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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 03 August 2024

CONTENTS Moral Questions Raised by Hunger Strikes Union Government Reduces Import Duty on Gold and Reviews Sovereign Gold Bonds Disaster Management (Amendment Bill), 2024 Women Entrepreneurship Program Surrogate Advertising  Moral Questions Raised by Hunger Strikes Context: Hunger strikes raise complex moral questions, including whether providing medicine against a person’s will is appropriate and if force-feeding is a dangerous protocol. Relevance: GS IV: Ethics Dimensions of the Article: Understanding Hunger Strikes Historical Context of Hunger Strikes Arguments in Favor of Hunger Strikes Arguments Against Hunger Strikes Impact on Others Way Forward Hunger Strikes Hunger strikes involve the voluntary refusal of food and sometimes water. It is often used when other protest methods are ineffective or unavailable. Objectives: Aim to inspire, dissuade, or pressure others by spotlighting injustices or demanding change. Historical Context of Hunger Strikes Indian Freedom Fighters Mahatma Gandhi: Used fasting as “a great weapon in the armoury of Satyagraha,” engaging in at least 20 hunger strikes during the independence movement. Jatin Das (1929): Died after a 63-day hunger strike, highlighting the cruel treatment of political prisoners. Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt: Protested poor prison conditions, gaining widespread support and media attention. Modern Context in Independent India Potti Sriramulu (1952): His hunger strike led to the creation of Andhra Pradesh. Irom Sharmila (2000-2016): Protested the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) in Manipur, continuing her strike for 16 years while being force-fed. Anna Hazare (2011): Initiated a hunger strike to pressurize the Indian government to enact a stringent anti-corruption law. Arguments in Favor of Hunger Strikes Personal Autonomy and Self-Determination Hunger strikes are a manifestation of individual autonomy. Protesters have the right to decide about their bodies and choose their method of protest. Expression of Free Speech As a peaceful form of dissent, hunger strikes align with democratic values and the right to protest, offering a nonviolent means of expressing grievances. Ethical Non-Violent Protest Hunger strikes are ethically preferable to violent resistance, drawing attention to injustices without causing harm to others. Moral High Ground By enduring personal suffering instead of inflicting it on others, hunger strikers highlight the perceived injustices, asserting moral superiority in their cause. Public and Media Attention Hunger strikes can spotlight issues that might otherwise be overlooked, increasing awareness and pressuring authorities to address grievances. Powerful Symbolism The act symbolizes deep conviction and the seriousness of the issue, potentially galvanizing public opinion and support. Historical Efficacy Hunger strikes have been effective in historical contexts, such as the suffragette movement and Indian independence, adding ethical weight to the practice. Cultural Resonance In some cultures, hunger strikes are a deeply respected form of protest and sacrifice, evoking sympathy and solidarity. Challenging Power Dynamics Hunger strikes can pressure authorities to negotiate and address demands, potentially leading to peaceful resolutions. Arguments Against Hunger Strikes Health Consequences Deliberate self-starvation can lead to severe health issues or death, raising ethical concerns about self-harm. Ethical Dilemmas Many ethical frameworks emphasize preserving life, conflicting with the principles of hunger strikes that lead to severe health deterioration or death. Perceived Coercion Hunger strikes can be seen as coercive, pressuring authorities or the public to meet demands, raising questions about fairness and legitimacy. Manipulation of Sentiment Exploiting empathy and moral guilt can influence public sentiment and decision-making, potentially leading to irrational or unjust outcomes. Impact on Others Emotional Burden Hunger strikes can cause stress, anxiety, and guilt among family, friends, and supporters, raising ethical concerns about their broader impact. Responsibility for Well-Being Others may feel obliged to intervene to save the striker’s life, potentially conflicting with the striker’s autonomy. Uncertain Outcomes There is no guarantee of achieving intended goals, raising concerns about the proportionality and rationality of the protest. Coercion of Vulnerable Individuals Vulnerable individuals, including prisoners or marginalized groups, may be coerced into hunger strikes, raising concerns about exploitation and informed consent. Legal and Ethical Dilemmas Authorities face dilemmas regarding their duty of care, such as the ethics of forcible feeding versus the neglect of not intervening. Healthcare Professional Conflicts Medical professionals may struggle between respecting patient autonomy and their duty to preserve life, challenging the ethical principle of “do no harm.” Way Forward Clear and Achievable Demands Demands must be specific and achievable to ensure the hunger strike is a targeted action with potential for resolution. Involvement of a Neutral Mediator A neutral third-party mediator should facilitate dialogue between the hunger striker and authorities to find a resolution without compromising the protester’s health or safety. Independent Ethical Review An independent ethical review board should assess the proportionality of the hunger strike. Medical Guidelines Clear guidelines for medical professionals should balance the duty to preserve life with respect for patient autonomy, addressing complex issues such as involuntary feeding. Education on Ethical Implications Society should be educated about the ethical implications of hunger strikes, including their potential consequences and alternative forms of protest. Legal Frameworks Governments should develop specific legal frameworks to regulate hunger strikes, including provisions for mediation, ethical review, and the protection of the hunger striker’s rights while ensuring public safety. Promotion of Peaceful Protest Policies should promote positive incentives for peaceful protest and dialogue, supporting mediation services, civil society organizations, and platforms for constructive engagement. -Source: The Hindu Union Government Reduces Import Duty on Gold and Reviews Sovereign Gold Bonds Context: In the Budget 2024-25, the Union Government announced a reduction of the import duty on gold from 15% to 6%. Additionally, the government plans to finalize its decision regarding the future of the Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGB). Relevance: GS III- Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: About Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme (SGB) Benefits of Sovereign Gold Bond Status of the Gold Industry in India Impact of Gold on the Economy About Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme (SGB) The Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme was introduced in the Union Budget 2015-16 by the Union Cabinet which was chaired by PM Narendra Modi. It was launched to reduce the demand for physical gold and with an aim to invest a part of these physicals gold bars and coins that are purchased every year into financial savings in the form of gold bonds. Investors have to pay the issue price in cash and the bonds will be redeemed in cash on maturity. The Bond is issued by Reserve Bank on behalf of Government of India. Government introduced these bonds to help reduce India’s over dependence on gold imports. The move was also aimed at changing the habits of Indians from saving in physical form of gold to a paper form with Sovereign backing. The bonds will be restricted for sale to resident Indian entities, including individuals, Hindu Undivided Family (HUFs), trusts, universities and charitable institutions. The bonds will be denominated in multiples of gram(s) of gold with a basic unit of 1 gram. The tenor will be for a period of 8 years with exit option from the 5th year to be exercised on the interest payment dates. The minimum permissible investment limit will be 1 gram of gold, while the maximum limit will be 4 kg for individual, 4 kg for HUF and 20 kg for trusts and similar entities per fiscal (April-March) notified by the government from time to time. In case of joint holding, the investment limit of 4 kg will be applied to the first applicant only. Bonds can be used as collateral for loans. The loan-to-value (LTV) ratio is to be set equal to ordinary gold loan mandated by the Reserve Bank from time to time. Benefits of Sovereign Gold Bond As a low-risk investment, it is perfect for investors with low-risk appetite. Compared to physical gold, the cost to purchase or sell SGBs is quite low. The expense of buying or selling the SGB is also nominal in comparison to the physical gold. The gold bonds can be availed either in paper or in demat form as per the convenience of an individual. The gold bonds invested by the Investors can be gifted or transferred to others who are eligible under the scheme. They can also trade these bonds on stock exchanges subject to notifications of the Reserve Bank of India. These Gold bonds can be purchased through multiple payment modes such as cheques, cash, DDs or electronic transfer. Status of the Gold Industry in India Gold Ore Reserves According to the National Mineral Inventory, India had an estimated 501.83 million tonnes of gold ore reserves/resources as of 2015. Geographical Distribution Bihar: 44% Rajasthan: 25% Karnataka: 21% West Bengal: 3% Andhra Pradesh: 3% Jharkhand: 2% Production Dominance Karnataka is the leading producer, contributing around 80% of India’s total gold output. The Kolar Gold Fields (KGF) in Karnataka is notable for being one of the world’s oldest and deepest gold mines. Gold Consumption and Imports India is the second-largest gold consumer globally. Gold imports rose by 30% in the 2023-24 fiscal year, reaching USD 45.54 billion. However, there was a significant decline of 53.56% in gold imports in March 2024. Impact of Gold on the Economy Jewellery and Employment Gold is essential in jewellery fabrication and coin making, generating business opportunities, value addition, and employment. The gold industry employs a substantial number of people, including miners, artisans, and retailers. Current Account Deficit (CAD) As the second-largest gold importer, India’s gold imports contribute to the current account deficit. Gold imports necessitate foreign currency, putting pressure on India’s foreign exchange reserves. However, gold imports used for exporting gold jewellery can potentially mitigate the adverse impact on the CAD. Hedge Against Inflation Gold is often used to hedge against inflation; during high inflation periods, demand for gold rises. Increased demand can drive up gold prices, potentially contributing to inflation. Safe-Haven Asset In India, gold is viewed as a safe-haven asset and a store of value, serving as a popular means of savings and investment. -Source: The Hindu Disaster Management (Amendment Bill), 2024 Context: The Government recently introduced the Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill 2024 in the Lok Sabha. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Disaster Management (Amendment Bill), 2024 National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) Disaster Management Act, 2005 Disaster Management (Amendment Bill), 2024 Purpose of the Bill: The bill aims to amend the Disaster Management Act, 2005, which was established to enhance disaster management efficiency. Urban Disaster Management Authority: It proposes the creation of an “Urban Disaster Management Authority” for state capitals and major cities with municipal corporations, excluding Delhi and Chandigarh. Authority and Planning: The bill transfers the responsibility for disaster planning from the National Executive Committee and State Executive Committees to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and State Disaster Management Authorities, respectively. The NDMA will be empowered to appoint experts and consultants to support its functions. Disaster Database: It calls for the development of a “disaster database” at both national and state levels. The database will encompass disaster assessments, fund allocation, expenditures, preparedness and mitigation plans, risk registers by type and severity, and other relevant data as determined by the Union government. Recognition and Provision for Existing Bodies: The bill seeks to grant statutory recognition to existing bodies such as the National Crisis Management Committee and the High-Level Committee. State Disaster Response Force: It proposes the establishment of a “State Disaster Response Force” by state governments. New Section 60A: A new Section 60A will be introduced to authorize both Central and State Governments to direct individuals to take or avoid actions to mitigate disaster impacts. Penalties for non-compliance will be capped at ₹10,000. National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) National Disaster Management Authority, abbreviated as NDMA, is an apex Body of Government of India, with a mandate to lay down policies for disaster management. NDMA was established through the Disaster Management Act enacted by the Government of India in 2005. Hence, NDMA is a Statutory body. The vision of NDMA is “To build a safe and disaster resilient India by developing a holistic, proactive, multi-disaster oriented and technology - driven strategy through a culture of prevention, mitigation, preparedness and response”. NDMA is responsible for framing policies, laying down guidelines and best-practices for coordinating with the State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) to ensure a holistic and distributed approach to disaster management. It is headed by the Prime Minister of India and can have up to nine other members. Since 2014, there have been four other members. The tenure of the members of the NDMA shall be five years. The phrase disaster management is to be understood to mean ‘a continuous and integrated process of planning, organising, coordinating and implementing measures, which are necessary or expedient for prevention of danger or threat of any disaster, mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or severity of its consequences, capacity building, preparedness to deal with any disaster, prompt response, assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster, evacuation, rescue, relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction’. Disaster Management Act, 2005 The Disaster Management Act, 2005, (23 December 2005) received the assent of The President of India on 9 January 2006. The Act extends to the whole of India. The Act provides for “the effective management of disasters and for matters connected there with or incidental thereto.” The Act calls for the establishment of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). The Act enjoins the Central Government to Constitute a National Executive Committee (NEC). All State Governments are mandated under the act to establish a State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA). The Chairperson of District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) will be the Collector or District Magistrate or Deputy Commissioner of the district. The Act provides for constituting a National Disaster Response Force “for the purpose of specialist response to a threatening disaster situation or disaster” under a Director General to be appointed by the Central Government. Definition of a “disaster” in the DM Act states that a disaster means a “catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natural or man-made causes. The objective of the Act is to manage disasters, including preparation of mitigation strategies, capacity-building and more. The Act contains the provisions for financial mechanisms such as the creation of funds for emergency response, National Disaster Response Fund and similar funds at the state and district levels. The Act also devotes several sections various civil and criminal liabilities resulting from violation of provisions of the act. -Source: The Hindu Women Entrepreneurship Program Context: Recently, the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) unveiled the Women Entrepreneurship Program to empower women entrepreneurs and spurring economic growth. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Women Entrepreneurship Program Objective: The program addresses the unique challenges faced by women in starting and expanding businesses. Target: Aims to empower around 25 lakh women across India by providing essential skills, knowledge, and resources to establish and grow successful businesses. Partnership: This initiative is in collaboration with Britannia Industries Limited. Support and Resources: It includes financial grants and features women’s products and services on the Skill India Digital Hub, demonstrating a commitment to creating an inclusive environment for women entrepreneurs. Educational Component: The National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC), with support from the National Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development (NIESBUD), will provide free online self-learning entrepreneurship courses via the Skill India Digital Hub (SIDH). Courses, offered in various languages, will cover key topics such as entrepreneurial skills, business setup, finance fundamentals, digital skills, and market analysis. National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) Establishment: Founded on July 31, 2008, as a not-for-profit public limited company under section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956. Operational Model: Functions under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model and operates under the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE). -Source: Indian Express, PIB Surrogate Advertising Context: The Health Ministry recently asked both the Sports Authority of India (SAI) and the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) to bring in measures to prevent surrogate advertisement of tobacco and or alcohol related products by sportspersons. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Surrogate Advertising Definition: Surrogate advertising is a method where the brand image of one product is used to promote another product of the same brand. Meaning of “Surrogate”: The term “surrogate” means a ‘substitute’. This type of advertising is typically employed to promote products that face legal or social advertising restrictions. Nature of Surrogate Goods: Surrogate products may either be similar to the original product or entirely different. Companies use this tactic to advertise their primary products by disguising them as other products under the same brand name. Applications: This advertising strategy is commonly used for products like liquor and tobacco, where direct advertising is restricted. For instance, liquor brands might promote music CDs or soft drinks using their brand names and logos. Prevalence in India: Surrogate ads are prevalent in India and appear across various media platforms. Brands leverage this approach to maintain their presence and image in the market. Purpose: The primary aim is to subtly promote the original product through a disguised advertisement. This technique, also known as “brand extension,” helps in maintaining brand recall among customers. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 02 August 2024

CONTENTS Ideas4LiFE Portal India and US Sign Historic Cultural Property Agreement Ideas4LiFE Portal Context: Recently, the Union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change launched Ideas4LiFE at IIT Delhi. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Ideas4LiFE Portal About Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) Ideas4LiFE Portal Purpose and Launch The Ideas4LiFE portal was created to gather ideas that promote environmentally friendly behaviors and products. The initiative is designed to inspire and engage students, faculty, and researchers to contribute their creative solutions to the global Mission LiFE effort. This portal offers a valuable chance for creative individuals to take part in a worldwide movement focused on environmental sustainability. Encouragement and Participation The goal is to motivate and encourage innovative thinking among participants, fostering contributions to environmental sustainability. About Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) Overview Mission LiFE, short for Lifestyle for Environment, is a global movement led by India aimed at encouraging individuals and communities to take actions that benefit the environment. It was introduced during the 26th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26) held in Glasgow in November 2021. The idea promotes an environmentally conscious lifestyle that focuses on ‘mindful and deliberate utilisation’ instead of ‘mindless and wasteful consumption’. Aim of LiFE:  The LiFE Movement aims to utilise the power of collective action and nudge individuals across the world to undertake simple climate-friendly actions in their daily lives. The LiFE movement, additionally, also seeks to leverage the strength of social networks to influence social norms surrounding climate. Pro-Planet People: The Mission plans to create and nurture a global network of individuals, namely ‘Pro-Planet People’ (P3), who will have a shared commitment to adopt and promote environmentally friendly lifestyles. Through the P3 community, the Mission seeks to create an ecosystem that will reinforce and enable environmentally friendly behaviours to be self-sustainable. LIFE recognizes that small individual actions can tip the balance in the planet’s favour. Vision and Mission of LiFE: Vision of LIFE:  The vision of ‘LIFE’ is to live a lifestyle that is in tune with our planet and does not harm it The people who live such a lifestyle can be called “Pro-Planet people.” Mission liFE for India:  Mission LiFE borrows from the past, operates in the present and focuses on the future. Reduce, Reuse and Recycle are the concepts woven into our life. The Circular Economy has been an integral part of our culture and lifestyle. India and US Sign Historic Cultural Property Agreement Context: India and the US have signed their first Cultural Property Agreement (CPA) to tackle illegal trafficking of cultural artifacts and facilitate the return of antiquities to their countries of origin. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Cultural Property Agreement The agreement adheres to Article 9 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention, which aims to prevent and prohibit the illegal import, export, and transfer of ownership of cultural property. The CPA limits the import into the US of specific archaeological and ethnological items dated from 1.7 million years ago to 1947. The US government will issue a detailed list of these restricted items. The US will offer to return any forfeited items from the Designated List to India. Similar agreements are in place between the US and other countries such as Algeria, Cambodia, China, Egypt, and Italy. This agreement emerged from extensive bilateral talks that began during the G20 meetings. Under India’s G20 Presidency, protecting cultural property has been a major focus. The Kashi Culture Pathway and the New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration (NDLD) of 2023 highlighted the commitment to combat illicit trafficking. This agreement represents a significant shift in global development strategies, emphasizing culture as a key goal in the post-2030 development framework.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 02 August 2024

CONTENTS The Relevance of Pumped Storage Projects The Supreme Court’s Decision in Allowing GM Mustard The Relevance of Pumped Storage Projects Context: The Union Budget for 2024-25 promised a new policy to promote pumped storage projects for electricity storage, aiming to smoothly integrate the increasing share of renewable energy, which is inherently variable and intermittent. Relevance: GS3- Environmental Pollution and Degradation, Infrastructure- Energy Mains Question: Discuss the principle of operation of pumped storage projects highlighting their significance. Where are some of the pumped storage projects of India situated and what challenges do such projects face in general? (15 Marks, 250 Words). Pumped Storage Project (PSP): A Pumped Storage Project (PSP) is a hydroelectric power system designed for large-scale energy storage. It operates by pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir when energy demand is low and then releasing it back through turbines to produce electricity during times of high demand. Types of Pumped Storage: There are two types of pumped storage: on-river and off-river. On-river projects resemble typical hydroelectric projects fed by a river. Off-river projects involve two reservoirs at different levels, where water is pumped up or allowed to flow down under gravity in a closed loop. When there is excess power, water is pumped from the lower reservoir to the upper one, and when power is needed, the water flows down to drive turbines and generate electricity. An example of such a project is in Kadamparai, Tamil Nadu. Why is Pumped Storage Important? India has set an ambitious goal to generate 500 GW of non-fossil fuel energy by 2030. Between 2021 and 2023, it added about 23 GW of non-fossil generation capacity. Of the total 10 GW added in the first eight months of 2023-24, 7.5 GW came from wind and solar energy, highlighting that renewables will constitute most of India’s new power generation. While the share of renewable power generation will increase, this energy will be variable and unreliable. Indian policies mandate that all renewable energy generated should be utilized, with curtailment as a last resort. Advanced forecasting techniques have improved the accuracy of predictions regarding daily variations in renewable power generation. This enables grid operators to plan how to adjust power generation from other sources to maintain a steady supply for consumers. For instance, hydroelectric power can be quickly adjusted within seconds, whereas coal and nuclear energy require hours of notice. As global attention shifted to renewables and their variable power generation issues, several solutions for energy storage and release were proposed for times when wind and solar power are low. Previously, large-scale electricity storage was nonexistent. Proposed methods include scaling up batteries and using compressed air in large caverns for power generation when needed. However, most of the world’s energy storage now relies on pumped storage using water, which functions like massive natural batteries. Does India have Pumped Storage? India currently has 3.3 GW of pumped storage, with major facilities in Nagarjunasagar, Kadana, Kadamparai, Panchet, and Bhira. China leads with 50 GW of pumped storage supporting 1,300 GW of wind and solar energy. India must significantly increase its pumped storage capacity to meet its renewable energy targets. How does the Pumped Storage at Kadamparai Operate? The Kadamparai plant, located in the Coimbatore district and established around 37 years ago, has four units, each with a capacity of 100 MW. The plant features an upper reservoir situated approximately 380 meters above a lower reservoir. Each unit has a turbine generator set that produces power when water flows from the upper reservoir to the lower one. The same unit can also function as a pump, using power to transfer water from the lower reservoir to the higher one. Power managers plan in advance for the next day, considering expected demand and wind and sunshine forecasts to determine the operation schedule for each power plant in the state. Typically, there is a power surplus around noon from solar energy, which is used to pump water at Kadamparai. Each unit requires 20% more power to operate as a pump than it can produce as a generator, but since solar energy is used, no fuel is burned to generate the necessary power. When the Kadamparai plant operates as a pump to store energy, it takes about an hour and a half to switch to generating mode. When stopped, it requires about half an hour to start and generate at full capacity. After solar generation ends and the evening peak load begins post-6 pm, the Kadamparai plant switches to generator mode. It can produce 400 MW of full power for three to four hours to support evening peak loads. Conclusion: PSH provides economic benefits, including job creation and local economic growth, while also enhancing grid stability. It acts as a reliable energy storage solution, helping balance the grid during periods of high demand or low supply. While Pumped Storage Hydropower (PSH) offers many advantages, it faces challenges such as geographical limitations and high capital costs. However, ongoing research and innovation are expected to address these issues, leading to increased efficiency and capacity. The Supreme Court’s Decision in Allowing GM Mustard Context: India’s challenging journey with genetically modified (GM) food crops reached another milestone last week. A two-judge Bench of Justices B.V. Nagarathna and Sanjay Karol from the Supreme Court of India delivered a split decision on whether to allow GM mustard in farmers’ fields. Relevance: GS3- Biotechnology Mains Question: GM crops might not be perfect, but what matters is that they are useful. Discuss this in the context of the ongoing discussions about GM Mustard. (10 Marks, 150 Words). Current Status of GM Crops: Currently, the only GM seed permitted in India is cotton. The increase in cotton yield encouraged both private and public agricultural institutions to develop GM seeds for food crops like rice, wheat, tomato, brinjal, and mustard, though none have been released yet. This is central to the story of DMH-11, or Dhara Mustard Hybrid-11, developed under a publicly funded project at Delhi University’s biotechnology department. The genes in this plant make it attractive to private seed companies for creating new hybrid varieties. What is GM Mustard? Dhara Mustard Hybrid-11 (DMH-11) is a transgenic mustard developed indigenously. It is a genetically modified variant of Herbicide Tolerant (HT) mustard, resulting from a cross between the Indian mustard variety ‘Varuna’ and the East European ‘Early Heera-2’ mustard. It contains two foreign genes (‘barnase’ and ‘barstar’) derived from a soil bacterium called Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, enabling the breeding of high-yielding commercial mustard hybrids. DMH-11 has demonstrated approximately 28% higher yield than the national average and 37% more than regional averages. Its use has been endorsed and approved by the GEAC. The “bar gene” ensures the genetic purity of the hybrid seed. Approval of DMH-11: For crops to be approved in India’s agricultural system, they must be tested over three seasons in various agro-climatic zones and prove consistently superior to existing varieties. Trials over three years by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research indicated that DMH-11 met these criteria. This led the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC), a scientific advisory body under the Ministry of Environment and Forests, to approve DMH-11 in October 2022, subject to certain tests. However, environmental groups claim that DMH-11 is a ‘herbicide-tolerant’ crop, genetically engineered to compel farmers to use specific pesticides, with harmful environmental effects. They allege that the developers were not transparent about this information. These findings, along with the GEAC approval, have been challenged in court by Aruna Rodrigues and the organization Gene Campaign. Ruling of the Supreme Court: The judges had differing opinions on whether the GEAC’s actions were appropriate. Justice Nagarathna argued that the GEAC had violated the “precautionary principle,” which dictates that any new organism or technology should be restricted unless its consequences are thoroughly considered. Justice Karol, on the other hand, appeared satisfied with the GEAC’s process. As a result, the case has been referred to a larger Bench led by the Chief Justice of India. A significant outcome was the Court’s directive to the Centre to develop a policy on GM crops. The debate over GM crops is primarily ideological rather than based on traditional agricultural measures like yield and farm economics. This is highlighted by India’s agricultural history, where past solutions like hybrid seeds and synthetic fertilizers, while boosting yields and productivity, have also caused environmental damage. Conclusion: In their decisions, both the Court and the government should remember that pursuing the good should not be seen as opposing the perfect.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 02 August 2024

CONTENTS Supreme Court of India Allows Sub-Classification of Reserved Categories Ministry of Civil Aviation Introduces Bhartiya Vayuyan Vidheyak Bill 2024 WHO Study Highlights Violence Against Adolescent Girls in Relationships Hamas Leader Ismail Haniyeh Assassinated in Tehran Jhumur Dance Hoollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary  Supreme Court of India Allows Sub-Classification of Reserved Categories Context: The Supreme Court of India, in a review judgment of the Punjab and Haryana High Court, has delivered a landmark verdict allowing states the authority to sub-classify reserved category groups, such as Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs), for reservation purposes. This 6-1 majority decision overturns the 2004 ruling in E.V. Chinnaiah vs. State of Andhra Pradesh, fundamentally changing the landscape of reservation policies in India. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: SC’s Verdict on Sub-Classifications of SCs and STs Arguments For Sub-Classification: Arguments Against Sub-Classification: Significance of the Supreme Court Verdict Challenges for Sub-Classification SC’s Verdict on Sub-Classifications of SCs and STs Constitutional Allowance: The Court ruled that states can constitutionally sub-classify SCs and STs based on varying levels of backwardness. Support for Disadvantaged Groups: States can now sub-classify SCs within the 15% reservation quota to better support the most disadvantaged groups. Sub-Classification vs. Sub-Categorisation: The Chief Justice of India emphasized the difference between “sub-classification” and “sub-categorisation,” warning against using these classifications for political gains rather than genuine upliftment. Empirical Basis Required: Sub-classification should be based on empirical data and historical evidence of systemic discrimination, not on arbitrary or political reasons. Fairness and Effectiveness: States must base their sub-classification on empirical evidence to ensure fairness and effectiveness. 100% Reservation Not Permissible: The Court clarified that 100% reservation for any sub-class is not allowed, and state decisions on sub-classification are subject to judicial review to prevent political misuse. Creamy Layer Principle: The ‘creamy layer’ principle, previously applied to OBCs (as highlighted in the Indra Sawhney Case), should now also be applied to SCs and STs. States must identify and exclude the creamy layer within SCs and STs from reservation benefits. First Generation Only: Reservations should be limited to the first generation. If any generation in the family has benefited from the reservation and achieved a higher status, the benefit would not be available to the second generation. Rationale: The Court acknowledged that systemic discrimination prevents some SC and ST members from advancing. Sub-classification under Article 14 of the Constitution can help address these disparities, allowing states to tailor reservation policies more effectively to support the most disadvantaged. Arguments For Sub-Classification: Policy Design: Allows both central and state governments to design policies that better address the needs of the most disadvantaged within SC/ST communities. Social Justice: Helps achieve the constitutional goal of social justice by providing targeted benefits to those who need them the most. Article 16(4): Permits reservations for backward classes who are inadequately represented in state services. Article 15(4): Empowers the state to create special arrangements for promoting the interests and welfare of socially and educationally backward classes such as SCs and STs. Article 342A: Supports the flexibility of states in maintaining their lists of socially and economically backward classes. Arguments Against Sub-Classification: Undermines Uniform Status: Critics argue that sub-classification could undermine the uniform status of SCs and STs as recognized in the Presidential list. Further Division and Inequality: Concerns that sub-classification could lead to further division and potentially exacerbate inequalities within the SC community. Significance of the Supreme Court Verdict Reversal of E.V. Chinnaiah Ruling: The Supreme Court’s decision overturns the previous E.V. Chinnaiah judgment, which had maintained that SCs and STs were homogeneous and could not be subdivided for reservation purposes under Article 341 of the Indian Constitution. Constitutional Compliance: The Chief Justice of India clarified that sub-classifying Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes does not violate Articles 14 or 341 of the Constitution. Validation of State Laws: The ruling supports various state laws that had been invalidated, such as those in Punjab and Tamil Nadu, thus allowing states to create sub-categories within SC and ST groups. Case of Punjab: The 1975 notification by the Punjab government, which divided SC reservations into categories for Valmikis and Mazhabi Sikhs, was initially upheld but later challenged following the E.V. Chinnaiah judgment. This new ruling reinstates such state-specific sub-classifications. Authority for States: States now have the power to implement sub-classification policies, leading to potentially more effective and nuanced reservation strategies. New Precedent: This decision establishes a new precedent for the administration of reservations, likely influencing similar cases and policies across India. Challenges for Sub-Classification Accurate Data Collection: Obtaining precise and comprehensive data on the socio-economic conditions of various sub-groups within SCs and STs is crucial. Empirical Justification: States must rely on empirical evidence to justify sub-classification decisions, which requires accuracy and impartiality in data collection. Uniformity vs. Local Needs: Tailoring policies to local needs may lead to variations across states. Striking a balance between uniformity and addressing specific local requirements is challenging. Political Opposition: Sub-classification policies may face resistance from political groups that either support or oppose changes to the reservation system, leading to potential conflicts and delays. Intra-Community Tensions: Sub-classification might increase social tensions within SC/ST communities, leading to potential intra-community conflicts and divisions. Administrative Burden: Creating, managing, and updating sub-categories adds a significant administrative burden on government agencies, requiring additional resources and manpower. -Source: Indian Express Ministry of Civil Aviation Introduces Bhartiya Vayuyan Vidheyak Bill 2024 Context: The Ministry of Civil Aviation has tabled the “Bhartiya Vayuyan Vidheyak Bill 2024,” replacing the Aircraft Act 1934, in an effort to move beyond the colonial legacy of aviation and modernize the sector. The Aircraft Act 1934 was originally enacted to regulate the manufacture, possession, use, operation, sale, import, and export of aircraft. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Objectives of the New Bill Major Additions in the Bhartiya Vayuyan Vidheyak Bill 2024 Need to Replace the Aircraft Act 1934 Objectives of the New Bill Streamlined Certification Process: Transfer the Radio Telephone Operator Restricted (RTR) Certificate and Licence testing process from the Department of Telecom (DoT) to the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA). Simplifies the process for pilots by allowing them to secure all their certificates from a single authority. Empowerment of the Central Government: Authorize the Central Government to establish rules for implementing the Convention on international civil aviation and other civil aviation security matters. Enable the issuance of orders in emergencies to protect public safety or tranquility. Compensation Provisions: Provide for compensation for loss or damage in a manner prescribed by the Act. Establish processes for appealing decisions related to compensation, licenses, certificates, or approvals, and for adjudicating penalties. Penalties and Enforcement: Introduce provisions for imprisonment, fines, or penalties for violating the Act or its rules. Major Additions in the Bhartiya Vayuyan Vidheyak Bill 2024 Redefinition of Aircraft: Balloons and gliders are no longer classified as aircraft under the new Bill. Rule-Making Powers: Empower the Central Government to regulate the design, manufacture, maintenance, possession, use, operation, sale, export, or import of any aircraft or class of aircraft. Enhance safety regulations for aircraft operations. Increased Authority for Aviation Bodies: Grant more power to the DGCA, the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS), and the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) to ensure the safety of the aviation environment. License and Certification Regulation: Empower the Central Government or authorized officers to suspend, cancel, or restrict any license or certification granted under the Act. Ensure the affected party is given an opportunity for a hearing before such actions are taken. Introduction of a Second Appeal: Add a concept of a second appeal against orders, creating an interim appeal between the initial appeal and the final appeal to the Secretary of MoCA. Need to Replace the Aircraft Act 1934 Addressing Amendments and Modernization: The Aircraft Act 1934 has undergone numerous amendments to enhance safety, oversight, and align with international conventions for sustainable aviation sector growth. The Bill aims to resolve ambiguities and confusion caused by these amendments. Removing Redundancies: Eliminate redundant provisions to simplify processes and improve the ease of doing business. Streamlined Regulations: Provide comprehensive regulations for the design, manufacture, and maintenance of aircraft and related equipment. -Source: Times of India WHO Study Highlights Violence Against Adolescent Girls in Relationships Context: A recent World Health Organization study, published in the Lancet medical journal, found that adolescent girls aged 15 to 19 who have been in relationships have experienced physical or sexual violence. The survey, conducted with thousands of adolescent girls from 154 countries and regions, underscores the global prevalence of violence against young women in intimate relationships. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the WHO Study on Adolescent Girls Steps Needed to Empower Adolescent Girls Key Highlights of the WHO Study on Adolescent Girls Prevalence of Violence Nearly 24% of adolescent girls who have been in relationships reported experiencing physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence by the age of 20. About 16% of adolescent girls reported such violence within the past year. Global Target and Regional Disparities No country is currently on track to meet the Sustainable Development Goal 5 target of eliminating violence against women and girls by 2030. The highest rates of intimate partner violence were observed in Oceania (47%) and central sub-Saharan Africa (40%), with countries like Papua New Guinea and the Democratic Republic of Congo showing particularly high prevalence. The lowest prevalence rates were recorded in central Europe (10%) and central Asia (11%). Socioeconomic and Legal Factors Higher rates of violence are prevalent in lower-income countries, areas with low female education rates, and regions where girls lack strong legal rights regarding property and inheritance. Child marriage, which affects 19% of young women globally, significantly raises the risk of intimate partner violence due to factors like power imbalances, economic dependence, and social isolation. Implications of Intimate Partner Violence Victims are more likely to suffer from injuries, mental health issues like depression and anxiety, unplanned pregnancies, and sexually transmitted infections. There are long-term physical and psychological consequences, along with negative impacts on education, future relationships, and overall life prospects. Steps Needed to Empower Adolescent Girls Enhancing Support and Prevention Develop and strengthen support services specifically for adolescents and implement early prevention measures. Educational Initiatives Introduce school-based programs to educate both boys and girls on healthy relationships and violence prevention. Legal and Economic Reforms Strengthen legal protections and promote economic empowerment initiatives for women and girls. Ensure that all girls have access to secondary education and secure gender-equal property and inheritance rights. Work towards ending harmful practices such as child marriage. Healthcare and Mental Health Services Train healthcare providers to identify and address signs of intimate partner violence. Offer mental health services and counseling for affected girls. Changing Societal Norms Work on changing societal attitudes that perpetuate gender inequality and violence. Raise community awareness about the signs and consequences of intimate partner violence and the importance of gender equality. Data and Policy Development Conduct regular surveys and studies to monitor the prevalence of intimate partner violence and the effectiveness of intervention programs. Use data to inform policy-making and the development of programs aimed at reducing intimate partner violence. International Collaboration and National Action Plans Collaborate with international organizations like WHO to share best practices and resources. Develop comprehensive national action plans to tackle intimate partner violence, integrating efforts across health, education, and legal sectors. -Source: Down To Earth Hamas Leader Ismail Haniyeh Assassinated in Tehran Context: Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh was assassinated in the Iranian capital, Tehran, early on July 31. The 62-year-old, who had been managing Hamas’s political operations from exile in Qatar, reportedly died in what Hamas described as an Israeli “strike” on his residence. The Israeli military has not commented on the incident so far. Relevance: Dimensions of the Article: Takeaways from the Assassination of Hamas Chief What is Hamas? India’s Stand on Hamas Takeaways from the Assassination of Hamas Chief Ismail Haniyeh’s Assassination Event and Location: Ismail Haniyeh, the Qatar-based public face of Hamas, was assassinated in Tehran, Iran. He was in Tehran for the inauguration of the newly-elected Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian. Indian Union Transport Minister Nitin Gadkari was also present in Tehran for the inauguration. Iran’s Response: Iran has vowed to avenge Haniyeh’s killing. This incident highlights that even Hamas leaders are not safe in Iran. Earlier this year, Iran and Israel had exchanged missile and drone attacks, and this assassination could escalate hostilities further. Impact on the Middle East Wider Conflict: The assassination occurred hours after an Israeli strike on Beirut, Lebanon, which killed Hezbollah commander Fuad Shukr. This raises fears of a wider conflict in the region. Israel’s Perspective Operational Success: The assassination is seen as a major success for Israel, following Hamas’s attack on October 7, 2023, which killed at least 1,200 Israeli civilians and military personnel, and resulted in around 250 hostages. Israel has been conducting air strikes and ground operations in Gaza to target Hamas leaders. Haniyeh is the highest-ranking Hamas figure killed so far, marking a significant achievement for Israel’s Operation Swords of Iron. Hamas’s Perspective Major Provocation: For Hamas, Haniyeh’s assassination is a significant provocation. As the head of Hamas’s political bureau based in Qatar, he was involved in negotiating hostage deals and ceasefire terms. Yahya Sinwar, Hamas’s military leader, was responsible for the October 7 attacks. Pressure on Iran’s Newly Elected President Internal and External Pressures: The assassination puts pressure on President Pezeshkian from within Iran and Hamas to avenge Haniyeh’s death. Pezeshkian’s campaign focused on negotiating with the West to ease economic sanctions, but now he faces pressure from the IRGC and hardliners to respond to the assassination. Regional Implications Escalation Risks: The assassination could escalate tensions in West Asia, impacting the entire region. Countries like Qatar, Turkey, and the Yemeni Houthis have condemned the killing, while regional powers like Saudi Arabia and the UAE are closely monitoring the situation. India’s Position Cautious Approach: India is cautious in responding to the assassination due to the complexity of the situation and its implications. Maintaining peace and stability in the region is a priority for India, given the significant number of Indian expatriates and the region’s crucial role in India’s oil supply. What is Hamas? Overview: Hamas is the largest Palestinian militant Islamist group and one of the two major political parties in the Palestinian territories. It currently governs the Gaza Strip, home to more than two million Palestinians. The group is known for its armed resistance against Israel. Designation: Hamas as a whole, or its military wing, is designated a terrorist organization by several countries, including Israel, the United States, the European Union, and the United Kingdom. Origins and Ideology: Hamas was founded in the late 1980s during the first Palestinian intifada (uprising) against Israel’s occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. It emerged from the Palestinian Muslim Brotherhood, reflecting a blend of nationalist and Islamist ideologies. Historical Context: The group was created in response to a sense of failure within the Palestinian national movement, particularly after the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) recognized Israel and renounced armed struggle in favor of negotiated settlement. Hamas opposed the Oslo Peace Accords signed in the early 1990s between Israel and the PLO, which contributed to its rise in prominence. India’s Stand on Hamas Designation: India has not officially designated Hamas as a terrorist organization. Diplomatic Position: New Delhi does not recognize Hamas nor describe it as a terrorist group, balancing its support for the Palestinian cause with its opposition to terrorism. Following the October 7 attack, Prime Minister Narendra Modi expressed solidarity with Israel without mentioning Hamas or Palestine directly. India continues to advocate for a two-state solution to the Israel-Palestine conflict. -Source: Indian Express Jhumur Dance Context: The Assam government is gearing up for a grand Jhumur dance performance featuring 8,000 tea tribe artists. Relevance: GS I: Culture About Jhumur Overview Jhumur is a traditional dance associated with the tea tribe communities of Assam. It is typically performed during the Autumn season in Assam and is also seen in some parts of West Bengal. Performance Setting and Participants The dance is mainly performed by young girls in open spaces such as fields or under trees. The girls are accompanied by male members who help maintain rhythm, provide vocals, and play musical instruments. Musical Accompaniment The performance is characterized by the rhythmic beats of the Madal, a two-headed hand drum. Additional musical elements include the flute and a pair of Taals, which enhance the harmony of the music. During the dance, the girls hold each other’s waists and move their hands and legs in a coordinated forward and backward motion. Themes and Context Jhumur includes songs and dialogues that reflect the everyday experiences of common people, including their joys, sorrows, desires, and aspirations. The dance may serve various purposes: ritual worship, courtship, prayers for rain, or simply as a recreational activity between agricultural tasks. -Source: India Today Hoollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary Context: The Union environment ministry’s approval for exploratory oil and gas drilling in parts of Hoollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary could further endanger the already vulnerable Hoolock gibbons. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Hoollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary Location and Status The sanctuary is an isolated area of evergreen forest situated in the Jorhat district of Assam, India. It was designated a wildlife sanctuary in 1997 by the Assam Government. It is uniquely named after the gibbon and is notable for having the densest population of gibbons in Assam. Geography The sanctuary is located at an altitude of 100 to 120 meters (330 to 390 feet). The terrain slopes gently from the southeast to the northwest. River and Vegetation The Bhogdoi River creates a waterlogged region along the sanctuary’s border, supporting semi-hydrophytic plant life. Flora: The upper canopy is primarily composed of Hollong trees. The middle canopy features the Nahar tree. The lower canopy includes evergreen shrubs and herbs. Wildlife Fauna: The sanctuary is home to India’s only gibbons, the hoolock gibbons, and the Bengal slow loris, which is the only nocturnal primate in Northeastern India. It also hosts Indian elephants, tigers, leopards, jungle cats, wild boars, three species of civets, four types of squirrels, stump-tailed macaques, and northern pig-tailed macaques. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 01 August 2024

CONTENTS NITI Aayog’s 9th Governing Council Meeting Discusses India’s Development Vision for 2047 Advanced Land Navigation System NITI Aayog’s 9th Governing Council Meeting Discusses India’s Development Vision for 2047 Context: In the 9th Governing Council Meeting of NITI Aayog, chaired by the Prime Minister, leaders from 20 states and 6 union territories gathered to discuss the “Viksit Bharat @2047” theme. The meeting aimed to establish a comprehensive framework for India’s progress towards becoming a developed nation by 2047. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Key Outcomes of the Meeting Governing Council of NITI Aayog About NITI Aayog Key Outcomes of the Meeting Economic Ambition India aspires to become the world’s third-largest economy by 2047, targeting a GDP of USD 30 trillion. This ambitious goal emphasizes the country’s commitment to sustained growth, innovation, and international competitiveness. Vision Development by States and Districts The meeting urged each state and district to develop a strategic vision for 2047, aligning with India’s national development goals. States’ Role in National Progress The Prime Minister highlighted the importance of states’ development in achieving national objectives, stressing that developed states are essential for a developed India. Focus on Poverty Alleviation A major point of discussion was the elimination of poverty at the grassroots level, with the idea of ‘zero poverty’ villages being explored to ensure comprehensive development. Infrastructure and Governance The significance of robust infrastructure, law and order, and effective governance was stressed as crucial for attracting investment. Investment-Friendly Environment An ‘Investment-friendly Charter’ was proposed to encourage states to create an investor-friendly environment, with indicators to promote healthy competition among states. Youth Skill Development The meeting emphasized the need to enhance youth skills to make them employment-ready, leveraging India’s demographic advantage in the global job market. Agricultural Innovation and Natural Farming The discussions focused on boosting agricultural productivity, diversifying agricultural practices, and promoting natural farming to improve soil health, reduce costs, and access international markets. Strategic Recommendations Key themes such as drinking water, electricity, healthcare, education, and land management were highlighted, based on recommendations from the National Conference of Chief Secretaries. Addressing Population Aging The Prime Minister encouraged states to develop demographic management plans to tackle future challenges related to population aging. Capacity Building in Government States were urged to invest in the capacity building of government officials at all levels and to collaborate with the Capacity Building Commission. Water Resource Management The creation of River Grids was recommended to optimize water resource utilization at the state level. Technological Integration in Governance The integration of cybersecurity measures and artificial intelligence in governance was identified as crucial for addressing future challenges and enhancing governance efficiency. Governing Council of NITI Aayog Overview The Governing Council is the primary body responsible for developing a shared vision of national priorities and strategies, engaging states in shaping India’s development agenda. Cooperative Federalism The Council embodies the principles of cooperative federalism, serving as a platform for discussions on inter-sectoral, inter-departmental, and federal issues to accelerate national development. Membership The Council is chaired by the Prime Minister and includes Chief Ministers of States and Union Territories with legislatures, Lieutenant Governors of other Union Territories, Ex-Officio Members, the Vice Chairman of NITI Aayog, Full-Time Members, and Special Invitees. Functions The Governing Council Secretariat (GCS) coordinates the Council’s meetings and activities, as well as those of NITI Aayog’s various Verticals, Divisions, and Units. GCS also handles administrative and procedural matters, including coordinating the Annual Report for Parliamentary circulation and managing other governance-related tasks. About NITI Aayog The NITI Aayog serves as the apex public policy think tank of the GoI. It was established in 2015, by the NDA government, to replace the Planning Commission which followed a top-down model. It advises both the centre and states on social and economic issues. It is neither a constitutional body nor a statutory body but the outcome of an executive resolution. It was not created by the act of parliament. It has two Hubs. Team India Hub acts as interface between States and Centre. Knowledge and Innovation Hub builds the think-tank acumen of NITI Aayog. Composition: Chairperson: Prime minister Vice-Chairperson: To be appointed by Prime-Minister Governing Council: Chief Ministers of all states and Lt. Governors of Union Territories. Regional Council: To address specific regional issues, Comprising Chief Minister and Lt. Governors Chaired by the Prime Minister or his nominee. Ad-hoc Membership: Two members in ex-officio capacity from leading Research institutions on a rotational. Ex-Officio membership: Maximum four from the Union council of ministers to be nominated by the Prime Minister. Chief Executive Officer: Appointed by the Prime-minister for a fixed tenure, in the rank of Secretary to Government of India. Special Invitees: Experts, Specialists with domain knowledge nominated by the Prime Minister. Objectives: To generate a platform for national development, sectors and strategies with the collaboration of states and centre. To boost the factor of cooperative federalism between the centre and the states. For national development, it is necessary for both wings to work in synergy. To develop such mechanisms which work at the ground root level for progressive growth. A nation develops when its regions and states develop. To work on long term policies and strategies for long-term development. To set up a system for monitoring progress so that it can be used for analysing and improving methods. To provide a platform for resolving inter-departmental issues amicably. To make it a platform where the programmes, strategies, and schemes can be monitored on a day to day basis, and it could be understood which sector needs more resources to develop. To upgrade technological advancements in such a manner that focus can be made on initiatives and programmes. To ensure India’s level and ranking at the worldwide level and to make India an actively participating nation. To progress from food security towards nutrition and standardised meals and focus on agricultural production. To make use of more technology to avoid misadventures and corruption in governance. To make the working system more transparent and accountable. Advanced Land Navigation System Context: Recently, Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) was accorded to the procurement of Advanced Land Navigation System (ALNS) Mk-II for Armoured Fighting Vehicles (AFVs) of the Indian Army. Relevance: GS II: Health Advanced Land Navigation System (ALNS) Overview Technology Base: The Advanced Land Navigation System utilizes a Ring Laser Gyro (RLG) for navigation purposes. Functionality: It is designed to navigate routes specified by the coordinates on military maps in ESM format. Data Provision: The system can supply Inertial, GPS, and Hybrid Navigation data to meet various navigation needs. Security Features: The system boasts robust encryption, making it spoof-proof and secure. Operational Modes: Inertial Mode: Relies solely on data from inertial sensors. Hybrid Mode: Integrates data from both inertial sensors and GPS receivers, using the most precise data for navigation. GPS Mode: Functions independently of inertial sensor data. Compatibility: The ALNS Mk-II version is compatible with India’s regional navigation system, IRNSS/NavIC, as well as global systems like GPS and GLONASS. Special Features: It supports Defence Series Maps, enhancing navigational accuracy for armored fighting vehicles (AFVs).

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 01 August 2024

CONTENTS Small Modular Reactors and the Cost of Proliferation Resistance AI Needs Cultural Policies, not Just Regulation Small Modular Reactors and the Cost of Proliferation Resistance Context: Nuclear energy plays a crucial role in the global energy mix as it awaits the development and advancement of other renewable energy technologies, while fossil fuel sources, particularly coal, remain relevant and more affordable. It is in this context that the Indian government plans to collaborate with the private sector to research and test small modular reactors (SMRs). Relevance: GS1- Mineral and Energy Resources, Mobilization of Resources GS3-Nuclear Technology, Environmental Conservation Mains Question: What advantages do small modular reactors offer in comparison to the traditional nuclear power reactors? Also discuss the challenges associated with SMRs and highlight the way forward strategy to overcome them? (15 Marks, 250 Words). Proliferation Resistance: Proliferation resistance is a characteristic of a nuclear energy system that prevents the diversion or undeclared production of nuclear material, or the misuse of technology, by states to acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) defines proliferation resistance in this way. About Small Modular Reactors (SMRs): Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are advanced nuclear reactors with a power capacity of up to 300 MW(e) per unit, which is about one-third of the generating capacity of traditional nuclear power reactors. SMRs can produce a significant amount of low-carbon electricity and are characterized by the following features: Small: They are physically much smaller than conventional nuclear power reactors. Modular: Their systems and components can be factory-assembled and transported as a unit to the installation site. Reactors: They use nuclear fission to generate heat and produce energy. SMRs are designed with enhanced safety features to minimize the risk of uncontrolled radioactive material release. They are intended to operate for 40-60 years with capacity factors exceeding 90%. Significance of SMRs: Nuclear power provides a high and sustainable energy output, despite the added complexities of building safe and reliable reactors and managing spent nuclear fuel. Cost and time overruns, sometimes doubling from initial project estimates, are not uncommon. Consequently, the nuclear power tariff is higher for newer facilities, even though they fill gaps left by renewable sources. SMRs, ranging from 10 MWe to 300 MWe, are smaller versions of traditional reactors. They aim to enhance safety without sacrificing commercial viability by utilizing the higher energy content of nuclear fuel, a modular design, a smaller operational footprint, and reduced capital costs. Many of the benefits of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are inherently tied to their small and modular design. Their smaller footprint allows them to be located in areas unsuitable for larger nuclear power plants. Prefabricated SMR units can be manufactured and then transported and installed on-site, making them more cost-effective to build than large power reactors, which are often custom-designed for specific locations and can face construction delays. SMRs offer savings in cost and construction time and can be deployed incrementally to meet growing energy demand. In areas with insufficient transmission lines and grid capacity, SMRs can be integrated into an existing grid or used off-grid due to their smaller electrical output, providing low-carbon power for industry and communities. Compared to existing reactors, proposed SMR designs are generally simpler, with safety concepts often relying on passive systems and inherent safety features such as low power and operating pressure. This means no human intervention or external power is needed to shut down systems, as passive systems rely on physical phenomena like natural circulation, convection, gravity, and self-pressurization. These increased safety margins can significantly reduce or eliminate the risk of radioactive releases to the environment and public in the event of an accident. SMRs have reduced fuel requirements. SMR-based power plants may need refueling less frequently, every 3 to 7 years, compared to every 1 to 2 years for conventional plants. Some SMRs are designed to operate for up to 30 years without refueling. Challenges Associated: However, the challenge is to manage the external costs associated with SMRs. The government’s privatization of nuclear power generation will also heighten the need for regulatory safeguards to prevent radioactive material from being diverted for military purposes. The first generation of SMRs is expected to use low-enriched uranium in facilities assembled on-site with factory-made parts, producing waste that can be managed with existing technologies and generating power that can be sold at economical rates. However, these reactors will require frequent refueling and will produce a significant amount of plutonium, both of which will challenge proliferation resistance. The IAEA has advocated for the use of reactor designs that can be safeguarded, but such solutions will increase capital costs. Future generations of SMRs may require more enriched uranium, especially if they aim for longer continuous generation periods, or more advanced systems to improve fuel-use efficiency, which would increase the operational footprint and the cost of generation. In fact, nuclear reactors have fixed baseline cost and safety expectations that do not change with energy output, meaning SMR-based tariffs may not automatically be lower. This is why the Department of Atomic Energy increased its reactors’ capacity from 220 MW to 700 MW. Conclusion: The ability of SMRs to enhance the prospects of nuclear power in India will therefore depend on their commercial viability, which in turn relies on less uncertain market conditions, stable grids, opportunities to mass-produce parts, and the cost of proliferation resistance. AI Needs Cultural Policies, not Just Regulation Context: The future of Artificial Intelligence (AI) cannot be secured by regulation alone. To ensure AI is safe and trustworthy for everyone, we must complement regulation with policies that promote high-quality data as a public good. This approach is essential for fostering transparency, creating a level playing field, and building public trust. Only by providing fair and broad access to data can we fully realize AI’s potential and distribute its benefits equitably. Relevance: GS3- Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, Robotics, Nano-technology, Bio-technology and issues relating to Intellectual Property Rights. Mains Question: What role does data play in the functioning of Artificial Intelligence (AI)? How can AI help in the preservation of cultural heritage and traditional knowledge? (10 Marks, 150 Words). Data and AI: Data is the lifeblood of AI. In this context, the principles of neural scaling are straightforward: the more data, the better. For example, the more diverse and voluminous human-generated text available for unsupervised learning, the better Large Language Models (LLMs) will perform. Alongside computing power and algorithmic innovations, data is arguably the most crucial driver of progress in the field. Paucity of Continuous Data: However, there is a problem. Humans do not produce enough digital content to sustain these ever-growing models. Current training datasets are already enormous: Meta’s LLama 3, for instance, is trained on 15 trillion tokens, over 10 times the size of the British Library’s book collection. A recent study suggests that the demand for high-quality text is such that we might reach a ‘peak data’ scenario before 2030. Other studies warn about the risks of public data contamination by LLMs themselves, leading to feedback loops that amplify biases and reduce diversity. AI winter: Concerns about an ‘AI winter’ highlight the relentless data race in which researchers and industry players are engaged, sometimes compromising quality and ethics. A notable example is ‘Books3,’ a collection of pirated books believed to be used by leading LLMs. Whether this practice falls under fair-use policy is a legal debate. More troubling is the hoarding of these books without any clear guiding principle. Even though progress is being made, partly due to regulation, LLMs are still primarily trained on an opaque mix of licensed content, ‘publicly available data,’ and ‘social media interactions.’ Studies indicate that these data reflect and sometimes even worsen existing distortions in our cyberspace, creating a predominantly anglophone and present-centric world. The Absence of Primary Sources: The idea that Large Language Models (LLMs) are trained on a comprehensive collection of human knowledge is a fanciful delusion. Current LLMs are far from the universal library imagined by thinkers like Leibniz and Borges. While repositories of stolen texts like ‘Books3’ may include some scholarly works, these are mostly secondary sources written in English—commentaries that barely scratch the surface of human culture. Notably absent are primary sources and their diverse languages: archival documents, oral traditions, forgotten books in public collections, and inscriptions on stone—the raw materials of our cultural heritage. These documents represent an untapped reservoir of linguistic data. Take Italy, for example. The State Archives of Italy alone house at least 1,500 kilometers of shelved documents (measured linearly)—not counting the vast holdings of the Vatican. Estimating the total volume of tokens that could be derived from this heritage is challenging. However, considering the hundreds of archives spread across our five continents, it’s reasonable to believe they could match or even exceed the data currently used to train LLMs. If harnessed, this data would not only enrich AI’s understanding of humanity’s cultural wealth but also make it more accessible to the world. They could revolutionize our understanding of history while safeguarding the world’s cultural heritage from neglect, war, and climate change. Additionally, they promise significant economic benefits. By helping neural networks scale up, their release into the public domain would allow smaller companies, startups, and the open-source AI community to use these large pools of free and transparent data to develop their own applications, leveling the playing field against Big Tech and fostering global innovation. Examples from Italy and Canada: Advancements in the digital humanities, particularly through AI, have significantly reduced the cost of digitization, allowing us to extract text from printed and manuscript documents with remarkable accuracy and speed. Italy recognized this potential and allocated €500 million from its ‘Next Generation EU’ package for the ‘Digital Library’ project. Unfortunately, this ambitious initiative, aimed at making Italy’s rich heritage accessible as open data, has since been deprioritized and restructured, showing a lack of foresight. Canada’s Official Languages Act offers a valuable lesson here. Although initially criticized as wasteful, this policy mandating bilingual institutions eventually produced one of the most valuable datasets for training translation software. However, recent discussions about adopting regional languages in the Spanish Cortes and European Union institutions have overlooked this important aspect. Even supporters have failed to acknowledge the cultural, economic, and technological benefits of promoting the digitization of low-resource languages as complementary. Conclusion: As we accelerate the digital transition, we must not overlook the immense potential of our world’s cultural heritage. Digitizing it is crucial for preserving history, democratizing knowledge, and enabling truly inclusive AI innovation.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 01 August 2024

CONTENTS Surge in Tax Concessions for Political Donations Dark Oxygen Report on Currency and Finance Landslide Nano-MIND Technology Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme Mettur Dam Surge in Tax Concessions for Political Donations Context: Recent financial data shows a notable increase in tax concessions for donations to political parties, with nearly Rs 4,000 crore granted in the fiscal year 2022-23. This rise underscores the growing trend of using tax deductions to support electoral funding and highlights broader shifts in political finance and its impact on fiscal policy. Relevance: GS II: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Tax Concessions on Political Donations Implications of Increasing Tax Concessions Regulations on Political Donations in India Way Forward Tax Concessions on Political Donations Definition of Tax Concession A tax concession refers to a reduction in tax liabilities or a favorable change in tax regulations that benefits specific groups or organizations. Indian Tax Provisions In India, tax concessions for political donations are governed by the Income Tax Act, 1961. Section 80GGB: Allows Indian companies to receive tax deductions for donations to political parties or electoral trusts, excluding cash donations. Section 80GGC: Applies to individuals, firms, and non-corporate entities, enabling tax deductions for similar contributions, also excluding cash donations. Deductions are available for donations made through cheques, account transfers, or electoral bonds. Definition of Political Party A political party is defined as one that is registered under Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. Recent Statistics For FY 2022-23, tax concessions for political donations totaled approximately Rs 3,967.54 crore. In FY 2021-22, the tax concessions were Rs 3,516.47 crore, reflecting a 13% increase from the previous year. Since FY 2014-15, the cumulative impact of tax concessions on political donations has reached around Rs 12,270.19 crore. In FY 2022-23, Rs 2,003.43 crore of these concessions were attributed to corporate donations under Section 80GGB. Individuals claimed Rs 1,862.38 crore in deductions under Section 80GGC. Implications of Increasing Tax Concessions Trends in Electoral Financing The rise in tax concessions points to a growing dependence on donations from corporations and individuals for political financing. This trend may influence the balance of power and decision-making within politics. Need for Transparency The increase in political donations underscores the need for enhanced transparency in political financing to ensure accountability and mitigate undue influence. Impact on Public Finances Rising tax concessions could affect government revenue, potentially impacting funding for public services and infrastructure. Excessive tax concessions might lead to market distortions, benefiting specific sectors or companies disproportionately. Long-Term Fiscal Concerns While tax concessions may promote short-term growth, they need to be managed carefully to avoid compromising long-term fiscal health and sustainability. Regulations on Political Donations in India Acceptance of Donations Section 29B of the Representation of the People Act, 1951: Permits political parties to accept voluntary contributions from individuals or companies, excluding government entities and foreign sources. Corporate Contributions Section 182 of the Companies Act, 2013: Authorizes Indian companies to donate to political parties under specific conditions, including: Board approval Payments made through non-cash methods Disclosure in the company’s profit and loss account Tax Deductions Income Tax Act, 1961: Provides tax deductions for donations to political parties or electoral trusts: Section 80GGB: For Indian companies Section 80GGC: For individuals and non-corporate entities Foreign Contributions Foreign Contributions (Regulations) Act, 2010 (FCRA): Prohibits political parties from accepting donations from foreign sources. However, Indian companies with permissible foreign investment are not classified as foreign sources and can contribute under the Companies Act, 2013. Electoral Bonds Scheme Introduced in 2018, this scheme allows anonymous donations to political parties. Bonds can be purchased from authorized banks and are valid for 15 days. In February 2024, the Supreme Court of India declared the Electoral Bond Scheme and related amendments unconstitutional, citing violations of the right to information. Way Forward Revising Tax Concessions Reevaluating the framework for tax concessions to ensure they align with fiscal policies and minimize negative impacts on government revenues. Alternative Funding Mechanisms Setting reasonable limits on tax deductions and exploring other political funding methods to ensure system sustainability. Public Funding for Political Parties Considering government financial support to reduce reliance on private donations and minimize the influence of vested interests. Public funding models vary, with some countries offering funds based on election performance, membership fees, or donations. Examples include “democracy vouchers” in Seattle. Enhanced Transparency Mandating full disclosure of all political donations, including those through electoral bonds. Establishing an independent commission to oversee political finance with robust oversight mechanisms. -Source: The Hindu Dark Oxygen Context: Scientists have recently reported an unknown process generating oxygen in the world’s oceans’ deep regions, where photosynthesis is not possible due to the absence of sunlight. This discovery is significant as it indicates the presence of previously unknown ecosystems and highlights the importance of oxygen in supporting marine life. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: What is Dark Oxygen? About Deep Sea Mining About Deep Ocean Mission What is Dark Oxygen? Observation Scientists have detected an unexpected increase in oxygen levels in certain regions of the abyssal zone, where sunlight is too dim for photosynthesis to occur. Definition This phenomenon, identified as ‘dark oxygen,’ represents a new source of oxygen independent of photosynthesis. Potential Causes Great Conveyor Belt: Normally, oxygen in deep ocean areas is supplied by this global circulation system, which should diminish without local production due to oxygen consumption by small marine organisms. Polymetallic Nodules: One hypothesis suggests that polymetallic nodules on the ocean floor might be generating oxygen. These nodules are made of iron, manganese hydroxides, and rock and could potentially produce oxygen by splitting water molecules through transported electric charges. Unclear Energy Source: The exact mechanism or energy source for how these nodules produce oxygen is still unknown. Study Location The research was carried out in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, located off the west coast of Mexico. This region is renowned for its high concentration of polymetallic nodules. About Deep Sea Mining The deep sea is the region of the ocean below a depth of 200 metres, and the practise of mining for minerals there is referred to as deep-sea mining. The international seabed is defined as the area that lies outside of national jurisdiction and accounts for about 50% of the total area of the world’s oceans, according to the International Seabed Authority, a body established under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) for monitoring all activities related to mineral resources in the deep sea. Issues: It may significantly affect marine ecosystems and biodiversity. Deep-sea habitats may change or be destroyed by machine-aided excavation and gauging of the ocean floor. As a result, there will be a loss of species—many of which are unique to the area—as well as a fragmentation or loss of the structure and functionality of the ecosystem. It will agitate the seafloor’s fine sediments and release suspended particle plumes. Mining ships’ surface wastewater discharges make this situation worse. Noise, vibration, and light pollution brought on by mining machinery and surface vessels, as well as potential fuel leaks and spills, could have an impact on species like whales, tuna, and sharks. About Deep Ocean Mission: Nodal:  Ministry of Earth Sciences Deep Ocean Mission is a mission mode project to support the Blue Economy Initiatives of the Government of India. Government of India has also launched a ‘Deep Ocean Mission’ for exploration of polymetallic nodules in Central Indian Ocean Basin. Polymetallic nodules contain multiple metals like copper, nickel, cobalt, manganese, iron, lead, zinc, aluminium, silver, gold, and platinum etc. in variable constitutions and are precipitate of hot fluids from upwelling hot magma from the deep interior of the oceanic crust. It is a Central Sector Scheme and no separate allocation for States is envisaged. It is proposed to collaborate with non-governmental organizations for research collaboration for various components of Deep Ocean Mission. The major objectives proposed under Deep Ocean Mission are as follows: Development of technologies for deep sea mining, underwater vehicles and underwater robotics; Development of ocean climate change advisory services; Technological innovations for exploration and conservation of deep sea biodiversity; Deep ocean survey and exploration; Proof of concept studies on energy and freshwater from the ocean; and Establishing advanced marine station for ocean biology. -Source: The Hindu Report on Currency and Finance Context: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) released the Report on Currency and Finance (RCF) for the year 2023-24 with the theme – India’s Digital Revolution. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: India’s Digital Revolution – Key Highlights Significance of Digitalisation in India’s Financial Sector Challenges Posed by Digitalisation in Finance Remittances in India – Key Insights Way Forward for India’s Digital Finance Ecosystem India’s Digital Revolution – Key Highlights Leadership in Digital Public Infrastructure: India is at the forefront of the global digital revolution, bolstered by its robust digital public infrastructure (DPI), evolving institutional frameworks, and a tech-savvy population. Global Rankings: India ranks first globally in biometric-based identification (Aadhaar) and real-time payments volume, second in telecom subscribers, and third in the startup ecosystem. Unified Payments Interface (UPI): UPI has transformed the retail payment landscape in India, providing a faster and more convenient transaction experience for users. Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC): The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is leading the charge with pilot runs of the e-rupee, India’s version of a central bank digital currency. Digital Lending Ecosystem: This sector is gaining momentum with initiatives like the Open Credit Enablement Network and the Open Network for Digital Commerce. FinTechs are partnering with banks and non-banking financial companies (NBFCs) to offer digital credit services. Significance of Digitalisation in India’s Financial Sector Next-Generation Banking: Innovations in digital payments and credit assessment models are streamlining loan disbursements in the retail sector. Efficient Financial Markets: Digitalisation is enhancing access to affordable financial services, improving the efficiency of direct benefit transfers (DBTs), and boosting e-commerce through embedded finance. Global Impact: India’s digitalisation is fueling growth in service exports and reducing remittance costs. The RBI’s participation in Project Nexus aims to interlink India’s UPI with fast payment systems in Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand for instant cross-border retail payments. Challenges Posed by Digitalisation in Finance Cybersecurity and Data Privacy: The increasing digital footprint raises concerns about cybersecurity, data privacy, and data bias, along with risks associated with vendors and third parties. Complexity and Risks: Emerging technologies bring new financial models that users may not fully understand, increasing the risk of exposure to fraudulent apps and manipulative practices. Human Resource Challenges: The financial sector may face a skills gap, necessitating significant investments in upskilling and reskilling workers. Remittances in India – Key Insights Global Context: According to the World Bank, global remittances reached an estimated US$ 857.3 billion in 2023, with India contributing US$ 115.3 billion, the highest share globally. Regional Sources: In 2021, more than half of India’s inward remittances came from Gulf countries, with North America contributing 22%. Economic Impact: The remittance-to-GDP ratio in India has increased from 2.8% in 2000 to 3.2% in 2023, surpassing the ratio of gross FDI inflows to GDP (1.9% in 2023), strengthening India’s external sector. Future Outlook: India’s working-age population is expected to continue growing until 2048, positioning the country as a leading labor supplier globally. This demographic trend could drive remittances to around $160 billion by 2029. Way Forward for India’s Digital Finance Ecosystem Enhanced Regulatory Frameworks: To ensure financial stability, customer protection, and competition, India’s regulatory and supervisory frameworks must evolve. The Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act 2023 is an example of efforts to safeguard personal data in a digitalized environment. Balancing Regulation and Innovation: The goal is to maintain a balance between effective regulation and the promotion of financial innovations within a safe and trustworthy ecosystem. -Source: Indian Express Wayanad Landslide Context: At least 144 persons were killed and 197 injured after multiple landslides flattened some three villages in Vythiri taluk of the hilly Wayanad district of Kerala early on July 30. Relevance: GS III- Disaster Management Dimensions of the Article: Landslide in Wayanad: Key Details and Causes What are Landslides? Two Primary varieties of Landslides in India Why are Landslides more frequent in the Himalayas than in the Western Ghats? Landslide in Wayanad: Key Details and Causes Incident Overview Event: A severe landslide occurred in the hilly region of Meppadi in Kerala’s Wayanad district. Casualties: The disaster claimed the lives of at least 144 people. Timing: The first landslide struck around 1 AM, followed by a second at 4:30 AM. Causes of the Wayanad Landslide Heavy Rainfall: The region experienced extremely heavy rainfall, with over 140 mm recorded in just 24 hours, about five times the normal amount for this period. Fragile Ecology: The area’s fragile ecological balance, coupled with increased population pressures, contributed to the landslides. Geographical Vulnerability: The western part of Kerala, characterized by hilly terrain with steep slopes, is inherently susceptible to landslides. Terrain Composition: Wayanad’s landscape has a distinctive structure with a layer of soil over hard rocks. Intense rainfall saturates the soil, allowing water to penetrate and flow between the soil and rock layers, destabilizing the soil and triggering landslides. Deforestation: Loss of forest cover, particularly in plantation areas, increases the land’s vulnerability to landslides. According to a 2021 study, 59% of landslides in Kerala occur in plantation regions. Environmental and Climatic Factors Arabian Sea Warming: Climate scientists have highlighted the warming of the Arabian Sea as a factor behind unpredictable and heavy rain patterns. This warming causes atmospheric instability, leading to the formation of deep cloud systems that result in heavy rainfall over short periods, thereby increasing landslide risks. Ecological Sensitivity: The “Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel,” led by ecologist Madhav Gadgil, recommended in 2011 that the Wayanad hill ranges and 75% of the Western Ghats’ 129,037 sq km area be declared ecologically sensitive due to dense forests, endemic species, and unique geology. Panel Recommendations: The panel advised creating zones based on ecological sensitivity, with strict monitoring and protection measures, including bans on mining, quarrying, new thermal power plants, hydropower projects, and large-scale wind energy projects in the most sensitive areas. Implementation: Despite these recommendations, implementation has been delayed for over 14 years due to opposition from state governments, industries, and local communities. What are Landslides? Landslides are physical mass movement of soil, rocks and debris down the mountain slope because of heavy rainfall, earthquake, gravity and other factors. Why do Landslides Occur? Base of the huge mountains eroded by rivers or due to mining activities or erosion agents resulting in steep slopes. Increased industrialisation leading to climate change and weather disturbances. Change in river flow due to construction of dams, barriers, etc. Loose soil cover and sloping terrain. Two Primary varieties of Landslides in India I- Himalayas India has the highest mountain chain on earth, the Himalayas, which are formed due to collision of Indian and Eurasian plate, the northward movement of the Indian plate towards China causes continuous stress on the rocks rendering them friable, weak and prone to landslides and earthquakes. The Northeastern region is badly affected by landslide problems causing recurring economic losses worth billions of rupees. II- Western Ghats A different variety of landslides, characterized by a lateritic cap (Laterite is a soil and rock type rich in iron and aluminium , and is commonly considered to have formed in hot and wet tropical areas), pose constant threat to the Western Ghats in the South, along the steep slopes overlooking the Konkan coast besides Nilgiris, which is highly landslide prone. The problem needs to be tackled for mitigation and management for which hazard zones have to be identified and specific slides to be stabilized and managed in addition to monitoring and early warning systems to be placed at selected sites. Zone Map Himalayas of Northwest and Northeast India and the Western Ghats are two regions of high vulnerability and are landslide prone. Why are Landslides more frequent in the Himalayas than in the Western Ghats? In the Himalayas, Landslides are very frequent because: Heavy snowfall in winter and melting in summer induces debris flow, which is carried in large quantity by numerous streams and rivers – which results in increases chances of Landslides. Himalayas are made of sedimentary rocks which can easily be eroded – hence, erosions contribute to more landslides. Drifting of Indian plate causes frequent earthquakes and resultant instability in the region. Man-made activities like grazing, construction and cultivation abet soil erosion and risks of landslides. Himalayas not yet reached its isostatic equilibrium which destabilizes the slopes causing landslides. Diurnal changes of temperature are much more in northern India than in southern slopes – weakening the rocks and increasing mass wasting and erosion. In the Wester Ghats, Landslides are comparatively less frequent because: Western Ghats are eroded, denuded, aged, mature, worn out by exogenic forces and have a much lower height – hence, occurrence of Landslides is lesser. The Western Ghats are on more stable part of Indian plate, hence, there is a lesser occurrence of earthquakes and landslides. While steep slope on western side with high rainfall creates idea condition for landslide but gentle eastern slope with low rainfall and rivers in senile stage, counters the condition. Moving of Indian plates doesn’t affect the Western Ghats much (as they are old block mountains), hence the reduced number of landslides. Small & swift flowing streams of western side and big matured rivers on eastern side (like Krishna, Godavari, etc) cannot carry large amount of debris. -Source: The Hindu Nano-MIND Technology Context: Researchers from the Korean Institute of Basic Science have developed a magnetogenetics technology dubbed Nano Magnetogenetic Interface for NeuroDynamics (Nano-MIND) which has been demonstrated on mice. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Nano-MIND Technology: Overview and Highlights Overview Nano-MIND (Magnetogenetic Interface for NeuroDynamics): This cutting-edge technology offers new avenues for exploring and influencing complex brain functions, including cognition, emotion, and motivation. Functionality: It enables wireless, remote, and precise modulation of specific deep brain neural circuits using magnetic fields and magnetized nanoparticles. This method represents a significant improvement over traditional brain manipulation techniques. Research Highlights Demonstration on Mice: The research team showcased Nano-MIND’s capabilities by activating particular neurons in various brain regions of mice. Maternal Behavior Induction: One key achievement was the activation of inhibitory GABA receptors in the medial preoptic area (MPOA), known for governing maternal behaviors. When these neurons were stimulated in non-maternal female mice, the animals displayed markedly increased nurturing behaviors similar to those of maternal mice. Regulation of Feeding Behaviors: The researchers also targeted motivation circuits in the lateral hypothalamus to regulate feeding behaviors. Activating inhibitory neurons in this region led to a significant 100% increase in appetite and feeding behaviors in mice. In contrast, activating excitatory neurons resulted in more than a 50% reduction in these behaviors. Significance Advancement in Neuroscience: Nano-MIND technology marks a major advancement in neuroscience, potentially revolutionizing our understanding of brain functions and disorders. Applications: The technology holds promise for developing advanced brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) and could play a critical role in treating neurological disorders, offering new avenues for therapeutic interventions. -Source: India Today Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme Context: A total of 1,862 disease outbreaks were reported to the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme last year, with the highest number being reported from Kerala, the Lok Sabha was informed recently. Relevance: GS II: Health Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) Overview Nature: The Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) is a decentralized, state-based initiative designed to strengthen disease surveillance across India. Launch: It was initiated in November 2004 with assistance from the World Bank, under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Objectives Primary Goal: The program aims to establish and maintain a decentralized, laboratory-based, IT-enabled surveillance system for monitoring epidemic-prone diseases. Specific Goals: To track disease trends. To detect and respond to outbreaks during their early stages using trained Rapid Response Teams (RRTs). Programme Components Surveillance Units: Establishment of surveillance units at the national, state, and district levels to integrate and decentralize surveillance activities. Human Resource Development: Training of personnel, including State Surveillance Officers, District Surveillance Officers, RRTs, and other medical and paramedical staff, on the principles of disease surveillance. Information Technology: Utilization of ICT for data collection, collation, analysis, and dissemination. Laboratory Strengthening: Enhancing the capabilities of public health laboratories. Inter-Sectoral Coordination: Collaboration with other sectors for managing zoonotic diseases. Data Management Data Collection: Data on epidemic-prone diseases are gathered weekly, categorized into “S” (suspected cases), “P” (presumptive cases), and “L” (laboratory-confirmed cases). This data is reported by health workers, clinicians, and laboratory staff. Reporting: Weekly disease outbreak reports are collected from States/UTs, including NIL reports if no cases are observed. These reports are compiled to provide insights into disease trends and seasonality. Outbreak Response: If a rising trend in illness is detected, RRTs investigate to identify and control potential outbreaks. Data Analysis: The collected data is analyzed at the state and district levels, with appropriate actions taken based on the findings. -Source: Indian Express Mettur Dam Context: A warning has been issued to people residing in low-lying areas of the Mettur Dam, following increased inflow into the dam. Relevance: GS II: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Overview of Mettur Dam Key Facts about the Kaveri River Overview of Mettur Dam Introduction: Established in 1934, the Mettur Dam stands as one of India’s largest dams. Location: Positioned in Mettur, Salem District, Tamil Nadu. Built across a gorge where the Kaveri River enters the plains. Specifications: Type: Masonry gravity dam. Dimensions: Extends 1,700 meters in length, reaches a maximum height of 120 feet, and holds a capacity of 93.4 tmc ft. Reservoir: Creates the Stanley Reservoir. Additional Features: In 1937, the Mettur hydroelectric and thermal power plant was established at the base of the dam, generating 32 MW of hydropower. Nearby park on the opposite side features lawns, fountains, and a statue of Muniappan/Aiyanar. Irrigation Benefits: Supports irrigation across several districts including Salem, Erode, Namakkal, Karur, Tiruchirappali, and Thanjavur, covering 271,000 acres (110,000 hectares) of farmland. Key Facts about the Kaveri River Overview: The Kaveri River, also known as the Cauvery River, is a major river in southern India and holds sacred significance in Hinduism. Course: Originates from Brahmagiri Hill in the Western Ghats of southwestern Karnataka, at an elevation of 1,341 meters (4,400 feet) above sea level. Flows southeast through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, eventually emptying into the Bay of Bengal through two main mouths. Total length: 800 kilometers from source to mouth. Geographical Boundaries: Flanked by the Western Ghats to the west, the Eastern Ghats to the east and south, and ridges separating it from the Krishna and Pennar basins to the north. Basin Area: The Kaveri Basin spans Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, and the Union Territory of Puducherry, covering 81,155 square kilometers. Tributaries: Left-bank tributaries: Harangi, Hemavati, Shimsha, and Arkavati. Right-bank tributaries: Lakshmantirtha, Kabbani, Suvarnavati, Bhavani, Noyil, and Amaravati. Dams: Notable dams include Krishna Raja Sagara Dam, Mettur Dam, and Banasura Sagar Dam on the Kabini River, a Kaveri tributary. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 31 July 2024

CONTENTS National Mission for Manuscript ISTIC-UNESCO National Mission for Manuscript Context: Recently the Ministry of Culture and Tourism shed light on the achievements made in the National Mission for Manuscripts and National Culture Fund. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: National Mission for Manuscripts National Culture Fund (NCF) National Mission for Manuscripts Establishment: 2003, by the Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Government of India. Objectives: Documentation Conservation Digitization Online dissemination of India’s manuscript heritage. Infrastructure: Over 100 Manuscripts Resource Centres and Manuscripts Conservation Centres across India. Collection: Approximately ten million manuscripts, the largest in the world, covering various themes, textures, scripts, languages, calligraphies, illuminations, and illustrations. Definition of a Manuscript: A handwritten document on materials like paper, bark, cloth, metal, or palm leaf, at least seventy-five years old, with significant scientific, historical, or aesthetic value. Distinction: Manuscripts differ from historical records like epigraphs and firmans, as they primarily convey knowledge content rather than direct historical facts. Diversity: Manuscripts exist in hundreds of different languages and scripts. National Culture Fund (NCF) Establishment: 1996, under the Charitable Endowment Act, 1890. Purpose: To mobilize additional resources through Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) for promoting, protecting, and preserving India’s cultural heritage. Functions: Financing mechanism for donor/sponsor institutions to support the protection, restoration, conservation, and development of India’s cultural and heritage sites, including monuments and cultural traditions. Training and development of specialists and cultural administrators. Expanding space in existing museums and constructing new museums for special galleries. Documenting cultural expressions and forms that are losing relevance or facing extinction. Management: Managed by a Council chaired by the Minister of Culture and an Executive Committee chaired by the Secretary. Projects are overseen by a Project Implementation Committee (PIC) with representatives from donors, implementers, and NCF. The Comptroller and Auditor General of India annually audit the accounts of NCF. Platform: NCF offers a reliable and innovative platform for partnerships in heritage, culture, and the arts. ISTIC-UNESCO Context: The International Science, Technology, and Innovation Centre for South-South Cooperation (ISTIC), under UNESCO’s auspices, is hosting a significant STI Conclave titled “Traditional Knowledge for Sustainable Livelihoods” from July 29-31, 2024, in New Delhi, India. Relevance: Facts for Prelims ISTIC-UNESCO Full Name: The International Science, Technology and Innovation Centre for South-South Cooperation under the Auspices of UNESCO (ISTIC). Category: UNESCO Category 2 Centre. Hosting Country: Malaysia, since 2008. Purpose: ISTIC serves as an international platform offering sustainable programs and services aimed at enhancing sustainable development for South-South Cooperation. Hosting Agreement: The Centre operates under a six-year Agreement between the Malaysian Government, represented by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), and UNESCO. The current agreement spans from February 2022 to January 2028. Mission: ISTIC aims to be a leading international platform providing sustainable programs and services, fostering holistic talents towards institutional excellence, and promoting sustainable development for South-South Cooperation. Objectives: To facilitate the exchange of students, researchers, scientists, and technologists among developing countries. UNESCO Category 2 Centre Description: These are institutes and centres affiliated with UNESCO, forming a global network of institutions excelling in areas of UNESCO’s competence. Role: They are privileged partners of UNESCO, with access to the UNESCO logo and various international and intergovernmental bodies and networks, allowing them to leverage UNESCO’s international reach and convening powers. Partnership Strategy: These centres are an integral part of UNESCO’s Comprehensive Partnership Strategy, which aims to promote international cooperation and knowledge sharing.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 31 July 2024

CONTENTS Courts Should Limit the Governor’s Power to Refer Bills Impatience With Jobs Courts Should Limit the Governor’s Power to Refer Bills Context: The way some Governors have been handling legislation passed by State legislatures is a distortion of the Constitution. After the Supreme Court of India intervened in Punjab’s case and questioned the actions or lack thereof by Governors in Tamil Nadu and Telangana, it was expected that Governors would stop deliberately delaying action on Bills passed by the Assemblies. Relevance: GS2- Parliament Indian Constitution Cooperative Federalism Mains Question: The judiciary should limit Governor’s power to refer Bills to President without cause. Analyse in the context of recent controversies over the governor’s inaction in state legislature bills. (15 Marks, 250 Words). What are the Governor’s Powers over Bills? Article 200: Article 200 of the Indian Constitution details the procedure for a Bill passed by a State’s Legislative Assembly to be presented to the Governor for assent. The Governor can either assent to the Bill, withhold assent, or reserve the Bill for the President’s consideration. Additionally, the Governor can return the Bill to the House or Houses with a message requesting reconsideration. Article 201: This article states that when a Bill is reserved for the President’s consideration, the President can either assent to the Bill or withhold assent. The President may also instruct the Governor to return the Bill to the State Legislature for reconsideration. Options Available with the Governor: The Governor can give assent to the Bill or send it back to the Assembly, requesting reconsideration of some provisions or the entire Bill. The Governor can reserve the Bill for the President’s consideration. This is mandatory if the Bill passed by the State Legislature jeopardizes the position of the State High Court. The Governor can also reserve the Bill if it:  Contradicts the provisions of the Constitution,  Opposes the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP),  Is against the larger interest of the country,  Is of grave national importance,  Deals with the compulsory acquisition of property under Article 31A of the Constitution. Withholding assent is another option, but this is rarely done by any Governor as it would be highly unpopular. Recent Incidents: It seems that upon realizing their supposed ability to indefinitely hold Bills or withhold assent has been significantly limited, Governors have started sending Bills they disapprove of to the President for consideration. When the President, based on the Union government’s advice, refuses assent, the State legislatures have no options left. This raises the issue of whether the provision for reserving some Bills for the President’s consideration is being misused to undermine federalism. In other words, the Centre is given an indirect veto over State laws—something not intended by the Constitution. This is precisely the issue Kerala has raised in its writ petition before the Court, challenging the Governor’s decision to send the Bills to the President and the President’s refusal of assent. It is now a fitting time for the Court to rule on this matter and set limits on the Governors’ use of this option. Significant Ruling of the Court: It is important to remember that in the Punjab case, the Court ruled that Governors do not have a veto over Bills and that if they withhold assent, they must return the Bills to the Assembly. If the Assembly re-adopts the Bills, with or without amendments, the Governors are obliged to grant assent. In the Telangana case, the Court noted that Governors are expected to act on Bills “as soon as possible,” emphasizing that this phrase has significant constitutional meaning and that constitutional functionaries should keep this in mind. It is surprising that the Governors of West Bengal and Kerala have not learned from these rulings and observations. Seven Bills from Kerala, which typically wouldn’t require the President’s assent, were sent to Rashtrapati Bhavan, and four were refused assent without any explanation. The inaction on these Bills lasted from 23 to 10 months. West Bengal has also contested the inaction on some Bills, some of which may have been referred to the President. Conclusion: The issue goes beyond the political motivations that may have influenced the Governor’s actions or inactions. At its core, it questions whether the Constitution allows such indirect central intervention in the legislative affairs of the States. Impatience With Jobs Context: A major focus of this Budget speech is the change in approach toward employment, with a noticeable increase in its mentions. “Employment” was the central theme of the Budget, highlighting the Prime Minister’s package aimed at facilitating jobs and skills as a top priority. The proposed ₹2 lakh crore package aims to assist 4.1 crore youth over five years through three employment-linked incentive schemes. Relevance: GS Paper – 3 Indian Economy and issues relating to Planning Mobilization of Resources Growth, Development and Employment Inclusive Growth and issues arising from it Mains Question: Budget’s stress on employment is good but a lot more needs to be done in this direction. Discuss. (10 Marks, 150 Words). Schemes Introduced: Employment-Linked Incentive Schemes: Scheme 1: Focuses on recognizing first-time employees and providing support to both employees and employers. Offers a direct benefit transfer of one month’s salary in three installments to newly employed workers registered with the Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO).  Eligibility: Salary up to ₹1 lakh per month.  Expected to benefit 210 lakh youth. Scheme 2: Encourages additional employment in the manufacturing sector, linked to EPFO contributions for first-time employees in the first four years. Expected to benefit 30 lakh youth and their employers. Scheme 3: Covers additional employment in all sectors. The government reimburses employers up to ₹3,000 per month for two years towards their EPFO contribution for each additional employee. Skill Development Scheme: Aims to skill 20 lakh youth over five years. Upgrades 1,000 Industrial Training Institutes in a hub-and-spoke arrangement with a focus on outcomes. Internship Scheme: Provides one crore youth with 12-month internship opportunities in 500 top companies over the next five years. The government provides an internship allowance of ₹5,000 per month and a one-time assistance of ₹6,000. Proposed Plan: Two of these schemes encourage the hiring of new entrants into the job market for at least a year with subsidies, while the third incentivizes companies to increase hiring beyond their previous year’s workforce. To bridge the gap between skills and available jobs, there is a plan to revamp 1,000 industrial training institutes with industry-aligned courses, along with an ambitious internship program for a crore youth in 500 top companies. The details of this internship placement program are yet to be developed, but the Centre has promised to cover most of the stipend costs. Companies can voluntarily participate in the scheme and use their corporate social responsibility funds for the remaining costs. The emphasis on addressing the jobs crisis, highlighted by the Opposition in the electoral battle, marks an acknowledgment of an issue the government had previously downplayed. Jobless Growth: It’s important to note that critiques of jobless growth aren’t exclusive to this government—the UPA faced similar criticisms. A part of the issue is investors’ preference for capital-intensive investments, partly because India’s labor laws haven’t kept pace with the liberalized economy, discouraging the creation of larger units with more employees. The recent distress has been more severe, as the informal sector, which provides most of India’s jobs, was hit by successive shocks like demonetization, the GST rollout, and COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns. Efforts to boost private investments through incentives have focused on production levels rather than new jobs. With rating agencies calling India’s high youth unemployment a structural threat to long-term growth, the effectiveness of this package, which officials hope will encourage hiring at the margins, will be closely monitored. However, for the overall employment outlook to improve, the government needs to do more, including promptly filling the many vacancies in its own ranks. Conclusion: Creating conditions to boost consumption is crucial, as the private sector won’t feel compelled to expand capacity or hire more people without that incentive, even with a subsidy available.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 31 July 2024

CONTENTS Celebrating the 4th Anniversary of NEP 2020 Mekedatu Project PARAKH Report Recommends Inclusion of Class 9-11 Performance in Class 12 Final Marks Phase IV of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Quad Ministerial Meeting in Tokyo Saffron Crop Charles Darwin’s frog Celebrating the 4th Anniversary of NEP 2020 Context: Recently, the Union Ministry of Education celebrated the 4th anniversary of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 with a week-long campaign called “Shiksha Saptah.” This campaign is designed to promote and celebrate the achievements and objectives of NEP 2020. Relevance: GS II: Education Dimensions of the Article: Initiatives Under Shiksha Saptah Initiatives under NEP 2020 Key Initiatives under NEP 2020 Initiatives Under Shiksha Saptah Vidyanjali Program: Launch Year: 2021 Initiative By: Department of School Education and Literacy Objective: Connects community members and volunteers with government and government-aided schools through an online portal. Function: The portal allows alumni, teachers, scientists, and other professionals to contribute services, materials, or expertise to schools across India. It aims to enhance the learning environment by integrating schools, volunteers, and the community, in alignment with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 objectives. Tithi Bhojan: Community Engagement: This initiative encourages community members to celebrate special occasions like childbirth, marriage, and birthdays by contributing to the Mid Day Meal Scheme. Role: Tithi Bhojan acts as a supplement or complement to the existing Mid Day Meal program. Additional Activities: Cooking competitions are organized at Block, District, and State levels to encourage innovative meal ideas. National Education Policy 2020 Introduction and Historical Context: The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 envisions India as a global knowledge hub, marking the third major education policy overhaul since independence. The earlier policies were introduced in 1968 and 1986, setting the stage for this comprehensive transformation. Salient Features of NEP 2020: Universal Access: Ensuring access to education at all levels, from pre-primary to Grade 12. Early Childhood Care: Focusing on quality early childhood care and education for children aged 3-6. Curricular Structure: Adopting a new 5+3+3+4 curricular structure that aligns with age groups. Four Schooling Stages: Dividing education into Foundational, Preparatory, Middle, and Secondary stages. Integrated Learning: Breaking barriers between arts and sciences, curricular and extra-curricular activities, and vocational and academic streams. Multilingualism: Emphasizing multilingualism and promoting Indian languages. Performance Assessment: Introducing PARAKH, the National Assessment Centre for holistic development evaluation. Gender Inclusion and Special Education: Establishing a Gender Inclusion fund and Special Education Zones. Key Initiatives under NEP 2020 PM Schools for Rising India (PM-SHRI): Objective: Provide high-quality, equitable, and inclusive education in a joyful school environment. Launch: September 2022. Scope: Upgrading over 14,500 schools across India. Allocation: Rs. 630 crore for school enhancement. NIPUN Bharat: Vision: Achieve universal foundational literacy and numeracy by Grade 3 (2026-27). Focus: Develop enabling environment for essential reading, writing, and numeracy skills. PM e-VIDYA: Aim: Promote online education and digital learning. Platforms: Utilizes DIKSHA and provides e-books and e-content nationwide. NCF FS and Jadui Pitara: Launch: National Curriculum Framework for Foundational Stage and Jadui Pitara for play-based learning. Audience: Tailored teaching materials for children aged 3 to 8. NISHTHA: Focus: Capacity-building program for teachers and school principals. Enhancement: Aims to foster holistic advancement in school heads and teachers. NDEAR: Blueprint: National Digital Education Architecture for technology-based education applications. Guiding Principles: Lays foundations for digital technology integration in education. Academic Frameworks: NcrF: National Credit Framework for enhanced credit transfer. NHEQF: National Higher Education Qualification Framework for academic flexibility. Increased Investment in Education: Advocacy: Recommends 6% of combined GDP allocation by Central and State Governments. Budget Allocation: Ministry of Education budget increased to Rs. 1,12,899 crore in 2023-24, a 13.68% rise from 2020-21. International Campuses and Partnerships: Support: NEP 2020 encourages Indian universities to establish campuses abroad and invites foreign institutions to operate in India. MoUs: Agreements signed for IIT campuses in Zanzibar and Abu Dhabi, fostering global educational connections. Educational Innovation in GIFT City: GIFT City Hub: Foreign universities authorized to offer specialized courses in Gujarat’s GIFT City. Objective: Cultivate high-end human resources for financial services and technology sectors. -Source: The Hindu Mekedatu Project Context: Karnataka Chief Minister(CM) has highlighted the Mekedatu balancing reservoir project as a key solution to address water-sharing issues with Tamil Nadu during monsoon distress years, asserting that the project would benefit both states, particularly in times of water scarcity. Relevance: GS-II: Polity and Governance (Intra-State Relations, Functions & responsibilities of the Union and the States, Issues and challenges of federal structure) Dimensions of the Article: About the Cauvery River Mekedatu About the Mekedatu Project: Cauvery Water Management Authority (CWMA) Cauvery Water Regulation Committee (CWRC) Mekedatu Multi-Purpose Project Objective: The project aims to construct a balancing reservoir near Kanakapura to provide drinking water to Bengaluru and generate 400 MW of power. Location: Mekedatu is a deep gorge at the confluence of the Cauvery and Arkavathi rivers. Water Sharing Agreement: According to a Supreme Court ruling, Karnataka must release 177.25 thousand million cubic (tmc) feet of Cauvery water to Tamil Nadu during a normal year, not during deficit rainfall years. Tamil Nadu’s entitlement is also 177.25 tmc ft, dependent on a normal monsoon. Karnataka’s Stance: The Karnataka Chief Minister emphasizes that the Mekedatu reservoir would help meet Bengaluru’s drinking water needs and allow Karnataka to release water to Tamil Nadu during distress years, with the capacity to store 65 tmc ft of water, which might otherwise flow into the sea. Tamil Nadu’s Opposition: Tamil Nadu opposes the project, arguing that the Mekedatu dam would significantly reduce water flow downstream, adversely affecting agriculture and water supply in the state. The Cauvery tribunal and Supreme Court order require consent from the lower riparian state, Tamil Nadu, for any projects on the Cauvery river. About the Cauvery River The Cauvery River (Kaveri), designated as the ‘Dakshina Ganga’ or ‘the Ganga of the South’, flows in a southeasterly direction through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and descends the Eastern Ghats in a series of great falls. Before emptying into the Bay of Bengal south of Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu the river breaks into a large number of distributaries forming a wide delta called the “Garden of Southern India” The Cauvery basin extends over states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, and Union Territory of Puducherry draining an area of 81 thousand Sq.km. It is bounded by the Western Ghats on the west, by the Eastern Ghats on the east and the south, and by the ridges separating it from the Krishna basin and Pennar basin on the north. The Nilgiris, an offshore of Western ghats, extend Eastwards to the Eastern ghats and divide the basin into two natural and political regions i.e., Karnataka plateau in the North and the Tamil Nadu plateau in the South. Physiographically, the basin can be divided into three parts – the Westen Ghats, the Plateau of Mysore, and the Delta. The delta area is the most fertile tract in the basin. The principal soil types found in the basin are black soils, red soils, laterites, alluvial soils, forest soils, and mixed soils. Red soils occupy large areas in the basin. Alluvial soils are found in the delta areas. It is almost a perennial river with comparatively fewer fluctuations in flow and is very useful for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation because its upper catchment area receives rainfall during summer by the south-west monsoon and the lower catchment area during the winter season by the retreating north-east monsoon. Harangi, Hemavati, Shimsha, and Arkavati are the tributaries on the left bank (north) and Lakshmantirtha, Kabbani, Suvarnavati, Bhavani, Noyil, and Amaravati are the tributaries on the right bank (south). Mekedatu Mekedatu is a location along Kaveri in the border of Chamarajanagar and Ramanagara Districts. Sangama is the place where Arkavati merges with Kaveri. At Mekedaatu, the Kaveri runs through a deep, narrow ravine of hard granite rock. The water flows very fast through the gorge, gouging pits in the rocky riverbed. About the Mekedatu Project: The Mekedatu dam project is located in Ramanagaram district, approximately 100 km south of Bengaluru, near the entry point of the Cauvery River into Tamil Nadu. The project has been a subject of controversy for several years. The proposed dam has a capacity of 48 TMC (thousand million cubic) feet and an estimated cost of Rs 6,000 crore. Its primary objectives are to provide drinking water to Bengaluru and recharge the regional groundwater table. In November 2014, the Karnataka government, under Chief Minister Siddaramaiah, invited expressions of interest for the project and allocated Rs 25 crore in the 2015 Budget for a detailed project report. The Mekedatu dam is planned to be larger than the Krishnaraja Sagar project on the Cauvery River. The Central Water Commission (CWC) approved a feasibility study for the project in 2018. History of Opposition to the Project: Tamil Nadu witnessed widespread protests against the dam in 2015, including a statewide bandh supported by various stakeholders. The state Assembly passed unanimous resolutions against the project in December 2018 and January 2022. Prior to the 2016 Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu, Captain Vijayakanth of DMDK led a delegation of Opposition leaders to meet the Prime Minister to raise concerns about the project. Siddaramaiah, the then Chief Minister of Karnataka, also led an all-party delegation from Karnataka seeking the Centre’s cooperation for the project. In August 2021, Tamil Nadu approached the Supreme Court against the project, arguing that Karnataka’s plan to construct two reservoirs on the Cauvery River would alter its flow and violate the final award of the Cauvery River Water Tribunal (CRWT). Tamil Nadu contended that the project would impede the flow of water downstream, affecting areas such as Billigundulu along the Karnataka-Tamil Nadu border. Cauvery Water Management Authority (CWMA) CWMA has been created as per the Cauvery Management Scheme framed by Centre and approved by Supreme Court. The Cauvery Management Scheme deals with release of water from Karnataka to Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Puducherry. It will be implemented by Cauvery Management Authority (CMA). CMA will be sole body to implement CWDT award as modified by Supreme Court. The Central Government will have no say in implementing of the scheme except for issuing administrative advisories to it. The authority will comprise a chairman, a secretary and eight members. Out of the eight members, two will be full time, while two will be part time members from centre’s side. Rest four will be part time members from states. The main mandate of the CMA will be to secure implementation and compliance of the Supreme Court’s order in relation to “storage, apportionment, regulation and control of Cauvery waters”. CMA will also advise the states to take suitable measures to improve water use efficiency. It will do so by promoting use of micro-irrigation, change in cropping patterns, improved farm practices and development of command areas. The CMA will also prepare an annual report covering its activities during the preceding year. Cauvery Water Regulation Committee (CWRC) The Central government constituted the Cauvery Water Regulation Committee (CWRC) as per the provisions in the Kaveri Management Scheme laid down by the Supreme Court. While the CWMA is an umbrella body, the CWRC will monitor water management on a day-to-day basis, including the water level and inflow and outflow of reservoirs in all the basin states. -Source: The Hindu PARAKH Report Recommends Inclusion of Class 9-11 Performance in Class 12 Final Marks Context: A recent report by PARAKH, a unit established within NCERT to standardize assessments across school boards, recommends that students’ performance in Classes 9, 10, and 11—based on exams and continuous classwork—should contribute to their final marks at the end of Class 12. This recommendation aligns with the National Education Policy and aims to ensure common assessment standards, develop capacity, conduct achievement surveys, and establish equivalence among different school boards. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: PARAKH (Performance Assessment, Review and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development): PARAKH (Performance Assessment, Review and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development): Overview: Establishment: PARAKH was set up as the National Assessment Centre within the NCERT in 2023. Objective: To act as a national single-window source for all assessment-related information and expertise, aiding both national and global learning assessments. Key Objectives: Setting Norms and Standards: To create and implement norms, standards, and guidelines for student assessment as per the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. Major Focus Areas: Capacity Development in Competency-Based Assessment (Project Vidyasagar): Workshops: PARAKH organizes workshops across India to align educators with the National Curriculum Framework 2023. Goal: To address gaps in implementing competency-based learning and teaching. Large-Scale Achievement Survey: Survey Details: Conducted the State Educational Achievement Survey in November 2023, assessing students in Grades 3, 6, and 9 across 30 States/UTs. Purpose: To monitor and evaluate educational competencies in foundational literacy, numeracy, language, and mathematics. Equivalence of School Boards: Standardization: Working on standardizing examination reforms across all Indian school boards. Workshops and Reports: Data collection on administration, curriculum, assessments, and infrastructure. National workshops were held to draft policy recommendations for equivalence. Goal: To align credit points for academic, vocational, and experiential learning. Holistic Progress Cards (HPC): Evaluation Method: Moving away from marks or grades, HPC will use a 360-degree evaluation approach. Assessment: Regular assessments through class activities that require active student participation and application of diverse skills and competencies. Significance: Addressing Score Disparities: Aims to mitigate score differences among students from various boards, impacting college admissions. Technical Standards: Establishes standards for test design, administration, analysis, and reporting at all schooling levels. 21st Century Skills: Encourages schools to adapt assessments to meet modern skill requirements. Recommendations: Performance Weightage: Classes 9-12: Incorporate performance from Classes 9, 10, and 11 into the Class 12 report card with specified weightages: 15% for Class 9, 20% for Class 10, 25% for Class 11, and 40% for Class 12. Assessment Combination: Formative Assessments: Continuous assessments (e.g., holistic progress cards, group discussions, projects). Summative Assessments: Term-end examinations. Weight Distribution by Class: Class 9: 70% formative, 30% summative. Class 10: 50% formative, 50% summative. Class 11: 40% formative, 60% summative. Class 12: 30% formative, 70% summative. Credit System: Credits: Students can earn 40 credits in Classes 9 and 10 each, and 44 credits in Classes 11 and 12 each. Subject-Specific Credits: In Classes 9 and 10, 32 credits are subject-specific (e.g., 12 credits in languages, 4 in mathematics). Credit Transfer System: Recommendation: Development of a credit transfer system aligned with the National Credit Framework. -Source: Indian Express Phase IV of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Context: Finance Minister announced Phase IV of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) to connect 25,000 villages with all-weather roads, and allocated an outlay of Rs 19,000 crore for the financial year 2024-25. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) is a nationwide plan in India to provide good all-weather road connectivity to unconnected villages. This Centrally Sponsored Scheme was introduced in 2000. The PMGSY is under the authority of the Ministry of Rural Development. PMGSY – Phase I PMGSY – Phase I was launched in 2000 as a 100 % centrally sponsored scheme with an objective to provide single all-weather road connectivity to eligible unconnected habitation of designated population size for overall socio-economic development of the areas. PMGSY – Phase II The Phase II of PMGSY was approved in 2013, and while the ongoing PMGSY – I continued – under PMGSY phase II, the roads already built for village connectivity was to be upgraded to enhance rural infrastructure. For the 12th Five Year Plan period a target of 50,000 Km length under PMGSY-II. 75 per cent of the cost of the upgradation was by the Centre and 25 per cent by the state. For hill states, desert areas, Schedule V areas and Naxal-affected districts, 90 per cent of cost was borne by the Centre. PMGSY – Phase III The Phase III was approved by the Cabinet in 2019. It involves consolidation of Through Routes and Major Rural Links connecting habitations to Gramin Agricultural Markets (GrAMs), Higher Secondary Schools and Hospitals. Under the PMGSY-III Scheme, it is proposed to consolidate 1,25,000 Km road length in the States, and the duration of the scheme is 2019-20 to 2024-25. The funds would be shared in the ratio of 60:40 between the Centre and State for all States except for 8 North Eastern and 3 Himalayan States (Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh & Uttarakhand) for which it is 90:10. PMGSY – Phase IV Announcement: Phase IV of the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) was introduced in the Union Budget for the fiscal year 2024-25. Objective: To connect 25,000 villages with all-weather roads. Budget Allocation: Rs 19,000 crore has been allocated for this phase for the financial year 2024-25 (FY-25). -Source: Indian Express Quad Ministerial Meeting in Tokyo Context: A recent Quad Ministerial Meeting in Tokyo featured key diplomats: External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar of India, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken, Australian Foreign Minister Penny Wong, and Japanese Foreign Minister Yoko Kamikawa. Following the meeting, they issued a joint statement expressing anticipation for the upcoming Quad summit in India. The statement emphasized the summit’s role in strengthening collaborative efforts and reiterated their commitment to a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific region. The ministers highlighted the importance of their partnership in tackling regional and global challenges, underscoring the shared values and strategic interests of the Quad nations. Relevance: GS II- International Relations Dimensions of the Article: About QUAD What were the objectives of the grouping? Quad Initiatives What are the future plans of the Quad? About QUAD The Quad is an informal strategic forum comprising four nations, namely –India, United States of America, Australia and Japan. One of the primary objectives of the Quad is, to work for a free, open, prosperous and inclusive Indo-Pacific region. The group for the first time met in 2007 on the side lines of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It is considered an alliance of maritime democracies. The forum is maintained through meetings, semi-regular summits, information exchanges, and military drills of all the member countries. The motive behind the Quad is, to keep the strategic sea routes in the Indo-Pacific, free of any military or political influence. The core objective of the Quad is, to secure a rules-based global order, freedom of navigation and, a liberal trading system. The coalition also aims to offer, alternative debt financing for nations in the Indo-Pacific region. Purpose of Quad: Recently the U.S. has clarified that Quad is not a security or military partnership. Its purpose is to advance cooperation on key priorities in specific sectors that is consistent with international law It promotes shared values of its members and underpins peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. A U.S. State Department spokesperson said that “We work to support the rule of law, freedom of navigation and overflight, peaceful resolution of disputes, democratic values, and territorial integrity through open dialogue and information sharing on a diverse set of issue areas, including Maritime Security”. Significance of Quad: Quad is becoming a powerful mechanism and its significance is given below: Helping to vaccinate a big part of the world and getting a lot of vaccines out there, Strengthening maritime security to push back against aggression and coercion in the Indo-Pacific region, Working together on emerging technologies and making sure that they can be used in positive ways and an increasingly broad and deep agenda. It also supports many activities/platforms as part of its shared approach to the Indo-Pacific. What were the objectives of the grouping? Coming together to foster a free and open Indo-Pacific formed the bedrock of cooperation.  Emphasis was laid on “rule of law, territorial integrity, freedom of navigation and overflight, peaceful resolution of disputes, and democratic values” in the region. The other areas of immediate focus were the pandemic through strengthening equitable vaccine access for the Indo-Pacific, combating climate change, sharing critical technologies, cyber security, supply chain resilience, and infrastructure and connectivity projects. Now it commits to promoting the free, open, rules-based order, rooted in international law and undaunted by coercion, to bolster security and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific and beyond. Quad Initiatives: Quad leaders launched the Quad Vaccine Initiative (QVI) with the aim of manufacturing and distributing at least a billion COVID-19 vaccines for the Asia region by the end of 2022.  As for emerging technologies, the four countries aimed to work on the development and diversification of 5G telecommunications and the creation of supply chains for critical minerals and technologies for making semiconductors used in smartphones, another area where China is a leader. Quad nations had also agreed to build joint connectivity projects and transparent infrastructure funding for countries in the region. The emphasis on connectivity saw the Quad challenge China in another sphere: a coordinated effort to provide financing and sustainable alternatives to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which has led many nations to take loans and accept infrastructure bids from Beijing. The Quad also created a working group for combating climate change which would oversee efforts to foster green shipping by decarbonising maritime supply chains and promoting the use of clean hydrogen. What are the future plans of the Quad? The Leaders will review the progress of Quad initiatives and Working Groups, identify new areas of cooperation and provide strategic guidance and vision for future collaboration. The Quad summit is expected to discuss the Russian war in Ukraine, and the impact of three months of Western sanctions. US also unveiled the ‘Indo-Pacific Economic Framework’ (IPEF) which is a programme to bind countries in the region more closely through common standards. Quad members also launched a maritime monitoring plan to curb illegal fishing in the Indo-Pacific. -Source: The Hindu Saffron Crop Context: The erratic weather patterns have led many farmers to convert their saffron fields into apple orchards or to grow mustard crops in Kashmir. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Saffron Crop Overview: Saffron is known as one of the costliest herbal spices globally, often referred to as “Red Gold” or the “Golden Condiment.” The commercial part used from the saffron flower is the stigma, also known as saffron filament, thread, or stigmata. Botanical Characteristics: Saffron seeds, called corms or bulbs, regenerate the plant through vegetative multiplication. The plant contains key compounds such as crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal, which are valued for both medicinal and aesthetic purposes. Distribution: Native to Greece and Asia Minor, saffron is now cultivated in various parts of Europe (notably Italy, France, and Spain), China, and India. In India, approximately 90% of saffron production is concentrated in Kashmir, where it has a long history of cultivation. Climatic and Soil Requirements: Elevation: Saffron thrives at elevations of 1,500-2,000 meters above mean sea level. Temperature: It requires specific climatic conditions, with summer temperatures not exceeding 35°C to 40°C and winter temperatures as low as -15°C to -20°C. Climate Types: Suitable for dry, moderate, and continental climates. Soil: Saffron grows best in loamy, sandy, and calcareous soils, with a preference for acidic conditions, thriving in soil pH ranging from 5.5 to 8.5. -Source: The Hindu Charles Darwin’s frog Context: Researchers said the lack of adequate breeding sites due to habitat loss and competition for limited resources may be driving the Charles Darwin’s frog to breed in unnatural sites. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Charles Darwin’s Frog Habitat: This species is endemic to the Andaman Islands. Family: Belongs to the family Dicroglossidae, a large group of Asian frogs with over 220 species. Reproductive Behavior: Both male and female frogs adopt an inverted position on the walls of tree cavities during mating and egg-laying, keeping their bodies above the water. Males produce three types of ‘complex’ calls to attract females. When faced with competition from other males, they may engage in aggressive behaviors such as kicking, boxing, and biting, sometimes resulting in significant injuries. Conservation Status: Classified as “Vulnerable” by the IUCN. Current Concerns: The species is increasingly using artificial objects, such as plastic sapling bags and human trash, as breeding sites. This shift is likely due to the loss and fragmentation of forest habitats, forcing the frogs to adapt to a rapidly changing environment on these small islands. -Source: The Hindu

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