Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 04 July 2025
Content : Socialism, secularism are the spirit of the Constitution Opening new doors for Parliament’s library service Socialism, secularism are the spirit of the Constitution The Constitution: More than a Legal Text The Indian Constitution reflects not only a legal framework but also a vision shaped by the country’s socio-political evolution. Values like justice, equality, liberty, and fraternity indicate a commitment to inclusion and pluralism. These ideals are embedded across the Preamble, Fundamental Rights, and Directive Principles. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Constitution , Governance) Practice Question : “Secularism and socialism are not just words in the Preamble but foundational values embedded in the Indian constitutional framework.”Critically examine this statement in the context of recent debates on their relevance. (250 words) Understanding the 42nd Amendment (1976) The terms “socialist” and “secular” were added to the Preamble through the 42nd Amendment during the Emergency period. However, the underlying principles already existed in constitutional provisions: Preamble (pre-1976): justice (social, economic, political), liberty, equality, and fraternity. Articles 14–16: Equality before law and non-discrimination. Articles 25–28: Religious freedom. Articles 38–43: Socio-economic justice under Directive Principles. Socialism as a Constitutional Principle In the Indian context, socialism implies inclusive development, equitable distribution, and a welfare-oriented state. Institutionalized through: Preamble: Justice—social, economic, and political. DPSPs: Articles 38, 39, 41–43 focus on distributive justice, right to work, education, and livelihood. Guided the formulation of welfare schemes, land reforms, and affirmative policies. Secularism: Equal Respect for All Faiths Indian secularism promotes religious freedom and equality rather than strict separation of religion and state. Enshrined in: Articles 25–28: Freedom of religion, regulation of religious institutions. Articles 29–30: Cultural and educational rights of minorities. Courts have interpreted secularism as a core constitutional value, ensuring non-discriminatory governance. Basic Structure Doctrine Established in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973): Parliament cannot amend the Constitution in a way that alters its fundamental identity. Principles like secularism, democracy, and equality are considered part of this basic structure. Later amendments, including the 42nd, were valid to the extent that they reinforced, not altered, these foundational values. Ambedkar’s Constitutional Vision Dr. B.R. Ambedkar emphasized liberty, equality, and fraternity as essential pillars of the Indian Republic. He viewed social and economic equality as critical to democratic success. His vision aligns with the constitutional safeguards provided for both economic justice and religious freedom. Contemporary Debates and Constitutional Continuity Discussions around the relevance of terms in the Preamble (e.g., secularism, socialism) have emerged in public discourse. Any such review must consider the Constitution’s holistic character, judicial interpretations, and the continuity of core values. Provisions related to equality, religious freedom, and socio-economic justice remain unchanged and enforceable, regardless of terminological inclusion. Impact on Governance and Policy Frameworks The principles of secularism and socialism influence policy design in areas like: Public welfare (education, health, livelihoods). Religious harmony and cultural rights. Altering these core principles may affect the interpretive lens through which future laws and schemes are framed. Global Constitutional Comparisons Many democratic constitutions (e.g., South Africa, Brazil) emphasize social justice, equality, and pluralism. India’s inclusion of similar principles aligns with postcolonial constitutional developments globally. These values promote inclusive governance and rights-based frameworks. Case Law Insights Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) Introduced the Basic Structure Doctrine — Parliament cannot amend the Constitution to alter its essential character. Although socialism and secularism were added to the Preamble later (1976), the judgment pre-validated their inclusion as part of the Constitution’s spirit. Recognized liberty, equality, and justice as non-negotiable core principles. Key Quote: “The basic structure may include supremacy of the Constitution, republican and democratic form of government, secular character, separation of powers, and federal character.” S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994) Supreme Court ruled that secularism is a part of the Constitution’s basic structure. Held that religious favoritism by the State violates the Constitution. Allowed judicial review of State actions that undermine secularism. Political parties in power are also bound to uphold secular governance. Landmark for establishing positive secularism: state must protect all religions equally, not just remain neutral. Article Linkages to Socialism & Secularism Articles 14–16: Equality and Non-discrimination Art. 14: Equality before law — core of both socialism (equal access) and secularism (equal treatment irrespective of religion). Art. 15: Prohibits discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. Art. 16: Ensures equality of opportunity in public employment — vital to socio-economic justice. Articles 25–30: Religious and Cultural Rights Art. 25: Freedom of conscience and right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion. Art. 26–28: Regulate religious institutions, ensure religious freedom without state endorsement. Art. 29–30: Minority rights — protect cultural and educational autonomy. These provisions give substance to secularism as state neutrality + positive protection. Articles 38–43: Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) Art. 38: Promote welfare of the people by securing social, economic and political justice. Art. 39: Equitable distribution of resources; prevent concentration of wealth — reflects socialist ideals. Art. 41–43: Right to work, education, public assistance, living wage — core to India’s welfare state model. Preamble: Justice, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity Though secularism and socialism were inserted in 1976, the spirit of these values is embedded since 1950. “Justice—social, economic and political” is the clearest socialist expression. “Liberty of belief, faith and worship” reinforces secular values even before the term was added. Key Reports and Commissions Sarkaria Commission (1983–1988) Set up to review Centre-State relations. Firmly upheld secularism as a basic structure and a shared constitutional commitment. Stated that states cannot adopt policies that violate secularism, and the Centre has the power to intervene under Article 356 if communalism threatens national unity. Recommended a balanced role of Centre to prevent misuse of religion in politics. National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (NCRWC, 2002) Reaffirmed that secularism and socialism are intrinsic to the basic structure. Rejected any suggestion to remove these words from the Preamble. Advocated for greater awareness and enforcement of secular and socialist provisions. Stressed that Indian secularism is not anti-religion but pluralist and inclusive. Conclusion: Preserving Constitutional Balance The Indian Constitution is a living document that evolves through amendments, judicial interpretation, and democratic practice. The continued relevance of secularism and socialism lies in their ability to guide equitable and inclusive governance. Any change to foundational concepts must be approached with constitutional sensitivity, historical awareness, and broad societal consensus. Opening new doors for Parliament’s library service Parliament: More Than a Political Arena Parliament is not just a site of political contestation—it is the core platform for deliberation, lawmaking, and accountability. Increasing disruptions and polarization in recent years have weakened the analytical depth of debates, with many MPs relying on political aides or party-prepared talking points. Relevance : GS 2(Polity and Governance) ,GS 3(Research and Development) Practice Question : “Strengthening institutional research within Parliament is essential for informed lawmaking and democratic accountability.” Discuss the limitations of existing research support to Indian legislators and suggest measures to make LARRDIS a world-class parliamentary research service. (250 words) Current State of LARRDIS: Functional but Limited LARRDIS (Library and Reference, Research, Documentation and Information Service) has strong archival capabilities and prompt response mechanisms. Yet it remains reactive, siloed, and underutilized—MPs must requisition information, and few use its full potential. Digitisation has helped, but lack of anticipatory research and trend analysis limits impact on complex policy debates. Underutilization and Gaps Despite being one of India’s top libraries, usage is skewed—research scholars use it more than MPs. Out of 800 MPs, only 40–50 use LAMP Fellows, while others rely on aides or consultants who may lack domain expertise. Inputs are often partisan or superficial, eroding evidence-based lawmaking. Global Best Practices: Learning from Others EPRS (EU): Tracks global trends, publishes policy digests and “Cost of Non-Europe” assessments. Argentina (OCAL), France (OPECST), Mexico (INCyTU): Build science-policy bridges through collaborations with experts. Sweden’s RIFO and Egypt’s embedded scholar model facilitate long-term research-policy integration. These models combine neutrality, academic rigour, public access, and responsiveness. India’s Opportunity: From LARRDIS to a Research Powerhouse With rising complexities—AI, biotechnology, climate change—India needs legislative intelligence that’s future-ready. LARRDIS should partner with: IITs, IIMs, policy schools, think tanks for thematic studies. International bodies (UNDP, OECD, World Bank) for cross-border learning. Embedding subject experts and sectoral analysts in committees could strengthen draft legislation. Institutional Reforms Needed Define LARRDIS’s scope, services, turnaround times, and user eligibility. Establish confidentiality protocols to enable sensitive research for MPs without leaks. Formalize a structure for collaborations with academic institutions and civil society. Why It Matters: Long-Term Payoffs Investing in research capacity is not a luxury—it’s essential democratic infrastructure. A reformed LARRDIS would: Reduce information asymmetry between legislature and executive. Improve the quality and credibility of parliamentary debates. Enhance public trust in legislative outcomes. A Way Forward: Phased, Consultative, and Scalable Begin with pilot collaborations in committees (e.g. Science & Technology, Environment). Build knowledge-sharing platforms (like EPRS’s online database). Train MPs and staff in evidence-based research utilization. Parliament and the People LARRDIS’s future isn’t just about lawmakers—it can serve citizens, media, and civil society. Making some outputs public—like research briefs and explanatory notes—could democratize understanding of laws and bills. Conclusion: Research-Led Parliament is the Future As India aspires to be a knowledge-driven economy and polity, a world-class research arm for Parliament is non-negotiable. A dynamic, proactive LARRDIS can revive substantive debate, policy foresight, and informed legislation—core to the constitutional promise of “We the People.”