Dham all-weather road project by the Central Government.Constructed by Navayuga Engineering Company, awarded by NHIDCL. Potential Causes of Tunnel Collapse Uncertain Cause: The exact reason is yet to be determined.A possible factor could be a hidden loose patch of fractured or weak rock in the collapsed section.Located approximately 200-300 meters from the tunnel mouth. Probable Scenario: Concealed weak rock might have been undetectable during construction.Water seepage through the compromised rock could have eroded it over time, creating an unseen void above the tunnel structure. Critical Aspects of Tunnel Construction Tunnel Excavation Techniques Drill and Blast Method (DBM): Involves drilling holes into rock and detonating explosives for fragmentation.Common in challenging terrains like the Himalayas. Tunnel-Boring Machines (TBMs): Bore through rock while supporting the tunnel with precast concrete segments.Expensive but safer method, suitable for rock covers up to 400 meters. Aspects in Tunnel Construction Rock Investigation: Comprehensive examination of rock strength and composition through seismic waves and petrographic analysis.Assesses load-bearing capacity and stability. Monitoring and Support: Continuous monitoring using stress and deformation meters.Support mechanisms include shotcrete, rock bolts, steel ribs, and tunnel pipe umbrellas. Geologist Assessments: Independent geologists crucial for examining the tunnel, predicting failures, and assessing rock stability. Major Tunnels in India Atal Tunnel (Rohtang Tunnel) Location: Built under the Rohtang Pass in the eastern Pir Panjal range of the Himalayas.Situated on the Leh-Manali Highway in Himachal Pradesh. Key Features: Length: 9.02 km.World’s longest tunnel above 10,000 feet (3,048 m). Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel Location: India’s longest transportation railway tunnel.Runs through the Pir Panjal mountain range between Quazigund and Baramulla. Key Features: Length: 11.2 km. Jawahar Tunnel (Banihal Tunnel) Location: Also known as Banihal Tunnel.Connects Srinagar and Jammu, facilitating round-the-year road connectivity. Key Features: Length: 2.85 km. Dr Syama Prasad Mookerjee Road Tunnel (Chenani-Nashri Tunnel) Location: Previously known as Chenani-Nashri Tunnel.Longest road tunnel in India. Key Features: Length: 9.3 km. Way Forward for Tunnel Construction and Maintenance Stringent Maintenance Schedule: Implement regular inspections for structural integrity, drainage systems, and ventilation.Promptly address and rectify identified issues. Advanced Monitoring Technologies: Employ sensors and monitoring technologies for continuous assessment of structural health.Early detection of potential weaknesses or anomalies. Periodic Third-Party Risk Assessments: Conduct risk assessments considering geological, environmental, and usage factors.Periodic evaluations by independent experts. Contingency Planning: Develop contingency plans and emergency protocols for addressing structural concerns.Ensure preparedness for unforeseen events. Personnel Training: Train personnel in tunnel management and emergency response procedures.Public awareness campaigns to educate users and residents about safety measures and reporting mechanisms. Incorporate Innovative Technologies: Explore the use of Artificial Intelligence, drones, or robotics for efficient inspections and maintenance.Embrace technology for early detection of potential issues. -Source: The Hindu Atmospheric Waves Experiment Context: NASA is set to launch the Atmospheric Waves Experiment (AWE) to study ‘airglow’ to understand space weather. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Atmospheric Waves Experiment (AWE): Unraveling Terrestrial and Space Weather InteractionsNASA’s AWE Mission ObjectivesUnderstanding Airglow Atmospheric Waves Experiment (AWE): Unraveling Terrestrial and Space Weather Interactions NASA’s Heliophysics Explorers Programme:A pioneering NASA experiment, AWE delves into the dynamic connections between terrestrial and space weather.International Space Station (ISS) Deployment:AWE will be launched and affixed to the exterior of the ISS, providing a unique observational vantage point.Airglow Observation:Positioned to gaze down at Earth, AWE records airglow, the vibrant light bands, to comprehend their role in space weather.Understanding Space Weather Forces:AWE aims to decipher the intricate interplay of forces influencing space weather in the upper atmosphere.Mesopause Measurement:AWE focuses on measuring airglow at the mesopause (85 to 87 km above Earth), where temperatures plunge to -100 degrees Celsius.Infrared Bandwidth Detection:Uniquely positioned to capture faint airglow in the infrared spectrum, particularly the brightest wavelengths for efficient detection.Fine-Scale Wave Resolution:AWE’s distinctive capability lies in resolving waves at finer horizontal scales compared to traditional satellite observations at those altitudes.Ionosphere Health Significance:AWE’s insights into space weather contribute to assessing the health of the ionosphere, crucial for maintaining uninterrupted communication. NASA’s AWE Mission Objectives Airglow Mapping:AWE will undertake precise mapping of the vibrant airglows present in the Earth’s atmosphere.Advanced Mesospheric Temperature Mapper (ATMT):The mission incorporates ATMT, an instrument designed to scan and map the mesopause, a crucial atmospheric region.Imaging Radiometer Technology:Four identical telescopes with an imaging radiometer will capture specific wavelengths, enabling the creation of a temperature map.Temperature Map Insights:Scientists aim to convert the brightness of light into a temperature map, unraveling the movement of airglows and providing insights into their role in the upper atmosphere and space weather. Understanding Airglow Nature of Airglow:Airglow is the subtle luminescence observed in Earth’s upper atmosphere, arising from the selective absorption of solar ultraviolet and X-radiation by air molecules and atoms.Altitude Concentration:Predominantly emanating from the region 50 to 300 km above Earth’s surface, the brightest airglow is typically concentrated at altitudes around 97 km. -Source: Indian Express Naval Anti-Ship Missile Short Range Context: The Indian Navy, in association with DRDO, successfully undertook Guided Flight Trials of the first indigenously developed Naval Anti-Ship Missile Short Range (NASM-SR) from a Sea King 42B helicopter recently. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Naval Anti-Ship Missile Short Range (NASM-SR): An Overview Naval Anti-Ship Missile Short Range (NASM-SR): An Overview Development and Origin: The NASM-SR is the first indigenous air-launched anti-ship cruise missile created exclusively for the Indian Navy.Developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). Launch Platform: Designed to be launched from attack helicopters, providing a versatile and strategic maritime strike capability. Replacement for Sea Eagle: Intended to replace the existing Sea Eagle missiles currently deployed by the Navy.Integration with MH-60R Multi-Role Helicopters:Expected to be utilized with the new MH-60R multi-role helicopters, gradually being introduced into the Indian Navy. Key Features: Guidance System: Equipped with a new guidance system featuring a state-of-the-art navigation system and integrated avionics.Launcher Technology: Incorporates an indigenously developed launcher specifically designed for helicopters.Speed and Range: Possesses a strike range of approximately 60 km and can attain a speed of Mach 0.8.Imaging Infrared Seeker: Utilizes an imaging infrared seeker to home in on target heat emissions.Warhead Capability: Equipped with a warhead weighing 100 kg, demonstrating effectiveness against patrol boats and larger warships.Sea Skimming Capability: The missile, during its approach, can cruise at a mere 5 meters above sea level, making it challenging for enemy radars to detect and counter. Strategic Advantage: The low-level capability, known as sea skimming, enhances the missile’s evasiveness, making it difficult for enemy defenses to detect, track, and intercept using surface-to-air missiles or guns. -Source: The Hindu SATHEE (Self-Assessment Test and Help for Entrance Exams) Portal Context: The Ministry of Education (MoE) recently said they would write to all states to encourage aspirants to utilise the newly launched portal for exam preparation, SATHEE (Self-Assessment Test and Help for Entrance Exams). Relevance: Facts for Prelims, Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: SATHEE (Self Assessment Test and Help for Entrance Exams) Portal: Empowering Students for Success SATHEE (Self Assessment Test and Help for Entrance Exams) Portal: Empowering Students for Success Launched by the Ministry of Education, SATHEE is a pioneering initiative designed to offer a free learning and assessment platform for students preparing for competitive examinations. Objectives: Provide free training and coaching for competitive exams, addressing the financial constraints faced by many students.Bridge the gap for those unable to afford costly entrance exam guidance.Facilitate preparation for a range of exams, including JEE, NEET, CAT, GATE, UPSC, etc.Offer materials and support in multiple languages to ensure accessibility across diverse regions of India. Key Features: Multilingual Support:Offers preparation materials in English, Hindi, and regional languages to cater to a broader student base.Expert Faculty Videos:Features videos created by faculty members from prestigious institutions such as IITs and IISC.Aids students in learning concepts, revising weak topics, and preparing for competitive exams.Utilization of Prutor AI:Integrates an indigenously developed AI program called Prutor, originating from IIT-Kanpur.Comprehensive Exam Coverage:Covers preparation materials for a variety of exams, including JEE and NEET, as well as broader exams like CAT, GATE, and UPSC.Webinars and Motivational Content:Offers webinars on exam preparation ideas, featuring success stories, motivational sessions, and collaborative problem-solving sessions (Solve with me). Empowering Student Success: SATHEE serves as a holistic platform, combining educational resources, expert guidance, and motivational content to empower students on their journey towards academic success. -Source: The Hindu Gambusia Fish Context: Recently, various government and non-governmental organisations in Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Punjab have released Gambusia fish into local water bodies to address a mosquito menace. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Gambusia Fish: A Mosquito-Control WarriorAbout Malaria Gambusia Fish: A Mosquito-Control Warrior Introduction: Gambusia fish, commonly known as mosquitofish, is recognized for its role in biological mosquito control.Native Habitat: Native to the waters of the south-eastern United States.Mosquito Control: Employed as a biological agent to control mosquito larvae, playing a crucial role in mosquito-control strategies globally.Feeding Behavior: A single full-grown fish is known to consume about 100 to 300 mosquito larvae per day.Historical Usage in India: Integrated into malaria control strategies in India since 1928, notably in the Urban Malaria Scheme.Conservation Status: Listed as one of the 100 worst invasive alien species globally by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).Significance: Remains an integral part of efforts to combat mosquito-borne diseases and plays a vital role in enhancing public health. About Malaria The Malaria is a leading cause of human morbidity and mortality.Despite huge progress in tackling the disease, there are still 212 million new cases of malaria and 430,000 malaria-related deaths worldwide each year according to the World Health Organisation (WHO).The Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite.The parasite can be spread to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes.There are many different types of plasmodium parasite, but only 5 types cause malaria in humans.The Children under the age of 5 and pregnant women are most susceptible to the disease.The severity of malaria varies based on the species of plasmodium.The Symptoms are chills, fever and sweating, usually occurring a few weeks after being bitten. -Source: The Hindu

PIB Summaries 22 November 2023

CONTENTS Indian Patent Office Achieves Record: 41,010 Patents Granted by November 2023Project Collaboration Agreement Indian Patent Office Achieves Record: 41,010 Patents Granted by November 2023 Context: Recently, the Indian Patent Office (IPO) has granted the highest number of 41,010 patents till November 2023. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Understanding Patents: Legal Framework and CriteriaEvolution of the Patents Act in India Understanding Patents: Legal Framework and Criteria Definition of Patent A statutory right granted for a limited time in exchange for full disclosure of an invention.Enables the patentee to exclude others from making, using, selling, or importing the patented product or process without consent. Legal Framework in India Governed by the Patents Act, 1970, amended in 2005, and the Patents Rules, 2003.Regularly amended, with the most recent being the Patents (Amendment) Rules, 2021. Term of a Patent The term is 20 years from the filing date.For PCT applications, the term is 20 years from the international filing date. Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) An international treaty with 150+ Contracting States.Allows seeking patent protection simultaneously in multiple countries through an international patent application.Can be filed with the national patent office or the International Bureau of WIPO in Geneva. Criteria of Patentability Novelty, inventive steps, and industrial applicability are essential.Must not violate provisions of sections 3 and 4 of the Patents Act, 1970. Scope of Patent Protection Territorial right effective only within India.No global patent concept.Filing in India enables corresponding applications in convention countries or under PCT within twelve months from the filing date in India. Evolution of the Patents Act in India Introduction of Patents Act, 1970 Enacted in 1972, serving as the primary law for the patenting system in India.Replaced the Indian Patents and Designs Act of 1911. Key Amendments in 2005 Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005 brought significant changes.Product patent extended to all fields of technology, including food, drugs, chemicals, and microorganisms. Notable Changes Post-Amendment Extension of Product Patent:Product patent expanded to encompass various technological domains.Repeal of Exclusive Marketing Rights (EMRs):Provisions related to Exclusive Marketing Rights (EMRs) repealed.Introduction of Compulsory License Provision:Provision enabling the grant of compulsory licenses introduced.Incorporation of Opposition Mechanisms:Provisions for pre-grant and post-grant opposition introduced. Impact of Amendments Broader scope for patenting across diverse technological sectors.Streamlining patent-related processes with the introduction of opposition mechanisms.Evolution towards a more comprehensive and contemporary patenting framework in India. Project Collaboration Agreement Context: Recently, the Ministry of Ayush and the World Health Organization (WHO) formalized a Project Collaboration Agreement. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Project Collaboration Agreement Overview Objective and Context Bridging Medical Systems:Aims to bridge Traditional and Complementary Medical Systems with the mainstream National Health System.Aligns with the Traditional Medicine Global Strategy 2025-34, a WHO initiative supported by the Ministry of Ayush. Project Goals Standardization of Practices:Objective is to standardize Traditional and Complementary Medical Systems.Focus on incorporating quality and safety aspects into the National Health System.International Dissemination:Seeks to disseminate standardized practices on an international scale.Integration into National Health Framework:Crucial role in elevating Traditional and Complementary Medical Systems within the national health framework. Focus on Siddha and Training Strengthening Training and Practice Enhancement: Major goal is to strengthen training and practice in the field of the Complementary Medicine System, specifically ‘Siddha.’ Formulation of Guidelines and Safety Protocols Guidelines Development:Formulation of guidelines for the listing of Traditional and Complementary Medicines.Safety Protocols:Emphasis on safety protocols for the practice and use of these medical systems. International Herbal Pharmacopoeia Herbal Focus: Development of an International Herbal Pharmacopoeia focusing on herbs found in South-East Asia. Past Collaborations and Continuity Marks the third collaboration between the Ministry of Ayush and the WHO.Previous agreements in 2016 and 2017 focused on globalizing Traditional Medical systems and strengthening Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha medical systems.

Current Affairs 22 November 2023

CONTENTS TantalumIndia and Australia 2+2 talksFraudulent Loan AppsGI Recognition and Cultivation Expansion Initiatives for Unique Agricultural ProductsDebating Class 1 Admission Age in IndiaE prime layerNitrogen-9 nucleus Tantalum Context: A team of researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ropar has found the presence of tantalum, a rare metal, in the Sutlej River sand in Punjab. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: TantalumUses of tantalumSignificance of the discovery of tantalum in the Sutlej River Tantalum: A Rare and Versatile Metal Atomic Number and Characteristics: Rare metal with the atomic number 73.Grey, heavy, very hard, and exceptionally corrosion-resistant. Exceptional Melting Point: Possesses an extremely high melting point, surpassed only by tungsten and rhenium. Properties of Tantalum Corrosion Resistance:Exhibits high corrosion resistance.Forms a tenacious oxide layer when exposed to air, challenging to remove even in harsh acid environments.Ductility:Ductile when pure, allowing it to be stretched into a thin wire without breaking.Chemical Immunity:Almost completely immune to chemical attack at temperatures below 150°C.Attacked only by hydrofluoric acid. Discovery of Tantalum Discovered by Swedish chemist Anders Gustaf Ekenberg in 1802.Found in minerals obtained from Ytterby, Sweden. Uses of Tantalum Electronics Sector:Prominently used in capacitors for electronics.Capacitors made from tantalum store more electricity in smaller sizes, ideal for portable electronic devices.Substitute for Platinum:High melting point makes it a substitute for platinum in various applications.Medical Applications:Used in surgical equipment and implants due to its non-reactivity with bodily fluids.Hard Materials and Cutting Edges:Tantalum carbide (TaC) and graphite composite is one of the hardest materials, used on cutting edges of high-speed machine tools.Industrial Components:Utilized in components for chemical plants, nuclear power plants, airplanes, and missiles. Significance of Tantalum Discovery in the Sutlej River Boost to Electronics and Semiconductors Industry Strategic Value:Tantalum’s discovery in the Sutlej River holds strategic importance for India, given its vital role in electronics and semiconductors.Government Initiatives:Aligns with recent government initiatives to enhance semiconductor manufacturing in India.Supports the country’s efforts to establish a robust electronics industry. Addressing Mineral Dependency Issues Critical Mineral Policy:Tantalum is listed among 10 minerals crucial for various sectors, including renewables, defence, electronics, telecommunications, and transportation.Aims to reduce India’s reliance on imports for these critical minerals.Reducing Dependence on China:Counters India’s dependency on China for critical minerals.Aligns with the goal of diversifying mineral sources to enhance national security. Contributions to Renewable Energy Targets Renewable Energy Goals:Supports India’s ambition to increase the share of renewables in the grid to 500 GW by 2030.Electric Mobility Targets:Complements the target of transitioning 30% of private cars, 70% of commercial vehicles, and 80% of two- and three-wheelers to electric by 2030. Economic Benefits for the State Potential Economic Boost:The discovery of tantalum holds economic potential for the state by promoting mining activities for these valuable metals.Diversification and Growth:Diversifies the state’s economic portfolio by tapping into the mining sector.Creates opportunities for economic growth and job creation. -Source: The Hindu India and Australia 2+2 talks Context: Defence Minister Rajnath Singh engaged in bilateral talks with Australian Deputy Prime Minister and Defence Minister Richard Marles in New Delhi. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: 2+2 Talks: Strengthening Strategic AlliancesIndia-Australia 2+2 Talks: Strengthening Defence Cooperation 2+2 Talks: Strengthening Strategic Alliances The 2+2 dialogue serves as a crucial format for meetings between the foreign and defense ministers of India and its allies. These discussions primarily focus on strategic and security issues, fostering a deeper understanding of each other’s concerns and sensitivities. Purpose and Benefits Mutual Appreciation:Facilitates a better understanding and appreciation of strategic concerns and sensitivities among partners.Political Considerations:Allows dialogue partners to consider political factors on both sides, contributing to the development of a stronger and more integrated strategic relationship. India’s 2+2 Dialogues with Key Allies India engages in 2+2 dialogues with five key strategic partners, each holding significance in the global geopolitical landscape:United StatesAustraliaJapanRussiaUnited Kingdom Quad Partnership Three of India’s 2+2 dialogue partners— the US, Australia, and Japan— are also part of the Quad, showcasing collaborative efforts in addressing shared strategic interests. Chronology of 2+2 Dialogues Australia:Inaugural 2+2 dialogue held in September 2021 in New Delhi.Russia:First 2+2 dialogue with Russia took place in December 2021 during the visit of the Russian Foreign Minister and Defence Minister to India.Japan:Inaugural India-Japan talks in the 2+2 format occurred in November 2019 in New Delhi.United Kingdom:The first India-UK 2+2 Foreign and Defence Dialogue was convened in New Delhi in October 2023. India-Australia 2+2 Dialogue: Background The initiation of the India-Australia 2+2 dialogue was a result of decisions made during the leaders’ virtual summit in June 2020.This summit aimed to elevate bilateral relations to a comprehensive strategic partnership, with the agreement to hold Foreign and Defence Ministers’ meetings in a ‘2+2’ format at least every two years. India-Australia 2+2 Talks: Strengthening Defence Cooperation India and Australia recently conducted the 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue, focusing on enhancing their defense collaboration and deepening their strategic ties. The talks explored various sectors, including critical minerals, trade, and investment. Key Highlights Critical Areas Covered Anti-submarine warfare and air-to-air refueling discussed.Security concerns in the vast Indo-Pacific region addressed amid China’s increasing influence.Emphasis on hydrography cooperation.Strengthening ties in critical sectors such as minerals, space, education, and science and technology. Ongoing Discussions Advanced discussions on implementing arrangements for hydrography cooperation and air-to-air refueling. Indo-Pacific Security The security of the expansive Indo-Pacific region gained prominence during the talks, particularly in response to China’s growing influence and military base establishment in the area. Significance of Defence Partnership A robust India-Australia defense partnership is seen as beneficial not only for both nations but also for bolstering overall security in the Indo-Pacific. Areas of Cooperation Proposed by India Niche Training AreasCollaboration in specialized training areas like artificial intelligence, anti-submarine warfare, anti-drone warfare, and the cyber domain.Potential Collaborative FieldsShipbuilding, ship repair, and maintenance.Aircraft maintenance, repair, and overhaul suggested as potential areas of collaboration. -Source: The Hindu Fraudulent Loan Apps Context: The increasing prevalence of fraudulent loan apps on social media platforms is becoming a major threat to borrowers, characterized by exorbitant interest rates and rising incidents of mental harassment. The swift expansion of digital lending is contributing to this issue, as a regulatory vacuum enables scam apps to flourish, taking advantage of unsuspecting users. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Fraudulent Loan AppsConcerns Regarding Fraudulent Loan AppsWay Forward: Addressing Concerns and Mitigating Risks Fraudulent Loan Apps Definition of Fraudulent Loan Apps Unauthorized and illegal digital lending platforms.Offer loans ranging from Rs.1,000 to Rs.1 lakh, targeting financially vulnerable individuals.Claim to provide instant loans without credit checks, documentation, or collateral. Deceptive Tactics Present themselves as legitimate financial tools, such as loan calculators or aggregators.Advertise on popular social media platforms (Instagram, Facebook, WhatsApp).Exploit users’ trust and lack of careful investigation. User Exploitation False claims attract users to deceptive apps.Users exposed to exorbitant interest rates and harassment.Abusive messages, calls, and emails if borrowers fail to repay on time.Apps may access personal content, create morphed images, and resort to blackmail.Physical violence and harassment by hiring recovery agents in extreme cases. Grave Consequences Some borrowers driven to suicide due to extreme pressure and humiliation. Digital Lending Landscape and Frauds Market Growth Digital lending market estimated to reach USD 350 billion by 2023.Compounded annual growth rate of almost 40% over the last 11 years. Opportunity for Fraudsters Growth also provides an opportunity for fraudulent activities.Illegal lending market potentially reaching USD 700-800 million. Legitimate Players Genuine fintech companies, backed by NBFCs and banks, contribute to market growth.Digital lending, led by banks, NBFCs, and fintech firms, expected to reach 80 billion in 2023.Collaboration between banks, NBFCs, and fintech firms drives sector expansion. Concerns Regarding Fraudulent Loan Apps Absence of Government and Regulatory Norms Online platforms conduct minimal due diligence due to the lack of established norms. Regulatory Fragmentation Different regulators (RBI, MeitY, TRAI, state governments) lack coordination and supervision.Lack of unified efforts contributes to challenges in detecting and taking action against fraudulent apps. Evasion Strategies of Fraudulent Apps Illegal loan apps use fake or foreign identities.Frequent changes in names and logos.Operation through multiple channels and intermediaries to evade detection. Limited Applicability of RBI Guidelines RBI guidelines released in September 2022 apply only to regulated entities like banks and NBFCs.Unregulated fraudulent apps escape scrutiny. Social Media Companies’ Role Criticism of social media companies for not actively monitoring fake loan app advertisements.Corporate greed accused of contributing to weak oversight. Impact of Regulatory Crackdowns Legitimate lending apps sometimes affected, causing uncertainty.Ban on certain apps in 2021 impacted genuine lending companies, highlighting regulatory challenges. Misrepresentation of Legitimate NBFCs Concerns raised by legitimate NBFCs about being misrepresented by illegal lending apps.A few fraudulent apps can tarnish the reputation of the entire sector. Lack of Consumer Awareness and Protection Borrowers often fail to verify credentials and terms of loan apps.Lack of awareness exposes consumers to deceptive and coercive practices. Way Forward: Addressing Concerns and Mitigating Risks Legal Framework and Guidelines Comprehensive Legal Guidelines:Establish comprehensive legal guidelines specifically for digital lending platforms, with a focus on those operating through mobile apps.Extension of RBI Guidelines:Extend the scope of RBI guidelines to encompass a broader spectrum of digital lending entities, including unregulated platforms.Strict Due Diligence:Enforce stringent due diligence procedures for online platforms to prevent the exploitation of regulatory gaps by fraudulent loan apps. Collaboration with Social Media Companies Active Monitoring:Collaborate with social media companies to actively monitor and regulate advertisements related to loan apps.Stricter Screening Processes:Encourage social media platforms to implement stricter screening processes to identify and promptly remove fraudulent apps.Penalties for Non-Compliance:Establish penalties for social media companies that fail to address the proliferation of fake loan apps on their platforms, fostering accountability. Consumer Awareness Campaigns Awareness Initiatives:Launch awareness campaigns to educate consumers about the risks associated with fraudulent loan apps.Promotion of Responsible Borrowing:Promote responsible borrowing habits by encouraging individuals to verify the legitimacy of lending platforms before engaging with them. Regulatory Measures Coordination Among Regulators:Facilitate coordination among various regulators, including RBI, MeitY, TRAI, and state governments, to enhance regulatory effectiveness.Enforcement and Penalties:Strengthen enforcement mechanisms and impose penalties on illegal loan apps using evasion tactics, ensuring accountability.Regular Updates to Guidelines:Establish a mechanism for regular updates and revisions to guidelines, keeping pace with the evolving landscape of digital lending. -Source: Indian Express GI Recognition and Cultivation Expansion Initiatives for Unique Agricultural Products Context: The Geographical Indication (GI) Registry, under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India, has granted the GI tag to the Department of Industries & Commerce, Ladakh, for ‘Ladakh Sea Buckthorn.’ Simultaneously, in Kerala, the Onattukara Vikasana Agency (OVA), the GI-tag owner for Onattukara sesame, is proactively undertaking efforts to expand the cultivation of this distinctive sesame variety. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Key Facts About Sea BuckthornKey Facts About Onattukara SesameGeographical Indications (GI) Tag Key Facts About Sea Buckthorn Botanical Identity: Sea Buckthorn is a shrub scientifically known as Hippophae L, known for its orange-yellow edible berries.Flavor Profile and Nutrition: The berries are sour in taste but are rich in vitamins, particularly Vitamin C.Significance in Ladakh: Ladakh Sea Buckthorn is a crucial crop in the Union Territory of Ladakh, with 90% of its production originating from the region.Popular Names: Referred to as the ‘Wonder Plant,’ “Ladakh Gold,” “Golden Bush,” or “Gold Mine.”Habitat in India: Found above the tree line in the Himalayan region, specifically in dry areas like the cold deserts of Ladakh and Spiti. Environmental Benefits: Acts as a soil-binding plant, preventing soil erosion.Helps check siltation in rivers.Contributes to preserving floral biodiversity. Key Facts About Onattukara Sesame Origin and Cultivation: Onattukara sesame is a variety of sesame grown in Kerala, India.Cultivation Expansion Plans: The Onattukara Vayalrakshana Agency (OVA) aims to increase the cultivation area of sesame from 600 hectares to 2,000 hectares.Health Benefits: Onattukara sesame and its oil are renowned for unique health benefits.Antioxidant Content: Notable for a relatively higher antioxidant content, aiding in combating free radicals that can damage body cells.Heart Health: High content of unsaturated fat makes it beneficial for individuals with heart conditions. Traditional Medicinal Use: Traditional Ayurvedic doctors in the region have been using Onattukara sesame oil since the 18th century.Specifically used for treating rheumatism, which encompasses arthritis and related joint, tendon, and muscle conditions.Known for its skin protection properties. Geographical Indications (GI) Tag Definition and Importance: Geographical Indications of Goods indicate the country or place of origin of a product.They assure consumers of the product’s quality and distinctiveness derived from its specific geographical locality.GI tags are an essential component of intellectual property rights (IPRs) and are protected under international agreements like the Paris Convention and TRIPS. Administration and Registration: Geographical Indications registration in India is governed by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.The registration and protection are administered by the Geographical Indication Registry under the Department of Industry Promotion and Internal Trade (DIPIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.The registration is valid for 10 years, and it can be renewed for further periods of 10 years each. Significance and Examples: GI tags provide a unique identity and reputation to products based on their geographical origin.The first product in India to receive a GI tag was Darjeeling tea.Karnataka has the highest number of GI tags with 47 registered products, followed by Tamil Nadu with 39. Ownership and Proprietorship: Any association, organization, or authority established by law can be a registered proprietor of a GI tag.The registered proprietor’s name is entered in the Register of Geographical Indication for the applied product.Protection and Enforcement:Geographical Indications protect the interests of producers and prevent unauthorized use of the product’s name or origin.Enforcement of GI rights helps maintain the quality and reputation of the products associated with their specific geographical regions. Location of the Geographical Indications Registry: The Geographical Indications Registry is located in Chennai, India. -Source: The Hindu Debating Class 1 Admission Age in India Context: The appropriate age for admission to Class 1 has long been a subject of debate in India. As of March 2022, 14 States and Union Territories permitted Class 1 admission for children under six years. However, the Union government, in alignment with the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020, has mandated that all states and UTs establish six years as the minimum age for Class 1 admission. Relevance: GS III: Education Dimensions of the Article: NEP 2020 Guidelines for Class 1 Admission AgeResearch Insights on Entry Age for Formal Education NEP 2020 Guidelines for Class 1 Admission Age NEP’s Structured Framework The New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 advocates a “5+3+3+4” design for formal schooling.Corresponds to age groups: 3-8 years (foundational stage), 8-11 years (preparatory stage), 11-14 years (middle stage), and 14-18 years (secondary stage). Inclusion of Early Childhood Education Early childhood education (ages 3 to 5 years) is integrated into formal schooling under NEP 2020.Implies that a child should be 6 years old for Class 1 admission after completing three years of early childhood education. Research Insights on Entry Age for Formal Education New Zealand Comparative Studies Studies in New Zealand observed groups starting formal literacy lessons at ages 5 and 7.Children commencing at age 5 exhibited less positive attitudes towards reading and poorer text comprehension compared to those starting later. Global Perspectives on Entry Age Six years is the standard age for primary school in East Asia and most European countries.Scandinavian countries initiate formal education at the age of seven. -Source: Indian Express E Prime layer Context: Recently, a study by an international team of researchers revealed the formation of a new enigmatic layer – E prime layer at the outermost part of Earth’s core. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: E Prime LayerScientific Observations and SignificanceGlobal Implications and Significance E Prime Layer: Initial Beliefs vs. Recent Discoveries Initially believed that material exchange between the Earth’s core and mantle was minimal.Recent experiments unveiled a significant interaction when water reaches the core-mantle boundary, leading to the formation of silica. Development of E Prime Layer Tectonic Plate Interaction:Surface water transported by tectonic plates over billions of years.Reaches the core-mantle boundary about 1,800 miles below the surface.Chemical Changes Initiated:Water initiates chemical changes in the core’s structure under high pressure.Subducted water reacts with core materials, forming a hydrogen-rich, silicon-depleted layer resembling a film-like structure.Silica Crystal Formation:Silica crystals generated in the outer core ascend and blend into the mantle.Impacts the overall composition, potentially resulting in reduced density and altered seismic characteristics. Scientific Observations and Significance Subducted water’s chemical reaction in the core leads to the formation of the E Prime layer.Modifications in the liquid metallic layer could affect density and seismic characteristics, aligning with anomalies detected by seismologists. Global Implications and Significance Enhances researchers’ understanding of Earth’s internal mechanisms.Indicates a more intricate global water cycle than previously acknowledged.The transformed E Prime layer holds significant implications for interconnected geochemical processes linking surface water cycles with the deep metallic core. -Source: The Hindu Nitrogen-9 nucleus Context: Scientists discovered hints of the new isotope, called nitrogen-9, by smashing beams of oxygen isotopes into beryllium atoms in the U.S. National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Nitrogen-9 Nucleus: Unusual Characteristics and Stability Characteristics of Nitrogen-9 Nucleus Proton-to-Neutron Ratio:Characterized by seven protons and two neutrons.Unusually high proton-to-neutron ratio compared to conventional isotopes.Impact on Stability:Disparity in proton-to-neutron ratio has a critical effect on stability.Influences decay processes and overall behavior of the isotope.Stability Thresholds:High proton content places nitrogen-9 atoms beyond conventional stability thresholds. Isotopes: Variations in Neutron Count Definition of Isotopes:Atoms of the same element differing only in the number of neutrons.Differences in neutron count distinguish one isotope from another.Unstable Isotopes:Isotopes with an imbalance of neutrons for the number of protons are often unstable.Unstable isotopes are short-lived and decay, releasing energy to achieve a more stable configuration. Nuclides: The Atomic Nucleus Table Definition:Analogous table for atomic nuclei characterized by a unique combination of protons and neutrons.Graphical Representation:A two-dimensional graph of isotopes of elements.One axis represents the number of neutrons (N), and the other represents the number of protons (Z) in each atomic nucleus.Denotation of Nuclides:Each point on the graph denotes a nuclide, representing a specific combination of protons and neutrons. -Source: The Hindu

PIB Summaries 21 November 2023

CONTENTS CITIIS 2.0 ProgramADMM-Plus Meeting CITIIS 2.0 Program Context: Recently, the Union Minister of Housing & Urban Affairs and Petroleum & Natural Gas launched the CITIIS 2.0 Challenge. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: About CITIIS ProgramCITIIS 2.0 ProgramWhat is the Smart Cities Mission? About CITIIS Program: The CITIIS (Cities Investments to Innovate Integrate and Sustain) Challenge was launched in partnership with French Development Agency (AFD), Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW), the European Union (EU), and National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA).It aimed to extend a loan of EUR 100 million for the implementation of innovative projects selected through an All-India Challenge in sectors like sustainable mobility, public open spaces, urban governance & ICT, and social and organizational innovation in low-income settlements.The program was launched on July 9, 2018, and completed activities such as preparatory workshops, proposal submission by cities, evaluation of proposals, and selection of 12 projects in a record time.Currently, the 12 projects are being implemented in cities like Agartala, Amaravati, Amritsar, Bhubaneshwar, Chennai, Dehradun, Hubbali-Dharwad, Kochi, Puducherry, Surat, Ujjain, and Visakhapatnam. CITIIS 2.0 Program: The program aims to support selected projects that promote circular economy, integrated waste management at the city level, climate-oriented reform actions at the state level, and institutional strengthening and knowledge dissemination at the national level. Duration and Partnerships: The program will span over four years, from 2023 to 2027.It is conceived and will be implemented in partnership with the French Development Agency (AFD), Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW), the European Union (EU), and the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA). Funding: The funding for CITIIS 2.0 includes a loan of ₹1,760 crore split equally between AFD and KfW.Additionally, there is a technical assistance grant of ₹106 crore from the European Union. Components of CITIIS 2.0: CITIIS 2.0 comprises three major components: Financial and technical support for developing projects focused on building climate resilience, adaptation, and mitigation in up to 18 smart cities.Interventions at the central, state, and city levels to further climate governance.Promoting circular economy with a focus on integrated waste management at the city level. What is the Smart Cities Mission? The Smart Cities Mission is an initiative of the Union Housing and Urban Affairs Ministry that was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on June 25, 2015.Cities across the country were asked to submit proposals for projects to improve municipal services and to make their jurisdictions more liveable.Between January 2016 and June 2018 (when the last city, Shillong, was chosen), the Ministry selected 100 cities for the Mission over five rounds.The projects were supposed to be completed within five years of the selection of the city, but in 2021 the Ministry changed the deadline for all cities to June 2023, which was earlier the deadline for Shillong alone. What kinds of projects were proposed? After the Ministry gave broad guidelines to the participating cities, the project proposals ranged from making certain stretches of roads more accessible and pedestrian-friendly to more capital-intensive ones like laying water pipelines and constructing sewage treatment plants.All 100 cities have also constructed Integrated Command and Control Centres to monitor all security, emergency and civic services. During the peak of the Covid-19 pandemic, these centres were converted into emergency response units by many of the cities. ADMM-Plus Meeting Context: Recently, the Defence Minister of India has participated in the 10th Association of SouthEast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus (ADMM-Plus) in Jakarta, Indonesia. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Points from Indian Address in ADMM-Plus MeetingADMM-Plus: Strengthening Regional Security and Defence Cooperation Key Points from Indian Address in ADMM-Plus Meeting ASEAN’s Central Role: India acknowledged ASEAN’s central role in the region and commended its efforts in promoting dialogue and consensus. Commitment to International Laws: India reaffirmed its commitment to freedom of navigation, overflight, and lawful commerce in international waters.Emphasized alignment with international laws, including UNCLOS 1982. Security Initiatives: Advocated for consultative and development-oriented security initiatives within ADMM-Plus.Aimed for consensus-driven cooperation to enhance Maritime Security in the region. Dialogue for Global Stability: Stressed the importance of dialogue and diplomacy for lasting peace and global stability.Urged moving away from an “us versus them” mindset, highlighting the contemporary era’s avoidance of war. Appreciation for Joint Initiatives: Appreciated ASEAN Member States’ active participation in joint initiatives, including peacekeeping operations and maritime exercises. Counter-Terrorism Co-Chair Proposal: India proposed to co-chair the Expert Working Group on Counter-Terrorism, addressing the serious threat of terrorism in the ASEAN region. Current Co-Chair Responsibilities: Highlighted India’s ongoing co-chairing of the Expert Working Group on Humanitarian Assistance & Disaster Relief (HADR) with Indonesia in the 2021-2024 cycle. ADMM-Plus: Strengthening Regional Security and Defence Cooperation Overview: The ADMM-Plus serves as a collaborative platform between ASEAN and its eight Dialogue Partners.Dialogue Partners include Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Russia, and the United States. Significance of ADMM: The ADMM (ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting) stands as the paramount defence consultative and cooperative mechanism within ASEAN. Establishment: Inaugural ADMM-Plus convened in Ha Noi, Viet Nam, in 2010.Since 2017, annual meetings aim to enhance dialogue and cooperation amid rising regional security challenges. Objectives: Build capacity among ASEAN Member States to collectively address shared security challenges.Foster mutual trust and transparency among defence establishments through increased dialogue.Enhance regional peace and stability by addressing transnational security challenges.Facilitate the implementation of the Vientiane Action Programme for a peaceful, secure, and prosperous ASEAN. Annual Meetings: The ADMM-Plus meets annually to promote dialogue and cooperation, considering the evolving regional security landscape. Cooperation Focus: Emphasis on varying capacities among ASEAN Member States.Collaboration to address transnational security challenges in the region. Implementation of Vientiane Action Programme: Focus on realizing the Vientiane Action Programme’s goals, advocating for a peaceful, secure, and prosperous ASEAN.Adoption of outward-looking external relation strategies with Dialogue Partners.

Current Affairs 21 November 2023

CONTENTS Emission Gap Report 2023Once-in-a-Century Floods in East Africa: A UNOCHA ReportUN Warning on Unprecedented Greenhouse Gas SurgeIxchiq VaccineAsia-Pacific Economic CooperationGreenwashingIndira Gandhi Peace Prize Emission Gap Report 2023 Context: Ahead of COP28, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) released a report titled ‘Emissions Gap Report 2023: Broken Record — Temperatures hit new highs, yet world fails to cut emissions (again)’. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: About Emissions Gap ReportUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)Major Insights from the Emissions Gap Report 2023: Addressing Climate Challenges About Emissions Gap Report The UNEP’s Emissions Gap Report gives a yearly review of the difference between where greenhouse emissions are predicted to be in 2030 and where they should be to avoid the worst impacts of climate change.The annual report from UNEP measures the gap between anticipated emissions and levels consistent with the Paris Agreement goals of limiting global warming this century to well below 2°C and pursuing 1.5°C. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The UNEP is a leading global environmental authority established in 1972 and Headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya.It sets the global environmental agenda, promotes the sustainable development within the United Nations system, and serves as an authoritative advocate for global environment protection.It sets the global environmental agenda, promotes sustainable development within the United Nations system, and serves as an authoritative advocate for global environment protection.The UNEP Publishes:Emission Gap Report,Global Environment Outlook,Frontiers,Invest into Healthy Planet. Major Insights from the Emissions Gap Report 2023: Addressing Climate Challenges Record-Breaking Temperatures: 86 days recorded with temperatures exceeding 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels in 2023.September marked the hottest month ever, surpassing the previous record by an unprecedented 0.5°C. Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Emissions increased by 1.2% from 2021 to 2022, reaching a new record of 57.4 gigatons of CO2 equivalent (GtCO2e).All sectors rebounded from pandemic-induced drops, except for transport, exceeding 2019 levels.Fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes contributed two-thirds to the overall increase. Per Capita Territorial Emissions: Vary significantly across countries.More than double the world average in Russia and the USA, while India remains under half.Similar levels in Brazil, the European Union, and Indonesia, slightly below the G20 average. Emissions Gap and NDCs: Emissions gap defined as the difference between estimated global emissions from NDCs and those aligned with Paris Agreement goals.Global ambition in the next round of NDCs (2025) crucial for achieving targets consistent with below 2°C and 1.5°C pathways. Climate Change Mitigation Efforts: Current policies imply limiting global warming to 3°C (66% chance) throughout the century.Warming expected to increase post-2100 as CO2 emissions are not projected to reach net-zero levels.Optimistic scenario meeting conditional NDCs and net-zero pledges limits warming to 2°C. Key Areas for Political Action: Setting and signaling priorities for Carbon Dioxide removal.Developing robust measurement, reporting, and verification systems.Harnessing synergies and co-benefits.Accelerating innovation to address climate challenges. -Source: Indian Express Once-in-a-Century Floods in East Africa: A UNOCHA Report Context: The U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) has characterized the recent floods in Somalia and neighboring East African countries as a once-in-a-century event. The floods, triggered by torrential rainfall and influenced by climatic factors like El Niño and the Indian Ocean Dipole, have displaced hundreds of thousands of people. The impact extends beyond Somalia, affecting regions in neighboring Kenya, leading to 15 reported deaths and posing significant challenges in areas like Mombasa, Mandera, and Wajir. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)Impact of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), sometimes referred to as the Indian Nino, is a phenomenon similar to El Nino.It occurs in a relatively smaller area of the Indian Ocean, between the Indonesian and Malaysian coastline in the east and the African coastline near Somalia in the west.In the IOD, one side of the ocean along the equator becomes warmer than the other.A positive IOD occurs when the western side of the Indian Ocean, near the Somalia coast, becomes warmer than the eastern Indian Ocean.Conversely, a negative IOD indicates cooler temperatures in the western Indian Ocean. Negative IOD Air circulation in the Indian Ocean basin moves from west to east near the surface and in the opposite direction at the upper levels.Warmer waters from the western Pacific cross into the Indian Ocean, causing a slight temperature rise in that region.During normal years, this leads to the rising of air and helps maintain the prevailing air circulation.In years when the air circulation becomes stronger, more warm surface waters from the African coast are pushed towards the Indonesian islands, resulting in a warmer western Indian Ocean.Hotter air rises, reinforcing the cycle of a negative IOD. Positive IOD Air circulation becomes weaker than normal, and in rare cases, it may even reverse direction.As a result, the African coast becomes warmer, while the Indonesian coastline experiences cooler temperatures.Positive IOD events often occur during El Nino periods, while negative IOD is sometimes associated with La Nina.The cooling effect of El Nino on the Pacific side of Indonesia contributes to the development of a positive IOD in the Indian Ocean. El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) The El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a climate phenomenon that affects the Pacific Ocean and has global weather implications.In a normal year, the eastern side of the Pacific Ocean near the northwestern coast of South America is cooler compared to the western side near the islands of the Philippines and Indonesia.This temperature difference arises due to prevailing wind systems that move from east to west, pushing warmer surface waters toward the Indonesian coast.As the warm surface waters are displaced, relatively cooler waters from deeper levels rise up to replace them.During an El Nino event, there is a weakening of the wind systems, resulting in less displacement of the warmer waters.This causes the eastern side of the Pacific Ocean to become warmer than usual. The opposite occurs during La Nina.El Nino and La Nina are two phases of ENSO.Both El Nino and La Nina have widespread effects on weather patterns globally.In India, El Nino has the impact of suppressing monsoon rainfall. El Niño El Niño is the warm phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and is associated with a band of warm ocean water that develops in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific (between approximately the International Date Line and 120°W), including the area off the Pacific coast of South America.The ENSO is the cycle of warm and cold sea surface temperature (SST) of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean.El Niño is accompanied by high air pressure in the western Pacific and low air pressure in the eastern Pacific.During the development of El Niño, rainfall develops between September–November.The cool phase of ENSO is La Niña, with SSTs in the eastern Pacific below average, and air pressure high in the eastern Pacific and low in the western Pacific.The ENSO cycle, including both El Niño and La Niña, causes global changes in temperature and rainfall. La Niña La Niña is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Niño, as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate pattern.It is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Niño, as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate pattern.During a period of La Niña, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by 3 to 5 °C (5.4 to 9 °F).An appearance of La Niña persists for at least five months.It occurs as strong winds blow warm water at the ocean’s surface from South America across the Pacific Ocean towards Indonesia.As this warm water moves west, cold water from the deep sea rises to the surface near South America.As a result, it is considered to be the cold phase of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation weather pattern, as well as the opposite of El Niño weather pattern. Impact of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) exhibits an ocean-atmosphere interaction that resembles the fluctuations observed during El Nino events in the Pacific Ocean. However, the IOD is relatively less powerful than El Nino, resulting in relatively minimal impacts.During a positive IOD event, rainfall increases along the African coastline and over the Indian subcontinent, while rainfall is suppressed over Indonesia, Southeast Asia, and Australia. The impacts are opposite during a negative IOD event. Past Events: In 2019, an IOD event developed during the late monsoon season. It was so strong that it compensated for the deficit rainfall experienced during the first month of the monsoon season (June, which had a 30% rainfall deficiency that year).The deficit in June 2019 was also attributed to a developing El Nino, but the El Nino weakened and did not have a significant impact later on. -Source: Indian Express UN Warning on Unprecedented Greenhouse Gas Surge Context: The United Nations has issued a warning, drawing attention to the unprecedented surge in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, reaching new records in 2022. The World Meteorological Organization’s (WMO) 19th Annual Greenhouse Gas Bulletin emphasizes the alarming implications of this surge, anticipating increased temperatures, intensified extreme weather events, and elevated sea levels. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Major Highlights of the WMO Greenhouse Gas BulletinGreenhouse GasesMajor Implications of Rising Greenhouse Gas Concentrations Major Highlights of the WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin Record-Breaking Levels: Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, the primary greenhouse gases, reached unprecedented concentrations, surpassing previous records.Carbon dioxide measured at 418 parts per million, methane at 1,923 parts per billion, and nitrous oxide at 336 parts per billion in 2022. Exceeding Pre-industrial Levels: These concentrations exceeded pre-industrial levels by 150%, 264%, and 124%, respectively.Carbon dioxide accounts for approximately 64% of the climate warming effect, followed by methane at 16%, and nitrous oxide at 7%. Paris Agreement Targets Missed: Despite the 2015 Paris Agreement’s goal to limit global warming to below 1.5 degrees Celsius, the global mean temperature in 2022 already surpassed this target, reaching 1.15 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Grim Trajectory: The current trajectory indicates a future with a significant temperature rise, surpassing the Paris Agreement targets by the end of the century.Anticipated consequences include extreme weather events, ice melt, and ocean acidification. Escalating Climate Risks: The continuous increase in heat-trapping gases points to a future marked by intensified climate disruptions.Urgent action to reduce fossil fuel consumption is emphasized to mitigate escalating risks. Critical Tipping Points: The bulletin raises concerns about the climate system nearing critical “tipping points.”Potential irreversible cascades, such as the rapid die-back of the Amazon, North Atlantic circulation slowdown, and destabilization of major ice sheets, are highlighted. Greenhouse Gases: Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are naturally occurring and human-generated gases present in the Earth’s atmosphere. Properties: GHGs absorb and emit heat, trapping thermal energy within the atmosphere.They act as a thermal blanket, allowing sunlight to enter while preventing a significant portion of absorbed heat from escaping into space.This phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect, crucial for regulating Earth’s temperature. Human Impact: Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes, have increased GHG concentrations.This amplifies the greenhouse effect, leading to global warming and climate change. Major Greenhouse Gases: Carbon Dioxide (CO2):Predominantly emitted from burning fossil fuels for energy.Deforestation reduces carbon sinks, releasing stored carbon.Methane (CH4):Significant contributions from livestock farming and improper waste management.Thawing permafrost releases methane, creating a feedback loop.Nitrous Oxide (N2O):Released through agriculture, particularly from nitrogen-based fertilizers.Water Vapour:Naturally occurring GHG contributing to the greenhouse effect. Factors Leading to GHG Concentration: Fossil Fuel Burning: Main contributor to CO2 emissions from industrial activities, transportation, and power generation.Deforestation: Reduces carbon sinks, transforming areas like the Amazon rainforest into carbon emitters.Agriculture: Livestock farming generates methane, while nitrogen-based fertilizers contribute to nitrous oxide.Waste Management: Improper waste disposal in landfills produces methane during organic waste decomposition.Natural Processes: Volcanic eruptions, wildfires, and natural decay processes release GHGs.Urban Expansion: Rapid urban growth increases energy demand, vehicular emissions, and infrastructure needs.Permafrost Thaw: Rising temperatures cause permafrost thaw, releasing trapped methane, intensifying global warming. Major Implications of Rising Greenhouse Gas Concentrations Intensified Greenhouse Effect: Increased concentrations trap more heat, leading to a warming atmosphere. Global Warming: Altered weather patterns, rising temperatures, and shifts in precipitation.Droughts, heatwaves, floods, and severe storms become more frequent. Melting Glaciers and Ice Caps: Contributes to rising sea levels, posing threats to coastal communities, biodiversity, and infrastructure. Coastal Erosion and Flooding: Rising sea levels result in coastal erosion, increased flooding, and heightened risks to coastal areas. Agricultural Impacts: Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns affect crop productivity.Crop failures and reduced food security become more prevalent. Water Scarcity and Excess: Changes in precipitation patterns impact water availability for drinking, agriculture, and industry.Regions experience either water scarcity or excessive rainfall. Ocean Acidification: Excess CO2 absorbed by oceans leads to acidification, affecting marine life. Impact on Marine Ecosystems: Acidic waters hinder the ability of marine organisms to build shells and skeletons.Affects coral reefs, shellfish, and plankton—the foundation of marine food chains. Climate-Induced Displacement: Resource scarcity and competition for habitable areas could lead to geopolitical tensions and conflicts.Particularly in regions facing socio-political instability. -Source: The Hindu Ixchiq Vaccine Context: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States recently granted approval for Ixchiq, the world’s first vaccine for chikungunya. Developed by the European vaccine manufacturer Valneva, this novel vaccine represents a crucial advancement in addressing the chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Key Features of Ixchiq VaccineAbout Chikungunya Key Features of Ixchiq Vaccine Single Dose Administration: Administered as a single dose via injection into the muscle.Chikungunya Virus Content: Contains a live, weakened version of the chikungunya virus.Symptom Induction: The live virus in the vaccine may potentially cause symptoms similar to the chikungunya disease in vaccine recipients.Age Criteria: Approved for administration in individuals aged 18 years or older.Target Population: Intended for people at increased risk of exposure to the chikungunya virus. About Chikungunya: Transmission: Chikungunya is a viral disease that is primarily transmitted to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes, specifically the Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus species. These mosquitoes can also transmit other viruses like dengue and Zika.Origin of the Name: The term “chikungunya” originates from the Makonde language spoken in East Africa, and it translates to “bent over in pain,” describing the characteristic joint pain associated with the disease.Global Spread: The first outbreak of chikungunya was documented in southern Tanzania in 1952. Since then, the disease has been identified in nearly 40 countries across Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas.Incubation Period: After being bitten by an infected mosquito, symptoms of chikungunya typically appear within 4 to 8 days. However, the incubation period can range from 2 to 12 days.Common Symptoms: The most common symptom of chikungunya is the sudden onset of fever, often accompanied by severe joint pain. Other common symptoms include muscle pain, headache, nausea, fatigue, and rash.Complications: While serious complications are rare, severe cases of chikungunya can occur, leading to long-term joint pain and even death, especially in older individuals.Treatment: Currently, there is no approved vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for chikungunya. The primary focus of treatment is on relieving symptoms through rest, adequate hydration, and the use of pain relievers or anti-inflammatory drugs. -Source: The Hindu Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Context: Recently, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Leaders’ Summit 2023 took place in San Francisco, United States. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: APEC Leaders’ Summit 2023 HighlightsAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)India and APEC APEC Leaders’ Summit 2023 Highlights Theme: “Creating a Resilient and Sustainable Future for All”Emphasis on resilience and sustainability in the APEC 2023 summit.Commitment to Free, Fair, and Open TradeAPEC leaders reiterated their dedication to promoting free, fair, and open trade and investment.Focus on Inclusive and Sustainable GrowthA commitment to advancing inclusive and sustainable economic growth in the region.Golden Gate DeclarationThe summit concluded with the adoption of the Golden Gate Declaration.A collective commitment to building a resilient and sustainable future for all APEC member economies.APEC Action Agenda on Climate Change and Energy SecurityEndorsement of a comprehensive action agenda addressing climate change and energy security.Outlined specific actions and targets to enhance cooperation and coordination in tackling the climate crisis. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): Establishment and Purpose: Formed in 1989 as a regional economic forum.Aims to enhance prosperity in the Asia-Pacific by fostering balanced, inclusive, sustainable, innovative, and secure growth. Permanent Secretariat: Supported by a permanent secretariat headquartered in Singapore. Member Countries: Includes Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Chinese Taipei, Thailand, Vietnam, and the United States.India holds the ‘observer’ status. Significance: Represents around 62% of world GDP and 48% of world trade as of 2021.One of the oldest and most influential multilateral platforms in the Asia-Pacific region. Operational Framework: Operates without binding commitments or treaty obligations.Commitments are voluntary, and capacity-building projects aid in the implementation of APEC initiatives. Main Goals: Support economic growth and prosperity.Enhance regional economic integration.Strengthen human security.Address common challenges like climate change, health, and food security. India and APEC: Initiation of Interest (1991):India expressed interest in joining APEC in 1991.Coincided with India’s introduction of economic liberalization, signaling a more open trade approach.Mixed Reception:Some APEC members favored India’s inclusion due to potential economic opportunities.Others opposed, citing perceived rules and restrictions hindering business with India.Membership Freeze (1997):APEC decided to halt the admission of new members in 1997.The freeze aimed at enhancing cooperation among existing members.Continued Exclusion:The membership freeze, initially planned until 2012, remained unchanged.India’s aspirations to join APEC were consequently thwarted during this period. -Source: Indian Express Greenwashing Context: The Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI) recently proposed guidelines that aim to check Greenwashing in ads. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: What Is Greenwashing?Effects of greenwashing What Is Greenwashing? Greenwashing is the process of conveying a false impression or misleading information about how a company’s products are environmentally sound.Greenwashing involves making an unsubstantiated claim to deceive consumers into believing that a company’s products are environmentally friendly or have a greater positive environmental impact than is true.In addition, greenwashing may occur when a company attempts to emphasize sustainable aspects of a product to overshadow the company’s involvement in environmentally damaging practices.Performed through the use of environmental imagery, misleading labels, and hiding tradeoffs, greenwashing is a play on the term “whitewashing,” which means using false information to intentionally hide wrongdoing, error, or an unpleasant situation in an attempt to make it seem less bad than it is. Examples of Greenwashing A classic example of greenwashing is when Volkswagen admitted to cheating emissions tests by fitting various vehicles with a “defect” device, with software that could detect when it was undergoing an emissions test and altering the performance to reduce the emissions level.A plastic package containing a new shower curtain is labeled “recyclable.” It is not clear whether the package or the shower curtain is recyclable. In either case, the label is deceptive if any part of the package or its contents, other than minor components, cannot be recycled.A trash bag is labeled “recyclable.” Trash bags are not ordinarily separated from other trash at the landfill or incinerator, so they are highly unlikely to be used again for any purpose. The claim is deceptive because it asserts an environmental benefit where no meaningful benefit exists. Effects of greenwashing There is a growing body of evidence that shows consumer sentiment is slanted toward being green and environmentally sustainable.When a company, product or service is caught or discovered to be greenwashing, there is a general sense of distrust that occurs. Consumers will no longer trust the brand or product in question, and might also begin to question other claims.Companies engaged in greenwashing – consumers will likely choose other organizations that are more ethical.Greenwashing can degrade customer satisfaction, erode brand loyalty and potentially affect repeat purchases.On Planet – Ultimately, the biggest effect of greenwashing is existential.Each act that an organization or individual doesn’t take with real green initiatives has a potential negative effect on the planet.With the effects of climate change continuing to manifest on humanity, there is no time to waste in taking steps to help improve sustainability such that humanity and Earth itself will continue to survive. -Source: Business Standard Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Context: Recently, the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament, and Development 2022 was jointly awarded to the Indian Medical Association and the Trained Nurses Association of India as representatives of the COVID-19 warriors in the country. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Indira Gandhi Peace Prize: Inception and Purpose: Instituted in 1986, the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament, and Development honors the memory of the former prime minister.Aims to acknowledge outstanding contributions to international peace, development, and the use of scientific discoveries for humanity’s betterment. Award Components: The prize comprises a monetary award of 25 lakh rupees and a citation. Criteria for Recognition: Recognizes individuals or organizations working towards international peace and development.Emphasizes the responsible use of scientific advancements to promote freedom and benefit humanity.Encourages efforts in creating a new international economic order. Distinguished Recipients: Past laureates include prominent figures and entities:Mikhail Gorbachev, former leader of the Soviet Union (1987).UNICEF (1989).Jimmy Carter, former president of the US (1997).UN and its secretary-general Kofi Annan (2003).Angela Merkel, chancellor of Germany (2013).Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) (2014).Former Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh (2017).Sir David Attenborough (2019).Pratham NGO (2021). -Source: The Hindu

Current Affairs 20 November 2023

CONTENTS Missed Measles Vaccination in India – WHO and CDC ReportElon Musk’s Vision at Bletchley Park AI Summit: A World without WorkSupreme Court Upholds Key Provisions of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)Rashtriya Vigyan PuraskarGlobal Talent Competitiveness Index (GTCI), 2023NEST InitiativeWorld Energy Employment 2023 Report Missed Measles Vaccination in India – WHO and CDC Report Context: An estimated 11 lakh children in India missed their crucial first dose of the measles vaccine in 2022, as revealed by a joint report from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This alarming figure places India among the top 10 countries globally with the highest number of children lacking the initial measles vaccination. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Highlights of WHO and CDC Report on Measles Vaccination (2022)Government Response and Government InitiativesAbout MeaslesMeasles Situation in India Highlights of WHO and CDC Report on Measles Vaccination (2022) Global Measles Immunization Decline: During the pandemic, global measles immunization reached its lowest levels since 2008, resulting in an 18% surge in cases and a 43% increase in deaths in 2022.Impact of Two Doses: The report emphasizes that two doses of the measles vaccine provide 97% protection for life, with a single dose offering weaker protection.Global Children Affected: Approximately 33 million children worldwide missed either both doses or the second dose of the measles vaccine in 2022.India’s Measles Outbreak: India is among 37 countries experiencing large or disruptive measles outbreaks, reporting 40,967 cases in 2022.Missed First Dose in India: An estimated 11 lakh children in India missed their crucial first dose of the measles vaccine in 2022. Government Response and Government Initiatives Government Response: The Union Ministry of Health Family Welfare disputed the report, citing discrepancies with their Health Management Information System (HMIS). According to HMIS, 2,63,63,270 children received their first dose of the measles vaccine in the fiscal year 2022-23, with only 21,310 children reported as missing the first dose.Government Initiatives: The government highlighted initiatives like Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 3.0, IMI 4.0 in 2021 and 2022, and IMI 5.0 in 2023, focusing on increasing measles-rubella vaccine coverage. Additionally, states conducted Supplementary Immunisation activities and outbreak response immunisation, vaccinating 30 million children with an additional dose of the measles-rubella vaccine. About Measles Measles or as it is called ‘khasra’, is a highly contagious viral disease which affects mostly children.It is one of the leading causes of death and disability among young children.There is no specific treatment for measles but there is a vaccine to stay protected from the disease, which is both safe as well as cost effective.Death due to measles are caused by the complications associated with the disease like blindness, encephalitis, severe diarrhoea and pneumonia. Spread: Measles spreads by coughing and sneezing, close personal contact or direct contact with infected nasal or throat secretions.As per reports, an infected child with measles can spread the virus to others for about eight days, starting four days before the rash appears and ending when the rash has been present for four days. What are the symptoms? Symptoms appear around 10 to 14 days after exposure to the virus.The main symptoms are fever, dry cough, running nose, sore throat and rash.The rashes look like small red spots which remain slightly raised and give the skin a splotchy red appearance.The face of the rash breaks out first. Within days, it spreads to the rest of the body. Measles Situation in India: Prevalence Ranking: According to WHO’s latest measles surveillance data (July 2018 – June 2019), India ranked fourth globally in the number of measles cases, with 39,299 reported cases.While India had the fourth-highest number of cases, it had the lowest measles incidence rate per million (29.68) among the top 10 countries. National Initiatives: India aims to eliminate measles and control rubella by 2023 as part of a global effort.The government launched Mission Indradhanush in 2014, targeting 90% full immunization coverage by 2020, including vaccinations against eight preventable diseases, including measles.The country initiated the world’s largest Measles-Rubella (MR) immunization campaign, targeting 410 million children and adolescents aged 9 months to 15 years. Challenges: The most vulnerable age group, children under one, faces challenges in vaccination rates, posing a significant hurdle in measles control efforts. -Source: The Hindu Elon Musk’s Vision at Bletchley Park AI Summit: A World without Work Context: During the Bletchley Park AI Summit, Elon Musk envisioned Artificial Intelligence replacing all human labor: both physical and cognitive, resulting in people seeking work solely for personal fulfillment rather than out of necessity. However, this vision prompts debates about the desirability and feasibility of a world without work. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Major Theories on WorkArguments For and Against AI Replacing Human LaborPotential Implications of AI across Different Domains Major Theories on Work John Maynard Keynes: Advocated for reducing work hours under capitalism, perceiving work as drudgery.Envisioned technological advancements leading to increased welfare by diminishing work hours. Karl Marx: Viewed work as the essence of humanity, providing meaning through the manipulation of nature.Envisioned a future where AI enhances human work, allowing self-enjoyment without external appropriation. Arguments For and Against AI Replacing Human Labor In Favor: AI offers unparalleled efficiency, reducing operational costs by replacing labor-intensive processes.Excels in accuracy and consistency, especially in tasks requiring precise calculations or data analysis.Operates non-stop, ensuring continuous work without fatigue for faster outcomes.Ensures safety and efficiency in hazardous environments. Against: Struggles with nuanced decision-making, creativity, and intuition compared to human capabilities.Lacks ethical judgment and moral reasoning, making it unsuitable for roles involving moral dilemmas.Faces challenges in replicating authentic human interaction, empathy, and emotional connection.Concerns about reliability, bias, and accountability impact widespread adoption and trust. Potential Implications of AI across Different Domains Positive Impact: Streamlines processes, automates tasks, and enhances efficiency, leading to increased productivity.Optimizes resource allocation, reducing wastage and operational costs.Fosters innovation, creating new industries, products, and services.Generates jobs in AI development, programming, data analysis, and maintenance.Provides data-driven insights for better decision-making in businesses and policymaking.Enhances accuracy and speed in forecasting trends, optimizing growth strategies.Personalized experiences driven by AI improve customer satisfaction and engagement.AI aids in medical diagnostics, drug discovery, and treatment personalization, improving healthcare outcomes.Accelerates scientific research by analyzing vast datasets and identifying patterns. Negative Impact: Automation and AI can replace certain job roles, posing challenges for displaced workers.Raises concerns about privacy infringement and data misuse due to AI’s reliance on data.Ethical dilemmas arise in AI decision-making, especially in areas like facial recognition and algorithmic bias.Benefits of AI might not be equally distributed, potentially widening the gap between skilled and unskilled workers.Concentration of AI benefits within certain industries or regions could exacerbate economic disparities.Overreliance on AI without sufficient human oversight can lead to vulnerabilities, such as system errors or cyber threats.Lack of understanding or control over AI systems makes societies vulnerable to technological failures.Jobs created by AI might lack the same quality, stability, or fulfillment, impacting individuals’ satisfaction.Changes in work patterns and job nature due to AI might affect mental health and societal well-being. -Source: The Hindu Supreme Court Upholds Key Provisions of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) Context: The Supreme Court has recently upheld critical provisions of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) that faced constitutional challenges. The Court specifically addressed concerns related to the potential violation of fundamental rights, including the right to equality, within the context of insolvency proceedings. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Supreme Court’s Decision on IBC Provisions Challenged by PetitionsPotential Impact of Supreme Court’s Judgment on IBCWhat is the IBC? Supreme Court’s Decision on IBC Provisions Challenged by Petitions Petitioners’ Concerns: Lack of opportunity for personal guarantors to present their case in insolvency proceedings.Absence of a voice in the appointment of Resolution Professionals (RPs).Alleged violation of fundamental rights, including the right to livelihood, trade, and equality. Court’s Observations: Constitutionality of key IBC provisions upheld, allowing insolvency proceedings against personal guarantors.IBC deemed non-retroactive; Sections 95 to 100 not unconstitutional for not providing a pre-hearing chance to personal guarantors.Rejected claims of unfairness or violation of natural justice, emphasizing a case-by-case assessment of fairness.Dismissed the idea of judicial intervention before RP appointments, highlighting the disruptive impact on IBC timelines.Clarified RP role as facilitators, not decision-makers.Acknowledged the provisions’ focus on protecting debts rather than debtors.Supported legislative decisions on moratorium application and highlighted distinctions between individual, partnership, and corporate debtors in the IBC. Potential Impact of Supreme Court’s Judgment on IBC: Boost in Creditor Confidence:Affirmation of IBC provisions, especially regarding personal guarantors, may enhance creditor confidence.Creditors likely to feel more secure initiating insolvency proceedings against guarantors, fostering a proactive approach in debt recovery.Enhanced Predictability:Clarity provided by the Court’s ruling can contribute to increased predictability within the insolvency framework.Encouragement for smoother and more efficient resolution processes, reducing uncertainties that might have hindered creditor actions.Caution Among Promoters:Promoters and individuals providing personal guarantees may exercise caution.Increased circumspection, especially among promoters of solvent companies, regarding extending personal guarantees due to the highlighted risks in the judgment. What is the IBC? In a growing economy, a healthy credit flow and generation of new capital are essential, and when a company or business turns insolvent or “sick”, it begins to default on its loans.In order for credit to not get stuck in the system or turn into bad loans, it is important that banks or creditors are able to recover as much as possible from the defaulter, as quickly as they can.In 2016, at a time when India’s Non-Performing Assets and debt defaults were piling up, and older loan recovery mechanisms were performing badly, the IBC was introduced to overhaul the corporate distress resolution regime in India and consolidate previously available laws to create a time-bound mechanism with a creditor-in-control model as opposed to the debtor-in-possession system.When insolvency is triggered under the IBC, there can be just two outcomes: resolution or liquidation. Objectives of IBC To consolidate and amend all existing insolvency laws in India.To simplify and expedite the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Proceedings in India.To protect the interest of creditors including stakeholders in a company.To revive the company in a time-bound manner.To promote entrepreneurship.To get the necessary relief to the creditors and consequently increase the credit supply in the economy.To work out a new and timely recovery procedure to be adopted by the banks, financial institutions or individuals.To set up an Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India.Maximization of the value of assets of corporate persons. -Source: Indian Express Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar Context: Recently, the Ministry of Science and Technology has announced ‘Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar’ (RVP) at par with the Padma and other national awards. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights About the AwardsCriteria and Significance Key Highlights About the Awards Included Awards: Vigyan Ratna Awards:Recognize lifetime achievements and contributions in any field of science and technology.Vigyan Shri Awards:Recognize distinguished contributions to any field of science and technology.Vigyan Team Awards:Given to a team comprising three or more scientists/researchers/innovators with exceptional contributions in any field of science and technology.Vigyan Yuva-Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (VY-SSB) Awards:Highest multidisciplinary science awards in India for young scientists (maximum 45 years).Named after Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, founder and director of the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR). Awards Open to PIOs (Persons of Indian Origin): PIOs are now eligible for these new awards.Only one PIO may receive the Vigyan Ratna.Three PIOs each can be selected for the Vigyan Shri and the VY-SSB.PIOs are not eligible for the Vigyan Team awards. Criteria and Significance Criteria for Awards: Diverse criteria encompassing technology-led innovations and collaborative team efforts.Age restrictions removed, except for the Vigyan Yuva-SSB award, aligning with efforts to address ageism and gender biases.Nominations open annually from January 14th to February 28th (National Science Day).Award announcements on May 11th (National Technology Day).Award Ceremony on August 23rd (National Space Day). Significance: Recognition of global Indian scientific talent by acknowledging and encouraging participation from Persons of Indian Origin abroad.Open to an expanded group of scientists, technologists, and innovators, including those outside formal organizations.Inclusion of technology-led innovations or products in addition to discovery-based research.Introduction of team awards (Vigyan Team) to reflect the collaborative and intersectional nature of scientific research.Removal of age limits (except for Vigyan Yuva-SSB award) and commitment to ensuring equitable gender representation. -Source: Indian Express Global Talent Competitiveness Index (GTCI), 2023 Context: The Global Talent Competitiveness Index has seen India fall sharply from rank 83 ten years ago to rank 103 in its latest report out recently. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: GTCI 2023 HighlightsGlobal Talent Competitiveness Index (GTCI): GTCI 2023 Highlights: Coverage: The 10th edition covers 134 countries worldwide across diverse income groups.Top Three Countries: Singapore, Switzerland, and the United States lead the index.Top 10: Denmark, the Netherlands, Finland, Norway, Australia, Sweden, and the United Kingdom complete the list.India’s Rank: Positioned at 103, India lags behind other BRICS nations, with China at 40, Russia at 52, South Africa at 68, and Brazil at 69.Notable Countries: Several nations, including Rwanda, Paraguay, Tunisia, Namibia, Bolivia, Ghana, El Salvador, Gambia, Kenya, Morocco, and Eswatini, outperform India.Emerging Countries: China, Indonesia, and Mexico receive special mention for notable improvements. Global Talent Competitiveness Index (GTCI): The GTCI is an annual benchmarking report published by INSEAD, measuring how countries cultivate, attract, and retain talent. Components: Input Sub-Index: Assesses regulatory and business environments, along with measures to foster and retain talent.Output Sub-Index: Evaluates the quality of talent. Purpose: Provides decision-makers with insights to comprehend the global talent competitiveness scenario and formulate strategies for economic enhancement. Significance: Offers a unique resource for decision-makers to devise strategies for talent enhancement and economic development. -Source: Indian Express NEST Initiative Context: Recently, the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) launched a rating and certification initiative called ‘Nest’. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: NEST Initiative for Sustainable ConstructionIndian Green Building Council (IGBC) NEST Initiative for Sustainable Construction: Objective: To promote sustainable and eco-friendly construction practices within the domestic housing sector. Aims: Encourage individual house owners and the residential sector to embrace green building features.Reduce electricity consumption and water usage.Foster the creation of healthier living spaces. Indian Green Building Council (IGBC): Formation: Established in 2001, it operates as part of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII).Premier Certification Body: Recognized as India’s premier certification body.Services:Develops new green building rating programs.Provides certification services.Conducts green building training programs.Flagship Event: Organizes the annual Green Building Congress, a flagship event on green buildings.Global Presence: Represents India on the board of the World Green Building Council, participating in global discussions on platforms like COP.Rating Criteria: The rating is based on six environmental categories, including sustainable station facility, health, hygiene, and sanitation, energy efficiency, water efficiency, smart and green initiatives, and innovation and development.Headquarters: Located in Hyderabad. -Source: The Hindu World Energy Employment 2023 Report Context: Recently, the International Energy Association released the World Energy Employment 2023 report. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Key Findings on Global Energy Employment Trends: Global Employment Growth: Global employment in the energy sector increased by 3.4 million from pre-pandemic levels, reaching 67 million in 2022.Clean Energy Job Growth: Clean energy sectors contributed significantly, adding 4.7 million jobs globally, totaling 35 million.Fossil Fuel Sector: Employment in the fossil fuel sector recovered more slowly, remaining approximately 1.3 million below pre-pandemic levels, at 32 million. India’s Performance: Job growth in both clean energy and fossil fuel sectors in India remained positive compared to pre-pandemic levels.India witnessed the creation of the fourth-highest number of new clean energy jobs globally in the past three years. Top Sectors for Job Creation: Solar PV, wind, electric vehicles (EVs) and battery manufacturing, heat pumps, and critical minerals were identified as the five major sectors leading in job creation.These sectors collectively employed around 9 million workers. Solar PV Dominance: Solar PV emerged as the largest sector, providing jobs for approximately 4 million workers. EVs and Battery Manufacturing: Manufacturing of electric vehicles (EVs) and their batteries played a crucial role and became the largest source of growth in employment. -Source: The Hindu