Posts

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 02 November 2023

CONTENTS State Food Safety Index (SFSI) 2023Enhancing Food Accessibility with QR Codes for the Visually ImpairedWorking Conditions for India’s Gig WorkersApple Warns Opposition MPs of State-Sponsored Attacks on iPhonesAkhaura-Agartala Rail LinkChhath FestivalTamil Lambadi Embroidery State Food Safety Index (SFSI) 2023 Context: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) introduced the State Food Safety Index (SFSI) four years ago to encourage enhancements in food safety. The latest data reveals that in 2023, 19 out of 20 major states have witnessed a decline in their SFSI scores compared to the scores from 2019. After considering a new parameter introduced in the 2023 index, 15 out of 20 states registered lower scores in 2023 when compared to 2019. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: State Food Safety Index (SFSI)Key Highlights of the SFSI 2023 State Food Safety Index (SFSI) The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has the responsibility of ensuring public health and food safety at a national level, but food safety also needs to be upheld by individual state apex food safety authorities.To motivate and incentivize states and union territories (UTs) to enhance food safety within their jurisdiction, the FSSAI releases the State Food Safety Index (SFSI) annually on World Food Safety Day, June 7th.The SFSI is a dynamic assessment model that quantitatively and qualitatively evaluates food safety across all states and UTs in India.The first SFSI was launched on June 7, 2019, based on information submitted by the states and UTs. Parameters of the SFSI SFSI scores, issued annually since 2019, are graded out of a maximum of 100 points. These scores are computed based on five parameters, each carrying a different weightage.The five parameters include ‘Human Resources and Institutional Data,’ ‘Compliance,’ ‘Food Testing Infrastructure,’ ‘Training and Capacity Building,’ and ‘Consumer Empowerment.’The 2023 SFSI introduced a new parameter, ‘Improvement in SFSI Rank,’ which evaluates the change in each state’s ranking compared to the previous year. Key Highlights of the SFSI 2023: Significant Decline in Scores: Maharashtra witnessed the most substantial drop in SFSI scores over five years, falling from 74 out of 100 in 2019 to 45 out of 100 in 2023.Bihar also experienced a significant decline, scoring 20.5 in 2023 compared to 46 in 2019.Gujarat’s score dropped from 73 in 2019 to 48.5 in 2023. Food Testing Infrastructure Parameter: This parameter evaluates the availability of adequate testing infrastructure with trained personnel for food sample testing in each state.The steepest decline was observed in this parameter, with a reduced weightage of 17% in 2023 (compared to 20% in previous years).Maharashtra’s score plummeted to 4 points out of 17 in 2023 from 17 points out of 20 in 2019.Gujarat and Kerala performed best in 2023 with 13.5 points out of 17, while Andhra Pradesh was the lowest performer. Compliance Parameter: Given the highest weightage of 28% in 2023 (compared to 30% in previous years), this parameter assesses aspects like licensing and registration of food businesses, inspections, and special initiatives.Jharkhand scored the lowest in compliance with 4 points out of 28 in 2023, while Punjab and Himachal Pradesh achieved the highest score with 18 points each. Consumer Empowerment Parameter: Given the second-highest weightage of 19% in 2023 (compared to 20% in previous years), this parameter evaluates a state’s engagement in consumer empowering FSSAI initiatives.Bihar’s score in this parameter decreased to 1 point out of 19 in 2023 from 7 points out of 20 in 2019.Tamil Nadu was the top performer in this parameter in 2023, scoring 17 out of 19, followed by Kerala and Madhya Pradesh with 16 points each. Human Resources and Institutional Data Parameter: This parameter was assigned the third-highest weightage of 18% in 2023 (compared to 20% in previous years).It assesses the availability of human resources such as Food Safety Officers, Designated Officers, and adjudication and appellate tribunals in each state.States like Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh, which excelled in 2019 with 17 points out of 20, received significantly lower scores in 2023 (10.5 and 9.5 points, respectively). Training and Capacity Building Parameter: This parameter, with the lowest weightage of 8% in 2023 (compared to 10% in previous years), showed notable improvement. Improvement in SFSI Rank Parameter: With a weightage of 10% in 2023, 14 out of 20 large states received 0 points in this category. -Source: Indian Express Enhancing Food Accessibility with QR Codes for the Visually Impaired Context: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has proposed the incorporation of QR codes on food products to promote food accessibility among visually impaired individuals, emphasizing universal access to safe food. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: FSSAI’s Recommendations for QR Codes on Food Products for the Visually ImpairedCurrent Concerns Regarding Access to Safe FoodImportance of the InitiativeWhat is a QR Code? FSSAI’s Recommendations for QR Codes on Food Products for the Visually Impaired The FSSAI has provided essential recommendations in line with its Food Safety and Standards (Labelling and Display) Regulations, 2020, and the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, to enhance food accessibility for the visually impaired. These recommendations ensure that crucial product information is accessible to all consumers, including those with visual impairments. The key points are: Compliance with Regulations:The FSSAI’s recommendations align with the Food Safety and Standards (Labelling and Display) Regulations, 2020, to uphold food safety and protect consumer rights.Inclusivity and Equal Access:The introduction of QR codes on food products for visually impaired individuals adheres to the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, emphasizing inclusivity and equal access to vital information.Comprehensive Information:QR codes will contain extensive product details, encompassing information such as ingredients, nutritional content, allergens, manufacturing date, best-before/expiry/use-by date, allergen warnings, and customer inquiry contact information.Supplementary Information:The incorporation of QR codes for accessibility does not eliminate or replace the necessity for mandatory information to be displayed on product labels, complying with relevant regulations. Current Concerns Regarding Access to Safe Food Rising Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): India is witnessing a significant surge in Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) like obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular ailments.The World Health Organization (WHO) has observed a global uptrend in NCDs in the past two decades.NCDs are partly linked to the consumption of aggressively marketed, affordable, and readily available pre-packaged foods that are gaining popularity among consumers. Importance of the Initiative Enhanced Accessibility for the Visually Impaired: QR codes are scannable using smartphone applications that can audibly convey product information to visually impaired consumers, ensuring they have equal access to crucial food product details.This initiative promotes inclusivity and provides equal access to safe food for all consumers. Empowering Consumers: The detailed information contained within QR codes empowers all consumers, including those with dietary restrictions or allergies, enabling them to make informed choices and reducing the risk of adverse reactions or health concerns.Consumers can verify manufacturer claims and select products that align with their health and dietary requirements. Supporting Healthy Choices: In a market filled with pre-packaged foods, consumers can distinguish between healthier and less healthy options using nutritional information and allergen warnings within QR codes.This enables consumers to make informed choices that contribute to their overall well-being. Global Alignment: The utilization of QR codes on food products is not unique to India. Countries like the US, France, the UK, and India have adopted QR codes on food products.This aligns with global trends where consumers worldwide use QR codes to access information about the products they purchase. What is a QR Code? A QR (Quick Response) code is a specialized type of two-dimensional matrix barcode that has the capability to store a wide range of data formats, including alphanumeric text, website URLs, contact details, and more. Key details about QR codes include: Origins and Purpose: QR codes were first developed in 1994 by the Japanese company Denso Wave. Initially, they were created for the primary purpose of tracking and labeling automotive components. Distinctive Appearance: QR codes are recognizable by their square shape and characteristic pattern of black squares arranged on a white background. Scannable and Interpretation: QR codes are designed to be read and interpreted through the use of a QR code reader or via a smartphone camera. These devices decode the information stored within the code, allowing users to access the associated data or content. -Source: The Hindu Working Conditions for India’s Gig Workers Context: The fifth annual study conducted across 12 e-commerce platforms by Fairwork India, presents a grim picture of working conditions for India’s gig workers. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the StudyMinimum Wage Policy in IndiaWho is a ‘gig worker’? Key Highlights of the Study: The study on gig work and workers’ rights brings to light several significant findings and issues, including: Minimum Wage Policies: Only three gig platforms, namely Bigbasket, Flipkart, and Urban Company, have implemented minimum wage policies to guarantee that workers earn at least the local minimum wage. Living Wage Concerns: None of the platforms studied guarantee that their workers earn a living wage, indicating challenges in ensuring income adequacy for gig workers. Alienation and Discrimination: The study delves into how working conditions can lead to feelings of alienation, often stemming from various forms of discrimination.These discriminatory factors include caste, class, gender, and religion, emphasizing the need for addressing and eliminating such biases in gig work. Insurance and Compensation: Some platforms provide accident insurance coverage and compensation for income loss caused by accidents or medical reasons, indicating efforts to support workers’ well-being. Contract Clarity and Data Protection: Companies have introduced measures to enhance contract clarity, protect worker data, and establish processes for addressing worker concerns, including procedures for appealing disciplinary actions. Recognition of Worker Representation: Notably, no platform received recognition for “Fair Representation,” suggesting a lack of acknowledgment for collective worker bodies, despite an increase in worker collectivization in recent years.This points to a need for recognizing and respecting the collective voice of gig workers. Minimum Wage Policy in India The Minimum Wage Policy in India is governed by the Code of Wages Act 2019. Here are the key provisions and components of the Minimum Wage Policy in India: Code of Wages Act 2019: The Code of Wages Act 2019 aims to modernize and update the existing labor laws in India, making them more accountable and transparent.It introduces provisions for minimum wages and labor reforms, ensuring uniformity in wage-related matters across sectors and wage ceilings. Universalization of Provisions: The Act universalizes the provisions related to minimum wages and timely payment of wages to all employees, regardless of their sector or income level.This move is intended to guarantee the “Right to Sustenance” for every worker and strengthen the legal protection of minimum wages. Floor Wages: The Central Government is authorized to establish floor wages, considering the living standards of workers. Different floor wages may be set for various geographical areas.It is important to note that the minimum wages fixed by either the central or state governments must be higher than the floor wage. Fixation of Floor Wage: The Code on Wages Rules, 2020 outlines the concept of a floor wage, which provides the central government with the authority to determine floor wages based on the minimum living standards of workers.The floor wage serves as a baseline wage below which state governments cannot set minimum wages. Geographical Variation: The Wage Code permits the fixation of different floor-level wages for different geographical areas.However, this has raised concerns about the potential relocation of capital and industries from areas with higher wages to regions with lower wage standards. Who is a ‘gig worker’? Gig workers are those who work outside the traditional employer-employee relationship.There are two groups of gig workers – platform workers and non-platform workers.Gig workers who use online platforms are called platform workers, while those who work outside of these platforms are non-platform workers.Gig workers have characteristics of both employees and independent contractors and do not fit into any rigid categorization.As a result, gig workers have limited recognition under current employment laws and fall outside the ambit of statutory benefits. Concerns related to gig workers and the proposed labour codes in India: Limited benefits and protections: Gig workers are excluded from the benefits and protections offered by the other proposed labour codes, such as minimum wage and occupational safety.They are also not allowed to create legally recognised unions. Lack of effective remedy: Gig workers are excluded from accessing the specialised redressal mechanism under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947.This denies them an effective remedy for grievances against their employers. No right to collective bargaining: Gig workers do not have the right to collective bargaining, which is a fundamental principle of modern labour law crucial to safeguard the rights of workers. Poor working conditions: A 2022 report by Fairwork India highlighted the deplorable working conditions of digital platform workers in India.There is a need for statutory affirmation of the rights of gig workers. Delay in implementation: The proposed labour codes have received the assent of the President, but are still awaiting implementation three years on.The Centre has cited the delay in framing of rules by the States as the reason for the delay. Measures to address the issues related to gig workers: Evaluating scale of Gig economy: As of now there exists no authoritative estimate on the total number of gig workers in India, though the centralised nature of the platforms, and the larger platform labour market should make the collating of this data relatively straightforward for the Labour Ministry.Making regulations related to Gig economy: A more viable strategy then would involve conditional government partnerships with platforms under some of its flagship schemes. Here, the successful pilot of Swiggy’s Street Food Vendors programme under the PM SVANidhi, or PM Street Vendor’s Atma Nirbhar Nidhi scheme, may prove to be an illustrative example. -Source: The Hindu Apple Warns Opposition MPs of State-Sponsored Attacks on iPhones Context: At least seven Opposition Members of Parliament alerted by Apple about potential state-sponsored attacks targeting their iPhones, with warnings indicating the attackers’ likely motivations. The warning advises protective measures, including activating the ‘Lockdown Mode’ feature on their devices. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Dimensions of the Article: Characteristics of State-Sponsored Attackers According to AppleApple’s Threat NotificationsApple’s Recommendations for Users When an Attack is DetectedGovernment Response Characteristics of State-Sponsored Attackers According to Apple: Apple’s statement clarifies that it refrains from attributing its threat notifications to specific state-sponsored attackers.State-sponsored attackers are known for their substantial financial backing and high level of sophistication.Their attack methods continually evolve, making them challenging to detect.Detecting such attacks relies on threat intelligence signals that can be imperfect and incomplete.It’s possible that some of Apple’s threat notifications might be false alarms, or some attacks may go undetected.Government-backed attackers specifically target individuals and their devices based on their identities and activities.These state-sponsored attacks differ significantly from those carried out by typical cybercriminals who target a broader user base for financial gains.State-sponsored attacks are often of short duration, designed to avoid detection, and take advantage of vulnerabilities that may not be publicly known. Apple’s Threat Notifications: Apple’s threat notifications serve as a means of alerting and assisting users who may have become targets of state-sponsored attackers.The company has developed a system that identifies patterns of activity indicative of such attacks.When the system detects an attack, it triggers a Threat Notification, which is sent through email and iMessage to the email addresses and phone numbers linked to the affected user’s Apple ID.The notifications received by some politicians and others are likely a result of this system identifying suspicious patterns of activity. Apple’s Recommendations for Users When an Attack is Detected: Apple provides general security tips, including updating to the latest software versions, setting a passcode, enabling two-factor authentication, and using strong passwords for Apple IDs.Users are advised to download apps exclusively from the App Store, use unique passwords for each online account, and avoid clicking on links or attachments from unknown sources.Apple suggests the activation of Lockdown Mode. Lockdown Mode: Lockdown Mode is a feature introduced in Apple’s recent software updates designed to protect against rare and sophisticated cyberattacks.When Lockdown Mode is enabled, the device enters a state of heightened security, which involves restricting or disabling many standard functions.For instance, users won’t be able to send or receive attachments, links, or link previews in messages.Apple emphasizes that anyone who receives a threat notification from the company should take it seriously and follow the recommended steps to secure their device and account. Government Response: The government has initiated an investigation into these alerts.Minister of Electronics and Information Technology Ashwini Vaishnaw downplays the alerts, referring to Apple’s claim that such alerts have been distributed to individuals in 150 countries. -Source: The Hindu Akhaura-Agartala Rail Link Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Bangladesh’s Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina virtually inaugurated a rail link connecting Northeast India with Bangladesh. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: Akhaura-Agartala Rail LinkSignificance Akhaura-Agartala Rail Link The Akhaura–Agartala rail line is a railway connection between India and Bangladesh.In 2013, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between the governments of India and Bangladesh to establish this rail link, and the project was initiated in 2016. Route Details: The rail line connects Akhaura in Bangladesh to the outskirts of Agartala, the capital of Tripura.It features a 12.24 km length, with a 6.78 km Dual Gauge rail line in Bangladesh and a 5.46 km section in Tripura. Transit Routes and Funding: This rail link is part of the 16 transit routes declared, allowing the transportation of cargo from Chattogram or Mongla port in Bangladesh to various Indian states.The project is entirely funded by the Government of India, with the Ministry for Development of North East Region (DoNER) funding the work on the Indian side and the Ministry of External Affairs covering the expenses on the Bangladesh side. Significance: Tripura shares an 856 km-long international border with Bangladesh and relies on limited road connectivity through Assam and a narrow strip of land in West Bengal’s Siliguri.The Akhaura–Agartala rail link will substantially reduce travel time between Agartala and Kolkata via Dhaka.Currently, the rail journey from Agartala to Kolkata, approximately 1600 km, takes 38 hours as it passes through Guwahati, Assam.With the completion of this rail line, the travel time will be cut down to approximately 10 hours.The distance between Agartala and Kolkata will effectively shrink from 1,600 km to 500 km.This rail link will enable cost-effective transportation of goods trains to the northeastern region through Bangladesh.It will also establish a direct connection between landlocked northeastern India and the Chittagong port in Bangladesh. -Source: Times of India Chhath Festival Context: The Patna district administration is set to deploy drones to manage the four-day-long mass gatherings for the annual Chhath festival. Relevance: GS I: Festivals Dimensions of the Article: Chhath Festival: A Hindu Vedic CelebrationRituals of Chhath Festival Chhath Festival: A Hindu Vedic Celebration The Chhath Festival is a prominent Hindu Vedic festival celebrated in the Indian Subcontinent, with a strong presence in regions like Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, some parts of Madhya Pradesh in India, and certain areas of Nepal.This festival is dedicated to the worship of the Sun God, known as Lord Surya, and Chhathi Maiya, an alternative name for Goddess Usha, who is considered the sister of Lord Surya.Chhath Festival is observed twice a year, during the months of Chaitra (March-April) and Kartika (October-November). Rituals of Chhath Festival: Chhath Puja is celebrated over a span of four days and is renowned for its eco-friendly practices.The rituals associated with Chhath Puja are considered more rigorous compared to many other Hindu festivals. They involve fasting, including abstaining from water, taking ritualistic dips in rivers or water bodies, standing in water while offering prayers, facing the sun for extended periods, and presenting offerings (prasad) to the Sun during sunrise and sunset.All food prepared during the festival adheres to specific dietary restrictions and typically excludes salt, onions, and garlic.While in recent times, both men and women have been observed fasting during Chhath, the main worshippers of this festival are primarily women. Those who observe the fast during Chhath are known as parvaitin. -Source: The Hindu Tamil Lambadi Embroidery Context: Porgai Artisan Association Society, with 60+ women, has been making and selling embroidered clothes to ensure that there is awareness about the art form and that it is passed on to the next generation Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Tamil Lambadi Embroidery: A Rich TraditionKey Facts about the Lambadi Community Tamil Lambadi Embroidery: A Rich Tradition The Lambadi community has a long-standing tradition of practicing Lambadi embroidery, which they have used to adorn their clothing and household items.This art form has been an essential aspect of their cultural identity, and the Lambadi people have made continuous efforts to preserve it.Lambadi embroidery is characterized by intricate work carried out by Lambadi women on cotton and silk fabrics, using vibrant cotton threads.Traditional Lambadi embroidery designs feature geometric patterns, including squares, rectangles, and circles, influenced by local elements like forests, birds, fruits, and flowers.The elder women of the Lambadi tribe continue to wear the Petia, a traditional five-piece dress crafted with Mushru silk sourced from Kutch. Key Facts about the Lambadi Community The Lambadis are also known as Banjaras and are primarily found in regions of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka.This community, which has settled in different parts of the country under various names, has transitioned from a nomadic lifestyle to permanent settlements known as Tandas.The Lambadi people speak Gor Boli, also referred to as Lambadi, a language from the Indo-Aryan group. Notably, Lambadi lacks a script. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 01 November 2023

CONTENTS G7 (Group of Seven)Central Vigilance Commission G7 (Group of Seven) Context: Recently, the Union Minister of Commerce and Industry participated in the G7 (Group of Seven) Trade Ministers Meeting in Osaka, Japan. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the MeetingAbout G7 Key Highlights of the Meeting Enhancing Supply Chain Resilience India presented suggestions for enhancing supply chain resilience.Emphasized the vulnerabilities exposed by the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical events in existing supply chains, which led to increased commodity prices and global inflation. Collaborative Regulatory Framework Urged governments to collaborate on a regulatory framework to facilitate the movement of supply chains and cross-border trade. Global Value Chains Framework Referenced the Generic Framework for Mapping of Global Value Chains from the New Delhi Declaration of the G20 to help member countries identify risks and enhance trade resilience. Public-Private Partnership Encouraged public-private partnerships, investment in critical infrastructure, and innovation and digitalization of supply chains. Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Reviewed the progress of negotiations for a proposed Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the UK, now in its final stages.Addressed differences on issues like Rules of Origin and services sector in the FTA negotiations. Rules of Origin Discussed the significance of Rules of Origin in determining the national source of products, affecting duties and restrictions. UK’s FTA Objectives The UK aimed for a significant reduction in import duties on goods like scotch whiskey, automobiles, lamb meat, chocolates, and confectionery items.Sought more opportunities for UK services in Indian markets, especially in telecommunications, legal, and financial services. Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA) Discussed the progress of the Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement with European Free Trade Association (EFTA) member countries, including Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein. About G7: G7 stands for Group of Seven, which is an international intergovernmental economic organization consisting of seven member countries.The member countries are the United States, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, and the United Kingdom.As of 2022, G7 countries make up 10% of the world’s population, 31% of the global GDP, and 21% of global carbon dioxide emissions. History: G7 was founded in 1975 as the G6, consisting of the six richest countries in the world at that time.Canada joined the group in 1976, and the group became known as the G7.The group meets annually to discuss global economic issues and make decisions that can affect the global economy. Objectives: The main objectives of G7 are to promote economic growth and stability, enhance international trade, and coordinate policies on economic issues among the member countries.The group also focuses on addressing global challenges such as climate change, cybersecurity, and geopolitical tensions. Meetings and decisions: G7 leaders meet annually at the G7 Summit to discuss global economic issues and coordinate policies.Decisions made by the G7 can have a significant impact on the global economy and international relations.The G7 also collaborates with other international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Criticism: The G7 has been criticized for being too exclusive, as it only includes the richest countries in the world and does not represent the interests of developing nations.Critics also argue that decisions made by the G7 can have negative consequences for developing countries and can perpetuate global economic inequality. Central Vigilance Commission Context: The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) is observing the Vigilance Awareness Week 2023 from 30th October to 5th November, 2023, centered around the theme “Say no to corruption; commit to the Nation.” Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: About Central Vigilance CommissionFunctions of CVCRemoval of members (according to CVC Act)Criticism – Limited Powers of CVC About Central Vigilance Commission Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) is an apex Indian governmental body created in 1964.CVC was set up based on the recommendations of the Committee on Prevention of Corruption, headed by Shri K. Santhanam, to advise and guide Central Government agencies in the field of vigilance.The CVC became a Statutory Body with the enactment of CVC Act, 2003.The CVC is an independent body, free of control from any executive authority, (It is NOT controlled by any ministry or department).The CVC is responsible only to the Parliament.The CVC is NOT an investigating agency.The CVC may have the investigation done through the CBI or Chief Vigilance Officers (CVO) in government offices.President of India appoints CVC members by warrant under his hand and seal.The Oath of office is administered by the President.A three-member committee made of –The Prime Minister, The Home Minister , The Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha – Makes the Recommendation for appointment of Vigilance Commissioners.The Vigilance Commissioners are appointed for a term of Four years OR until they attain 65 years of age (whichever is earlier).On retirement – they are NOT eligible for reappointment in any central or state government agency. Functions of CVC The CVC monitors all vigilance activity under the Central Government It advises various authorities in Central Government organizations in planning, executing, reviewing and reforming their vigilance work.The CVC recommends appropriate action on complaints on corruption or misuse of power.Lokpal, Central Government or Whistle blowers can approach the CVC regarding complaints.The CVC – Under Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 – can inquire into offences reported against certain categories of Public Servants. (However, remember, CVC is NOT an Investigating agency).The Annual Report of the CVC not only gives the details of the work done by it but also brings out the system failures which leads to corruption in various Departments/Organisations, system improvements, various preventive measures and cases in which the Commission’s advises were ignored etc. Composition of Central Vigilance Commission The CVC is comprised of 3 members: A Central Vigilance Commissioner (Chairperson)Up to Two Vigilance Commissioners (Members) Removal of members (according to CVC Act) The Central Vigilance Commissioner or any Vigilance Commissioner can be removed from his office only by order of the President on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity after the Supreme Court reports that the officer ought to be removed after inquiry, on a reference made to it by the President. Also, a member can be removed if the member: Is Adjudged as an insolventIs convicted of an offence that involves moral turpitude according to Central GovernmentEngages in Office of profit outside the duties of his officeIs declared unfit by reason of infirmity of mind or body, by the PresidentParticipates / Concerned / Interested to Participate – in any way in the profit / in any benefit – in any contract or agreement made by or on behalf of the Government of India Criticism – Limited Powers of CVC CVC is treated as an advisory body only as Central Government Departments are free to either accept or reject CVC’s advice in corruption cases.The Commission has no jurisdiction over private individuals and organisations of the State Governments. The CVC is left with no power to register criminal case.The CVC cannot direct the CBI to initiate inquiries against any officer of the level of Joint Secretary and above.Hence, CVC neither has the resources nor the power to take action on complaints of corruption.Appointments to CVC are indirectly under the control of Govt of India.Although, the leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha is a member of the committee that selects the CVC Members – the committee just considers the candidates that are put up before it, and these candidates are decided by the Government.CVC is a very small set up with a sanctioned staff strength of 299, which is supposed to check corruption in more than 1500 central government departments and ministries.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 01 November 2023

CONTENTS Coastal Adaptation Initiatives: A ‘Moderate-to-High’ RatingTectonic Activity on VenusPM’s Emphasis on Self-Reliance in CybersecurityCommodity Markets Outlook ReportCarbon NanofloretsRajaji Tiger Reserve Coastal Adaptation Initiatives: A ‘Moderate-to-High’ Rating Context: A study in the journal Nature Climate Change has assessed the coastal adaptation efforts in various regions, including Indian coastal areas like Mumbai, Ghoramara in Sundarbans, Puri in Odisha, and the Konkan regions. The study classifies these initiatives as ‘moderate-to-high’ concerning their adaptation measures. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Findings of the StudyCoastal AdaptationIndian Government Initiatives for Coastal Management Key Findings of the Study Global Vulnerability and Economic Impact Approximately 11% of the world’s population resides in low-lying coastal areas vulnerable to flooding.These regions contribute around 14% to the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Adaptation Gap Assessment Almost 50% of the surveyed regions showed significant gaps in adaptation efforts, with a focus on individual risks rather than addressing root causes of vulnerability.About 13% of the case studies demonstrated high-to-very-high levels of adaptation, primarily observed in Europe and North America.The remaining regions fell into the moderate category, including Australia and New Zealand. Specific Region Assessments In India, Mumbai, Puri, Konkan, and the Ghoramara region in Sundarbans displayed varying levels of adaptation measures.Ghoramara exhibited generic adaptation plans but lacked locally tailored state-agency-specific strategies.The Konkan region also lacked adaptation plans, failing to address multiple coastal hazards in the state’s action plan.Mumbai possessed a climate action plan but faced challenges in accurately assessing risks and addressing the specific needs of vulnerable residents.Puri, despite having action plans, lacked sector-specific adaptation strategies and the identification of high-risk communities. Coastal Adaptation Coastal adaptation involves a set of strategies and actions aimed at mitigating the impact of natural hazards and climate change on coastal regions.Its primary objectives include safeguarding communities and infrastructure from rising sea levels, erosion, and extreme weather events. Advantages of Coastal Adaptation Economic Growth: Implementing coastal adaptation initiatives can stimulate economic growth by fostering climate-resilient infrastructure, renewable energy, and eco-tourism industries. This, in turn, generates employment and business prospects.Ecosystem Restoration: Effective coastal adaptation can inadvertently lead to the restoration and preservation of natural ecosystems. This helps protect indigenous species and create habitats for endangered or vulnerable wildlife.Disaster Resilience: Coastal adaptation plays a pivotal role in reducing the vulnerability of coastal communities to natural disasters. Measures such as resilient infrastructure, early warning systems, and natural barriers help mitigate the impact of events like storms, tsunamis, and sea-level rise, protecting lives, property, and livelihoods.Food Security: Effective coastal adaptation practices, including aquaculture, sustainable fishing, and integrated farming, ensure a reliable supply of seafood and agricultural produce. This secures livelihoods for coastal communities and contributes to global food security. Challenges in Coastal Adaptation Diverse Stakeholders Coastal adaptation involves various stakeholders, including government bodies, local communities, businesses, and environmental groups.Coordinating these diverse interests and ensuring effective collaboration among them is often challenging due to differing priorities, leading to delays and conflicts. Climate Uncertainty Predicting future climate scenarios, such as sea-level rise and extreme weather events, is challenging.Adapting to uncertain climate projections while planning long-term strategies can be complex, resulting in uncertainties in infrastructure and development planning. Community Disruption In some cases, coastal adaptation initiatives necessitate relocation or changes in land use, potentially fragmenting communities.Dispersing or relocating populations may disrupt social structures and community cohesion, affecting their resilience and cultural practices. Indian Government Initiatives for Coastal Management Hazard Line The Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEFCC) established a hazard line for India’s coast to manage shoreline changes resulting from climate change. Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2019 The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2019, aims to conserve coastal areas and livelihoods. It allows erosion control measures while defining No Development Zones. Coastal Management Information System (CMIS) The Coastal Management Information System (CMIS) collects near-shore coastal data to design and maintain protection structures at vulnerable stretches. Successful Measures Successful coastal erosion mitigation measures were demonstrated in Puducherry and Kerala, contributing to the restoration and protection of coastal areas. -Source: The Hindu Tectonic Activity on Venus Context: A recent study suggests that Venus, often considered Earth’s sister planet, might have undergone tectonic activity roughly 3.5 to 4.5 billion years ago. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Venus’ Tectonic History: Unveiling Earth’s “Sister”Plate Tectonics’ Impact on VenusAbout Venus Venus’ Tectonic History: Unveiling Earth’s “Sister” Plate Tectonics on Earth Plate tectonics is a fundamental theory explaining the division of Earth’s outer shell into plates that float on the mantle, shaping our planet’s features and sustaining life. Venus: Earth’s Enigmatic Twin Venus, a celestial sibling to Earth in size, mass, density, and volume, remains relatively mysterious compared to other terrestrial planets. Implications of Venus’ Tectonic History Venus’s tectonic history holds significant implications for its atmospheric composition and the potential existence of ancient microbial life.Similarities to Earth’s plate tectonics may have played a vital role in shaping Venus’s atmosphere, rich in carbon dioxide and nitrogen.Understanding Venus’s atmospheric makeup, with around 96.5% carbon dioxide and less than 3.5% nitrogen, is of utmost importance.The study raises the possibility that Venus could have hosted microbial life billions of years ago, influenced by tectonic activities. Plate Tectonics’ Impact on Venus Cessation of Plate Tectonics On Venus, plate tectonics may have ceased due to factors like water loss and an increasingly hot and dense atmosphere, potentially depleting the prerequisites for tectonic movements. Dynamic Planetary States The study suggests that planets can transition in and out of different tectonic states, challenging the idea that tectonics are either entirely present or absent during a planet’s history. Reevaluating Tectonic Paradigms This realization redefines the conventional binary perspective of tectonics as either true or false throughout a planet’s history. Future Prospects with DAVINCI To validate their findings and delve deeper into Venus’s tectonic past, researchers anticipate insights from NASA’s upcoming mission to Venus, DAVINCI.This mission holds the potential to offer crucial clues and enhance our understanding of Venus’s geological evolution. Uncovering Reasons for Tectonic Shift Additionally, researchers aim to elucidate the reasons behind Venus losing its plate tectonics over time, furthering our knowledge of the planet’s geology. About Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun and is the brightest natural object in Earth’s night sky after the Moon. It can cast shadows and can be seen with the naked eye on rare occasions, even during daylight.Venus has a unique rotation pattern, where the Sun rises in the west and sets in the east. This is because it rotates in the opposite direction (East to West/Clockwise) to all but Uranus.Venus has the densest atmosphere of the four terrestrial planets, consisting of more than 96% carbon dioxide. This causes a strong greenhouse effect, making Venus the hottest planet in the Solar System despite being farther from the Sun than Mercury.The atmospheric pressure at the planet’s surface is about 92 times that of Earth’s sea level pressure.Venus is covered by an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds made of sulfuric acid, which prevents its surface from being seen in visible light.The planet lacks a planetary magnetic field, which caused the water to photo dissociate and the free hydrogen to be swept into interplanetary space by the solar wind.Venus has been a significant fixture in human culture for as long as records have existed. -Source: Down To Earth PM’s Emphasis on Self-Reliance in Cybersecurity Context: During the 7th edition of the India Mobile Congress, the Prime Minister of India highlighted the critical significance of self-reliance in cybersecurity. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Dimensions of the Article: CybersecuritySelf-Reliance in CybersecurityThe Necessity of Self-Reliance in CybersecurityChallenges of Cyber Security in India Cybersecurity Cybersecurity refers to the measures taken to protect computer systems, networks, devices, and data from various threats, including theft, damage, unauthorized access, and malicious actions.It involves a broad spectrum of technologies, procedures, and strategies aimed at ensuring the security of digital data and the infrastructure responsible for its storage, processing, and transmission. Self-Reliance in Cybersecurity Self-reliance in cybersecurity refers to a nation’s capability to independently develop, sustain, and secure its digital infrastructure, data, and information systems. It involves reducing dependency on foreign technology and external assistance. Relying on Indigenous Solutions It emphasizes the creation and adoption of homegrown cybersecurity solutions and practices, reducing reliance on foreign sources for cybersecurity tools and expertise. The Necessity of Self-Reliance in Cybersecurity National Security Cybersecurity is crucial for safeguarding a nation’s critical infrastructure, such as energy grids, transportation networks, and communication systems.Modern military operations rely heavily on digital technology, making cybersecurity a cornerstone of national security. Geopolitical Considerations Depending on foreign technology, particularly from countries with which a nation has strained relations, can pose security risks.Reducing reliance on external sources for technology minimizes vulnerabilities. Technological Independence Self-reliance stimulates innovation and research in cybersecurity.It grants greater control over the technology supply chain, reducing potential risks associated with foreign technology. Challenges of Cyber Security in India Data colonization: India is net exporter of information however data servers of majority of digital service providers are located outside India. Also, data is being misused for influencing electoral outcomes, spread of radicalism etc.Digital Illiteracy: Widespread Digital illiteracy makes Indian citizens highly susceptible to cyber fraud, cyber theft, etc.Substandard devices: In India, majority of devices used to access internet have inadequate security infrastructure making them susceptible to malwares such as recently detected ‘Saposhi’. Also, rampant use of unlicensed software and underpaid licenses make them vulnerable as well.Lack of adoption of new technology: For example – The Banking infrastructure is not robust to cop-up with rising digital crime as 75% of total Credit and Debit card are based on magnetic strip which are easy to be cloned.Lack of uniform standards: There are variety of devices used with non-uniform standards which makes it difficult to provide for a uniform security protocol.Import dependence: Import dependence for majority of electronic devices from cell phones to equipment’s used in power sector, defence, banking, communication and other critical infrastructure put India into a vulnerable situation.Lack of adequate infrastructure and trained staff: There are currently around 30,000 cyber security vacancies in India but demand far outstrips supply of people with required skills.Under-reporting: majority of cases of cybercrime remains unreported because of lack of awareness.Unsynchronised Agencies: Lack of coordination among various agencies working for cyber security. Private sector, despite being a major stakeholder in the cyberspace, has not been involved proactively for the security of the same.Anonymity: Even advanced precision threats carried out by hackers is difficult to attribute to specific actors, state or nonstate. -Source: Indian Express Commodity Markets Outlook Report Context: The World Bank has published the Commodity Markets Outlook report. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Commodity Markets Outlook ReportKey Highlights of the CMO Report (October Edition)Conclusion: Impacts of the West Asia Conflict on Commodity Prices Commodity Markets Outlook Report The Commodity Markets Outlook report offers insights into various commodity groups, including energy, metals, agriculture, precious metals, and fertilizers. This report serves as a valuable resource for understanding and analyzing global commodity markets. Key points about the report include: Commodity Coverage: The report encompasses a wide range of commodities, providing market analysis for major categories.Price Forecasts: It offers price forecasts for 46 significant commodities, assisting stakeholders in making informed decisions based on anticipated price movements.Publication Frequency: The report is released by the World Bank biannually, with editions published in April and October each year. This regular publication schedule ensures that the latest market trends and price projections are available to the public. Key Highlights of the CMO Report (October Edition) The October edition of the Commodity Markets Outlook (CMO) report provides essential insights into the global economic landscape and its relationship with commodity markets. Here are the key highlights from the report: Global Economic Resilience: The report acknowledges that the current global economy is better equipped to handle a major oil-price shock than it was during the 1970s. Potential for Commodity Market Disruption: Ongoing and escalating conflicts, including the West Asia conflict and the repercussions of the Russia-Ukraine war, pose potential disruptions to global commodity markets. Commodity Price Projections for 2024: The report projects an overall decline of 4.1% in commodity prices in the upcoming year.Agricultural commodity prices are expected to decrease due to rising supplies.Base metal prices are also anticipated to drop by 5% in 2024.The report predicts that commodity prices will stabilize in 2025. Impact of West Asia Conflict Escalation: The outlook for commodity prices would worsen if the West Asia conflict escalates.The extent of disruption to oil supplies would determine the effects.Scenarios are outlined based on different degrees of disruption and their impact on oil prices.A “small disruption” scenario, similar to the Libyan civil war in 2011, would lead to an initial oil price increase of 3% to 13%.A “medium disruption” scenario, equivalent to the Iraq war in 2003, would result in an initial oil price increase of 21% to 35%.A “large disruption” scenario, comparable to the Arab oil embargo in 1973, would lead to an initial oil price increase of 56% to 75%. Food Security: Food security is defined as ensuring that all people have access to sufficient safe and nutritious food for a healthy life.By the end of 2022, more than 700 million people, almost 10% of the global population, were undernourished.The escalation of ongoing conflicts could exacerbate food insecurity, affecting regions within the conflict zones and worldwide. Conclusion: Impacts of the West Asia Conflict on Commodity Prices The Commodity Markets Outlook (CMO) report highlights the relatively modest impacts of the West Asia conflict on commodity prices, suggesting that the global economy has developed greater resilience to absorb oil price shocks. Several key conclusions from the report are as follows: Improved Global Resilience:The global economy’s ability to withstand oil price shocks has significantly improved since the energy crisis of the 1970s.Reduced Dependence on Oil:Countries worldwide have actively reduced their dependence on oil as an energy source.The report notes that the amount of oil required to generate $1 of GDP has decreased by over half since 1970.Diversification of Energy Sources:The global energy landscape has diversified with a broader base of oil exporters and the incorporation of renewable energy sources.Strategic Petroleum Reserves:Various countries, including India, the USA, and China, have established strategic petroleum reserves to manage potential oil shortages effectively.Coordination and Futures Markets:Countries have set up arrangements for the coordination of supply and developed futures markets to mitigate the impact of oil shortages on prices. -Source: Business Standard Carbon Nanoflorets Context: Carbon nanoflorets made by IIT Bombay researchers can convert incident sunlight to heat with 87% efficiency. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: About Carbon nanofloretsKey ObservationsProperties Contributing to High Efficiency About Carbon nanoflorets Carbon nanoflorets are unique structures resembling tiny marigold flowers made entirely of carbon. These nanoflorets exhibit remarkable properties related to their efficiency in absorbing sunlight and converting it into heat. The process of synthesizing carbon nanoflorets involves specific steps: Synthesis Process: Researchers start with a special form of silicon dust known as DFNS (dendritic fibrous nanosilica).This DFNS material is heated in a furnace.Acetylene gas is introduced into the heated chamber.The white DFNS powder turns black during the process, indicating the deposition of carbon onto the DFNS.The resulting black powder is collected.The black powder is treated with a strong chemical that dissolves the DFNS, leaving carbon particles behind. Key Observations: Carbon nanoflorets exhibit remarkable capabilities for absorbing sunlight at various frequencies and converting it into heat with high efficiency.They are effective in retaining the heat generated without dissipating it into the environment, making them promising materials for heat-related applications.These nanoflorets achieve solar-thermal conversion with an extraordinary efficiency of 87%. Properties Contributing to High Efficiency: Carbon nanoflorets can absorb sunlight across multiple frequencies, including infrared, visible light, and ultraviolet, unlike other common materials that mainly absorb visible and ultraviolet light.The specific shape of carbon cones minimizes light reflection, ensuring that a significant portion is absorbed.The structure of carbon nanoflorets incorporates long-range disorder, meaning that different regions of the material possess distinct physical properties. This feature helps limit the transmission of heat over long distances within the material, thereby reducing heat dissipation. -Source: The Hindu Rajaji Tiger Reserve Context: The Uttarakhand government recently decided to establish Rajaji Tiger Reserve Conservation Foundation to accelerate the ecological, economic, social, and cultural development of the landscapes in and around the reserve. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology About Rajaji Tiger Reserve: Rajaji Tiger Reserve, formerly known as Rajaji National Park, is a significant wildlife reserve located in the Shivalik range of the Himalayas, covering an extensive area of approximately 820 square kilometers. Here are some key details about Rajaji Tiger Reserve: Location: Situated in the Shivalik range of the Himalayas.Spreads across three districts of Uttarakhand: Haridwar, Dehradun, and Pauri Garhwal. Historical Background: Established in 1983 by merging three sanctuaries: Rajaji Sanctuary and National Park (established in 1948), Motichur Sanctuary (established in 1964), and Chilla Sanctuary (established in 1977).Renamed as Rajaji Tiger Reserve on 20 April 2015, in honor of the prominent freedom fighter C. Rajagopalachari, commonly known as “Rajaji.” Notable Features: Renowned for its thriving elephant population, with approximately 600 elephants residing within the reserve.Geographically located in a transition zone between the temperate western Himalaya and central Himalaya, contributing to a diverse range of species.Encompasses a variety of vegetation, including semi-evergreen, deciduous, mixed broad-leaved, and Terai grassland, categorized as the Indus-Ganges Monsoon Forest type. Flora: Dominated by towering Sal trees (Shorea Robusta) in many areas.Other prominent plant species found in the reserve include Rohini, Palash, Shisham, Sandan, Khair, Arjun, Baans, Semul, Chamaror, among others. Fauna: Home to a substantial population of Tigers and Asian Elephants.Houses a diverse range of wildlife, including Leopards, Jungle Cats, Himalayan Black Bears, Sloth Bears, Striped Hyenas, Gorals, Sambars, Wild Pigs, Spotted Deer, and Barking Deer, to name a few.Rajaji Tiger Reserve stands as a vital wildlife conservation area in the Himalayan region, known for its rich biodiversity and remarkable natural beauty. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 30 October 2023

CONTENTS Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS)Atal Bhujal Yojana Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) Context: Recently, the union cabinet has approved Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) rates for the various nutrients of Rabi and Kharif Season for 2022-23. Relevance: GS-III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: About Nutrient-Based Subsidy RegimeIssues Related to NBS About Nutrient-Based Subsidy Regime Under the Nutrient-based subsidy (NBS) regime – fertilizers are provided to the farmers at the subsidized rates based on the nutrients (N, P, K & S) contained in these fertilizers.Also, the fertilizers which are fortified with secondary and micronutrients such as molybdenum (Mo) and zinc are given additional subsidy.Under the Nutrient-based subsidy (NBS) regime, the subsidy on Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K;) fertilizers is announced by the Government on an annual basis for each nutrient on a per kg basis – which are determined taking into account the international and domestic prices of P&K; fertilizers, exchange rate, inventory level in the country etc.NBS policy intends to increase the consumption of P&K; fertilizers so that optimum balance (N:P:K= 4:2:1 ) of NPK fertilization is achieved.This would improve soil health and as a result the yield from the crops would increase resulting in enhanced income to the farmers.Also, as the government expects rational use of fertilizers, this would also ease off the burden of fertilizer subsidy.It is being implemented from April 2010 by the Department of Fertilizers, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers. Issues Related to NBS Urea is left-out in the scheme and hence it remains under price control as NBS has been implemented only in other fertilizers.There is an imbalance as the price of fertilizers (other than urea) — which were decontrolled have gone up from 2.5 to four times during the 2010-2020 decade. However, since 2010, the price of urea has increased only by 11%. This has led to farmers using more urea than before, which has further worsened fertilizer imbalance.Considering that fertilizer subsidy is the second-biggest subsidy after food subsidy, the NBS policy is not only damaging the fiscal health of the economy but also proving detrimental to the soil health of the country.Subsidised urea is getting diverted to bulk buyers/traders or even non-agricultural users such as plywood and animal feed makers. It is being smuggled to neighbouring countries like Bangladesh and Nepal. Atal Bhujal Yojana Context: Recently, the 5th meeting of the National Level Steering Committee (NLSC) of Atal Bhujal Yojana (ATAL JAL) was held to review the overall progress of the scheme. Relevance: GS II- Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: About Atal Bhujal YojanaSignificance of the schemeAims of the scheme About Atal Bhujal Yojana: The Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABHY) is a central sector scheme worth Rs.6,000 crore for sustainable management of groundwater with community participation.It envisages people’s participation through the formation of ‘Water User Associations’, water budgeting, preparation & implementation of Gram-panchayat-wise water security plans, etc.It is being implemented by the Ministry of Jal Shakti The scheme is being funded by the Government of India and the World Bank on 50:50 basis.The identified over-exploited and water-stressed areas for the implementation of the scheme are Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh.The States have been selected according to the degree of groundwater exploitation and degradation, established legal and regulatory instruments, institutional readiness, and experience in implementing initiatives related to groundwater management. Significance of the scheme Ground water contributes to nearly 65% of total irrigated area of the countryGroundwater contributes to nearly 85% of the rural drinking water supply.Increasing demands of growing population, urbanization and industrialization, deteriorating quality, intensive and unregulated pumping are a major threat to the Ground Water resources.81.67% of rural households are yet to have household water tap connections. Aims of the scheme: To facilitate the Jal Jeevan Mission’s (JJM) aim provide Functional Household Tap Connection (FHTC) to every rural household by 2024.To improve ground water management through community participation in identified priority areas in Seven States.To promote panchayat led ground water management and behavioural change with primary focus on demand side management. Implementation of the scheme: The scheme is to be implemented in the identified priority areas of the 7 states of Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.The scheme is to be implemented over a period of 5 years (2020-21 to 2024-25).

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 30 October 2023

CONTENTS UN General Assembly Passes Resolution on Gaza ConflictRashtriya Gokul Mission5T InitiativeTalagirishwara templeChallenges in India’s Transition to Green Hydrogen: Pollution ConcernsMing DynastyNASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) UN General Assembly Passes Resolution on Gaza Conflict Context: The United Nations General Assembly has approved a resolution, with 120 countries in favor, that calls for an immediate humanitarian truce between Israel and Hamas. The resolution also demands aid access to Gaza. Notably, 14 countries, including Israel and the United States, voted against the resolution, while 45 countries, including India, abstained from voting. India’s abstention indicates its diplomatic balancing act concerning the ongoing conflict in the Gaza Strip. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)UN General Assembly convenes for Gaza resolutionKey Takeaways from the UNGA ProceedingsMain Elements of the Indian Statement at the UNGA United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) The UNGA, established in 1945 under the UN Charter, is headquartered in New York City.It is one of the six principal organs of the UN, serving as the primary policy-making body.The UNGA provides a global platform for discussing a wide range of international issues outlined in the UN Charter.All 193 UN Member States possess an equal vote in the UNGA.The UN Charter (Chapter IV, article 20) allows the General Assembly to convene special sessions as needed.These sessions are called by the Secretary-General at the request of either the Security Council or a majority of UN Member States. Emergency Special Sessions of UNGA An emergency special session is an unscheduled UNGA meeting to provide urgent recommendations on a specific issue.The UN Charter allows the UNGA to hold an emergency special session within 24 hours of the request, even if it’s not in regular session.Procedures for calling such sessions are outlined in the General Assembly’s Rules of Procedure.Emergency special sessions are initiated by the Security Council with seven member votes or by a majority of UN Members.Since 1950, there have been only 11 emergency special sessions held.ImplicationsResolutions from these sessions are not legally binding but carry political significance as they represent the collective will of the entire UN membership, reflecting global opinion on crises. UN General Assembly convenes for Gaza resolution A meeting of the UN General Assembly (UNGA) was held, involving its 193 member states.The gathering took place as part of the 10th Emergency Special Session, which originally focused on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and began in April 1997.This session marked the continuation of the 10th Emergency Special Session.During this assembly, the attendees voted on a proposed resolution submitted by Jordan, with support from over 40 other nations. Key Takeaways from the UNGA Proceedings Resolution on Protection of Civilians: Adopted with 120 nations in favor.India abstained along with Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom.Israel and the United States were among the 14 members who voted against it. Amendment Proposed by Canada: Aimed to hold Hamas responsible for the crisis.Condemned Hamas for a terrorist attack on Israel and demanded the release of hostages.India aligned with the majority (87 in favor), 55 member states voted against, and 23 abstained.The amendment was not adopted. UNGA Resolutions: Non-legally binding; carry moral weight and authority.Israel and the US not legally obliged to act on the resolution. India’s Diplomatic Position: India’s stance aligns with its approach in the Russia-Ukraine conflict.New Delhi consistently employs a diplomatic toolkit to balance between warring sides. Main Elements of the Indian Statement at the UNGA Condemned violence, particularly the October 7 attacks by Hamas, expressing support for Israel.Balanced support for Israel with a statement on the plight of the people of Gaza.Welcomed international efforts to de-escalate and provide humanitarian assistance to Gaza, with India’s own contribution.Expressed concern about the security situation, calling for restraint and responsibility from all parties, including Israel, Iran, and groups like Hezbollah.Reiterated India’s principled position on the Israel-Palestine issue.Supported a negotiated Two-State solution for Israel-Palestine, with a sovereign, independent, and viable State of Palestine alongside Israel.Advocated diplomacy and dialogue.Urged parties to de-escalate, avoid violence, and work towards conditions for direct peace negotiations. -Source: The Hindu Rashtriya Gokul Mission Context: After nearly a decade of the Rashtriya Gokul Mission, it has become evident that the scheme, initially aimed at enhancing the quality of various indigenous cattle breeds, has primarily focused on promoting a single breed, the Gir cow, throughout the country. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: About the Rashtriya Gokul MissionIssues with Rashtriya Gokul MissionIssues with Indigenous Gir Cow BreedPossible Solutions About the Rashtriya Gokul Mission The Rashtriya Gokul Mission was launched in December 2014.It has been extended as part of the Rashtriya Pashudhan Vikas Yojana from 2021 to 2026. Mission Objectives: Enhancing Productivity: The mission aims to boost the productivity of indigenous bovine breeds while ensuring sustainability. It leverages advanced technologies for this purpose.Increased Milk Production: One of its goals is to facilitate a significant increase in milk production through efficient bovine management practices.High-Quality Breeding: The mission advocates the use of high genetic merit bulls for breeding, contributing to the improvement of cattle genetics.Widening Insemination Coverage: Strengthening the breeding network and making artificial insemination services easily accessible to farmers is a key objective.Holistic Conservation: The mission is dedicated to the scientific and comprehensive conservation of indigenous cattle and buffalo breeds. Issues with Rashtriya Gokul Mission: Established in 2014, the Rashtriya Gokul Mission was intended to enhance the quality of semen for various indigenous cattle breeds in India.However, the mission has largely prioritized the Gir cow, primarily due to its milk production and adaptability to different regions.This preference for Gir cows is evident from the 2019 livestock census, which showed a substantial increase in purebred Gir cows since 2013, while other indigenous breeds like Sahiwal and Hariana have not seen similar growth and, in some cases, have experienced a decline.This trend has raised concerns about the diminishing diversity of indigenous cattle breeds in India. Issues with Indigenous Gir Cow Breed: Despite the growing focus on Gir cows, research indicates that graded Gir cows (a crossbreed of Gir and other nondescript varieties) do not consistently outperform indigenous breeds in many Indian states.For example, in Haryana, there is no substantial evidence of increased milk production in graded Gir cows.East Rajasthan reports lower milk production in graded Gir cows compared to indigenous breeds, leading to farmer complaints about shorter lactation periods and reduced daily milk yields.However, in west Rajasthan, graded Gir cows perform better due to favorable climatic conditions.The performance of graded Gir cows is influenced by factors beyond their adaptability to microclimatic conditions. For instance, Gir cows thrive in herds, and their milk production decreases when raised in isolation.Without adequate resources and support, these cows can become a liability for farmers, as previously seen in Vidarbha. Possible Solutions: Experts recommend a shift from the current focus on a limited number of high-yielding bovine varieties to identifying and selectively breeding genetically superior cows within indigenous breeds.Successful experiments conducted by Maharashtra’s animal husbandry department in 2012-14, delivering semen from genetically superior indigenous breeds to farms, demonstrate the potential of this approach.India possesses a diverse cow population, each adapted to specific regions. Promoting continuous crossbreeding may risk the extinction of region-specific traits in graded varieties.Crossbreeding indigenous Badri cows from Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand with Gir cows, for example, could enhance milk production but may alter their physiology, which should be avoided.Experts emphasize the importance of not repeating the mistakes of the White Revolution, which introduced exotic breeds like Jersey for crossbreeding with Indian varieties.Although this increased milk production, it did not necessarily lead to higher income for livestock rearers, as crossbred cows were more vulnerable to diseases and required greater care. -Source: The Hindu 5T Initiative Context: The 5T initiative in Odisha is a governance model that stands for Teamwork, Transparency, Technology, Time, and Transformation, launched with the aim of improving governance and ensuring efficient delivery of public services. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: 5T Initiative OverviewMo Sarkar InitiativeAgenda for Implementing Niti Aayog-like Bodies in StatesNeed for Setting up NITI Aayog-like Bodies in States 5T Initiative Overview: Teamwork: Emphasizes inter-departmental collaboration within the government for effective problem-solving.Promotes cooperation and coordination among different government agencies. Transparency: Focuses on enhancing the openness and accountability of government processes and decisions.Aims to provide easier public access to information and reduce bureaucratic hurdles.Encourages ethical and accountable behavior within the government. Technology: Advocates the adoption of modern technology and digital solutions to streamline government operations.Aims to improve service delivery and operational efficiency. Time: Highlights the importance of delivering government services promptly and reducing delays. Transformation: Seeks to revolutionize the functioning of government departments.Aims to create a government that is more responsive, citizen-centered, and results-driven. Achievements of the 5T Initiative: As of March 2023, 6,872 high schools have been transformed under the 5T initiative.Private schools had 1,605,000 students in the 2019-20 academic year, but this number decreased to 1,462,000 in 2021-22. This suggests an increase in the enrollment of students in government schools. Mo Sarkar Initiative: A governance program focused on transforming government service delivery and enhancing transparency and accountability.“Mo Sarkar” translates to “My Government” in the local language.Features real-time feedback mechanisms allowing citizens who interact with government offices to provide feedback.Citizen phone numbers are made available to top officials, including the Chief Minister, to facilitate feedback.Aims to shift power from bureaucracy to citizens, making governance more evidence-based, efficient, and equitable. Agenda for Implementing Niti Aayog-like Bodies in States: NITI Aayog will assist states in setting up similar bodies to replace planning boards, with the goal of achieving faster and more inclusive economic growth and becoming a developed nation by 2047.The plan initially targets 8-10 states to establish such bodies before reaching out to all states by March 2023.States like Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Assam have already initiated work in this direction, while Maharashtra, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat are expected to follow suit.NITI Aayog will support the creation of teams to examine existing state planning board structures.The formation of State Institutions for Transformation (SITs) will be conceptualized over the next 4-6 months.Lateral entry of professionals will be encouraged in SITs to undertake high-quality analytical work and provide policy recommendations.SITs will assist in policy formulation, policy and program evaluation, and suggest improved technology or delivery models. Need for Setting up NITI Aayog-like Bodies in States: States are the drivers of the Indian economy, contributing significantly to the national GDP.Many critical areas like health, education, and skilling fall under state governments’ purview.State governments play a crucial role in improving ease of doing business, land reforms, infrastructure development, credit flow, and urbanization.Most state planning departments or boards have become nonfunctional and lack clarity regarding their roles and responsibilities.The move is essential for the economic growth and development of states and the country as a whole. -Source: The Hindu Talagirishwara Temple Context: Neglect has taken a heavy toll on the 1,300-year-old Pallava period paintings at Talagirishwara temple at Panamalai in Villupuram district of Tamil Nadu. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: About Talagirishwara TemplePaintings in Talagirishwara Temple About Talagirishwara Temple Location: Located in Panamalai village of Viluppuram district in Tamil Nadu, India.Situated on a small hill overlooking the Panamalai Lake. Construction: Constructed by Pallava king Narasimhavarman II, also known as Rajasimha.Dating back to the Seventh Century. Features: The temple’s Vimana resembles that of the Kailasanatha temple in Kanchipuram.The garbhagriha houses a Dharalingam.Features a Somaskanda section on the hindmost wall of the shrine, typical of Pallava temples from that period.Includes an Ardhamandapam (partial Mandapam).The walls of the Ardhamandapam display panels of divinities, such as Brahma with Saraswati and Vishnu with Lakshmi on either flank.The temple faces east, and the garbhagriha is enclosed on all three sides by sub shrines.Additional sub shrines and a Mahamandapam (massive Mandapam) have been added at a later date.The Vimana is three-layered, with the high tier rebuilt.Features typical Pallava pillars with crouching lions. Paintings in Talagirishwara Temple The temple’s paintings are highly reminiscent of those found in Ajantha and Chithannavasal.These paintings are located on the walls of a sub-temple situated on the northern side of the Talagirishwara (Siva) temple.Notably, there is a painting depicting Lord Shiva with eight hands, in a dance known as Latathilagabhani. In the painting, Goddess Parvathi is shown watching Shiva, wearing a crown and a well-decorated umbrella.It’s worth mentioning that these paintings predate the Chithannavasal paintings, indicating their historical significance.The process of creating these paintings involved covering the stonewalls with a paste made of limestone and sand, showcasing the artistic and technical skills of the time. -Source: The Hindu Challenges in India’s Transition to Green Hydrogen: Pollution Concerns Context: A study by the environmental think-tank Climate Risk Horizons (CRH) warns that India’s shift to green hydrogen production could lead to increased pollution unless measures are taken to control fossil fuel emissions during the process. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: What is Green Hydrogen?Current Challenges in Green Hydrogen ProductionImplications of Green Hydrogen Production What is Green Hydrogen? A colourless, odourless, tasteless, non-toxic and highly combustible gaseous substance, hydrogen is the lightest, simplest and most abundant member of the family of chemical elements in the universe.But a colour — green — prefixed to it makes hydrogen the “fuel of the future”.The ‘green’ depends on how the electricity is generated to obtain the hydrogen, which does not emit greenhouse gas when burned.Green hydrogen is produced through electrolysis using renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind or hydel power.Hydrogen can be ‘grey’ and ‘blue’ too.Grey hydrogen is generated through fossil fuels such as coal and gas and currently accounts for 95% of the total production in South Asia.Blue hydrogen, too, is produced using electricity generated by burning fossil fuels but with technologies to prevent the carbon released in the process from entering the atmosphere. Green Hydrogen Importance Hydrogen is being used across the United States, Russia, China, France and Germany. Countries like Japan desire to become a hydrogen economy in future.Green hydrogen can in future be used forElectricity and drinking water generation, energy storage, transportation etc. Green hydrogen can be used to provide water to the crew members in space stations.Energy storage- Compressed hydrogen tanks can store the energy longer and are easier to handle than lithium-ion batteries as they are lighter.Transport and mobility- Hydrogen can be used in heavy transport, aviation and maritime transport. Current Challenges in Green Hydrogen Production Defining Green Hydrogen: The MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy) has established a definition of green hydrogen, setting a limit of 2 kg of carbon dioxide emissions per kg of hydrogen.However, this definition remains open to interpretation, raising concerns about its practical implementation. Intermittent Electrolysis: The production of green hydrogen relies on electrolysers, which are essential components.Electrolysers need to operate continuously, even during nighttime when solar power is unavailable.Operating them at night may necessitate drawing electricity from conventional coal-fired grids, potentially increasing carbon emissions. Uncertain Electricity Sources: A significant number of green hydrogen projects have not disclosed the sources of their electricity.It is unclear whether projects that have made commitments are using 100% renewable energy sources to meet their electricity requirements. Implications of Green Hydrogen Production Biomass Inclusion and Emissions: India’s green hydrogen standards allow the use of biomass, which, when burned, can produce carbon emissions.This inclusion of biomass introduces a challenge in achieving truly clean green hydrogen, raising environmental concerns. Renewable Energy Diversion: Green hydrogen production demands a substantial amount of renewable energy (RE) capacity.Diverting a significant portion of this capacity to green hydrogen may lead to a shortage of clean electricity for consumers, affecting energy availability. Large Renewable Capacity Requirement: Meeting the demand for green hydrogen would necessitate the installation of renewable energy capacity of about 125 GW.This capacity is approximately 13% of India’s existing electricity generation, signifying a significant investment in renewable energy infrastructure. Financial Diversions and Investment Risk: Diverting finances from projects aimed at decarbonizing the electricity grid to prioritize green hydrogen production presents a risk.Major Indian power utilities, including Reliance Industries, the Adani Group, and the National Thermal Power Corporation, have ambitious plans for green hydrogen production.Concerns regarding potential investment diversions may impact further commitments to green hydrogen initiatives. -Source: The Hindu Ming Dynasty Context: A book that drew comparisons between an inept Chinese emperor of the Ming dynasty and President Xi Jinping was recently recalled in China. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Ming DynastyAchievements Ming Dynasty The Ming Dynasty governed China from A.D. 1368 to 1644.Trade and Cultural Exchange: Known for expanding trade and establishing cultural ties with the West. Renowned for its drama, literature, and porcelain. Founding and Capital Founder and Capital: Established by commoner Zhu Yuanzhang (1328–1398), with Nanjing as the initial capital.Capital Relocation: The third emperor moved the capital to Beijing, which has remained China’s main seat of government. Governmental Structure Continuing Legacy: The Ming’s basic governmental structure persisted through the Qing dynasty until its abolition in 1911/12.Civil Service System: Perfected the civil service examination system, with top officials entering the bureaucracy through examinations.Provincial Affairs: Handled by three agencies, each reporting to separate central government bureaus.Prime Minister’s Abolition: The position of prime minister was eliminated, and the emperor ruled with the aid of the specially appointed Neige, or Grand Secretariat. Achievements Economic and Cultural Expansion: Witnessed remarkable economic and cultural growth, including a significant population increase.Notable Achievements: Refurbished the Great Wall, large naval expeditions, vibrant maritime trade, and the rise of a monetized economy.Cultural Achievements: Produced exceptional porcelain, paintings, lacquers, textiles, and a publishing boom with affordable books for commoners. Collapse Troubled Last Century: The last century of the Ming Dynasty was marked by border conflicts, crop failures, fiscal instability, and court corruption.Manchu Invasion: Overthrown by Manchu invaders from the north, who captured Beijing in 1644.Succession by Qing Dynasty: The Ming Dynasty was succeeded by the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644-1911). -Source: Hindustan Times NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) Context: The ‘NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar’ (NISAR) is poised to facilitate the exploration of how shifts in Earth’s forest and wetland ecosystems impact the global carbon cycle and influence climate change. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR)Mission Objectives NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) NISAR’s Unique Specifications Joint Development: Developed collaboratively by NASA and ISRO in Low Earth Orbit (LEO).Size and Weight: Approximately the size of an SUV, weighing 2,800 kilograms.Dual-Frequency Radar: Equipped with L-band and S-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) instruments.Dual-Frequency Imaging: First satellite to utilize both L-band and S-band radar frequencies to monitor Earth’s surface.All-Weather Capability: SAR can operate in cloudy conditions and collect data day and night, regardless of weather. Contributions NASA and ISRO’s Involvement NASA’s Contributions: L-band radar, GPS, solid-state recorder, and payload data subsystem.ISRO’s Contributions: S-band radar, GSLV launch system, and spacecraft.Prominent Antenna: Features a large 39-foot stationary gold-plated wire mesh antenna reflector to focus radar signals. Mission Objectives Earth Monitoring Ecosystems and Surfaces: Measure changes in Earth’s ecosystems and dynamic surfaces.Ice Masses: Provide data on ice masses, aiding in the understanding of ice-related phenomena.Varied Applications: Offer insights into biomass, natural hazards, sea level rise, and groundwater. Global Observations Regularity: Observe land and ice-covered surfaces worldwide with a 12-day cycle on ascending and descending passes. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 28 October 2023

CONTENTS Reference Fuels Reference Fuels Context: Recently, the Union Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas launched the ‘Reference Gasoline and Diesel Fuels’ produced by IndianOil for the first time in India. Relevance: GS III: Energy Dimensions of the Article: About Reference FuelsSignificanceImportance of Reference Fuels: About Reference Fuels Reference fuels (Gasoline and Diesel) are high-quality, premium products used for calibration and testing of vehicles in the automotive industry.They play a crucial role in the development and assessment of vehicle engines, ensuring they perform well under various global climatic conditions.Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IndianOil) has successfully initiated the production of Reference Gasoline and Diesel Fuels in India, a milestone for the automotive industry. Purpose and Application: Reference fuels are used in the calibration and testing of vehicles by automotive manufacturers, testing agencies like ICAT (International Centre for Automotive Technology), and ARAI (Automotive Research Association of India).These fuels serve as standard benchmarks for assessing vehicle performance, emissions, and efficiency during development and testing phases.The development of indigenously produced reference fuels reduces the need for importing such fuels from other countries. Varieties and Sources: IndianOil’s Paradip Refinery will produce Reference Gasoline Fuels in various ethanol blends (E0, E5, E10, E20, E85, and E100).Panipat Refinery will be responsible for Reference Diesel Fuel production in B7 grade.Previously, India sourced reference fuels from companies in Europe and the United States. Significance: The local production of reference fuels by IndianOil complies with Automotive Industry Standard (AIS) specifications.It ensures import substitution, reduces costs, and offers a shorter lead time for automotive manufacturers.This development aligns with the Indian government’s initiatives to promote domestic manufacturing and self-sufficiency in critical sectors. Importance of Reference Fuels: Reference fuels are vital for automotive manufacturers to create engines and assess vehicle performance.They are essential for guaranteeing that vehicles operate efficiently in different climatic conditions worldwide.The development and usage of reference fuels are crucial for the automobile industry’s quality control, emissions testing, and technological advancements.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 28 October 2023

CONTENTS Reference Fuels Reference Fuels Context: Recently, the Union Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas launched the ‘Reference Gasoline and Diesel Fuels’ produced by IndianOil for the first time in India. Relevance: GS III: Energy Dimensions of the Article: About Reference FuelsSignificanceImportance of Reference Fuels: About Reference Fuels Reference fuels (Gasoline and Diesel) are high-quality, premium products used for calibration and testing of vehicles in the automotive industry.They play a crucial role in the development and assessment of vehicle engines, ensuring they perform well under various global climatic conditions.Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IndianOil) has successfully initiated the production of Reference Gasoline and Diesel Fuels in India, a milestone for the automotive industry. Purpose and Application: Reference fuels are used in the calibration and testing of vehicles by automotive manufacturers, testing agencies like ICAT (International Centre for Automotive Technology), and ARAI (Automotive Research Association of India).These fuels serve as standard benchmarks for assessing vehicle performance, emissions, and efficiency during development and testing phases.The development of indigenously produced reference fuels reduces the need for importing such fuels from other countries. Varieties and Sources: IndianOil’s Paradip Refinery will produce Reference Gasoline Fuels in various ethanol blends (E0, E5, E10, E20, E85, and E100).Panipat Refinery will be responsible for Reference Diesel Fuel production in B7 grade.Previously, India sourced reference fuels from companies in Europe and the United States. Significance: The local production of reference fuels by IndianOil complies with Automotive Industry Standard (AIS) specifications.It ensures import substitution, reduces costs, and offers a shorter lead time for automotive manufacturers.This development aligns with the Indian government’s initiatives to promote domestic manufacturing and self-sufficiency in critical sectors. Importance of Reference Fuels: Reference fuels are vital for automotive manufacturers to create engines and assess vehicle performance.They are essential for guaranteeing that vehicles operate efficiently in different climatic conditions worldwide.The development and usage of reference fuels are crucial for the automobile industry’s quality control, emissions testing, and technological advancements.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 28 October 2023

CONTENTS Surrogacy LawUN Convention to Combat DesertificationLok Sabha’s Ethics CommitteeBidenomicsNeolithic AgeBanni festival Surrogacy Law Context: The Supreme Court has protected the right of parenthood of a woman, suffering from a rare medical condition, by staying the operation of a law which threatened to wreck her hopes to become a mother through surrogacy. Relevance: GS II- Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Recent Case and Reasons for Approaching the Supreme Court (SC)About Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021Eligibility criteria for intending coupleEligibility criteria for surrogate motherOffences and penalties Recent Case and Reasons for Approaching the Supreme Court (SC) Medical Condition and Gestational Surrogacy: The woman suffers from Mayer Rokitansky Kuster Hauser (MRKH) syndrome, which leads to absent ovaries and uterus, making her unable to produce her eggs.She and her husband had initiated gestational surrogacy through a donor last year.Amendment and Ban on Donor Gametes:On March 14 this year, the government issued a notification amending the law, prohibiting the use of donor gametes in surrogacy.The amendment mandated that “intending couples” must use their own gametes for surrogacy.Gametes are reproductive cells used for sexual reproduction, like ova (egg cells) and sperm. Petitioner’s Arguments: The woman began the surrogacy process months before the amendment, which should not apply retrospectively.The amendment ruled out the use of donor eggs, making it impossible for her and her husband to continue surrogacy.The amendment contradicted the Surrogacy Act 2021, which recognized situations requiring gestational surrogacy due to medical conditions.The Surrogacy Rules specified medical conditions like the absence of a uterus, abnormal uterus, or surgical removal due to conditions like gynaecological cancer.The rules affirmed that the choice rested solely with the woman. Government’s Argument: The law required that surrogacy could only be availed of when the child was “genetically related” to the intending couple, allowing for the use of donor eggs. SC’s Verdict: The amendment was prima facie contradictory to the Surrogacy Act’s main provisions in both form and substance.The law permitting gestational surrogacy was “woman-centric,” based on a woman’s inability to become a mother due to medical or congenital conditions.The amendment could not contradict rules recognizing the absence of a uterus or related conditions as medical indications necessitating gestational surrogacy.Addressing the government’s contention regarding genetic relation, the court pointed out that the child would be related to the husband.The expression “genetically related” to the intending couple should be read as related to the husband. About Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 The Act prohibits commercial surrogacy, but allows altruistic surrogacy.   In altruistic surrogacy, the surrogate mother receives no monetary remuneration other than medical bills and insurance coverage during the pregnancy.Commercial surrogacy refers to surrogacy or associated treatments that are performed for a monetary gain or reward (in cash or kind) that exceeds the cost of basic medical care and insurance coverage. Surrogacy is permitted when it is: For intending couples who suffer from proven infertility;AltruisticNot for commercial purposesNot for producing children for sale, prostitution or other forms of exploitationFor any condition or disease specified through regulations. Eligibility criteria for intending couple The intending couple should have a‘certificate of essentiality’ and a ‘certificate of eligibility’ issued by the appropriate authority. A certificate of essentiality will be issued upon fulfilment of the following conditions:A certificate of proven infertility of one or both members of the intending couple from a District Medical Board;An order of parentage and custody of the surrogate child passed by a Magistrate’s court; andInsurance coverage for a period of 16 months covering postpartum delivery complications for the surrogate. The certificate of eligibility to the intending couple is issued upon fulfilment of the following conditions:The couple being Indian citizens and married for at least five years;Between 23 to 50 years old (wife) and 26 to 55 years old (husband);They do not have any surviving child (biological, adopted or surrogate); this would not include a child who is mentally or physically challenged or suffers from life threatening disorder or fatal illness;Other conditions that may be specified by regulations. Eligibility criteria for surrogate mother To obtain a certificate of eligibility from the appropriate authority, the surrogate mother has to be:A close relative of the intending couple;A married woman having a child of her own;25 to 35 years old;A surrogate only once in her lifetime;Possess a certificate of medical and psychological fitness for surrogacy.Further, the surrogate mother cannot provide her own gametes for surrogacy. National and State Surrogacy Boards The central and the state governments shall constitute the National Surrogacy Board (NSB) and the State Surrogacy Boards (SSB), respectively. Functions of the NSB include,  Advising the central government on policy matters relating to surrogacy;Laying down the code of conduct of surrogacy clinics;Supervising the functioning of SSBs. Parentage and abortion of surrogate child A child born out of a surrogacy procedure will be deemed to be the biological child of the intending couple. An abortion of the surrogate child requires the written consent of the surrogate mother and the authorisation of the appropriate authority.This authorisation must be compliant with the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971.  Further, the surrogate mother will have an option to withdraw from surrogacy before the embryo is implanted in her womb. Offences and penalties The offences under the Act include:Undertaking or advertising commercial surrogacy;Exploiting the surrogate mother;Abandoning, exploiting or disowning a surrogate child; andSelling or importing human embryo or gametes for surrogacy.The penalty for such offences is imprisonment up to 10 years and a fine up to 10 lakh rupees. -Source: The Hindu UN Convention to Combat Desertification Context: Recently, the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) has announced the launch of its first-ever Data Dashboard, which shows that Land Degradation is advancing at an astonishing rate across all regions. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: What is Land Degradation?Key Highlights of UNCCD Data on Land DegradationRecommendations of UNCCD to Achieve LDN Targets What is Land Degradation? Land degradation arises from various factors, including extreme weather conditions, particularly drought.Human activities that pollute or degrade the quality of soils and land utility also contribute to land degradation. Impact of Land Degradation: Severe land degradation can lead to desertification, resulting in the creation of arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid regions.Land degradation accelerates climate change and biodiversity loss, contributes to droughts, wildfires, involuntary migration, and the emergence of zoonotic infectious diseases. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) Established in 1994, UNCCD is the sole legally binding international agreement that connects environmental and developmental aspects to promote sustainable land management.It specifically addresses arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid regions, collectively known as drylands, which are home to some of the most vulnerable ecosystems and populations.The Convention’s 197 parties collaborate to enhance the living conditions in drylands, preserve and restore land and soil productivity, and mitigate the impacts of drought. UNCCD and Interconnected Challenges: UNCCD collaborates with the other two Rio Conventions to tackle the interrelated challenges of land, climate, and biodiversity:Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) UNCCD 2018-2030 Strategic Framework: This framework represents a global commitment to achieving Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN), with the goal of restoring the productivity of extensive degraded land, enhancing the livelihoods of over 1.3 billion people, and reducing the effects of drought on vulnerable populations. UNCCD and Sustainable Development: Goal 15 of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) emphasizes the determination to protect the planet from degradation.It emphasizes sustainable consumption and production, responsible natural resource management, and urgent climate action to ensure the planet can meet the needs of present and future generations. Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) LDN is a straightforward but potent concept that involves ensuring a balance between the depletion and restoration of natural resources in a way that preserves the overall health and productivity of the land.The core of LDN centers on adopting more effective land management practices and improved land-use planning to enhance economic, social, and ecological sustainability for both current and future generations.LDN offers substantial advantages in the context of climate change mitigation and adaptation. By halting and reversing land degradation, it is possible to shift the status of land from being a source of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) to becoming a carbon sink. This transformation is achieved by increasing carbon stocks in soils and vegetation. Key Highlights of UNCCD Data on Land Degradation: Global Land Loss: Between 2015 and 2019, the world witnessed the annual loss of over 100 million hectares of productive land, which is equivalent to twice the size of Greenland.This highlights a significant and rapid worsening of land degradation on a global scale. High Impact Regions: Regions such as Eastern and Central Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean are experiencing severe land degradation, affecting at least 20% of their total land area.Sub-Saharan Africa, Western and Southern Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean have experienced land degradation rates faster than the global average.Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean have seen 163 million hectares and 108 million hectares of land, respectively, succumb to degradation since 2015. Positive Progress: Certain countries have made progress in combatting land degradation. For instance, Botswana in sub-Saharan Africa reduced land degradation from 36% to 17% of its territory.The Dominican Republic witnessed a reduction in the proportion of degraded land from 49% to 31% between 2015 and 2019. Ongoing efforts aim to restore 240,000 hectares in specific land degradation hotspots.Uzbekistan reported the highest proportion of degraded land (26.1%) in Central Asia but also achieved the largest decrease, going from 30% to 26% since 2015.India, however, experienced an increase in degraded land area from 4.42% in 2015 to 9.45% in 2019, indicating significant land degradation. Recommendations of UNCCD to Achieve LDN Targets: Restore Degraded Land:The UNCCD underscores the need to restore approximately 1.5 billion hectares of degraded land by 2030 to attain the Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) objectives set out in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.Stopping Further Degradation and Accelerating Restoration:The UNCCD emphasizes that despite concerning global trends, it remains possible to meet or even exceed LDN goals. This can be achieved through a combination of halting further degradation and accelerating efforts to restore degraded land.Voluntary LDN Targets:Numerous countries have established voluntary LDN targets for the year 2030, reflecting their commitment to combating land degradation.Need for Funding:Adequate funding is crucial to support and advance these efforts in line with the LDN targets. -Source: Down To Earth Lok Sabha’s Ethics Committee Context: Recently, Lok Sabha’s Ethics Committee has initiated investigation over ‘Cash for Query’ allegations on a Member of Parliament (MPs) accused of accepting “Bribes” to ask questions in Parliament. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Potential Outcomes of an Ethics Committee InvestigationLok Sabha’s Ethics CommitteeOverlap with Privileges Committee Potential Outcomes of an Ethics Committee Investigation: Ethics Committee Recommendations:If the Ethics Committee finds merit in the complaint, it can make recommendations regarding the alleged misconduct.Suspension Recommendation:A common potential punishment recommended by the Ethics Committee is the suspension of the Member of Parliament (MP) for a specified period.House Decision:The ultimate decision regarding whether to accept the committee’s recommendation and the nature and extent of the punishment, if any, rests with the House, which includes all MPs.Legal Challenge:If the accused MP is expelled or faces an adverse decision, they have the option to challenge it in a court of law.Grounds for Legal Challenge:The grounds for challenging such a decision in court are limited and typically include claims of unconstitutionality, gross illegality, or a denial of natural justice. Lok Sabha’s Ethics Committee: The members of the Ethics Committee are appointed by the Speaker for a one-year term.The concept of ethics committees for both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha was first suggested during a Presiding Officers’ Conference held in Delhi in 1996.The Ethics Committee for the Rajya Sabha was constituted by then Vice President K. R. Narayanan on March 4, 1997, to oversee the moral and ethical conduct of members and examine cases of misconduct referred to it.In the case of the Lok Sabha, a study group of the House Committee of Privileges in 1997 recommended the establishment of an Ethics Committee, but it was not implemented at that time.The Committee of Privileges eventually recommended the formation of an Ethics Committee during the 13th Lok Sabha.The late Speaker, G. M. C. Balayogi, established an ad hoc Ethics Committee in 2000, which only became a permanent part of the House in 2015. Procedure for Complaints: Any person can file a complaint against a Member of Parliament (MP) through another Lok Sabha MP, along with evidence of alleged misconduct and an affidavit confirming that the complaint is not “false, frivolous, or vexatious.”If the Member himself or herself complains, no affidavit is required.The Speaker can refer any complaint against an MP to the Ethics Committee. The Committee does not consider complaints based solely on media reports or matters that are sub judice. It conducts a prima facie inquiry before deciding to examine a complaint and presents its recommendations after evaluating the complaint.The Committee’s report is presented to the Speaker, who seeks the House’s opinion on whether the report should be considered. A half-hour discussion on the report can also be arranged. Overlap with Privileges Committee: The functions of the Ethics Committee and the Privileges Committee often overlap. While allegations of corruption against an MP can be sent to either body, more serious accusations are usually directed to the Privileges Committee.The Privileges Committee’s role is to protect the “freedom, authority, and dignity of Parliament.” These privileges apply to individual Members and the House as a whole. An MP can be investigated for a breach of privilege, and a non-MP can also be accused of breaching privilege by actions that undermine the authority and dignity of the House.The Ethics Committee deals primarily with cases of misconduct involving MPs. -Source: The Hindu Bidenomics Context: The Year 2024 will be highly significant for the global economy due to elections in major influential economies: India, Russia, the UK, the EU, and the US; where in the US, the Bidenomics is supposedly going to be a major electoral plank. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: BidenomicsRationale Behind BidenomicsOther Similar Initiatives Adopted by Other CountriesEconomic Revival Initiatives in India Bidenomics: “Bidenomics” is a term used to describe the various policy choices made by the Biden administration in the United States.According to the White House, Biden’s economic vision is built on three key pillars:Making intelligent public investments in America.Empowering and educating workers to bolster the middle class.Promoting competition to reduce costs and support entrepreneurs and small businesses.Bidenomics encompasses policies aimed at:Enhancing the physical and digital infrastructure of the USA.Reducing the nation’s trade dependence on competitors like China.Raising living standards and opportunities for the middle 40% and the bottom 50% of the US population.Stimulating job creation within the country.The economic approach of Bidenomics involves efforts to generate revenue through increased and higher taxation while also allocating substantial spending towards investments in clean energy and the reduction of healthcare costs. Rationale Behind Bidenomics: Reagan’s Top-Down Model: After the perceived failure of Ronald Reagan’s top-down economic model and trickle-down approach, it became evident that similar initiatives might not yield desired results, and more innovative approaches were needed to address the challenges posed by the COVID-19 crisis.Present Context: The United States recognized that some of the challenges arising in the post-COVID era were deeply rooted in the shortcomings of the trickle-down economic theory. This realization led to the proposition of a new economic model known as Bidenomics, designed to reform the trickle-down theory associated with Reaganomics. Why Bidenomics Matters: Global Influence: Bidenomics is not just influential within the United States; it is also seen as a potential model for global change. For instance, the UK’s Labour Party is considering a more interventionist approach inspired by Bidenomics.Bidenomics as a Double-Edged Sword: While Bidenomics has garnered attention and support, it is also a subject of concern. Critics worry that its emphasis on domestic producer subsidies may trigger a global competition in subsidies among countries, especially in the post-COVID landscape. Other Similar Initiatives Adopted by Other Countries Abenomics: Abenomics is an economic policy framework initiated in Japan by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. It aimed to revitalize the Japanese economy, which had been grappling with deflation, slow growth, and economic stagnation for an extended period. Monetary Policy: The Bank of Japan implementing a policy of “quantitative and qualitative monetary easing” (QQE) to combat deflation.Fiscal Policy: The second aspect focused on expansionary fiscal policies, including increased government spending and public investments to stimulate demand and foster economic growth. Economic Revival Initiatives in India: New Economic Policy: India introduced a new economic policy in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on the economy. This policy included a stimulus package worth Rs 20 lakh crore, equivalent to 10% of GDP, to support various sectors and segments of the economy.Production-linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: India launched the PLI scheme in 2020 to boost manufacturing and exports in key sectors such as automobiles, electronics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and renewable energy. The scheme offers financial incentives to eligible manufacturers based on their incremental sales and investment over a period of five years.Labour Codes: India implemented four labor codes aimed at consolidating and simplifying central labor laws into four broad categories: wages, industrial relations, social security, and occupational safety and health.Atmanirbhar Bharat Mission: India launched the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan, also known as the Self-reliant India Mission, with an economic stimulus package worth Rs 20 lakh crores. This mission aimed to promote self-reliance and economic growth. -Source: Indian Express Neolithic Age Context: A rock art dating back to the Neolithic period was recently found in the Palnadu district of Andhra Pradesh. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: About the Neolithic AgeEnd of the Neolithic Age About the Neolithic Age: The Neolithic Age, also known as the New Stone Age, represents the final stage of cultural evolution and technological development among prehistoric humans.This term is often associated with the advent of agriculture, marking the time when cereal cultivation and animal domestication became prevalent.The beginning of the Neolithic Age varies across regions, as agriculture developed at different times worldwide. In India, the Neolithic Age is estimated to have commenced around 7000 BCE.The Neolithic Age succeeded the Mesolithic Period and was followed by the Chalcolithic Age, characterized by early metal tool usage. Features of the Neolithic Age: The Neolithic Age is characterized by the use of stone tools crafted through polishing or grinding techniques, reliance on domesticated plants and animals, establishment of permanent village settlements, and the emergence of crafts such as pottery and weaving.Houses during this period were typically constructed using mud and reed, with both rectangular and circular designs. End of the Neolithic Age: Towards the conclusion of the Neolithic era, copper metallurgy was introduced, marking a transition period to the Bronze Age, also known as the Chalcolithic or Eneolithic Era.Bronze became the primary material for tools and weapons during this transition, rendering much of the stone technology obsolete, ultimately signaling the end of the Neolithic Age and the broader Stone Age.Significant Neolithic sites in India include Burzahom in Kashmir, Chirand in Bihar, and Edakkal caves in Kerala. -Source: The Hindu Banni Festival Context: Recently, three people lost their lives and more than a hundred were injured in the traditional Banni festival at Devaragattu in Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh. Relevance: GS I: Festivals, Facts for Prelims About the Banni Festival: The Banni festival is a traditional stick-fight celebration.It takes place on the night of Dussehra, also known as Vijaya Dasami, every year.The festival’s objective is to symbolically “snatch” idols from the divine team, leading to a fierce battle known as the Banni Fight.Historically, this festival was celebrated by people under the Vijayanagara Empire.The festival commemorates the victory of Lord Mala Malleswara Swamy and Goddess Parvati over the demonish Mani and Mallasura, who troubled the people in the Devaragattu region. Rituals: The ritual occurs at midnight when the procession idols of the presiding deities, Malamma (Parvati) and Malleshwara Swamy (Shiva), are brought down from the hill temple at Neraneki.Devotees participate by carrying long sticks or lathis, which they use to engage in stick-fighting, often striking each other on the head.The essence of this fight is to capture the procession idol, representing a symbolic battle in the festival. -Source: The Hindu

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 27 October 2023

CONTENTS One nation, One Student ID initiativeNMC Guidelines Restrict New Medical Colleges in High-Density StatesInterconnected Disaster Risks Report 2023DengueDNA and Face Matching’ Systems in Police StationsJamrani Dam Multipurpose ProjectVajra mushti kalaga One nation, One Student ID initiative Context: Several state governments have made requests for schools to obtain parental consent regarding the introduction of a new student identity card. This new ID card, named the Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry (APAAR), is a component of the Union government’s ‘One nation, One Student ID’ initiative. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: What is APAAR ID?Rationale Behind APAARProcedure for Creating APAAR IDConcerns Surrounding APAAR What is APAAR ID? APAAR ID is envisioned as a special identification system designed for all students across India, starting from their early years. Purpose of APAAR ID: Under this initiative, every student would receive a lifelong APAAR ID, streamlining the process of tracking their educational journey, from pre-primary education to higher education.The APAAR ID also serves as a gateway to Digilocker, a digital platform where students can securely store essential documents and achievements, such as exam results and report cards, in a digital format for convenient access in the future. Working of APAAR ID Each individual will be assigned a unique APAAR ID, which will be linked to the Academic Bank Credit (ABC).The Academic Bank Credit (ABC) serves as a digital repository containing information about the credits earned by students throughout their educational journey.With the APAAR ID, students have the ability to store all their certificates and credits, whether they are from formal educational institutions or informal learning experiences.When a student completes a course or attains an achievement, it is digitally certified and securely stored in their account by authorized educational institutions.In cases where a student changes schools, whether within the state or to a different state, all relevant data stored in the Academic Bank Credit (ABC) is seamlessly transferred to the new school, simply by sharing the APAAR ID. Rationale Behind APAAR: The introduction of APAAR aims to simplify the education process and minimize the necessity for students to carry physical documents.This initiative is an integral part of the National Education Policy 2020, implemented by the Education Ministry, with the objective of bringing about positive changes. It enables state governments to monitor literacy rates, reduce dropout rates, and facilitate educational improvements.APAAR also addresses the issue of fraudulent and duplicated educational certificates by establishing a single, reliable reference for educational institutions. Only trusted sources that issue certificates will be permitted to deposit credits into the system, ensuring authenticity. Procedure for Creating APAAR ID To register for an APAAR ID, students are required to provide basic information, including their name, age, date of birth, gender, and a photograph.This information is then verified using their Aadhar number, a unique identification number issued by the Indian government.Students are presented with a consent form, and they have the option to either agree or decline to share their Aadhar number and demographic information with the Ministry of Education for the purpose of creating the APAAR ID.In the case of minors, parents are required to sign the consent form, authorizing the Ministry to use the student’s Aadhar number for authentication with the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI).It’s important to note that registration for the creation of an APAAR ID is voluntary and not mandatory, allowing students and their families the choice to participate. Concerns Surrounding APAAR Privacy Concerns: Some parents and students express concerns about the potential leakage of their personal information to external entities. Government’s Assurance:The government asserts that the information shared by students will be kept confidential and will not be disclosed to any third party except for organizations involved in educational activities.These entities include the Unified District Information System for Education Plus (UDISE+) database, scholarship programs, academic records maintenance, educational institutions, and recruitment agencies.UDISE+ Database:The UDISE+ database is the government’s repository containing data related to schools, teachers, and students.Control Over Data Sharing:Students have the option to cease sharing their information with the mentioned parties at any given time, and data processing will be stopped.However, any personal data that has already been processed will remain unaffected if consent is withdrawn. Administrative Burden: School authorities raise concerns about the additional administrative workload associated with pending Aadhaar verification of students, which is currently optional.The introduction of the APAAR registry may potentially increase the administrative responsibilities placed on teaching faculty. -Source: Indian Express NMC Guidelines Restrict New Medical Colleges in High-Density States Context: Recently, the National Medical Commission (NMC) has issued guidelines putting a hold on new medical colleges and expansion of existing colleges in states with more than 100 medical education seats per million population. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Medical College DistributionNMC’s Guideline ImplementationAbout National Medical Commission (NMC) Medical College Distribution High-Density States: Over 100 medical education seats per million population in at least 13 states and Union Territories in India.Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Maharashtra have the highest number of medical college seats. Severe Shortages in Some States: Meghalaya, Bihar, and Jharkhand face significant shortages, with deficits exceeding 75%.Meghalaya has only 50 medical college seats for a population of 33.5 lakh.Bihar and Jharkhand, with populations of 12.7 crore and 3.9 crore, have 2,565 and 980 medical college seats, respectively.Uttar Pradesh, despite being the most populous state, has a 61% deficit. NMC’s Guideline Implementation Regulations Issued in August 2023: NMC introduced guidelines based on population-to-seats ratios for medical colleges.States exceeding 100 medical education seats per million population are prohibited from expanding their medical education capacity.Aimed at reducing regional disparities and enhancing the quality of medical education. Effective from 2024-25 Academic Session: NMC’s regulations will be in effect for new medical colleges and seat expansions starting from the 2024-25 academic session.No mandate for states with excess seats to close down colleges or reduce existing seats. About National Medical Commission (NMC): The National Medical Commission (NMC) is a regulatory body responsible for overseeing medical education and profession in India.The NMC was established in 2019 under the National Medical Commission Act, replacing the erstwhile Medical Council of India (MCI). Composition: The NMC consists of a Chairperson, members, and ex-officio members appointed by the Central Government.The Chairperson and members include eminent medical professionals, academicians, and experts from various fields related to medical education and practice. Autonomous Boards: The NMC comprises autonomous boards responsible for specific areas such as undergraduate education, postgraduate education, medical assessment and rating, ethics and medical registration, and continuing professional development. Reforms and Objectives: The NMC was established to bring about significant reforms in the medical education sector, promote transparency, improve the quality of education, and ensure the availability of competent medical professionals.It aims to address challenges in medical education, bridge gaps, and align education with evolving healthcare needs. Functions and Responsibilities: Regulating Medical Education: The NMC sets standards, guidelines, and regulations for undergraduate and postgraduate medical education in India.Assessing Medical Institutions: It conducts inspections and assessments of medical colleges and institutions to ensure compliance with prescribed standards.Granting Recognition: The NMC grants recognition to medical qualifications and degrees obtained from Indian and foreign institutions.Promoting Ethical Practices: It establishes and enforces ethical standards and guidelines for medical professionals.Conducting Common Entrance Examinations: The NMC conducts a common entrance examination called the National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (NEET) for admission to undergraduate medical courses in India.Oversight and Quality Assurance: The NMC monitors the quality of medical education, training, and research to maintain high standards in the healthcare sector. -Source: The Hindu Interconnected Disaster Risks Report 2023 Context: Recently, the release of the Interconnected Disaster Risks Report 2023 has thrust the world’s interdependence into the spotlight, warning of impending global tipping points and underlining the critical need for immediate action to prevent potential catastrophic consequences. Relevance: GS III: Disaster Management Dimensions of the Article: Major Findings of the Interconnected Disaster Risks Report 2023Major Drivers of Increasing Disaster RisksSolutions to Mitigate Disaster Risk Major Findings of the Interconnected Disaster Risks Report 2023 About the Report The UN Interconnected Disaster Risks Report is an annual publication by the United Nations University- Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS).First published in 2021, it examines the interconnections between various disasters and human actions. Risk Tipping Points The report introduces the concept of “risk tipping points,” where socio-ecological systems can no longer buffer risks, leading to catastrophic impacts. Environmental Tipping Points The world is nearing six environmental tipping points, including:Depletion of aquifers, which provide water for over 2 billion people, with 70% used for agriculture.Over-extraction in areas like Saudi Arabia, depleting over 80% of its aquifer and impacting food security.Groundwater depletion in the Indo-Gangetic basin in India, with the northwestern region facing limited availability by 2025.Accelerated species extinction due to human activities, leading to ecosystem collapses.Glacial melting at double the rate due to global warming, with a projected loss of 50% of glaciers by 2100.Risk to 90,000+ glaciers in the Himalayas, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush mountains, affecting 870 million people. Space Debris Problem The growing number of satellites in space has led to a space debris problem.Only 25% of objects in orbit are active satellites, with about 130 million smaller, untrackable debris pieces.These debris pieces pose a collision risk to operational satellites, creating a hazardous orbital environment. Deadly Heat Waves Climate change is causing more deadly heat waves, with high temperatures and humidity making it difficult for the body to cool down.Wet-bulb temperatures exceeding 35°C for over six hours can lead to organ failure and brain damage.Expected to affect over 70% of the global population by 2100. Severe Weather and Economic Impact Frequent severe weather events have caused a sevenfold increase in damages since the 1970s, resulting in USD 313 billion in losses in 2022.Insurance costs are rising due to climate change, making coverage unaffordable for many.Some insurers are leaving high-risk areas, rendering regions “uninsurable,” as seen in Australia with increased flood risk. Common Driver: Climate Change Climate change, driven by increased greenhouse gas emissions, acts as a common driver of tipping points, impacting glacier melting, extreme weather events, and changes in the insurance risk landscape.These interconnected environmental issues can trigger feedback loops, like rising sea levels from glacier melt, intensifying coastal flooding, and increasing the demand for disaster insurance.Ultimately, these tipping points have significant socioeconomic consequences. Major Drivers of Increasing Disaster Risks Rapid Urbanization Occurs without adequate planning and infrastructure development.As cities expand, more people and property are exposed to hazards like floods and earthquakes, increasing vulnerability to disasters. Environmental Degradation Deforestation, soil erosion, and pollution weaken natural ecosystems.Reduced ability of ecosystems to act as buffers against disasters amplifies the impacts of hazards. Insufficient Infrastructure Inadequately built or maintained infrastructure, such as bridges, buildings, and roads, can crumble during disasters, resulting in significant economic and social losses. Inadequate Land Use Planning Poor land use planning can lead to communities settling in high-risk areas, such as floodplains or wildfire-prone regions.This contributes to increased exposure to disasters. Mismanagement of Water Resources Mismanagement can lead to droughts, water scarcity, and flooding.These issues have far-reaching consequences for food security, economies, and communities. Interconnected World As the world becomes more interconnected, disruptions in one area can have cascading effects globally.This interconnectedness can propagate the economic and social impact of disasters. Solutions to Mitigate Disaster Risk The UN Interconnected Disaster Risks Report 2023 provides a four-category framework for classifying and prioritizing solutions to address disaster risks: Avoid-Delay These actions aim to prevent disasters by slowing them down using current methods.Example: Implementing strict building codes and land-use regulations to prevent major damage from disasters. Avoid-Transform These actions focus on preventing disasters by making significant changes in how things are done.Example: Transitioning from fossil fuel-based energy production to renewable energy sources (like solar and wind) to avoid the risks associated with climate change. Adapt-Delay These actions prepare us to handle disasters by buying more time to respond effectively.Example: Developing advanced early warning systems for tsunamis to buy time for people to evacuate and prepare for the disaster. Adapt-Transform These actions involve making significant changes to how we do things to adapt to disasters.Example: Implementing coastal zoning policies and restoring natural barrier ecosystems (like mangroves) to adapt to rising sea levels and transform coastal protection strategies. -Source: Hindustan Times Dengue Context: Recently, Dengue cases have surged significantly in some states like Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Tamil Nadu. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: DengueDengue Vaccine Dengue: Dengue is a self-limiting febrile illness characterized by a range of symptoms, from asymptomatic to severe.It is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus, which belongs to the Genus Flavivirus. The virus is primarily transmitted by several species of female mosquitoes within the Aedes genus, particularly Aedes aegypti. This mosquito species is also responsible for transmitting other diseases like chikungunya and Zika.Dengue is caused by four distinct but closely related serotypes of the virus: DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. Symptoms of Dengue: Dengue infection typically presents with symptoms such as sudden high fever, severe headaches, pain behind the eyes, and severe bone, joint, and muscle pain. Dengue Vaccine: The dengue vaccine known as CYD-TDV or Dengvaxia received approval from the US Food & Drug Administration in 2019, making it the first dengue vaccine to gain regulatory approval in the US.Dengvaxia is a live, attenuated dengue virus vaccine designed for administration to individuals aged 9 to 16 who have laboratory-confirmed previous dengue infection and live in endemic areas.Researchers in India, in collaboration with institutions in India, Africa, and the US, have developed India’s first and only DNA vaccine candidate for dengue fever. In preliminary trials on mice, this candidate demonstrated a robust immune response and improved survival rates after exposure to the disease. Controlling Dengue Using Bacteria: Researchers from the World Mosquito Program have successfully controlled dengue by using mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia bacteria. This approach led to a 77% reduction in dengue incidence in Indonesia. -Source: The Hindu DNA and Face Matching Systems in Police Stations Context: Over a year after Parliament passed the Criminal Procedure Identification Act (CrPI), 2022; the Centre is preparing to introduce ‘DNA and Face Matching’ systems in 1,300 police stations nationwide, despite the Act’s provisions not yet being fully implemented. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Context of ‘DNA and Face Matching Systems’ Under CrPI Act, 2022Technology Behind ‘DNA and Face Matching Systems’ Context of ‘DNA and Face Matching Systems’ Under CrPI Act, 2022 Passage of CrPI Act, 2022 In 2022, the Indian Parliament approved the Criminal Procedure Identification (CrPI) Act, granting police and central investigating agencies the authority to collect, store, and analyze a wide range of physical and biological samples, including retina and iris scans, from arrested individuals.The intent was to bolster law enforcement capabilities and usher in a new era in criminal identification and data management. Implementation Responsibility with NCRB The responsibility for implementing the Act and developing Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for the measurement collection process was entrusted to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), a central organization.NCRB played a central role in guiding police officials on the proper protocol for recording these measurements. Inclusion of DNA and Face Matching Although the Act and rules did not explicitly mention DNA sample collection and face matching procedures, the NCRB discussed plans to incorporate these measures in conversations with State police officials.Additionally, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a Domain Committee, consisting of State police and central law enforcement representatives, to record DNA data. Criticism and Practical Challenges Critics voiced concerns about the legislation being “unconstitutional” and viewed it as an intrusion on privacy.Practical challenges emerged, including the need for training and resources in various states, with funding and operating costs being significant concerns.The NCRB emphasized the necessity for technologically, legally, and forensically sound tools and systems, accompanied by robust safeguards to prevent the misuse of collected data.This context highlights the complexity and importance of the Act and its associated rules in the realm of criminal identification and data management. Technology Behind ‘DNA and Face Matching Systems’ Face Matching System: The Face Matching System is a technology driven by algorithms that constructs a digital representation of an individual’s face. This is achieved by identifying and mapping various facial features. The resulting digital map is then compared to a database with which the system has access.In the context of the Automated Facial Recognition System (AFRS), a substantial database containing photos and videos of people’s faces is utilized for the purpose of matching and identifying individuals.When an image of an unidentified person, often obtained from CCTV footage, is introduced, the system uses Artificial Intelligence technology to analyze patterns and make comparisons with the existing database. DNA Matching Systems: DNA Matching Systems, also referred to as DNA profiling or DNA fingerprinting, are techniques employed for the comparison and identification of individuals based on their distinct genetic characteristics.These systems focus on examining specific regions within an individual’s DNA that exhibit significant variability among different people. Through this analysis, a unique genetic profile is established for each individual.DNA matching is frequently employed in the realm of criminal investigations to establish connections between suspects and crime scenes or victims.For example, DNA evidence found at a crime scene, which might include substances like blood, hair, or bodily fluids, is compared with the DNA profiles of potential suspects to either confirm or rule out a connection. -Source: The Hindu Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Context: Recently, the government of India approved the inclusion of the Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project under the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana-Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (PMKSY-AIBP). Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Jamrani Dam Multipurpose ProjectKey Facts about Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project: The Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project involves the construction of a dam near Jamrani village, spanning the Gola River, which is a tributary of the Ram Ganga River. This project is situated in the Nainital district of Uttarakhand.Notably, a significant portion of the irrigation benefits generated by this project will extend to the neighboring state of Uttar Pradesh.This project is the seventh one to be included in the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana – Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (PMKSY-AIBP) list. Key Facts about Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY): Launched in the fiscal year 2015-16, PMKSY is aimed at improving physical access to water resources on farms, expanding cultivable areas with assured irrigation, enhancing on-farm water use efficiency, and promoting sustainable water conservation practices. Nodal Ministry: PMKSY is overseen by the Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare under the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare. Components of PMKSY: Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP): Focuses on expediting the completion of ongoing Major and Medium Irrigation projects, including National Projects.Har Khet Ko Pani (HKKP): Comprises four sub-components, namely Command Area Development & Water Management (CAD&WM;), Surface Minor Irrigation (SMI), Repair, Renovation and Restoration (RRR) of Water Bodies, and Ground Water (GW) Development. Other Components of PMKSY: Per Drop More Crop (PDMC): Implemented by the Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.Watershed Development Component (WDC): Implemented by the Department of Land Resources. -Source: The Hindu Vajra Mushti Kalaga Context: Vajra mushti kalaga, a martial art form, has gone extinct and takes place only during Dasara Relevance: Facts for Prelims Vajra Mushti Kalaga: An Indian Martial Art Vajra Mushti Kalaga is a unique Indian martial art that combines various hand-to-hand combat techniques, including grappling, wrestling, and striking.The term “Vajra Mushti” translates to “Thunderbolt Fist” and is distinctive for its use of a knuckleduster, a small metal weapon.The knuckleduster, also known as Vajra Mushti, is typically crafted from animal horns and is worn on the fighter’s knuckles.The primary objective of this Indian martial art is to neutralize the opponent and counter their weapon.Unlike traditional grappling, Vajra Mushti Kalaga involves two fighters taking swings at each other’s heads using the knuckleduster.The winner is determined by whoever draws blood from the opponent’s head first.This form of wrestling gained popularity during the rule of the Vijayanagar dynasty, which reigned from the 14th to the 17th centuries.The fights are genuine, and the fighters strive to draw blood from their opponent’s head, with a referee intervening upon the first sign of blood.Medieval travelers from Portugal documented this form of wrestling during the Navaratri celebrations in the Vijayanagar empire and left detailed accounts of it. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 27 October 2023

CONTENTS UDAN Regional Connectivity SchemeUnited Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF) UDAN Regional Connectivity Scheme Context: The Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS) – UDAN (Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik), a government-backed initiative to improve infrastructure and connectivity in India, especially in remote and underserved regions, completes six years. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: About Ude Desh Ka Aam Naagrik (UDAN)Different Phases of the Scheme:ObjectivesPerformance of the UDAN Scheme: Enhancing Air Connectivity About Ude Desh Ka Aam Naagrik (UDAN): Nodal:  Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) It is a regional airport development and “Regional Connectivity Scheme” (RCS) of the Union Government of India.The scheme envisages providing connectivity to un-served and under-served airports of the country through the revival of existing airstrips and airports. Funding Pattern for the Scheme Concession by Central Government, State Governments/UTs, and Airport Operators: The scheme aims to reduce the cost of operations on regional routes.The Central Government, State Governments/UTs, and airport operators will provide concessions to airlines operating on these routes. Financial Viability Gap Funding (VGF) Support: VGF support will be provided to bridge the gap, if any, between the cost of airline operations and expected revenues on regional routes.The VGF will be a joint effort between the Ministry of Civil Aviation and the respective State Government. VGF Sharing Ratios: The VGF support will be shared between the Ministry of Civil Aviation and the State Government in a ratio of 80:20.For States in the North-Eastern region and Union Territories, the VGF sharing ratio will be 90:10. Different Phases of the Scheme: UDAN 1.0 Under this phase, 5 airlines companies were awarded 128 flight routes to 70 airports (including 36 newly made operational airports) UDAN 2.0 In 2018, the Ministry of Civil Aviation announced 73 underserved and unserved airports.For the first time, helipads were also connected under phase 2 of UDAN scheme. UDAN 3.0 Key Features of UDAN 3 included: Inclusion of Tourism Routes under UDAN 3 in coordination with the Ministry of Tourism.Inclusion of Seaplanes for connecting Water Aerodromes.Bringing in a number of routes in the North-East Region under the ambit of UDAN. UDAN 4.0: The 4th round of UDAN was launched in December 2019 with a special focus on North-Eastern Regions, Hilly States, and Islands.The airports that had already been developed by Airports Authority of India (AAI) are given higher priority for the award of VGF (Viability Gap Funding) under the Scheme.Under UDAN 4, the operation of helicopter and seaplanes is also been incorporated. UDAN 5.0 Scheme  The 5th round of the scheme has introduced several changes, including: Focus on Category-2 and Category-3: The current round of the scheme is targeted towards Category-2 (20-80 seats) and Category-3 (>80 seats) aircraft.No restriction on stage length: The earlier cap of 600 km on stage length has been waived off, allowing airlines to operate flights on any distance between the origin and destination.Increased Viability Gap Funding (VGF) cap: The VGF to be provided will be capped at 600 km stage length for both Priority and Non-Priority areas, which was earlier capped at 500 km.Shorter deadline for commencement of operations: Airlines would be required to commence operations within 4 months of the award of the route. Earlier this deadline was 6 months. Objective: To create affordable yet economically viable and profitable flights on regional routes so that flying becomes affordable to the common man even in small towns.To stimulate regional air connectivity and making air travel affordable to the masses.The scheme envisages providing connectivity to un-served and underserved airports of the country through the revival of existing air-strips and airports. The scheme is operational for a period of 10 years. UDAN is a market driven ongoing scheme where bidding rounds are conducted periodically for covering more destinations/stations and routes under the scheme.Interested airlines assess the demand on particular routes connecting these airports and submit their proposals at the time of bidding. Performance of the UDAN Scheme Growth in Connected Airports: Before the launch of the UDAN Scheme, India had only 76 airports connected by scheduled commercial flights since 1911.Since 2014, the number of operational airports has significantly increased to 141, demonstrating substantial growth in air connectivity. Expansion of Routes: The UDAN Scheme has initiated 479 new routes, creating a network that reaches various regions across the country.As a result, air connectivity has been extended to more than 29 States and Union Territories, connecting previously underserved areas. Passenger Outreach: The UDAN Scheme has had a notable impact on passenger accessibility and convenience.Over one crore passengers have availed the benefits of this scheme, enjoying improved air travel opportunities and enhanced connectivity. Challenges to the RCS Scheme: Commercial Viability of Routes: Some routes identified under UDAN are commercially unviable for airlines due to low demand, affecting profitability.225 out of 479 launched routes have ceased operations. Inadequate Airport Infrastructure: Remote regions lack adequate airport infrastructure, posing challenges for airlines.Upgradation and improvements are required to meet safety standards and handle increased air traffic. Viability Gap Funding Issues: Subsidies and viability gap funding provided to airlines on selected routes faced challenges as some routes remained commercially unviable. High Operating Costs: Airlines operating in remote areas face higher operating costs, including increased fuel expenses, maintenance costs, and logistical challenges. Cap on Airfares: The cap on airfares for RCS flights can impact airlines’ revenue potential, discouraging them from operating on certain routes. Lack of Awareness: Limited awareness among potential passengers about air travel options under UDAN can limit demand and utilization of regional air services. Way Forward for UDAN Regional Connectivity Scheme: Government, aviation industry stakeholders, and local authorities should work together to address the challenges and find effective solutions.Invest in improving airport infrastructure in remote regions to handle increased air traffic and ensure safety standards.Ensure timely and efficient disbursement of subsidies and viability gap funding to airlines operating on selected routes.Identify and address operational challenges faced by airlines, such as high operating costs and logistical issues.Launch awareness campaigns to inform potential passengers about the availability and benefits of regional air travel under UDAN.Regularly monitor and evaluate the performance of routes and airports to identify any issues and make necessary improvements.Encourage innovation in the aviation sector to find innovative solutions to enhance connectivity and reduce operational costs.Re evaluate the airfare cap for RCS flights to strike a balance between affordability and airlines’ revenue sustainability. United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF) Context: The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change is organising a Country-Led Initiative (CLI) event as part of the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF) from 26-28 October, 2023 at the Forest Research Institute (FRI), Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF)Country-Led Initiative (CLI) United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF): The UNFF is a global platform that advocates for the management, conservation, and sustainable development of all types of forests.It was established in the year 2000 by the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).The Forum convenes annually at the UN Headquarters in New York, bringing together representatives of all UN member states and forest-related agencies. It focuses on high-level dialogues about technical matters in odd years and policy matters in even years.With universal membership, it comprises all Member States of the United Nations and specialized agencies.India holds the distinction of being a founding member of the UNFF. Country-Led Initiative (CLI): The Country-Led Initiative (CLI) primarily aims to contribute to discussions within the UNFF concerning the implementation of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) and the UN Strategic Plan for Forests (UNSPF).It also seeks to facilitate the exchange of best practices among UNFF member States for the effective implementation of SFM and UNSPF.In the current year, CLI will focus its discussions on thematic areas related to forest fires and forest certification.

Facebook Instagram YouTube LinkedIn TelegramGroup Website TelegramChat
Terms and Conditions Privacy Refund Policy Learning Management System by Testpress