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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 16 September 2023

CONTENTS Discontinuation of Incremental Cash Reserve Ratio (I-CRR) by RBIMandating NavIC Support in All Smartphones Sold in India by 2025Impacts of Artificial Lighting on Coastal Marine OrganismsLeopard Sterilization for Population ManagementBhoj wetlandSir M. Visvesvaraya Discontinuation of Incremental Cash Reserve Ratio (I-CRR) by RBI Context: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has revealed its plan to gradually eliminate the Incremental Cash Reserve Ratio (I-CRR), releasing the amount held by banks under this reserve requirement in stages. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: RBI’s Phased Implementation of I-CRR DiscontinuationUnderstanding Incremental Cash Reserve Ratio (I-CRR)Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)The Use of I-CRR During Demonetization: Why RBI Chooses ItMonetary Policy Instruments at RBI’s Disposal RBI’s Phased Implementation of I-CRR Discontinuation Smooth Transition RBI will phase out the Incremental Cash Reserve Ratio (I-CRR) discontinuation to avoid disrupting liquidity abruptly. Three Stages In the first and second stages, 25% each of impounded funds from banks will be released.The third stage will release the remaining 50% of the balance. Festival Season Preparedness The gradual approach ensures banks have ample liquidity to address rising credit demands during the upcoming festival season. Understanding Incremental Cash Reserve Ratio (I-CRR) Introduction of I-CRR On August 10, 2023, RBI announced that banks must maintain an Incremental Cash Reserve Ratio (I-CRR) of 10% on the increase in their Net Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL).NDTL is the difference between a bank’s total demand and time liabilities (deposits) and the deposits it holds as assets with other banks. Purpose of I-CRR I-CRR was introduced as a temporary measure to manage excess liquidity in the banking system.Factors contributing to surplus liquidity included demonetization of Rs 2,000 banknotes, RBI’s surplus transfer to the government, increased government spending, and capital inflows.Excess liquidity posed a risk to price and financial stability, necessitating effective liquidity management. Impact on Liquidity Conditions I-CRR was expected to absorb over Rs 1 lakh crore of excess liquidity from the banking system.Initially, the banking system experienced liquidity deficits due to I-CRR, exacerbated by GST-related outflows and central bank interventions.However, liquidity conditions eventually stabilized. Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) CRR stands for Cash Reserve Ratio, which is the percentage of cash that banks are required to keep in reserves relative to their total deposits. Applicability of CRR All banks in India, except Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and Local Area Banks (LABs), must deposit CRR funds with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).RRBs and LABs are exempted from maintaining CRR with RBI but must maintain it within themselves in the form of cash, gold, or approved unencumbered securities. Usage of CRR Funds Banks are prohibited from lending CRR funds to corporates or individual borrowers.CRR funds cannot be used for investment purposes, and banks do not earn interest on these reserves.CRR ensures the security of a portion of a bank’s deposits with RBI in case of emergencies.This cash is readily accessible to customers when they request their deposits. Role in Inflation Control CRR plays a role in controlling inflation. When there is a threat of high inflation, RBI increases the CRR requirement.This forces banks to hold more money in reserves, reducing the money available for lending, thus curbing excess liquidity in the economy. Stimulating Economic Growth Conversely, when there is a need to inject funds into the market to stimulate economic growth, RBI lowers the CRR.This action allows banks to provide loans to businesses and industries for investment purposes, aiding economic growth. Applicability to Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) It’s important to note that while commercial banks are required to maintain CRR, NBFCs (Non-Banking Financial Companies) are not subject to this requirement. The Use of I-CRR During Demonetization: Why RBI Chooses It Addressing Sudden Liquidity Influx RBI opts for I-CRR in cases of abrupt surges in liquidity, as seen during demonetization in November 2016.I-CRR allows RBI to manage the specific issue of excess liquidity without affecting other components of its monetary policy. This precision is essential during unique events like demonetization. Speed of Implementation I-CRR can be swiftly implemented. In situations where there is a sudden liquidity surge, such as the return of demonetized currency notes, the central bank may require a tool that can be put into effect promptly. Temporary Nature I-CRR is typically a temporary measure. It is introduced to absorb excess liquidity temporarily and can be phased out once the liquidity situation stabilizes.In contrast, other tools like Repo Rate, Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), etc., may have a longer-term and slower impact on liquidity. Effective Management of Unique Situations The use of I-CRR during demonetization allowed RBI to manage the influx of returned currency notes efficiently and prevent unintended consequences on inflation, monetary stability, and economic growth. Monetary Policy Instruments at RBI’s Disposal Qualitative Instruments: Moral SuasionNon-binding persuasion and communication to influence banks’ lending and investment decisions.Direct Credit ControlsRegulation of credit flow to specific sectors or industries through RBI directives or credit limits.Selective Credit ControlsTargeted measures that focus on specific types of loans, like consumer credit, to manage demand in specific economic areas. Quantitative Instruments: Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)The portion of a bank’s deposits held as cash reserves with the RBI, affecting the funds available for lending.Repo RateThe interest rate at which RBI lends short-term funds to commercial banks, influencing their borrowing costs and lending rates.Reverse Repo RateThe interest rate at which banks can park excess funds with the RBI, setting a floor for short-term interest rates and managing liquidity.Bank RateThe rate at which RBI provides long-term funds to banks and financial institutions, impacting long-term money market rates.Open Market Operations (OMOs)RBI’s buying or selling of government securities in the open market, affecting money supply and banking system liquidity.Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF)Comprises the repo rate and reverse repo rate, used by banks for short-term liquidity needs and daily liquidity management.Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)The rate at which banks can borrow overnight funds from RBI using government securities as collateral, serving as a secondary funding source.Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)A percentage of a bank’s net demand and time liabilities (NDTL) to be maintained in approved securities. -Source: The Hindu Mandating NavIC Support in All Smartphones Sold in India by 2025 Context: The Indian government is considering a mandate that would require all smartphones sold in India to support the indigenous navigation technology NavIC by 2025. The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) proposes that all 5G phones must support NavIC by January 1, 2025, and other phones by December 2025. This follows Apple’s decision to include NavIC support in some of its iPhone 15 models. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: About NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation)Advantages of a Regional Navigation SystemOld vs New (2nd-Generation) Satellites of NavIC About NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation): Development: NavIC, also known as the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), is an indigenous navigation satellite system created by ISRO. It was approved in 2006 and became operational in 2018.Satellite Coverage: NavIC consists of 7 satellites covering India’s entire landmass and up to 1,500 km beyond its borders.Purpose: It aims to reduce India’s reliance on foreign navigation systems, especially for strategic purposes.Current Applications: NavIC is currently used for public vehicle tracking, emergency alerts for deep-sea fishermen, and natural disaster tracking in India.Expansion Plans: India intends to integrate NavIC into smartphones and expand its coverage from regional to global. Advantages of a Regional Navigation System: Unique System: India is the only country with a regional satellite-based navigation system.Global Systems: Other global navigation systems include GPS (USA), GLONASS (Russia), Galileo (Europe), Beidou (China), and systems like GAGAN (India) and Japan’s four-satellite system.Accuracy: Fully operational NavIC signals are accurate up to 5m for open signals and even more precise for restricted signals, making it advantageous over GPS.Orbit: NavIC satellites are in high geo-stationary orbits, ensuring constant coverage and better signal accessibility, including in challenging terrains. Old vs New (2nd-Generation) Satellites of NavIC: Old Satellites (1st Generation): Launch Vehicle: Each of the 7 satellites in the initial IRNSS constellation was launched using the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), ISRO’s primary launch rocket.Replacement Satellite: The last 1st-generation satellite, IRNSS-1I, was launched in 2018 to replace an older, partially defunct satellite within the constellation.IRNSS-1H Incident: The satellite launched in 2017, IRNSS-1H, was considered lost because the payload’s heat shield failed to open on time. Hence, it is not counted in the operational satellites. New Satellites (2nd Generation): Heavier Payload: The 2nd-generation satellite, NVS-01, launched in May 2023, is part of ISRO’s NVS series and is heavier compared to the older satellites.Rubidium Atomic Clock: These new satellites are equipped with Rubidium atomic clocks, an indigenous technology used for precise location determination.Increased Location Services: While only four 1st-generation IRNSS satellites provide location services, the 2nd-generation satellites will enhance interoperability and are suitable for wearable devices by transmitting signals in a third frequency, L1, in addition to the existing L5 and S frequencies.Extended Mission Life: The 2nd-generation satellites have a longer mission life of over 12 years, whereas the older satellites had a mission life of 10 years. Impacts of Artificial Lighting on Coastal Marine Organisms Context: While the effects of artificial lighting on land-based life have been studied extensively, a recent US-based study highlights the need to also consider its impact on coastal marine organisms, including whales, fish, corals, and plankton. Relevance: GS III: Environmental Pollution & Degradation Dimensions of the Article: Artificial Lighting in the Marine Environment: An OverviewMarine Light Pollution: A Growing ConcernImpact of Artificial Lighting on the Marine EcosystemSuggestions for Mitigation Artificial Lighting in the Marine Environment: An Overview Artificial lighting encompasses light produced from sources like electricity, candles, and fire.It’s recognized for its negative impacts on terrestrial life, including humans and wildlife.Recent research highlights its effects on marine life, particularly concerning low levels and specific wavelengths like blue and green light. Marine Light Pollution: A Growing Concern Excessive or improper use of artificial light in marine settings leads to light pollution.Light pollution disrupts natural wildlife patterns and contributes to increased atmospheric CO2.Approximately 3% of the world’s Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs), totaling 1.9 million km2, experience significant artificial light pollution down to a 1-meter depth.Many areas in the ocean witness light exposure at depths of 10 meters, 20 meters, and beyond.In areas with clear water, nighttime light can penetrate depths exceeding 40 meters. Sources of Marine Artificial Lighting Coastal development features such as buildings, streetlights, billboards, ports, piers, docks, and lighthouses contribute to marine light pollution.Vessels like fishing and merchant marine vessels, harbors, and offshore structures like oil rigs are sources of light pollution.Common types of artificial lights in the marine environment include LED, fluorescent, metal halide, and plasma lamps.White LEDs, known for their broad spectrum and sensitivity to short wavelengths (blue and green light), impact a wide range of marine organisms. Impact of Artificial Lighting on the Marine Ecosystem Marine organisms have evolved over millions of years to adapt to natural light, making them vulnerable to the rising threat of anthropogenic light pollution.Anthropogenic light pollution disrupts the natural rhythms of marine life, affecting hormonal cycles, inter-species behavior, and reproduction patterns.Illustrative Effects: Female sea turtles, seeking dark, quiet spots to lay their eggs, are deterred by artificial light, potentially preventing them from coming ashore. Hatchlings, confused by inland lights instead of moonlight, can perish due to dehydration or starvation.The increasing use of LED lighting is reshaping the characteristics of artificial light. Suggestions for Mitigation Promote “Lights Out” Initiatives: Encourage Lights Out campaigns at the local, state, and regional levels to reduce nighttime lighting, aiding migrating birds attracted to artificial light. This will also benefit marine ecosystems near coastal cities.Emphasize Red Light Usage: Increase the use of red light in coastal areas where possible and establish barriers to shield coastlines from artificial light. Red light, with the longest wavelength in the visible spectrum, penetrates less deeply into the water, minimizing its impact on marine life. -Source: Indian Express Leopard Sterilization for Population Management Context: The Maharashtra and Gujarat governments have both proposed the sterilization of leopards as a strategy for sustainable population management. Maharashtra aims to implement this approach for leopard conservation within the state, while Gujarat focuses on leopards in and around Gir National Park.Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Sterilizing Leopards in MaharashtraKey Points About Leopards Sterilizing Leopards in Maharashtra Need for Sterilization: In 2019-20, Maharashtra witnessed 58 human deaths caused by leopard attacks, a significant increase from previous years.Increasing leopard-human conflicts and the rising leopard population have led to the need for sustainable management.Maharashtra aims to protect both leopards and human communities through sterilization while adhering to conservation laws. Concerns and Considerations: Effectiveness of sterilization in managing leopard populations is questioned.Demand for comprehensive scientific research and veterinary skill development.Potential stress on leopards during the sterilization process.Challenges with traditional sterilization methods.Exploration of alternative contraception options.Emphasis on addressing conflicts and gaining community support for conservation efforts. Similar Initiatives in Gujarat: Gujarat’s forest department also proposed sterilization, particularly in and around Gir National Park.These initiatives highlight the growing concern for managing leopard populations and human-leopard conflicts. Key Points About Leopards Scientific Name: Panthera pardus About Leopards: Leopards are the smallest of the Big Cats, including the Tiger, Lion, Jaguar, Snow Leopard, and themselves.They are highly adaptable, able to thrive in various habitats.Leopards are nocturnal hunters, primarily preying on smaller herbivores like chital, hog deer, and wild boar.Melanism, where the skin is entirely black, is a common occurrence among leopards, often referred to as black panthers. Habitat: Found across sub-Saharan Africa, parts of Western and Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast, and East Asia.The Indian leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) is widespread on the Indian subcontinent. Population in India: A 60% increase in leopard population in India from 2014 to 2018.The 2014 estimate of nearly 8,000 leopards has risen to 12,852.Highest leopard populations estimated in Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra. Threats: Poaching for illegal skin and body part trade.Habitat loss and fragmentation.Human-leopard conflicts. Conservation Status: IUCN Red List: VulnerableCITES: Appendix-IWildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule-I -Source: The Hindu Bhoj Wetland Context: Recently, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) ordered Madhya Pradesh government to stop the operation of cruise vessels as well as other motor-propelled boats in the Bhoj wetland. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Bhoj WetlandNational Green Tribunal (NGT) Bhoj Wetland: Location: The Bhoj Wetland is situated in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, and consists of two interconnected human-made reservoirs, known as the upper and lower lakes.Lake Names: The Upper Lake is locally called Bhojtal or Bada Talaab, while the Lower Lake is referred to as Chhota Talaab.Biodiversity Richness: These lakes are renowned for their exceptional biodiversity, especially in terms of macrophytes, phytoplankton, and zooplankton. They host a diverse range of aquatic life.Fish Species: The wetland supports more than 15 different types of fish species, contributing to its ecological diversity. Additionally, the lakes are home to several vulnerable species, including turtles, amphibians, and aquatic invertebrates.Ramsar Designation: The Bhoj Wetland was recognized as a Ramsar site in the year 2002, signifying its global importance as a wetland ecosystem National Green Tribunal (NGT) The NGT was established on October 18, 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act 2010, passed by the Central Government.National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 is an Act of the Parliament of India which enables creation of a special tribunal to handle the expeditious disposal of the cases pertaining to environmental issues.NGT Act draws inspiration from the India’s constitutional provision of (Constitution of India/Part III) Article 21 Protection of life and personal liberty, which assures the citizens of India the right to a healthy environment.The stated objective of the Central Government was to provide a specialized forum for effective and speedy disposal of cases pertaining to environment protection, conservation of forests and for seeking compensation for damages caused to people or property due to violation of environmental laws or conditions specified while granting permissions. Structure of National Green Tribunal Following the enactment of the said law, the Principal Bench of the NGT has been established in the National Capital – New Delhi, with regional benches in Pune (Western Zone Bench), Bhopal (Central Zone Bench), Chennai (Southern Bench) and Kolkata (Eastern Bench). Each Bench has a specified geographical jurisdiction covering several States in a region.The Chairperson of the NGT is a retired Judge of the Supreme Court, Head Quartered in Delhi.Other Judicial members are retired Judges of High Courts. Each bench of the NGT will comprise of at least one Judicial Member and one Expert Member.Expert members should have a professional qualification and a minimum of 15 years’ experience in the field of environment/forest conservation and related subjects. Powers of NGT The NGT has the power to hear all civil cases relating to environmental issues and questions that are linked to the implementation of laws listed in Schedule I of the NGT Act. These include the following: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974;The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977;The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980;The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981;The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986;The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991;The Biological Diversity Act, 2002.This means that any violations pertaining ONLY to these laws, or any order / decision taken by the Government under these laws can be challenged before the NGT.Importantly, the NGT has NOT been vested with powers to hear any matter relating to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, the Indian Forest Act, 1927 and various laws enacted by States relating to forests, tree preservation etc. Challenges related to the NGT Two important acts – Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 have been kept out of NGT’s jurisdiction. This restricts the jurisdiction area of NGT and at times hampers its functioning as crucial forest rights issue is linked directly to environment.Decisions of NGT have also been criticised and challenged due to their repercussions on economic growth and development.The absence of a formula-based mechanism in determining the compensation has also brought criticism to the tribunal.The lack of human and financial resources has led to high pendency of cases – which undermines NGT’s very objective of disposal of appeals within 6 months. -Source: The Hindu Sir M. Visvesvaraya Context: Engineer’s Day is celebrated in India on September 15 every year to honour the contributions of Bharat Ratna Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya, also known as Sir MV, who was born on this day in 1861. Relevance: GS I: Personalities in News Dimensions of the Article: About Sir M. VisvesvarayaKey Facts about Krishnaraja Sagar (KRS) Dam About Sir M. Visvesvaraya: Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya, widely known as Sir MV, served as the Diwan of Mysore from 1912 to 1918.He earned the title “Father of Modern Mysore” for his exceptional contributions.Born on September 15, 1861, in Muddenahalli village, Karnataka.He pursued a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Madras and completed civil engineering at the College of Science in Pune.Notable contributions include the construction of the Krishna Raja Sagara Dam and the invention of automatic water floodgates.Established the Government Engineering College in Bengaluru in 1917, later renamed University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering.A precursor of economic planning in India. Awards: Awarded Bharat Ratna in 1955, India’s highest civilian honor.Conferred with the British knighthood by King George V. Key Facts about Krishnaraja Sagar (KRS) Dam: Located at the confluence of the Kaveri River with its tributaries, Hemavati and Lakshmana Tirtha, in Mandya district, Karnataka.A gravity dam used for irrigation, water supply, and hydroelectric power generation. Usage: Provides irrigation water for Mysore and Mandya, drinking water for Mysore, Mandya, and Bengaluru.Supports the Shivanasamudra hydroelectric power station.Releases water to Tamil Nadu, stored in the Mettur Dam. History: Built during the rule of Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV.Construction began in 1911 and completed in 1931.Designed by Sir M. Visvesvaraya. Features: Constructed using surki mortar and limestone.2,621 meters (8,600 ft) long and 40 meters (130 ft) high.Reservoir covers approximately 130 sq. km, one of Asia’s largest at the time.Brindavan Gardens is adjacent to the dam. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 16 September 2023

CONTENTS National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG) portalPradhan Mantri Ujjwala Scheme National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG) portal Context: Recently, the Chief Justice of India announced the onboarding of the Supreme Court on the National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG) in open court. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG) PortaleCourts Project National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG) Portal: NJDG is a national database storing information on cases initiated, pending, and resolved in courts across India.It provides access to case-related data, statistics on case institution, pendency, and disposal, along with information on case types and the Supreme Court’s yearly activities.Developed as part of the e-Courts Project, it encompasses orders, judgments, and case details from 18,735 District & Subordinate Courts and High Courts.The National Informatics Centre (NIC) and the Computer Cell, Registry, collaborated to create NJDG with an interactive interface and analytics dashboard.The database undergoes regular updates on the NJDG portal.NJDG serves as a monitoring tool to identify, manage, and reduce case pendency.It offers timely insights for policymaking to expedite case resolution and minimize delays.Facilitates better monitoring of court performance, identifies systemic issues, and aids in resource management.Additionally, it tracks cases related to land disputes. eCourts Project The eCourts Project was initiated based on the “National Policy and Action Plan for Implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the Indian Judiciary – 2005.” This policy was proposed by the eCommittee of the Supreme Court of India with the aim of enabling the Indian judiciary through ICT.The eCommittee is a governmental body established in response to a proposal from the Chief Justice of India. It is responsible for formulating a National Policy on computerization in the Indian Judiciary and advising on technological and managerial changes.This is a nationwide project, overseen and funded by the Department of Justice, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India, with the goal of implementing ICT in District Courts across the country.Key objectives of the project include providing efficient and citizen-centric service delivery, developing decision support systems in courts, automating processes for transparency in accessing information, enhancing judicial productivity, and making the justice delivery system affordable, accessible, cost-effective, predictable, reliable, and transparent.Phase I of the eCourts Project was completed in 2015, computerizing 14,249 Court sites.Phase II expanded the computerization to 18,735 District and Subordinate courts. Phase III of the eCourts Project Phase III is a centrally sponsored project aimed at digitizing all court records, including legacy and pending cases, at an estimated cost of ₹2,038.40 crore.The project plans to enhance the digital infrastructure of courts by establishing 2,500 new modern, virtual-friendly courts, setting up 1,150 virtual courts, and creating 4,400 eSewa kendras in all court complexes.Approximately 3,108 crore documents will be digitized as part of this phase, further advancing the digitization efforts within the Indian judiciary. Major Initiatives Under the eCourts Project Case Information Software (CIS): Developed using customised Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS).National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG): Launched in 2015 for monitoring case pendency and disposal in High Courts and Subordinate Courts.Virtual Courts: Introduced in 16 States/UTs, facilitating legal proceedings through video conferencing.eFiling System: Allows electronic filing of legal documents with advanced features like online submission of Vakalatnama, eSigning, and online video recording of oaths.eSewa Kendras: Rolled out to provide e-filing services to lawyers and litigants, promoting inclusive justice delivery.National Service and Tracking of Electronic Processes (NSTEP): Developed for technology-enabled process serving and issuing of summons, implemented in 28 High Courts.Secure, Scalable & Sugamya Website as a Service (S3WAAS) Website: A user-friendly website in 13 regional languages designed for accessibility by people with disabilities.IEC and Training: Initiatives to educate Judicial Officers, lawyers, and the public about the available facilities. Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Scheme Context The Union Cabinet has recently approved the extension of Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) for release of 75 lakh LPG connections over 3 years from FY 23-24 to FY 25-26 increasing the total number of beneficiaries to 10.35 crore.  Relevance: GS-II: Social Justice and Governance (Welfare Schemes, Government Policies & Interventions) Dimensions of the Article: Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala SchemeChallenges in Implementing the PMUY SchemeUjjwala 2.0 Scheme Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Scheme Launch Date and Slogan: Launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on May 1, 2016, with the slogan “Clean Fuel, Better Life.”Objective: Aimed at safeguarding the health of women and children by providing them with clean cooking fuel, namely LPG, to eliminate the health risks associated with smoky kitchens and the collection of firewood.Implementing Agency: Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas.Budget: Initially allocated Rs 8,000 crore. Key Features: Initially targeted to provide 5 crore LPG connections to Below Poverty Line (BPL) families with Rs 1600 support per connection over three years (2016-19).Subsequently, the target was increased to 8 crore LPG connections in April 2018.Connections are registered in the names of women within households. Eligibility & Identification: Open to all BPL families.Any adult woman from a BPL family can apply for a deposit-free LPG gas connection under the Ujjwala scheme.Expanded in April 2018 to include women beneficiaries from seven additional categories (SC/ST, PMAY, AAY, most backward classes, tea garden, forest dwellers, river islands).Identification of BPL families is based on the Socio Economic Caste Census Data from 2011. Challenges in Implementing the PMUY Scheme The implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Scheme (PMUY) faced several challenges: Data Accuracy: Identifying deserving households for free LPG connections was challenging due to a lack of accurate data. The SECC-2011 data, although used for identification, was not entirely reliable, resulting in some deserving households being excluded during fieldwork. Inaccurate BPL Classification: The SECC-2011 data also revealed cases where relatively affluent households were classified as Below Poverty Line (BPL) households. This posed difficulties in validating the authenticity of the SECC database. Awareness and Documentation: Many beneficiaries came from economically disadvantaged and less-educated backgrounds. They had limited awareness of the safety requirements for using an LPG stove. Additionally, some households lacked essential documents such as ration cards and Aadhaar cards, which were necessary for availing benefits under the scheme. Challenges in Establishing Distributorships: In certain regions, particularly areas affected by law and order issues or designated as forested areas, setting up LPG distributorships proved to be challenging. This hindered the scheme’s reach, leaving households in those areas without access to cleaner cooking fuel. Performance of Ujjwala Scheme (Phase-I): The release of 8 Crore LPG connections under the scheme significantly increased LPG coverage, rising from 62% on May 1, 2016, to an impressive 99.8% by April 1, 2021.Several states have seen substantial benefits from the scheme, including Uttar Pradesh (benefiting over 1.46 crore BPL families), West Bengal (88 lakhs), Bihar (85 lakhs), Madhya Pradesh (71 lakhs), and Rajasthan (63 lakhs). Ujjwala 2.0 Scheme: In the Union budget for FY 21-22, provisions were made for an additional 1 crore LPG connections under Ujjwala 2.0.Special facilities have been introduced for migrant families, simplifying the process by eliminating the need for ration cards or address proof. A self-declaration for both family details and proof of address is sufficient.As of March 1, 2023, the total number of connections released under PMUY reached 9.59 crore.Active domestic LPG consumers have also shown remarkable growth, increasing from 14.52 crore in April 2014 to 31.4 crore as of March 2023.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 15 September 2023

CONTENTS Skill India Digital (SID) PlatformGovernment e-Marketplace Skill India Digital (SID) Platform Context: The Ministry of Skill Development recently launched the Skill India Digital (SID) platform. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interevntions Skill India Digital (SID) Platform Purpose: SID serves as India’s Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for skill development, education, employment, and entrepreneurship.Objective: It aims to consolidate various skilling initiatives, offering skill development and entrepreneurial support to individuals.Development: Developed by the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) in collaboration with industry partners, part of the World Bank-assisted Skill Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood Promotion (SANKALP) program.Alignment: The platform aligns with the G20 framework for building Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) and supports the digital economy. Features: Offers 264+ skilling courses from 42,623 centers across India.Available for download on App Store and Google Play Store.Supports multiple Indian languages and uses Aadhaar-based eKYC for secure access.User-friendly interface adaptable to various devices.Utilizes Aadhar-enabled facial recognition, AI, and machine learning to recommend customized courses.Integrates government training programs at both Central and State levels.Introduces Digitally Verified Credentials (DVCs) for secure skills and qualification presentation.Provides Digital CVs with personalized QR Codes for easy access to individual skills and experiences. Government e-Marketplace Context: Ministry of Defence leads as top procurer on Government e-Marketplace (GeM); Contributes 16 percent of the overall Gross Merchandise Value Relevance: GS II- Government policies and Intervention About Government e-Marketplace (GeM) Nodal: Ministry of Commerce and Industry The Government e Marketplace (GeM) was launched on August 9, 2016.To create an open and transparent procurement platform for Government buyers.A Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) by the name of Government e- Marketplace (GeM SPV) was set up as the National Public Procurement PortalIt has been developed by Directorate General of Supplies and Disposals (Ministry of Commerce and Industry) with technical support of National e-governance Division (Ministry of Electronic and Information Technology).It is a completely paperless, cashless and system driven e-market place that enables procurement of common use goods and services with minimal human interface. At present, the platform is open for procurement by all government buyers: central and state ministries, departments, public sector enterprises, autonomous institutions, local bodies, etc.As per existing mandate, GeM is not available for use by private sector buyers.Suppliers (sellers) can be from across all segments: government or private. The following are the objectives of the online platform: Easier availability of various goods and services for the government buyers.Create transparency in public procurement.Cost saving on government expenditure.Achieve and promote cashless transactions.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 15 September 2023

CONTENTS 75th Anniversary of Operation PoloChallenges in Indian Cotton Production and YieldsLibya’s Catastrophic FloodingInnovative Mosquito Control MethodseCourts ProjectShanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB) awards for 2022Red Fire Ants 75th Anniversary of Operation Polo Context: India celebrated the 75thanniversary of Operation Polo on September 13, 2023. On this day in 1948, Indian Army launched military action to integrate the princely state of Hyderabad. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Background of Operation PoloReasons for Launching Operation PoloOperation Polo on the Ground Background of Operation Polo Nizam’s Intentions: The Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Shah, expressed his desire to keep Hyderabad as an independent entity and did not wish to join India or Pakistan after Independence.Opportunity in Kashmir War: The Nizam took advantage of the fact that the Indian government became preoccupied with the Kashmir war soon after Independence.Standstill Agreement: The Nizam signed a standstill agreement with India in November 1947. This agreement implied that a status quo would be maintained between the Indian dominion and Hyderabad until a solution was reached. It was initially signed for a one-year period during which the Indian government would not exercise any authority over Hyderabad. Reasons for Launching Operation Polo Geographical Significance of Hyderabad: Hyderabad, located in the Deccan, was one of the most populous and prosperous states in India. It encompassed 17 districts, including Aurangabad (now in Maharashtra) and Gulbarga (now in Karnataka).Desire for Relations with Pakistan: Despite not sharing a common border with Pakistan, the landlocked Hyderabad state had a predominantly Hindu population with Muslim rulers. The Nizam aimed to establish friendly relations with Pakistan.Actions of the Razakars: During this period, the Nizam’s administration capitalized on the standstill agreement with India. It expanded the Razakars, an irregular paramilitary force led by Maj Gen SA El Edroos, who was the Arab commander in chief of the Hyderabad state forces. The Razakars were created to support the Nizam’s rule and resisted Hyderabad’s integration into newly independent India.Razakar Atrocities: The Razakars, primarily composed of local radical Muslim volunteers loyal to the Nizam’s regime, carried out atrocities. They persecuted Hindus, forcibly converting them to Islam, and engaged in violence, including killing, raping women, and causing Hindu sympathizers to flee the state.Operation Polo was launched to bring an end to these issues and to integrate Hyderabad into the newly formed Indian Union. Operation Polo on the Ground Indian Military Leadership: The Indian forces were under the leadership of Major General Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri, who served as the General Officer Commanding of 1 Armoured Division.Ceasefire Announcement: The Nizam of Hyderabad announced a ceasefire on September 17, signaling a halt to hostilities.Entry into Hyderabad: On September 18, Major General Chaudhuri and his forces entered Hyderabad city.Surrender of Maj Gen El Edroos: Major General SA El Edroos, the Arab commander in chief of the Hyderabad state forces and leader of the Razakars, surrendered to Major General Chaudhuri.Appointment as Military Governor: Following the surrender and successful integration of Hyderabad into India, Major General Chaudhuri was appointed as the Military Governor of Hyderabad, overseeing the administrative transition of the region into the Indian Union. Challenges in Indian Cotton Production and Yields Context: Cotton, a versatile crop crucial for food, feed, and fiber, plays a significant role in India’s agriculture and textile industries. Unfortunately, in recent years, India has faced declining cotton production and yields, posing challenges for these sectors. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: About Cotton Production in India:Significance of Cotton in IndiaRapid Increase and Subsequent Decline in Cotton Production in India:Issues Associated with the Cotton Sector in IndiaWay Forward About Cotton Production in India: Major Crop: Cotton is a crucial commercial crop in India, contributing to approximately 25% of global cotton production.“White-Gold”: Its economic importance in India has earned it the nickname “White-Gold.”Cultivation Distribution: In India, cotton cultivation is divided, with 67% grown in rain-fed areas and 33% in irrigated regions.Climatic Requirements: Cotton thrives in hot, sunny climates with extended frost-free periods, performing best in warm and humid conditions.Adaptability to Soil: Cotton can be grown in various soil types, including well-drained alluvial soils in the north, variable-depth black clayey soils in the central region, and mixed black and red soils in the south.Sensitivity to Waterlogging: While somewhat tolerant to salinity, cotton is highly sensitive to waterlogging, underscoring the importance of well-drained soils.Major Cotton-Producing States: The majority of cotton production comes from ten key states, categorized into three diverse agro-ecological zones:Northern Zone: Punjab, Haryana, and RajasthanCentral Zone: Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Madhya PradeshSouthern Zone: Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu Significance of Cotton in India: Triple Resource: Cotton is a valuable crop in India, providing three essential components:Lint Fiber: The white fluffy fiber, making up approximately 36% of raw unginned cotton, is the primary raw material for the textile industry.Cottonseed: Accounting for about 62% of the cotton, cottonseed serves various purposes.Wastes: Comprising about 2% of the cotton, waste materials are separated during ginning.Textile Dominance: Cotton plays a dominant role in India’s textile industry, commanding a significant share of two-thirds in the country’s total textile fiber consumption.Cottonseed Oil: Cottonseed contains approximately 13% oil, which is widely used for cooking and frying, making it a significant source of vegetable oil.Feed Industry: Cottonseed cake/meal is a vital component in India’s feed industry, ranking second only to soybean in feed cake production.Protein-Rich Feed: The leftover cottonseed cake, constituting 85% of the seed, is a valuable and protein-rich feed ingredient for livestock and poultry.Vegetable Oil Production: Cottonseed oil is the country’s third-largest domestically-produced vegetable oil, following mustard and soybean, contributing to India’s edible oil industry. Rapid Increase and Subsequent Decline in Cotton Production in India: Surge: Between 2000-01 and 2013-14, India experienced a significant surge in cotton production, primarily attributed to Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) technology.Key developments during this period include:Adoption of genetically-modified (GM) cotton hybrids with Bt genes, specifically designed to combat the American bollworm insect pest.This adoption resulted in a surge in lint yields, increasing from 278 kg per hectare in 2000-01 to 566 kg per hectare in 2013-14.Correspondingly, there was an increase in cottonseed oil and cake production. Decline: The decline in cotton production and yields began post-2013-14, primarily due to the emergence of the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella).Factors contributing to the decline:Pink bollworm larvae infesting cotton bolls, causing reduced cotton production and lower quality cotton.Unlike the American bollworm, pink bollworm primarily feeds on cotton, leading to the development of resistance against Bt proteins.Continuous cultivation of Bt hybrids led to pink bollworm populations developing resistance, replacing susceptible ones.Unusual surge in pink bollworm larvae survival on cotton flowers was reported in Gujarat in 2014, and subsequently, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana, and northern Rajasthan also experienced pink bollworm infestations in the following years. Issues Associated with the Cotton Sector in India: Unpredictable Cotton Production:Cotton production in India is subject to significant unpredictability due to various factors.Limited access to irrigation systems, declining soil fertility, and erratic weather patterns, including unexpected droughts or excessive rainfall, contribute to the uncertainty surrounding cotton yields.Small-Scale Farming:The majority of cotton farming in India is carried out by small-scale farmers.These farmers often rely on traditional agricultural practices and have limited access to modern farming technologies, which in turn affects overall cotton production.Market Access Challenges:A significant number of cotton growers in India face constraints in reaching markets and are compelled to sell their harvest at reduced rates to intermediaries. Way Forward: Integrated Pest Management (IPM):Advocate for integrated pest management (IPM) strategies that combine natural controls, trap crops, and beneficial insects to reduce pesticide dependency while effectively managing pests.Seed Banks and Genetic Diversity:Establish seed banks at the community level to conserve and share traditional cotton seed varieties, preserving genetic diversity and promoting higher-yielding strains.Digital Platforms for Direct Sales:Establish digital platforms that directly connect cotton farmers with buyers and textile manufacturers, reducing middlemen involvement and ensuring fair pricing.Promoting Value Addition:Promote value addition by establishing local cotton processing units that can gin, clean, and process cotton fiber, creating employment opportunities and adding value to the cotton supply chain. Libya’s Catastrophic Flooding Context: More than 5,000 people are known to have died and thousands more are missing after devastating floods swept through the Libyan port city of Derna. Entire neighbourhoods disappeared into the sea as a huge tsunami-like torrent of water swept through the city. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Factors Behind the Catastrophic Flooding in DernaImpactsGeographical location of Derna Factors Behind the Catastrophic Flooding in Derna Extreme Weather: The region experienced unprecedented rainfall from September 10 to 11, with Derna receiving over 150 mm of rainfall in just two days, significantly exceeding the average monthly rainfall for September.The rains were accompanied by strong winds reaching up to 80 kph.The extreme weather was brought about by Storm Daniel, which transitioned into a ‘medicane’ or a tropical-like cyclone, fueled by abnormally warm Mediterranean waters. Vulnerable Geography: Derna’s location played a significant role in the widespread damage it suffered.It is situated at the end of a valley and is intersected by the Wadi Derna, a seasonal river flowing from the mountains to the south toward the sea.Normally, dams protect the city from flooding caused by the river. However, the heavy rains overwhelmed these dams and led to significant destruction. Crumbling Infrastructure: The collapse of the dams in Derna exposed the poor state of Libya’s infrastructure.The country has been embroiled in a decade-long war between rival factions, leading to a neglect of socio-economic issues, including infrastructure development.The absence of flood-resilient structures, roads, and early-warning systems exacerbated the impact of the flooding, as Libya was ill-prepared to face such a calamity.The devastating floods exposed the lack of disaster preparedness in the region, especially in Derna. Impacts: Property Damage: Urban flooding damages buildings, infrastructure, and properties, leading to substantial economic losses for individuals, businesses, and municipalities.Displacement and Loss of Life: Residents may be forced to evacuate flooded areas, leading to temporary displacement. In extreme cases, urban flooding can result in loss of life.Health Risks: Contaminated floodwater can pose health hazards due to pollutants and diseases, increasing the risk of waterborne illnesses among residents.Infrastructure Strain: Floods strain urban infrastructure, disrupt transportation, and damage roads, bridges, and utilities.Environmental Degradation: Floods can lead to soil erosion, sediment buildup, and loss of vegetation, affecting overall ecosystem health.Economic Disruption: Urban flooding disrupts businesses, interrupts services, and impacts the local economy, potentially leading to job losses and decreased economic activity.Long-Term Resilience: Frequent urban flooding may erode community resilience, as residents and local governments grapple with recovery and rebuilding efforts. Geographical location of Derna Derna, situated in eastern Libya, is a coastal port city positioned along the Mediterranean Sea between Benghazi and Tobruk.It finds itself at the eastern terminus of the Jebel Akhdar, also known as the “green mountains.”The city is divided by the Wadi Derna, a seasonal river originating from the southern highlands and flowing through the city. Innovative Mosquito Control Methods Context: Rapid urbanization in countries like India has caused an increase in mosquito-borne diseases. Genetic engineering is an emerging method for mosquito control, involving altering mosquito traits or behavior. Relevance: GS III: Biotechnology Dimensions of the Article: Why Innovative Approaches to Mosquito Control are Necessary?Harnessing Genetic Engineering for Mosquito ControlBenefits of Genetic Engineering for Mosquito ControlRisks and Concerns of Genetic Engineering for Mosquito Control Why Innovative Approaches to Mosquito Control are Necessary? Disease Transmission by Mosquitoes: Mosquitoes, small flying insects from the Culicidae family, are notorious for transmitting diseases to humans and animals.They can transmit deadly diseases such as Malaria, Dengue, Zika, and Yellow fever, affecting millions of people every year. Impact of Rapid Urbanization: The rapid urbanization of the global population, particularly in developing countries like India, has led to annual surges in mosquito-borne diseases like dengue. Climate Change and Disease Spread: Climate change has expanded the territories where mosquito-borne diseases are prevalent, as seen in indigenous cases of dengue in France. Current Mosquito Control Tools: In the battle against mosquitoes, various tools have been used, including mosquito nets, insecticides, and symbionts like Wolbachia. Insecticide Resistance: Despite the availability of a first-generation malaria vaccine, insecticide resistance in mosquitoes is a growing concern, prompting the need to explore new control approaches. Harnessing Genetic Engineering for Mosquito Control: Advancements in Genome Sequencing: Recent advancements in next-generation sequencing techniques have allowed researchers to obtain whole genome sequences for various mosquito species.Notably, institutions like the University of California and institutes in Bengaluru, India, have contributed to high-quality reference genomes for Anopheles stephensi, a major malaria vector. Unprecedented Opportunities: The availability of mosquito genome sequences and the capacity to genetically manipulate them provide unprecedented opportunities for mosquito control. Gene-Drive Technology: Gene-drive technology, developed by Austin Burt (Professor at Imperial College London) in 2003, aims to manage mosquito populations by altering how they inherit specific genes, challenging conventional Mendelian genetic rules.This technology utilizes special proteins to edit mosquito DNA, inducing specific genetic sequence additions when proteins cut the mosquito’s DNA.These genetic changes impact the mosquito’s reproductive ability and disrupt the multiplication of malaria parasites within them, rendering the mosquitoes incapable of spreading the disease. Antimicrobial Enhancement: Researchers at Imperial College London genetically enhanced a mosquito gene to produce antimicrobial substances, which disrupt the development of the Plasmodium parasite and reduce mosquito lifespan. Benefits of Genetic Engineering for Mosquito Control: Precision Targeting: Genetic engineering allows for precise modification of mosquito populations, specifically targeting disease-carrying species. Reduced Insecticide Use: This targeted approach reduces the reliance on broad-spectrum insecticides, minimizing harm to non-target species. Lower Environmental Impact: Compared to traditional insecticides, genetic engineering may have a lower environmental impact as it doesn’t involve chemical pollution of ecosystems, protecting beneficial insects and aquatic life. Sustainability: Genetically modified mosquitoes can pass on their modified genes, providing a self-perpetuating method of mosquito control without frequent reapplications. Public Health Impact: By reducing mosquito-borne diseases, genetic engineering can significantly improve public health, potentially saving lives and reducing healthcare costs. Risks and Concerns of Genetic Engineering for Mosquito Control: Ecosystem Consequences: Genetic modifications can have unforeseen consequences in ecosystems, potentially disrupting food chains or creating ecological imbalances. Ethical Concerns: Critics raise ethical objections to gene manipulation in organisms, especially when altering the genetics of wild populations, leading to questions of ecological responsibility. Unintended Traits: Genetically modified mosquitoes might unintentionally acquire traits that enhance their ability to invade new habitats, causing unforeseen ecological disruptions outside their natural range. eCourts Project Context: The Union Cabinet recently approved the third phase of the eCourts Projects with a budget allocation of ₹7,210 crore. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: eCourts ProjectPhase III of the eCourts ProjectMajor Initiatives Under the eCourts Project eCourts Project The eCourts Project was initiated based on the “National Policy and Action Plan for Implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the Indian Judiciary – 2005.” This policy was proposed by the eCommittee of the Supreme Court of India with the aim of enabling the Indian judiciary through ICT.The eCommittee is a governmental body established in response to a proposal from the Chief Justice of India. It is responsible for formulating a National Policy on computerization in the Indian Judiciary and advising on technological and managerial changes.This is a nationwide project, overseen and funded by the Department of Justice, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India, with the goal of implementing ICT in District Courts across the country.Key objectives of the project include providing efficient and citizen-centric service delivery, developing decision support systems in courts, automating processes for transparency in accessing information, enhancing judicial productivity, and making the justice delivery system affordable, accessible, cost-effective, predictable, reliable, and transparent.Phase I of the eCourts Project was completed in 2015, computerizing 14,249 Court sites.Phase II expanded the computerization to 18,735 District and Subordinate courts. Phase III of the eCourts Project Phase III is a centrally sponsored project aimed at digitizing all court records, including legacy and pending cases, at an estimated cost of ₹2,038.40 crore.The project plans to enhance the digital infrastructure of courts by establishing 2,500 new modern, virtual-friendly courts, setting up 1,150 virtual courts, and creating 4,400 eSewa kendras in all court complexes.Approximately 3,108 crore documents will be digitized as part of this phase, further advancing the digitization efforts within the Indian judiciary. Major Initiatives Under the eCourts Project Case Information Software (CIS): Developed using customised Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS).National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG): Launched in 2015 for monitoring case pendency and disposal in High Courts and Subordinate Courts.Virtual Courts: Introduced in 16 States/UTs, facilitating legal proceedings through video conferencing.eFiling System: Allows electronic filing of legal documents with advanced features like online submission of Vakalatnama, eSigning, and online video recording of oaths.eSewa Kendras: Rolled out to provide e-filing services to lawyers and litigants, promoting inclusive justice delivery.National Service and Tracking of Electronic Processes (NSTEP): Developed for technology-enabled process serving and issuing of summons, implemented in 28 High Courts.Secure, Scalable & Sugamya Website as a Service (S3WAAS) Website: A user-friendly website in 13 regional languages designed for accessibility by people with disabilities.IEC and Training: Initiatives to educate Judicial Officers, lawyers, and the public about the available facilities. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB) Awards for 2022 Context: The CSIR announced the recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB) awards for 2022 during the One Week One Lab (OWOL) program, but no female scientists were selected for these awards. Relevance: GS III: Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology Dimensions of the Article: One Week One Lab (OWOL) programShanti Swarup Bhatnagar AwardsAbout CSIR One Week One Lab (OWOL) program The One Week One Lab (OWOL) program, organized by CSIR, is designed to inspire various groups, including young innovators, students, start-ups, academia, and industry professionals.The program aims to encourage these participants to explore opportunities in deep tech ventures and innovation.Showcasing CSIR’s Technological AdvancementsIn this initiative, different CSIR institutes will take turns each week to present their unique innovations and technological achievements.These presentations are intended to provide the people of India with insights into the cutting-edge work being carried out by CSIR institutes. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Awards The Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Awards are renowned as India’s highest multidisciplinary science honors.They are named in honor of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, a prominent chemist, visionary, and the founder and director of CSIR. Purpose and Prize Details These awards aim to recognize exceptional contributions to science and technology in India.Each Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB) Prize carries a value of Rs 5,00,000 and is awarded annually.The awards cover a wide range of scientific disciplines, including Biological Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Earth Sciences, Engineering Sciences, Mathematical Sciences, Medical Sciences, and Physical Sciences. Eligibility Criteria The SSB Prizes are open to any Indian citizen engaged in research in the field of science and technology up to the age of 45, as of December 31st of the preceding year.Overseas citizens of India (OCI) and Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) working in India are also eligible.Contributions made primarily in India during the five years leading up to the award year are considered for the prize. About CSIR The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) is India’s largest research and development organization, established in 1942.CSIR operates under the Ministry of Science and Technology and functions as an autonomous body.It comprises 37 national laboratories, 39 outreach centers, 1 Innovation Complex, and three units with a presence across India.The governing body of CSIR is led by the Prime Minister of India as President, with the Union Minister of Science and Technology as Vice President, and the Director-General at the helm, alongside the finance secretary (expenditures). Red Fire Ants Context The red fire ant, one of the world’s most invasive species, has been recently found in Europe for the first time, according to a new study. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Red Imported Fire Ants: Origin: Native to South America, red imported fire ants are a species of stinging ants.Scientific Name: Solenopsis invictaCharacteristics:They are known for their aggressive behavior, painful stings, and large colony sizes.Reddish-brown to reddish-black in color, with a distinctive coppery head.Small ants, typically measuring between 1/8 to 1/4 inch (3-6 mm) in length.Segmented bodies with a distinct two-part thorax.Stinging Behavior: Infamous for their painful stings, they possess a potent venomous sting causing intense burning and itching sensations in humans.Colony Structure:Fire ant colonies are highly organized and structured.Consist of thousands to hundreds of thousands of ants.Unlike most ant species with a single queen, fire ant colonies are polygynous, having multiple reproductive queens.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 14 September 2023

CONTENTS TRIFED’s Artisanal TreasuresInitiatives for persons with Disabilities TRIFED’s Artisanal Treasures Context: The G20 Summit witnessed a remarkable showcase of India’s rich tribal heritage and craftsmanship, curated and presented by TRIFED (Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India), Ministry of Tribal Affairs. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Artisanal Treasures by TRIFED: Longpi Pottery: Origin: Named after the village of Longpi in Manipur, practiced by the Tangkhul Naga tribes.Technique: Longpi pottery is unique as it does not involve the potter’s wheel; all shaping is done by hand and with the help of moulds.Characteristics: Recognizable by its grey-black cooking pots, sturdy kettles, charming bowls, mugs, and nut trays. Some pieces feature fine cane handles. Chhattisgarh Wind Flutes: Curators: Crafted by the Gond Tribe of Bastar in Chhattisgarh.Musicality: The ‘Sulur’ bamboo wind flute stands out for its unique musical capabilities, producing melodies with a simple one-handed twirl.Utility: Beyond music, the ‘Sulur’ serves practical purposes, assisting tribal men in warding off animals and guiding cattle through jungles. Gujarat Hangings: Curators: Crafted by the Bhil & Patelia Tribe in Dahod, Gujarat.Design Evolution: These hangings feature mirror work, zari, stones, and beads, blending tradition with contemporary fashion. Rajasthan Artistry: Glass Mosaic Pottery: This art captures mosaic designs crafted into lampshades and candle holders. When lit, they create a stunning kaleidoscope of colors, adding vibrancy to any space.Meenakari: This is the art of decorating metal surfaces with vibrant mineral substances, introduced by the Mughals. Delicate designs are etched onto metal, creating grooves for colors to nestle in. Each hue is fired individually, resulting in intricate, enamel-adorned pieces.Metal Ambabari Craft: Curated by the Meena Tribe, it also employs enamelling, a meticulous process that elevates metal decoration. Today, it extends beyond gold to metals like silver and copper. Initiatives for Persons With Disabilities Context: Recently, the Minister of State, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, unveiled five transformative initiatives for persons with Disabilities at the Dr. Ambedkar International Centre (DAIC). Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Intiatives Key Initiatives in the Disability Sector: MOU with Council of Architecture: Collaboration between DEPwD and COA to introduce universal accessibility courses in Bachelor of Architecture programs.Development of a certified course for architects and civil engineers to conduct accessibility audits in built environments, ensuring compliance with accessibility standards. Release of Anonymous Data of UDID: DEPwD’s release of anonymous data through the Unique Disability ID (UDID) portal for research purposes.Enhancing data-driven decision-making in the disability sector and providing insights for targeted interventions. PM Daksh Portal: A comprehensive digital platform empowering Persons with Disabilities in skill training and employment opportunities.Features include seamless registration through UDID, access to location-based skill training options, job listings from across India, and streamlined administrative processes. Pathways to Access: Courts on Disability Rights: Compilation of significant judgments from India’s Supreme Court and High Courts regarding disability rights into a comprehensive booklet.Serves as a valuable reference guide for persons with disabilities and stakeholders in the disability sector. Online Case Monitoring Portal by CCPD: Adoption of a cutting-edge application by the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities (CCPD) to handle grievances filed by persons with disabilities.Streamlines the process, making it paperless and efficient, with features like online complaint filing, automated reminders, and simplified hearing scheduling.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 14 September 2023

CONTENTS Global Stocktake ReportIndia’s Food Processing SectorLab Grown Human Embryo ModelHimachal Pradesh Appeals for National Disaster Declaration Following Monsoon DevastationKonark Sun TempleDinkinesh AsteroidWest Coast Refinery Project Global Stocktake Report Context: Ahead of the just concluded G-20 summit, that saw several world leaders converge in New Delhi, the United Nations climate secretariat made public a ‘synthesis report’ on the results of three meetings held so far to discuss progress achieved by countries in achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement of 2015. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Why It’s Named the ‘Global Stocktake’ Report?Key Findings of the ReportImpact of the Global Stocktake Report Why It’s Named the ‘Global Stocktake’ Report? Periodic Assessment: The ‘global stocktake’ report is so named because it is part of a larger, five-yearly exercise known as the global stocktake. This exercise was established after countries committed to the Paris Agreement in 2015.Reviewing Climate Efforts: The Paris Agreement called for regular reviews or “stocktakes” of individual countries’ efforts to mitigate climate change. These reviews evaluate progress in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. Impact on International Climate Discussions: Influence on COP Meetings: The first global stocktake report this year is expected to have a significant impact on discussions at the 28th UN Climate Conference of Parties (COP) scheduled in Dubai in November.Ambition Enhancement: While countries have already outlined their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to address climate change, the global stocktake encourages them, although not obligates, to increase their climate ambitions every five years.Higher Targets: By urging countries to set higher targets before the next NDCs are due in 2025, the stocktake aims to push nations toward more ambitious climate goals. Key Findings of the Report: Galvanized Climate Goals: The Paris Agreement has motivated countries to set climate goals and recognize the urgency of addressing the climate crisis.Economic Transition: Governments should support efforts to transition economies away from fossil fuel industries, even if it involves disruptive changes.Equitable Transition: Efforts towards economic transition must prioritize equity and inclusivity to ensure that no one is left behind.Ambitious Emission Reductions: Much greater ambition is required to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by 43% by 2030, followed by a 60% reduction in 2035, ultimately reaching net-zero CO2 emissions globally by 2050.Scaling Renewable Energy: Renewable energy sources need to be significantly scaled up to replace unabated fossil fuels, such as coal plants without carbon capture and storage mechanisms.Halt Deforestation and Land-Degradation: Efforts to halt and reverse deforestation and land degradation are critical, along with encouraging agricultural practices that reduce emissions and enhance carbon sinks.Fragmented Adaptation Efforts: Despite global commitments to adapt to climate change impacts, most adaptation efforts are fragmented, incremental, and sector-specific, with unequal distribution across regions.Transparent Reporting: Transparent reporting on adaptation can enhance understanding, implementation, and international cooperation in climate adaptation efforts.Loss and Damage Management: Urgent action is needed to address and minimize “loss and damage” caused by climate change impacts, requiring comprehensive risk management across climate and development policies.Scaling Support: Support for adaptation and funding arrangements to address loss and damage must be rapidly scaled up, utilizing expanded and innovative funding sources.Climate Finance Access: Access to climate finance in developing countries needs enhancement to support their climate resilience and mitigation efforts.Global Financial Shift: A rapid shift of financial flows on a global scale is essential to support low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development pathways. Impact of the Global Stocktake Report: Influence on Upcoming Conference: The global stocktake report is expected to serve as a foundational document for the upcoming conference, shaping discussions and decisions regarding climate policy and ambition.Recognition in G20 Leaders Declaration: The report’s findings have resonated in the G20 Leaders Declaration, which is considered one of the significant outcomes of the summit.Acknowledgment of Financial Requirements: The G20 Leaders Declaration officially acknowledges the substantial financial requirements for transitioning to a renewable energy economy. It highlights the need for USD 5.8-5.9 trillion in the pre-2030 period for developing countries and USD 4 trillion per year for clean energy technologies by 2030 to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. -Source: The Hindu India’s Food Processing Sector Context: In Mumbai, during the 17th edition of ANUTEC – International FoodTec India, influential leaders from both industry and government revealed a hopeful outlook for India’s food processing sector. This sector is currently on an impressive growth path and is primed to play a pivotal role in propelling the nation’s economy forward. Relevance: GS III: Food Processing Dimensions of the Article: Status of the Food Processing Sector in IndiaGovernment Initiatives in the Food Processing SectorChallenges in the Food Processing SectorThe Way Forward Status of the Food Processing Sector in India: Crucial Component of the Food Supply Chain: The food processing sector plays a vital role in the food supply chain.It involves converting raw agricultural and livestock products into processed, value-added food products suitable for consumption.This sector encompasses various activities, technologies, and processes to improve food safety, convenience, shelf life, flavor, and nutritional value. Economic Contribution: Contributes significantly to India’s economy, accounting for 13% of exports and 6% of industrial investment.Attracted substantial foreign direct investments (FDI), with USD 4.18 billion invested from 2014 to 2020, reflecting confidence in its future.Expected to create 9 million jobs by 2024.By 2030, India is projected to become the world’s fifth-largest consumer of food and food technology due to a fourfold increase in household consumption, highlighting its substantial growth potential. Government Initiatives in the Food Processing Sector: Inclusion in Priority Sector Lending (PSL) Norms: In April 2015, food and agro-based processing units and cold chains were included in the PSL norms, enhancing access to financial support for the sector. Streamlined Approval Process by FSSAI: In 2016, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) transitioned from product-specific approval to an ingredient and additive-based approval process, promoting ease of doing business in the sector. FDI Approval: 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is permitted under the automatic route for the food processing sector, encouraging foreign investment. Special Food Processing Fund: Establishment of a Special Food Processing Fund of Rs. 2000 crore in collaboration with the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) to facilitate sector growth and development. Challenges in the Food Processing Sector: Inadequate Cold Storage and Transportation: Lack of proper cold storage and transportation facilities leads to significant post-harvest losses of perishable goods, impacting both food quality and farmers’ income. Fragmented Supply Chain: India’s fragmented supply chain results in inefficiencies and increased costs.Poor road and rail infrastructure can cause delays and losses during transportation. Regulatory Complexities: The food processing industry faces a complex web of regulations, licenses, and permits, posing challenges for businesses. Inconsistent Regulation Enforcement: Inconsistent enforcement of regulations can lead to unfair competition and quality issues within the sector. Food Safety and Quality: Ensuring food safety and quality standards across the supply chain remains a significant challenge.Contaminated or adulterated food products can harm public health and the industry’s reputation. Limited R&D; Investment: Limited investment in research and development inhibits innovation and the development of new, value-added products.India’s low R&D; expenditure-GDP ratio is a concern compared to major economies and the world average. The Way Forward: Smart Food Processing Hubs: Establish smart food processing hubs with advanced technologies such as IoT, AI, and blockchain to monitor the entire food supply chain for quality, traceability, and efficiency. Functional and Nutraceutical Foods: Develop a variety of functional and nutraceutical foods tailored to specific health needs, including fortified foods with essential nutrients, probiotics, and bioactive compounds. Zero-Waste Processing: Implement zero-waste processing techniques to utilize every part of raw materials. For example, convert food waste into biofuels or use byproducts to create new products like bio-plastics or animal feed. Community-Based Processing Centers: Establish community-based food processing centers in rural areas to assist local farmers in processing their produce.This approach reduces post-harvest losses and creates employment opportunities in rural regions. -Source: The Hindu Lab Grown Human Embryo Model Context: Recently, Scientists have achieved a remarkable feat by creating a lab-grown “human embryo” model using stem cells and chemicals, without using an egg or sperm shedding light on early embryo development. Relevance: GS III: Biotechnology Dimensions of the Article: Human EmbryoCreation of the Embryo ModelInsights from These Models on Early DevelopmentUse of Lab-Grown Embryos for PregnancyStem Cell Human Embryo: A human embryo refers to the developing human organism from the moment of fertilization until the end of the eighth week of gestation.It undergoes three primary stages of development: the pre-implantation stage, the implantation stage, and the organogenesis stage.Comprising various cell types, a human embryo differentiates into the diverse tissues and organs that make up the human body.Typically, a human embryo is formed through the fertilization of a human egg (oocyte) by a human sperm, which can occur either in the female reproductive tract or in a laboratory setting. Creation of the Embryo Model: Stem Cells and Chemicals Combination: Israeli researchers employed a combination of stem cells and specific chemicals to fabricate a model resembling a 14-day-old human embryo.Crucial Starting Point: This blend of stem cells and chemicals served as a critical initial step in the development of an embryo-like structure.Spontaneous Cell Assembly: The model created by the Israeli researchers had the remarkable ability to spontaneously arrange into various cell types necessary for fetal development. This included cells for fetal formation, nutrient provision, embryonic body development, as well as the creation of essential structures like the placenta and umbilical cord to support the developing fetus.Efficiency Challenge: A notable challenge faced during this process was that only approximately 1% of the stem cell-chemical mixture naturally organized itself, indicating a need for improved efficiency in the creation process. Insights from These Models on Early Development: Detection of DNA Duplication and Chromosome Distribution Errors: These models have been instrumental in revealing errors in Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) duplication and the distribution of chromosomes during early development.Early DNA Duplication Abnormalities: Researchers discovered that abnormalities in DNA duplication occur early in the embryonic development process, impacting cell division.Study of Gene Functions: These embryo models provide a platform to study gene functions and their roles in the development of the fetus, offering valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in early human development. Importance of Embryo Models and Research: Ethical Challenges in Studying Post-Implantation Embryos: Once implantation in the uterus occurs, studying early embryo development becomes ethically challenging. Therefore, research during the initial stages is crucial.Addressing Miscarriages and Birth Defects: Most miscarriages and birth defects occur during the early stages of embryonic development. Understanding these processes is vital for identifying potential causes and developing preventive measures.Improving In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Outcomes: Insights gained from studying embryo development can lead to improved outcomes in IVF procedures, increasing the chances of successful pregnancies.Understanding Genetic, Epigenetic, and Environmental Influences: Research on embryo models helps researchers comprehensively study the genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that influence embryonic development, providing valuable knowledge about how these processes work. Use of Lab-Grown Embryos for Pregnancy: Exclusively for Research: Lab-grown embryos are intended solely for research purposes. They are typically destroyed after 14 days, and implantation into a uterus is not permitted.The 14-Day Limit: The 14-day limit was proposed in 1979 in the UK and is equivalent to the point when natural embryo implantation is completed. It signifies the stage when cells begin forming an “individual,” and the possibility of them splitting into twins no longer exists.Ethical Transition from Cells to Individuals: Ethical considerations surrounding embryo research change as embryos progress from clusters of cells to individuals. The emergence of the Primitive Streak, a linear structure in the embryo, marks the transition from radial symmetry (like an egg) to the bilateral symmetry of the human body, with left and right sides.The Role of the Primitive Streak: The Primitive Streak is significant because it signifies the moment when the embryo transforms from a mere clump of cells to an individual. Ethical considerations regarding research and experimentation on embryos often hinge on this developmental milestone. Stem Cell: Stem cells are a unique type of cell with the remarkable ability to transform into specialized cell types within the body.They hold the potential to replace damaged or lost cells and tissues due to diseases or injuries in the future.Stem cells possess two distinctive properties:They can undergo multiple divisions, continuously generating new cells.As they divide, they have the capability to differentiate into various cell types found in the body, contributing to tissue repair and regeneration. -Source: The Hindu Himachal Pradesh Appeals for National Disaster Declaration Following Monsoon Devastation Context: Himachal Pradesh has urgently appealed to the Indian Prime Minister for the declaration of the extensive damage caused by heavy rains in the state as a National Disaster. The region has incurred losses amounting to Rs 10,000 crore, and there have been unfortunate casualties with around 418 people losing their lives in rain-related incidents during the Monsoon of 2023. In such grave calamities, the state seeks additional Central assistance from the National Disaster Response Fund. Relevance: GS III: Disaster Management Dimensions of the Article: Assisting States During Natural DisastersNational Disaster Response Fund (NDRF)Severe CalamityProcedure for Disaster Relief in India Assisting States During Natural Disasters: No Defined “National Disasters” Category: There is no specific, officially defined category of “National Disasters.” Definition under Disaster Management Act 2005: Natural disasters fall under the purview of the Disaster Management Act 2005.The Act defines a “disaster” as a significant event arising from natural or man-made causes, accidents, or negligence.It results in substantial loss of life, human suffering, property damage, or environmental degradation.Such events must exceed the coping capacity of the affected community. Role of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA): The Act established the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), led by the Prime Minister.The NDMA plays a central role in coordinating disaster response at the national level. State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs): The Act also mandates the creation of State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs), each headed by the respective Chief Minister.SDMAs oversee disaster preparedness and response within their states. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF): The Act led to the formation of the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).NDRF comprises multiple battalions or teams responsible for on-ground relief and rescue operations in various states. National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) is established under Section 46 of the Disaster Management Act, 2005.Managed by the Central Government, it serves to provide financial resources for emergency response, relief, and rehabilitation in the wake of threatening disaster situations or disasters. Funding and Management: The NDRF is placed in the “Public Account” of the Government of India (GOI), categorized as “reserve funds not bearing interest.”It is intended to supplement the funds available in State Disaster Response Funds (SDRF) when a severe disaster occurs, and the state’s resources are inadequate. Eligibility Criteria: NDRF provides financial assistance for natural calamities such as cyclones, drought, earthquake, fire, flood, tsunami, hailstorm, landslide, avalanche, cloud burst, pest attack, cold wave, and frost.These calamities must be of severe nature as determined by the Government of India (GoI), requiring expenditures beyond what a state’s SDRF can cover. Claiming Assistance: States submit a memorandum detailing sector-wise damage and funding requirements to the Centre.The Centre assesses the damage and decides whether to grant additional funds from NDRF.NDRF funds are for immediate relief, not compensation for property or crop loss. They cover emergency response, relief, and rehabilitation efforts. Decision Authority: The National Executive Committee (NEC) of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) takes decisions regarding the utilization of funds from the NDRF. Sources of Financing: NDRF is financed through a cess (levy) on specific items subject to excise and customs duty.The cess amount is approved annually through the Finance Bill.If NDRF resources are insufficient, additional funds are allocated from the general budgetary resources. Significance: NDRF plays a critical role in enabling prompt and effective response to disasters, ensuring that states have access to financial resources beyond their SDRF capacities.It exemplifies the cooperative federalism approach where the Central Government supports states during times of severe crises. Severe Calamity: A severe calamity is a catastrophic event or disaster of significant magnitude and intensity.It results in widespread damage, loss of life, and disruption of normal life.When a calamity is declared to be of severe nature, it triggers a specific procedure for disaster relief and financial assistance. Procedure for Disaster Relief in India: Memorandum Submission: The state government submits a memorandum detailing the extent of damage caused by the disaster and its financial requirements for relief operations. On-Spot Assessment: An inter-ministerial central team conducts an on-the-spot assessment of the damage and financial requirements for relief efforts. Assessment Review: Committees review the assessment reports, and a High-Level Committee must approve the amount of immediate relief to be released from the National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF). Support and Monitoring: The Disaster Management Division of the Ministry of Home Affairs provides support and monitors the utilization of funds. State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF): SDRF is the primary fund available with State Governments for responses to notified disasters. National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF): If the resources in the SDRF are insufficient, additional assistance may be considered from the NDRF, which is fully funded by the Central Government. Budgetary Allocations: Funds for the NDRF and SDRFs are allocated by the government as part of budgetary allocations. Relief Measures: Relief measures may include providing relief in the repayment of loans or offering fresh loans to affected individuals on concessional terms. Finance Commission Recommendations: Funds for immediate relief are recommended by the Finance Commission, which adopts a methodology for state-wise allocations based on factors like past expenditure, risk exposure (area and population), and hazard and vulnerability of states. Central Contributions: Central contributions for disaster relief are released in two equal installments, contingent upon the submission of utilization certificates and reports on activities undertaken by state governments. -Source: The Hindu Konark Sun Temple Context: The 18th G20 Summit was held in New Delhi, for the first time on 9th -10th September 2023, under the theme ‘One Earth, One Family, One Future’. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: DetailsKey Facts About Konark Sun Temple Details: The summit took place at the Bharat Mandapam Convention Centre in Pragati Maidan, New Delhi. As a tribute to India’s rich cultural diversity and heritage, the summit venue featured a prominent mural depicting the historic Konark Wheel from Odisha’s Sun Temple, serving as the backdrop to welcome world leaders. Key Facts About Konark Sun Temple: Location and Attribution: The Konark Sun Temple is a 13th-century CE Sun temple located in Konark, along the coastline in the Puri district of Odisha, India.It is attributed to King Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga dynasty and was built around 1250 CE.The temple is dedicated to the Hindu Sun God Surya. Architectural Marvel: The temple complex is renowned for its distinctive appearance, resembling a 100-foot-high chariot with massive stone wheels and horses.This architectural masterpiece is carved entirely from stone.It is considered the pinnacle of Kalinga temple architecture. UNESCO World Heritage Site: The Konark Sun Temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognized for its cultural and historical significance.It is also a major pilgrimage site for Hindus and is featured on the reverse side of the Indian currency note of 10 rupees. Colorful Nickname: European sailors referred to the temple as the “Black Pagoda” as early as 1676 due to its resemblance to a tiered tower that appeared black. In contrast, the Jagannath Temple in Puri was called the “White Pagoda.” Key Features: The temple symbolizes the chariot of the Sun God, drawn by seven horses and with twelve pairs of wheels, representing the Sun’s movement across the heavens.Each wheel has 24 spokes, signifying the 24 hours in a day. These wheels also functioned as sundials, with shadows indicating the time of day.The temple complex consists of well-organized spatial units, including the vimana (principal sanctuary), jahamogana (audience hall), and natmandir (dance hall).The vimana once had a high tower with a shikhara (crowning cap), known as Rekha deul, which was destroyed in the 19th century. Architectural Significance: The Konark Sun Temple stands as a testament to the architectural and artistic brilliance of the Kalinga dynasty. It combines religious symbolism with astronomical and timekeeping elements, making it a remarkable historical and cultural treasure. -Source: Indian Express Dinkinesh Asteroid Context: Recently, NASA’s Lucy spacecraft has captured its first images of the main belt asteroid Dinkinesh, marking the beginning of a 12-year voyage. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: About the Dinkinesh AsteroidAbout the Lucy Mission About the Dinkinesh Asteroid: Discovered in 1999 by the LINEAR survey.Dinkinesh is characterized as a slow rotator with a moderately large light-curve amplitude.It belongs to the S-type asteroid category, primarily composed of silicates with some metal.Dinkinesh is the first fly-by target of NASA’s Lucy mission, scheduled for November 1, 2023, during the spacecraft’s journey to the Trojan Clouds.Observations of Dinkinesh were made using Lucy’s high-resolution camera, the Lucy Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (L’LORRI instrument). About the Lucy Mission: NASA launched the Lucy mission from the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida in 2021.It is a 12-year mission aimed at closely observing nine of Jupiter’s Trojans and two main belt asteroids.Lucy is the first spacecraft sent to study the Trojan asteroids, which share the same orbit around the Sun as Jupiter.The mission has recently captured images of asteroids Eurybates, Polymele, Leucus, and others as it continues its exploration of these celestial bodies. -Source: India Today West Coast Refinery Project Context: India and Saudi Arabia recently agreed to speed up the implementation of the $50 billion West Coast refinery project. Relevance: GS II: International Relations About the West Coast Refinery Project (Ratnagiri Refinery and Petrochemicals Ltd. – RRPCL): Project Inception: The West Coast refinery project, also known as RRPCL, was initially conceptualized in 2014 as a significant endeavor in India’s oil and gas sector.Size and Capacity: This project was envisioned as India’s largest greenfield refinery with an impressive capacity of 60 million tonnes per annum. It is anticipated to become the world’s largest integrated refinery and petrochemical facility upon completion.Location: As the name suggests, the project is planned to be situated on India’s western coast, specifically in Ratnagiri, Maharashtra.Production: When fully operational, the refinery is expected to produce approximately 1.2 million barrels of oil per day. Additionally, it will generate various petroleum products through attached petrochemical plants.Joint Venture: Three leading government-owned public sector undertakings in India’s oil and gas sector joined forces in a joint venture partnership known as RRPCL. This partnership was formed in 2017.RRPCL Composition: RRPCL is a joint venture with a 50:25:25 ownership structure, with India’s three national oil companies participating – Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL), Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL), and Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL).Involvement of International Entities: In 2019, Saudi Aramco and the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) became involved in the project. They collectively acquired a 50 percent stake, estimated to be worth around Rs 3 lakh crore, primarily in setup costs. This international partnership enhances the project’s global significance and investment scale. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 13 September 2023

CONTENTS Acharya Vinoba BhavePadma Awards Acharya Vinoba Bhave Context: Recently, the Prime Minister of India paid tributes to Acharya Vinoba Bhave on his Jayanti, 11th September. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Acharya Vinoba BhaveRole in Freedom StruggleRole in Social Work Acharya Vinoba Bhave Original name: Vinayak Narahari BhaveBirth: September 11, 1895, in a Chitpavan Brahmin family at Gagoda village of the Konkan area of Maharashtra.Along with reading the texts, he studied Sanskrit and a number of regional languages.The “Kannada” script was referred to as the “Queen of World Scripts” or “Vishwa Lipigala Raani” by Vinoba Bhave.He is considered as India’s National Teacher.Bhave committed his life to religious work and the fight for liberation, keeping his vow of celibacy throughout.Died in 1982, Wardha, Maharashtra. Role in Freedom Struggle: In 1918, Bhave burned his books rather than showing up for an exam in Bombay.After reading an article by Mahatma Gandhi, something transpired.He was a devoted supporter of Gandhi.Gandhi in India chose Bhave to be the “First Individual Satyagrahi” against the British Raj in 1940.Bhave was crucial to the movement to Quit India. Role in Social Work Bhoodan Movement 1951:  At Pochampally in Telangana, Vinoba Bhave launched the Bhoodan Movement, a land donation movement.He obtained given land from Indian landowners and distributed it to the underprivileged and landless so they might cultivate it. Gramdan: Then after 1954, he started to ask for donations of whole villages in a programme he called Gramdan. He got more than 1000 villages by way of donation. Out of these, he obtained 175 donated villages in Tamil Nadu alone.  Brahma Vidya Mandir:  It is a tiny community for women that was established as part of Bhave’s ashrams in order for them to become independent and non-violent in a community.This group farms to provide for themselves, but they follow Gandhi’s principles for food production, which include social justice and sustainability. Sarvodaya Movement: Vinoba observed the life of the average Indian living in a village and tried to find solutions for the problems he faced with a firm spiritual foundation. This formed the core of his Sarvodaya movement.Sarvodaya is Gandhi’s most important social political movement. Like Satyagraha, it too is a combination of two terms, Sarva ­ meaning one and all, and Uday ­ meaning welfare or uplift. The conjunction thus implies Universal uplift or welfare of all as the meaning of Sarvodaya.Although Sarvodaya was a social ideology in its fundamental form, India’s immediate post ­independence requirement demanded that it be transformed into an urgent political doctrine.  Some of his works:- The essence of QuranThe essence of Christian teachingsThoughts on educationSwarajya SastraGeeta Pravachane,Teesri Shakti or The Third Power Padma Awards Context: Online nominations/recommendations for the Padma Awards 2024 to be announced on the occasion of Republic Day, 2024 have opened on 1st May 2023. The last date for nominations for Padma Awards is 15th September, 2023. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: The Padma AwardsAbout Bharat Ratna The Padma Awards The Padma Awards are announced annually on the eve of Republic Day (26th January).There are 3 Padma Awards:Padma Vibhushan (for exceptional and distinguished service),Padma Bhushan (distinguished service of higher-order) andPadma Shri (distinguished service).The Awards are given in various disciplines/ fields of activities, viz.- art, social work, public affairs, science and engineering, trade and industry, medicine, literature and education, sports, civil service, etc.The Awards are conferred on the recommendations made by the Padma Awards Committee, which is constituted by the Prime Minister every year.The total number of awards to be given in a year (excluding posthumous awards and to NRI/foreigners/OCIs) should not be more than 120. Is it a title? The award does not amount to a title and cannot be used as a suffix or prefix to the awardees’ name.Article 18 clause 1- Abolishes titles and makes four provisions in that regard: It prohibits the state from conferring any title (except a military or academic distinction) on anybody, whether a citizen or a foreigner. About Bharat Ratna Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of the country.Bharat Ratna is awarded in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order in any field of human endeavour.Recommendations for Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister to the President of India.Only 3 Bharat Ratna Awards can be given in a year. Therefore: Bharat Ratna- 1st degree of honourPadma Vibhushan- 2nd degree of honourPadma Bhushan- 3rd degree of honourPadma Shri- 4th degree of honour

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 13 September 2023

CONTENTS Nataraja SculptureNipah virusMegalithic dolmen siteDemand for Reservations: Maratha CommunityVidya Samiksha KendrasPoila Baisakh: West Bengal Foundation DayGene-drive technology Nataraja Sculpture Context: Recently, The G20 Leaders’ Summit at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi, featured a stunning 27-foot Nataraja sculpture, the world’s tallest representation of Lord Shiva in his dancing form. Relevance GS I: Indian Art Forms Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the Nataraja Statue in Bharat MandapamThe Lost Wax MethodHistory and Religious Symbolism of Lord Shiva’s Dancing Form (Nataraja) Key Highlights of the Nataraja Statue in Bharat Mandapam: Material and Weight: The Nataraja statue at Bharat Mandapam is a remarkable creation made from an ashtadhatu, which is an eight-metal alloy. It boasts a substantial weight of 18 tonnes.Renowned Sculptor: The statue is the work of the renowned sculptor Radhakrishnan Sthapaty, hailing from Swami Malai in Tamil Nadu. His expertise and craftsmanship are evident in the statue’s intricate details.Inspired Design: The design of this Nataraja statue draws inspiration from three revered Nataraja idols. These idols are located at the Thillai Nataraja Temple in Chidambaram, the Uma Maheswarar Temple in Konerirajapuram, and the Brihadeeswara (Big) Temple in Thanjavur, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This amalgamation of inspirations adds profound historical and religious symbolism to Lord Shiva’s dancing form.Lost Wax Method: The Nataraja sculpture at Bharat Mandapam is created using the lost wax method, which is a traditional and intricate technique for crafting metal sculptures. The Lost Wax Method: The lost wax method, also known as investment casting or cire perdue (French for “lost wax”), is a traditional and ancient technique for creating intricate metal sculptures and castings. Here’s an overview of the process: Wax Model Creation: Sculptors begin by creating a detailed and finely crafted wax model of the desired sculpture. This wax model is an exact replica of the final metal sculpture, capturing all the intricate details and nuances.Mold Encasement: The wax model is then coated with layers of a special mixture, traditionally made of alluvial soil or clay. This outer mold encases the wax model entirely.Wax Removal: The mold is heated, causing the wax within to melt and flow out of the mold. This step leaves behind a cavity or negative space that exactly matches the shape of the original wax model. Hence, the term “lost wax” refers to the wax being lost during this process.Metal Casting: The mold, now with the hollow space, is ready for casting. Molten metal, often a bronze alloy in the case of sculptures like the Nataraja, is poured into the mold. The metal fills the void left by the melted wax.Cooling and Solidification: The poured metal cools and solidifies within the mold, taking the shape of the original wax model. The metal may be further worked and polished once it has cooled.Mold Breakage: The outer mold (usually made of clay or soil) is carefully broken away, revealing the metal sculpture inside. This step requires precision to avoid damaging the finished artwork.Finishing and Detailing: The final sculpture is then meticulously finished, detailed, and polished by skilled artisans to achieve the desired appearance. History and Religious Symbolism of Lord Shiva’s Dancing Form (Nataraja): Ancient Roots of Shiva: Shiva, a principal deity in Hinduism, has ancient origins dating back to the Vedic period.In early Vedic scriptures, Shiva’s precursor is Rudra, a deity associated with natural elements such as storms, thunder, and the wild forces of nature.Rudra was initially portrayed as a fierce and formidable deity embodying the destructive aspects of the natural world. Evolution of Shiva as Nataraja: The concept of Shiva as a dancer, known as Nataraja, began to take shape around the 5th century AD.Early depictions of Shiva’s dance laid the foundation for the multifaceted symbolism associated with the Nataraja form. Chola Dynasty Influence: During the reign of the Chola dynasty (9th-11th centuries AD), Shiva’s Nataraja form underwent significant development.The Cholas, known for their patronage of art and culture, played a pivotal role in shaping the cultural significance of Nataraja.They were devout Shaivites, emphasizing the worship of Lord Shiva, and constructed grand Shiva temples throughout their territories, with a particular focus on Shaiva figures in their sculptures. Evolution of Nataraja Iconography: Under the Cholas, Nataraja’s symbolism grew more complex. Lord Shiva, a complex deity embodying both destructive and ascetic qualities, became celebrated for his invention of 108 diverse dances, symbolizing both creation and destruction.His dance was viewed as a cosmic dance on the world stage. Iconic Elements of Nataraja: In iconic representations, Nataraja is depicted within a flaming aureole or halo, symbolizing the circle of the world.His long, flowing dreadlocks signify the energy and dynamism of his dance.Nataraja is typically shown with four arms, each holding symbolic objects conveying deeper meanings. Symbolism in Nataraja’s Attributes: Nataraja’s attributes hold symbolic significance. His damru (hand drum) draws all creatures into his rhythmic motion, while Agni (fire) in his upper left arm symbolizes his power to destroy the universe.Beneath his foot lies a crushed dwarf-like figure, representing illusion and worldly distractions.The fusion of male and female, represented by one earring in each ear, is referred to as Ardhanarishwar.A snake coiled around his arm symbolizes the dormant kundalini power in the human spine. Nataraja as Protector and Reassurer: Despite formidable symbolism, Nataraja serves as a protector. His “abhayamudra” (fear-allaying gesture) and inviting posture reassure devotees, offering protection from fear and doubt. Nataraja’s Smile: A distinctive feature of Nataraja’s iconography is his almost ever-present broad smile, representing both “death and life, both joy and pain.”This smile embodies the dualities of existence. -Source: Indian Express Nipah Virus Context: Two people have died and four others are under treatment after contracting Nipah virus in Kerala’s Kozhikode district. While the Nipah virus does not spread as quickly as the Covid-19 virus, it is more deadly. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Nipah virusSigns, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Nipah Virus InfectionNipah Virus Spread and Past Outbreaks Nipah Virus Nipah virus is classified as a zoonotic disease, indicating that it is transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or via the consumption of contaminated food. Origin and Early Outbreak The virus was first identified during an outbreak in Malaysia and Singapore, with its primary impact observed in pigs and individuals closely associated with them.The name “Nipah” is derived from the Malaysian village of Sungai Nipah, where this outbreak initially occurred. Since 1999, no new outbreaks have been reported in Malaysia. Family and Natural Hosts Nipah virus belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family and shares a close relationship with the Hendra virus.The Paramyxoviridae family comprises a group of single-stranded RNA viruses responsible for causing infections in vertebrates.Fruit bats are the natural hosts for the Nipah virus, interestingly, these bats do not exhibit apparent signs of the disease themselves. Transmission to Humans The primary mode of transmission to humans occurs through contact with infected animals, especially fruit bats, commonly known as flying foxes.Fruit bats are recognized as the principal carriers of the virus and can transmit it to other animals like pigs, dogs, cats, goats, horses, and sheep.The transmission from animals to humans is primarily facilitated through the consumption of contaminated food.Importantly, human-to-human transmission is also possible, primarily through close contact with the bodily fluids of individuals who are already infected. Signs, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Nipah Virus Infection Signs and Symptoms: Human infections caused by the Nipah virus can manifest across a wide spectrum, ranging from asymptomatic cases to more severe conditions, including acute respiratory infections and fatal encephalitis.Initial symptoms typically include fever, headaches, myalgia (muscle pain), vomiting, and a sore throat.The incubation period, which is the time from infection to the onset of symptoms, is estimated to span 4 to 14 days. Diagnosis: Early signs and symptoms of Nipah virus infection are often nonspecific, and healthcare professionals may not initially suspect this disease.The diagnosis of Nipah virus infection can be established by considering clinical history during both the acute and convalescent phases of the illness.Diagnostic tests employed include the use of real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on bodily fluids and the detection of antibodies through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Treatment: As of now, there are no specific drugs or vaccines designed to target Nipah virus infection, although it has been recognized as a priority disease by the WHO Research and Development Blueprint.Management of Nipah virus infection primarily relies on intensive supportive care, particularly for individuals experiencing severe respiratory and neurologic complications. Nipah Virus Spread and Past Outbreaks Spread Rate: The Nipah virus is known for spreading at a slower pace compared to highly contagious viruses like SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). However, its potential to cause fatalities is a major concern.The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the global case fatality rate of Nipah virus infection ranges from 40% to 75%.It’s worth noting that, to date, all outbreaks of the Nipah virus have been localized and contained relatively quickly.One key reason for the relatively swift containment of Nipah virus outbreaks is that it is not highly infectious, and human-to-human transmission is not easily facilitated.Furthermore, the virus’s high mortality rates contribute to lower transmission because it often leads to severe illness and death before extensive transmission can occur. Past Outbreaks: Nipah virus outbreaks have been documented in various locations over the years. Notable instances include: Malaysia and Singapore: The virus was first identified during an outbreak in Malaysia and Singapore. The outbreak was primarily associated with pigs and individuals working closely with them.Bangladesh (2001): Nipah virus was recognized in Bangladesh in 2001, and it has led to nearly annual outbreaks in the country since then.Eastern India: Periodic cases of the disease have also been identified in eastern India.Other Countries: Evidence of the virus has been found in the known natural reservoir, fruit bats, as well as several other bat species in multiple countries, including Cambodia, Ghana, Indonesia, Madagascar, the Philippines, and Thailand. -Source: Indian Express Megalithic Dolmen Site Context: Unique terracotta figurines in different states of preservation have been found in recent archaeological explorations conducted in the megalithic dolmen site at Mudu Konaje, near Moodbidri, in Dakshina Kannada. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Megalithic Dolmen SiteKey Findings at the Mudu Konaje Megalithic Dolmen SiteSignificance of Findings Megalithic Dolmen Site: The Megalithic culture in India is known for its distinctive burial practices and the use of iron.Dolmen is one of the significant burial structures associated with the Megalithic culture. It exhibits certain key features:Orthostats: Massive stone slabs were erected in a clockwise order to create the walls of a square room or chamber.Capstone: This square chamber was enclosed or covered by another large stone slab known as the capstone, forming a roof or ceiling for the structure.Entrance: Typically, an entrance was incorporated into the structure, often on the eastern slab, in the form of a round or U-shaped opening known as a port hole.In South India, dolmens are known by various names, including Kalmane, Pandavara Mane, Moriyara Mane, and Moriyara Betta, reflecting their popularity among the local communities. Key Findings at the Mudu Konaje Megalithic Dolmen Site: The figurines discovered at the Mudu Konaje site are datable to around 800-700 BC, shedding light on the ancient period to which this site belongs.The Mudu Konaje site is notable for being the largest megalithic dolmen site in the region, featuring nine dolmens situated on the slope of a stone hill.Among the eight figurines unearthed at the site, there are various representations, including two cow bovines, one mother goddess, two peacocks, a horse, the hand of a mother goddess, and an unknown object.The first cow bovine figurine is a solid handmade representation, standing at about 9 cm in height and 5 cm in width. It features a bull’s head, and its femininity is evident through the depiction of two breasts attached using the applique method. There is also a groove running from below the right arm to the left side of the neck. The figurine displays two arms, with the hands being broken. It has a flattened, wide belly and a round section below the belly. Indications of two legs are clear, and there is an elongated round bun at the back of the head, possibly serving as headgear.The second cow bovine figurine is another solid handmade piece, measuring approximately 7.5 cm in height and 4 cm in width. It features a bovine snout and a distinctive headgear. Applique ornamentation is present around the neck and below the belly. Instead of legs, there is a prop at the bottom to support the image.One of the two peacock figurines is a solid representation, standing at about 11 cm in height and 7 cm in width. It is colored with red ochre, and its feathers are depicted as facing downward.The second peacock figurine consists of an elongated head created separately, which can be inserted into a shallow body. Unfortunately, the body is missing, and the feathers are designed to point upwards.The torso of a mother goddess was found but is lacking a head, hands, and legs. Significance of Findings: The cow bovine figurines discovered at the site are of particular significance as they aid in determining the chronology of the dolmens and provide insights into the cultural context of the region.The terracottas found in the megalithic burial site offer valuable information for the study of the Bhoota cult or Daiva Aradhane (worship of spirits) in coastal Karnataka.The presence of cow bovine or cow goddess figurines in the dolmens is noteworthy, and these findings exhibit parallels with megalithic terracotta figurines found in Malampuzha, Kerala, and Egypt. -Source: The Hindu Demand for Reservations: Maratha Community Context: Recently, in Maharashtra, the demand for reservations in educational institutions and government jobs by the Maratha community has once again taken center stage. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: History and Status of the Maratha Reservation DemandChronology of Maratha Reservation Demand102nd Amendment Act of 2018 History and Status of the Maratha Reservation Demand: The demand for reservation by the Maratha community in the Indian state of Maharashtra has a history dating back several years. Here’s an overview of the history and status of the Maratha reservation demand: Background of the Maratha Community: The Marathas are a socially and politically influential group in Maharashtra, constituting approximately 33% of the state’s population. Historically, they were known as a warrior caste with significant land holdings and political influence.Social and Economic Backwardness: Over time, various factors such as land fragmentation, agrarian distress, unemployment, and limited access to education and employment opportunities have led to the social and economic backwardness of many Marathas. While they continue to play a crucial role in the rural economy, a significant section of the community has faced challenges in various aspects of life.Demand for Reservation: In response to these challenges, the Maratha community has been demanding reservation in government jobs and educational institutions. They seek inclusion in the category of Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC) to avail the benefits of affirmative action policies.Political Mobilization: The demand for Maratha reservation gained momentum through large-scale protests and demonstrations organized by various Maratha organizations and associations. These protests highlighted issues related to unemployment, underrepresentation, and socio-economic disparities within the community. Chronology of Maratha Reservation Demand: 2017: A commission chaired by Retired Justice N G Gaikwad recommended Maratha reservation under SEBC.2018: Maharashtra Assembly passed a bill proposing 16% reservation for Marathas.2018: Bombay High Court upheld the reservation but suggested reducing it to 12% in education and 13% in jobs.2020: Supreme Court stayed its implementation and referred the case to the Chief Justice of India for a larger bench. 2021: Supreme Court struck down Maratha reservation in 2021, citing the 50% cap on total reservations set in 1992.The Maratha reservation, at 12% and 13% (education and jobs), increased the overall reservation ceiling to 64% and 65%, respectively.SC emphasized that the 50% rule could be relaxed only in exceptional and extraordinary situations.The court found no such circumstances in Maharashtra to breach the limit.The state had no authority to grant socially and economically backward status to a community; only the president can adjust the central list of backward classes.The Supreme Court upheld the constitutional validity of the 102nd Constitution Amendment but differed on its impact on state power to identify SEBCs. 2022: In November 2022, after the SC upheld the 10% quota for Economically Weaker Sections, the state government allowed economically weaker Maratha members to benefit from the EWS quota pending the resolution of the Maratha reservation issue. 102nd Amendment Act of 2018: Introduction of New Articles: The 102nd Amendment Act of 2018 introduced two new articles into the Constitution of India: Article 338B and Article 342A. Article 338B: Article 338B deals with the establishment of the National Commission for Backward Classes. This commission is responsible for addressing the concerns and rights of socially and educationally backward classes in the country. Article 342A: Article 342A empowers the President of India to specify the socially and educationally backward communities within a State.It underscores that the inclusion of a community in the Central List for socially and backward classes and the subsequent grant of reservation benefits are matters within the purview of the Parliament. -Source: The Hindu Vidya Samiksha Kendras Context: Under the National Digital Education Architecture (NDEAR), the Ministry of Education is pushing the establishment of Vidya Samiksha Kendras (VSKs) across states. Relevance: GS II: Education, Human Resource Dimensions of the Article: Vidya Samiksha Kendras (VSKs): Leveraging Data and Technology for Education EnhancementNational Digital Education Architecture (NDEAR): Empowering Education Through Digital Innovation Vidya Samiksha Kendras (VSKs): Leveraging Data and Technology for Education Enhancement Aim: VSKs are designed to harness data and technology to significantly improve learning outcomes in the education system.Scope: These centers will encompass data from over 15 lakh schools, 96 lakh teachers, and 26 crore students. They will employ big data analysis, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and machine learning to meaningfully analyze this vast dataset to enhance education monitoring and ultimately elevate learning outcomes. Objectives: Real-time Monitoring: VSKs will monitor the real-time status of various projects and activities under the Samagra Shiksha initiative.Student Tracking: They will keep tabs on enrolled students, including tracking learning outcomes and addressing issues such as dropouts and support required by teachers and schools.Field-Level Monitoring: VSKs will track academic and non-academic activities at the state level, empowering administrators and teachers to make data-driven decisions.Grievance Redressal: These centers will establish centralized help desks for addressing grievances from stakeholders within the school ecosystem.Identifying Improvement Areas: VSKs will identify and analyze areas requiring improvement, facilitating data-based decision-making and urgent implementation. Significance: Effective data collection, monitoring, correlation, and analysis through VSKs will enable timely actions and the successful execution of education schemes.By integrating various datasets and breaking down silos, these centers will harness the collective efforts of different entities towards a common educational goal. National Digital Education Architecture (NDEAR): Empowering Education Through Digital Innovation Objective: NDEAR is a comprehensive initiative that is federated, unbundled, interoperable, inclusive, accessible, and evolving. Its primary aim is to create and deliver a wide range of diverse, relevant, contextual, and innovative solutions to benefit students, teachers, parents, communities, and administrators. It seeks to ensure the timely implementation of educational policy goals.Ministry Collaboration: NDEAR operates under the guidance of the Ministry of Education in collaboration with the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).Vision: The overarching vision of NDEAR is to establish a globally pioneering effort in education by creating a unifying national digital infrastructure that will invigorate and catalyze the field of education. Key Outcomes: Enhanced Student Learning: Students gain access to on-demand learning materials, including videos, graphics, animations, virtual labs, and various assessment tools. They also benefit from personalized adaptive learning (PAL), and the system tracks their transition to higher education and skill development.Empowered Teachers: Teachers gain access to online support for lesson planning, the use of teaching-learning materials (TLM), pedagogical transactions, online reference materials, and competency-based evaluation tools. Additionally, they have access to online modules designed to enhance their professional standards. -Source: The Hindu Poila Baisakh: West Bengal Foundation Day Context: The West Bengal Legislative Assembly recently made a significant decision by declaring ‘Poila Baisakh,’ the first day of the Bengali calendar, as ‘Bangla Dibas’ or West Bengal Foundation Day. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Controversy Over West Bengal’s Foundation DayPoila Baisakh: Celebrating Bengali New YearSignificance of June 20th in Bengal: Partition Decision Controversy Over West Bengal’s Foundation Day Background: In 2023, a significant dispute arose surrounding West Bengal’s Foundation Day. The controversy centered on the official declaration by Raj Bhavan (the Governor’s residence) that June 20 would be recognized as the State Foundation Day. However, this decision faced strong opposition and criticism from the Chief Minister of West Bengal. The Chief Minister argued vehemently that June 20th, which carries historical associations with the partition, lacks relevance to the state’s actual establishment.This stance reflects the sentiment that the state’s foundation should be commemorated on a different date, one that aligns more closely with its unique history and identity. Rabindranath Tagore’s ‘Banglar Mati Banglar Jol’ as the Official Song: Assembly’s Approval In addition to the Foundation Day dispute, another significant decision was made by the West Bengal Assembly.It approved the proposal to designate Rabindranath Tagore’s composition ‘Banglar Mati Banglar Jol’ as the official song of West Bengal.This choice reflects the profound cultural and literary heritage of the state, with Tagore’s work being a symbol of Bengal’s rich artistic tradition. Poila Baisakh: Celebrating Bengali New Year Poila Baisakh is a significant festival observed by Bengali communities in regions like West Bengal, Tripura, Jharkhand, Assam, and Bangladesh.This festival marks the commencement of the Bengali New Year and typically falls in mid-April.In 2023, Poila Baisakh was celebrated on April 15th, symbolizing new beginnings and cultural richness. Significance of June 20th in Bengal: Partition Decision On June 20th, 1947, the Bengal Legislative Assembly convened to make a momentous decision regarding the future of Bengal.They faced three choices: maintaining Bengal’s unity within India, dividing it into East Bengal and West Bengal based on religion (for Bengali Muslims and Hindus respectively), or splitting it between India and Pakistan.Following multiple rounds of voting, the decision emerged to bifurcate Bengal into West Bengal and East Pakistan (later becoming Bangladesh).The Radcliffe Line was later drawn to demarcate the boundary between these newly formed regions.June 20th is historically significant in Bengal, representing a pivotal moment that shaped the political and geographical landscape during India’s independence and partition era. -Source: The Hindu Gene-Drive Technology Context: Gene-drive technology has been used in outdoor but controlled conditions in India, Brazil, and Panama to genetically manipulate mosquitoes. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: About Gene-Drive TechnologyRecent Developments About Gene-Drive Technology: Gene-drive technology is a form of genetic engineering that is designed to modify genes within populations.This technology was conceived by Austin Burt, a professor at Imperial College London, and has since been explored for various applications.One potential application of gene-drive technology is as an effective means to combat nuisance species, such as malaria-causing mosquitoes.In gene-drive technology, selective inheritance of genes is achieved, departing from the traditional rules of Mendelian genetics.The process involves a protein that cleaves the mosquito’s DNA at a specific location that doesn’t encode a particular sequence in the genome. This action initiates a natural repair mechanism within the cell containing the DNA, which results in the incorporation of a drive sequence into the damaged portion of the DNA. Recent Developments: Researchers at Imperial College London have made advancements in gene-drive technology by genetically enhancing a gene expressed in the midgut of mosquitoes. This gene is engineered to secrete two antimicrobial substances known as magainin 2 and melittin.These antimicrobial substances are detrimental to the Plasmodium parasite’s development within the mosquito’s midgut and reduce the lifespan of female mosquitoes.Computational modeling studies have suggested that this approach could significantly disrupt malaria transmission, offering a promising strategy in the fight against this disease. -Source: The Hindu

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 12 September 2023

CONTENTS India-Saudi Arabia Strategic Partnership Council MeetingGlobal Shifts in Online News ConsumptionUnprecedented August 2023 Rainfall Deficit Challenges India’s Water ResourcesE-waste ManagementGlobal Biofuels AllianceSalem sagoPhanigiri artefacts India-Saudi Arabia Strategic Partnership Council Meeting Context: Saudi Arabia’s Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud and PM Modi co-chaired the first summit-level meeting of the India-Saudi Arabia Strategic Partnership Council (SPC). The Saudi Crown Prince is on a daylong State Visit to India post the G20 Summit. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: India-Saudi Arabia Strategic Partnership Council (SPC)Key Outcomes of Recent MeetingIndia-Saudi Arabia Bilateral Relations India-Saudi Arabia Strategic Partnership Council (SPC): The agreement to establish the India-Saudi Arabia Strategic Partnership Council (SPC) was signed during Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Saudi Arabia in October 2019.The SPC was created to provide a high-level framework for steering and enhancing the bilateral relationship between the two countries. Pillars of SPC: The SPC consists of two primary pillars: Committee on Political, Security, Social, and Cultural Cooperation: This committee focuses on various aspects of political, security, social, and cultural cooperation between India and Saudi Arabia.Committee on Economy and Investments: This committee is dedicated to economic and investment-related matters. Functional Levels: Both sub-committees, Political, Security, Social, and Cultural Cooperation, and Economy and Investments, operate at four functional levels of engagement: Summit Level: Involves discussions and decisions at the highest level, typically between the Prime Minister of India and the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia.Ministerial-Level: Includes discussions and coordination among relevant ministers from both countries.Senior Officials’ Meetings: Involves senior officials from both sides convening to discuss and plan cooperation.Joint Working Groups (JWGs): Specialized working groups that focus on specific areas of cooperation and facilitate practical collaboration. Key Outcomes of Recent Meeting: West Coast Refinery Project: India and Saudi Arabia decided to expedite the implementation of the $50-billion West Coast refinery project. This project involves the construction of a 60 million tonnes refinery-cum-petrochemical complex on the Maharashtra coast.Areas for Intensified Cooperation: Energy, defense, semiconductor, and space were identified as areas for intensified cooperation. Additionally, cooperation in security, education, technology, transportation, healthcare, tourism, and culture were highlighted.Comprehensive Energy Partnership: Both sides agreed to diversify their existing hydrocarbons relationship into a comprehensive energy partnership.Pacts Signed: During the meeting, the two countries signed eight pacts to boost cooperation in various areas, including digitization and investment. Indian Community in Saudi Arabia: Size and Significance: The Indian community in Saudi Arabia is approximately 2.2 million strong, making it the largest expatriate community in the Kingdom. Economic Contribution: Indians make up around 7% of the population of Saudi Arabia, and they play a significant role in the country’s economic growth and development. Integration of Migration Systems: During Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Riyadh in October 2019, it was announced that India’s e-Migrate system would be integrated with Saudi Arabia’s e-Thawtheeq system.This integration aims to streamline the migration process for workers, enhancing the efficiency of labor mobility between the two countries. Hajj Pilgrimage: The annual Hajj pilgrimage is another important component of Indo-Saudi bilateral relations. Saudi Arabia hosts millions of pilgrims from around the world, including India, during this religious event.During the visit of the Saudi Crown Prince to New Delhi in February 2019, it was announced that India’s Hajj quota would be increased by 24,975 in 2019. This increase allowed 200,000 Indians to perform Hajj in August 2019, strengthening the cultural and religious ties between the two nations. India-Saudi Arabia Bilateral Relations: Historical Ties: India and Saudi Arabia share a history of cordial and friendly relations, rooted in centuries-old economic and socio-cultural connections. Diplomatic Relations: Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established in 1947, and since then, there have been numerous high-level visits that have strengthened the bilateral ties. Recent Key Visits: 2010 – Riyadh Declaration: During the visit of then-Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to Saudi Arabia in 2010, the ‘Riyadh Declaration’ was signed. This declaration elevated the bilateral relationship to a ‘Strategic Partnership,’ signifying its growing importance.2016 – Highest Civilian Honor: In 2016, King Salman of Saudi Arabia conferred the Kingdom’s highest civilian honor on Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his visit.2019 – Investment Commitment: During Crown Prince Salman’s visit to India in February 2019, Saudi Arabia announced its decision to invest approximately US$100 billion in India, signifying a significant economic partnership.2019 – Strategic Partnership Council Agreement: During Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Riyadh in 2019, the Strategic Partnership Council (SPC) Agreement was signed, further solidifying the strategic and multifaceted relationship between the two nations. Economic Cooperation between India and Saudi Arabia: Trade:In the fiscal year 2022-23, the bilateral trade between India and Saudi Arabia reached a record high of $52.75 billion. India’s exports to Saudi Arabia increased to $10.7 billion, up from $8.8 billion in 2021-22. Saudi Arabia is India’s second-largest trading partner, while India is Saudi Arabia’s fourth-largest trading partner.Investment:Indian investments in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia have amounted to approximately USD 2 billion. Saudi Arabia is the 18th largest investor in India, with investments totaling $3.14 billion as of March 2022. During the visit of the Saudi Crown Prince to India in February 2019, it was announced that Saudi Arabia would invest $100 billion in India across various sectors.Energy Partnership:Energy cooperation is a cornerstone of the bilateral relations between India and Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia plays a crucial role in ensuring India’s energy security. Saudi Arabia remained India’s third-largest source for crude oil and petroleum product imports in the fiscal year 2022-23. India imported 39.5 million metric tons (MMT) of crude oil from Saudi Arabia in FY23, accounting for 16.7% of its total crude imports. Additionally, India’s LPG imports from Saudi Arabia stood at 7.85 MMT, making up 11.2% of its total petroleum product imports in FY23.Defence Partnership:In December 2020, the Chief of Naval Staff of India, General Manoj Mukund Naravane, made a landmark visit to Saudi Arabia. Two editions of the bilateral naval exercise “Al Mohed al Hindi” have been conducted to date. Both countries also have close cooperation in the defense industry and capacity building. These aspects of economic, energy, and defense cooperation underscore the multifaceted and strategic nature of the relationship between India and Saudi Arabia, contributing to mutual growth and development. -Source: The Hindu Global Shifts in Online News Consumption Context: The 2023 Digital News Report by the Reuters Institute reveals notable changes in global online news consumption. The Reuters Institute focuses on studying journalism’s future through research, debate, and engagement on a global scale. Relevance: GS III: Role of Media & Social Networking Sites in Internal Security Challenges Dimensions of the Article: Changing News Consumption Patterns in IndiaChallenges Faced by India Due to Changes in News Consumption PatternsWay Forward for Addressing News Consumption Challenges in India Changing News Consumption Patterns in India: Shift Away from Traditional Websites: Indians increasingly rely on search engines and mobile news aggregators (43%) for online news, moving away from traditional news websites.Preference for Social Media: Only 12% prefer direct sources like newspapers, while 28% opt for social media as their primary news source.Preference for Visual Content: A preference for watching or listening to news content over reading it is observed. Global Contrasts in News Consumption: Scandinavia’s News Engagement: Scandinavian countries maintain direct engagement with established news brands.Social Media Dependence: In Asia, Latin America, and Africa, there is heavy reliance on social media for news.Diverse News Consumption Preferences Across Countries:Reading Dominance: Finland and the UK show a preference for reading news online (80%).Video News Preference: India and Thailand prefer watching news online (40%), while the Philippines leads with 52% favoring video news. Declines in News Engagement in India: Falling Access to Online News: Alarming declines are seen in both reading and sharing news in India, with online news access dropping by 12% between 2022 and 2023.Television Viewership Decrease: Television viewership, especially among younger and urban individuals, has decreased by 10%.Impact of Post-Covid Period: The decline in news engagement can be attributed, in part, to the diminishing influence of the Covid-19 pandemic since the relaxation of lockdown measures in April 2022. Trust in News in India and Globally: Stagnant Trust Levels in India: Trust in news in India remains stagnant at 38% between 2021 and 2023, ranking among the lowest in the Asia-Pacific region.Varying Trust Levels Globally: Countries like Finland (69%) and Portugal (58%) exhibit higher trust levels.Political Polarization and Trust: Countries with higher levels of political polarization, such as the United States (32%), Argentina (30%), Hungary (25%), and Greece (19%), tend to have lower trust levels in news. Challenges Faced by India Due to Changes in News Consumption Patterns: Misinformation and Fake News Spread: Shift away from traditional sources to search engines and social media may facilitate the dissemination of misinformation and fake news, leading to public confusion, false beliefs, and potential social unrest. Impact on Journalism Quality: Reduced preference for traditional news outlets can affect the quality of journalism.Independent and credible journalism may face financial challenges, potentially resulting in a decline in investigative reporting and in-depth analysis. Political Polarization: The prominence of social media as a news source can contribute to political polarization.Exposure to biased information may impact the democratic process by reinforcing echo chambers and ideological divisions. Low Trust in News: India’s persistently low trust in news raises concerns for a healthy democracy.Rebuilding trust in the media is crucial for informed citizenship and a functioning democracy. Generation Gap in News Consumption: Decreasing television viewership among younger individuals highlights a disconnect with traditional news mediums.Engaging and informing the younger generation through reliable news sources is essential for their civic education. Algorithmic Determination of Content: Relying on search engines and social media for news exposes individuals to content determined by algorithms.This may limit exposure to diverse perspectives and important news stories, potentially affecting their understanding of complex issues. Way Forward for Addressing News Consumption Challenges in India: Media Literacy Programs: Promote media literacy programs in schools and communities to empower individuals with the skills to critically evaluate news sources and discern misinformation from credible information. Collaborative Fact-Checking: Encourage partnerships between fact-checking organizations, government agencies, and social media platforms to collectively identify and correct false information disseminated online. Legislation for Fair Compensation: Explore the possibility of enacting legislation similar to Australia’s model, which mandates digital platforms to pay local media outlets for using their content.This can support the struggling news industry, ensure fair compensation for content creators, and incentivize the production of authentic and original news content. -Source: The Hindu Unprecedented August 2023 Rainfall Deficit Challenges India’s Water Resources Context: In August 2023, India, heavily dependent on monsoon rains, faced an exceptional challenge with a severe rainfall deficit. This deficit has led to a significant drop in water levels in the country’s vital reservoirs, sparking concerns about water supply for households, industries, and power generation. Historically, August is a month of substantial reservoir water storage increase, but 2023 witnessed the driest August in over a century. Instead of the anticipated 255 mm of rainfall, India received only about 162 mm, resulting in a substantial 36% rainfall deficiency. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: India’s Reservoir Water Levels – August 2023Consequences of Water Scarcity in India’s ReservoirsCauses for Rainfall Deficit in India India’s Reservoir Water Levels – August 2023: Live Storage: As of August 31, 2023, the Central Water Commission (CWC) reported that the live storage in 150 reservoirs was 113.417 billion cubic meters (BCM), which represented 63% of their total live storage capacity.Comparison to 2022: This storage level was approximately 23% lower than the storage during the same period in 2022.Comparison to 10-Year Average: It was also around 10% lower than the average storage of the last 10 years.Regional Variations: The water levels in these reservoirs varied across different regions and river basins in India.Southern Region: The southern region, which experienced a rainfall deficiency of 60% in August, had the lowest storage level at 49% of its combined capacity.Eastern Region: In contrast, the eastern region, which received normal rainfall, had the highest storage level at 82% of its combined capacity. Basins with Deficient Water Levels: Highly Deficient Basins:Pennar basin in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.Mahanadi basin in Chhattisgarh and Odisha.Deficient Basins:Subarnarekha, Brahmani, and Vaitarni basins in Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Odisha.Kaveri basin in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.Mahi basin in western India.Krishna basin in Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Telangana. Overall Trend: Water storage in the reservoirs across the eastern, western, central, and southern regions (except the northern region) was lower compared to the previous year (2022). Consequences of Water Scarcity in India’s Reservoirs: Impact on Agriculture: Reduced water availability in the reservoirs can adversely affect crop production, especially during the rabi (winter) season.Farmers’ incomes may be at risk due to diminished irrigation water. Energy Generation Challenges: The reservoirs play a crucial role in supplying water for hydropower generation, which accounts for over 12% of India’s total electricity production.Dry conditions in August led to increased power demand, primarily for irrigation, resulting in record-high power generation.To meet the demand, additional electricity production from coal-fired power plants may be required due to the declining water levels in the reservoirs. Ecological Impact: Reservoirs also support biodiversity and provide ecosystem services like flood control, groundwater recharge, fisheries, and recreational activities.Lower water levels can disrupt these functions and lead to ecological damage, impacting both natural habitats and human activities. Year-Round Water Supply Threatened: India relies heavily on annual rainfall, primarily during the southwest monsoon season.The declining water storage in reservoirs threatens year-round water supply for households, posing challenges to daily life and water security. Causes for Rainfall Deficit in India: El Niño: Definition: El Niño is a climatic phenomenon characterized by the rise in sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean, causing disruptions in global weather patterns.Impact on India: El Niño typically leads to reduced rainfall in India during the monsoon season.Current Status: According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), El Niño was present during August 2023 and was expected to persist until September.Future Outlook: While the IMD forecasts that rainfall in September may not be more than 10% deficient, the growing strength of El Niño in the equatorial Pacific Ocean poses a significant risk to India’s water resources. Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD): Definition: The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is a climate pattern marked by differences in sea surface temperatures between two regions in the Indian Ocean – a western pole in the Arabian Sea and an eastern pole in the eastern Indian Ocean south of Indonesia.Impact on Climate: IOD significantly influences the climate in countries surrounding the Indian Ocean Basin and plays a vital role in rainfall variability in the region.Current Status: While the IMD expected the IOD to become favorable for monsoon rainfall, it did not have a substantial impact on the monsoon this year. -Source: The Hindu E-Waste Management Context: The Indian Cellular and Electronics Association (ICEA) has published a report titled ‘Pathways to Circular Economy in the Indian Electronics Sector.’ This report emphasizes the pressing requirement to reconsider e-waste management and identifies potential opportunities for its utilization. According to the report, this shift could create an additional market opportunity worth USD 7 billion. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Major Highlights of the ICEA Report on E-Waste Management in IndiaProposed Strategies for a Circular Economy in E-WasteStatus of E-Waste Management in IndiaStrategies for Reducing and Recycling E-Waste Effectively in India Major Highlights of the ICEA Report on E-Waste Management in India: Current E-Waste Landscape: Predominantly Informal: Approximately 90% of e-waste collection and 70% of recycling in India are managed by an informal sector in a competitive environment.Informal Sector Strengths: The informal sector excels in salvaging spare parts from older electronic devices and performing profitable repairs.Industrial Hubs: Certain industrial hubs like Moradabad specialize in processing printed circuit boards (PCBs) to extract valuable materials like gold and silver. Shift Towards Circular Economy: China’s Example: The report points to China, aiming to incorporate 35% of secondary raw materials into new product manufacturing by 2030, as a model for embracing a circular economy approach. Proposed Strategies for a Circular Economy in E-Waste: Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Collaboration between government entities and private companies is crucial to share the costs of establishing a reverse supply chain.This involves collecting devices from users, erasing personal data, and directing them for further processing and recycling. Transparent Database: Creating a transparent and auditable database of materials collected through the reverse supply chain enhances accountability and traceability. Geographical Clusters: Establishing geographical clusters where discarded devices are gathered and dismantled can optimize the recycling process, increasing efficiency and cost-effectiveness. High-Yield Recycling Facilities: Encouraging the development of high-yield recycling facilities can maximize the extraction of value from electronic products, including rare earth metals in semiconductors. Policy Recommendations: Promoting Repair: Encouraging repair and extending product lifespans, possibly by supporting a user’s right to repair, to reduce the environmental impact of electronic waste. Status of E-Waste Management in India: Electronic waste (e-waste) encompasses all old, end-of-life, or discarded electrical and electronic equipment, including household appliances and office information and communications devices.Toxic Components: E-waste contains hazardous chemicals and metals like lead, cadmium, mercury, and nickel. E-Waste in India: Global Ranking: India is currently ranked third globally among the largest e-waste generators, following China and the United States.Surge in Volume: The volume of e-waste in India surged significantly to 1.6 million tonnes in 2021-22.Concentration: 65 cities in India generate over 60% of the total e-waste, with 10 states contributing to 70% of the total e-waste generated. E-Waste Management Framework in India: Regulations of 2008: E-waste management in India was initially addressed within the framework of the Environment and Forests Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Regulations of 2008.E-Waste Rules of 2010: In 2011, important regulations known as the E-waste (Management and Handling) Regulations of 2010 were issued under the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986, featuring Extended Producer’s Responsibility (EPR).E-Waste Rules of 2016: In 2017, the E-waste (Management) Rules, 2016 were enacted, including more than 21 products under their scope, such as Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) and other mercury-containing devices.Amendment in 2018: In 2018, the 2016 rules were amended to expand their scope, emphasizing authorization and product stewardship, focusing on the responsibility of producers and stakeholders throughout a product’s life cycle.E-Waste Rules of 2022: The Government of India introduced the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022, with the primary goal of digitizing the e-waste management process and enhancing visibility.Hazardous Substances Restriction: The rules also restrict the use of hazardous substances (e.g., lead, mercury, cadmium) in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipment to mitigate their adverse impact on human health and the environment. Strategies for Reducing and Recycling E-Waste Effectively in India: Comprehensive Regulatory Framework: Create a comprehensive regulatory framework for e-waste collection that includes mandatory registration and licensing of collection centers and recyclers to formalize and standardize the process. Tax Credit System for Manufacturers: Implement a tax credit system to incentivize electronics manufacturers to design products with extended lifespans and repairability features.Encourage eco-friendly design practices while discouraging planned obsolescence. E-Waste ATMs: Install E-Waste ATMs in public places, allowing individuals to deposit old electronic devices in exchange for small financial incentives or vouchers for public transportation or essential goods.Incorporate educational displays on these ATMs to raise awareness about e-waste recycling. Blockchain-Based Tracking System: Establish a blockchain-based system to track the entire lifecycle of electronic devices.Assign each device a digital certificate to record its manufacturing, ownership, and disposal history, simplifying traceability and accountability for improper disposal. Promote Awareness Through Art Installations: Encourage artists to create sculptures or exhibits in public spaces using e-waste materials.These art installations visually depict the scale of the e-waste problem and serve as a means to raise awareness about proper disposal and recycling. -Source: Down To Earth Global Biofuels Alliance Context: Recently, the Prime Minister of India announced the launch of the Global Biofuels Alliance. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Global Biofuels AllianceSignificance of the AllianceBiofuel Global Biofuels Alliance: The Global Biofuels Alliance is an initiative led by India, with the goal of forming an alliance consisting of governments, international organizations, and industry stakeholders to promote the adoption of biofuels. Membership: The alliance has garnered participation from a total of 19 countries and 12 international organizations. Among the participants are both G20 member countries and non-member countries.Founding members of the alliance include India, Brazil, and the United States. Objectives: The primary objective of the Global Biofuels Alliance is to facilitate cooperation and promote the use of sustainable biofuels, particularly in the transportation sector. Significance of the Alliance: The alliance holds several key significance factors: Market Strengthening: It aims to strengthen biofuels markets, facilitate global trade in biofuels, share policy lessons, and provide technical support for national biofuels programs worldwide.Capacity Building: The alliance will support the global development and deployment of sustainable biofuels by offering capacity-building exercises along the entire biofuels value chain and technical assistance for national programs.Virtual Marketplace: It will establish a virtual marketplace to assist various stakeholders, including industries, countries, ecosystem players, and technology providers, in mapping demand and supply and connecting technology providers with end users.Standards and Regulations: The alliance will also facilitate the development, adoption, and implementation of internationally recognized standards, codes, sustainability principles, and regulations to incentivize the adoption and trade of biofuels. Biofuel: Biofuel is a type of fuel produced from biomass within a relatively short timeframe, in contrast to the slow natural processes involved in the formation of fossil fuels like oil.Biomass refers to organic materials, primarily derived from plants and animals, which can be used as a source of energy. Generations of Biofuel: First Generation: First-generation biofuels are produced from consumable food items that contain starch (e.g., rice and wheat) or sugar (e.g., beets and sugarcane) for bioalcohols, as well as vegetable oils for biodiesel.These biofuels are primarily derived from crops that are traditionally considered food sources. Second Generation: Second-generation biofuels are mainly obtained from non-food feedstocks, such as agricultural residues, forest biomass, and industrial waste, as well as used vegetable oils.This generation of biofuels focuses on using non-food sources to avoid competition with food production. Third Generation: Third-generation biofuels, often referred to as “algae fuel,” are derived from algae and can take the form of both biodiesel and bioalcohols.Algae-based biofuels are seen as a more sustainable and efficient source of bioenergy. Fourth Generation: Fourth-generation biofuels are also produced from non-arable land, similar to third-generation biofuels.However, unlike third-generation biofuels, fourth-generation biofuels do not require the destruction of biomass, making them more environmentally friendly and sustainable. -Source: Times of India Salem Sago Context: Recently, the Salem Starch and Sago Manufacturers Service Industrial Cooperative Society Ltd. (popularly called SAGOSERVE) received a Geographical Indication Tag, or GI Tag, for Salem sago. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Salem SagoGeographical Indications (GI) Tag Salem Sago: Sago is a product derived from raw tapioca.It is typically found in the form of small, hard globules or pearls, characterized by their pearl-white color.Sago is manufactured from the wet starch powder obtained from crushed tapioca roots.The wet starch powder is the primary material used in the production of sago, while the dry powder has various industrial applications. Tapioca: Tapioca is a significant horticultural crop cultivated across nearly 3 lakh hectares in Tamil Nadu, yielding around 60 lakh tonnes of the crop. Climate and Soil Requirements: Tapioca thrives in well-drained soil, particularly red lateritic loamy soil.It grows best in a tropical, warm, and humid climate.Adequate rainfall, with well-distributed precipitation exceeding 100 cm per annum, is essential for tapioca cultivation.This crop can be successfully cultivated up to an elevation of 1000 meters above sea level. Geographical Indications (GI) Tag Definition and Importance: Geographical Indications of Goods indicate the country or place of origin of a product.They assure consumers of the product’s quality and distinctiveness derived from its specific geographical locality.GI tags are an essential component of intellectual property rights (IPRs) and are protected under international agreements like the Paris Convention and TRIPS. Administration and Registration: Geographical Indications registration in India is governed by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.The registration and protection are administered by the Geographical Indication Registry under the Department of Industry Promotion and Internal Trade (DIPIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.The registration is valid for 10 years, and it can be renewed for further periods of 10 years each. Significance and Examples: GI tags provide a unique identity and reputation to products based on their geographical origin.The first product in India to receive a GI tag was Darjeeling tea.Karnataka has the highest number of GI tags with 47 registered products, followed by Tamil Nadu with 39. Ownership and Proprietorship: Any association, organization, or authority established by law can be a registered proprietor of a GI tag.The registered proprietor’s name is entered in the Register of Geographical Indication for the applied product.Protection and Enforcement:Geographical Indications protect the interests of producers and prevent unauthorized use of the product’s name or origin.Enforcement of GI rights helps maintain the quality and reputation of the products associated with their specific geographical regions. Location of the Geographical Indications Registry: The Geographical Indications Registry is located in Chennai, India. -Source: The Hindu Phanigiri Artefacts Context: The Phanigiri artefacts, dating from 200 BCE-400 CE and discovered in 1942, are on display at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art. Relevance: GS I: History, Facts  for Prelims Phanigiri Artefacts: Phanigiri Buddhist Site: The Phanigiri Buddhist site is considered one of the most significant discoveries in Buddhist iconography in the current millennium.Phanigiri, meaning “hillock of snake hood,” is a small village located in the state of Telangana. Key Findings: The archaeological findings at Phanigiri include thoranas, which are elaborately decorated gateways or arches.These thoranas discovered at Phanigiri are of great importance because they are among the first of their kind found south of Sanchi, a renowned Buddhist site in central India. Mahayana and Hinayana Depictions: A notable feature of the thorana at Phanigiri is that it contains a panel depicting both Mahayana and Hinayana schools of Buddhist thought. This reflects the diverse Buddhist influences present at the site. Deification of Buddha: Phanigiri provides evidence of the transition from the deification of Buddha to his canonization and ritualization.This shift in perception of Buddha’s identity from a historical and spiritual figure to a more formal and ritualized one is an important aspect of Buddhist evolution. Buddha’s Image: One of the significant findings at Phanigiri is an image of the Buddha wearing what appears to be a Roman toga, with intricately carved folds. This image is made of limestone. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 12 September 2023

CONTENTS One Sun One World One GridSovereign Gold Bond Scheme One Sun One World One Grid Context: A day-long conference on “Transnational Grid Interconnections for One Sun, One World, One Grid (OSOWOG)” was recently held in New Delhi. Relevance: GS-III: Environment and Ecology (Conservation of the Environment, International Treaties and Agreements), GS-II: International Relations (India’s neighbors, Foreign Policies affecting India’s Interests), GS-III: Industry and Infrastructure (Solar Energy, Renewable Energy), GS-III: Science and Technology (Indigenization of Technology) Dimensions of the Article: One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG)How would the OSOWOG work?What are the challenges to the OSOWOG project? One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG) The One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG) aims to connect energy grids across borders to facilitate a faster transition to the use of renewable energy.India had first proposed connecting solar energy supply across borders at the International Solar Alliance in 2018 to allow parts of the world with excess renewable power to send power to other countries.The proposal is aimed at addressing the issue of reliability of supply from solar power plants, which do not generate electricity after the sun has set.OSOWOG is also aimed at addressing the issue of high cost of energy storage.The new Global Green Grids Initiative One Sun One World One Grid (GGI-OSOWOG) is an evolution of the International Solar Alliance’s OSOWOG multilateral drive to foster interconnected solar energy infrastructure at a global scale.India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Nepal already share transmission capacity for energy transfer across borders which can be expanded further and utilised for the transfer of solar power between these countries. How would the OSOWOG work? This initiative aims to tap solar energy and have it travel seamlessly across borders. The initiative will work towards accelerating the making of large solar power stations and wind farms in the best locations, linked together by continental-scale grids crossing national borders.The sun offers a huge source of energy for mankind. All the energy humanity uses in a year is equal to the energy that reaches the earth from the sun in a single hour.Given that the sun never sets and that half the planet is always receiving sunlight, there is the potential to harness solar energy continuously across the globe and trade this energy across borders to ensure adequate energy supply to meet the needs of everyone on earth.A transnational grid would allow countries to source solar power from regions where it is daytime to meet their green energy needs even when their own installed solar capacity is not generating energy.This initiative will bring together an international coalition of national governments, financial organisations, and power system operators. OSOWOG can help to: Prevent dangerous climate changeMeet the targets of the Paris AgreementAccelerate the clean energy transitionAchieve the Sustainable Development GoalsStimulate green investmentsCreate millions of good jobs What are the challenges to the OSOWOG project? The project is seen as an Indian endeavour for world leadership but under Covid-19 uncertainties, the geopolitical implications of projects like OSOWOG are hard to decipher.The mechanism of cost-sharing will be challenging, given the varied priorities of participating countries depending on their socio-economic orders.In India, the major issue of renewable energy developers is to deal with different state governments and hence, different laws and regulations.The transmission of power across vast distances would require large capital investment to set up long transmission lines.Experts have pointed out that transmission across great distances can potentially be very expensive.There is a difference in voltage, frequency and specifications of the grid in most regions. Maintaining grid stability with just renewable generation would be technically difficult. Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme Context: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) recently announced the issue price for the upcoming Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Tranche 2. Relevance: GS II- Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment. Dimensions of the Article: About Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme (SGB)Benefits of Sovereign Gold Bond About Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme (SGB) The Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme was introduced in the Union Budget 2015-16 by the Union Cabinet which was chaired by PM Narendra Modi.It was launched to reduce the demand for physical gold and with an aim to invest a part of these physicals gold bars and coins that are purchased every year into financial savings in the form of gold bonds.Investors have to pay the issue price in cash and the bonds will be redeemed in cash on maturity.The Bond is issued by Reserve Bank on behalf of Government of India.Government introduced these bonds to help reduce India’s over dependence on gold imports.The move was also aimed at changing the habits of Indians from saving in physical form of gold to a paper form with Sovereign backing.The bonds will be restricted for sale to resident Indian entities, including individuals, Hindu Undivided Family (HUFs), trusts, universities and charitable institutions.The bonds will be denominated in multiples of gram(s) of gold with a basic unit of 1 gram.The tenor will be for a period of 8 years with exit option from the 5th year to be exercised on the interest payment dates.The minimum permissible investment limit will be 1 gram of gold, while the maximum limit will be 4 kg for individual, 4 kg for HUF and 20 kg for trusts and similar entities per fiscal (April-March) notified by the government from time to time.In case of joint holding, the investment limit of 4 kg will be applied to the first applicant only.Bonds can be used as collateral for loans.The loan-to-value (LTV) ratio is to be set equal to ordinary gold loan mandated by the Reserve Bank from time to time. Benefits of Sovereign Gold Bond As a low-risk investment, it is perfect for investors with low-risk appetite.Compared to physical gold, the cost to purchase or sell SGBs is quite low.The expense of buying or selling the SGB is also nominal in comparison to the physical gold.The gold bonds can be availed either in paper or in demat form as per the convenience of an individual.The gold bonds invested by the Investors can be gifted or transferred to others who are eligible under the scheme.They can also trade these bonds on stock exchanges subject to notifications of the Reserve Bank of India.These Gold bonds can be purchased through multiple payment modes such as cheques, cash, DDs or electronic transfer.

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