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Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 27 September 2023

CONTENTS India Post Payments BankTraditional medicine India Post Payments Bank Context: Recently, the customers of India Post Payments Bank have been receiving an SMS claiming that their accounts will be blocked if they fail to update their PAN card details, which the Press Information Bureau called fake. Relevance: GS III- Indian Economy ###h3The India Post Payments Bank is a public sector payments bank from India operated by the India Post.The India Post Payment Bank (IPPB) was setup under the Department of Post, Ministry of Communication with 100% equity Owned by Government of India.The India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) will be like any other banks but its operations will be on a smaller scale without involving any credit risk.It will carry out most banking operations like accepting deposits but won’t advance loans or issue credit cards.Motto: “Every customer is important, every transaction is significant and every deposit is valuable”.Vision: “Building the most accessible, affordable and trusted bank for the common man”.Mission: “Spearheading financial inclusion by removing barriers and reducing costs for accessing banking services”.The IPPB has been integrated with Post Office Savings Bank (POSB).The IPPB is the sixth Payments bank, which has become operational after Aditya Birla, Airtel, Fino, Jio and Paytm Payments Banks.The freshly-minted payments bank will accept deposits of up to Rs. 1 lakh, offer remittance services, mobile payments/transfers/purchases and other banking services like ATM/debit cards, net banking and third-party fund transfers.The Payments bank are licensed under Section 23 of the Banking Regulation Act 1949, and registered as public limited company under the Companies Act, 2013. About Traditional Medicine: Context: After joining G20 bloc under India’s 2023 presidency, the African Nations are all set to explore the power of Indian Systems of Traditional Medicine and Integrative health care. Relevance: GS II- Health About Traditional Medicine: The traditional Indian system of medicine comprises of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy (AYUSH), is a perennially neglected alternative medicine sector. Ayurveda: The word Ayurveda means ‘Science of Life’ and employs treatment modalities, such as purification, palliation, prescription of various diets, exercises and the avoidance of disease causing factors and it evolved nearly 5000 years ago.The Ayurvedic medicine, though practiced for a wide range of health needs, is more commonly used for preventive and health and immunity boosting activities. Yoga & Naturopathy: Practices of Yoga are reported to have originated in India and is now being adapted to correct lifestyle by cultivating a rational, positive and spiritual attitude towards all life situations. 21st June is designated as ‘International Yoga Day’.Naturopathy or the naturopathic medicine is a drugless’ non- invasive system of medicine imparting treatments with natural elements based on the theories of vitality, toxemia and the self-healing capacity of the body, as well as the principles of healthy living.The common naturopathy modalities include counselling, diet and fasting therapy, mud therapy, hydrotherapy, massage therapy, acupressure, acupuncture, magnet therapy and yoga therapy. Unani Medicine: It was originated in the Arab world, though over a period of time it imbibed some concepts from other contemporary systems of medicines in Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Persia, India, China and other Middle East Countries.Unani medicine treats a patient with diet, pharmacotherapy, exercise, massages and surgery. Siddha: Originated in India and is amongst the oldest systems of medicine in the country.It takes into account the patient, his/her surroundings, age, sex, race, habitat, diet, appetite, physical condition etc. to arrive at the diagnosis.Siddha System uses minerals, metals and alloys and drugs and inorganic compounds to treat the patients.Unlike most T&CM;, this system is largely therapeutic in nature.Siddha literature is in Tamil and it is practiced largely in Tamil speaking part of India. Homeopathy: The word ‘Homeopathy’ is derived from the Greek words, ‘Homois’ meaning ‘similar’ and ‘pathos’ means ‘suffering’.It originated in Germany and was introduced in India around 1810-1839.It uses highly individualized remedies selected to address specific symptoms or symptom profiles.It is practiced in many countries and in India, where it is the second most popular system of medicine. Sowa-Rigpa: The word combination means the ‘science of healing’ and is considered one of the oldest living and well-documented medical traditions of the world.It originated from Tibet and is widely practiced in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Mongolia and Russia.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 27 September 2023

CONTENTS Armed Forces (Special Powers) ActThe Urgent Challenge of Global Phosphorus SustainabilityZonal CouncilsRoDTEP schemeNational Commission for Scheduled Castes Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act Context: The Union Home Ministry extended for another six months the disturbed area status in parts of Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland under the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958. Relevance: GS III- Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA)AFSPA Acts in forcePowers Given to an officer of the Armed Forces in a “disturbed” area under AFSPAWhy was AFSPA imposed on the Northeast in the first place?Arguments Against AFSPAArguments in Favour of AFSPAImportant Criticisms of AFSPA and commissions regarding AFSPASupreme Court judgment on AFSPA Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA), 1958 is an act of the Parliament of India that grant special powers to the Indian Armed Forces the power to maintain public order in “disturbed areas”.AFSPA is invoked when a case of militancy or insurgency takes place and the territorial integrity of India is at risk.Security forces can “arrest a person without warrant”, who has committed or even “about to commit a cognizable offence” even based on “reasonable suspicion”.It also provides security forces with legal immunity for their actions in disturbed areas.While the armed forces and the government justify its need in order to combat militancy and insurgency, critics have pointed out cases of possible human rights violations linked to the act.According to The Disturbed Areas (Special Courts) Act, 1976 once declared ‘disturbed’, the area has to maintain status quo for a minimum of 3 months.The Acts have received criticism from several sections for alleged concerns about human rights violations in the regions of its enforcement alleged to have happened. AFSPA Acts in force It is effective in the whole of Jammu and Kashmir, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur (excluding seven assembly constituencies of Imphal) and parts of Arunachal Pradesh. History of AFSPA Acts An AFSPA Act passed in 1958 was applicable to the Naga Hills, then part of Assam.In the following decades it spread, one by one, to the other Seven Sister States in India’s northeast (at present, it is in force in the States of Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Changlang, Longding and Tirap districts of Arunachal Pradesh, and areas falling within the jurisdiction of the eight police stations of districts in Arunachal Pradesh bordering the State of Assam).Another one passed in 1983 and applicable to Punjab and Chandigarh was withdrawn in 1997, roughly 14 years after it came to force.An Act passed in 1990 was applied to Jammu and Kashmir and has been in force since. Powers Given to an officer of the Armed Forces in a “disturbed” area under AFSPA After giving such due warning, Fire upon or use other kinds of force even if it causes death, against the person who is acting against law or order in the disturbed area for the maintenance of public order,Destroy any arms dump, hide-outs, prepared or fortified position or shelter or training camp from which armed attacks are made by the armed volunteers or armed gangs or absconders wanted for any offence.To arrest without a warrant anyone who has committed cognizable offences or is reasonably suspected of having done so and may use force if needed for the arrest.To enter and search any premise in order to make such arrests, or to recover any person wrongfully restrained or any arms, ammunition or explosive substances and seize it.Stop and search any vehicle or vessel reasonably suspected to be carrying such person or weapons.Any person arrested and taken into custody under this Act shall be made present over to the officer in charge of the nearest police station with least possible delay, together with a report of the circumstances occasioning the arrest.Army officers have legal immunity for their actions. There can be no prosecution, suit or any other legal proceeding against anyone acting under that law. Nor is the government’s judgment on why an area is found to be disturbed subject to judicial review.Protection of persons acting in good faith under this Act from prosecution, suit or other legal proceedings, except with the sanction of the Central Government, in exercise of the powers conferred by this Act. Why was AFSPA imposed on the Northeast in the first place? When the Naga nationalist movement kicked off in the  1950s with the setting up of the Naga National Council — the predecessor of the NSCN — Assam police forces allegedly used force to quell the movement.As an armed movement took root in Nagaland, AFSPA was passed in Parliament, and subsequently imposed on the entire state.In Manipur, too, it was imposed in 1958 in the three Naga-dominated districts of Senapati, Tamenglong and Ukhrul, where the NNC was active.It was imposed in the 1960s in the Kuki-Zomi dominated Manipur district of Churachandpur, which was under the sway of the Mizo insurgent movement, and extended to the rest of the state in 1979, when groups in the Meitei-dominated Imphal Valley groups began an armed insurgency.As secessionist and nationalist movements started sprouting in other Northeastern states, AFSPA started being extended and imposed. Arguments Against AFSPA Symbol of Hatred: The Jeevan Reddy Committee, which was founded in 2004, criticised AFSPA as a symbol of hatred, persecution, and a tool of oppression.Immunity to Security Forces: AFSPA has been dubbed a “draconian Act” for the unrestricted authority it grants the military forces and the impunity that security officers have for their acts performed under the law. Under AFSPA, the “armed forces” have the authority to shoot to kill or demolish a structure based solely on suspicion.Human Rights Issue: The AFSPA’s activities have been criticised because people have died as a result of them. It’s been a contentious issue, with human rights organisations condemning it as being too forceful.Prolonged continuation: Despite a nearly 25-year ceasefire accord, the Union Government has been chastised for renewing the “disturbed region” tag on Nagaland every year to keep the AFSPA alive.Concerns of AFSPA in Manipur: Many protests over suspected extrajudicial executions by the security forces have taken place in Manipur throughout the years. The bullet-riddled body of Thangjam Manorama, who was reportedly raped and killed by a group of Assam Rifles troops in 2004 sparked outrage across the state. Irom Sharmila, often known as the Iron Lady of Manipur, is a towering figure who is well-known for her 16-year hunger strike in protest of AFSPA atrocities. Arguments in Favour of AFSPA The AFSPA is described as a law that takes a straightforward approach to control criminal activity in disturbed areas.Fascist techniques and all groups, private and public, that engage in violence and attempt to pressure the government by organised violence must be controlled. As a result, the AFSPA is vital. Important Criticisms of AFSPA and commissions regarding AFSPA When India presented its second periodic report to the United Nations Human Rights Committee in 1991, members of the UNHRC asked numerous questions about the validity of the AFSPA.They questioned the constitutionality of the AFSPA under Indian law and asked how it could be justified in light of Article 4 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, ICCPR.In 2012, the UN asked India to revoke AFSPA saying it had no place in Indian democracy.The Act has been criticized by Human Rights Watch as a “tool of state abuse, oppression and discrimination”. Supreme Court judgment on AFSPA 1997 judgment on AFSPA In Naga People’s Movement for Human Rights vs Union of India 1997, a Constitution Bench ruled that the ability to use deadly force under Section 4(a) of the AFSPA should only be used in “certain circumstances.”A 1997 Supreme Court judgment advocated “caution and use of minimum force against our own people” in AFSPA regions. Extra-Judicial Execution Victim Families Association (EEVFAM) case 2017 The Supreme Court addressed the extrajudicial executions in 2016, clarifying that the bar under Section 6 of the AFSPA does not offer officers “complete immunity” from any investigation into their alleged misconduct.The government received severe criticism from the Supreme Court in 2016 for the continuance of AFSPA. Reactions to the killing of 14 civilians by security forces in Nagaland Lok Sabha members condemned the killing of 14 civilians by security forces in Nagaland with some Opposition MPs calling for the repeal of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) as well.Nagaland Chief Minister has also called for scrapping the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act.Human rights bodies in India and beyond are debating the contentious AFSPA that gives unbridled powers to the security forces.Nagaland Chief Minister also criticised the Centre for extending the “disturbed area” tag on Nagaland every year to prolong the AFSPA despite a ceasefire agreement for almost 25 years.In the northeast, the AFSPA is in force in Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, the Tirap, Changlang and Longding districts of Arunachal Pradesh and areas falling within the jurisdiction of eight police stations of the State bordering Assam.For Jammu and Kashmir, the Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act, 1990, is in force. -Source: The Hindu The Urgent Challenge of Global Phosphorus Sustainability Context: The worldwide phosphorus issue is becoming increasingly significant due to limited reserves, contamination problems, and disruptions in the fertilizer industry, making the search for sustainable solutions a top priority. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Key Phosphorus Facts: Essential Element and ApplicationsChallenges Associated with Phosphorus: Geopolitical, Environmental, and Health ConcernsStrategies for Sustainable Phosphorus Management Key Phosphorus Facts: Essential Element and Applications Phosphorus Overview: Phosphorus (P) is a chemical element with atomic number 15, playing a vital role in various biological and industrial processes. Reactivity and Compounds: Phosphorus readily forms compounds, particularly phosphates, through chemical reactions, and it can spontaneously combust in air, producing white smoke. Biological Significance: Phosphorus compounds are essential in biology, constituting key components of DNA, RNA, and ATP (adenosine triphosphate), critical for life processes. Abundance in Earth’s Crust: Phosphorus is commonly found in the Earth’s crust in the form of phosphate minerals, such as apatite. Applications: Phosphorus compounds are crucial in agriculture as they are used in fertilizers to promote plant growth.They are also employed in detergents to break down and remove stains.Phosphorus plays a role in metallurgical processes, including steel production. Phosphorus Deficiency in India: India faces a deficiency in apatite and rock phosphate availability.Apatite is entirely imported, and rock phosphate production is limited to Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.India is the world’s largest importer of phosphorus, often acquiring it from West African deposits contaminated with cadmium. Impact on Agriculture: Paddy, a staple crop in India, is particularly susceptible to cadmium uptake, and extensive fertilizer use on paddy fields is common. Challenges Associated with Phosphorus: Geopolitical, Environmental, and Health Concerns Phosphorus Scarcity: Phosphorus is a limited resource primarily found in specific geological formations, raising geopolitical concerns regarding its availability. Cadmium Contamination: Morocco and the Western Sahara region possess the world’s largest phosphorus reserves, but they contain cadmium, a harmful heavy metal.Cadmium can accumulate in the kidneys of animals and humans when consumed, posing health risks. Costly Cadmium Removal: Extracting and removing cadmium from phosphorus resources is a costly process, adding economic challenges. Health and Crop Contamination: Cadmium-laden fertilizers can contaminate crops, potentially leading to health issues, including heart disease.The European Union has enacted regulations to control cadmium levels in fertilizers. Limited Cadmium-Free Reserves: Only a few countries have significant reserves of cadmium-free phosphorus.China’s export restrictions in 2020 and EU nations ceasing purchases from Russia have heightened demand for safe phosphorus. Impact on Agricultural Transitions: Sri Lanka’s ban on synthetic fertilizer imports in 2021, aiming for organic farming, resulted in a sudden decline in crop yields and triggered a political and economic crisis. Phosphorus Overuse: Excessive fertilizer use leads to phosphorus runoff into water bodies, causing algal blooms.Algal blooms deplete oxygen in water, leading to fish deaths and posing toxic risks to humans with respiratory and health problems. Energy-Intensive Mining: Extracting and processing phosphate rock is energy-intensive, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation. Strategies for Sustainable Phosphorus Management Smart Agriculture and Precision Fertilization: Implement precision agriculture techniques that leverage sensor networks, artificial intelligence, and data analytics to optimize phosphorus application on farms.Ensure crops receive precise amounts of phosphorus, reducing excess runoff into water bodies. Promotion of Balanced Fertilizer Use: Promote initiatives like the PM-PRANAM scheme to encourage the balanced use of chemical and alternative fertilizers.Raise awareness of regenerative agriculture (RA) practices that emphasize sustainable soil health and reduced fertilizer dependency. Phosphorus Recovery from Sewage and Waste: Develop advanced technologies for efficient phosphorus recovery from sewage and various waste streams.Explore innovative filtration, precipitation, and ion-exchange processes to extract and recycle phosphorus for use in fertilizers and other applications.Retrofit sewage treatment plants for high-quality phosphorus product recovery, as demonstrated by companies like EasyMining. Circular Phosphorus Economy: Establish a circular economy approach for phosphorus, designing products containing phosphorus for easy recovery and recycling.Reduce the need for phosphate mining, minimizing environmental impact. Global Phosphorus Management Framework: Develop an international framework for phosphorus management, akin to global climate agreements.Foster collaboration and coordinated efforts on a global scale to address phosphorus-related challenges. -Source: The Hindu Zonal Councils Context: While chairing 31st Northern Zonal conference in Amritsar, Union Home Minister said anti-drone system will be deployed along the international border for strengthening security. Relevance: GS II- Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: What are Zonal Councils?CompositionObjectives of the zonal councils What are Zonal Councils? Zonal Councils are advisory councils and are made up of the states of India that have been grouped into five zones to foster cooperation among them. These were set up vide Part-III of the States Reorganization Act, 1956.The Zonal Councils are the statutory (and not the constitutional) bodies.They are established by an Act of the Parliament, that is, States Reorganization Act of 1956.The act divided the country into five zones (Northern, Central, Eastern, Western and Southern) and provided a zonal council for each zone.The Union Home Minister is the common chairman of the five Zonal Councils.Each chief minister acts as a vice-chairman of the council by rotation, holding office for a period of one year at a time.While forming these zones, several factors have been taken into account which include  the natural divisions of the country, the river systems and means of communication, the cultural and linguistic affinity and the requirements of economic development, security and law and order.In addition to the above Zonal Councils, a North-Eastern Council was created by a separate Act of Parliament i.e. the North-Eastern Council Act of 1971.These are advisory bodies that will discuss and make recommendations with regard to any matter of common interest in the field of economic and social planning between the Centre and States. Each zonal council consists of the following members Home minister of Central government.Chief ministers of all the States in the zone.Two other ministers from each state in the zone.Administrator of each union territory in the zone. Composition: The Northern Zonal Council: It comprises the States of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, National Capital Territory of Delhi and Union Territory of Chandigarh,The Central Zonal Council: It comprises the States of Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh,The Eastern Zonal Council: It comprises the States of Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Sikkim and West Bengal,The Western Zonal Council: It comprises the States of Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra and the Union Territories of Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli,The Southern Zonal Council: It comprises the States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and the Union Territory of Puducherry. Objectives of the zonal councils: To achieve an emotional integration of the country.To help in arresting the growth of acute state-consciousness, regionalism, linguism and particularistic trends.To help in removing the after-effects of separation in some cases so that the process of re- organisation, integration and economic advancement may synchronise.To enable the Centre and states to cooperate with each other in social and economic matters and exchange ideas and experience in order to evolve uniform policies.To cooperate with each other in the successful and speedy execution of major development projects.To secure some kind of political equilibrium between different regions of the country. -Source: Indian Express RoDTEP scheme Context: The Scheme for Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) support which was notified till 30th September 2023 is now being extended till 30th June 2024 at the same rates to the existing export items.  Relevance: GS-III: Indian Economy (Growth and Development of Indian Economy, Taxation) Dimensions of the Article: Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) SchemeRoDTEP Benefits Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) Scheme The RoDTEP Scheme allows exporters to receive refunds on taxes and duties that are not exempted or refunded under any other scheme.Under the scheme, exporters receive refunds on the embedded taxes and duties previously non-recoverable.The chief aim of the scheme is to boost the export of goods that were poor in volume.The scheme basically replaces the Merchandise Export from India Scheme (MEIS).The scheme provides for rebates of Central, State and Local duties/taxes/ levies which are not refunded under any other duty remission schemes.The RoDTEP scheme can be said to be a combination of the MEIS and the Rebate of State and Central Taxes and Levies (RoSCTL).Under this scheme, refund would be claimed as a percentage of the Freight On Board (FOB) value of exports.  Features of RoDTEP Scheme It covers duties and taxes levied at the central, state and local levels that are not reimbursed under any other mechanism. Items that were under the MEIS and the RoSCTL are shifted to the RoDTEP.Refunds will be issued to exporters as transferable duty credit/electronic scrips and maintained in an electronic ledger. This is keeping in line with the Digital India mission. This can be used to pay basic customs duty on imported goods. The credits can also be transferred to other importers.Faster clearance through a digital platform will be facilitated through a monitoring & audit mechanism, with an IT-based risk management system that would physically verify the exporters’ records.The scheme is applicable across all sectors. RoDTEP Benefits Being WTO-compliant, the RoDTEP scheme can make available from the government benefits to the exporters seamlessly.The scheme is more exhaustive in that certain taxes that were not covered under the previous scheme are also included in the list, for example, education cess, state taxes on oil, power and water.It will add more competitiveness in the foreign markets, with assured duty benefits by the Indian Government.It will also help exporters meet international standards and promote business growth.Also under RoDTEP, tax assessment is set to become fully automatic for exporters, hence, Businesses will get access to their refunds for GST via an automatic refund-route. -Source: The Hindu National Commission for Scheduled Castes Context: National Commission for Scheduled Castes submits its Annual Report 2020-21 & 2021-22 to the President of India Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: National Commission for Scheduled CastesFunctions National Commission for Scheduled Castes The National Commission for Scheduled Castes is an Indian constitutional body established with a view to provide safeguards against the exploitation of Scheduled Castes and Anglo Indian communities to promote and protect their social, educational, economic and cultural interests, special provisions were made in the Constitution. Article 338 of the Indian constitution deals with National Commission for Scheduled Castes. Composition: It consists of:Chairperson.Vice-chairperson.Three other members.They are appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal. Functions: The commission’s responsibilities include monitoring and investigating issues related to safeguards for Scheduled Castes (SCs) under the constitutionEnquiring into complaints regarding the deprivation of rights and safeguards for SCsAdvising and participating in the planning of socio-economic development for SCsRegularly reporting to the President on the implementation of these safeguardsRecommending steps to further the socio-economic development and other welfare activities of the SCsAny other function related to the welfare, protection, development, and advancement of the SC communityThe commission is also responsible for similar functions for the Anglo-Indian communityPreviously, the commission also had similar responsibilities for other backward classes (OBCs) but was relieved of this responsibility in 2018 through the 102nd Amendment Act. Source: The Hindu

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 26 September 2023

CONTENTS Transformation of India’s Fan MarketInclusion of India in JPMorgan’s GBI-EM IndexBima SugamAnnular Solar EclipseSea UrchinsGalactic tides Transformation of India’s Fan Market Context: India’s fan market is undergoing a transformative evolution, driven by changes in policy and a growing commitment to sustainable energy practices. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Reasons for the Transformation of the Ceiling Fan Market in IndiaGovernment Initiatives to Enhance Ceiling Fan Energy EfficiencyUJALA Programme: Revolutionizing Energy-Efficient LightingThe Way Forward for Enhancing Ceiling Fan Energy Efficiency Reasons for the Transformation of the Ceiling Fan Market in India Sustainable Energy Commitment: India’s strong commitment to transitioning to cleaner and sustainable energy sources is a primary catalyst for the transformation of the fan market. Climate Change Awareness: Growing awareness of climate change and its adverse effects is driving the need to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions through more efficient appliances. Emissions Reduction Goals: India’s target to reduce harmful emissions per unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 45% by 2030 (relative to 2005 levels) necessitates energy-efficient solutions in various sectors, including the fan market. Household Electricity Consumption: Households in India account for nearly one-third of the country’s total electricity consumption, making energy efficiency in appliances like ceiling fans crucial for overall energy conservation. Widespread Fan Usage: A 2020 survey by the Council on Energy, Environment, and Water (CEEW) revealed that ceiling fans are used by 90% of households in India, making them a significant contributor to electricity consumption. Growth in Fan Usage: The India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP) projects a significant increase in the number of fans in use in India, from approximately 500 million to a billion by 2038, highlighting the growing demand for energy-efficient cooling solutions. Cooling Demand Reduction Goals: The ICAP aims to reduce cooling demand across various sectors by 20-25% by 2037-38. The plan also targets a reduction in refrigerant demand by 25-30% and cooling energy requirements by 25-40% by 2037-38. Regulatory Changes: Mandatory star ratings for ceiling fans and regulatory alterations are incentivizing manufacturers to produce more energy-efficient fan models, further contributing to the transformation of the ceiling fan market. Government Initiatives to Enhance Ceiling Fan Energy Efficiency Star Rating Program: The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), India’s energy efficiency regulator under the Union Ministry of Power, has implemented the Standards and Labelling (S&L;) program, commonly known as the ‘star-rating’ program, which mandates the labeling of ceiling fans based on their energy efficiency.This program informs consumers about a fan’s energy performance through star ratings, allowing them to make informed choices.It serves as an incentive for manufacturers to produce more energy-efficient fans to achieve higher star ratings, promoting energy conservation. Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL): EESL is addressing the cost challenge of ‘5-star’ rated fans, which are typically more expensive than unrated fans.EESL has planned a demand aggregation program aimed at selling 10 million ‘5-star’ ceiling fans at affordable prices.This initiative mirrors the successful approach used for LED lamps under the Unnat Jyoti by Affordable Light Emitting Diode (LED) for All (UJALA) program, with the goal of transforming the ceiling fan market by making energy-efficient options more accessible to consumers. UJALA Programme: Revolutionizing Energy-Efficient Lighting Program Inception: Launched in 2015 as the LED-based Domestic Efficient Lighting Programme (DELP).The primary objective is to promote efficient energy usage encompassing consumption, savings, and lighting. Leadership by EESL: Spearheaded by the Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), a prominent agency in India’s energy efficiency initiatives. World’s Largest Zero Subsidy Programme: The UJALA program has evolved to become the world’s largest zero subsidy domestic lighting initiative.It addresses critical concerns such as high electrification costs and the environmental impact of inefficient lighting practices. Objective: Initially aimed to replace 77 million incandescent bulbs with energy-efficient LED bulbs. Price Reduction and Energy Savings: A remarkable achievement was the significant reduction in the retail price of LED bulbs, dropping from INR 300-350 to an affordable INR 70-80, making energy-efficient lighting accessible to the masses.The program has also yielded substantial energy savings, with a recorded annual energy savings of 47,778 million kWh as of January 5, 2022. The Way Forward for Enhancing Ceiling Fan Energy Efficiency Technology-Agnostic Policy: Maintain a technology-agnostic policy that accommodates various fan technologies, recognizing their trade-offs and advantages.Diverse Technologies under Single Framework: Allow manufacturers to offer different technologies under a single procurement framework, promoting healthy competition and cost-effectiveness.Balance Price Reduction and Quality: Manage the balance between reducing fan prices and maintaining product quality to ensure long-term reliability and performance.Avoid Quality Compromises: Be cautious of intense price pressure that could lead to the introduction of lower-quality fans with higher failure rates, as this can undermine consumer trust.Market-Driven Pace: Allow market actors to determine the pace of price reduction, fostering consumer confidence in the adoption of new energy-efficient technology.Domestic Manufacturing Capacity: Encourage the development of high-quality domestic manufacturing capacity for high-efficiency fans, creating jobs and supporting the domestic economy.Economies of Scale: Leverage India’s vast domestic market to achieve economies of scale for fan products and components, making them more cost-effective.Export Opportunities: Explore opportunities for fan exports to countries enforcing minimum energy performance standards, expanding market reach and export revenue.Strengthen Standard and Labeling Program: Allocate resources to enhance the standard and labeling program to ensure the authenticity of energy performance labels, promoting transparency.Market Monitoring: Utilize market monitoring powers to ensure that compliant products reach consumers, while non-compliant models are swiftly removed from the market. Lower Entry Barriers: Lower barriers to selling new energy-efficient fan models in the market, encouraging manufacturers to innovate and offer efficient options. -Source: The Hindu Inclusion of India in JPMorgan’s GBI-EM Index Context: JPMorgan Chase & Co. is set to include India in its Government Bond Index-Emerging Markets (GBI-EM) index starting in June 2024. This decision anticipates a substantial influx of investments into India’s government bonds. Consequently, this move is likely to expand the investor base and has the potential to result in the appreciation of the Indian Rupee. Relevance: GS III: Inclusive Growth Dimensions of the Article: The JPMorgan Government Bond Index-Emerging Markets (GBI-EM) IndexIndia’s Inclusion in the JPMorgan GBI-EM IndexSignificance of India’s Inclusion in GBI-EM IndexChallenges of India’s Inclusion in GBI-EM IndexWay Forward The JPMorgan Government Bond Index-Emerging Markets (GBI-EM) Index The JPMorgan GBI-EM Index is a widely recognized benchmark index tracking the performance of Sovereign Bonds denominated in local currencies, issued by emerging market countries.It serves as a comprehensive gauge of the fixed income market in emerging economies, aiding investors in assessing their performance. Composition: This index encompasses government bonds from a variety of emerging market nations.Eligibility criteria determine the inclusion of bonds, and the composition may evolve over time. India’s Inclusion in the JPMorgan GBI-EM Index Identification of Eligible Bonds: JPMorgan has identified 23 Indian government bonds, collectively valued at USD 330 billion, as meeting the eligibility criteria for inclusion in the GBI-EM. Weight in Indices: India’s presence in the GBI-EM is poised to attain the maximum weight threshold of 10% in the GBI-EM Global Diversified index and approximately 8.7% in the GBI-EM Global index. Significance: With India’s local bonds becoming part of the GBI-EM index and its suite of related indices, these benchmarks influence approximately USD 236 billion in global funds, according to JPMorgan. Significance of India’s Inclusion in GBI-EM Index Attracting Global Investors:India’s inclusion in the GBI-EM index positions the country as a highly desirable investment destination for global investors. Substantial Inflows:This move is anticipated to attract significant investments, with potential inflows estimated at USD 45-50 billion over the next 12-15 months. Alleviating Financing Constraints:Inclusion in the index provides an alternative source of funds, which can help alleviate financing constraints related to India’s fiscal and current account deficits. Reducing Risk Premia and Costs:India’s risk premia and funding costs are expected to structurally decrease, enhancing economic stability. Risk premia reflect the return on a risky asset compared to a risk-free asset. Corporate Sector Benefits:The inclusion is likely to lower the entire yield curve, reducing corporate financing costs, stimulating investment, and fostering business growth. Banking Sector Advantages:Banks will face less pressure to absorb government bonds, enabling them to allocate more resources for lending to the private sector and promoting economic expansion. Infrastructure Development Boost:India’s infrastructure development initiatives receive a boost with a sustainable source of long-term financing through government securities. Rupee Appreciation:The inclusion is expected to lead to the appreciation of the Indian rupee due to increased investor confidence, enhancing the attractiveness of India as an investment destination. Integration into Global Markets:Integration into global markets, along with ongoing reforms and increased market access, promotes market development and encourages long-term capital inflows. Innovation in Financial Products:This move sets the stage for the introduction of innovative financial products, enhancing India’s financial markets. Parity with Other Economies:India is poised to reach a maximum weightage of 10% in the GBI-EM Global Diversified Index, putting it on par with other prominent economies like China, Brazil, Indonesia, and Malaysia in terms of index representation. Challenges of India’s Inclusion in GBI-EM Index Market Volatility:Inclusion may introduce volatility in local debt markets, particularly during global economic turmoil or uncertainty, necessitating effective market management and stabilization by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Balancing Monetary Policy:RBI must carefully manage its monetary policy decisions to balance the impact of increased foreign investment with the goal of ensuring domestic economic stability and growth. Geo-Political Risks:High foreign holding of debt exposes Indian markets to external macro-economic shocks and geopolitical risks, as seen in instances like Russia’s exclusion from international currency markets, highlighting the potential impact of geopolitics on financial flows. Exchange Rate Challenges:Inclusion may impact the value of the domestic currency, posing challenges in managing exchange rates to maintain competitiveness for exports. Greater Scrutiny and Fiscal Responsibility:India may face increased scrutiny regarding government finances, necessitating greater transparency and fiscal responsibility in managing the fiscal deficit. Tax Treatment for Foreign Investors:Unresolved tax treatment for foreign investors could deter potential investors, requiring clear and favorable tax policies to attract foreign capital into Indian government bonds. Market Stability and Capital Flows:The behavior of foreign investors, especially during global economic shifts, could result in sudden surges or withdrawals of funds, impacting market stability and capital flows. Way Forward Resolve Operational Challenges:Address operational challenges related to custody, settlement, and tax implications to facilitate smooth participation of foreign investors. Strengthen Regulatory Environment:Strengthen the regulatory environment to ensure market integrity, transparency, and investor protection, encouraging long-term participation. Enhance Economic Fundamentals:Strengthen India’s economic fundamentals to better withstand global economic shifts and fluctuations, minimizing risks associated with external factors. -Source: Indian Express Bima Sugam Context: Recently, the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) has formed a steering committee to act as the apex decision-making body for the creation of its ambitious ‘Bima Sugam’ online platform. IRDAI says Bima Sugam is an electronic marketplace protocol which would universalise and democratize insurance. This protocol will be connected with India Stack. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Bima Sugam: Simplifying and Digitizing the Insurance MarketplaceIRDAI: The Regulatory Authority for InsuranceIndia Stack: Unlocking Digital Infrastructure for Transformation Bima Sugam: Simplifying and Digitizing the Insurance Marketplace Bima Sugam is an online platform that serves as a one-stop solution for insurance needs, offering various schemes from multiple companies. Key Features: Diverse Insurance Options: Customers can select the most suitable insurance scheme from a range of choices offered by different insurance companies.Comprehensive Coverage: Bima Sugam caters to all insurance requirements, including life, health, and general insurance like motor and travel coverage.Digital Transformation: The platform aims to simplify and digitize the entire insurance process, encompassing policy purchases, renewals, claim settlements, agent services, and policy portability.Customer Assistance: Bima Sugam provides support and guidance to customers for all their insurance-related queries and needs.Single Window Management: The proposed platform acts as a single window for policyholders to manage their insurance coverage efficiently.End-to-End Solutions: It offers complete end-to-end solutions for customers’ insurance requirements, covering purchase, service, and claims settlement. Real-Time Data Access: Insurance companies can access validated and authentic data from various sources in real-time, enhancing efficiency.Intermediary Support: The platform serves as an interface for intermediaries and agents to sell policies and offer services to policyholders, reducing paperwork.Ownership Structure: Life insurance and general insurance companies each own a 47.5% stake in Bima Sugam, with brokers and agent bodies holding a 2.5% stake. IRDAI: The Regulatory Authority for Insurance IRDAI, established in 1999, is a statutory regulatory body overseeing the insurance sector with a focus on customer protection. Key Information: Statutory Body: IRDAI operates under the IRDA Act 1999 and falls under the purview of the Ministry of Finance.Regulatory Role: Its primary role is to regulate and foster the development of the insurance industry while monitoring insurance-related activities.Powers and Functions: The authority’s powers and functions are defined by the IRDAI Act, 1999, and the Insurance Act, 1938. It ensures compliance with industry regulations and safeguards the interests of insurance customers. India Stack: Unlocking Digital Infrastructure for Transformation India Stack is a collection of APIs  (Application programming interface) designed to provide a digital infrastructure that addresses India’s challenges in delivering presence-less, paperless, and cashless services. Key Objectives: Solving Complex Problems: India Stack enables governments, businesses, startups, and developers to tackle complex issues by providing digital solutions.Economic Primitives: It aims to unlock essential economic elements, including identity, data, and payments, on a massive scale within the population. Features: Lower Transaction Costs: Digital transactions facilitated by India Stack often have lower transaction costs compared to traditional methods. This cost reduction benefits businesses, consumers, and the government, making transactions more efficient and affordable.Economic Growth and Social Development: India Stack seeks to bridge wealth gaps and create an efficient and resilient digital economy that drives both economic growth and social development. Key Components: Aadhaar: This component is a unique biometric-based identification system that forms a fundamental part of India Stack, providing a robust and secure way to verify individuals’ identities.Unified Payments Interface (UPI): UPI is a platform for instant digital payments, making it easier for people to transact digitally, simplifying the payment process.Digital Locker: Digital Locker offers secure storage for personal documents, enhancing the convenience and security of accessing important paperwork and certificates. -Source: The Hindu Annular Solar Eclipse Context: The Annular solar eclipse will occur on October 14 and will be visible across different parts of the world. Relevance: GS-I Geography Dimensions of the Article: Solar eclipseTypes of Solar EclipseSignificant observations during solar eclipses Solar eclipse A solar eclipse occurs when a portion of the Earth is covered in a shadow cast by the Moon which fully or partially blocks sunlight.This occurs when the Sun, Moon and Earth are aligned.Such alignment coincides with a new moon (syzygy) indicating the Moon is closest to the ecliptic plane.The Sun’s distance from Earth is about 400 times the Moon’s distance, and the Sun’s diameter is about 400 times the Moon’s diameter. Because these ratios are approximately the same, the Sun and the Moon as seen from Earth appear to be approximately the same size: about 0.5 degree of arc in angular measure. Types of Solar Eclipse Total Solar Eclipse: During a total solar eclipse, the Moon completely covers the Sun from view as seen from a specific location on Earth.The sky darkens significantly, and the Sun’s outer atmosphere, known as the solar corona, becomes visible as a bright halo around the obscured Sun.Total solar eclipses are rare and can only be observed from a limited geographic area along the eclipse’s path of totality. Partial Solar Eclipse: In a partial solar eclipse, the Moon partially covers the Sun, obscuring only a portion of the Sun’s disk.This type of eclipse is visible over a broader geographic region than a total eclipse since it occurs when the Moon partially passes in front of the Sun. Annular Solar Eclipse: An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon is near its apogee (farthest from Earth) in its elliptical orbit, causing it to appear smaller than the Sun.As a result, the Moon does not completely cover the Sun, and a ring of the Sun’s outer edge, known as the “ring of fire” or annulus, remains visible around the Moon.Annular eclipses create a unique and visually striking spectacle. Hybrid Solar Eclipse (Annular-Total Eclipse): A hybrid eclipse is a rare event where an eclipse appears as a total eclipse from some locations on Earth’s surface and as an annular eclipse from others.The type of eclipse experienced depends on the viewer’s location within the eclipse’s path. Why does the Solar Eclipse not occur during every new moon? If the Moon were in a perfectly circular orbit, a little closer to the Earth, and in the same orbital plane, there would be total solar eclipses every new moon.However, since the Moon’s orbit is tilted at more than 5 degrees to the Earth’s orbit around the Sun, its shadow usually misses Earth. What are the factors that affect the duration of the eclipse? The Moon being almost exactly at perigee (making its angular diameter as large as possible).The Earth being very near aphelion (furthest away from the Sun in its elliptical orbit, making its angular diameter nearly as small as possible).The midpoint of the eclipse being very close to the Earth’s equator, where the rotational velocity is greatest.The vector of the eclipse path at the midpoint of the eclipse aligning with the vector of the Earth’s rotation (i.e. not diagonal but due east).The midpoint of the eclipse being near the subsolar point (the part of the Earth closest to the Sun). Significant observations during solar eclipses A total solar eclipse provides a rare opportunity to observe the corona (the outer layer of the Sun’s atmosphere). Normally this is not visible because the photosphere is much brighter than the corona.Eclipses may cause the temperature to decrease by up to 3 °C.There is a long history of observations of gravity-related phenomena during solar eclipses, especially during the period of totality.Confirmation of Einstein’s theory: The observation of a total solar eclipse of 1919, helped to confirm Einstein’s theory of general relativity. By comparing the apparent distance between stars in the constellation Taurus, with and without the Sun between them, Arthur Eddington stated that the theoretical predictions about gravitational lenses were confirmed. Precautions to take while viewing Solar eclipse Looking directly at the photosphere of the Sun (the bright disk of the Sun itself), even for just a few seconds, can cause permanent damage to the retina of the eye, because of the intense visible and invisible radiation that the photosphere emits.This damage can result in impairment of vision, up to and including blindness.The retina has no sensitivity to pain, and the effects of retinal damage may not appear for hours, so there is no warning that injury is occurring.Under normal conditions, the Sun is so bright that it is difficult to stare at it directly, however, during an eclipse, with so much of the Sun covered, it is easier and more tempting to stare at it.Special eye protection or indirect viewing techniques are used when viewing a solar eclipse.It is safe to view only the total phase of a total solar eclipse with the unaided eye and without protection. -Source: The Hindu Sea Urchins Context: The Red Sea’s spectacular coral reefs face a new threat, marine biologists warn—the mass death of sea urchins that may be caused by a mystery disease. Relevance: GS III: Species in News Dimensions of the Article: Sea Urchins: Fascinating Echinoderms of the Ocean Sea Urchins: Fascinating Echinoderms of the Ocean Sea urchins are a group of marine invertebrates belonging to the echinoderms, a phylum known for its spiny-skinned animals.Echinoderms also include well-known marine creatures such as starfish and sea cucumbers. Physical Characteristics and Habitat: Sea urchins are easily recognizable by their spherical to somewhat flattened bodies covered in spines.They inhabit oceans worldwide, ranging from shallow coastal waters to deep-sea environments.These creatures predominantly reside on the ocean floor, often clinging to hard surfaces, and employ tube feet or spines for locomotion.Among them, Sperostoma giganteum, found in the deep waters off Japan, holds the distinction of being the largest urchin, albeit known from a single specimen. Distinctive Features: Sea urchins exhibit a distinctive radial arrangement of organs, with five bands of pores running from the mouth to the anus over their internal skeleton, known as the test.These pores house tube feet, which are slender, extendable appendages, sometimes equipped with suckers.Sea urchins possess a robust exoskeleton called the test, composed of interlocking plates or ossicles, often adorned with movable spines.Long, mobile spines and pedicellariae, pincer-like organs that may contain poison glands, emerge from nodules on the test. Feeding Habits: Sea urchins are primarily herbivorous, with a diet centered on algae and plant material.They employ specialized mouthparts, referred to as Aristotle’s lantern, to scrape algae and other food sources from rocks or the seafloor.Their feeding behavior plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of underwater ecosystems by controlling algae growth in marine environments. -Source: The Hindu Galactic Tides Context: Just as the earth’s oceans at their shores, the universe’s galaxies also experience tides, but on a much larger scale. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Galactic Tides: Gravitational Forces Within Galaxies Galactic Tides: Gravitational Forces Within Galaxies Galactic tides refer to tidal forces experienced by objects within the gravitational field of a galaxy, such as the Milky Way. Causes: Galactic tides are generated by gravitational interactions among celestial objects within a galaxy, including stars and gas clouds.Effects of Galactic Tides: These tidal forces exert a profound influence on various aspects of a galaxy’s evolution and dynamics.Reshaping Galaxy Structure: Galactic tides can reshape the structure of a galaxy by inducing the formation of tidal tails and bridges, altering its overall appearance.Promoting Star Formation: They can play a role in promoting star formation within galaxies by triggering the gravitational collapse of gas and dust clouds.Disrupting Smaller Systems: Galactic tides can disrupt smaller star systems or objects within a galaxy, leading to their fragmentation or dispersion.Orbital Changes: The tidal forces also affect the orbits of individual stars within a galaxy, resulting in long-term changes in the galaxy’s overall structure.Interactions Between Proximate Galaxies: Galactic tides influence how neighboring galaxies interact with one another, determining whether they merge, collide, or maintain their separation.Observations in Andromeda: For instance, in the case of the Andromeda galaxy, researchers have observed tidal streams near its edges, which are believed to be signatures of dwarf galaxies that were once captured and subsequently absorbed by Andromeda.Effects on Supermassive Black Holes: Galactic tides also impact the behavior of supermassive black holes located at the centers of galaxies, leading to events that alter their interactions with nearby stars and celestial objects. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 26 September 2023

CONTENTS International Day of Sign LanguagesPandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya International Day of Sign Languages Context: On the occasion of International Day of Sign Languages (23rd September), the Government of India has introduced several initiatives to improve communication and accessibility for the hearing-impaired. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: International Day of Sign LanguagesHistory International Day of Sign Languages: Celebrating Linguistic and Cultural Diversity The International Day of Sign Languages is an annual event dedicated to promoting the linguistic and cultural diversity of deaf communities worldwide.In 2017, the United Nations General Assembly officially declared September 23rd as the day to celebrate the International Day of Sign Languages.This day serves as a platform to raise awareness about the significance of sign languages in the lives of deaf communities and the imperative to safeguard them as a vital aspect of human diversity.Sign languages are intricate visual-gestural communication systems with their own unique grammar and syntax, serving as the primary mode of communication for millions of people globally. Theme of 2023: The theme for 2023 is “A World Where Deaf People Can Sign Anywhere,” emphasizing the importance of ensuring accessibility to sign languages in all aspects of life. History: The World Federation of the Deaf (WFD), representing 135 national federations of the deaf, proposed the concept of this day, representing approximately 70 million deaf individuals worldwide.A resolution, co-sponsored by 97 UN Member States and led by the Permanent Mission of Antigua and Barbuda to the United Nations, was unanimously adopted in December 2017.The date of September 23rd was chosen to commemorate the establishment of the WFD in 1951.In 2018, the International Day of Sign Languages was observed for the first time as part of the International Week of the Deaf. Status of Deaf People: According to the World Federation of the Deaf, there are over 70 million deaf individuals globally.More than 80% of them reside in underdeveloped countries, collectively utilizing more than 300 different sign languages to communicate. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Context The Prime Minister, has paid homage to Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya on his Jayanti. Relevance:  GS I: Personalities Dimensions of the Article: About Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya JiAbout the Ideals of Pandit JiAbout Major Schemes in the name of Pandit Ji About Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Ji The Pandit Ji born in Mathura, UP in 1916, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay is an Indian politician.He was one of the most important leaders of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, the forerunner of the present day Bharatiya Janata Party.He qualified the civil services examination, where he got his nickname as Panditji for appearing in the examination hall wearing traditional dhoti-kurta and cap.He however did not join the service, but became in 1942, a life-time volunteer of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).However, Upadhyaya is seen to have played a larger role in India’s thought process and political life, transcending party lines. About the Ideals of Pandit Ji The concept of Integral Humanism he propounded envisages remedies for the post-globalization maladies of the world.The Upadhyaya Ji conceived a classless, casteless and conflict-free social order. He stressed on the ancient Indian wisdom of oneness of the human kind.For him, the brotherhood of a shared, common heritage was central to political activism. He emphasized on coexistence and harmony with nature.He conceptualized an alternative approach which was free from the dialectics of competition and envy, a third way from the inertia of Capitalism and Communism.He was a pioneer of many political experiments. He was the architect of the first coalition phase in Indian politics.The Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Ji was an advocate of less government and more governance.He believed in self-sustaining autonomous units, more power to states and decentralized and competitive federalism, solidly cemented on the cultural mosaic of our tradition, heritage and experience of the past. About Major Schemes in the name of Pandit Ji The Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana (DAY) – integrating the NULM and NRLM for alleviating poverty.The Deendayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) Antyodaya Diwas – to diversify the incomes of rural poor families and to cater to the career aspirations of rural youth.The Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana – to provide electricity to rural homes.The Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Shramev Jayate Karyakram – to create a conducive environment for industrial development primarily through  skill training.The Deendayal Upadhyaya Swaniyojan Yojana (DUSY) – the rural version of the Start Up India scheme.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 22 September 2023

CONTENTS SHREYAS SchemePM Kisan SHREYAS Scheme Context: The Scholarships for Higher Education for Young Achievers Scheme (SHREYAS) initiative has been a cornerstone in India’s efforts to empower students from Scheduled Castes (SC) and Other Backward Classes (OBC) by providing them access to quality education. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: SHREYAS: Empowering Education for OBC & EBC Students SHREYAS: Empowering Education for OBC & EBC Students SHREYAS is an umbrella scheme under the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment.It aims to empower OBC & Economically Backward Class (EBC) students through fellowships and interest subsidies on educational loans for higher education. Sub-Schemes: The SHREYAS umbrella scheme includes four central sector sub-schemes: Free Coaching Scheme for SCs and OBCs: Objective: Provide high-quality coaching to economically disadvantaged SCs and OBCs for competitive exams and technical/professional institution admissions.Income Ceiling: Family income capped at 8 lakhs per annum.Slot Allocation: 3500 slots allotted annually.Gender Inclusivity: 30% slots reserved for females in both categories.Allocation Ratio: SC: OBC ratio at 70:30 for equitable access.Outcomes: Benefited 19,995 beneficiaries from 2014-15 to 2022-23. Top-Class Education for SCs: Objective: Recognize and promote quality education among SC students beyond the 12th class.Income Ceiling: Family income limit set at 8 lakhs per annum.Coverage: Includes 266 higher education institutes, including prestigious institutions like IIMs, IITs, and NITs.Scholarship: Covers tuition fee, non-refundable charges, academic allowance, and other expenses.Outcomes: Benefited 21,988 beneficiaries from 2014-15 to 2022-23. National Overseas Scheme for SCs: Objective: Provide financial assistance to selected students from various categories for pursuing masters and Ph.D. courses abroad.Eligibility: Students with family income below Rs. 8 lakhs per annum, securing admission in the top 500 QS ranking foreign institutes/universities.Scholarship: Covers tuition fee, maintenance, contingency allowance, visa fee, and airfare.Outcomes: Benefited 950 beneficiaries from 2014-15 to 2022-23. National Fellowship for SC Students: Aim: Support SC students pursuing M.Phil/Ph.D. degrees in Sciences, Humanities, and Social Sciences in Indian Universities/Institutions/Colleges recognized by UGC.Eligibility: NET-JRF qualified candidates or Junior Research Fellows for Science stream (UGC-CSIR Joint Test).Allocation: Provides 2000 new slots annually (500 for Science and 1500 for Humanities/Social Sciences). PM Kisan Context: The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare launched an AI chatbot — the first of its kind to be integrated with a major flagship scheme of the central government — for the PM-KISAN Scheme. Relevance: GS II- Welfare Schemes Dimensions of the Article: About PM KISANSome of the categories of beneficiaries who are NOT eligible for benefit under this scheme are: About PM KISAN Nodal: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) Scheme is a Central Sector Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) Scheme.Under the scheme an income support of 6,000/- per year in three equal installments will be provided to small and marginal farmer families having combined land holding/ownership of upto 2 hectares.The Scheme initially provided income support to all Small and Marginal Farmers’ families across the country, holding cultivable land upto 2 hectares.Its ambit was later expanded to cover all farmer families in the country irrespective of the size of their land holdings. Definition of family for the scheme is husband, wife and minor children.State Government and UT administration will identify the farmer families which are eligible for support as per scheme guidelines.The fund will be directly transferred to the bank accounts of the beneficiaries.There are various Exclusion Categories for the scheme. Some of the categories of beneficiaries who are NOT eligible for benefit under this scheme are: Any institutional land-holders.The farmer as well as any member of the family belonging to the following categories:Former and present holders of constitutional postsFormer and present Ministers/ State MinistersFormer or present members of LokSabha/ RajyaSabha/ State Legislative Assemblies/ State Legislative CouncilsFormer and present Mayors of Municipal CorporationsFormer and present Chairpersons of District Panchayats.Any serving or retired officers as well as employees under the Central/ State Government Ministries /Offices/Departments.All retired pensioners who get a monthly pension of Rs.10,000/-or more and belonging to the above category.Any individual who paid their income tax in the last assessment year is not eligible under this scheme.Professionals like Doctors, Engineers, Lawyers, Chartered Accountants, and Architects registered with Professional bodies and carrying out profession by undertaking practices.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 22 September 2023

CONTENTS Census, delimitation exercise after 2024 electionPerks and Entitlements of Recognized National and State PartiesEscalating Tensions Between India and CanadaHoysala TemplesControversy Surrounding the Terms Socialist and Secular in the ConstitutionPterygotrigla intermedica Census, Delimitation Exercise After 2024 Election Context: The Lok Sabha has passed the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam (Constitution One Hundred and Twenty-Eighth Amendment) Bill, 2023, which proposes a 33% reservation for women in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies. Home Minister Shah mentioned during the debate that census and delimitation activities will commence after the 2024 Lok Sabha elections. Relevance GS I: Population and Related issues Dimensions  of the Article: About the CensusDelimitation: Fixing Electoral BoundariesDelimitation Commission: About the Census The census provides information on size, distribution and socio-economic, demographic and other characteristics of the country’s population.The first synchronous census in India was held in 1881, and since then, censuses have been undertaken uninterruptedly once every ten years.India’s last census was carried out in 2011 when the country’s population stood at 121 crores.The Census 2021 will be conducted in 18 languages out of the 22 scheduled languages (under 8th schedule) and English, and the option of “Other” under the gender category will be changed to “Third Gender”.For the first time data is proposed to be collected through a mobile app by enumerators and they will receive an additional payment as an incentive.The last caste-based census was conducted by the British in 1931.Arthashastra by ‘Kautilya’ written in the 3rd Century BC prescribed the collection of population statistics as a measure of state policy for taxation.In India, a census is conducted every decade and Census 2021 will be the 16th national census of the country. Key facts about India’s census In India, the census was first started under British Viceroy Lord Mayo in 1872 and the first synchronous census in India was held in 1881. It is being conducted at an interval of 10 years. The decennial Census is conducted by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs.Census is conducted under the provisions of the Census Act, of 1948.The population census is a Union subject under Article 246 of the Indian Constitution.It is listed as serial number 69 of the seventh schedule of the constitution. Significance of census: Foundation of Statistical Analyses: A census generates primary and authentic data that forms the foundation for various statistical analyses. This data is crucial for planning, decision-making, and development initiatives across sectors like administration, economy, and social welfare.Planning and Development: Census data provides essential information for planning and development initiatives in various sectors. It helps policymakers, government agencies, and organizations to understand demographic patterns, population trends, and distribution of resources, enabling them to formulate effective strategies and allocate resources efficiently.Constituency Delimitation and Representation: Census data plays a vital role in demarcating constituencies and determining representation in government bodies. It helps in deciding the number of seats reserved for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in Parliament, State legislatures, local bodies, and government services. This ensures proportional representation and promotes inclusivity in the political and administrative systems.Business and Industry Planning: Census data is valuable for business houses and industries as it helps them strengthen and plan their operations, especially for expanding into areas that were previously underserved. The data provides insights into population characteristics, consumer demographics, and market potential, facilitating business decisions and market penetration strategies.Grants and Resource Allocation: The Finance Commission utilizes population figures from census data to provide grants to states. The allocation of resources, funding, and development assistance is often based on the population data available from the census. Delimitation: Fixing Electoral Boundaries Delimitation is the process of establishing the boundaries of territorial constituencies in a region with a legislative body.In the Indian ContextIn India, delimitation involves the redrawing of boundaries for Lok Sabha and Legislative Assembly Constituencies.This process may result in a change in the number of seats allocated to a state or union territory. Purpose Delimitation aims to ensure that the population of constituencies remains as equal as possible based on the most recent Census data.It strives for a fair division of geographical areas, ensuring a level playing field for political parties and candidates in terms of the number of voters. Constitutional Provisions Article 82 and Article 170 of the Indian Constitution empower the Parliament to readjust seat allocations in the Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies, respectively, after each Census.Delimitation Commission Acts have been enacted by Parliament in 1952, 1962, 1972, and 2002 to facilitate this process.Delimitation has occurred only four times despite seven Census operations.The most recent delimitation, based on the 2001 census, was carried out under the Delimitation Commission Act, 2002.The next Delimitation Commission will be established after 2026.Article 330 and Article 332 allow for the re-fixing of seats reserved for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies based on the 2001 census. Last Delimitation Exercise (2002) The 2002 delimitation focused on redrawing constituency boundaries but did not increase the number of constituencies.The number of Lok Sabha constituencies has remained unchanged since 1976. Controversy Delimitation can lead to political disputes, particularly over the distribution of seats among states based on population ratios.This has contributed to controversies, with some states concerned about losing seats while others gain.The 42nd Amendment in 1976 suspended seat boundary redrawing until 2001, and this suspension was extended until 2026 through the 84th Amendment Act of 2002.The year 2026 was chosen to align with the National Population Policy’s goal of achieving a roughly equal number of births and deaths in India. Delimitation Commission: Composition The Delimitation Commission is a high-powered committee responsible for delineating and redefining the boundaries of various constituencies for state assembly and Lok Sabha elections.It is appointed by the President of India and collaborates with the Election Commission.The Commission typically comprises:A retired or sitting Supreme Court Judge who serves as the chairperson.An Election Commissioner.The State Election Commissioners of the relevant states. Authority The decisions and orders of the Delimitation Commission hold the status of law and cannot be challenged in any court of law.Although the Commission’s orders are presented before the Lok Sabha and the concerned legislative assemblies, these bodies cannot make alterations to the Commission’s decisions. -Source: Indian Express Perks and Entitlements of Recognized National and State Parties Context: Despite the allotment of bungalows being cancelled years ago, many recognised national and state parties continue their unauthorised occupation of the properties given to them. This was revealed by the official records obtained under Right to Information. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions  of the Article: BackgroundWhat are national parties entitled to?National Party vs. Regional PartyAdvantages of Being Recognized as a National Party Background: Recognized national and state political parties have the privilege of obtaining land for their office construction at reduced rates.According to a 2006 policy established by the Union government’s Land and Development Office (L&DO;), these parties must vacate any government bungalows used as offices within three years of receiving the land or upon completing their new office building, whichever occurs first. What are national parties entitled to? National parties in India are entitled to certain benefits and privileges, which include: Reserved Election Symbols: National parties have election symbols reserved for their candidates across the country. This ensures that their candidates can use these symbols for better recognition and branding during elections.Land Allotment for Party Office: National parties recognized by the Election Commission of India (ECI) and state parties with at least seven Members of Parliament (MPs) in total in both Houses of Parliament are considered for the allotment of land in Delhi for constructing their party offices. This land is provided at subsidized rates.Plot Size Based on Strength: The size of the allotted plot depends on the party’s strength in both Houses of Parliament. It starts with 500 square meters for parties with up to 15 MPs and can go up to 4 acres for parties with over 201 MPs.Vacating Government Bungalows: Parties that receive land allotment for office construction are required to vacate any government bungalows they may be occupying. This should be done either upon the completion of the office building or within three years of the land allotment, whichever comes earlier.Usage for Office Purpose: The premises allotted to political parties are to be used exclusively for office purposes and not for residential or commercial use.Utilization for National Units and Wings: Parties are expected to use the constructed buildings for their national units as well as any other wings or organizations associated with the party. National Party vs. Regional Party A national party is one expected to have a presence throughout the nation.In contrast, regional parties confine their influence to specific states or regions.The name implies broader reach but not necessarily significant national political influence. Varied Stature: Some national parties may lack substantial national clout.Not all national parties are equally influential on the national stage. Regional Dominance: Regional parties can hold dominant positions within a particular state or region.They might play crucial roles in state politics despite being categorized as regional.Examples:DMK in Tamil Nadu.BJD in Odisha.YSRCP in Andhra Pradesh.RJD in Bihar.TRS in Telangana. Criteria for National Party/State Party The ECI has laid down the technical criterion for a party to be recognised as a national party.A party may gain or lose national party status from time to time, depending on the fulfilment of these laid-down conditions. As per the ECI’s Political Parties and Election Symbols, 2019 handbook, a political party would be considered a national party if: it is recognised as state party in four or more states; orif its candidates polled at least 6% of total valid votes in any four or more states in the last Lok Sabha or Assembly elections and has at least four MPs in the last Lok Sabha polls; orif it has won at least 2% of the total seats in the Lok Sabha from not less than three states. To be recognised as a state party, a party needs: at least 6% valid vote-share in the last Assembly election and have at least 2 MLAs; or have 6% valid vote-share in the last Lok Sabha elections from that state and at least one MP from that state; orat least 3% of the total number of seats or three seats, whichever is more, in the last Assembly elections; orat least one MP for every 25 members or any fraction allotted to the state in the Lok Sabha; orhave at least 8% of the total valid votes in the last Assembly election or Lok Sabha election from the state. Advantages of Being Recognized as a National Party Exclusive Election Symbols:National parties have election symbols reserved for their candidates nationwide.This ensures consistency and recognition for their candidates on a national scale.Party Office in Delhi:Recognized national parties are eligible to obtain land in Delhi for constructing a party office.This central location can serve as a hub for national-level political activities.Increased Star Campaigners:They can have up to 40 star campaigners, as opposed to the 20 allowed for registered but not recognized parties.Star campaigners are influential figures who campaign for the party during elections, enhancing its visibility.Exemption from Spending Limit:Expenditure on campaigns and travel by star campaigners does not count towards the candidate’s spending limit.This allows for more extensive campaigning efforts.Broadcast/Telecast Facilities:Recognized national parties are granted broadcast and telecast facilities on Akashvani (All India Radio) and Doordarshan (national television) during general elections.This provides a platform for reaching a wide audience.Nomination Process Simplification:Only one proposer is required for filing nominations by recognized state and national parties.This streamlines the nomination process for their candidates. -Source: Indian Express Escalating Tensions Between India and Canada Context: Tensions between India and Canada escalated after Canadian Prime Minister accused India of involvement in the killing of a Khalistani leader in Surrey in June 2023. India denied the allegations and accused Canada of sheltering Khalistani extremists. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: What is the Khalistan movement?Recent Anti-India Activities in CanadaImpact of Khalistan Radicalism on India-Canada RelationsHistory of Khalistan Movement and Terrorism in Canada:Way Forward What is the Khalistan movement? The Khalistan movement is a fight for a separate, sovereign Sikh state in present day Punjab (both India and Pakistan).Over the years, it has survived in various forms, in various places and amongst different populations.The movement was crushed in India following Operation Blue Star (1984) and Operation Black Thunder (1986 and 1988), but it continues to evoke sympathy and support among sections of the Sikh population, especially in the Sikh diaspora in countries such as Canada, the UK, and Australia. When and why did the movement start? The origins of the Khalistan movement can be traced back to India’s independence and the subsequent Partition along religious lines.The Punjab province was divided between India and Pakistan during Partition, leading to communal violence and the displacement of millions of Sikhs and Hindus to the east.Lahore, the capital of the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, went to Pakistan, along with holy Sikh sites like Nankana Sahib, the birthplace of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism.Despite being a minority in India, with only around 2% of the population being Sikh, the community began a political struggle for greater autonomy, starting with the Punjabi Suba Movement for the creation of a Punjabi-speaking state.The States Reorganisation Commission rejected this demand in its 1955 report, but after years of protests, the state of Punjab was eventually reorganized in 1966 to reflect the Punjabi Suba demand.The erstwhile Punjab state was trifurcated into the Hindi-speaking, Hindu-majority states of Himachal Pradesh and Haryana, and the Punjabi-speaking, Sikh-majority Punjab. Recent Anti-India Activities in Canada Operation Bluestar Anniversary Parade (June 2023): Location: Brampton, Ontario.Description: A parade appeared to celebrate the assassination of former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. It featured a blood-stained figure and advocated revenge for the attack on Darbar Sahib. Pro-Khalistan Referendum (2022): Conducted by Sikhs for Justice (SFJ), a pro-Khalistan organization.Location: Brampton.Description: SFJ organized a so-called “referendum” on Khalistan in Brampton, claiming significant support for the cause. Sanjh Savera Magazine (2002): A Toronto-based Punjabi-language weekly.Event: In 2002, the magazine greeted Indira Gandhi’s death anniversary with a cover illustration celebrating her murder and glorifying those responsible.Transformation: The magazine received government advertisements and has evolved into a prominent daily newspaper in Canada. Indian Concerns Over such Activities: Diplomatic Concerns: Indian diplomats in Canada have repeatedly expressed concerns about Canada’s failure to address “Sikh extremism” and the ongoing harassment of Indian diplomats and officials by Khalistani supporters.High-Level Discussions: The Indian Prime Minister raised strong concerns about Sikh protests in Canada during discussions with the Canadian Prime Minister on the sidelines of a G20 summit in New Delhi.Trade Implications: As a result of these concerns, Canada has halted discussions on a proposed trade treaty with India. Impact of Khalistan Radicalism on India-Canada Relations Diplomatic Strain: Allegations and counter-allegations related to Khalistan radicalism can strain diplomatic ties, potentially affecting the overall relationship between India and Canada.Erosion of Trust: Trust and confidence between the two nations may be eroded, making it challenging to collaborate on various bilateral and international issues. Security Concerns: Khalistan Movement as a Threat: The Khalistan movement is viewed as a security threat to India’s sovereignty, gaining ground in foreign countries.Arrest of Sikh Separatist Leader: India’s arrest of a Sikh separatist leader in April 2023 for allegedly reviving calls for Khalistan has raised concerns about potential violence in Punjab.Discontent over Indira Gandhi Depiction: Earlier in 2023, India criticized Canada for allowing a float in a parade depicting the assassination of Indira Gandhi, interpreting it as glorification of Sikh separatist violence.Demonstrations and Vandalism: Frequent demonstrations and vandalism by Sikh separatists and their supporters at Indian diplomatic missions in multiple countries, including Canada, pose a threat to Indian sovereignty and integrity. Trade Relations: Potential Impact: Accusations related to Khalistan could affect business partnerships and investment flows between India and Canada.Caution and Reassessment: Businesses may exercise caution or reassess their engagement due to heightened political tension.Trade Growth: Bilateral trade in goods between India and Canada reached approximately USD 8.2 billion in 2022, showing significant growth compared to 2021.Emphasis on Services: Bilateral services trade, valued at around USD 6.6 billion in 2022, was emphasized as a significant contributor to the relationship. Global Cooperation: Challenges in Alignment: Cooperation on critical global challenges such as climate change, counter-terrorism, and international security might be adversely impacted.Alignment Difficulty: Both countries may find it challenging to align their positions and work together effectively on these shared concerns. Travel and Interactions: Impact on Citizens: Escalating tensions could affect travel and interactions between Indian and Canadian citizens, potentially making it more cumbersome or less appealing to travel to each other’s countries. Immigration Policies: Review by Canada: Canada may review or tighten its immigration policies, especially concerning individuals associated with Khalistani separatism, in response to India’s concerns about sheltering such elements. Long-term Effects: Lasting Impact: The recent tensions could have a lasting effect on long-term bilateral cooperation and partnerships.Rebuilding Trust: Reestablishing trust and reestablishing a constructive relationship may require substantial efforts and time.Historical Relationship: India and Canada have a long-standing bilateral relationship based on shared democratic values, multiculturalism, and strong people-to-people contacts, dating back to 1947. History of Khalistan Movement and Terrorism in Canada: Origin of Khalistan Movement: The Khalistan movement can be traced back to the establishment of the ‘Khalistan government in exile’ office in Vancouver in 1982 by Surjan Singh Gill. Initially, it had limited local Sikh support. Repercussions of Punjab Militancy: The militancy in Punjab during the 1980s had repercussions in Canada, as it became a focal point for Sikh separatist activities. Handling of Terror Suspects: Canada’s handling of individuals like Talwinder Singh Parmar, accused of terrorism in Punjab, was criticized by India. The perception of sheltering such individuals added to tensions. Air India Bombing (1985): Canada witnessed a horrific act of terrorism with the bombing of Air India Kanishka in June 1985, orchestrated by the Babbar Khalsa, a Khalistani outfit. This tragic incident further strained relations. Previous Instances of India-Canada Tensions: Early Tensions (1948): Strained relations between India and Canada trace back to 1948 when Canada supported a plebiscite in Kashmir, reflecting early discord. 1998 Nuclear Tests: Relations took a significant downturn when Canada recalled its high commissioner to India following India’s nuclear tests in 1998. Recent Developments: Recent tensions include the Canadian Prime Minister’s expressions of concern regarding India’s response to farmers’ protests and his Liberal Party’s alliance with the New Democratic Party (NDP), which endorsed the Khalistan Referendum, further fueling tensions. Way Forward: Economic Development in Punjab: The Indian government should invest in the economic development of Punjab, ensuring that it receives its fair share of resources, opportunities, and benefits. Addressing Societal Issues: Address problems like unemployment, drug abuse, environmental degradation, and agrarian distress in Punjab to alleviate grievances. Justice and Reconciliation: Ensure justice for the victims and survivors of the violence and human rights violations that occurred during the Khalistan movement. Open Communication: Maintain open lines of communication at various levels of government to discuss concerns and grievances openly. Constructive Dialogue: Engage in constructive and respectful dialogue to address the Khalistan issue, clarify each other’s perspectives, and find common ground to promote a more harmonious relationship. -Source: The Hindu Hoysala Temples Context: The Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala, the famed Hoysala temples of Belur, Halebid and Somanathapur in Karnataka have been added to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage list. This inclusion marks the 42nd UNESCO World Heritage Site in India Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Hoysala Temples – Key FactsHoysala Architecture Hoysala Temples – Key Facts Chennakeshava Temple in Belur: Built by Hoysala King Vishnuvardhana in 1116 AD.Located in Belur on the banks of the Yagachi River, a former Hoysala Empire capital.Star-shaped temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu. Hoysaleshwara Temple in Halebid: One of the largest Shiva temples constructed by the Hoysalas.Features sculptures depicting Shiva, Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Bhagavata Purana scenes.Halebid includes three Jaina basadi (temples) and a stepped well. Keshava Temple of Somanathapur: Trikuta Temple dedicated to Lord Krishna in three forms: Janardhana, Keshava, and Venugopala.Missing Keshava idol; Janardhana and Venugopala idols are damaged. Hoysala Architecture Hoysala Temples constructed during the 12th and 13th centuries CE.Design and artistry of the Hoysala dynasty’s architecture.All three Hoysala temples are under the protection of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Key Architectural Elements: Mantapa (Hall)Vimana (Tower)Sculpture Characteristics: These temples not only serve as architectural marvels but also as preservers of the Hoysala dynasty’s cultural and historical legacy.Hoysala temples often referred to as hybrid or vesara due to their distinctive style that falls between dravida and nagara architectural traditions, making them easily distinguishable from other medieval temples.Hoysala architecture is celebrated for its unique fusion of the Bhumija style prevalent in Central India, the Nagara traditions from northern and western India, and the Karnataka Dravida modes favored by the Kalyani Chalukyas.The temples feature multiple shrines arranged around a central pillared hall, forming intricate star-shaped layouts.These structures are crafted from soapstone, a relatively soft stone that allows for the intricate carving of sculptures, notably the detailed jewelry adorning the temple walls. -Source: The Hindu Controversy Surrounding the Terms Socialist and Secular in the Constitution Context: The main opposition party in the Lok Sabha has alleged that the words “socialist” and “secular” were absent from the copies of the Indian Constitution’s Preamble provided to Members of Parliament. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: PreambleText of the Original Preamble of the ConstitutionAmendment to the Preamble Preamble The Preamble serves as the introductory section or preface of the Constitution and encapsulates its essence.Eminent jurist N. A. Palkhivala referred to the Preamble as the Constitution’s “identity card.”The practice of commencing a constitution with a Preamble was first seen in the American Constitution and was subsequently adopted by several nations, including India.India’s Preamble is derived from the ‘Objectives Resolution,’ originally drafted and presented by Jawaharlal Nehru, and approved by the Constituent Assembly on January 22, 1947.The Preamble translates the ideals contained in the Objectives Resolution into written words. Significance of the Preamble of the Constitution: The Preamble encapsulates the fundamental philosophy and core values, encompassing political, moral, and religious aspects, upon which the Constitution is founded.It embodies the lofty vision of the Constituent Assembly and reflects the aspirations and dreams of the Constitution’s framers.Serving as an introductory section, it outlines the Constitution’s fundamental principles and objectives. Text of the Original Preamble of the Constitution:  WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:JUSTICE, social, economic and political;LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity of the Nation;IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION. Ingredients of the Preamble: The Preamble comprises four essential components: Source of authority of the Constitution: It establishes that the Constitution derives its authority from the people of India.Nature of Indian State: It declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, and republican polity.Objectives of the Constitution: It outlines justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity as the Constitution’s objectives.Date of adoption of the Constitution: It specifies November 26, 1949, as the date of adoption. Amendment to the Preamble: The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act (1976) introduced three new words into the Preamble: “Socialist,” “Secular,” and “Integrity.” Addition of the word “Socialist:” During this period, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s government emphasized pro-poor initiatives with slogans like “garibi hatao.”The inclusion of the term “Socialist” in the Preamble highlighted socialism as a fundamental goal and philosophy of India.It’s important to note that the envisioned socialism in India did not involve the complete nationalization of all means of production, distinct from the socialism of the USSR or China at the time. Addition of the word “Secular:” India’s citizens practice diverse faiths and embrace unity in diversity.“Secularism” was introduced to reflect this unity and fraternity despite differences in class, caste, culture, religion, etc.Including “secular” in the Preamble signified that the state protects all religions and treats every citizen impartially.A secular Indian state prioritizes human relationships over the relationship between a person and God, making it a matter of individual choice.The secular nature of the Indian state is reinforced by Articles 25-28 of the Constitution, safeguarding religious freedom. -Source: Indian Express Pterygotrigla Intermedica Context: Recently, the scientists of the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) have discovered a new species of vibrant orange-colored deep-water marine fish from Digha Mohana in West Bengal. Relevance: GS III: Species in News Dimensions of the Article: Pterygotrigla Intermedica: A Unique Gurnard SpeciesKey Facts About Zoological Survey of India Pterygotrigla Intermedica: A Unique Gurnard Species Pterygotrigla intermedica is commonly known as gurnards or sea-robins, belonging to the family Triglidae.It’s the fourth species of the Pterygotrigla genus discovered in India, with a total of 178 species in the Triglidae family worldwide. Distinct Characteristics: This species of gurnard exhibits distinctive features, setting it apart from other gurnad species.These features include snout length, shape of the internuchal space, and size of the cleithral spine.Notably, it has a distinct pectoral fin with specific coloration patterns, a long opercular spine, and a very short cleithral spine.Other unique traits include characteristics of the lateral line, gill rakers on the upper limb, 12–13 gill rakers on the lower limb of the first gill arch, and a large black blotch positioned between the 4th and 6th spines of the first dorsal fin. Key Facts About Zoological Survey of India: Established in 1916, the Zoological Survey of India is India’s premier organization dedicated to zoological research and studies.It operates under the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change.Objectives of the organization encompass the exploration, survey, and monitoring of faunal diversity across Indian states, ecosystems, and protected areas.The Zoological Survey of India also conducts periodic reviews of the status of threatened and endemic species and prepares databases documenting the recorded species within the country. -Source: Down To Earth

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 September 2023

CONTENTS Nuakhai JuharSIMBEX 23 Nuakhai Juhar Context: Recently, the Prime Minister of India greeted the people on the auspicious occasion of Nuakhai Juhar. Relevance: GS I: Festivals Dimensions of the Article: Nuakhai Juhar: A Festival Celebrating New Rice HarvestRituals Nuakhai Juhar: A Festival Celebrating New Rice Harvest Nuakhai Juhar is a significant social festival celebrated in Western Odisha and parts of Simdega in Jharkhand.The term “Nuakhai” consists of “nua,” meaning new, and “khai,” meaning food.Purpose: This agricultural festival is observed to welcome the arrival of the new rice crop of the season.Nuakhai falls on the fifth day of the lunar fortnight in the month of Bhadrapada or Bhadra (typically August-September). It follows the Ganesh Chaturthi festival. Rituals: Nuakhai encompasses nine colors, leading to the observance of nine sets of rituals leading up to the main day of celebration.People offer the freshly harvested crop, known as “Nabanha,” to their respective deities.Following the offering of Nabanha, individuals enjoy various delicacies prepared from the newly harvested crop.A key ritual of Nuakhai is the “Nuakhai Juhar,” which holds special significance during the festival. SIMBEX 23 Context: Indian Naval Ships Ranvijay and Kavaratti and submarine INS Sindhukesari arrived in Singapore to participate in the 30th edition of the Singapore-India Maritime Bilateral Exercise (SIMBEX). Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges About SIMBEX 23: Annual Bilateral Naval Exercise: SIMBEX 23 is an annual bilateral Naval exercise conducted between the Indian Navy and the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN).Longstanding Tradition: This exercise has been conducted since 1994 and holds the distinction of being the longest continuous naval exercise that the Indian Navy has conducted with any other country.Two Phases: SIMBEX-2023 is being conducted in two phases. It commences with a Harbour Phase held in Singapore from September 21 to 24, 2023, followed by a Sea Phase.Participating Assets: In addition to naval vessels like Ranvijay, Kavaratti, and Sindhukesari, the exercise also includes the participation of the Long-Range Maritime Patrol Aircraft P8I.Harbour Phase: The Harbour Phase of SIMBEX 23 focuses on a wide range of professional interactions, cross-deck visits, Subject Matter Expert Exchanges (SMEE), and sports fixtures. These activities are designed to enhance interoperability and mutual understanding between the two navies.Sea Phase: The Sea Phase involves complex and advanced air defense exercises, gunnery firings, tactical maneuvers, anti-submarine exercises, and various other maritime operations. This phase aims to hone the war-fighting skills of both navies and consolidate their capability to undertake multi-discipline operations jointly in the maritime domain.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 September 2023

CONTENTS Supreme Court to Re examine Immunity to legislators on BriberyWorld Crosses Critical Planetary Boundaries: Study Reveals Alarming Trends7th Report on Antimicrobial Use in Animals: WOAHSardar Sarovar Dam (SSD)Kisan Rin Portal (KRP), KCC Ghar Ghar Abhiyaan and  WINDS ManualPandit Deendayal Upadhyay National Welfare Fund for Sportspersons (PDUNWFS)Feline Panleukopenia Virus  Supreme Court to Re examine Immunity to legislators on Bribery Context: The Supreme Court has referred a 1998 5-judge Constitution Bench judgement (in the P V Narasimha Rao case) to a 7-judge Bench due to its significant implications for the morality of the Indian polity. The 1998 judgement had ruled that legislators are immune from criminal prosecution on bribery charges related to their speeches or votes in Parliament. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Parliamentary Privileges and ImmunitiesJudicial Interpretations of Parliamentary Privileges and ImmunitiesReferring P V Narasimha Rao Case to a Larger Bench: Parliamentary Privileges and Immunities: Privileges encompass special rights, immunities, and exemptions enjoyed by both Houses of Parliament, State legislatures, their committees, and their members.The Constitution has also extended these privileges to those persons who are entitled to speak and take part in the proceedings of a House or any of its committees. For example, the Attorney General of India.Constitutional Basis: These privileges are enshrined in Article 105 (for MPs) and Article 194 (for MLAs) of the Indian Constitution, and they also extend to individuals entitled to participate in parliamentary proceedings.Scope: These privileges must be defined by law and take precedence in cases of conflict. However, they do not apply to the President (or Governor) despite their integral role in the legislative process. Privileges Outlined in the Constitution: Freedom of Speech: Article 105(1) grants MPs the freedom of speech, ensuring they can express themselves without fear of retribution within the parliamentary setting.Immunity from Legal Proceedings: Article 105(2) shields MPs from legal action in any court for statements made or votes cast during parliamentary proceedings. Similarly, Article 194 provides the same protections for MLAs.Publication Immunity: Both Articles also protect individuals from legal liability for the publication of parliamentary reports, papers, votes, or proceedings authorized by Parliament or its authorities. Purpose of Privileges and Immunities: These privileges are essential for the unhindered performance of MPs’ and MLAs’ duties, ensuring the democratic functioning of legislative bodies.They enable these bodies to maintain their authority, dignity, and honor, safeguarding members from obstructions in fulfilling their parliamentary responsibilities. Distinction Between Article 19 and Article 105: While both Article 19(1)(a) and Article 105 address freedom of speech, Article 105 provides MPs with an absolute privilege not subject to reasonable restrictions, but limited to parliamentary premises and proceedings.In contrast, Article 19(1)(a) applies to citizens and is subject to reasonable restrictions, extending beyond parliamentary boundaries. Judicial Interpretations of Parliamentary Privileges and Immunities: P.V. Narsimha Rao Case (1998): This case raised the question of whether Article 105(2) provides immunity to Members of Parliament (MPs) facing criminal charges.In a 3:2 majority decision, the Supreme Court granted immunity from prosecution (under the Prevention of Corruption Act 1988) to MPs who received bribes and voted to support the then Congress government in Parliament.Recently, the Supreme Court referred this contentious judgment to a larger (7-judge) bench to determine whether MPs who accept bribes should be entitled to immunity under Article 105(2) regardless of whether they vote or not. Keshava Singh Case (1965): In this case, the Court clarified that when it comes to privileges outlined in the Indian Constitution, the respective legislative house is the sole and exclusive judge.However, if a privilege is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, the Court has the authority to decide on its interpretation and application.These judicial interpretations help delineate the boundaries and scope of parliamentary privileges and immunities in India. Referring P V Narasimha Rao Case to a Larger Bench: The P V Narasimha Rao case stems from the 1993 JMM bribery case, where Shibu Soren and some JMM MPs were accused of taking bribes to vote against a no-confidence motion against the P V Narasimha Rao government.The Supreme Court (SC) had previously quashed the case against the JMM MPs, citing immunity under Article 105(2).A similar issue arose in a case involving bribery charges against JMM MLA Sita Soren, who allegedly accepted a bribe to vote for an independent candidate in the 2012 Rajya Sabha elections.Sita Soren sought to have the chargesheet and criminal proceedings against her dismissed, relying on the provisions of Article 194(2). However, the Jharkhand High Court declined to do so.Subsequently, she approached the SC, where a 2-judge Bench in 2014 felt that the matter was of significant public importance and should be reviewed by a larger Bench of 3 judges.In 2019, a 3-judge Bench acknowledged that the SC had previously addressed the issue in the Narasimha Rao verdict, prompting the need for a larger Bench.A 5-judge Constitution Bench, led by the Chief Justice of India, recently decided to refer the matter to a larger Bench.This larger Bench will examine the correctness of the majority’s interpretation of Articles 105(2) and 194(2) of the Constitution.It’s important to note that the objective of Articles 105(2) and 194(2) is not to grant members of the Legislature immunity from general criminal laws. -Source: The Hindu World Crosses Critical Planetary Boundaries: Study Reveals Alarming Trends Context: A recent study published in the journal Science Advances reveals that the world has exceeded six out of the nine planetary boundaries crucial for preserving Earth’s stability and resilience. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Planetary BoundariesKey Highlights of the Study: Breached Planetary BoundariesWay Forward to Address Planetary Boundary Challenges Planetary Boundaries Proposed in 2009 by Johan Rockström and 28 eminent scientists.A framework to establish safe environmental limits for human activity. Nine Crucial Planetary Boundaries Climate ChangeBiosphere Integrity: Involves biodiversity loss and species extinction.Stratospheric Ozone DepletionOcean AcidificationBiogeochemical Flows: Concerning phosphorus and nitrogen cycles.Land-System Change: Includes issues like deforestation.Freshwater Use: Encompasses alterations in the land water cycle.Atmospheric Aerosol Loading: Refers to microscopic atmospheric particles impacting climate and living organisms.Introduction of Novel Entities: Covers substances like microplastics, endocrine disruptors, and organic pollutants. Consequences of Boundary Breach Breaching these boundaries doesn’t signify immediate catastrophe.However, it escalates the risk of irreversible environmental changes.This, in turn, threatens the Earth’s ability to sustain our current way of life. Key Highlights of the Study: Breached Planetary Boundaries Climate Change:Safe Boundary: Atmospheric CO2 concentration and radiative forcing set at 350 ppm and 1 Wm−2.Current Status: 417 ppm and 2.91 W m−2.Biosphere Integrity:Safe Boundary: Less than 10 extinctions per million species-years.Current Extinction Rate: Estimated greater than 100 extinctions per million species-years.Threatened Species: Approximately 1 million out of 8 million species are at risk.Genetic Diversity Loss: Over 10% of plant and animal genetic diversity lost in the last 150 years.Land System Change:Safe Boundary: Forested land area > 75%.Current Status: Global forested land area at 60%.Freshwater Change:Safe Boundaries:Blue Water: 10.2%Green Water: 11.1%.Current Status:Blue Water: 18.2%Green Water: 15.8%.Biogeochemical Flows:Safe Boundaries:Phosphorus: 11 Tg.Nitrogen: 62 Tg.Current Status:Phosphorus: 22.6 Tg.Nitrogen: 190 Tg.Novel Entities:Safe Boundary: Zero.Current Status: Human impact on novel entities (e.g., microplastics, endocrine disruptors, organic pollutants) has exceeded the zero boundary.Safe Boundaries:Stratospheric ozone depletion, aerosol loading, and ocean acidification remain within the planetary boundaries. Way Forward to Address Planetary Boundary Challenges: Biodiversity Conservation:Implement conservation programs aimed at preserving biodiversity, restoring ecosystems, and protecting endangered species and genetic diversity.Circular Economy:Embrace circularity principles to promote resource regeneration, minimize waste, and ensure the continual repurposing of valuable materials instead of discarding them.Waste Management and Pollution Control:Enforce strict regulations on waste disposal, encouraging recycling and reducing pollution from novel entities like microplastics.Community Empowerment:Empower communities to actively engage in sustainable practices, fostering a collective sense of responsibility for environmental stewardship.Climate Mitigation:Prioritize climate mitigation strategies to limit temperature rise and prevent further breaches of planetary boundaries related to climate change.Clean Technologies and Sustainable Transportation:Promote zero-emission technologies and reduce carbon footprints through incentives for clean energy adoption and the adoption of sustainable transportation methods. -Source: Down To Earth 7th Report on Antimicrobial Use in Animals: WOAH Context: Recently, the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) has released its 7th report on Antimicrobial use in animals, covering the period from 2017 to 2019. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Key Findings of the Report on Antimicrobial UseRecommendations for Antimicrobial UseAntimicrobial Drugs, also known as AntibioticsWorld Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Key Findings of the Report on Antimicrobial Use: Data Sources: The analysis is based on data from 121 participants who provided quantitative data for at least one year out of 157 participants who submitted data to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Global Dip in Antimicrobial Use: There was a significant 13% decrease in global antimicrobial usage in animals over a three-year period, from 2017 to 2019.Out of 80 countries, 49 in Asia, the Far East, Oceania, and Europe reported an overall reduction in antimicrobial use.Conversely, 31 countries in African and American regions reported an overall increase in antimicrobial usage during the same period. Antimicrobial Growth Promoters: 68% of the participants have discontinued using antimicrobials as growth promoters.However, 26% of participants continue to use growth promoters, often due to a lack of proper legislation or regulations.Common antimicrobial growth promoters included flavomycin, bacitracin, avilamycin, and tylosin.While flavomycin and avilamycin are currently excluded from human use, bacitracin is not classified among the World Health Organization’s (WHO) critically important antimicrobials (CIAs).Some of these antimicrobials are classified as CIAs or highest priority CIAs (HP-CIAs). Recommendations for Antimicrobial Use: Continued Efforts to Preserve Efficacy: Despite progress and shifts in antimicrobial usage, ongoing efforts are considered crucial to preserve the effectiveness of these drugs. Shared Responsibility for Safeguarding Antibiotic Effectiveness: Safeguarding the effectiveness of existing antibiotics is emphasized as a shared responsibility, recognizing the challenges in developing new antibiotics. Monitoring and Data Collection: Monitoring how, when, and which antimicrobials are used is critically important.This data collection can help identify usage patterns and trends, which, in turn, can inform decision-making and support the implementation of measures to ensure the optimal and sustainable use of these essential medicines. Antimicrobial Drugs, also known as Antibiotics: Antimicrobial drugs are substances designed to either kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites.They find applications in treating or preventing infections in humans, animals, and sometimes plants.These drugs play a pivotal role in modern medicine, enabling the control and elimination of various microbial diseases. Concerns: Prior to the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928, minor injuries or cuts could result in severe infections or fatalities. However, these antibiotics, which have saved countless lives, are now facing reduced effectiveness due to their improper use and overuse in various sectors.This issue is referred to as ‘Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR).’ It can initially emerge in animal, human, or plant populations and subsequently pose a threat to all other species. World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH): The World Organisation for Animal Health, initially established as the Office International des Épizooties (OIE), is a standard-setting body acknowledged under the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures.This intergovernmental organization has the primary mission of enhancing animal health on a global scale.As of 2018, it comprised a total of 182 Member Countries, with India being among these member nations.WOAH plays a crucial role in developing normative documents that define regulations and guidelines for Member Countries to safeguard themselves against the introduction of diseases and pathogens. One notable document is the Terrestrial Animal Health Code.The standards set by WOAH are officially recognized by the World Trade Organization (WTO) as reference international sanitary regulations.The organization is headquartered in Paris, France. -Source: Down To Earth Sardar Sarovar Dam (SSD) Context: The recent release of massive amounts of water from the Sardar Sarovar Dam (SSD) has caused massive flooding in low-lying areas in the Narmada district. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: Sardar Sarovar Dam (SSD)Key Facts about the Narmada River Sardar Sarovar Dam (SSD): The Sardar Sarovar Dam, often abbreviated as SSD, is a concrete gravity dam situated on the Narmada River in Gujarat’s Narmada district, near Kevadia.It is named in honor of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, a prominent Indian statesman.The dam has impressive dimensions, with a length of 1.2 kilometers and a depth of 163 meters, making it the third-highest concrete dam in India. The only taller dams in India are the Bhakra Dam (226 meters) in Himachal Pradesh and the Lakhwar Dam (192 meters) in Uttar Pradesh.In terms of the volume of concrete used in gravity dams, the Sardar Sarovar Dam ranks as the second-largest in the world, following the Grand Coulee Dam in the United States.This dam is a vital component of the Narmada Valley Project, which is an extensive hydraulic engineering initiative focused on constructing a series of large irrigation and hydroelectric multipurpose dams along the Narmada River.The Sardar Sarovar Dam includes two powerhouses: a canal head powerhouse with an installed capacity of 250 MW and a riverbed powerhouse with an installed capacity of 1,200 MW.The benefits generated from power generation are distributed among the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat in a ratio of 57:27:16, respectively.The dam’s construction has resulted in the formation of a vast reservoir known as the “Sardar Sarovar Reservoir” or “Narmada Lake,” which extends across multiple districts in Gujarat. Key Facts about the Narmada River: The Narmada River is the largest west-flowing river in peninsular India, meaning it flows westward towards the Arabian Sea.Originating from Narmada Kund, situated in the Maikala range of the Anuppur district in Madhya Pradesh, the river begins its journey at an elevation of approximately 1,057 meters.The Narmada River courses through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat, passing between the Vindhya and Satpura hill ranges, before finally emptying into the Gulf of Cambay in the Arabian Sea, approximately 10 kilometers north of Bharuch, Gujarat.In terms of length, the Narmada River spans a total distance of 1,312 kilometers (815 miles) from its source to its outfall into the sea.The river is renowned for its numerous waterfalls, with the Dhuandhar Falls, located southwest of Jabalpur, being one of the most notable.The Narmada River boasts several tributaries, among which the Tawa, Barna, Hiran, and Orsang rivers are the most significant contributors to its flow and basin. -Source: Indian Express Kisan Rin Portal (KRP), KCC Ghar Ghar Abhiyaan and WINDS Manual Context Recently, the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA&FW;) has launched three initiatives, namely the Kisan Rin Portal (KRP), KCC Ghar Ghar Abhiyaan and a manual on Weather Information Network Data Systems (WINDS). Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Kisan Rin Portal (KRP)Ghar-Ghar KCC AbhiyaanLaunch of WINDS Manual Kisan Rin Portal (KRP): The Kisan Rin Portal (KRP) is a collaborative effort involving the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare (MoA&FW;), Ministry of Finance, Reserve Bank of India (RBI), and National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD).The primary objective of KRP is to revolutionize access to credit services under the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme, particularly for farmers.It facilitates farmers in availing subsidized agricultural credit through the Modified Interest Subvention Scheme (MISS).The portal serves as an integrated hub, offering a comprehensive view of farmer data, loan disbursement details, interest subvention claims, and progress in scheme utilization. Ghar-Ghar KCC Abhiyaan: The “Ghar-Ghar KCC Abhiyaan” is an initiative that emphasizes the government’s commitment to achieving Universal Financial Inclusion, ensuring that every farmer has easy access to credit facilities crucial for their agricultural activities.This campaign is scheduled to run from 1st October 2023 to 31st December 2023, with the objective of achieving saturation of KCC accounts among eligible PM KISAN beneficiary farmers.The ministry has cross-verified the data of existing KCC account holders against the PM KISAN database, identifying those with KCC accounts and those without.The campaign aims to target PM KISAN beneficiaries who do not yet possess KCC accounts and facilitate their seamless integration into the KCC scheme. Launch of WINDS Manual: The WINDS initiative involves establishing a network of Automatic Weather Stations & Rain Gauges at taluk/block and gram panchayat levels.This initiative’s core purpose is to create a robust database of hyper-local weather data, which can be used to support various agricultural services.The comprehensive WINDS manual, which has been launched, provides stakeholders with a detailed understanding of the portal’s functionalities, data interpretation, and effective utilization.It serves as a guide for States and Union Territories in the process of establishing and integrating with the WINDS platform.Additionally, the manual offers practical insights into leveraging weather data for improved crop management, resource allocation, and risk mitigation in agriculture. -Source: Indian Express, PIB Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay National Welfare Fund for Sportspersons (PDUNWFS) Context: The Union Minister for Youth Affairs and Sports recently felicitated players under the Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay National Welfare Fund for Sportspersons (PDUNWFS) in New Delhi. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay National Welfare Fund for Sportspersons (PDUNWFS)BenefitsEligibility Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay National Welfare Fund for Sportspersons (PDUNWFS): Established in March 1982, the PDUNWFS aims to provide assistance to exceptional sportspersons from the past who find themselves in challenging financial situations and have contributed to the nation’s sporting glory.In May 2016, the scheme was revised to offer lump sum ex-gratia assistance to these former sportspersons.The scheme covers sportspersons across India and is designed to enhance the well-being of athletes and alleviate distress among them and their dependents.Assistance from the scheme can be granted to active sportspersons either individually or collectively as a group. Benefits: Assistance to Sportspersons in Need: Lumpsum ex-gratia financial aid, up to a maximum of Rs. 5 lakh.Monthly pension of Rs. 5,000 for former meritorious sportspersons facing financial difficulties. Assistance for Sports-Related Injuries: Lumpsum ex-gratia financial support, capped at Rs. 10 lakh, for injuries incurred during training or sports competitions. Assistance to Families of Deceased Outstanding Sportspersons: Lumpsum ex-gratia financial assistance, not exceeding Rs. 5 lakh in each case, for the families of deceased outstanding sportspersons facing financial hardship. Medical Treatment Assistance: Financial aid, not exceeding Rs. 10 lakh, can be provided for the medical treatment of an outstanding sportsperson or their indigent family members. Support for Coaches, Support Personnel, Umpires, Referees, and Match Officials: Lumpsum financial assistance, not exceeding Rs. 2 lakh, may be granted to coaches, support personnel, and the families of deceased support personnel who are financially struggling. Eligibility: The applicant must be a serving or retired sportsperson, including sports doctors, sports psychologists, sports mentors, physiotherapists, masseurs, coaches, support personnel, umpires, referees, and match officials.The applicant should have represented India at the national or international level in sports competitions.The annual income of the applicant’s self/family (from all sources) should not exceed Rs. 4 lakh.The applicant must fall into one of the following categories: injured during training or competitions, disabled due to strenuous training, living in indigent circumstances, or dependent on a deceased sportsperson. -Source: The Hindu, PIB Feline Panleukopenia Virus Context: In the last one month, seven leopard cubs at Bannerghatta Biological Park in Bengaluru have died after being infected by the feline panleukopenia virus. Relevance: GS II: Health Feline Panleukopenia Virus (Feline Distemper): Feline Panleukopenia Virus is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cats.It is also commonly referred to as Feline Distemper, and it poses a severe and often fatal threat to infected cats.The virus targets rapidly dividing cells in the cat’s body, including those in the bone marrow, intestines, skin, and even developing fetuses. Symptoms: Once a cat becomes infected with the Feline Panleukopenia Virus, the disease primarily impacts the intestines.Common symptoms include severe diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration, which can ultimately lead to the cat’s demise.The virus spreads rapidly, and infected cats typically succumb to the disease within four to five days. Treatment: Currently, there is no specific treatment available for Feline Panleukopenia.Dehydration resulting from the disease is managed through aggressive intravenous fluid therapy.Clinical signs such as vomiting and diarrhea are treated with prescription medications.In some cases, antibiotic therapy may be administered to combat secondary bacterial infections, particularly when white blood cell counts are low. -Source: The Hindu

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 20 September 2023

CONTENTS 128th Constitutional Amendment Bill 2023India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) ProjectBoosting Natural Rubber Cultivation in Northeastern StatesDisability Certificate for Sickle Cell PatientsAyushman Bhav CampaignSerious Frauds Investigation Office 128th Constitutional Amendment Bill 2023 Context: In a significant development in Indian politics, the Government of India introduced the 128th Constitutional Amendment Bill 2023 during a special session of Parliament. The bill proposes to reserve 33% of seats for women in the Lok Sabha and all state Legislative Assemblies and extends the quota to the seats reserved for SC/STs. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Highlights of the 128th Constitutional Amendment Bill 2023Constitutional Amendments for DelimitationDeciding Currently Reserved Seats for SCs and STsReservation for Women in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Urban Local Bodies Highlights of the 128th Constitutional Amendment Bill 2023: The bill is similar to the 108th Constitutional Amendment Bill 2008 passed by the Rajya Sabha in 2010.It proposes to reserve one-third of the total seats filled by direct election in the Lok Sabha for women, including seats reserved for SC/ST women.Similar provisions are proposed for state Legislative Assemblies.The reservation does not apply to the Rajya Sabha or state Legislative Councils.New articles, 330A and 332A, will be introduced in the Constitution for Lok Sabha and Assemblies, respectively.The reservation will be in effect for 15 years from the commencement of the Act, but its implementation is contingent upon the delimitation process.Women’s reservation in the Lok Sabha may not be effectively operationalized before the 2029 general elections due to the delimitation timeline.Delimitation was frozen until the results of the first Census after 2000 and extended for 25 years in the 84th Amendment, meaning it will occur after the first Census after 2026 is published. Constitutional Amendments for Delimitation: Amendments to Articles 82 and 170(3) are required to enable delimitation, as these articles pertain to constituency readjustment and Legislative Assembly composition. Identification of Reserved Seats: The bill does not specify the method for identifying one-third of seats; it suggests a rotation of reserved seats.The proposed constitutional amendment grants the government the authority to enact an implementation law.In the previous attempt (2010), the government proposed obtaining reserved constituencies for women through a draw of lots to prevent repeated reservation in three consecutive elections. Deciding Currently Reserved Seats for SCs and STs: The Delimitation Act 2002 provides principles for reserving seats.The Delimitation Commission determines the number of reserved seats in Parliament and Assemblies based on population.Seats reserved for SCs are distributed across the state, primarily in areas with a significant SC population.Seats reserved for STs are located in areas with the largest ST population. Reservation for Women in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Urban Local Bodies: Article 243D (added by the 73rd Amendment Act 1992) reserves seats for SCs, STs, and women in Panchayats.Article 243D mandates that at least one-third of seats reserved for SCs and STs must be reserved for women.Government data shows that over 50% of elected representatives were women in 18 states, including Uttarakhand, Assam, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh.The highest proportion of women representatives was in Uttarakhand (56.02%), while the lowest was in Uttar Pradesh (33.34%). Nationwide, there were 45.61% women representatives in PRIs. -Source: The Hindu India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) Project Context: The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) Project, signed at the G20 Summit in New Delhi, is a significant infrastructure initiative with both geopolitical and economic importance for India. It is part of the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII), which aims to address the infrastructure needs of low and middle-income countries through values-driven and transparent collaboration. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) ProjectGeopolitical and Economic Implications of IMECChallenges to the India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEC)Way Forward for IMEC India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) Project: About: The IMEC project consists of multiple transportation networks, including rail, ship-to-rail, and road routes.It encompasses two main corridors:East Corridor: Links India to the Arabian Gulf.Northern Corridor: Connects the Gulf to Europe.Additionally, the IMEC corridor includes infrastructure for electricity, hydrogen, and high-speed data cables. Signatories: Key countries and entities involved in the project include India, the US, Saudi Arabia, UAE, the European Union, Italy, France, and Germany. Ports to be Connected: Indian ports: Mundra (Gujarat), Kandla (Gujarat), and Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (Navi Mumbai).Middle East ports: Fujairah, Jebel Ali, and Abu Dhabi (UAE), as well as Dammam and Ras Al Khair (Saudi Arabia).The railway line will connect Fujairah port (UAE) to Haifa port (Israel), passing through Saudi Arabia (Ghuwaifat and Haradh) and Jordan.European port destinations: Piraeus (Greece), Messina (South Italy), and Marseille (France). Objective: The project aims to establish a comprehensive transportation network, integrating rail, road, and sea routes to connect India, the Middle East, and Europe.Goals include improving transportation efficiency, reducing costs, fostering economic integration, generating employment opportunities, and lowering Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions.It is expected to enhance trade and connectivity between Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. Significance: The completion of IMEC will provide a reliable and cost-effective cross-border ship-to-rail transit network, complementing existing maritime and road transport options. Geopolitical and Economic Implications of IMEC: Geopolitical Implications: Counter to BRI: IMEC is viewed as a potential counter to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Eurasia. It can help balance China’s expanding economic and political influence, particularly in regions historically aligned with the U.S.Strengthening Ties: The project promotes integration across continents and civilizations, providing an opportunity for the U.S. to maintain influence and bolster relations with traditional partners amid China’s rising regional clout.Bypassing Pakistan: IMEC circumvents Pakistan, eliminating its veto over India’s overland connectivity to the West, a longstanding obstacle.Enhanced Engagement: The corridor deepens India’s strategic involvement with the Arabian Peninsula, fostering enduring connectivity and elevating political and strategic links with regional nations.Reducing Tensions: IMEC can promote intra-regional connectivity, potentially reducing political tensions in the Arabian Peninsula and serving as an “infrastructure for peace.”Trans-African Corridor: The corridor’s model could extend to Africa, aligning with the U.S. and EU’s plans for a Trans-African corridor. This demonstrates India’s commitment to strengthening ties with Africa and contributing to its infrastructure development. Economic Implications: Trade Growth: IMEC offers India an opportunity to boost economic growth by enhancing trade connectivity with vital regions.Faster Transit: It could reduce transit times, making trade with Europe 40% faster compared to the Suez Canal maritime route.Efficient Transport: The corridor will establish an efficient transport network, facilitating the movement of goods and promoting industrial growth.Job Creation: Increased economic activity will create job opportunities across sectors, addressing employment needs for skilled and unskilled labor.Resource Supply: It can ensure secure energy and resource supplies from the Middle East, stabilizing India’s energy sector.SEZ Development: IMEC can strategically drive the development of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) along its route, attracting foreign investment, fostering manufacturing, and spurring economic growth within these designated zones. Challenges to the India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEC): Complex Logistics: Developing a multimodal transport corridor involving rail, road, and sea routes across multiple countries requires intricate logistical planning and coordination among various stakeholders.Route Viability: Selecting the most viable and cost-effective routes, assessing the feasibility of rail and road connections, and ensuring optimal connectivity are significant challenges.Incomplete Rail Links: Substantial portions of rail links, especially in the Middle East, are missing, necessitating considerable construction efforts and investment to complete the rail network.Coordination Among Countries: Coordinating efforts, policies, and regulations among multiple countries with diverse interests, legal systems, and administrative procedures is a major challenge.Competition with Existing Routes: Opposition or competition from existing transport routes, particularly Egypt’s Suez Canal, which may experience reduced traffic and revenue, could pose diplomatic hurdles.Financing: Estimating and securing adequate financing for the construction, operation, and maintenance of the corridor is a significant challenge. Development costs are estimated to be substantial.Cost Estimations: Initial estimates suggest that each IMEC route’s development could cost anywhere between USD 3 billion to USD 8 billion. Way Forward for IMEC: Technical Compatibility: Achieving technical compatibility and standardization, including gauges, train technologies, container dimensions, and critical operational aspects, is essential for seamless operations.Geopolitical Sensitivities: Balancing the geopolitical interests of participating nations and addressing potential political sensitivities, especially regarding Israel, is crucial for smooth implementation.Environmental Concerns: Addressing environmental impact concerns, ensuring sustainability, and adhering to green and eco-friendly practices in construction and operation are critical aspects.Security Measures: Implementing robust security measures to safeguard cargo and infrastructure from potential threats, theft, piracy, and other security risks is essential for the project’s success. -Source: The Hindu Boosting Natural Rubber Cultivation in Northeastern States Context: The Rubber Board, in collaboration with the Central government and the Automotive Tyre Manufacturers’ Association, is leading a project to expand the cultivation of natural rubber in the Northeastern States (excluding Sikkim but including West Bengal). This five-year project, initiated in 2021, has received a commitment of ₹1,000 crore from tire manufacturers, who are the main consumers of rubber. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Natural RubberIndia’s PositionMajor Applications of Rubber Natural Rubber: Derived from latex of plants like rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis).Primary component: polyisoprene.Requires tropical climate with 2000-4500mm annual rainfall.Needs acidic soil (pH 4.5-6.0), deficient in phosphorus.Ideal conditions: 25-34°C, 80% humidity, avoiding heavy winds.Requires about 2000 hours of sunshine per annum. India’s Position: Fifth-largest natural rubber producer globally.Second-largest consumer globally (40% met through imports).Approximately 8.5 lakh hectares of rubber plantations.Major rubber states: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Assam.Kerala and Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu host nearly 5 lakh hectares.Tripura contributes around 1 lakh hectares. Major Applications of Rubber: Key in tire production for grip and wear resistance.Used in vehicle seals, gaskets, hoses, and components.Common in shoe soles for cushioning and slip resistance.Found in conveyor belts, machinery parts, and hoses.Used in medical equipment, gloves, and syringe plungers.Present in balloons, erasers, and household gloves.Utilized in sports equipment like tennis and golf balls, protective gear. -Source: The Hindu Disability Certificate for Sickle Cell Patients Context: A proposal to issue permanent disability certificates for Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) patients aged 5 and above has been mired in a three-year-long bureaucratic impasse involving three Union Ministries: Health, Social Justice and Empowerment, and Tribal Affairs. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Causes of Delays in Issuing Permanent Disability Certificates for Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)Sickle Cell AnaemiaIndian Government Initiatives to reduce Sickle Cell Anaemia Causes of Delays in Issuing Permanent Disability Certificates for Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) Change in Disability Criteria: SCD was included as a disability under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act in 2016.The Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (DEPwD) increased the validity of SCD disability certificates from one year to three years.However, the certificates still require a minimum of 25% disability for eligibility. Ministerial Responsibilities: The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for establishing criteria and rules for disability certificates.The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment is tasked with issuing the certificates.The Ministry of Tribal Affairs advocates for the rights of SCD patients. Chronic Nature of SCD: Sickle Cell Disease is a chronic, lifelong illness with no cure except for a blood and bone marrow transplant.Undertaking such transplants is challenging, especially for tribal populations. Government Action: The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Empowerment of Women has called for expediting the issuance of permanent or longer-term disability certificates for SCD patients.They highlighted the limited accessibility of the cure, particularly among tribal communities. Upcoming Report: The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is expected to release a report on this issue by October 2023, which may provide further insights and potential solutions. Sickle Cell Anaemia Haemoglobin which is tasked with carrying oxygen to all parts of the body, has four protein subunits — two alpha and two beta.In some people, mutations in the gene that creates the beta subunits impact the shape of the blood cell and distorts it to look like a sickle.A round red blood cell can move easily through blood vessels because of its shape but sickle red blood cells end up slowing, and even blocking, the blood flow.Moreover, sickle cells die early, resulting in a shortage of red blood cells that deprive the body of oxygen.These obstructions and shortages may cause chronic anaemia, pain, fatigue, acute chest syndrome, stroke, and a host of other serious health complications.Without treatment, quality of life is compromised and severe cases can become fatal in the initial years of life. Symptoms The symptoms of sickle cell anaemia can vary from person to person, but common symptoms include: Painful episodes (sickle cell crisis)AnaemiaFatigue and weaknessShortness of breathDelays in growth and developmentJoint painfrequent infections Treatment Currently, there is no cure for sickle cell anaemia, but treatments are available to manage the symptoms and prevent complications. Pain managementBlood transfusionsAntibiotics to prevent infectionsHydoxyurea, a medication to reduce the frequency of sickle cell crisesStem cell transplantation in some cases Indian Government Initiatives to reduce Sickle Cell Anaemia The Indian Council of Medical Research and the National Rural Health Mission in different States are undertaking outreach programmes for better management and control of the disease.The Ministry of Tribal Affairs launched a portal wherein people can register themselves if they have the disease or the trait, in order to collate all information related to SCA among tribal groups.In the Budget, the Union Health Minister said the government plans to distribute “special cards” across tribal areas to people below the age of 40.The cards will be divided into different categories based on the screening results.The mission will receive funding under the National Health Mission. -Source: The Hindu Ayushman Bhav Campaign Context: The President of India has inaugurated the Ayushman Bhav campaign and the Ayushman Bhava portal, signaling a step towards achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and providing healthcare for all. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Transforming India’s Healthcare Landscape through Ayushman BhavaThree Key Components of Ayushman Bhava Transforming India’s Healthcare Landscape through Ayushman Bhava Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Goal The initiative aims to deliver healthcare services to underserved populations.It raises awareness about health schemes and diseases.The campaign aligns with the motto of “Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas” (Together with All, Development for All). Three Key Components of Ayushman Bhava Ayushman – Apke Dwar (AAD) 3.0 Eligible beneficiaries can create Ayushman cards for themselves or family members.Streamlines healthcare access and benefits. Ayushman Melas at HWCs and CHCs Weekly Health Melas and Medical Camps at Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) and Community Health Clinics (CHCs).Prioritize super-specialty healthcare services, screenings, tele-consultations, free medicines, and diagnostics. Ayushman Sabhas Community-level assemblies led by Village Health and Sanitation Committees (VHSNC) in rural areas or Ward Committees/Municipal Advisory Committees (MAS) in urban wards.Ensure comprehensive health coverage and optimal healthcare service delivery. Ayushman Gram Panchayats Gram Panchayats achieving healthcare objectives attain the status of Ayushman Gram Panchayats.Encourages local participation and dedication. Implementation during ‘Seva Pakhwada’ A whole-of-nation and whole-of-society approach to healthcare access and affordability. -Source: The Hindu Serious Frauds Investigation Office Context: The Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) recently arrested a chartered accountant in Hyderabad in connection with his role during the demonetisation period. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: About Serious Fraud Investigation OfficeObjectivesWhat are the Shell Companies? About Serious Fraud Investigation Office SFIO is a multi-disciplinary organization under Ministry of Corporate Affairs, consisting of experts in the field of accountancy, forensic auditing, law, information technology, investigation, company law, capital market and taxation for detecting and prosecuting or recommending for prosecution white-collar crimes/frauds. It has its head office in New Delhi.The Computer Forensic and Data Mining Laboratory (CFDML) was set up in 2013 to provide support and service to the officers of SFIO in their investigations.SFIO is headed by a Director as Head of Department in the rank of Joint Secretary to the Government of India. Objectives Take up for investigation cases characterized by –complexity and having inter-departmental and multi- disciplinary ramifications.       substantial involvement of public interest to be judged by size, either in terms of monetary        the possibility of investigation leading to or contributing towards a clear improvement in systems, laws or procedures   Investigate serious cases of fraud received from Department of Company Affairs.Investigate into the affairs of a company on: –on receipt of a report of the Registrar or inspector under section 208 of the Companies Act, 2013.          on intimation of a special resolution passed by a company that its affairs are required to be  investigated          on the public interest          on request from any department of the Central Government or a State Government -Source: Deccan Hearld

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 20 September 2023

CONTENTS Samudra PrahariOperation Sajag Samudra Prahari Context: The Indian Coast Guard Ship Samudra Prahari, a Pollution Control Vessel, has commenced an overseas deployment to ASEAN countries, including Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia, from September 11 to October 14, 2023, as part of an initiative announced during the ASEAN Defence Minister Meeting Plus meeting in November 2022. Relevance: GS III: Defence Dimensions of the Article: Key Features of Samudra PrahariInternational Initiatives Related to Marine Pollution Key Features of Samudra Prahari: The Indian Coast Guard Ship Samudra Prahari is a Pollution Control Vessel commissioned in Mumbai on October 9, 2010. Major Features: Equipped with advanced pollution control gear, containment tools, and oil recovery devices.Contains oil spill containment tools like Hi-Sprint Booms and river booms.Has oil recovery devices including skimmers and side sweeping arms.Features storage facilities within the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone.Equipped with a Chetak Helicopter in Pollution Response configuration.Has the capability for unmanned machinery operation. Activities: Participates in international outreach programs such as “Puneet Sagar Abhiyan,” which involves beach clean-ups and similar activities.Currently hosting 13 National Cadet Corps cadets as part of an overseas exchange program. International Initiatives Related to Marine Pollution: The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, aims to prevent, reduce, and control pollution of the marine environment by dumping.India is a signatory to UNCLOS.The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) focuses on preventing marine pollution from operational or accidental causes by ships.India is a signatory to MARPOL.The London Convention and London Protocol aim to protect the marine environment from pollution caused by the dumping of wastes and other matter into the ocean.India is not a participant in either of these agreements.The India-Norway Marine Pollution Initiative seeks to collaborate on efforts to develop clean and healthy oceans, sustainable use of ocean resources, and growth in the blue economy, with a focus on sharing experiences and competence between India and Norway. Operation Sajag Context: The Indian Coast Guard recently conducted ‘Operation Sajag,’ a Coastal Security Drill along the Western Coast. Relevance: GS III: Defence Dimensions of the Article: Operation SajagKey Facts about the Indian Coast Guard Operation Sajag: Purpose: It is a coastal security drill conducted by the Indian Coast Guard along the west coast.Stakeholder Involvement: It includes all stakeholders of the Indian coastal security construct.Participating Ships: A total of 118 ships, including those from Customs, Marine Police, Ports, and the Indian Navy, participated in the drill.Objectives:Facilitates the revalidation of the coastal security mechanism.Raises awareness among fishermen at sea.Involves extensive checking and verification of documents and crew passes of all fishing boats, barges, and craft at sea.Technological Advancements: Biometric card readers have been issued to security agencies.Additional Measures: The drill involves monitoring of dhows, island security, and community interaction programs as part of the coastal security construct. Key Facts about the Indian Coast Guard: Role: It is an armed force responsible for protecting India’s maritime interests and enforcing maritime law, with jurisdiction over the territorial waters of India, including its contiguous zone and exclusive economic zone.Establishment: Formally established in 1978 by the Coast Guard Act, 1978 as an independent armed force of India.Ministry: It operates under the Ministry of Defence.Leadership: The organization is headed by the Director General Indian Coast Guard (DGICG).Headquarters: New Delhi.

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