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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 26 October 2023

CONTENTS Centre approves ₹22,303­ Cr. subsidy on key fertilizersInternational Solar AlliancePulses to Buck Rise in Kharif OutputAsian Development Bank20 Vital Signs of Earth worsened to imperil life on it, says studyBRO achieves Breakthrough in Crucial Tunnel Work Centre Approves ₹22,303­Cr. Subsidy on Key Fertilizers Context: On Wednesday, the government unveiled a subsidy of ₹22,303 crore for phosphatic and potassic (P&K;) fertilizers during the current rabi season. It was announced that farmers would continue to have access to the crucial soil nutrient DAP (di-ammonium phosphate) at the existing price of ₹1,350 per 50 kg bag. Relevance: GS3- Issues related to Direct and Indirect Farm Subsidies and Minimum Support Prices Dimensions of the article: Recent developmentsNutrient-based subsidy schemeChallenges associated with the Nutrient-based subsidy scheme Recent Developments The Union Cabinet, presided over by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has given its approval to the proposal presented by the Department of Fertilizers to establish the nutrient-based subsidy (NBS) rates for the 2023-24 rabi season, covering the period from October 1, 2023, to March 31, 2024, for P&K; fertilizers.Union Minister Anurag Thakur, in a press briefing, emphasized the government’s commitment to ensuring the availability of affordable fertilizers to farmers. He noted that an estimated ₹22,303 crore would be expended as a subsidy on P&K; fertilizers for the rabi season.In May, the Union Cabinet had already sanctioned a ₹38,000 crore subsidy for P&K; fertilizers during the kharif season of 2023-24.Furthermore, the rates for NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) will remain unchanged at ₹1,470 per bag, while SSP (single super phosphate) will be priced at approximately ₹500 per bag. The cost of MoP (muriate of potash) will decrease from ₹1,700 to ₹1,655 per bag.The Cabinet has established the NBS rates at ₹47.02 per kg for nitrogen (N), ₹20.82 per kg for phosphorus (P), ₹2.38 per kg for potash (K), and ₹1.89 per kg for sulfur (S).For the kharif season of 2023-24, the government had set a per kg subsidy rate of ₹76 for nitrogen, ₹41 for phosphorus, ₹15 for potash, and ₹2.8 for sulfur.When questioned about the reduction in the per kg subsidy rates for N, P, K, and S, Mr. Thakur explained that international prices for finished products and raw materials had slightly decreased but remained high. Therefore, the government continued to provide subsidies to maintain the existing rates.He also noted that the fertilizer subsidy had increased to nearly ₹2.55 lakh crore in the last fiscal year, compared to around ₹73,000 crore in 2014-15. Nutrient-based Subsidy Scheme In accordance with the Nutrient-based subsidy (NBS) system, fertilizers are made available to farmers at reduced prices based on the nutrients they contain, including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulfur (S). Additionally, fertilizers enriched with secondary and micronutrients like molybdenum (Mo) and zinc receive an extra subsidy.The NBS policy dictates that the government announces the subsidy for Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K;) fertilizers on an annual basis, specifying the subsidy amount for each nutrient per kilogram. These determinations consider factors such as international and domestic prices of P&K; fertilizers, exchange rates, and the inventory levels within the country.The primary goal of the NBS policy is to promote the usage of P&K; fertilizers to achieve an optimal nutrient balance (N:P:K = 4:2:1) in NPK fertilization. This approach is intended to enhance soil health and subsequently increase crop yields, leading to higher income for farmers. Moreover, by encouraging the rational use of fertilizers, the government anticipates a reduction in the fertilizer subsidy burden.The NBS policy has been in effect since April 2010 and is administered by the Department of Fertilizers within the Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers. Challenges Associated with NBS Urea remains excluded from the NBS framework, thus continuing to be subject to price controls, while NBS has been applied to other types of fertilizers.A significant imbalance exists in fertilizer pricing. Fertilizers, excluding urea, which were deregulated, have experienced price hikes ranging from 2.5 to four times during the period from 2010 to 2020. In contrast, the price of urea has increased by a mere 11% since 2010. This discrepancy has led to increased urea usage by farmers, exacerbating the fertilizer imbalance issue.Considering that fertilizer subsidies rank as the second-largest subsidies after food subsidies, the NBS policy not only strains the financial well-being of the economy but also harms the soil quality in the country.Subsidized urea is being diverted to bulk purchasers, traders, and even non-agricultural users like plywood and animal feed manufacturers. Furthermore, it is finding its way into neighboring countries such as Bangladesh and Nepal through illegal channels. -Source: The Hindu International Solar Alliance Context:            The International Solar Alliance (ISA) will soon publish its inaugural ‘global solar stocktake report.’ This initiative is inspired by the first-ever ‘Global Stocktake’ conducted by the United Nations Conference of Parties, scheduled to take place in Dubai later this year. Relevance: GS3- Environment Dimensions of the article: About the reportAbout ISAThe 4-Priority Areas of the ProgramImportant Projects of the ISAConclusion About the Report: During the Global Stocktake, countries are expected to provide an account of their efforts to shift their economies away from fossil fuels and outline plans for course correction if their commitments prove insufficient to prevent severe global warming.This process, stemming from the 2015 Paris Agreement, is slated to occur every five years.Its purpose is to assess the progress made by member countries in adopting solar energy. It was noted that in 2020, approximately $300 billion was invested in solar, increasing to about $380 billion in 2022. However, manufacturing remains unevenly concentrated in China.The stocktake will explore strategies to diversify solar manufacturing. About ISA: The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is a collaborative platform driven by its members with a proactive approach to promote the widespread adoption of solar energy technologies.Its primary objective is to facilitate energy accessibility, ensure energy security, and steer the transition towards cleaner energy sources in its member nations.The ISA was initiated as a joint effort between India and France to mobilize collective action against climate change by promoting the use of solar energy solutions.The headquarters is located in India, with its Interim Secretariat based in Gurugram.The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) has granted Observer Status to the International Solar Alliance. This status facilitates well-defined cooperation between the Alliance and the United Nations, fostering global energy growth and development. The 4-Priority Areas of the Program: These priority areas are designed to create a conducive environment for investments in solar energy within the member countries. These areas encompass: Analytics & AdvocacyCapacity BuildingProgrammatic SupportReadiness and enabling activities Important Projects of the ISA: One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG): The OSOWOG initiative focuses on establishing a framework for global cooperation and creating a network of interconnected renewable energy resources, primarily solar energy, that can be shared seamlesslyISA Solar Technology and Application Resource Centre (ISTAR C): This project aims to develop a network of centers for technical training, entrepreneurship, research, and innovation.Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Scheme: Under the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Scheme, the Indian government supports the ISA by providing training to master trainers in the field of solar energy.A significant focus area for the ISA, led by India and France, is the expansion of solar installations in Africa. To support this objective, the organization has established the Global Solar Facility, aimed at boosting solar investment in the region and subsequently expanding to West Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean.As of 2022, global solar photovoltaic installations reached 1,133 gigawatts (GW), with 191 GW added in that year. Approximately one-fourth, or around 350 GW, is situated in China, which is not an ISA member. The United States, an ISA member country, follows with 111 GW, and India ranks among the top five countries globally with 62 GW. Conclusion: Union Minister for Power and Renewable Energy R.K. Singh emphasized the critical role the ISA plays in the transition to renewable and solar energy. India’s substantial experience in this field positions it to be a pivotal contributor. Singh highlighted that among various renewable energy sources, solar energy has a distinct advantage due to its reliability, dependability, and availability for more extended periods throughout the year, making it a solution for universal energy access. -Source: The Hindu Pulses to Buck Rise in Kharif Output Context: Initial independent crop estimates suggest that the production of pulses, certain coarse cereals, and groundnuts is likely to reach a three-year low. However, there is optimism for the overall output to increase by 1.5% to 4% in this season, primarily driven by higher yields of rice and cereals. Despite this, retail inflation in pulses is expected to remain elevated. Relevance: GS3- Major Crops – Cropping Patterns in various parts of the country, Transport and Marketing of Agricultural Produce and Issues and Related Constraints Dimensions of the Article: Data related to production of cropsStatus of inflation for pulses and cereals Data related to production of crops: The initial independent estimates for this year’s kharif season suggest that the production of certain crops, including pulses, some coarse cereals, and groundnuts, may reach a three-year low. However, the overall foodgrains production is expected to increase, primarily due to higher rice and cereal yields.Despite experiencing a monsoon season with 6% less rainfall than normal, kharif crop sowing saw a slight increase of 0.2% by the end of September. Nevertheless, crops like jute (-5.6%), pulses (-4.2%), cotton (-3%), and oilseeds (-1.6%) witnessed declines in sowing.The output of pulses is expected to decrease to a range of 6.9-7.3 million tonnes, compared to 8.24 million tonnes in the previous year and 7.62 million tonnes in the year before that, according to a projection by the Bank of Baroda.Among pulses, arhar, which saw a nearly 5% decline in sowing, is expected to experience a minor reduction from last year’s 3.31 million tonnes to a range of 3.22-3.27 million tonnes. However, the output of urad and moong pulses may witness more significant drops.The total foodgrains production is projected to be in the range of 158-162 million tonnes, representing a 1.5% to 4% increase over the previous year’s levels, as per the assessment by Jahnavi Prabhakar, an economist at the bank.She mentioned, “We anticipate an overall increase in production with crops like rice and sugarcane showing improvement. However, some drag is expected in the case of pulses, cotton, and jute.” Status of inflation for pulses and cereals: Economists anticipate that retail inflation for pulses and cereals will remain high due to the less optimistic production outlook. In September, consumer cereal prices rose by 11%, while pulse inflation increased from 13% in August to 16.4%. At the wholesale level, pulse prices surged by 17.7%.Dipti Deshpande, principal economist at CRISIL, commented, “We expect some easing in food inflation with the kharif harvest, but there may be limited relief for pulses and cereals inflation.” -Source: The Hindu Asian Development Bank Context: The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is providing a $400 million loan to assist the government in implementing its urban reform program. This policy-based loan is intended to bolster the government’s efforts to incorporate reforms focused on enhancing infrastructure and promoting well-planned urban development within a regulated framework. Relevance: GS2- Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.Important International Institutions, agencies and fora – their Structure, Mandate. Dimensions of the article: About ADBAreas of focusIndia and ADB About ADB: The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank that extends loans and investments for development initiatives in its member countries.The bank was established in 1966 with the support of the United Nations organization, now known as the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), and under the leadership of Japan, one of the first industrialized countries in Asia.ADB’s headquarters is situated in the Ortigas Center in Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines.ADB started with 31 members and now has 68. Out of these, 49 are regional members located in Asia, benefiting from the bank’s programs, and 19 are non-regional members, mainly from Western countries, contributing capital to the bank.The bank admits members of the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) and non-regional developed countries.The decision-making process at ADB is similar to that of the World Bank, with the number of votes a member holds corresponding to their share ownership. Presently, Japan holds the highest number of shares, constituting about 15.5% of the bank’s ownership. Areas of Focus: ADB concentrates on key development areas aligned with the World Bank’s sustainable development goals (SDGs).These areas encompass education, health, transport, energy, the finance sector, and climate change. ADB aims to foster sustainable and inclusive economic growth by financing projects in fields such as education and health and by enhancing capital markets and business infrastructure in target countries.The bank also undertakes specialized areas like Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), Information Technology, Regional Cooperation and Integration, and more, serving as secondary capacity-building programs. India and ADB: India is a founding member of ADB and ranks as the bank’s fourth-largest shareholder.Since its initiation in India in 1986, ADB has aligned its operations with the government’s development priorities. This approach will persist through the forthcoming country partnership strategy for 2023–2027.ADB remains dedicated to revitalizing India’s economy, generating formal job opportunities, addressing climate challenges, and assisting lower-income states. ADB’s operations also promote private sector development, gender empowerment, regional integration, knowledge solutions, and capacity development.Up to the present time, ADB has committed $52.6 billion in public sector loans, grants, and technical assistance to India, with cumulative loan and grant disbursements totaling $40.71 billion, financed through regular ordinary capital resources and other special funds. ADB’s sovereign portfolio encompasses 66 loans amounting to $15.4 billion. -Source: The Hindu 20 Vital Signs of Earth Worsened to Imperil Life on it, Says Study Context: A global team of scientists has issued a warning in a study published in the journal BioScience, stating that twenty of the 35 critical indicators of the Earth’s health have deteriorated to an unprecedented extent, endangering life on our planet. Relevance: GS3- Environment Dimensions of the article: More on the study resultsAnalysis of the outcomeWay forward suggested More on the study results These 20 indicators, including Arctic sea-ice levels, ice mass loss in Antarctica and Greenland, sea level rise, and surface temperature anomalies, have reached record extremes, according to the research team, which includes scientists from the United States, the United Kingdom, Brazil, and Bangladesh.The study also presented key statistics related to temperatures and greenhouse gas emissions. For instance, the year 2023 has already experienced 38 days with global average temperatures surpassing 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, as highlighted by the researchers in their study. Analysis of the outcome: Co-lead author William Ripple, a distinguished professor at Oregon State University in the United States, expressed concern by stating, “Life on our planet is clearly under siege.”Regarding greenhouse gas emissions, the scientists pointed out that this year’s Canadian wildfires released over 1 gigatonne of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, surpassing the country’s entire greenhouse emissions for 2021.The study also acknowledged that fossil fuel subsidies had nearly doubled globally between 2021 and 2022, rising from USD 531 billion to just over USD 1 trillion.The authors suggested that the increase in subsidies might be attributed to the elevated energy prices resulting from Russia’s ongoing invasion of Ukraine. Way Forward Suggested: Study author Thomas Newsome from the School of Life and Environmental Sciences at the University of Sydney in Australia emphasized the need to accelerate global efforts to combat climate change while reducing ecological impacts.He noted that extreme weather and climate-related consequences disproportionately affect the world’s poorest individuals, who have contributed the least to climate change. Therefore, climate-related actions should be rooted in equity and social justice.The authors of the study called for policies aimed at addressing the underlying problem of “ecological overshoot” and advocated transitioning to a global economy that prioritizes human well-being while curbing over-consumption and excessive emissions by the wealthy.Specific recommendations in their study include phasing out fossil fuel subsidies, promoting plant-based diets, increasing efforts to protect forests, and adopting international agreements for coal elimination and fossil fuel non-proliferation. -Source: Daily Pioneer BRO Achieves Breakthrough in Crucial Tunnel Work Context: A highly skilled and motivated team of engineers from the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) has achieved a significant milestone in the ongoing Project Sampark on National Highway 144A (NH144A) from Akhnoor to Poonch. Relevance: GS3- Internal Security Dimensions of the article: More on the achievementAbout BROAbout Project Sampark More on the achievement According to a statement from Lt-Col Suneel Bartwal, the Defence spokesman based in Jammu, the team has successfully completed the breakthrough for the first of four tunnels, known as the Kandi Tunnel, which spans 260 meters. This engineering achievement is highly commendable.Once the critical tunnel is finished, it will significantly improve the strategic connectivity for the Armed Forces, facilitating more efficient and expedited transportation from Jammu to Poonch for travelers.The fact that this breakthrough occurred ahead of schedule underscores the exceptional expertise and determination of the BRO. Brigadier Tejpal Singh, the Chief Engineer of Project Sampark, was present to witness this historic moment.Despite facing adverse weather conditions, including heavy rainfall and landslides along the entire road stretch, the tunnel work, which began in March 2023, has seen remarkable progress. About BRO: The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) is responsible for the construction and maintenance of road networks in India’s border regions and neighboring friendly nations. Currently, the BRO is active in twenty-one states, one union territory (Andaman and Nicobar Islands), as well as in neighboring countries like Afghanistan, Bhutan, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka.One of the ongoing projects of the BRO is the construction of a tunnel at the Rohtang Pass, which is anticipated to be completed by 2019. The BRO operates through 18 distinct Projects, namely Arunank, Beacon, Brahmank, Chetak, Deepak, Dantak, Himank, Hirak, Pushpak, Sampark, Setuk, Sewak, Shivalik, Swastik, Udayak, Vartak, Vijayak, and Sela Tunnel.Its operational reach extends across various regions within India, as well as in Bhutan, Myanmar, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan. Established on May 7, 1960, the BRO was created with the primary objectives of safeguarding India’s borders and developing infrastructure in remote and challenging areas of the northern and northeastern parts of the country.The BRO comprises the Border Roads Wing, which operates under the Ministry of Defense, and the General Reserve Engineer Force (GREF). Officers within the BRO are selected through the Indian Engineering Services (IES) Examination, conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). About Project Sampark: The Project Sampark, initiated by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) in 1975, is responsible for the construction, enhancement, and upkeep of around 2,600 kilometers of vital roadways in the border regions of Jammu, Kathua, Doda, Udhampur, Rajouri, Reasi, and Poonch. -Source: Daily Pioneer

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 26 October 2023

CONTENTS Japan-India Semiconductor Supply Chain Partnership43rd PRAGATI Interaction Japan-India Semiconductor Supply Chain Partnership Context: The Union Cabinet has been informed about a Memorandum of Cooperation (MoC) that was signed in July 2023 between India’s Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology and Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry. Relevance: International Relations-Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests. Significance of the MoC: This MoC is centered on the Japan-India Semiconductor Supply Chain Partnership and aims to fortify the collaboration between the two countries in order to bolster the semiconductor supply chain.This recognition of the critical role of semiconductors in advancing industries and digital technologies is at the core of this agreement.The MoC takes effect from the date of its signing and will remain in force for five years. It encompasses both Government-to-Government (G2G) and Business-to-Business (B2B) bilateral cooperation opportunities designed to advance a resilient semiconductor supply chain and leverage the respective strengths of both nations.The MoC also envisions an improved partnership that can lead to increased employment opportunities in the IT sector. Other initiatives by The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY): It introduced the “Programme for Development of Semiconductor and Display Manufacturing Ecosystem in India” to ensure the robust and sustainable development of semiconductor and display ecosystems in the country.This program provides fiscal support for the establishment of Semiconductor Fabs, Display Fabs, facilities for Compound Semiconductors/Silicon Photonics/Sensors/Discrete Semiconductors, and Semiconductor Assembly, Testing, Marking, and Packaging (ATMP) facilities, as well as Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test (OSAT) facilities.Additionally, the “India Semiconductor Mission (ISM)” has been set up under the Digital India Corporation (DIC) to drive India’s strategies for the development of semiconductor and display manufacturing in the country. Conclusion: The “India-Japan Digital Partnership” (IJDP) was launched in October 2018. This initiative builds upon existing areas of cooperation and introduces new initiatives within the scope of Science and Technology (S&T;) and Information and Communication Technology (ICT), with a particular focus on digital ICT technologies. Building upon the ongoing IJDP and India-Japan Industrial Competitiveness Partnership (IJICP), this MoC concerning the Japan-India Semiconductor Supply Chain Partnership aims to expand and deepen cooperation within the electronics ecosystem. This MoC acknowledges the significance of semiconductors in advancing industries and digital technologies, contributing to the enhancement of semiconductor supply chain resilience. 43rd PRAGATI Interaction Context: Recently, the Prime Minister presided over the 43rd edition of PRAGATI, an ICT-based multi-modal platform for Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation, involving both Central and State governments. Relevance: GS2- Governance- Important Aspects of Governance, Transparency and Accountability, E-governance- applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; Citizens Charters, Transparency & Accountability and institutional and other measures. Outcome of the meeting: During the meeting, a total of eight projects were assessed, consisting of four related to water supply and irrigation, two focused on the expansion of National highways and connectivity, and two aimed at enhancing rail and metro rail connectivity.These projects collectively have an estimated cost of approximately Rs. 31,000 crore and pertain to seven states, namely Bihar, Jharkhand, Haryana, Odisha, West Bengal, Gujarat, and Maharashtra.The Prime Minister stressed the importance of the PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan Portal in conjunction with technologies like satellite imagery to address various implementation and planning issues, particularly regarding project locations and land requirements.Furthermore, he directed that all stakeholders involved in projects within densely populated urban areas designate nodal officers and establish teams to enhance coordination.Regarding irrigation projects, the Prime Minister recommended organizing visits for stakeholders to areas where successful rehabilitation and reconstruction work has been carried out.This would not only showcase the transformative impact of these projects but also inspire stakeholders to expedite project execution.During the meeting, Prime Minister Modi also reviewed the progress of ‘Mobile Towers and 4G Coverage under USOF Projects.’ Under the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF), the objective is to provide mobile connectivity to 33,573 villages with 24,149 mobile towers.The Prime Minister urged that mobile towers be installed in all uncovered villages within the current financial year, emphasizing the need for regular meetings with all stakeholders to achieve complete mobile coverage even in the most remote areas. About PRAGATI: Introduced in 2015, PRAGATI is a versatile and multi-faceted platform designed to address the concerns of the general public while concurrently overseeing and evaluating significant initiatives and projects undertaken by the Government of India, as well as those identified by state governments.It operates on a three-tier system, involving the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO), Union Government Secretaries, and Chief Secretaries of the States.PRAGATI stands out by integrating three cutting-edge technologies: digital data management, video-conferencing, and geospatial technology.Furthermore, it promotes cooperative federalism by bringing together Government of India Secretaries and State Chief Secretaries on a single platform to foster collaboration and joint decision-making. Conclusion: Up to this 43rd edition of PRAGATI meetings, a total of 348 projects with a combined cost of Rs. 17.36 lakh crore have undergone review.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 October 2023

CONTENTS Drought in Amazon RainforestsHow MPs ask questions in Lok SabhaVizhinjam International Seaport ProjectWhite Phosphorus MunitionsTilapia ParvovirusChanakya Defence Dialogue  Drought in Amazon Rainforests Context: The Amazon rainforest is reeling from an intense drought. Numerous rivers vital for travel have dried up. As a result, there is no water, food, or medicine in villages of indigenous communities living in the area. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Amazon RainforestsRamifications of the Prolonged DroughtUnderlying Causes of the Amazon DroughtAlarming Research Findings for the Future of the Amazon Rainforests Amazon Rainforests: The Amazon rainforest, also known as Amazon jungle or Amazonia, is a lush tropical rainforest located in the Amazon biome that blankets most of the Amazon basin in South America.Encompassing an area of 7 million square kilometers, this region includes more than 3,300 formally recognized indigenous territories and spans across nine countries.Brazil holds the lion’s share of this forest, covering 60% of its expanse, followed by Peru (13%) and Colombia (10%). Unprecedented Drought in the Amazon Rainforests: Between July 2023 and September 2023, eight Brazilian states experienced the lowest recorded rainfall levels in over 40 years.Projections indicate that below-average rainfall is anticipated to continue until year-end.This ongoing drought is emerging as another contributing factor to the escalating degradation of the Amazon, often referred to as the Earth’s “lungs” due to its storage of over 150 billion metric tonnes of carbon. Ramifications of the Prolonged Drought: The Rio Negro, one of the planet’s largest rivers by discharge volume, has dwindled to a record low level of 13.59 meters.The drought has also severely impacted the Madeira River, a critical Amazon tributary, causing the suspension of operations at the fourth-largest hydroelectric dam in Brazil, Santo Antonio, due to historically low water levels.An alarming number of fish and river dolphins, locally known as Boto, have been discovered dead due to the decreased water levels.The decomposing carcasses of these aquatic creatures have contaminated water sources in certain areas, forcing residents to employ this water for cooking, bathing, and drinking.Brazilian authorities express concerns that approximately 500,000 individuals may be adversely affected by the drought by the end of October.Manaus, the largest city and the capital of the Amazonas state, which has been severely impacted by the drought, declared states of emergency in 55 out of 62 municipalities due to the severe water scarcity.The abnormally dry conditions have heightened the Amazon rainforest’s susceptibility to wildfires, leading to 2,700 wildfires reported in the state of Amazonas this month, marking the highest figure ever recorded for the month of October in the past 25 years.Smoke generated from these wildfires has significantly diminished air quality in Manaus, a city housing two million residents situated at the heart of the Amazon, reaching hazardous levels. Underlying Causes of the Amazon Drought: Historical Precedence: While periods of drought are not unprecedented in the Amazon, the rainforest experienced a severe dry spell in 2021, marked as one of the worst in at least nine decades.The current drought, however, seems even more severe due to the simultaneous occurrence of two natural events that have disrupted cloud formation, exacerbating the region’s already deficient rainfall levels. Influence of El Nino: El Nino is characterized by an abnormal warming of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, altering global weather patterns.This weather phenomenon is known to escalate the probability of extreme heat events and record-breaking temperatures in numerous regions worldwide, including both terrestrial and oceanic environments. Elevated Atlantic Ocean Temperatures: Another contributing factor is the exceptionally high water temperatures observed in the northern tropical Atlantic Ocean.The process begins with the warming of ocean waters, which leads to the ascent of heated air into the atmosphere, ultimately reaching the Amazon rainforest.The influx of warm air impedes cloud formation, resulting in a significant reduction in rainfall. Alarming Research Findings for the Future of the Amazon Rainforests: A body of research conducted over the years has indicated that as global temperatures rise, the Amazon will experience more frequent and prolonged droughts.A study published in the journal “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences” (PNAS) in 2022 posited that if current rates of fossil fuel combustion persist, the Amazon could confront major droughts in 90% of years by 2060.Another study, featured in the journal “Nature” in 2022, emphasized that the Amazon rainforest’s capacity to rebound from extended droughts has diminished over the past two decades, approaching a critical tipping point.Beyond this tipping point, the Amazon would transition from a luxuriant green forest to a drier, open savanna, resulting in the release of substantial carbon stores, further intensifying global warming.Over the past five decades, approximately 17% to 20% of the Amazon’s expanse has been destroyed.Experts underscore the urgency of curbing deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions to safeguard the Amazon, as well as the need to restore degraded areas through reforestation efforts. -Source: The Hindu How MPs Ask Questions in Lok Sabha Context: Trinamool Congress MP Mahua Moitra has welcomed the opportunity to respond to inquiries by the CBI and the Lok Sabha Ethics Committee regarding allegations of cash for query. The Lok Sabha Speaker had previously referred the complaint accusing Moitra of accepting money from a businessman in exchange for asking questions in Parliament to the Ethics Committee. The BJP MP had made these allegations against her. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Procedure for Raising Questions in Lok SabhaConditions for the Admissibility of QuestionsDifferent types of questionsImportance of Raising Questions Procedure for Raising Questions in Lok Sabha: Existing Rules: The procedure for raising questions is governed by Rules 32 to 54 of the “Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha” and Directions 10 to 18 of the “Directions by the Speaker, Lok Sabha.” How It Works: To ask a question, an MP must provide a notice to the Secretary-General of the Lok Sabha, indicating their intention to ask a question.The notice typically includes the text of the question, the official designation of the Minister to whom the question is addressed, the desired answer date, and the order of preference if the MP submits multiple question notices for the same day. Number of Questions Allowed: A Member can submit a maximum of five notices of questions, both for oral and written answers, for any given day.Notices exceeding this limit are considered for the following day(s) during that session. Notice Period: Generally, the notice period for a question is not less than 15 days. Ways to Submit Notices: MPs can submit notices in two ways: through an online “Member’s Portal,” requiring login credentials, or by using printed forms available in the Parliamentary Notice Office. Role of the Speaker: The Speaker of Lok Sabha reviews the notices of questions in accordance with established rules.The Speaker makes determinations regarding the admissibility of questions or their components. Conditions for the Admissibility of Questions: Various rules determine the admissibility of an MP’s questions.Questions should typically not exceed 150 words.They must avoid arguments, defamatory statements, or references to individuals’ character or conduct unless in their official or public capacity.Questions raising broad policy matters are generally not allowed, as it’s challenging to encompass policies in a limited answer.Questions on subjects currently under legal judgment, review by a parliamentary committee, or that may threaten national unity and integrity are not admissible. Different types of questions Starred questions A starred question is asked by an MP and answered orally by the Minister-in-charge.Each MP is allowed to ask one starred question per day.Starred questions have to be submitted at least 15 days in advance (so that the Minister-in-charge has the time to prepare the answers) and only 20 questions can be listed for oral answers on a day.When a question is answered orally, supplementary questions can be asked thereon.Starred questions are better suited to inquire about the government’s views on issues and its policy inclination. Unstarred questions An unstarred question receives a written reply from the Ministry. These also need to be submitted at least 15 days in advance.Only 230 questions can be listed for written answers in a day.Unlike starred questions, unstarred questions do not permit any follow-up questions.Unstarred questions are more conducive for getting answers to queries related to data or information Short-notice questions Short notice questions are ones pertaining to a matter of urgent public importance.They can be asked with less than 10 days’ notice, with reasons for the short notice.Like a starred question, they are answered orally, followed by supplementary questions. Questions addressed to private Members The question to a private Member is addressed to the MP themselves.It is asked when the subject matter pertains to any Bill, Resolution or any matter relating to the Business of the House for which that MP is responsible. Importance of Raising Questions: An inherent and unrestricted parliamentary right of MPs.A tool for legislative control over executive actions.Used to:Obtain information about government activities.Critique government policies and programs.Highlight government deficiencies.Encourage ministers to take meaningful actions for the common good. -Source: Indian Express Vizhinjam International Seaport Project Context: The Vizhinjam International Seaport Project, India’s first deepwater transshipment port, has gained attention recently as the first cargo ship arrived at the port. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: Vizhinjam International Seaport Project OverviewImportance of a Deepwater Container Transshipment Port in India Vizhinjam International Seaport Project Overview: Project Nature: The Vizhinjam International Seaport is a significant initiative undertaken by the Government of Kerala.Primary Purpose: The port primarily aims to serve transshipment and gateway container business. It includes provisions for a cruise terminal, liquid bulk berth, and additional terminals.Public Private Partnership: The project is being developed through a Public Private Partnership (PPP) model, with Adani Ports Private Limited. It follows a design, build, finance, operate, and transfer (DBFOT) structure.Strategic Location: Situated near Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, it strategically occupies the southern coast of India, offering convenient access to global shipping routes.Global Competitiveness: Vizhinjam International Seaport is positioned to compete with established global transshipment hubs like Colombo, Singapore, and Dubai. This will help reduce the cost of container movement to and from foreign destinations.Deep Natural Depth: The port enjoys a natural depth of more than 18 meters, which can be further expanded to 20 meters. This depth is crucial as it enables the port to accommodate large vessels and mother ships with substantial cargo capacities.Phase I Capacity: The initial capacity in the first phase is set at one million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs), with future potential for expansion to 6.2 million TEUs. Project Progress: Job Opportunities: It is expected to generate around 5,000 direct job opportunities.Industrial Corridor: The project is anticipated to stimulate the development of an industrial corridor and cruise tourism.Progress Status: Currently, the project is approximately 65.46% complete. However, it has faced delays due to factors such as natural disasters, protests, and logistical challenges.Operational Readiness: The current timeline aims for the first phase to be operationally ready by December 2024. Importance of a Deepwater Container Transshipment Port in India: Current Port Limitations: India has 12 major ports; however, it lacks a large mega-port with the necessary infrastructure to accommodate ultra-large container ships.Dependence on Foreign Ports: As a result, approximately 75% of India’s transshipment cargo is handled at ports outside the country, with Colombo, Singapore, and Klang being the primary destinations.Transshipment Cargo Volume: In the fiscal year 2021-22, India’s total transshipment cargo reached about 4.6 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs), with approximately 4.2 million TEUs being processed at foreign ports. Benefits of a Transshipment Hub: Forex Savings: Developing a transshipment hub in India would lead to significant foreign exchange savings.Foreign Direct Investment: Attracting foreign direct investment would be a notable benefit.Economic Activity: It would increase economic activity at other Indian ports, contributing to regional development.Logistics Infrastructure: Development of related logistics infrastructure would facilitate efficient cargo movement.Employment Generation: The project would create employment opportunities.Operational Efficiency: Improved operation and logistics efficiencies would be achieved.Revenue Increase: It would lead to an increase in revenue share for the Indian government.Related Businesses: The establishment of such a port encourages the growth of related businesses including ship services, logistics, and bunkering. Diverting Cargo Traffic: A deepwater container transshipment port has the potential to attract a significant share of the container transshipment traffic currently being diverted to foreign ports like Colombo, Singapore, and Dubai.This helps retain valuable cargo traffic within India, leading to economic benefits and logistical advantages. -Source: Indian Express White Phosphorus Munitions Context: Recently, global human rights organizations, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have accused the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) of using white phosphorus munitions in Gaza and Lebanon, in violation of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: White PhosphorusHistorical Use of Phosphorus MunitionsLegal Status and Regulation White Phosphorus: Pyrophoric Nature: White phosphorus is a substance that is considered pyrophoric, meaning it can ignite spontaneously or very quickly (in under five minutes) when it comes in contact with air.Reaction with Oxygen: When exposed to oxygen, white phosphorus ignites, generating high heat of about 815 degrees Celsius, thick white smoke, and intense light.Global Classification: Under the “Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals,” which is an internationally agreed-upon system for standardizing chemical hazard classification and communication, white phosphorus falls into the category of “Pyrophoric solids, category 1.” This category includes chemicals that catch fire spontaneously when exposed to air. White phosphorus is known for its high level of instability among pyrophoric substances.Military Use: White phosphorus is used in military applications, such as artillery shells, bombs, rockets, and felt (textile) wedges soaked in the substance. It is primarily used to create smokescreens that hide troop movements on the ground. The thick smoke produced by white phosphorus serves as a visual obscurant and interferes with infrared optics and weapons tracking systems.Incendiary Use: Besides its role as a smokescreen, white phosphorus can also be used as an incendiary weapon. For example, it was used by US forces during the second battle of Fallujah in Iraq in 2004 to force concealed combatants to abandon their positions.Destructive Effects: White phosphorus exposure can cause severe burns, often down to the bone, along with respiratory problems. It can also damage infrastructure, crops, and lead to the death of livestock. In windy conditions, white phosphorus can trigger raging fires, causing significant destruction. Historical Use of Phosphorus Munitions: White phosphorus munitions, initially known as “Fenian fire,” were first employed by Irish nationalists in the late 19th century.The term “Fenian” was a broad reference to Irish nationalists.These munitions have found application in conflicts worldwide, including notable events like their use during World War II’s Normandy invasion and the prolonged Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Legal Status and Regulation: White phosphorus munitions are not subjected to a comprehensive ban, but their use is regulated within the framework of International Humanitarian Law (IHL).They are not classified as chemical weapons because their primary function is generating heat and smoke, rather than relying on toxicity. As a result, the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW), particularly Protocol III, governs their use. Protocol III addresses incendiary weapons.Protocol III imposes restrictions on the use of ground-launched incendiary weapons in situations involving concentrations of civilians. However, the protocol’s definition of incendiary weapons pertains to those “primarily designed” to ignite and burn people. This definition may potentially exclude multipurpose munitions containing white phosphorus, as they are mainly considered as agents for creating smoke. -Source: Indian Express Tilapia Parvovirus Context: India has witnessed its first encounter with Tilapia Parvovirus (TiPV), in Tamil Nadu causing a significant impact on the country’s aquaculture. This virus has been reported in farm-bred tilapia, a freshwater fish species, and has raised concerns due to its high mortality rates. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Tilapia Parvovirus (TiPV)About Tilapia Fish Tilapia Parvovirus (TiPV): TiPV is a viral pathogen primarily impacting tilapia, a type of freshwater fish.It is categorized within the Parvoviridae family, known for its small, non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA viruses.The virus was initially reported in China in 2019 and later in Thailand in 2021. India has become the third country to report the occurrence of TiPV.TiPV has been linked to significant mortality rates, ranging from 30% to 50% on fish farms.Laboratory-based studies have shown that TiPV can lead to a 100% mortality rate among infected fish, underlining its destructive potential.TiPV outbreaks also have the potential to threaten the biodiversity and ecological balance of freshwater bodies because tilapia is an invasive species capable of competing with native fish for resources like food and habitat.Additionally, TiPV outbreaks can impact the food security and nutritional resources of communities reliant on tilapia as a protein source and a means of income. About Tilapia Fish: Tilapia is a freshwater fish species highly cultivated and consumed in India, belonging to the family Cichlidae within the order Perciformes.These fish originally hail from Africa and have become a popular choice for widespread cultivation and consumption. Tilapia Farming in India: Tilapia farming takes place in various regions of India, with notable activity in Andhra Pradesh and Kerala.The introduction of different tilapia species, such as Nile tilapia and Mozambique tilapia, has given rise to diverse farming practices.Nile tilapia, introduced in the 1970s, is favored for its larger size and scalability in cultivation.Mozambique tilapia, referred to as “Jilabi” in Tamil, was introduced to Indian freshwater bodies in the 1950s. It is known for its ability to thrive in low-oxygen aquatic environments, demonstrating adaptability.The Indian government sanctioned the import of specific tilapia species, specifically Oreochromis niloticus and red hybrids, in 1970. These species were selected due to their rapid growth and alignment with market demand, allowing a degree of control over aquaculture. -Source: Indian Express Chanakya Defence Dialogue Context: The Indian Army is planning to launch the Chanakya Defence Dialogue, a forum for discussing important security matters. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Chanakya Defence Dialogue: The Chanakya Defence Dialogue is established as a regular platform that brings together leading experts from the global defense and strategic sectors. The primary objective is to facilitate the exchange of knowledge, ideas, and insights.The dialogue’s core purpose is to integrate intelligence, strategy, and expertise, encouraging in-depth discussions on various topics. These subjects encompass the forces in neighboring regions, the crucial Indo-Pacific frontier, and the evolving impact of emerging technologies on defense and security.The Indian Army is partnering with the prestigious think tank, Centre for Land and Warfare Studies (CLAWS), to organize this event.Participants in the dialogue represent a diverse range of countries, including Australia, France, Japan, and the United States.Structured as a two-day conference, this gathering will feature prominent speakers, military strategists, diplomats, and leading intellectuals specializing in defense and strategic affairs.Discussions during the dialogue will span a wide spectrum of security challenges and strategies, with particular emphasis on the pivotal regions of South Asia and the Indo-Pacific.The dialogue will also encompass discussions about cooperation in defense technology, military exercises, and concerns related to nuclear proliferation. -Source: Times of India

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 October 2023

CONTENTS India’s first Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS)Operation Nanhe Faristey India’s First Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) Context: PM Modi will inaugurate the first leg of the Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS), India’s first mass rapid system dedicated to regional connectivity. Trains on the first section will eventually cut the journey time between Delhi and Meerut to less than an hour. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS)Namo Bharat trains Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) RRTS is an integrated, mass transit network with semi-high-speed rail connectivity at its core.Its purpose is to promote balanced and sustainable urban development by improving connectivity and accessibility across the National Capital Region (NCR). Origin: The concept of RRTS emerged from an Indian Railways study conducted in 1998-99.This study highlighted the potential for an RRTS network connecting various NCR locations through rapid commuter trains.In 2006, the proposal gained traction as Delhi Metro lines expanded to NCR towns like Gurgaon, Noida, and Ghaziabad.The National Capital Region Planning Board (NCRPB) adopted the concept as it developed the Functional Plan on Transport for NCR-2032.NCRPB identified and recommended eight RRTS corridors to connect NCR towns through high-speed rail-based commuter transit services. Objectives: The RRTS aims to unleash the NCR’s full potential and enhance multi-modal connectivity at transportation hubs.It encourages public transportation use to reduce road and metro/rail congestion.The project aims to stimulate employment generation and create new commercial hubs in the NCR.Shorter travel times are expected to boost the region’s economic productivity. Features: RRTS trains are faster than metro trains, with speeds of 160 km/hour (up to 180 km/hour).The RRTS model is based on systems like Paris’ RER, Germany and Austria’s Regional-Express trains, and the U.S.’ SEPTA Regional Rail, among others. Differences from Existing Systems: RRTS is faster than metros.Compared to Indian Railways, RRTS covers shorter distances but offers higher frequency and more comfort. Namo Bharat Trains “Namo Bharat” is the name of India’s first regional rapid train operating between Delhi and Meerut.The Prime Minister is scheduled to inaugurate the priority section of the Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) corridor and flag off the “RapidX train” connecting Sahibabad and Duhai Depot. Construction: The RRTS, also known as “Namo Bharat,” has been constructed by the National Capital Region Transport Corporation (NCRTC).NCRTC is a joint venture between the Central government and the governments of Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh.It operates under the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs and is responsible for implementing the RRTS project across the National Capital Region. Operation Nanhe Faristey Context: Under Operation ‘Nanhe Faristey’, the Railway Protection Force (RPF) plays an important role in reuniting the children lost/separated due to several reasons from their family. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Dimensions of the Article: About Operation Nanhe FaristeyKey Facts about the Railway Protection Force (RPF) About Operation Nanhe Faristey: Operation Nanhe Faristey was initiated on the Indian Railways, aiming to rescue and provide care and protection to children in need who came into contact with the Indian Railways.These children were rescued and handed over to the relevant authorities with the ultimate goal of reuniting them with their families. Key Facts about the Railway Protection Force (RPF): The RPF’s origins trace back to 1882 when various railway companies appointed their own guards to safeguard railway property.In 1957, it was officially recognized as a statutory force through an act of Parliament and later designated as an armed force of the Union of India in 1985.In 2003, the RPF assumed partial responsibility for escorting passenger trains and managing access control at railway stations.The RPF is headed by a director-general and operates as an armed force under the operational and administrative jurisdiction of the Union Ministry of Railways.Its primary duties encompass safeguarding railway property, ensuring the safety of passenger areas, and protecting the passengers themselves.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 20 October 2023

CONTENTS Digital Crop Survey SystemIndia’s first Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS)A Recent Breakthrough in Cancer ResearchContempt of CourtAppointment of Odhuvars in Chennai Region’s Shaivite TemplesTV-D1 MissionNiemann-Pick DiseaseRafah Crossing Digital Crop Survey System Context: Highlighting that the present system of estimation of crop area and production is completely manual, the Centre has asked states and Union Territories (UTs) to digitise the process by adopting the Digital Crop Survey System from July next year. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Need for the Digital Crop SurveyGuidelines for the Digital Crop SurveyDigital Crop Survey Parameters Need for the Digital Crop Survey: Manual Collection and Compilation: Currently, the collection and compilation of crop statistics in India is largely manual, except in a few states. This manual process leads to delays and is prone to manual errors.Limited Digital Systems: Only a few states, such as Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh, have established digital data collection systems using GPS-enabled mobile applications. These systems are used for collecting crop area and CCEs (Crop Cutting Experiments) data directly from the field. In other states like Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh, digital systems are in place for crop area recording.Reliability of Agricultural Production Estimates: India faces challenges due to the lack of reliable agricultural production estimates. There is a need for real-time assessment estimates of crops to make informed decisions in the agricultural sector.Technological Intervention: Given these challenges, there is a need to reform the existing production estimation system by leveraging technological intervention. Guidelines for the Digital Crop Survey: The Economics, Statistics and Evaluation Division (ESED) under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare (MoA&FW;) has finalized guidelines for the Digital Crop Survey.According to these guidelines, all states and Union Territories (UTs) are required to automate and digitize the process of area enumeration/girdawari of crops at the field level. This process, referred to as the Digital Crop Survey, is mandated to begin from the 2024-25 Agricultural Year.In India, the agricultural year starts in July and ends in June of the following year.As per the guidelines, states and UTs are expected to use GPS-enabled mobile applications to collect data on crop sowing for each plot during each season. This data is then to be shared at the village level, aggregated, and provided to the Department of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare (DA&FW;) through API (Application Programming Interface). Digital Crop Survey Parameters: As part of the Digital Crop Survey, states are required to collect data on essential parameters, which include: Village Information: This encompasses details like village name, year, season, farmer ID, and farm ID.Crop Data: For each farm plot, data must be gathered on the crop name, crop variety, crop sown area, and geotags of crop photos.Farm Details: This section covers geotags of the farm boundary where the crop is sown, sowing/planting dates at the farm plot level, irrigation types at the farm plot level, and irrigation sources at the farm plot level. Survey Initiation: The central government initiated a pilot Digital Crop Survey in several states earlier this year, which laid the groundwork for this nationwide effort. Revised Estimate Release Timeline: In a separate development, the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare (MoA&FW;) has revised the timelines for releasing agricultural estimates.Under the previous system, the ministry used to release estimates in five phases. However, the fourth phase, typically released in August, has been discontinued.Instead, the ministry will now release the final estimates that encompass all states and all seasons (kharif, rabi, summer) in September-October.This marks a significant departure from the previous practice, where final estimates were released in the following February. -Source: Indian Express India’s first Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) Context: PM Modi will inaugurate the first leg of the Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS), India’s first mass rapid system dedicated to regional connectivity. Trains on the first section will eventually cut the journey time between Delhi and Meerut to less than an hour. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS)Namo Bharat trains Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) RRTS is an integrated, mass transit network with semi-high-speed rail connectivity at its core.Its purpose is to promote balanced and sustainable urban development by improving connectivity and accessibility across the National Capital Region (NCR). Origin: The concept of RRTS emerged from an Indian Railways study conducted in 1998-99.This study highlighted the potential for an RRTS network connecting various NCR locations through rapid commuter trains.In 2006, the proposal gained traction as Delhi Metro lines expanded to NCR towns like Gurgaon, Noida, and Ghaziabad.The National Capital Region Planning Board (NCRPB) adopted the concept as it developed the Functional Plan on Transport for NCR-2032.NCRPB identified and recommended eight RRTS corridors to connect NCR towns through high-speed rail-based commuter transit services. Objectives: The RRTS aims to unleash the NCR’s full potential and enhance multi-modal connectivity at transportation hubs.It encourages public transportation use to reduce road and metro/rail congestion.The project aims to stimulate employment generation and create new commercial hubs in the NCR.Shorter travel times are expected to boost the region’s economic productivity. Features: RRTS trains are faster than metro trains, with speeds of 160 km/hour (up to 180 km/hour).The RRTS model is based on systems like Paris’ RER, Germany and Austria’s Regional-Express trains, and the U.S.’ SEPTA Regional Rail, among others. Differences from Existing Systems: RRTS is faster than metros.Compared to Indian Railways, RRTS covers shorter distances but offers higher frequency and more comfort. Namo Bharat Trains “Namo Bharat” is the name of India’s first regional rapid train operating between Delhi and Meerut.The Prime Minister is scheduled to inaugurate the priority section of the Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) corridor and flag off the “RapidX train” connecting Sahibabad and Duhai Depot. Construction: The RRTS, also known as “Namo Bharat,” has been constructed by the National Capital Region Transport Corporation (NCRTC).NCRTC is a joint venture between the Central government and the governments of Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh.It operates under the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs and is responsible for implementing the RRTS project across the National Capital Region. -Source: Indian Express A Recent Breakthrough in Cancer Research Context: A recent breakthrough in cancer research, published in Cell Reports by researchers at the Netherlands Cancer Institute, sheds light on why some cancer cells are resistant to the anti-cancer drug Taxol. This discovery offers the potential to enhance cancer treatment by devising strategies to overcome this resistance, providing hope for patients grappling with this formidable disease. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the Study on Chemotherapy ResistanceChemotherapy Key Highlights of the Study on Chemotherapy Resistance: The Challenge of Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is a fundamental cancer treatment targeting rapidly dividing cancer cells.However, it affects non-cancerous cells, leading to side effects like oral inflammation, nausea, and hair loss. Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs): ADCs offer a more targeted approach by delivering drugs directly to cancer cells.This minimizes collateral damage to healthy cells, improving treatment outcomes. Understanding Chemotherapy Resistance: Some cancer cells can resist chemotherapy, increasing the risk of cancer recurrence.The study focuses on resistance to Taxol, a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent. Role of the ABCB1 Gene: Taxol resistance is linked to the ABCB1 gene’s location within the cell’s nucleus.Resistant cells exhibit unique ABCB1 gene locations, leading to increased resistance. The P-gp Efflux Pump: Increased ABCB1 gene expression results in the production of the P-gp efflux pump.This pump removes Taxol and other toxins from cells, allowing cancer cells to persist. Identifying the Lamin B Receptor (LBR): LBR is a crucial protein anchoring the ABCB1 gene to the nuclear envelope in sensitive cells.LBR absence allows cells to activate the ABCB1 gene in response to Taxol. Variability in Cancer Cell Responses: Different cancer cells respond variably to the absence of LBR.Variations depend on the specific cancer type, influencing Taxol resistance levels. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that employs potent anti-cancer drugs to target fast-growing cells in the body.Cancer cells proliferate more rapidly than most cells in the body.Chemotherapy can be used as a standalone treatment or in conjunction with other therapies like surgery, radiation, or hormone therapy. Cancer: Cancer is a complex term encompassing a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body.These anomalous cells, referred to as cancer cells, possess the capability to invade and damage healthy tissues and organs.In a healthy body, cells follow a regulated cycle of growth, division, and death, facilitating the normal functioning of tissues and organs.In cases of cancer, specific genetic mutations or abnormalities disrupt this regular cell cycle, leading to uncontrolled cell division and growth.These cells can amass into a mass of tissue known as a tumor. -Source: Indian Express Contempt of Court Context: Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) has started Contempt of Court Proceedings against two members of the NCLAT (National Company Law Appellate Tribunal). Relevance: GS II- Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: What is contempt of court?What is the statutory basis for contempt of court?What are the kinds of contempt of court?What is not contempt of court? What is Contempt of court? Contempt of court, as a concept that seeks to protect judicial institutions from motivated attacks and unwarranted criticism, and as a legal mechanism to punish those who lower its authority, is back in the news in India. How did the concept of contempt come into being? The concept of contempt of court is several centuries old.In England, it is a common law principle that seeks to protect the judicial power of the king, initially exercised by himself, and later by a panel of judges who acted in his name.Violation of the judges’ orders was considered an affront to the king himself. What is the statutory basis for contempt of court? There were pre-Independence laws of contempt in India.When the Constitution was adopted, contempt of court was made one of the restrictions on freedom of speech and expression.Article 129 of the Constitution conferred on the Supreme Court the power to punish contempt of itself.Article 215 conferred a corresponding power on the High Courts.The Contempt of Courts Act, 1971, gives statutory backing to the idea. What are the kinds of contempt of court? The law codifying contempt classifies it as civil and criminal.Civil Contempt – when someone wilfully disobeys a court order, or wilfully breaches an undertaking given to court.Criminal Contempt – consists of three forms:words, written or spoken, signs and actions that “scandalise” or “tend to scandalise” or “lower” or “tends to lower” the authority of any courtprejudices or interferes with any judicial proceeding andinterferes with or obstructs the administration of justice.Making allegations against the judiciary or individual judges, attributing motives to judgments and judicial functioning and any scurrilous attack on the conduct of judges are normally considered matters that scandalise the judiciary.The rationale for this provision is that courts must be protected from tendentious attacks that lower its authority, defame its public image and make the public lose faith in its impartiality.The punishment for contempt of court is simple imprisonment for a term up to six months and/or a fine of up to RS. 2,000. What is not contempt of court? Fair and accurate reporting of judicial proceedings will not amount to contempt of court.Nor is any fair criticism on the merits of a judicial order after a case is heard and disposed of.Truth as a defence against a contempt charge: For many years, truth was seldom considered a defence against a charge of contempt. There was an impression that the judiciary tended to hide any misconduct among its individual members in the name of protecting the image of the institution. The Act was amended in 2006 to introduce truth as a valid defence, if it was in public interest and was invoked in a bona fide manner. -Source: Indian Express Appointment of Odhuvars in Chennai Region’s Shaivite Temples Context The Tamil Nadu Government appointed 15 Odhuvars, including five women, to serve the deities by singing hymns and praises in Shaivite temples across the Chennai region. Relevance: GS I: Ancient Indian History Dimensions of the Article: Who are Odhuvars?Significance in the PresentChallenges and Issues Faced by Odhuvars in Tamil Nadu Who are Odhuvars? Odhuvars are individuals who sing devotional hymns in Tamil Nadu’s Hindu temples.They serve the deity Lord Shiva by singing praises from Thirumurai in Saivite temples.Odhuvars sing devotional hymns but do not enter the sanctum sanctorum. Historical Origin: The tradition of Odhuvars dates back to ancient times and has deep roots in the Bhakti movement, flourishing between the 6th and 9th centuries in Tamil Nadu.During this period, saint-poets, known as Alwars and Nayanars, composed devotional hymns in praise of Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva, respectively.Odhuvars emerged as the custodians of this rich musical and devotional heritage. Significance in the Present: Odhuvars continue to play a pivotal role in the daily and festive rituals of Tamil Nadu temples.They are responsible for reciting Thevaram and Thiruvasagam, ancient Tamil texts containing hymns and praises for Lord Shiva.Many Odhuvars come from marginalized communities, and their temple roles provide economic opportunities while fostering community unity.Odhuvars contribute to the preservation of the Tamil language, ensuring that ancient texts are understood by future generations.Their performances create a devotional atmosphere in temples, inspiring a sense of piety and spiritual connection among worshippers. Challenges and Issues Faced by Odhuvars in Tamil Nadu Economic Vulnerability: Many Odhuvar families struggle financially because their income is heavily dependent on temple donations and offerings.This economic instability poses a significant threat to the sustainability of the Odhuvar tradition. Lack of Recognition: The contributions of Odhuvars to temple rituals and the preservation of Tamil culture often go unnoticed.Limited recognition and acknowledgment can be demotivating for Odhuvars. Generational Interest: Younger generations may not be inclined to continue the tradition due to financial instability and limited social prestige.This raises concerns about the continuity of the Odhuvar tradition. Competition with Modern Media: The rise of recorded music and modernization has changed the way people engage with religious and devotional content.Odhuvars may struggle to compete with digital media and contemporary musical forms. Government Support: Recognized government institutions, such as the Sangeet Natak Academy, have not been actively addressing the concerns of Odhuvars.The expertise and competence of Odhuvars in their field can help alleviate the challenges faced by the community. -Source: The Hindu TV-D1 Mission Context: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is set to launch its first-ever test flight, TV-D1, for the Gaganyaan mission, marking a pivotal moment in India’s pursuit of human spaceflight. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: TV-D1 MissionObjective of the Test TV-D1 Mission Mission Name: Test Vehicle Abort Mission-1 (TV-D1)Purpose: Evaluate the readiness of the crew module for the Gaganyaan mission.Rocket Type: Single-stage liquid rocket designed specifically for this abort mission.Payloads: Crew Module (CM) and Crew Escape Systems (CES) with fast-acting solid motors, CM fairing (CMF), and Interface Adapters.Simulated Condition: This flight simulates the abort condition during the ascent trajectory corresponding to a Mach number of 1.2, as encountered in the Gaganyaan mission. Objective of the Test: The test evaluates the abort and crew escape system, which functions similarly to an ejection seat in fighter jets, aiming to ensure the safety of crew members in case of in-flight anomalies.The Crew Escape System can automatically operate at various altitudes if the onboard computer detects malfunctions.This test simulates an abort condition during the ascent trajectory, ensuring the safety of Indian astronauts in the initial phase of the launch.During the test, the CES with CM is separated from the Test Vehicle at an altitude of approximately 17 km.Following the separation, the abort sequence is autonomously executed, involving the separation of CES, deployment of parachutes, and ultimately leading to the safe landing of CM in the sea, around 10 km from the coast of Sriharikota. -Source: The Hindu Niemann-Pick Disease Context: Recently, parents of children suffering from Niemann-Pick disease have urged the Union government to notify the ailment under the National Policy for Rare Diseases. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Niemann-Pick Disease OverviewCausesSymptomsClassificationTreatment Niemann-Pick Disease Overview: Niemann-Pick Disease is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the accumulation of sphingomyelin in lysosomes within cells, which results in dysfunctional metabolism of sphingolipids.The disease encompasses three primary recognized forms: Niemann-Pick Types A, B, and C.Affected areas of the body include the brain, nerves, liver, spleen, bone marrow, and, in severe cases, lungs.Symptoms are related to the progressive loss of nerve and brain function, impacting various organs.While it can occur at any age, it mainly affects children. Causes: Niemann-Pick Disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that both copies of the gene must be defective to cause the disease.In most cases, parents of an affected child are carriers, having one copy of the altered gene but not displaying symptoms due to the presence of a functional copy.If both parents are carriers, each pregnancy has a 25% chance of producing an affected child. Symptoms: Common symptoms include enlargement of the liver and spleen (Hepatosplenomegaly), low blood platelet levels (Thrombocytopenia), slurred speech (dysarthria), difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia), abnormal posturing of limbs, trunk, and face (dystonia), voluntary rapid eye movements (supranuclear gaze palsy), and a gradual loss of intellectual abilities, leading to dementia and seizures. Classification: Types A and B: These are caused by mutations in the SMPD1 Gene, resulting in a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme acid sphingomyelinase, which normally breaks down the lipid sphingomyelin.Type C: Niemann-Pick disease, type C (NPC), is caused by mutations in NPC1 or NPC2 genes, impacting proteins used to transport lipids. It is further classified into C1 (95% of type C cases) and C2. Treatment: There is no specific treatment known for Niemann-Pick Types A and B. However, the focus is on managing symptoms to improve the quality of life for affected individuals. -Source: Times of India Rafah Crossing Context: Recently, the area of the Rafah Border Crossing has been reportedly hit by a military strike. Relevance: Places in News Dimensions of the Article: Rafah Crossing OverviewKey Facts about Sinai Peninsula Rafah Crossing Overview: Rafah Crossing is located at the southern end of the Gaza Strip, a narrow territory housing approximately 2.3 million people.It is situated between Israel, Egypt, and the Mediterranean Sea.This crossing is under the control of Egypt.Rafah Crossing represents a crucial and often the sole humanitarian route for aid to enter the Gaza Strip from Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula.There are only two other border crossings in the Gaza region: Erez, a border crossing with Israel in northern Gaza, and Kerem Shalom, a commercial crossing connecting Israel and southern Gaza. Key Facts about Sinai Peninsula: The Sinai Peninsula is a triangular landmass in northeastern Egypt.It serves as a land bridge, connecting the continents of Asia and Africa.Boundaries:To the north, it is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea.To the east, it shares borders with Israel and the Gaza Strip.The Sinai’s western boundary is defined by the Suez Canal, separating it from the African part of Egypt.The Gulf of Suez lies to the southwest.To the immediate south, it is bordered by the Red Sea.The Gulf of Aqaba defines its southeastern boundary.Egypt has maritime boundaries in the Sinai region, sharing them with Jordan and Saudi Arabia. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 20 October 2023

CONTENTS Amendments to the Aircraft Rules, 1937Kati Bihu Amendments to the Aircraft Rules, 1937 Context: Recently, the Ministry of Civil Aviation has notified the Amendments to the Aircraft Rules, 1937, aiming to promote Safety and Ease of Doing Business in Aviation Regulation. These amendments align India’s aviation regulations with the International Civil Aviation Organization’s (ICAO) Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) and international best practices. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key Amendments to the Aircraft Rules, 1937: Extended License Validity: The amendment extended the validity of Airline Transport Pilot License (ATPL) and Commercial Pilot License (CPL) holders’ licenses from five years to ten years.This change aims to streamline the licensing process and reduce administrative burdens on pilots and aviation authorities like the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA). Expanded Government Jurisdiction: The revision clarified the definition of “light” to encompass various sources and expanded the government’s jurisdiction from 5 kilometers to 5 nautical miles around an aerodrome.It empowered the government to take action against individuals displaying lights that disrupt aircraft operation. In cases of unattended lights, the government can intervene and report the matter to relevant authorities for legal action under the Indian Penal Code (IPC). Removal of Rule 118: Rule 118, which pertains to the validation of foreign licenses, was removed to align regulations with the evolving needs of the aviation sector. Flexibility in Competency Requirements: The amendment introduced flexibility in recency and competency requirements for Air Traffic Controller License holders, allowing for simulated exercises, emergencies, and skill assessments.This ensures continued competence, particularly during limited movements or watch hours. Significance of the Amendment Rules: Enhancing Aviation Safety: These amendments play a crucial role in enhancing aviation safety by addressing concerns related to the display of “false lights” around aerodromes. The extended jurisdiction and clarified definitions ensure a safer operational environment, reducing potential hazards and disruptions to aircraft operations.Streamlined Licensing Process: The streamlined licensing process, including the extension of license validity, reduces administrative burdens. This can contribute to a more business-friendly environment in the aviation sector, potentially attracting investment and fostering industry growth. About ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization): The ICAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations created in 1944.Its primary mission is to promote safe, secure, and efficient air transportation worldwide.ICAO develops and establishes international standards and recommended practices for aviation, encompassing regulations for air navigation, communication, and airport operations.It works to address global aviation issues, including air traffic management, aviation security, and environmental protection.The organization is headquartered in Montreal, Canada, where it plays a central role in shaping international civil aviation standards and policies. Kati Bihu Context: Recently, the Prime Minister of India extended best wishes on the auspicious occasion of Kati Bihu to the people of Assam. Relevance: GS I: Festivals Dimensions of the Article: Kati Bihu OverviewSignificance Kati Bihu Overview: Kati Bihu is celebrated in the northeastern state of Assam.The word “Kati” signifies “to cut,” and this festival marks the period of relocating rice saplings in the fields.It is also commonly known as Kongali Bihu, with “Kongali” referring to “poor.”Assam observes three Bihu festivals: Bhogali or Magh Bihu in January, Rongali or Bohag Bihu in April, and Kati Bihu. Significance: Kati Bihu falls in a month with relatively few food resources.To celebrate, people light earthen lamps or candles to illuminate their homes.An essential aspect of the festival involves lighting diyas near the Tulsi plant, which is worshiped on this auspicious day.Additionally, individuals place a special lamp known as “Akash Banti” (Sky candle) in their paddy fields.These lamps are fueled by mustard oil and are elevated atop bamboo poles.The belief is that these illuminated lamps will guide their ancestors toward heaven.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 19 October 2023

CONTENTS Electoral bondsIndiaSkills 2023-24 Supreme Court On Electoral Bonds Scheme Context: Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) has referred petitions challenging the 2018 Electoral Bonds Scheme to a five-judge Constitution Bench. While the Centre has termed the scheme “a big step towards electoral reform” which “will ensure transparency” and “accountability”, petitioners have contended that it affects transparency in political funding. Relevance: GS-II: Polity and Governance (Governance and Government Policies) Dimensions of the Article: What are Electoral Bonds?Why have they attracted criticism?Government’s response defending the Electoral Bonds scheme What are Electoral Bonds? An electoral bond is like a promissory note that can be bought by any Indian citizen or company incorporated in India from select branches of State Bank of India.The citizen or corporate can then donate the same to any eligible political party of his/her choice.The bonds are similar to bank notes that are payable to the bearer on demand and are free of interest.An individual or party will be allowed to purchase these bonds digitally or through cheque. Why have they attracted criticism? The central criticism of the electoral bonds scheme is that it does the exact opposite of what it was meant to do: bring transparency to election funding.For example, critics argue that the anonymity of electoral bonds is only for the broader public and opposition parties.The fact that such bonds are sold via a government-owned bank (SBI) leaves the door open for the government to know exactly who is funding its opponents.This, in turn, allows the possibility for the government of the day to either extort money, especially from the big companies, or victimise them for not funding the ruling party — either way providing an unfair advantage to the party in power.Further, one of the arguments for introducing electoral bonds was to allow common people to easily fund political parties of their choice but more than 90% of the bonds have been of the highest denomination (Rs 1 crore).Moreover, before the electoral bonds scheme was announced, there was a cap on how much a company could donate to a political party: 7.5 per cent of the average net profits of a company in the preceding three years. However, the government amended the Companies Act to remove this limit, opening the doors to unlimited funding by corporate India, critics argue. Government’s response defending the Electoral Bonds scheme The Government said that the Electoral Bond Scheme allowed anonymity to political donors to protect them from “political victimisation”. The earlier system of cash donations had raised a “concern among the donors that, with their identity revealed, there would be competitive pressure from different political parties receiving donation”.The Ministry of Finance’s affidavit in the top court had dismissed the Election Commission’s version that the invisibility afforded to benefactors was a “retrogade step” and would wreck transparency in political funding. IndiaSkills 2023-24 Context: Recently, the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship has launched IndiaSkills 2023-24 and commended the World Skills Competition (WSC) 2022 winners. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: IndiaSkills 2023-24WorldSkills Competition IndiaSkills 2023-24: Objective: IndiaSkills 2023-24 is a skill development competition designed to enhance and nurture individuals’ skills in various domains. It prepares participants for both national and international skill competitions.Precursor to WorldSkills: IndiaSkills serves as a precursor to the WorldSkills competition. Outstanding participants at the national level in IndiaSkills move on to compete at the global event, WorldSkills. Key Objectives: Aligning Skills with Market Needs: Emphasizes the importance of developing employable skills that are in sync with industry requirements.Bridging Skill Gaps: Aims to identify and bridge skill gaps by focusing on mapping industry-specific skills, reducing the disparity between academic qualifications and practical competencies.Competency Development: Provides equal emphasis on developing competencies, applied knowledge, and practical training to equip individuals to excel in the 21st century. WorldSkills Competition: Organizer: The WorldSkills Competition is organized by WorldSkills International and is held every two years, involving participation from 86 member countries. Benchmark for Excellence: It serves as a benchmark for evaluating vocational excellence, offering an objective means to assess high performance in various skills. India’s Performance in WSC 2022: India took part in 50 skills and achieved its highest-ever ranking, securing the 11th position.India earned 2 Silver Medals, 3 Bronze Medals, and 13 Medallions for Excellence in various skills such as hotel receptionist, mechatronics, mobile robotics, water technology, bakery, web technologies, and more.The Indian competitors were selected through the IndiaSkills Competition 2021 and received training under WorldSkills India Experts and trainers.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 19 October 2023

CONTENTS Supreme Court to Consider Challenge Regarding Classification of Bills as Money BillsChina’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA)Quantum EngineLymphatic FilariasisMuthuvan tribeRISC-V technology Supreme Court to Consider Challenge Regarding Classification of Bills as Money Bills Context: A seven-judge Bench of the Supreme Court of India, led by the Chief Justice of India, addresses a request for priority to a reference concerning the manner in which the Centre got crucial amendments passed in the Parliament as Money Bills. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Money Bill: Definition and Constitutional BasisContested Amendments Passed as Money BillsImplications of the Larger Bench Money Bill: Definition and Constitutional Basis Definition: A Money Bill is a type of financial legislation that exclusively deals with matters related to revenue, taxation, government expenditures, and borrowing.Constitutional Basis:Article 110(1) specifies that a Bill is considered a Money Bill if it pertains to matters outlined in Article 110(1)(a) to (g), including taxation, government borrowing, and appropriation of funds from the Consolidated Fund of India.Article 110(1)(g) extends this definition to include “any matter incidental to any of the matters specified in Articles 110(1)(a)-(f).”Speaker’s Decision: According to Article 110(3) of the Constitution, if there is a question about whether a Bill qualifies as a Money Bill or not, the Speaker of the House of the People (Lok Sabha) has the final say on the matter. Procedure: Money Bills must be introduced in the Lok Sabha and cannot be introduced in the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Parliament).While the Rajya Sabha can make recommendations on a Money Bill, it does not possess the authority to amend or reject it.The President can either accept or reject a Money Bill but cannot return it for reconsideration.There is no provision for a Joint sitting of both houses to resolve disagreements on Money Bills. Contested Amendments Passed as Money Bills Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) Amendments: Amendments to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) from 2015 onwards granted the Enforcement Directorate extensive powers, such as arrest and search authority.The controversy surrounds the passage of these amendments as Money Bills, raising concerns about their legality and constitutionality.Legal experts and petitioners question whether these substantial changes should have followed the regular legislative process involving both houses of Parliament. Finance Act of 2017: The Finance Act of 2017 was designated and passed as a Money Bill, sparking concerns about the proper utilization of this legislative procedure.Allegations emerged that the Act aimed to modify appointments to 19 significant judicial tribunals, including the National Green Tribunal and Central Administrative Tribunal.Accusations were made that categorizing the 2017 Act as a Money Bill was a deliberate effort to expand executive control over these tribunals.The Act’s passage coincided with changes that significantly reduced the qualifications and experience required for staffing these crucial judicial bodies. Aadhaar Act, 2016: In 2018, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the government, validating the Aadhaar Act as a legitimate Money Bill under Article 110 of the Constitution.The government’s argument was based on subsidies distributed through Aadhaar flowing from the Consolidated Fund of India, justifying the Act’s categorization as a Money Bill.This decision raised legal and procedural questions as Money Bills are the exclusive domain of the Lok Sabha and limit the influence of the Rajya Sabha.Recently, the Chief Justice of India called for a more comprehensive review of these issues. Implications of the Larger Bench: Clarity on Constitutionality: The larger bench’s decision will provide clarity on the constitutionality of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), the Aadhaar Act, and the Tribunal reforms.Categorization as Money Bills: It will determine whether these laws were accurately categorized as money bills or if they were used to bypass scrutiny in the Rajya Sabha.Legal Soundness: The resolution will clarify whether these classifications were legally valid or strategic maneuvers to evade oversight.Judicial Scrutiny: The discussions within the larger bench may also shed light on the extent of judicial scrutiny that can be applied to the Speaker’s determinations when classifying bills as money bills. -Source: The Hindu China’s Ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Context: China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is celebrating its 10th anniversary. This colossal project, in 2013, aims to reshape global trade and infrastructure development. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)India’s Stance on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)Issues Concerning the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a comprehensive development strategy launched in 2013 with the goal of enhancing global connectivity and cooperation.Initially named ‘One Belt, One Road,’ it was later rebranded as the BRI to emphasize inclusivity and openness rather than Chinese dominance. Components of BRI: The BRI consists of two primary components:Silk Road Economic Belt: This focuses on improving overland transportation routes, infrastructure, and trade links across Eurasia.Maritime Silk Road: Emphasizes maritime connections, including ports, shipping routes, and maritime infrastructure projects, extending from the South China Sea through Indo-China, Southeast Asia, the Indian Ocean, and reaching Africa and Europe. Objective: The primary objective of the BRI is to enhance international connectivity by improving infrastructure, trade, and economic cooperation.It encompasses a wide range of projects, including the development of railways, ports, highways, and energy infrastructure. Geographic Corridors: The land-based Silk Road Economic Belt includes six key development corridors:China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)New Eurasian Land Bridge Economic CorridorChina-Indochina Peninsula Economic CorridorChina-Mongolia-Russia Economic CorridorChina-Central Asia-West Asia Economic CorridorChina-Myanmar Economic Corridor Economic Impact: Participation in the BRI has led to increased trade and investments with China for the involved countries.Trade with BRI partners experienced an annual growth rate of 6.4%, reaching USD 19.1 trillion between 2013 and 2022. India’s Stance on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Opposition Based on Sovereignty and Transparency: India opposes the BRI project primarily due to concerns related to sovereignty and transparency.India chose to boycott BRI summits organized by China in 2017 and 2019 and refrained from endorsing BRI joint statements issued by the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). Objection to CPEC and PoK: India’s primary objection to the BRI is the inclusion of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which traverses through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK), a territory claimed by India.India asserts that PoK is an integral part of its territory. Call for International Norms and Financial Sustainability: India emphasizes the need for BRI projects to adhere to international norms, uphold the rule of law, and ensure financial sustainability.India is concerned about the potential creation of debt traps, as well as environmental and social risks for the countries hosting BRI projects. Promotion of Alternative Initiatives: Instead of participating in the BRI, India has been actively promoting alternative connectivity initiatives.One such initiative is the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII), a G7 effort aimed at funding infrastructure projects in developing nations. Issues Concerning the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Debt Sustainability and Transparency: One of the primary issues associated with the BRI is the debt sustainability and transparency of its projects, especially in countries with weak governance, high corruption, and low credit ratings.Accusations of “debt-trap diplomacy” have arisen, with critics suggesting that countries like Sri Lanka and Zambia, unable to repay BRI-related loans, have faced pressure to surrender strategic assets or make political concessions. Decentralized and Bilateral Nature: The BRI consists of primarily bilateral projects rather than a centralized, multilateral initiative. This decentralized approach can lead to coordination and governance challenges.Unlike initiatives like the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), the BRI lacks a centralized governing structure, making collective issue resolution challenging. Geopolitical Rivalries and Disputes: Geopolitical rivalries and disputes, such as the India-China border dispute, have had repercussions on the implementation of BRI projects in certain regions.Political tensions can undermine the progress of the initiative, affecting project timelines and outcomes. Environmental and Social Impacts: BRI infrastructure development projects have faced criticism regarding their potential environmental and social impacts.The challenge is to ensure that BRI projects prioritize environmental sustainability and consider the well-being of local communities. Geopolitical Concerns and Influence: The BRI has raised geopolitical concerns, especially regarding China’s growing influence and control over critical infrastructure in partner countries.These concerns have led some countries to reevaluate their participation in the initiative and seek to balance their interests. -Source: Indian Express Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA Context: Recent data from the Ministry of Home Affairs has revealed a concerning trend related to the registration of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 2010 in India. The data suggests that NGOs are not accurately depicting their operational areas in their FCRA registrations and are involved in activities that deviate from their stated objectives. Relevance: GS-II: Polity and Governance (Government Policies & Interventions, Non-Governmental Organisations -NGOs), GS-III: Indian Economy (External Sector, Mobilization of Resources) Dimensions of the Article: What is the FCRA?Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Act, 2020Issues Related to FCRANon-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in India What is the FCRA? The FCRA was enacted during the Emergency in 1976 amid apprehensions that foreign powers were interfering in India’s affairs by pumping money into the country through independent organisations.These concerns were, in fact, even older — they had been expressed in Parliament as early as in 1969.The law sought to regulate foreign donations to individuals and associations so that they functioned “in a manner consistent with the values of a sovereign democratic republic”. Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010 The Foreign Contribution (regulation) Act, 2010 is a consolidating act whose scope is to regulate the acceptance and utilisation of foreign contribution or foreign hospitality by certain individuals or associations or companies and to prohibit acceptance and utilisation of foreign contribution or foreign hospitality for any activities detrimental to the national interest and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. Key Points regarding FCRA Foreign funding of voluntary organizations in India is regulated under FCRA act and is implemented by the Ministry of Home Affairs.The FCRA regulates the receipt of funding from sources outside of India to NGOs working in India.It prohibits the receipt of foreign contribution “for any activities detrimental to the national interest”.The Act held that the government can refuse permission if it believes that the donation to the NGO will adversely affect “public interest” or the “economic interest of the state”. However, there is no clear guidance on what constitutes “public interest”.The Acts ensures that the recipients of foreign contributions adhere to the stated purpose for which such contribution has been obtained.Under the Act, organisations require to register themselves every five years. Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Act, 2020 The Act bars public servants from receiving foreign contributions. Public servant includes any person who is in service or pay of the government, or remunerated by the government for the performance of any public duty.The Act prohibits the transfer of foreign contribution to any other person not registered to accept foreign contributions.The Act makes Aadhaar number mandatory for all office bearers, directors or key functionaries of a person receiving foreign contribution, as an identification document.The Act states that foreign contribution must be received only in an account designated by the bank as FCRA account in such branches of the State Bank of India, New Delhi.The Act proposes that not more than 20% of the total foreign funds received could be defrayed for administrative expenses. In FCRA 2010 the limit was 50%.The Act allows the central government to permit a person to surrender their registration certificate. Issues Related to FCRA The Act also held that the government can refuse permission if it believes that the donation to the NGO will adversely affect “public interest” or the “economic interest of the state” – however, there is no clear guidance on what constitutes “public interest”.By allowing only some political groups to receive foreign donations and disallowing some others, can induce biases in favour of the government. NGOs need to tread carefully when they criticise the regime, knowing that too much criticism could cost their survival. FCRA norms can reduce critical voices by declaring them to be against the public interest – Hence, it can be said that FCRA restrictions have serious consequences on both the rights to free speech and freedom of association under Articles 19(1)(a) and 19(1)(c) of the Constitution.In 2016, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association undertook a legal analysis of the FCRA and stated that restrictions in the name of “public interest” and “economic interest” failed the test of “legitimate restrictions” as they were too vague and gave the state excessive discretionary powers to apply the provision in an arbitrary manner. Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in India Worldwide, the term ‘NGO’ is used to describe a body that is neither part of a government nor a conventional for-profit business organisation.NGOs are groups of ordinary citizens that are involved in a wide range of activities that may have charitable, social, political, religious or other interests.In India, NGOs can be registered under a plethora of Acts such as the Indian Societies Registration Act, 1860, Religious Endowments Act,1863, Indian Trusts Act, etc.India has possibly the largest number of active NGOs in the world.Ministries such as Health and Family Welfare, Human Resource Department, etc., provide funding to NGOs, but only a handful of NGOs get hefty government funds.NGOs also receive funds from abroad, if they are registered with the Home Ministry under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA). There are more than 22,500 FCRA-registered NGOs.Registered NGOs can receive foreign contribution under five purposes — social, educational, religious, economic and cultural. -Source: The Hindu Quantum Engine Context: Researchers have made a groundbreaking discovery by developing a quantum engine, referred to as the ‘Pauli engine,’ which can convert the energy difference between two quantum states of a group of atoms into useful work. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Quantum StatesQuantum EngineConclusion Quantum States: A quantum state is a mathematical description that characterizes the physical properties of a quantum system.In the realm of quantum mechanics, which deals with the behavior of matter and energy at the smallest scales, quantum states offer a complete specification of a system’s properties. This includes characteristics such as position, momentum, energy, spin, and various other observable quantities.Quantum phenomena often challenge classical intuition and our conventional understanding of the physical world.One intriguing phenomenon in quantum mechanics relates to the distinction between two types of quantum particles: bosons and fermions. Bosons are particles responsible for mediating forces between other particles, while fermions are the building blocks of matter.An essential distinction is that bosons can occupy the same quantum state without limitation, while fermions must adhere to the Pauli exclusion principle, which prohibits multiple fermions from being in the same quantum state.At low temperatures, bosons and fermions exhibit contrasting behaviors due to the difference in how they occupy energy levels. Quantum Engine: The quantum engine, often referred to as Pauli’s engine, is built upon the unique characteristics of bosons and fermions.This quantum engine comprises a gas of lithium-6 atoms confined within an optical and magnetic trap.The behavior of this gas can be adjusted to mimic bosonic or fermionic characteristics by manipulating the surrounding magnetic field strength.This adaptability arises from the atoms’ capability to form pairs, giving rise to bosonic molecules or dissociate into individual fermionic atoms depending on the magnetic field’s strength.The engine operates through a four-step cycle that capitalizes on the energy difference between bosons and fermions.This quantum engine opens up new avenues for exploring quantum thermodynamics and its potential applications in various fields of physics.In summary, quantum states provide a mathematical description of quantum systems, while quantum engines leverage the unique properties of bosons and fermions to convert energy differences into useful work, with potential implications for various areas of physics. Conclusion Quantum engine, although currently in the proof-of-concept stage, holds promise for various applications.One such potential application is in the field of quantum computing, where the engine could play a vital role in cooling the particles essential for quantum computer operation.Quantum computers demand extremely low temperatures to function effectively, and the quantum engine has the potential to serve as a cooling mechanism for these particles, akin to how an air conditioner cools a room.This innovative technology represents an exciting development in the quest for efficient quantum computing solutions. -Source: The Hindu Lymphatic Filariasis Context: According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), Lao People’s Democratic Republic becomes second country in 2023 after Bangladesh to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: About Lymphatic FilariasisDrug Treatment About Lymphatic Filariasis LF, also known as elephantiasis, is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) that is considered the second most disabling disease after mental health.It affects the lymphatic system, leading to abnormal enlargement of body parts, causing pain, severe disability, and social stigma.The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and specialized tissues essential for maintaining overall fluid balance and health of organs and limbs and is a major component of the body’s immune defense system.Lymphatic filariasis is a vector-borne disease caused by infection with nematode (roundworm) parasites of the family Filarioidea, with three main types of thread-like filarial worms: Wuchereria Bancrofti (90% of cases), Brugia Malayi (most of the remainder of cases), and Brugia Timori. Drug Treatment: To accelerate the global elimination of lymphatic filariasis, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a treatment plan known as IDA, which involves administering a combination of ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine citrate, and albendazole for two consecutive years.This is because the adult worm’s life span is only four years, so administering the drugs for two consecutive years will ensure that the worms die naturally without causing any harm to the person. -Source: Indian Express Muthuvan Tribe Context: According to the Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Muthuvan tribe will be part of Nilgiri Tahr conservation project. Relevance: GS II: Vulnerable Sections Dimensions of the Article: The Muthuvan TribeProject Tahr The Muthuvan Tribe: Habitat: Reside in the border hill forests of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.Dialects: Speak different dialects known as Malayalam Muthuvan and Pandi Muthuvan.Religion: Practice animism and spirit worship, along with reverence for forest deities.Ancestral Beliefs: Believe that their forebears were the first inhabitants of the hill forests.Wildlife Coexistence: Known for their harmonious coexistence with wildlife, thanks to traditional knowledge.Kani System: Govern themselves using a unique system where a ‘Kani’ leads each village.Traditional Medicine: Proficient in traditional medicine, which is highly effective and passed down through generations.Occupation: Primarily engage in agriculture, cultivating products like ragi, cardamom, and lemongrass. Project Tahr: Objective: The Tamil Nadu government aims to gain a better understanding of the Nilgiri Tahr population through surveys and radio telemetry studies.Reintroduction: Plan to reintroduce Tahrs to their historical habitat.Threat Mitigation: Address immediate threats to their population.Awareness: Raise public awareness about this species.Duration: The project is set to run for a five-year period from 2022 to 2027. -Source: The Hindu RISC-V Technology Context: Recently, chip designer Qualcomm said that it is partnering with Alphabet’s Google to make wearable devices like smartwatches using chips based on RISC-V technology. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: About RISC-V TechnologyHow RISC-V WorksBenefits of RISC-V About RISC-V Technology: Pronunciation: Known as “risk five,” it is an open-source technology.Open-Source ISA: RISC-V is an open-source Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) designed for creating custom processors suitable for various applications.RISC Generation: Considered as the fifth generation of processors, following the principles of Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture.Origin: Began as a project at UC Berkeley, with the aim to develop an open-source computer system based on RISC principles.Evolution: Initially intended for academic purposes, it is now managed by RISC-V International. How RISC-V Works: Open Standard: RISC-V is defined by member companies of RISC-V International, a global nonprofit organization responsible for the ISA.Collaborative Innovation: Through collaboration, member companies contribute to processor innovation, fostering design flexibility.Core Instructions: Features a concise set of instructions that underpin all software design within the architecture.Customization: Allows designers to tailor and construct processors tailored to specific applications. Benefits of RISC-V: Open Standard: Facilitates industry-wide collaboration and innovation.Transparency: The entire RISC-V architecture is accessible in the public domain, eliminating the possibility of hidden elements.Applications: RISC-V finds utility in a variety of domains, including wearables, industrial applications, IoT, home appliances, smartphones, automotive systems, high-performance computing (HPC), and data centers. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 18 October 2023

CONTENTS Dr APJ Abdul KalamFast-Track Courts Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Jayanti Context: PM paid tribute to Dr APJ Abdul Kalam on his Jayanti Relevance: GS I- Personalities in News Dimensions of the Article: Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam: A Remarkable LifeBooks Written by APJ Abdul Kalam Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam: A Remarkable Life Early Life: Dr. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born to Jainulabdeen, a boat owner and Imam, and Ashiamma, a housewife. He had four brothers and a sister, all elder to him.Education: Kalam attended a school in Ramanathapuram and earned a degree in Physics from Saint Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli. In 1955, he pursued aerospace engineering at the Madras Institute of Technology.Scientific Career: Kalam began his career as a scientist at the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). He also worked under the guidance of eminent scientist Vikram Sarabhai.ISRO Involvement: In 1969, Kalam was transferred to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). At ISRO, he served as the Project Director of the satellite launch vehicle (SLV) that successfully deployed India’s first satellite, Rohini, into orbit in 1980. He also contributed to the development of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV).“Missile Man of India”: Kalam gained the moniker “Missile Man of India” for his significant contributions to ballistic missile technology.Key Roles: From 1992 to 1999, he served as the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister and the Secretary of DRDO. Kalam was the Chief Project Coordinator during the Pokhran II nuclear tests, significantly raising his profile.Presidential Tenure: In 2002, Abdul Kalam was elected as the 11th President of India. He was the first scientist to hold this position and also the first bachelor President. His presidency, which extended to a full term until 2007, was marked by his close connection with the people, earning him the title of the “People’s President.”Post-Presidential Life: After his presidency, Kalam became a visiting professor at various prestigious institutions, including IIM Ahmedabad, IIM Shillong, IIM Indore, the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, and Anna University.Passing: Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam passed away due to a cardiac arrest while delivering a lecture at IIM Shillong on July 27, 2015. His death was met with widespread grief, and the Indian government declared a 7-day state mourning in his honor. Books Written by APJ Abdul Kalam India 2020: A Vision for the New MillenniumWings of FireIgnited Minds: Unleashing the Power within IndiaTranscendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh SwamijiA Manifesto for Change: A Sequel to India 2020 Fast-Track Courts Context: Ensuring the safety & security of women and girl child, the Department of Justice is implementing a Centrally Sponsored Scheme, to set up 1023 Fast Track Special Courts (FTSCs) including 389 exclusive POCSO Courts across the nation for expeditious trials relating to Rape & POCSO Act cases. Relevance: GS II- Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: About Fast-track courtsAdvantages of Fast track courtsIssues Faced by FTCs About Fast-track courts : Fast-track courts (FTCs) are created primarily to deal with the judicial backlog.A ‘special court’ is one which is to deal with special types of cases under a shortened and simplified procedure.Fast-track courts (FTCs) have been around for a long time, with the first ones being established in the year 2000.However, 56% of the States and Union Territories, including Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, had no FTCs.Judges are appointed on the ad hoc basis.Retired judges or eligible judicial officers who are selected by the High court of the respective states are the head of these courts. Need for Fast Track courts Clearing the considerable amount of pending casesExpected to reduce the number of undertrials in jailsNeed for Speedy TrialJudiciary’s commitment to end sexual and gender based violence Advantages of Fast track courts: Lessening of the general caseload burden: The objective with which the fast track courts were established has been very beneficiary for judiciary as it has solved over a million cases and has reduced the case load from other courts.Promotes specialization and professionalization: It has helped employ thousands of people from different fields, it also avails retired judges from high courts and district courts. The establishment of fast track courts has promoted the specialization of a category of law.Improves judicial efficiency and effectiveness: By the proper use of judiciary and by speedy trial and judgment, fast track courts boost the efficiency of the judiciary.High case clearance rate and speedy trial rate: Fast Track courts in India have the highest case disposal rate due to its speedy trial and judgment. And hence it is efficient in solving cases in a bound time.Guarantees consistency and predictability: Fast track courts have high performance rate and are stable and steady. It renders justice with high accuracy. Issues Faced by FTCs Non-Uniformity in Type of Cases: In a survey of FTCs conducted by National Law University Delhi, it was observed that there is a huge variation in the kinds of cases handled by these courts across States, with certain States primarily allocating rape and sexual offence cases to them and other States allocating various other matters.Infrastructural Issues: Most FTCs were not set up with different infrastructure or facilities, but were often housed in an existing court. Moreover, several States appoint FTCs special judges from the current pool of judges. This substantially increases the workload of the remaining judges.Technological Barrier: Several FTCs lacked technological resources to conduct audio and video recordings of the victims and many of them did not have regular staff.Adhocism: Setting up of FTCs was not based on actual problems of pendency, but was often in response to specific incidents such as securities scams, rape cases and sexual harassment of children.Lack of Coordination: In India, tribunals are managed by different ministries, and fast-track courts and special courts are administered under different judicial bodies, with little coordination or uniformity among them.Other Issues: There are delays in getting reports from the understaffed forensic science laboratories, judges make frivolous adjournments and inadequate staff adversely affect the efficiency of the fast track courts.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 October 2023

CONTENTS Same Sex Marriage in IndiaConsanguinityGreen Credit ProgrammeBio-Decomposer for Stubble Burning in DelhiBuff-breasted SandpiperMarshall Islands Same Sex Marriage in India Context: Recently, The Supreme Court has delivered its long awaited verdict rejecting petitions to legalise same-sex marriage and delved deeper on the provisions of the Special Marriage Act, 1954 to examine the issue thoroughly, which have convergence and interrelationship with homosexuality. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Supreme Court’s Observation on Same-Sex MarriageLegality of Same-Sex Marriages in IndiaArguments in Favor of Same-Sex MarriageArguments Against Same-Sex Marriage Supreme Court’s Observation on Same-Sex Marriage Background: A five-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court, led by the Chief Justice of India, delivered a 3:2 verdict regarding the constitutional validity of same-sex marriages. Verdict and Rationale: Majority Opinion: The Chief Justice of India’s opinion concluded that the court cannot grant constitutional validity to same-sex marriages within the existing Special Marriage Act (SMA) 1954. The responsibility to create such laws rests with the Parliament and state legislatures.Dynamic Nature of Marriage: The Supreme Court acknowledged that the concept of marriage is not static and can evolve over time.Equal Rights for Queer Persons: The court affirmed that individuals in the queer community have an equal right and freedom to enter into a “union.”Absence of Fundamental Right to Marry: All five judges on the Bench unanimously agreed that there is no fundamental right to marry under the Constitution. Minority Opinions (CJI and Justice Kaul): The Chief Justice of India and Justice Kaul supported the extension of ‘civil unions’ to same-sex couples.A ‘civil union’ grants legal status to same-sex couples, providing them with specific rights and responsibilities similar to those of married couples. However, it does not have the same recognition in personal law as marriage. Legality of Same-Sex Marriages in India Recognition as a Statutory Right: The right to marry is not explicitly recognized as a fundamental or constitutional right in the Indian Constitution; it is considered a statutory right.The acknowledgment of marriage as a fundamental right has developed through judicial decisions of India’s Supreme Court, which are binding on all courts throughout India under Article 141 of the Constitution. Earlier Supreme Court Views on Same-Sex Marriages: Marriage as a Fundamental Right (Shafin Jahan v. Asokan K.M. and others, 2018): The Supreme Court, in this case, referenced Article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Puttaswamy case.It held that the right to marry a person of one’s choice is an integral part of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.Article 16(2) of the Indian Constitution prohibits discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence, or any of them.The right to marry is intrinsic to the liberty guaranteed by the Constitution as a fundamental right, allowing individuals to make decisions central to their pursuit of happiness. Matters of belief and faith, including whether to believe, are at the core of constitutional liberty. LGBTQ Community Entitled to Constitutional Rights (Navjet Singh Johar and others v. Union of India, 2018): The Supreme Court held that members of the LGBTQ community are entitled to the full range of constitutional rights, including the liberties protected by the Constitution.They are entitled to equal citizenship and the “equal protection of the law.” Arguments in Favor of Same-Sex Marriage: Equal Rights for All: All individuals, regardless of their sexual orientation, should have the right to marry and form a family.Legal Equality: Same-sex couples should have the same legal rights and protections as opposite-sex couples.Anti-Discrimination: Non-recognition of same-sex marriage amounts to discrimination that infringes upon the dignity of LGBTQIA+ couples.Social and Economic Benefits: Marriage provides social and economic benefits to couples and their families, which should also be extended to same-sex couples.Fundamental Right: The Chief Justice of India acknowledged that cohabitation is a fundamental right, and the government has a duty to legally recognize the social impact of such relationships.Gender Complexity: The Supreme Court of India recognized that biological gender is not absolute, and gender is more complex than just one’s genitals. There is no absolute concept of a man or a woman.Global Principles: Same-sex marriage is legal in many countries around the world, and denying this right in a democratic society contradicts global principles. Arguments Against Same-Sex Marriage: Religious and Cultural Beliefs: Many religious and cultural groups believe that marriage should be limited to a union between a man and a woman, based on their traditional values and principles.Marriage’s Primary Purpose: Some argue that the primary purpose of marriage is procreation, and same-sex couples cannot have biological children, which they believe goes against the natural order.Legal Complications: Concerns exist that legalizing same-sex marriage could create complications related to inheritance, tax, and property rights.Resistance to Legal Changes: Some argue that it would be too difficult to modify existing laws and regulations to accommodate same-sex marriage.Societal Stigma and Discrimination: When queer couples adopt children, they may face societal stigma and discrimination, which can negatively impact the child’s emotional and psychological well-being, especially in societies where LGBTQIA+ acceptance is not universal. About Special Marriage Act, 1954 The Special Marriage Act, 1954 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to provide a special form of marriage for the people of India and all Indian nationals in foreign countries, irrespective of the religion or faith followed by either party.Marriages solemnized under Special Marriage Act are not governed by personal laws. The Act has 3 major objectives: to provide a special form of marriage in certain cases,to provide for registration of certain marriages and,to provide for divorce. Applicability of the Act Any person, irrespective of religion.Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs, Christians, Parsis, or Jews can also perform marriage under the Special Marriage Act, 1954.Inter-religion marriages are performed under this Act.This Act is applicable to the entire territory of India and extends to intending spouses who are both Indian nationals living abroad.Indian national living abroad. Succession to the property Succession to the property of person married under this Act or customary marriage registered under this Act and that of their children, are governed by Indian Succession Act.However, if the parties to the marriage are Hindu, Buddhist, Sikh or Jain religion, the succession to their property will be governed by Hindu succession Act.The Hindu Marriage Act is pertinent to Hindus, though the Special Marriage Act is appropriate to all residents of India regardless of their religion applicable at Court marriage. -Source: Indian Express Consanguinity Context: Recent studies delves into the influence of consanguinity on genetics and health. It elucidates how this widespread tradition affects disease susceptibility and the development of human traits within global populations. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Consanguinity: An OverviewBenefits and Challenges Related to ConsanguinityThe Way Forward with Regards to Consanguinity Consanguinity: An Overview Social and Genetic Aspects: Consanguinity encompasses both social and genetic dimensions. Socially, it involves marriages between blood relatives, such as cousins or siblings. Genetically, it refers to unions between closely related individuals, often referred to as inbreeding.Implications: The concept of consanguinity has implications for both family structures and population genetics. Key Takeaways from Studies Related to Consanguinity Global Prevalence: Approximately 15-20% of the world’s population practices consanguinity, with a higher prevalence in regions like Asia and West Africa.Historical Practices: Some ancient human civilizations, such as the Egyptians and Incas, are believed to have practiced consanguinity.Genetic Evidence: Genetic evidence, such as DNA analysis, suggests that historical figures like King Tutankhamun of Egypt were born to parents who were blood relatives.Endogamous Groups in India: India is home to over 4,000 endogamous groups where people marry within the same caste, tribe, or group. This practice makes India a significant area for consanguinity studies.Health Impacts: Studies have shown that consanguinity can lead to increased mortality rates and a higher prevalence of recessive genetic diseases in populations where it is practiced. This is due to the higher likelihood of inheriting two copies of a harmful recessive gene when closely related individuals have children. Benefits and Challenges Related to Consanguinity Benefits: Preservation of Tradition: In some societies, consanguineous marriages are a longstanding tradition that helps preserve cultural and social norms.Social Safety Net: Consanguineous relationships can provide a built-in social safety net. Relatives are more likely to assist each other during financial, emotional, or medical crises, reducing the burden on external social services.Cultural Compatibility: In some cases, marrying close relatives may reduce the risk of incompatibility in terms of cultural, religious, or social backgrounds, potentially leading to more stable marriages.Selective Breeding in Controlled Settings: In controlled breeding settings, mating closely related individuals is a widely used technique to eliminate harmful genetic traits and enhance desirable qualities in plants and animals. This can lead to better agricultural yields and improved livestock quality. Challenges: Increased Risk of Genetic Disorders: The most significant challenge of consanguinity is the increased risk of offspring inheriting genetic disorders due to the sharing of common recessive genes. Conditions like cystic fibrosis may be more prevalent among the offspring of close relatives.Limited Genetic Diversity: Marrying close relatives can lead to limited genetic diversity in the population, potentially reducing overall resilience to diseases and environmental changes.Complex Family Dynamics: In consanguineous families, complex family dynamics can develop as multiple roles and relationships intersect, potentially leading to conflicts and tensions related to decision-making and family hierarchies.Erosion of Autonomy: In closely-knit consanguineous communities, there can be an erosion of individual autonomy, where decisions related to marriage, family planning, and other life choices are heavily influenced by the family or community, potentially limiting personal freedom.Silencing of Domestic Violence: In consanguineous relationships, women may be discouraged from reporting domestic violence due to familial and cultural pressures to preserve family respect. This silence can perpetuate the cycle of abuse, making it difficult to seek help or intervention in cases of domestic violence. The Way Forward with Regards to Consanguinity Consanguinity, being a practice deeply rooted in culture and tradition, requires a thoughtful and balanced approach. Here’s a way forward to address the associated challenges: Respect for Cultural Values: It’s essential to respect and acknowledge cultural values and practices related to consanguinity. Recognize that these practices are an integral part of many societies.Education and Awareness: Promote education and awareness about the potential risks and benefits of consanguinity. Ensure that individuals and communities are well-informed about the implications of such marriages.Legal Safeguards: Implement legal safeguards that protect the rights and interests of individuals involved in consanguineous marriages. These safeguards can include ensuring consent, minimum age requirements, and addressing potential issues related to inheritance and property rights.Support Services: Provide access to support services such as personalized medicine and genetic counseling. These services can help individuals understand and manage the potential health risks associated with consanguinity.Empowerment: Empower individuals to make informed choices about their relationships while preserving their cultural heritage. Encourage open dialogue within families and communities to make choices that are both culturally and medically sound.Research and Data Collection: Encourage research and data collection on the prevalence and impact of consanguinity in different regions. This can help tailor interventions and support services more effectively.Collaboration: Foster collaboration between healthcare providers, educators, policymakers, and community leaders to address the multifaceted challenges related to consanguinity. -Source: The Hindu Green Credit Programme Context: The government has recently unveiled an innovative and voluntary Green Credit program designed to reward and incentivize individuals and entities for their positive environmental contributions. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Green Credit ProgrammeSignificance of the Green Credit ProgrammeConcerns Regarding the Green Credit Mechanism Green Credit Programme: The Green Credit Programme introduces a system of incentives, known as “Green Credits,” for activities that have a positive impact on the environment.It complements the domestic Carbon Market in India, expanding beyond CO2 emission reductions to incentivize a wider range of sustainable actions. Objectives: The Green Credit System aims to meet various environmental obligations, encouraging companies, individuals, and local bodies to undertake sustainable initiatives.Unlike the carbon market’s focus on CO2 emissions, the Green Credit Programme promotes broader environmental goals. Tradable Credits: Green credits earned through sustainable activities will be tradable, allowing participants to sell them on a proposed domestic market platform.This creates a market-based approach to incentivize and reward environmentally beneficial actions. Program Administrator: The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) will serve as the administrator of the Green Credit Programme.ICFRE will develop guidelines, processes, and procedures for the implementation of the programme, ensuring its effectiveness and integrity. Green Credit Activities: The programme promotes a range of activities that contribute to environmental sustainability, including: Increasing Green Cover: Promoting tree plantation and related activities to enhance the green cover across the country.Water Conservation: Encouraging water conservation, water harvesting, and efficient water use, including the treatment and reuse of wastewater.Regenerative Agriculture: Promoting natural and regenerative agricultural practices and land restoration to improve productivity, soil health, and the nutritional value of food produced.Waste Management: Supporting sustainable waste management practices, including collection, segregation, and treatment.Air Pollution Reduction: Encouraging measures to reduce air pollution and other pollution abatement activities.Mangrove Conservation: Promoting the conservation and restoration of mangroves, important ecosystems for coastal areas.Ecomark Label: Encouraging manufacturers to obtain the “Ecomark” label for their goods and services, signifying their environmental sustainability.Sustainable Infrastructure: Encouraging the construction of buildings and infrastructure using sustainable technologies and materials.Setting Thresholds and Benchmarks: The Green Credit Programme will establish thresholds and benchmarks for each specific Green Credit activity, ensuring clear standards and targets for participants to achieve. Significance of the Green Credit Programme: Encouraging Compliance and Synergy: The programme incentivizes private sector industries and entities to fulfill their existing obligations by aligning their actions with those generating or purchasing green credits.It promotes convergence between different legal frameworks and encourages a comprehensive approach to environmental sustainability. Support for Ecosystem Services: The guidelines of the programme integrate mechanisms to quantify and support ecosystem services.This benefits organic farmers and Farmers Producer Organizations (FPOs) by recognizing and rewarding their contributions to ecosystem conservation. Valuing Multiple Ecosystem Services: The Green Credit Programme introduces a unique instrument that values and rewards multiple ecosystem services.It goes beyond carbon mitigation and allows green projects to achieve optimal returns by considering a broader range of environmental benefits. Concerns Regarding the Green Credit Mechanism: Risk of Greenwashing: Experts express concerns that the market-based nature of green credits may lead to greenwashing practices.There is a risk of entities making false or exaggerated claims about environmental sustainability without delivering substantial environmental benefits. Tokenistic Activities: Some fear that companies or entities may engage in superficial activities solely to generate green credits, without making meaningful efforts to address environmental issues.This raises concerns about the genuineness and effectiveness of the actions taken. Need for Urgent Emissions Reductions: Critics question the effectiveness of market mechanisms, such as green credits, in achieving the necessary and urgent emissions reductions required to combat climate change.They argue that more transformative efforts guided by government policies and regulations are essential. Resource Allocation and Fraud Prevention: There are concerns about the allocation of resources for monitoring and preventing fraud within the green credit mechanism.Critics argue that these resources could be better directed towards initiatives with more significant transformative impacts on sustainability. -Source: Down To Earth Bio-Decomposer for Stubble Burning in Delhi Context Recently, the Delhi Government has initiated the spraying of a Bio-Decomposer to tackle Stubble Burning. However, the effectiveness of the microbial solution largely depends on its timing of application, according to farmers. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: What is stubble burning?Bio-Decomposer to Address Stubble Burning What is stubble burning? Stubble burning is intentionally setting fire to the straw stubble that remains after grains, like paddy, wheat, etc., have been harvested. The practice was widespread until the 1990s, when governments increasingly restricted its use.The burning of stubble, contrasted with alternatives such as ploughing the stubble back into the ground or collecting it for industrial uses, has a number of consequences and effects on the environment. Effects of Stubble Burning: Helpful effects Kills slugs and other pestsCan reduce nitrogen tie-up Harmful effects Loss of nutrientsPollution from smokeDamage to electrical and electronic equipment from floating threads of conducting wasteRisk of fires spreading out of controlThe main adverse effects of crop residue burning include the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) that contributes to the global warming, increased levels of particulate matter (PM) and smog that cause health hazards, loss of biodiversity of agricultural lands, and the deterioration of soil fertility Alternatives to Stubble Burning: In-Situ Treatment of Stubble: For example, crop residue management by zero-tiller machine and Use of bio-decomposers.Ex-Situ (off-site) Treatment: For example, Use of rice straw as cattle fodder.Use of Technology– For example Turbo Happy Seeder (THS) machine, which can uproot the stubble and also sow seeds in the area cleared. The stubble can then be used as mulch for the field. Bio-Decomposer to Address Stubble Burning A bio-decomposer is developed to expedite the natural decomposition of crop residues.Typically, it comprises a mixture of various microorganisms, including fungi, bacteria, and enzymes working together to break down plant material into enriching organic matter for the soil. Examples of Microorganisms: Bacteria: Bacillus, Clostridium, E. coli, SalmonellaFungi: Mushrooms, Molds, YeastsOther Organisms: Earthworms, Insects (Beetles, Flies, Ants, Maggots), Arthropods (Millipedes, Woodlice) Pusa-Biodecomposer: Pusa-Biodecomposer is a fungi-based liquid solution designed to soften tough crop residues, making them easily mixable with soil to act as compost.The fungi thrive at temperatures around 30-32 degrees Celsius, coinciding with the conditions during paddy harvesting and wheat sowing.It produces enzymes that break down cellulose, lignin, and pectin in paddy straw.Developed by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and named after ICAR’s Pusa campus in Delhi.Besides crop residues, it rapidly converts animal waste, dung, and other waste into organic manure. Benefits: Enhances soil fertility and crop productivity by turning stubble into manure and reducing the need for future fertilizer use.An efficient, cost-effective, and practical solution to combat stubble burning.Environmentally friendly, aligning with the Swachh Bharat Mission’s goals. Efficacy and Considerations: Application of the microbial solution is aimed at decomposing paddy straw left in the field post-harvest.It requires spraying after harvest, plowing into the soil, and light irrigation over 20-25 days for effective decomposition.Timely application aligning with the harvest is crucial for maximizing its effectiveness.Various factors such as crop rotation, labor availability, and crop type impact its relevance for farmers.Weather conditions, particularly rain during September and October, play a role in its application and effectiveness. -Source: Indian Express Buff-Breasted Sandpiper Context: Recently, a rare bird from the arctic tundra, Buff-breasted sandpiper, was sighted in Kannur, Kerala. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Buff-breasted Sandpiper: A Delicately Beautiful ShorebirdKey Facts about the Arctic Tundra Buff-breasted Sandpiper: A Delicately Beautiful Shorebird Appearance: The Buff-breasted Sandpiper is considered one of the most delicately beautiful of all shorebirds.Breeding and Migration: These birds breed in the open arctic tundra of North America and usually migrate to South America for winters.Habitat: During migration, they are commonly found in North American habitats, primarily on dry, open ground such as prairies and pastures.Mating Behavior: Male Buff-breasted Sandpipers gather in groups on display territories known as leks. They display their eye-catching underwings to compete for the attention of females.Long-Distance Migrant: This species is a champion long-distance migrant, traveling thousands of miles from their high-Arctic nesting grounds to winter on the grasslands of Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay.Conservation Status: The Buff-breasted Sandpiper is categorized as “Near Threatened” according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Key Facts about the Arctic Tundra: Biome Description: The Arctic tundra is the northernmost biome, characterized by vast, dry, rocky landscapes with few trees.Geographical Range: It covers the land north of the Arctic Circle up to the polar ice cap and reaches as far south as the Hudson Bay area of Canada and the northern part of Iceland.Etymology: The word “tundra” originates from the Finnish word “tunturi,” meaning ‘treeless plain.’Permafrost: One crucial characteristic of the tundra is permafrost, which refers to permanently frozen ground. The tundra’s soil is rocky and nutrient-poor, with slow organic matter decomposition.Carbon Sink: Despite the absence of trees, the tundra is a significant carbon sink due to large amounts of organic matter found in peat and humus deposits.Temperature: Temperatures in the tundra range from 15.5°C in summer to -60°C in winter. Mean temperatures remain below 0°C for six to ten months of the year.Annual Precipitation: The annual precipitation in the tundra is around 150 to 250mm. Most of this precipitation does not evaporate due to the low temperatures. -Source: The Hindu Marshall Islands Context: The United States recently signed a new 20-year agreement on economic assistance to the Marshall Islands worth $2.3 billion. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: The Marshall IslandsHistorical BackgroundCompact of Free Association with the United States The Marshall Islands: Location: The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is situated in the western Pacific Ocean and comprises a chain of five volcanic islands and 29 coral atolls.Capital: MajuroOfficial Languages: English and MarshalleseGovernment: The Marshall Islands is a presidential republic with a parliamentary system. The President of the Marshall Islands serves as both the head of state and the head of government.Economy: The economy of the Marshall Islands relies primarily on agriculture and tourism.Official Currency: United States dollarCryptocurrency: In 2018, the Marshall Islands became the first country to issue its own cryptocurrency and certify it as legal tender. Historical Background: The islands have had various colonial rulers over the centuries, including Spain from the late 1400s to the late 1800s, Germany from 1885 to World War I, and Japan from 1914 to World War II.After World War II, the Marshall Islands became part of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under United States administration.The RMI Government was officially established in 1979, following the signing of the Constitution.The Marshall Islands gained its independence in 1986 after signing the Compact of Free Association with the United States, terminating the UN-US Trusteeship Agreement. Compact of Free Association with the United States: This compact provides the Marshall Islands with financial assistance, defense protection, and access to U.S. government programs.It acknowledges the Marshall Islands’ right to self-government and aims to promote economic development and budgetary self-reliance.The United States holds full authority and responsibility for the security and defense of the Marshall Islands. -Source: The Hindu

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