PIB Summaries 20 November 2023

CONTENTS Partnership for Global Infrastructure and InvestmentCentral Adoption Resource Authority Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment Context: Recently, the Union Minister for Commerce and Industry participated in the Investor Forum of the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII) & Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF). Relevance: GS II- International Relations Dimensions of the Article: What is the PGII?What kind of projects will the PGII undertake? What is the PGII? The PGII is being seen as the G7’s counter to China’s multi-trillion dollar Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to build connectivity, infrastructure, and trade projects in Asia, Europe, Africa, and Latin America.The West has been sceptical of the BRI, since it was launched in 2013 by President Xi Jinping, as it was considered to be part of China’s larger strategy to increase geopolitical influence in Asia and other developing countries.The U.S., along with G7 partners the U.K., Japan, France, Canada, Germany, Italy, and the European Union (EU), had in 2021 announced the launch of the Build Back Better World (B3W) with the aim of narrowing the $40 trillion infrastructure gap in the developing world.PGII is therefore, a relaunch of Mr. Biden’s B3W plan.The factsheet put out by the White House described the PGII as a “values-driven, high-impact, and transparent infrastructure partnership to meet the enormous infrastructure needs of low and middle-income countries and support the United States’ and its allies’ economic and national security interests”. Aim: The G7 members aim to collectively mobilise $600 billion by 2027 to invest in sustainable and quality infrastructure projects in developing countries, including India, and strengthen global supply chains.Mr. Biden announced the country’s pledge to channel $200 billion in grants, public financing, and private capital over the next five years for the PGII.European Commission President declared Europe’s pledge of mobilising 300 billion euros for the partnership over the same period. What kind of projects will the PGII undertake? All PGII projects will be driven by the pillars that will define the second half of the 21st century.The G7 grouping aims to tackle the climate crisis and ensure global energy security through clean energy supply chains.The projects will focus on bolstering digital information and communications technology (ICT) networks facilitating technologies such as 5G and 6G internet connectivity and cybersecurity.The projects aim to advance gender equality and equity, and lastly, to build and upgrade global health infrastructure.The U.S International Development Finance Corporation (DFC), along with the G7 nations and the EU are disbursing a $3.3 million technical assistance grant to build a vaccine facility in Senegal, having a potential yearly capacity of manufacturing “millions of doses of COVID-19 and other vaccines”.In India, the U.S. DFC will invest up to $30 million in Omnivore Agritech and Climate Sustainability Fund 3, an impact venture capital fund that invests in entrepreneurs building the future of agriculture, food systems, climate, and rural economy in India. Central Adoption Resource Authority Context: Recently, the Supreme Court questioned the “great delay” plaguing India’s adoption regulation body, the Central Adoption Resource Authority. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: About the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA)Hague Convention on Inter-country Adoption About the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA): CARA is a statutory body under the Ministry of Women & Child Development, Government of India. Role as Central Authority: Designated as the Central Authority for handling inter-country adoptions in line with the Hague Convention on Inter-country Adoption, 1993, ratified by India in 2003. Functions: Nodal body regulating the adoption of “orphaned, surrendered, and abandoned children” in India.Monitors and regulates entities such as State Adoption Resource Agencies (SARAs), Specialized Adoption Agencies (SAAs), Authorized Foreign Adoption Agencies (AFAAs), Child Welfare Committees (CWCs), and District Child Protective Units (DPUs). Legal Framework in India: Child placement with a family is governed by the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956; the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890; and the Juvenile Justice Act, 2000.Mandatory registration of Child Care Institutions (CCIs) and linking to CARA is outlined in the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015. Hague Convention on Inter-country Adoption: The Convention establishes safeguards for children and families involved in inter-country adoptions.Aims to prevent the illegal abduction, sale, or trafficking of children during adoptions.Objectives:Protect children and families from illegal or ill-prepared inter-country adoptions.Prevent abduction, sale, or trafficking of children.Establish minimum standards while recognizing that it does not serve as a uniform law of adoption.

Pradhan Mantri Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan !!!

How Cloud Seeding Is Done To Induce Rain and Curb Pollution | UPSC Science & Tech Current Affairs

GS Mains Answer Writing Practice Question | UPSC Mains Exam 2024-25 | Legacy IAS Academy

"From River to the Sea" | What does it mean ?

Current Affairs 18 November 2023

CONTENTS CCPA Investigation on IAS Coaching InstitutesFATF Report on Terrorism Financing through CrowdfundingDigital Advertisement Policy 2023Sickle Cell AnaemiaLeonid Meteor ShowerIndian Computer Emergency Response Team  CCPA Investigation on IAS Coaching Institutes Context: The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) is probing 20 IAS coaching institutes for making misleading claims in their advertisements and for unfair trade practices. Four of the twenty institutions have already been slapped with a penalty of Rs 1 lakh. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Consumer Protection Authority Investigation on IAS Coaching InstitutesCoaching Industry in India: Market Size and Growth FactorsAbout Central Consumer Protection AuthorityConsumer Protection Act, 2019 Consumer Protection Authority Investigation on IAS Coaching Institutes Investigation Details: The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) in India is currently investigating 20 IAS coaching centers.The investigation focuses on alleged misleading advertisements and unfair trade practices by these coaching centers. Accusations Against Coaching Centers: The coaching centers are accused of utilizing the names and pictures of toppers and successful candidates to influence prospective aspirants. Penalties Imposed: As a result of the ongoing investigation, four of the coaching centers have already been fined Rs 1 lakh each. CCPA’s Observations: Coaching institutes engage in extensive advertising campaigns each time competitive exam results, such as the UPSC Civil Services, are announced.Names and pictures of top rankers are prominently featured in these ads to showcase their association with the institute.However, crucial information regarding the nature of their enrollment, such as the specific course they pursued, is not disclosed.According to CCPA, this lack of transparency qualifies as deliberate concealment of important information and falls under the category of ‘misleading advertisement’ as per Section 2(28) of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019. Penalty Structure: First-time violations may result in penalties of up to Rs 10 lakh.Subsequent violations could attract penalties of up to Rs 50 lakh, coupled with the possibility of additional legal action for persistent non-compliance. Coaching Industry in India: Market Size and Growth Factors Market Size and Growth Projection: The coaching class market in India is projected to reach approximately Rs 1.79 lakh crore by 2030.The expected growth is at a Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 14.07% over the forecast period spanning from 2023 to 2030. Market Categorization and Share: Higher education dominates the coaching class market, holding the largest market share at around 32.75% in 2022.This market share is anticipated to increase to 34.75% during the forecast period. Factors Driving the Thriving Market: Poor Quality of School Teaching:Inadequate teaching quality in schools has driven students and parents towards coaching institutes.High Competition:Intense competition, particularly in academic pursuits, encourages students to seek additional support from coaching classes. Parental Preference for High-Quality Education: Parents increasingly prefer high-quality education for their children, contributing to the demand for coaching institutes. Quick Achievement Orientation:The new generation’s inclination towards achieving goals quickly and easily has fueled the demand for coaching services.Increased Income Levels:Rising income levels have enabled more families to invest in supplementary education for their children.Higher Education and Professional Courses:The growing number of students pursuing higher education and professional courses has significantly contributed to the coaching industry’s expansion.Competitive Edge and Academic Improvement:Students seek coaching institutes to gain a competitive edge and enhance their academic performance.Coaching institutes offer tools like practice exams, study guides, and individual tutoring to support students in their educational journey. About Central Consumer Protection Authority CCPA is a regulatory body established in 2020 based on the provisions of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.CCPA works under the administrative control of the Ministry of Consumer Affairs. Composition: It will have a Chief Commissioner as head, and only two other commissioners as members — one of whom will deal with matters relating to goods while the other will look into cases relating to services.The CCPA will have an Investigation Wing that will be headed by a Director General.District Collectors too, will have the power to investigate complaints of violations of consumer rights, unfair trade practices, and false or misleading advertisements. Objective: To promote, protect and enforce the rights of consumers as a class.To conduct investigations into violation of consumer rights and institute complaints/prosecution.To order the recall of unsafe goods and services, discontinuation of unfair trade practices and misleading advertisements.To impose penalties on manufacturers/endorsers/publishers of misleading advertisements. Powers and Functions: Inquire or investigate into matters relating to violations of consumer rights or unfair trade practices suo moto, or on a complaint received, or on a direction from the central government.Recall goods or withdrawal of services that are “dangerous, hazardous or unsafe.Pass an order for refund the prices of goods or services so recalled to purchasers of such goods or services; discontinuation of practices which are unfair and prejudicial to consumer’s interest”.Impose a penalty up to Rs 10 lakh, with imprisonment up to two years, on the manufacturer or endorser of false and misleading advertisements. The penalty may go up to Rs 50 lakh, with imprisonment up to five years, for every subsequent offence committed by the same manufacturer or endorser.Ban the endorser of a false or misleading advertisement from making endorsement of any products or services in the future, for a period that may extend to one year. The ban may extend up to three years in every subsequent violation of the Act.File complaints of violation of consumer rights or unfair trade practices before the District Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission, State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission, and the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission. Consumer Protection Act, 2019: Replacement of Previous Legislation: The Consumer Protection Act, 2019, replaced the earlier Consumer Protection Act of 1986, with the aim of expanding its scope to address a broader range of consumer concerns. Scope of Offences Recognized: The new Act identifies offenses, including providing false information regarding the quality or quantity of goods or services.It also addresses the issue of misleading advertisements, acknowledging the impact on consumer rights. Action Against Dangerous Goods and Services: The Act outlines specific actions to be taken if goods and services are deemed “dangerous, hazardous, or unsafe,” prioritizing consumer safety. Enforcement and Empowerment: Enforced in July 2020, the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, aims to empower consumers by providing them with a legal framework to safeguard their rights.The Act’s various notified rules and provisions serve as tools for consumers to take action and seek redressal for any grievances related to goods and services. -Source: Indian Express FATF Report on Terrorism Financing through Crowdfunding Context: The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) has published a report titled “Crowdfunding for Terrorism Financing,” revealing that violent extremist organizations utilize sophisticated networks for fundraising. The report specifically references the Popular Front of India (PFI), highlighting its solicitation for funds at mosques and public places. These funds are reported to be used for the acquisition of arms, ammunition, and training of cadres. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Crowdfunding and its Potential for ExploitationKey Highlights of the ReportRecommendations from the FATF Report on Crowdfunding for Terrorism FinancingPopular Front of India (PFI)Approaches to Deal with Such Organizations while Preserving Civil Liberties and Ensuring National Security Crowdfunding and its Potential for Exploitation Crowdfunding is a dynamic fundraising method leveraging online platforms.It involves gathering small contributions from a large pool of individuals for various purposes such as supporting causes, funding startups, or financing projects. Legitimate Use and Recent Exploitation: Predominantly used for legitimate purposes.Recent events have exposed its potential exploitation, particularly by terrorists and terrorist groups. Methods of Misuse for Terror Financing: Abuse of Humanitarian Causes:Use of humanitarian, charitable, and non-profit causes as fronts to raise funds for terrorism.Dedicated Crowdfunding Platforms:Utilization of specific platforms or websites, making illicit activity detection challenging.Social Media Amplification:Exploitation of social media platforms and messaging apps to amplify extremist messages and lead users to fundraising causes.Interaction with Virtual Assets:Involvement with virtual assets, including privacy coins and anonymity-enhancing services like tumblers and mixers. Key Highlights of the Report: PFI’s Fund Collection Methods:The Popular Front of India (PFI) collected funds through solicitation at religious places and public spaces.Utilized modern digital methods, including QR codes and bank account details, to encourage donations.Domestic and Foreign Transactions:Funds involved both domestic and foreign transactions.Investigation complexity arises due to the multi-dimensional nature of financial flows.Diversification of Fund Usage:Funds raised were not limited to a single purpose.A portion invested in businesses and real estate projects, aiming for regular income to support terrorist activities.Global Context of Crowdfunding Abuse:Places crowdfunding for terrorism financing in a global context.Notes that while most crowdfunding is legitimate, terrorist organizations exploit platforms like ISIL and Al-Qaeda for fundraising. Recommendations from the FATF Report on Crowdfunding for Terrorism Financing Global AML/CFT Regulations:Emphasizes the necessity for consistent Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Financing (AML/CFT) regulations globally.Systematic Risk Assessment:Urges countries to systematically assess the risks linked to crowdfunding activities.Highlights the current lack of comprehensive data regarding the potential misuse of crowdfunding platforms.Cross-Border Nature Awareness:Points out the cross-border nature of crowdfunding campaigns and the associated financial transfers.Stresses the importance of recognizing the global implications of crowdfunding activities.Pass-Through Jurisdictions Acknowledgment:Encourages countries to acknowledge that even if their jurisdiction does not witness significant domestic terrorism activity, it can still be exploited as a pass-through for financial flows.Calls for heightened vigilance and regulatory measures regardless of the apparent absence of direct terrorism involvement. Popular Front of India (PFI): Formed in 2007 through the merger of three Muslim organizations in Tamil Nadu, southern India.Emerged after the ban on the Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI).Engaged in various social and Islamic religious activities, presenting itself as an advocate for minority, Dalit, and marginalized community rights.Faced allegations of involvement in extremist activities.In 2022, the Ministry of Home Affairs declared PFI and its associates as an “unlawful association.” Approaches to Deal with Such Organizations while Preserving Civil Liberties and Ensuring National Security: Clear Legal Framework:Establish a comprehensive legal framework outlining conditions for designating organizations as threats to national security.Base the framework on constitutional principles, international Human Rights standards, and due process.Judicial Oversight:Ensure judicial oversight to assess the government’s actions in accordance with the law and protection of individual rights.Transparency and Accountability:Maintain transparency in the process of designating organizations as unlawful, disclosing reasons for such actions.Establish mechanisms for accountability and oversight to prevent misuse of the legal framework.Targeted Actions:Focus on targeting individuals or entities directly involved in criminal or terrorist activities rather than broadly targeting entire organizations.Minimize the impact on innocent members and supporters.Enhanced Intelligence Gathering:Strengthen intelligence gathering and surveillance capabilities to monitor potential threats.Ensure these actions align with the law and are subject to oversight.Public Awareness:Promote public awareness about the dangers of extremist ideologies.Encourage reporting of suspicious activities and active participation in safeguarding national security. -Source: Down To Earth Digital Advertisement Policy 2023 Context: Recently, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting has approved the Digital Advertisement Policy, 2023 to enable and empower the Central Bureau of Communication (CBC) to undertake campaigns in the Digital Media space. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key Policies under the Digital Advertisement Policy, 2023Significance of Digital Advertisement Policy, 2023 Key Policies under the Digital Advertisement Policy, 2023: Advertisement Platforms: CBC (Cabinet Secretariat Coordination) can advertise on various digital platforms, including social media, Over-the-Top (OTT) platforms, digital audio platforms, mobile applications, and websites. Eligibility Criteria: Websites, mobile apps, OTT platforms, and digital audio platforms must be at least one year old to qualify for the advertising scheme. Advertising Rates: Rates will be determined based on the subscriber base and viewership numbers.Competitive bidding will be employed to ensure transparency and efficiency in rate determination.The rates discovered through this process will remain valid for a period of three years. Empanelment of OTT Platforms: OTT platforms can be empanelled not only for placing advertisements during regular content but also for the production of embedded/in-film advertisements, promotions, or branding activities as per CBC’s Letter of Intent. Fund Allocation: CBC typically allocates 2% of the total outlay of government schemes for publicity and outreach activities.This fund is utilized for advertisements and campaigns, ensuring a strategic and well-defined approach to public communication. Significance of Digital Advertisement Policy, 2023: Adaptation to Evolving Media Landscape:The policy reflects CBC’s responsiveness to the changing media landscape, embracing digitalization trends in media consumption.Efficient Information Dissemination:Enables the effective delivery of citizen-centric messages through a vast digital subscriber base, leveraging technology-enabled messaging options.Facilitates targeted communication for increased cost efficiencies in public-oriented campaigns.Digital Media Dominance:Acknowledges the significant shift in audience media consumption patterns towards the digital space.Aligns with the Digital India program, contributing to the government’s efforts to engage with the population through digital and social media platforms.Expanding Internet Connectivity:Capitalizes on the substantial growth in internet connectivity in India, driven by initiatives like Digital India.As of March 2023, internet penetration stands at over 880 million, reflecting a substantial digital audience.Ubiquitous Telecom Services:Recognizes the widespread adoption of telecom services, with over 1172 million subscribers as of March 2023, indicating extensive reach and potential impact.Enhanced Targeting and Outreach:Leverages the digital universe’s diverse subscriber base for more targeted and impactful communication, aligning with the government’s communication goals.Cost-Effective Public Campaigns:Aims to optimize costs associated with public-oriented campaigns by harnessing the efficiency and reach offered by digital advertising platforms.Strategic Communication Approach:Demonstrates a strategic approach to public communication, utilizing digital channels to ensure timely and relevant messaging to a tech-savvy population. -Source: The Hindu Sickle Cell Anaemia Context: The United Kingdom’s drug regulator recently approved the world’s first gene therapy treatment for sickle cell disease and thalassemia. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Sickle Cell AnaemiaSymptomsTreatmentIndian Government Initiatives to reduce Sickle Cell AnaemiaAbout the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission Sickle Cell Anaemia Haemoglobin which is tasked with carrying oxygen to all parts of the body, has four protein subunits — two alpha and two beta.In some people, mutations in the gene that creates the beta subunits impact the shape of the blood cell and distorts it to look like a sickle.A round red blood cell can move easily through blood vessels because of its shape but sickle red blood cells end up slowing, and even blocking, the blood flow.Moreover, sickle cells die early, resulting in a shortage of red blood cells that deprive the body of oxygen.These obstructions and shortages may cause chronic anaemia, pain, fatigue, acute chest syndrome, stroke, and a host of other serious health complications.Without treatment, quality of life is compromised and severe cases can become fatal in the initial years of life. Symptoms The symptoms of sickle cell anaemia can vary from person to person, but common symptoms include: Painful episodes (sickle cell crisis)AnaemiaFatigue and weaknessShortness of breathDelays in growth and developmentJoint painfrequent infections Treatment Currently, there is no cure for sickle cell anaemia, but treatments are available to manage the symptoms and prevent complications. Pain managementBlood transfusionsAntibiotics to prevent infectionsHydoxyurea, a medication to reduce the frequency of sickle cell crisesStem cell transplantation in some cases Indian Government Initiatives to reduce Sickle Cell Anaemia The Indian Council of Medical Research and the National Rural Health Mission in different States are undertaking outreach programmes for better management and control of the disease.The Ministry of Tribal Affairs launched a portal wherein people can register themselves if they have the disease or the trait, in order to collate all information related to SCA among tribal groups.In the Budget, the Union Health Minister said the government plans to distribute “special cards” across tribal areas to people below the age of 40.The cards will be divided into different categories based on the screening results.The mission will receive funding under the National Health Mission. National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission: The mission aims to tackle the significant health challenges associated with sickle cell disease (SCD), with a particular focus on the tribal population.It represents a crucial milestone in the Government’s ongoing efforts to eliminate SCD as a public health issue by 2047. Objectives of the Mission: Provision of Affordable and Accessible Care: Ensure that all SCD patients have access to affordable and easily accessible healthcare services.Improve the availability and affordability of SCD treatments and medications. Quality of Care: Enhance the quality of care provided to SCD patients.Implement measures to ensure that healthcare facilities meet the required standards for SCD management. Prevalence Reduction: Implement strategies to reduce the prevalence of SCD in the population.Focus on early detection and prevention methods to minimize the number of new SCD cases. Health Promotion: Raise awareness about SCD through health promotion campaigns.Provide pre-marital genetic counseling to educate individuals about the risks associated with SCD. Prevention: Conduct universal screening programs to identify SCD cases at an early stage.Emphasize the importance of early detection and prompt intervention to prevent complications. Holistic Management & Continuum of Care: Develop a comprehensive management approach for individuals with SCD.Establish coordinated care across primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare levels.Ensure adequate treatment facilities at tertiary healthcare institutions. Patient Support System: Establish a robust support system for SCD patients.Provide guidance, counseling, and emotional support to patients and their families. Community Adoption: Encourage community involvement in SCD prevention and care.Promote the adoption of preventive measures and support systems within local communities. Coverage Targets: The mission aims to reach a total of 7 crore people.Provide screening, counseling, and care services for individuals with SCD within a three-and-a-half-year timeframe. -Source: The Hindu Leonid Meteor Shower Context: Many skywatchers in India and around the globe are poised for a cosmic treat—the Leonid Meteor Shower, which has already been underway since November 6, is set to reach its peak in the pre-dawn hours of November 17–18, 2023. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Leonid Meteor Shower Leonid Meteor Shower: Origin: The Leonid meteor shower is caused by the dust and debris left behind by the comet Tempel-Tuttle.Peak Period: It typically peaks in mid-November each year.Name Origin: The shower is named after the Leo constellation, as the meteors appear to radiate from this celestial region.Comet Tempel-Tuttle: The Tempel-Tuttle comet completes its orbit around the sun every 33 years. Formation of Dust Cloud: When the comet approaches the sun, it warms up, releasing a significant amount of material that forms a dense cloud of dust and gas around it.This cloud follows the comet’s orbit and gradually disperses over time. Annual Earth Crossing: Every year in mid-November, Earth crosses the orbit of Tempel-Tuttle and may encounter the comet’s dust cloud. Meteor Formation: Dust particles from the comet’s debris enter Earth’s atmosphere at high speeds (around 70 km/s).The friction with the atmosphere causes the particles to catch fire, creating bright streaks of light in the sky—observed as meteors during the Leonid meteor shower. Meteor Storms: The Leonids are known for occasionally causing meteor storms, characterized by a higher influx of meteors during specific years. -Source: Indian Express Indian Computer Emergency Response Team  Context: India’s cyber security watchdog CERT-In recently found “multiple vulnerabilities” in the popular Google Chrome operating system (OS), which can even bypass security on the targeted system. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Dimensions of the Article: About CERT-InKey Objectives About CERT-In: National Nodal Agency: CERT-In serves as the national nodal agency for responding to computer security incidents in India.Affiliation: It operates as a functional organization under the Ministry of Information & Electronics Technology.Objective: The primary objective of CERT-In is to secure Indian cyberspace.Operational Since: CERT-In has been operational since January 2004.Designation by IT Act (2000): The Information Technology Act of 2000 designates CERT-In as the national agency with specific functions in the field of cybersecurity.Mandated Functions: Includes the collection, analysis, and dissemination of information on cyber incidents, issuing alerts, emergency measures, coordination of incident response, and providing guidelines and advisories.Constituency: CERT-In’s constituency is the Indian cyber community and Indian cyberspace.Service Recipients: CERT-In provides services to organizations in the Government, Public, and Private sectors, as well as to individuals and home users.Information Disclosure: Disclosure of information follows Indian Constitutional laws.Collaborations: CERT-In collaborates with organizations within and outside the country, law enforcement, academia, industry, service providers, research institutions, and individuals involved in cybersecurity. Key Objectives: Prevention: Preventing cyber attacks against the country’s cyberspace.Response: Responding to cyber attacks and minimizing damage and recovery time.Vulnerability Reduction: Reducing national vulnerability to cyber attacks.Awareness Enhancement: Enhancing security awareness among common citizens. -Source: Times of India

PIB Summaries 18 November 2023

CONTENTS National Health Claim Exchange (NHCX)Exercise MITRA SHAKTI National Health Claim Exchange (NHCX) Context: The National Health Authority (NHA) and the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) have joined hands to operationalize the National Health Claim Exchange (NHCX). Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: National Health Claim Exchange (NHCX)National Health Authority (NHA) National Health Claim Exchange (NHCX): Development and Purpose: Digital health claims platform developed by the National Health Authority.Serves as a gateway for exchanging claims-related information among stakeholders in the healthcare and health insurance ecosystem. Key Features: Designed to be interoperable, ensuring compatibility with various systems.Machine-readable for efficient data processing.Auditable and verifiable to maintain accuracy and trustworthiness of exchanged information. National Health Authority (NHA): Responsibilities:Apex body implementing Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY).Tasked with designing strategy, building technological infrastructure, and implementing the “National Digital Health Mission” to create a National Digital Health Eco-system.Evolution and Autonomy:Successor of the National Health Agency, reconstituted as the National Health Authority in January 2019.Originally functioned as a registered society and transitioned to full functional autonomy.Structure and Governance:Attached office of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.Governed by a Governing Board chaired by the Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare.Headed by a Chief Executive Officer (CEO), holding the rank of Secretary to the Government of India.CEO serves as the Ex-Officio Member Secretary of the Governing Board.State-Level Implementation:Implementation at the State level involves the establishment of State Health Agencies (SHAs) as societies/trusts.SHAs are set up by respective States to execute the scheme locally. Exercise MITRA SHAKTI Context: A joint military exercise, “Exercise MITRA SHAKTI-2023” is being conducted from November 16th to 29th, 2023, in Aundh (Pune). Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Dimensions of the Article: Exercise MITRA SHAKTI Exercise MITRA SHAKTI: Joint military exercise between the Indian and Sri Lankan armies.Marks the ninth edition of the exercise. Participating Forces: Indian contingent comprises 120 personnel, mainly from the MARATHA LIGHT INFANTRY Regiment.Inclusion of personnel from the Indian Air Force and the Sri Lankan Air Force, making it the first bilateral and bi-service exercise between the two countries. Objectives: Jointly rehearse sub-conventional operations under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter.Synergize joint responses during counter-terrorist operations.Focus on achieving an enhanced level of interoperability among troops. Exercise Components: Training Areas:Conducting sub-conventional operations.Counter-terrorist operations.Skill Enhancement:Army Martial Arts Routine (AMAR).Combat reflex shooting.Yoga.Technology Integration:Deployment of Drones and Counter Unmanned Aerial Systems.Involvement of helicopters.Special Drills:Securing helipads.Undertaking casualty evacuation during counter-terrorist operations. Strategic Focus: Collective efforts to reduce the risk to life and property.Prioritizing the interests and agenda of the UN during peacekeeping operations. Diplomatic Impact: Strengthens bilateral relations between India and Sri Lanka

PIB Summaries 17 November 2023

CONTENTS SHREYAS SchemeIndia International Science Festival SHREYAS Scheme Context: The scheme Scholarships for Higher Education for Young Achievers Scheme (SHREYAS), has been proposed to be implemented during the 2021-22 to 2025-26 by placing two ongoing Central Sector Schemes for OBC (Other Backward Classes) and EBC. These schemes are, National Fellowship for OBC and Dr.Ambedkar Central Sector Scheme of Interest Subsidy on Educational Loans for Overseas Studies for OBCs and Economically Backward Classes (EBCs). Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: SHREYAS: Empowering Education for OBC & EBC Students SHREYAS: Empowering Education for OBC & EBC Students SHREYAS is an umbrella scheme under the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment.It aims to empower OBC & Economically Backward Class (EBC) students through fellowships and interest subsidies on educational loans for higher education. Sub-Schemes: The SHREYAS umbrella scheme includes four central sector sub-schemes: Free Coaching Scheme for SCs and OBCs: Objective: Provide high-quality coaching to economically disadvantaged SCs and OBCs for competitive exams and technical/professional institution admissions.Income Ceiling: Family income capped at 8 lakhs per annum.Slot Allocation: 3500 slots allotted annually.Gender Inclusivity: 30% slots reserved for females in both categories.Allocation Ratio: SC: OBC ratio at 70:30 for equitable access.Outcomes: Benefited 19,995 beneficiaries from 2014-15 to 2022-23. Top-Class Education for SCs: Objective: Recognize and promote quality education among SC students beyond the 12th class.Income Ceiling: Family income limit set at 8 lakhs per annum.Coverage: Includes 266 higher education institutes, including prestigious institutions like IIMs, IITs, and NITs.Scholarship: Covers tuition fee, non-refundable charges, academic allowance, and other expenses.Outcomes: Benefited 21,988 beneficiaries from 2014-15 to 2022-23. National Overseas Scheme for SCs: Objective: Provide financial assistance to selected students from various categories for pursuing masters and Ph.D. courses abroad.Eligibility: Students with family income below Rs. 8 lakhs per annum, securing admission in the top 500 QS ranking foreign institutes/universities.Scholarship: Covers tuition fee, maintenance, contingency allowance, visa fee, and airfare.Outcomes: Benefited 950 beneficiaries from 2014-15 to 2022-23. National Fellowship for SC Students: Aim: Support SC students pursuing M.Phil/Ph.D. degrees in Sciences, Humanities, and Social Sciences in Indian Universities/Institutions/Colleges recognized by UGC.Eligibility: NET-JRF qualified candidates or Junior Research Fellows for Science stream (UGC-CSIR Joint Test).Allocation: Provides 2000 new slots annually (500 for Science and 1500 for Humanities/Social Sciences). India International Science Festival Context: The 9th edition of the India International Science Festival (IISF) 2023 will be held at Faridabad, Haryana from January 17th-20th, 2024. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: India International Science Festival (IISF) 2023 India International Science Festival (IISF) 2023: Venue: Campus of Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI) and Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB) in Faridabad.Theme: ‘Science and Technology Public Outreach in Amrit Kaal’. Objectives: Inspiration and Outreach: Aims to inspire diverse audiences, including students, educators, scientists, researchers, industry professionals, entrepreneurs, and science communicators.Platform for Scientific Achievements: Provides a platform to showcase scientific achievements across 17 diverse themes. Themes of IISF 2023: Diverse Range: The festival will feature a total of 17 themes, encompassing various scientific disciplines. Dedication: Fostering Creativity: Dedicated to fostering creativity in Science, Technology, and Innovation for the advancement of a prosperous India. Organizers: Initiative: An initiative of the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Earth Sciences.Association: In association with Vijnana Bharati. History: Editions: Since 2015, IISF has successfully hosted eight editions in different geographical regions of India.Expansion: Over the years, it has evolved into a mega science festival. Integration of Departments: Expansion in 2021: In 2021, the Department of Space and the Department of Atomic Energy became integral parts of IISF, broadening its scope and impact.

Current Affairs 17 November 2023

CONTENTS Sub-Categorization of Scheduled Castes (SCs)Parliamentary Committee’s Recommendation on AdulteryOECD Interim Report: Eliminating Plastic Pollution by 2040Nirbhay Cruise MissileSagar KavachMars solar conjunction6th India-OPEC Energy Dialogue: Key Discussions on Oil and Energy Markets Sub-Categorization of Scheduled Castes (SCs) Context: In an election rally in Telangana, Prime Minister promised to look into the sub-categorisation of Scheduled Castes (SCs) to identify and help the most backward among them — a move that has been read as an attempt by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) to woo the Madiga community. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Legal Aspects of Sub-Categorization of Scheduled Castes: A Judicial JourneyArguments for and Against Sub-Categorization of SCs Legal Aspects of Sub-Categorization of Scheduled Castes: A Judicial Journey Attempts by States: Over the past two decades, States like Punjab, Bihar, and Tamil Nadu have sought to implement reservation laws at the State level for sub-categorization of Scheduled Castes (SCs).The aim is to determine a separate quantum of reservation for these subcategories within the broader category of SCs. Judicial Intervention: Legal challenges arose when the Andhra Pradesh government, in 1996, recommended sub-categorization based on backwardness and representation disparities among SC communities.The Supreme Court, in 2004, ruled that States lacked the unilateral power to sub-categorize SCs or Scheduled Tribes (STs). Contradictory Judgments: In 2020, a five-judge Bench, led by Justice Arun Mishra, suggested that determining benefits within the already-notified lists of SCs/STs would not constitute interference and States could proceed.This apparent contradiction led to the 2020 judgment being referred to a larger Bench. Union Government’s Involvement: Despite the pending Supreme Court decision, the Union government explored legal avenues in 2005.The Attorney-General of India (AGI) opined that sub-categorization was possible with “unimpeachable evidence,” suggesting a constitutional amendment. National Commission and Constitutional Amendment Proposal: The Union government formed a National Commission to investigate sub-categorization in Andhra Pradesh.The Cabinet recommended amending Article 341 of the Constitution, but the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) argued against the need for a constitutional amendment.They pointed to Article 16(4), stating it already empowered States to create special laws for under-represented backward classes. Arguments for and Against Sub-Categorization of SCs: Arguments in Favor: Graded Inequalities: The primary argument for sub-categorization stems from the perceived graded inequalities among Scheduled Caste (SC) communities.Access Disparities: The contention is that even within marginalized communities, some have lesser access to basic facilities, leading to more forward communities consistently availing benefits while overshadowing the more backward ones.Need for Separate Reservation: Advocates argue that sub-categorizing communities and providing separate reservations for the more backward groups within the SC category is the solution. Arguments Against: Root Cause Addressal: Both the SC and ST Commissions counter that separate reservations within categories do not address the root cause of the problem.Representation at All Levels: The commissions emphasize the need for representation at all levels and contend that the most backward SCs are significantly behind more forward SC communities.Insufficient Candidates: Even with reserved posts at higher levels, the most backward SCs may lack enough candidates to be considered, perpetuating the existing disparity.Prioritizing Existing Schemes: Both commissions recommend that existing schemes and government benefits should reach these sections before considering sub-categorization to ensure comprehensive upliftment. -Source: The Hindu Parliamentary Committee’s Recommendation on Adultery Context: The Parliamentary Committee on Home Affairs has suggested that adultery should be re-instituted as a crime in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Legal Position on Adultery: Before and After 2018House Committee Recommendations on Adultery and Legal Implications Legal Position on Adultery: Before and After 2018 Before SC Judgement of 2018: Adultery as a Criminal Offence: Section 497 of IPC considered adultery a criminal offense before 2018, with penalties of up to five years in prison, a fine, or both.Gender-Specific Punishment: Only men could be prosecuted under Section 497; women were exempt from punishment as abettors.Contradiction to Common Understanding: This contradicted common understanding and dictionary definitions of adultery, which include both men and women engaging in voluntary sexual intercourse outside marriage. SC Judgement of 2018: Joseph Shine vs Union Of India (September 2018) Key Takeaways: Discrimination in Section 497: The Supreme Court unanimously struck down Section 497, citing its discriminatory nature, violating Articles 14, 15, and 21 of the Constitution.Autonomy of Women: The court emphasized women’s autonomy, stating that a husband is not the master of his wife, challenging the legal sovereignty over her.Adultery as a Non-Crime: Treating adultery as a crime would intrude into extreme privacy within the marital sphere, conflicting with Article 21’s facets of dignity and privacy.Anomalies in Section 497: The court highlighted anomalies in Section 497, where adultery was not an offense if the married woman had her husband’s consent. Additionally, a wife could not prosecute her husband or his lover for adultery. House Committee Recommendations on Adultery and Legal Implications Recommendations of the House Committee: Reinstating Adultery as a Criminal Offense: The Committee, in its report on the BNS 2023, recommended reinstating adultery as a criminal offense.Gender-Neutral Approach: The report proposed making adultery a gender-neutral offense, advocating for the punishment of both men and women.Critique of Section 497: The Committee criticized Section 497 of the IPC, asserting that it only penalized married men, reducing married women to the status of property owned by their husbands.Preserving the Sanctity of Marriage: The Committee emphasized the sacred nature of the institution of marriage in Indian society, stating a need to safeguard its sanctity. Legal Implications and Possibility of Supreme Court’s Decision Being Undone: Limitations on Parliament: The report acknowledged that a ruling of the Supreme Court is the law of the land, and Parliament cannot directly contradict it with a new law.Retrospective and Prospective Legislation: While Parliament cannot directly override a Supreme Court decision, it can pass a law that addresses the basis of the court’s judgment. Such a law can be both retrospective and prospective.Precedent in Madras Bar Association vs. Union of India (2021): The Committee cited the Madras Bar Association vs. Union of India case in 2021, where the Supreme Court held that a law fixing a problem is valid if it would have resulted in the same decision had the corrected situation existed when the judgment was made.Addressing the Basis of Court’s Decision: In essence, if a new law fixes the issue raised in court, the basis of the court’s decision may no longer be valid, providing a legal avenue for change. -Source: The Hindu OECD Interim Report: Eliminating Plastic Pollution by 2040 Context: Recently, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has released the interim report titled-Towards Eliminating Plastic Pollution by 2040: A Policy Scenario Analysis, ahead of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee on Plastic Pollution (INC3). Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the Report on Global Plastic Pollution (2022-2040)Recommendations to Address Plastic Pollution Key Highlights of the Report on Global Plastic Pollution (2022-2040) Plastic Leakage Statistics (2022):21 million tonnes (MT) of plastics leaked globally into the environment.Business-as-Usual Scenario (2040):Predicts a 50% increase in macroplastic leakage by 2040.Anticipates 30 MT of plastic leakage, with 9 MT entering aquatic environments.Stabilizing Plastic Use (2040):Stabilizing primary plastic use at 2020 levels still results in significant leakage (12 MT) by 2040.Ambitious Global Action (2040):Ambitious action could drastically reduce waste generation, almost eliminating mismanaged waste and nearly eliminating plastic leakage.Potential to cut plastic waste generation in 2040 by a quarter below baseline.Virtually eliminate mismanaged waste by 2040, reducing leakage to 1.2 MT.Stocks of plastics in rivers and oceans still expected to rise but 74 MT less than the baseline.Environmental and Health Impacts:Escalating plastic use and disposal adversely affect the environment (habitat destruction, soil contamination), climate (contributing to 3.8% of total global greenhouse gas emissions), and human health.Global Policy Actions (2040):Early, stringent, and coordinated policy action could have a significant positive impact.Costs of ambitious actions amount to 0.5% of global GDP in 2040.Investment Needs (2020-2040):Fast-growing countries with less advanced waste management systems require over USD 1 trillion for waste collection, sorting, and treatment.Emphasizes the importance of international cooperation due to the uneven distribution of costs. Recommendations to Address Plastic Pollution Comprehensive Policy Approach:Develop and implement various policy scenarios that comprehensively address plastic pollution throughout its lifecycle.Emphasize the importance of holistic policies to effectively tackle plastic pollution at different stages.Overcoming Technical and Economic Barriers:Prioritize efforts to overcome technical and economic barriers hindering the elimination of plastic leakage by 2040.Invest in research and development to find innovative solutions that address the challenges associated with plastic waste management.Recycling Breakthroughs:Focus on fostering breakthroughs in recycling technologies to enhance the efficiency and viability of plastic recycling processes.Encourage the development of sustainable and cost-effective recycling methods to reduce reliance on single-use plastics.Scaling Up International Markets:Facilitate the scaling up of well-functioning international markets for scrap and secondary plastics.Promote collaboration between countries to establish efficient mechanisms for the global trade of recycled plastics, encouraging a circular economy.International Cooperation:Foster international collaboration to share knowledge, resources, and best practices in combating plastic pollution.Establish a global framework for coordinated action, acknowledging the shared responsibility in addressing the transboundary nature of plastic waste.Public Awareness and Education:Implement public awareness campaigns and educational programs to promote responsible plastic use and disposal.Encourage behavioral changes to reduce plastic consumption and increase public understanding of the environmental impact of plastic pollution.Incentives for Sustainable Practices:Introduce economic incentives for businesses and industries adopting sustainable practices, such as reducing plastic use and implementing eco-friendly packaging.Encourage the private sector to invest in and adopt environmentally responsible alternatives to traditional plastic products.Legislation and Regulation:Enact and enforce robust legislation and regulations targeting the production, use, and disposal of plastics.Implement measures to hold industries accountable for their plastic footprint and encourage the adoption of eco-friendly alternatives.Monitoring and Reporting:Establish a comprehensive monitoring and reporting system to track progress in plastic waste reduction efforts.Regularly assess the effectiveness of implemented policies and adjust strategies based on real-time data and evolving challenges. -Source: Down To Earth Nirbhay Cruise Missile Context: The Indian armed forces will be inducting the long-range attack cruise missile Nirbhay into their inventory to strike targets at ranges over 1,000 km. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Nirbhay Cruise Missile Nirbhay Cruise Missile: Basic Information: Type: Long-range sub-sonic cruise missileOrigin: India’s first indigenously-produced cruise missileDevelopment: Aeronautical Development Establishment, a lab under DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation) in Bengaluru Capabilities: Purpose: Capable of deep penetration into adversary territory for precision strikes on high-value targetsRange: Can strike land targets up to 1,000 kilometres awayPropulsion: Uses a solid propellant booster motor initially, followed by a switch to a turbojet engineSpeed and Altitude: Capable of loitering and cruising at Mach 0.7 (sub-sonic) at altitudes as low as 100 metres Physical Specifications: Dimensions: Measures 6.0 m in length, 0.5 m in body diameterWeight: Weighs 1,500-1,600 kg at launchWarhead: Can be armed with a 200-300 kilogram warhead, accommodating both conventional and nuclear payloads Launch Platforms: Versatility: Can be launched from multiple platforms Guidance System: Navigation: Guided by INS/GPS (Inertial Navigation System/Global Positioning System)Target Acquisition: Equipped with an active-radar terminal seeker for precision targeting. -Source: The Hindu Sagar Kavach Context: The coastal security exercise ‘Sagar Kavach’ is set to unfold its strategic manoeuvres along the Kerala and Mahe coasts. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Dimensions of the Article: Sagar Kavach: Strengthening Coastal Defenses through Unified Exercises Sagar Kavach: Strengthening Coastal Defenses through Unified Exercises Frequency: Conducted semi-annuallyCoordination: Led by the Indian Coast Guard, involves collaboration with central and state agenciesObjective: Showcase a unified approach to fortifying India’s coastal defenses Participating Agencies: Forces Involved: Indian Navy, Coastal Police/State Police, Intelligence Bureau, Customs, CISF, Department of Port, Department of Fisheries, Directorate General of Lighthouse and Lightships (DGLL), Kadalora Jagiratha SamithiCollaborative Effort: Active involvement from various agencies ensures a comprehensive approach Exercise Dynamics: Adaptability: Designed to address unique complexities of coastal terrainScenario Variation: Ensures security mechanisms are robust and adaptive to various threats Strategic Division: Attack vs. Defence Forces: Teams: Participating units divided into Red (Attack) and Blue (Defence) ForcesRed Forces: Simulate infiltration attempts into coastal areas challenging defensesBlue Forces: Counteract simulated threats by establishing Coastal Security Surveillance to intercept and neutralize infiltration attempts Role of Fishermen: Recognition: Acknowledges the pivotal role of fishermen in coastal securityCommunity Involvement: Urges fishermen to report any unknown vessels near the coast promptlyEnhancing Security: Aims to turn the local fishing community into a valuable asset for coastal security Outcome: Collaborative Approach: Enhances awareness and responsiveness in the coastal regionSecurity Enhancement: Strengthens coastal defenses through a unified and proactive strategy. -Source: The Hindu Mars Solar Conjunction Context: Recently, NASA announced that it will stop sending commands to its fleet of robotic probes on or orbiting the red planet Mars due to Mars solar conjunction. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Mars Solar ConjunctionKey Facts About Mars Mars Solar Conjunction: Overview and Impact Phenomenon: Definition: Mars solar conjunction occurs when the Sun aligns between Earth and Mars.Frequency: This phenomenon takes place approximately once every two years. Associated Events: Solar Activity: During Mars solar conjunction, the Sun expels hot, ionized gas from its corona.Potential Impact on Communication: The conjunction poses a risk to radio signals transmitted from Earth to Mars.Spacecraft Behavior: It can cause unexpected behavior in spacecraft on Mars due to interference. Current Occurrence: Timing: The Mars solar conjunction for the current year is happening between November 11 and November 25. Significance: Communication Disruption: The ionized gas emitted by the Sun can interfere with radio signals, potentially corrupting data sent between Earth and Mars.Spacecraft Challenges: Spacecraft on Mars may experience disruptions or anomalies in their operations during this period. Precautions and Adjustments: Mission Planning: Space agencies and mission controllers take precautions and may adjust communication protocols during Mars solar conjunction to mitigate potential issues.Temporary Communication Loss: Temporary disruptions or loss of communication with spacecraft on Mars may occur. Key Facts About Mars: Fourth Planet from the Sun: Mars is the fourth planet in our solar system, located between Earth and Jupiter.Terrestrial Planet: Often referred to as the “Red Planet” due to its reddish appearance, Mars is a terrestrial planet with a rocky surface.Size and Gravity: Mars has about 53% of Earth’s diameter and 38% of its gravity.Atmosphere: The Martian atmosphere is thin and primarily composed of carbon dioxide, with traces of nitrogen and argon.Surface Features: Mars has diverse surface features, including large volcanoes like Olympus Mons, deep canyons like Valles Marineris, and a vast desert-like region called the Tharsis Planitia.Polar Ice Caps: Mars has polar ice caps made of water and dry ice (frozen carbon dioxide) that expand and contract with the changing seasons.Moons: Mars has two small moons, Phobos and Deimos, which are irregularly shaped and thought to be captured asteroids.Exploration: Various space missions have explored Mars, including rovers like Spirit, Opportunity, Curiosity, and Perseverance, as well as orbiters like the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.Possibility of Life: Mars has been a focus in the search for extraterrestrial life, with investigations into the planet’s past and present habitability.Mars’ Day and Year: A day on Mars, known as a sol, is approximately 24.6 hours, and a Martian year is about 687 Earth days.Magnetic Field: Unlike Earth, Mars lacks a global magnetic field, but evidence suggests it may have had one in the past.Human Exploration Goals: Mars is a target for future human exploration, with plans for manned missions and potential colonization efforts in the coming decades. -Source: Indian Express 6th India-OPEC Energy Dialogue: Key Discussions on Oil and Energy Markets Context: The 6th High-Level Meeting of the India-Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Energy Dialogue, held on 9th November 2023, brought together key representatives at the OPEC Secretariat in Vienna, Austria. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of India-OPEC Energy DialogueAbout Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Key Highlights of India-OPEC Energy Dialogue Focus Areas: Deliberations on critical issues concerning oil and energy marketsEmphasis on ensuring availability, affordability, and sustainability for market stability Concluding Points: Mutual recognition of the need for enhanced cooperation between OPEC and IndiaAgreement on the pivotal role of collaboration for future endeavors World Oil Outlook 2023: Noted the forecast of India as the fastest-growing major developing economyAnticipated long-term growth of 6.1% (2022-2045) and a 28% share in global energy demand Acknowledging India’s Significance: Recognition of India as the third-largest energy consumerAcknowledgment of India’s role as a major crude oil importer and the fourth-largest global refinerAppreciation of India’s impact on global economic growth and energy demand Appreciation for Indian Initiatives: Acknowledgment of India’s achievements in renewable energy, energy efficiency, hydrogen economy, and climate change mitigation Future Plans: Agreement to conduct the next High-Level Meeting of the India-OPEC Energy Dialogue in India in 2024 About Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries is an intergovernmental organization of 14 nations, founded in 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela), and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna, Austria.As of 2018, the 14 member countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and almost 82% of the world’s “proven” oil reserves, giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by the so-called “Seven Sisters” grouping of multinational oil companies.The stated mission of the organization is to “coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets, in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers, a steady income to producers, and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry.” -Source: The Hindu

Current Affairs 16 November 2023

CONTENTS Model Prison Act, 2023Global Tiger Conservation Initiatives: Reporting and CommitmentsEmergency Alert SystemGPS Tracker AnkletsMount EtnaOne Station One Product scheme Model Prison Act 2023 Context: The Union Home Secretary had sent a letter to all states and Union territories in May, 2023 which consisted of the ‘Model Prisons Act, 2023’. The letter was uploaded recently on the Union Ministry of Home Affair’s website. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Prisons Act, 1894Need for a New LawModel Prisons Act, 2023 Prisons Act, 1894 Prisons Act, 1894: A pre-independence era Act, nearly 130 years old.Focus: Primarily centered on the custody of criminals and maintaining discipline in prisons.Lack of Rehabilitation Provisions: No provisions for the reform and rehabilitation of prisoners. Changing Perspective on Prisons: Global Evolution: In recent decades, a global shift in perspective views prisons as reformative and correctional institutions.Transformational Approach: Focus on transforming prisoners into law-abiding citizens. Constitutional Framework: State Subject: Constitutionally, ‘prisons’ and ‘persons detained therein’ fall under the jurisdiction of the State.Legislative Competence: States have the exclusive authority to legislate on prison management and prisoners’ administration. Need for a New Law: Rehabilitation Emphasis: Modern understanding sees prisons as institutions emphasizing rehabilitation.Role in Criminal Justice: Efficient prison management’s critical role in the criminal justice system.Government Support: The Government of India recognizes the importance of supporting States/UTs in ensuring effective prison management. Emphasis on Reform and Rehabilitation: Shift in Purpose: From retributive deterrence to reformative and correctional objectives.Transformation into Law-Abiding Citizens: Prisons seen as places for transforming inmates into law-abiding members of society. Supporting States/UTs: Government Role: Acknowledging the State’s competence, the central government underscores the significance of supporting States/UTs in prison management.Collaborative Approach: Recognizing the collaborative effort required for effective prison reform and rehabilitation. Model Prisons Act, 2023 Background and Revision Process Need for Revision: Recognizing the outdated nature of the colonial-era Prison Act, a decision was made to revise it.Central Government Initiative: The Central government tasked the Bureau of Police Research and Development with the revision of the Prisons Act, 1894.Collaborative Approach: Wide-ranging discussions with state prison authorities and correctional experts were held to inform the revision. Integration of Relevant Acts The Ministry of Home Affairs reviewed not only the Prisons Act, 1894 but also ‘The Prisoners Act, 1900’ and ‘The Transfer of Prisoners Act, 1950.’Assimilation in Model Prisons Act: Relevant provisions from these acts were assimilated into the new ‘Model Prisons Act, 2023.’ Adoption by States and Union Territories Adoption Flexibility: State Governments and Union Territory Administrations can adopt the Model Prisons Act, 2023 with necessary modifications.Repeal of Existing Acts: The existing three Acts can be repealed in favor of the new model legislation. Salient Features of Model Prisons Act, 2023 Security Assessment and Segregation:Individual sentence planning for prisoners.Grievance Redressal and Attitudinal Change:Establishment of a prison development board.Fostering an attitudinal change towards prisoners.Accommodation for Special Groups:Separate housing for women prisoners, transgender individuals, etc.Technology Integration:Use of technology for transparent prison administration.Video conferencing with courts and technological interventions.Prohibition Measures:Provision for punishment for the use of prohibited items like mobile phones.Different Types of Jails:Establishment and management of high-security jails, open jails, etc.Crime Prevention Measures:Focus on protecting society from hardened criminals and habitual offenders.Legal Aid and Incentives:Provision for legal aid to prisoners.Incentives for good conduct through parole, furlough, and premature release.Rehabilitation and Reintegration:Emphasis on vocational training, skill development, and reintegration into society. -Source: Indian Express Global Tiger Conservation Initiatives: Reporting and Commitments Context: Countries have reported their tiger population data from 2010 to 2022 to the Global Tiger Recovery Program (GTRP) and the United Nations Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) as part of GTRP 2.0, a program designed to guide tiger conservation efforts from 2023 to 2034. The initiative stems from the commitment made by 13 tiger range countries under the St Petersburg Declaration in 2010, where they pledged to reverse the decline in tiger populations and strive to double their numbers by the year 2022. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Tiger Conservation Status WorldwideGlobal Tiger Recovery Program 2.0 (2023-34)Threats to the Global Tiger PopulationSuggestions from the Report Tiger Conservation Status Worldwide Regional Disparities Positive Outlook in South Asia and Russia:Wild tiger status is good in South Asia and Russia.Challenges in Southeast Asia:Grim situation in Southeast Asia poses challenges to global tiger population recovery. Overall Population Increase Global Growth:Overall, there is a 60% increase in the global tiger population.Total tiger population reaches 5,870.Concerns in Specific Countries:Decline observed in Bhutan, Myanmar, Cambodia, Lao-PDR, and Vietnam.Situation termed as “grim” in the Tiger Range Countries (TRCs) of Southeast Asia. Success Factors Effective Measures in South Asia:Success attributed to effective measures in South Asian countries like Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal.China and Russia in North East Asia also contribute to positive outcomes. Country-Specific Achievements India’s Progress:India’s wild tiger population stands at 3,167 in 2022.Nepal’s Triumph:Nepal triples its tiger population, showcasing significant progress. Global Tiger Recovery Program 2.0 (2023-34) Program Release Release Date: GTRP 2.0 unveiled on July 29, International Tiger Day 2023.Launch Venue: Released at Thimphu by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan. Background Initiation: GTRP launched in 2010 by the World Bank under the Global Tiger Initiative (GTI).Objective: Aims to double wild tiger populations by 2022 with commitments from Tiger Range Countries (TRCs).Implementing Body: The Global Tiger Forum (GTF) became the implementing arm for the tiger agenda. Stakeholders and Collaboration Collaborators: Tiger range countries, Global Tiger Forum, and collaborators like the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF).Intergovernmental Platform: GTRP 2.0 firmed up by tiger range countries through the intergovernmental platform of the Global Tiger Forum. Focus Areas Governance Strengthening: Emphasis on enhancing tiger governance.Resource Enhancement: Focus on increasing resources and protection measures.Addressing Contemporary Challenges: Tackling modern challenges like Human-Wildlife Conflict.Differentiated Approach: Retains ongoing actions with new strategies for a more effective approach. Threats to the Global Tiger Population Challenging Situation Prey and Tiger Poaching: Widespread prey and tiger poaching contribute to the challenging situation.Lacunae in Conservation: Issues include inadequate patrolling, poor wildlife monitoring, forest loss for commercial needs, proximity to wildlife trade hubs, and rapid infrastructure development leading to fragmentation. Contributing Factors Poor Monitoring and Investment: Insufficient monitoring and low investment in wildlife conservation contribute to the decline in tiger populations.Habitat Loss and Fragmentation: Habitat loss and fragmentation, coupled with depleting biodiversity due to anthropogenic reasons, pose a significant threat to tiger conservation. Regional Concerns Southeast Asia Decline: Rapid decline observed in Southeast Asia due to factors like loss of forest, deforestation, infrastructure development, and illegal logging.Emphasis on Prey Population: Report underscores the need for prey population augmentation in certain areas to address habitat degradation. Suggestions from the Report Conservation Imperatives Habitat Preservation: Urgent steps required to reverse the current trend of habitat loss.Prey Restoration: Address prey depletion to ensure a demographically and genetically viable tiger population.Anti-Poaching Measures: Implement measures to combat tiger poaching and ensure population sustainability. Potential Loss Warning Critical Scenario: Failure to address tiger stressors could lead to the loss of a significant portion of the tiger population.Southeast Asia Concern: Particularly critical in Southeast Asia and certain South Asian regions where substantial populations are at risk. Perspective on Tiger Conservation Landscapes (TCL) Human-Environmental Stress Continuum: TCLs should be viewed within an ongoing human-environmental stress continuum.Human-Induced Modifications: Recognition of ongoing human-induced modifications, including agro-pastoral activities, impacting TCLs. Need for Robust Policies Policy Framework: The grim situation necessitates a robust policy framework.Political Will: Successful implementation requires political will.Long-Term Resources: Ensuring long-term resource availability is vital for sustained conservation efforts. Global Population Growth and Challenges Population Growth: Acknowledges a 60% increase, reaching 5,870 individuals globally.Highlighting Challenges: Despite growth, the report underscores the challenges and threats faced by tigers, especially in Southeast Asia, emphasizing the grim situation. -Source: Down To Earth Emergency Alert System Context: A 6.4-magnitude earthquake struck Nepal on November 3, 2023, accompanied by aftershocks, revealing notable deficiencies in emergency alert systems in and around Delhi. Relevance: GS III: Disaster Management Dimensions of the Article: Emergency Alert Systems in IndiaGaps and Challenges in Emergency Alert Systems Emergency Alert Systems in India Google’s Android Earthquake Early Warning System Sensor-based Detection:Utilizes sensors in Android smartphones to detect seismic activity.Alerts and Data Sharing:Alerts users about potential earthquakes.Collects and shares data with seismological agencies for improved detection and analysis.Collaboration:Launched in September 2023 in collaboration with NDMA and NCS, Ministry of Earth Sciences.Trigger Mechanism:Alerts triggered based on the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale.MMI scale measures the effects of an earthquake at a specific location, providing a range from 1 to 12. Cell Broadcast Alert System (CBAS) Cutting-edge Technology:Empowers dissemination of critical and time-sensitive disaster management messages to all mobile devices in specified geographical areas.Versatile Applications:Delivers emergency alerts (e.g., Tsunamis, Flash Floods, Earthquakes), public safety messages, evacuation notices, and other critical information.Collaborative Development:Developed in collaboration with DOT, NDMA, and other agencies for generating and disseminating alerts. Ministry of Earth Science’s National Centre for Seismology (NCS) Monitoring and Reporting:Responsible for monitoring and reporting seismic activity in India and its neighborhood.Observatory Network:Operates a network of seismological observatories nationwide.Real-time Data and Information:Provides real-time earthquake and tsunami data and information.Public Alerts:Maintains the BhooKamp website and mobile app for public earthquake alerts and updates. Gaps and Challenges in Emergency Alert Systems Lack of Standardization Inconsistent Information:India lacks a single, standardized emergency alert system, leading to inconsistent and unreliable information for both the public and authorities.Operational Independence:Multiple agencies and platforms operate independently, causing confusion, duplication, and delays in alert generation and dissemination. Technological Limitations System Failures:During recent tremors around Delhi, the NCS website and app crashed due to a sudden surge in traffic, highlighting significant coordination challenges during emergency situations.Data Accuracy and Timeliness:The existing systems struggle to provide accurate and timely information on the location, magnitude, intensity, and impact of disasters, primarily due to limitations in data collection, analysis, and transmission. Communication and Awareness Limited Reach:Emergency alert systems face challenges in reaching and informing the masses effectively.Awareness and Preparedness Gap:Lack of awareness and preparedness among the public and authorities hinders the effectiveness of the alert systems.Interpretation Challenges:Many people do not know how to access, interpret, and respond to alerts, often ignoring or dismissing them as false alarms.Educational Campaigns:There is a notable absence of public education and awareness campaigns on disaster risks, mitigation measures, and response mechanisms. -Source: The Hindu GPS Tracker Anklets Context: Recently, a prisoner in Jammu and Kashmir was released on bail after he was tagged with a Global Positioning System (GPS) tracker anklet on his foot to monitor his movements. This is the first time in the country that a GPS tracker has been put to such use. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: GPS Tracker Anklets: Monitoring Legal SupervisionGlobal Positioning System (GPS) GPS Tracker Anklets: Monitoring Legal Supervision Wearable Devices: Small devices attached to the ankles of individuals under legal supervision (parole, probation, house arrest, or bail).Types: GPS anklets for the ankle and GPS bracelets for the arm.Tamper-Proof: Designed to be tamper-proof; any attempt to remove or damage triggers an alarm.Battery Life: Several days of battery life; rechargeable by the wearer. Supervision and Enforcement Curfews and Restrictions: Enforce curfews, travel restrictions, and other court or agency-imposed conditions.Real-time Monitoring: Utilizes GPS technology for real-time monitoring of the wearer’s exact location. Criminal Justice Benefits Cost Alleviation: Alleviates criminal justice costs by addressing prison overcrowding and redirecting resources to serious offenses.Public Safety and Rehabilitation: Balances public safety and rehabilitation, deterring crime, ensuring law compliance, and fostering offender well-being. Global Legal Position Precondition for Bail: GPS trackers are a precondition for bail in several countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Malaysia. Concerns in India Rights Activists’ Perspective: Viewed as a violation of the fundamental right to privacy and dignity of offenders by rights activists.Supreme Court Ruling: In the case of ‘Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India’ (1978), the Supreme Court ruled that the right to life includes the right to human dignity.Legal and Ethical Issues: Raises legal and ethical concerns due to the absence of clear laws and regulations governing their usage in India. Global Positioning System (GPS) Satellite Navigation Technology: GPS, a satellite-powered navigation system, is designed for the accurate determination of ground positions. Ownership and Service Offerings Owned by the United States: The system is under the ownership of the United States government.Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Services: Users benefit from Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) services provided by GPS. User Demographics Utilized by Civilians and the Military: GPS serves both civilian and military users.Global Civilian Access: Civilian users enjoy free and continuous global access to GPS services.Exclusive Military Access: Military services are available to the US and allied armed forces, along with approved Government agencies. Operational Mechanism Satellite-Based Navigation System: GPS operates as a navigation system based on a network of satellites. Primary Objective Precision in Ground Positioning: The primary purpose of GPS is to provide accurate ground positioning for various applications. Global Availability Continuous Accessibility Worldwide: Civilian users can access GPS services continuously on a worldwide basis. Military Implementation Dedicated Military Service: Exclusive GPS services cater to the navigation needs of the US and allied armed forces, as well as approved Government agencies. -Source: Indian Express Mount Etna Context: The Mount Etna volcano began erupting again on the island of Sicily, sending ash miles into the sky. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Mount EtnaWhy do volcanoes erupt? Mount Etna Location: Active stratovolcano situated on the east coast of Sicily, Italy.Activity Status: Europe’s most active volcano and one of the largest globally.Historical Activity: Recorded volcanic activity dating back to 1500 B.C.Eruption Frequency: Erupted more than 200 times since its recorded history. Eruption Characteristics Diverse Styles: Displays various eruption styles, including violent explosions and extensive lava flows. Comparison with Other Volcanoes Duration of Activity: While Mount Etna is highly active, some volcanoes have longer eruption periods. Examples: Kilauea volcano in Hawaii had a continuous eruption from 1983 to 2018, resuming in 2021 and still ongoing.Dukono in Indonesia has been erupting since August 1933.Santa Maria in Guatemala has been erupting since June 1922.Yasur in Vanuatu started erupting around 1270 (± 110 years) and is still active as of June 2023. Why do volcanoes erupt? The deeper one goes under the surface of the Earth towards its core, the hotter it gets.The geothermal gradient, the amount that the Earth’s temperature increases with depth, indicates heat flowing from the Earth’s warm interior to its surface.At a certain depth, the heat is such that it melts rocks and creates what geologists call ‘magma’.Magma is lighter than solid rock and hence it rises, collecting in magma chambers.Chambers which have the potential to cause volcanic eruptions are found at a relatively shallow depth, between six to ten km under the surface.As magma builds up in these chambers, it forces its way up through cracks and fissures in Earth’s crust.This is what we call a volcanic eruption. The magma that surfaces on the Earth’s crust is referred to as lava. Some famous volcanoes Any volcano that has erupted within the Holocene period (in the last 11,650 years) is considered to be “active” by scientists.“Dormant” volcanoes are those active volcanoes which are not in the process of erupting currently, but have the potential to do so in the future.Mauna Loa was a dormant volcano for the last 38 years.“Extinct” volcanoes are ones which scientists predict will never face any further volcanic activity.Ben Nevis, the tallest mountain in the UK, is an extinct volcano. Here are some famous volcanoes in the world. Krakatoa, Indonesia One of the most catastrophic volcanic eruptions ever occurred in Krakatoa in 1883 (VEI 6). The volcano released huge plumes of steam and ash.The explosions were so brutal, they were heard 3,100km away in Perth, Western Australia. According to the Dutch colonial authorities, Krakatoa’s eruption and the consequent tsunamis caused 36,417 deaths, though modern estimates peg the number to be much higher. Mount Vesuvius, Italy In 79 CE, Mount Vesuvius erupted (VEI 5), in one of the deadliest eruptions in European history, killing as many as 16,000 and destroying the town of Pompeii.According to scientists, the explosion released 100,000 times the thermal energy that was released with the atomic bombings at Hiroshima and Nagasaki.It is said to have instantly boiled the blood of all those who were too close to it. Mount Fuji, Japan A defining image of Japan, Mount Fuji towers over the countryside with its snow-capped peaks and barren surface.It last erupted in 1707-1708 (VEI 5) and had a devastating effect on the local population.The tephra release led to significant agricultural decline, leading to widespread starvation in the Edo (now Tokyo) area.Although this eruption itself did not directly kill a lot of people, its subsequent impact proved deadly. Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland Sometimes referred to as E15, it is one of the many volcanic features of Iceland.In 2010, a relatively small eruption (VEI 4) managed to bring air traffic in Europe to a complete standstill.20 countries closed their airspace, impacting approximately 10 million travellers. Kīlauea, Hawaii Adjacent to the Mauna Loa, this is one of the most active volcanoes on the planet. It has been erupting intermittently since recorded history, with its eruption lasting from 1983 to 2018 being the longest continuous eruption ever recorded.It is a major tourist attraction, with the earliest hotel built at the edge of the volcano in the 1840s. Mount St Helens, USA Located in Washington State, Mount St. Helens was a major eruption that occurred on May 18, 1980 (VEI 5), and it remains the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in U.S. history.It started after an earthquake hit the region, killing 57 and causing property damage over $1 billion.It remains an active volcano and one that is considered to be amongst the riskiest by scientists. -Source: Indian Express One Station One Product scheme Context: The “One Station One Product” initiative by the Indian Railways, which provides uniquely designed sale outlets for locals to sell indigenous products, is now operational at 1,037 stations nationwide. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: One Station One Product SchemeImplementation One Station One Product Scheme Initiative by Indian Railways: Launched under the Ministry of Railways, this initiative aims to promote ‘Vocal for Local.’Vision: To create uniquely designed sale outlets at railway stations for locals to sell indigenous products nationwide.Design Source: Developed by the National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad. Objectives Promotional Hub: Transform each railway station into a promotional hub showcasing local and indigenous manufacturing products.Welfare Focus: Focuses on the welfare of local artisans, potters, weavers, tribals, etc. Implementation Rotational Allotment: Allotment to eligible applicants is done on a rotational basis.Pilot Launch: The scheme’s pilot phase began on March 25, 2022.Temporary Stalls/Kiosks: Eligible applicants are allotted temporary stalls or kiosks for a 15-day period on depositing Rs 1,000 with Railways.Nationwide Outlets: Sale outlets are established at railway stations nationwide, allocated through a tendering process.Zonal Railways’ Role: Zonal railways identify stations, eligible products, and vendors for the scheme. -Source: Times of India