Posts

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 02 May 2025

Content: Modi champions ‘orange economy’ at WAVES Vizhinjam port set to boost South Asia’s maritime trade How can India tap its natural hydrogen potential? Can the Indus Waters Treaty be suspended unilaterally? EC to obtain death registration data for voter roll revision Protect vulnerable people from summer heat: NHRC to States Modi champions ‘orange economy’ at WAVES Context : At the WAVES Summit 2025 in Mumbai, Prime Minister Narendra Modi pitched India as a rising hub of the orange economy—focused on creativity, culture, and intellectual property. He urged global content creators to “create in India, create for the world,” highlighting the country’s cultural inclusivity and digital growth. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Highlights from PM’s Speech Promotion of the Orange Economy: Modi positioned India as a rising “orange economy” — the creative economy driven by culture, art, and intellectual property. Emphasis on “Create in India, create for the world” to attract global content creators. Cultural Inclusivity as a Strength: Asserted India’s historical openness to other cultures (e.g., Parsis, Jews). Indian culture’s strength lies in respecting and integrating foreign cultures. Support for Content Creators: Encouraged Indian creators contributing to a global creative wave. Noted the increasing global reach of Indian entertainment through subtitled content and digital formats. Promised governmental support for the creative industry. Responsible Creativity: Stressed the need for creators to respect human sensitivities and sensibilities. Warned against dehumanization: “We want to enrich humans, not turn them into robots.” Global & Strategic Significance Soft Power Diplomacy: Leveraging India’s cultural exports to enhance global influence (soft power). WAVES Summit acts as a platform to showcase India’s creative leadership globally. Economic Diversification: Signals diversification from traditional sectors (agriculture, IT) to IP-led economic models. Creative industries offer potential for employment, entrepreneurship, and foreign investment. Digital & Technological Implications: Acknowledgment of evolving screen consumption trends (smaller screens, growing viewership). Push for digital-first content strategies that cater to global audiences. Vizhinjam port set to boost South Asia’s maritime trade Vizhinjam Port, Kerala’s first deep-water transshipment hub, is poised to transform India’s maritime logistics by reducing dependence on foreign ports. Its strategic and technological capabilities are set to enhance South Asia’s trade efficiency and regional connectivity. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure) Strategic Importance of Vizhinjam Port All-weather, deep-water port with natural depth and minimal littoral drift, ideal for large vessels and transshipment operations. Designed as a transshipment hub, reducing India’s dependence on foreign ports like Colombo, Singapore, and Dubai. Expected to save $200–220 million annually in transshipment costs and improve trade competitiveness. Technological Advancements Equipped with an AI-driven control room and Vessel Traffic Management System (VTMS) developed by IIT-M and Maritime Technology Pvt. Ltd. Enables real-time tracking of ships, efficient traffic flow, and optimized berthing management, enhancing operational efficiency. National and Regional Impact Positioned to become a maritime gateway for South Asia, enhancing India’s role in global shipping lanes. Will likely boost employment, logistics, and ancillary industries in Kerala and beyond. Enhances India’s maritime sovereignty by curbing reliance on international shipping hubs. Challenges Faced Faced local resistance, especially from fishermen and church-backed groups over environmental and livelihood concerns. Kerala government had to negotiate protests while emphasizing the port’s long-term economic benefits. How can India tap its natural hydrogen potential? Strategic Significance for India Natural hydrogen can help meet India’s net-zero target by 2070 and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Offers a low-cost, low-emission alternative to manufactured hydrogen (e.g., green or grey hydrogen). Enhances energy security and strategic autonomy, vital in a geopolitically volatile world. Relevance : GS 3(Energy Security) Estimated Potential Preliminary academic models suggest India may hold 3,475 million tonnes of natural hydrogen. India’s hydrogen demand is projected to rise from 6 Mt/year (2020) to 50+ Mt/year (2070). Natural hydrogen could replace manufactured hydrogen, if large, accessible reserves are confirmed. Key Exploration Challenges Limited exploration techniques unlike well-established oil and gas methods. Hydrogen’s high diffusivity and small molecular size make containment and extraction harder. Safety concerns: Hydrogen is reactive and requires specialized materials for handling. Accurate identification of seals, traps, and hydrocarbon generation potential is essential. Infrastructure & Technology Gaps Need for cost-effective extraction methods and hydrogen-resistant materials. Lack of widespread geological studies and mapping focused on hydrogen. Storage solutions (e.g., underground storage) are still underdeveloped in India. Existing natural gas pipelines may require upgrades to carry hydrogen safely. Suggested Roadmap for India Replicate Solar Mission’s SRRA model to map hydrogen reserves via public-private partnerships. Leverage expertise from Oil & Gas industry and Directorate General of Hydrocarbons to analyze rock samples and drill test wells. Adapt some current gas pipelines for hydrogen transport after safety upgrades. Develop regulatory frameworks and offer grants/debt capital to incentivize exploration. Global Best Practices The U.S. is exploring in-situ hydrogen generation by injecting water (and CO₂) into iron-rich rocks, enabling simultaneous carbon sequestration. India could adopt and pilot similar reactive drilling technologies to expand its options. Cost Considerations Natural hydrogen could be cheaper than manufactured hydrogen, but feasibility depends on: Scale and accessibility of reserves Infrastructure investments Technology adaptation costs Early pilot projects and cost-benefit analyses will guide long-term investments. Can the Indus Waters Treaty be suspended unilaterally? Context : Legal Status of Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) IWT (1960) is a bilateral treaty brokered by the World Bank between India and Pakistan. Grants India exclusive use of eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) and limited, non-consumptive rights over western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab). Article XII: The treaty can only be modified or terminated by mutual agreement via a ratified treaty—unilateral withdrawal is not permissible. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), 1969 India is not a signatory, Pakistan has signed but not ratified. Article 62 (Customary International Law): Treaties may be suspended/terminated if there is a fundamental change in circumstances. ICJ affirms this rule as binding under customary international law. But the bar for “fundamental change” is very high — political or security shifts alone may not qualify. Interpretation of “Abeyance” by India India used the term “held in abeyance”, which lacks legal recognition in international treaty law. Possibly a diplomatic euphemism for “suspension” rather than “termination”. Suspension must still meet legal standards set under VCLT (e.g., Article 62). ICJ Precedents In Gabcíkovo-Nagymaros (1997), ICJ rejected Hungary’s claim of environmental and political change as grounds to terminate a dam treaty with Slovakia. Suggests India must show a direct link between the changed circumstances and the core objective of the IWT. Strategic and Economic Impact on Pakistan 80% of Pakistan’s agriculture and about 1/3rd of its hydropower rely on Indus basin waters. India’s existing infrastructure (run-of-the-river hydro projects) does not allow large-scale water withholding. However, India could: Redesign hydro projects for more storage. Use “drawdown flushing”, releasing water suddenly — potentially harmful for Pakistan downstream. Create strategic uncertainty over water flow, impacting Pakistan’s agrarian economy. Geopolitical and Diplomatic Implications Any disruption could trigger international concerns over transboundary water conflict. Could undermine India’s image as a responsible regional power. May prompt global arbitration or pressure via World Bank or UN bodies. EC to obtain death registration data for voter roll revision Objective of the Move Aims to enhance the accuracy of electoral rolls by removing names of deceased voters. Strengthens electoral integrity amid allegations of manipulation in voter rolls during recent Assembly elections. Relevance : GS 2(Governance, Election) Legal Basis Based on: Rule 9 of the Registration of Electors Rules, 1960. Section 3(5)(b) of the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969, amended in 2023. Key Features of the Reform Electronic sharing of death data from the Registrar-General of India to EC. Allows timely and automatic updates to voter rolls without relying on public complaints (Form 7). Empowers Electoral Registration Officers (EROs) and Booth-Level Officers (BLOs) to act proactively. Role of Booth-Level Officers (BLOs) Appointed under Section 13B(2) of the Representation of the People Act, 1950. Act as the first point of contact between voters and the EC. Will now receive official photo identity cards for greater legitimacy and easier interaction with citizens. Voter Information Slip Redesign Improved layout for better voter experience. Serial number and part number to be displayed in larger font for easier polling station identification. Aims to assist both voters and polling officials on election day. Context and Significance Comes at a time of political scrutiny over voter roll integrity. Reflects EC’s effort to modernise and automate electoral roll maintenance. Enhances transparency, efficiency, and citizen trust in electoral processes. Protect vulnerable people from summer heat: NHRC to States Context India is facing a severe heatwave, especially in northern, central, and western regions. NHRC (National Human Rights Commission) intervenes to protect vulnerable populations from heat-related health risks. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Targeted States NHRC has issued advisories to 11 States: Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan. Vulnerable Populations Identified Outdoor workers, elderly citizens, children, and the homeless. Informal settlers and labour colonies are at high risk due to poor access to basic infrastructure. Alarming Data 3,798 deaths from heat and sun strokes reported by NCRB between 2018–2022. Indicates chronic under-preparedness and lack of preventive systems. NHRC Recommendations Immediate Pre-emptive Measures: Provision of temporary shelters, relief materials, and medical supplies. Adjustment of working hours to avoid peak heat. Public Infrastructure Improvements: Equip schools, anganwadi centres, and community halls with: Ventilation Fans Drinking water Basic medical kits Support for Informal Settlements: Supply fans, cool roof materials, and ORS sachets. Establish hydration stations, shaded rest zones, and promote protective clothing. Protocol and Guidelines States reminded to implement NDMA heatwave mitigation guidelines. Urged to establish standard treatment protocols for heat-related illnesses. Accountability NHRC has asked all 11 States to submit Action Taken Reports (ATRs).

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 1 May 2025

Content: Prime Minister pays tribute to Jagadguru Basaveshwara on Basava Jayanti GenomeIndia Prime Minister pays tribute to Jagadguru Basaveshwara on Basava Jayanti Historical Context of Basaveshwara: Jagadguru Basaveshwara (12th century) was a prominent philosopher, statesman, and social reformer in Karnataka. He was the founder of the Lingayat or Veerashaiva movement, advocating monotheism, social equality, and ethical living. Basavanna served as a minister in the Kalachuri dynasty under King Bijjala I, using his political position to promote social reforms. Relevance : GS 1(History) ,GS 3(Ethics – Personalities) Core Teachings & Contributions: Advocated Kayaka (Work as Worship) – dignity of labor and spiritual significance of one’s profession. Emphasized equality across caste, gender, and religion, challenging Brahmanical hierarchy. Established the Anubhava Mantapa – the world’s first spiritual and democratic parliament, where people from all backgrounds discussed spiritual and social issues. Opposed ritualism and temple-based religion, focusing on personal devotion (bhakti) and inner purity. His Vachanas (poetic writings in Kannada) spread messages of morality, non-violence, and universal brotherhood. Relevance Today (as alluded by PM Modi): Social justice & empowerment of the marginalized remain key themes in contemporary policy and governance. His teachings align with Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas, reflecting inclusive development. A symbol of spiritual democracy, gender equality, and grassroots governance – crucial for India’s evolving democratic values. Broader Implications: Honors like this reflect the government’s strategy to highlight indigenous reform movements over colonial or Western models. Basava Jayanti is now celebrated beyond Karnataka, promoting cultural unity across Indian states. Such tributes reinforce India’s civilizational heritage as a basis for modern ethical governance. GenomeIndia Overview and Vision GenomeIndia is a national initiative funded by the Department of Biotechnology, aiming to sequence the whole genomes of over 10,000 individuals representing India’s major population groups. The project seeks to democratize genetic resource knowledge, promoting equity in access to data for Indian researchers. Reflects India’s strategic push towards precision medicine, bioinformatics, and sustainable development. Relevance : GS3(Science and technology) Infrastructure and Data Resources GenomeIndia data is stored and managed by the Indian Biological Data Centre (IBDC), established in March 2020. IBDC is a cutting-edge infrastructure with: 96 TF computing capacity, 2912 CPUs, 39 TB RAM. 865 TF GPU computing power, 4 PB file system. High-speed throughput (100 GB/sec writing capability) and 1.5 PB storage for backups. Archive as of now includes: FASTQ files (raw WGS data): 9772 samples (~700 TB). gVCF files (variant data): 9772 samples (~35 TB). Phenotype data: 9330 samples. Joint call files: ~3.5 TB. Policy and Regulatory Framework Supported by: Biotech PRIDE Guidelines (2021) – promote open yet secure data access. FeED Protocols – ensure responsible, structured data sharing. Access to data is not limited to formal “Calls for Proposals”; independent requests are also allowed, ensuring flexibility and openness. Presidential Recognition President Droupadi Murmu termed it a “significant chapter in Indian Science” during her Republic Day-eve address (25 Jan 2025). Researcher Support & Transparency Department issued ‘Call for Proposals’ to encourage translational research using the GenomeIndia dataset. A detailed addendum clarified: Type of data available. Accessibility of associated phenotype data (including 27 key health markers and anthropometry variables like age, BMI, etc.). The inclusion of samples with complete and clean phenotypic data (9330 out of 9772). Concerns and Clarifications on FASTQ Data No public access to FASTQ files (~700 TB) due to: Logistical burden of transferring massive data sets. Concerns around data sanctity, duplication of computational efforts, and inefficient infrastructure use. The current policy aligns with global best practices, such as using cloud-based access models. Decision ensures data integrity, equitable research capability, and cost-effective resource usage. Strategic Importance and Implications Positions India as a global leader in genomics, data science, and population-scale biology. Vital for: Understanding genetic diversity. Enhancing personalized healthcare and diagnostics. Building indigenous capabilities in AI-driven bioinformatics. Reinforces Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India) in science and technology.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 01 May 2025

Content: Secret threats Leaky pipeline From a rules-based world to shambolic disorder India’s shame — the trap of bonded labour  Secret Threats Concerns Over State Surveillance: Supreme Court concern: The issue is not whether spyware like Pegasus can be used, but who the legitimate targets are. The alleged surveillance of politicians, judges, journalists, and others reflects arbitrary misuse of state power. The lack of cooperation from both the government and potential victims hampered the investigation by the court-appointed committee. Relevance : GS 2(Governance, Judiciary) Practice Question :“The use of spyware like Pegasus raises serious concerns about digital surveillance and democratic accountability.” Discuss the legal, ethical, and institutional safeguards necessary to prevent misuse of surveillance powers in India. (15 marks) Pegasus & Digital Snooping: Pegasus, a military-grade spyware sold only to governments, is allegedly used without accountability. Apple continues to send security alerts to users in India, suggesting ongoing surveillance activities. Surveillance techniques are evolving fast; so are the tools used by criminals and terrorists. Legal and Ethical Dilemmas: Legitimate concerns of national security must be balanced against fundamental rights and due process. Arbitrary denial of transparency and procedural fairness is unacceptable. Surveillance must be guided by laws, not by executive whims. Threat to Democracy: Such actions undermine democratic freedoms, civil liberties, and activism. No agency should interfere in free political expression or democratic discourse. Need for Stronger Oversight: If surveillance powers are expanded, strong legal guardrails must accompany them. Must include: Clearly defined protocols and standards. Oversight by judiciary or independent bodies. Timely audits and public accountability. Constitutional Compass: In times of uncertainty, constitutional values and rights must guide state actions. National security should not become an excuse for executive overreach. A democratic state must uphold transparency, rule of law, and individual dignity. Leaky Pipeline Context : Staffing Crisis in R&D Institutions: A study of 244 public-funded R&D institutions shows a decline in permanent scientific staff in 2022–23. Fewer institutions reported hiring permanent staff compared to the previous year. Contractual staff (19,625) outnumber permanent staff (12,042), a significant structural concern. 14% increase in contractual hires over the previous year reflects a growing dependence on short-term contracts. Relevance : GS 2(Education ) ,GS 3 (Science & Technology) Practice Question : Examine the causes and consequences of the declining permanent workforce in India’s publicly funded R&D institutions. Suggest long-term measures to strengthen India’s scientific capacity. (15 marks) Structural Weaknesses in Scientific Ecosystem: Strategic sectors (defence, space, atomic energy) not included in the report—yet face similar or worse staffing issues. TIFR has ~60% of sanctioned scientific posts unfilled, indicating deep-rooted neglect. Across atomic energy institutions, 1 in 4 sanctioned posts is vacant—impacting core research and operations. Mismatch Between Policy Ambition and Ground Reality: Government has announced missions in quantum computing and AI, but lacks adequate human resources to execute them. R&D push towards industry-oriented research will fail without stable and committed scientific manpower. Earlier reforms like IISERs and 4-year UG programs aimed to retain young scientists, but structural disincentives persist. Need for Institutional Strengthening: Without full-time, long-term research careers, innovation and scientific output will remain stagnant. Vacancies and overreliance on temporary contracts erode research continuity and morale. Talented scientists may opt for foreign institutions or private sector, worsening India’s brain drain. Urgent Reforms Required: Ensure respectable salaries, adequate research funding, and world-class infrastructure across public institutions. Create clear career pathways for young researchers to remain in academia and public research. Address systemic hiring delays and policy inertia that block institutional growth. Conclusion: India’s scientific ambitions must be backed by robust human capital policies. Fixing the “leaky pipeline” is essential to becoming a global science and technology leader. From a rules-based world to shambolic disorder Global Disorder and Leader-Led Disruption The world is moving from structured, rules-based order to unpredictability and chaos. Leaders (Xi Jinping, Vladimir Putin, Donald Trump, Zelenskyy) are seen as key agents of change challenging the old world order. This shift is not temporary—it’s a deep systemic transformation with few historical parallels. Relevance : GS 2 (International Relations ), GS 3 (Internal Security) Practice Question :The current global disorder is marked by authoritarian disruption, weakening institutions, and resurgence of conflict. In this context, evaluate India’s strategic posture and foreign policy priorities. (15 marks) The U.S.: From Stability to Turmoil Once a pillar of democratic order, the U.S. is now internally divided, affecting global confidence. Trump’s transactional policies (e.g., tariff wars) disrupted global trade, reducing U.S. growth potential. “Trumponomics” has harmed premier institutions and foreign student inflow—both critical to U.S. innovation and economy. Europe in Crisis NATO’s future is uncertain; EU appears weak and disoriented. U.S. disengagement has left Europe vulnerable amidst ongoing conflict with Russia. Trump’s criticism of Europe’s defense inadequacies has further deepened divisions. West Asia: Rising Instability Israel’s actions in Gaza and Syria hint at territorial expansionism. U.S. and Western powers are failing to restrain Netanyahu, emboldening regional dominance. Collapse of Syrian administration under Ahmed al-Shara and erosion of governance exacerbate instability. Old regional feuds (e.g., Ethiopia–Eritrea) and rising tensions in Türkiye add to the chaos. Israel may preemptively strike Iran, citing its nuclear ambitions—risking wider conflict. Resurgence of Terrorism Recent attacks (e.g., Pahalgam in Kashmir) indicate a reactivation of violent extremism. Afghanistan and Pakistan are both facing internal collapse, acting as breeding grounds for new terror groups. Asian Dynamics and China’s Opportunism China is focusing on economic recovery and leveraging U.S. withdrawal to expand influence. It has stepped up naval presence in Indian and Pacific Oceans and beyond the ‘nine-dash-line’. Southeast Asia sees rising Chinese outreach as smaller nations tilt toward Beijing. China-India rivalry is intensifying despite superficial agreements (e.g., Ladakh border easing). India’s Strategic Dilemma India must stay vigilant amid China’s assertiveness and growing regional chaos. Stability in South and Southeast Asia is fragile—countries like Myanmar, Nepal, and Bangladesh face domestic unrest. Conclusion The present world order is under threat from disruptive leadership and rising authoritarianism. A ‘cauldron of consequences’ awaits as institutions weaken, alliances falter, and peace becomes fragile. India must recalibrate its strategic posture in response to an increasingly anarchic global landscape. India’s shame — the trap of bonded labour Context and Introduction The article marks International Labour Day by spotlighting the ongoing crisis of bonded labour in India. Despite legal abolition in 1975, millions remain trapped in forced labour, especially in the informal sector. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance , Social Justice) Practice Question :Despite being legally abolished, bonded labour continues in various forms across India. Discuss the socio-economic causes and critically assess the effectiveness of government initiatives in eradicating it. (15 marks) Case Studies Highlighting Exploitation Mukesh Adivasi (Shivpuri, MP): Trafficked 1,400 km to Karnataka, brutally beaten for demanding wages; now crippled physically and emotionally. K. Thenmozhi (Puttur, AP): Trapped in a Bengaluru brick kiln at age 13; faced beatings, abuse, and missed education; escaped barefoot with family. Root Causes of Bonded Labour Immediate Triggers: Medical emergencies, dowries, food shortages, sudden job loss, etc. Systemic Factors: Caste- and religion-based social exclusion. Illiteracy and lack of awareness. Monopolies by employers over credit and labour markets. Control by social elites enabling a cycle of debt and servitude. Government Response: Data vs. Reality 1975: Bonded Labour Abolition Act passed. 2016: Govt. pledged to rehabilitate 1.84 crore bonded labourers by 2030(The Minister of State for Labour and Employment Estimates). 2021: Only 12,760 rescued so far — leaving ~1.71 crore still trapped. To meet the goal, 11 lakh must be rescued per year, which is unrealistic given past trends. Unorganised Sector and Forced Labour 47 crore total workforce in India: 8 crore in organised sector. 39 crore in unorganised/informal sector — most vulnerable to forced labour. ILO 2024 Report: Low-quality, informal jobs dominate Indian employment landscape. Weak Labour Rights and Lack of Unionisation Informal workers lack: Union protection. Collective bargaining. Job security or contracts. Labour Codes (2019–20) have diluted earlier protections, undermining Ambedkar’s vision of worker empowerment. Key Takeaways Bonded and forced labour is not just a legal issue but a deep moral, economic, and systemic crisis. The government’s response has been grossly inadequate. Without policy reform, accountability, and worker empowerment, millions will remain trapped.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 01 May 2025

Content: Cabinet decides to include caste count in next Census Digital access a part of fundamental right to life and liberty: SC Is natural hydrogen the fuel of the future? Ex-RAW chief appointed head of reconstituted NSAB Study highlights lack of access to right antibiotics in eight countries Cabinet decides to include caste count in next Census Context : Key Decision Cabinet approval: Union Cabinet has approved caste enumeration in the next decennial Census. Announcement: Made by Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw on Wednesday. First time post-Independence: First full caste count since 1931, marking a major policy shift. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Background Context Previous Census: The last Census was held in 2011; the 2021 Census has been delayed indefinitely, initially due to COVID-19. Historic gap: Since 1931, only Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) have been counted in official Census data. 2011 SECC: The Socio-Economic Caste Census was conducted separately from the regular Census and did not mandate caste disclosure. Implementation Details Statutory backing: Caste count to be part of the second and final phase of the upcoming Census with legal support. Digital format: Next Census to be conducted digitally via a mobile app. App to include a dropdown directory of castes in an “other” column. Software for this feature is under testing. Potential Implications Data-driven policy: Will provide authentic data for OBC and caste-based welfare schemes. Wider debates: May spark fresh debates on reservation, social justice, and affirmative action frameworks. Administrative challenge: Managing caste enumeration accurately across India’s diverse social landscape. Digital access a part of fundamental right to life and liberty: SC Context : Key Verdict Supreme Court ruling: Digital access is now recognized as an integral part of the fundamental right to life and liberty under Article 21. Judgment authored by: Justice R. Mahadevan, with Justice J.B. Pardiwala on the Bench. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Fundamental Rights, Judiciary) Context of the Case Petition focus: Highlighted the digital exclusion of persons with disabilities during mandatory procedures like digital KYC (Know Your Customer). Barrier to access: Many marginalised individuals struggle to navigate digital platforms, affecting their access to governance and welfare services. Key Observations by the Court Inclusivity emphasized: Court underscored that digital transformation must include the disabled, underprivileged, and historically excluded. State’s obligation: The government is constitutionally bound to create an inclusive digital ecosystem. Warning against exclusion: Highlighted the risk that rapid digitization without accessibility measures could entrench social inequalities. Broader Constitutional Implication Article 21 expanded: The judgment reinforces that right to life and liberty includes dignified, equitable digital access. Link to welfare state: Digital exclusion undermines access to benefits, violating the spirit of social justice. Impact and Way Forward Policy reform push: Urges the government to redesign digital platforms to be disability-friendly and universally accessible. Tech with empathy: Reinforces that tech-led governance must not leave behind the most vulnerable. Legal precedent: Sets a significant benchmark for future digital rights and accessibility jurisprudence in India. Is natural hydrogen the fuel of the future? What is Natural Hydrogen? Occurs naturally in the Earth’s crust — unlike manufactured hydrogen (gray, blue, green). Formed via serpentinisation, radiolysis of water, and organic matter breakdown at depth. Known to be 98% pure in some locations (e.g., Bourakébougou, Mali). Relevance : GS 3(Technology ,Energy Security) Why Was It Previously Overlooked? Considered a geological curiosity for decades. Belief: Hydrogen’s small size and reactivity prevent large underground accumulations. Not part of traditional oil & gas exploration frameworks. What Changed Recently? Accidental discovery in Mali (1987) confirmed large pure hydrogen seeps. Studies and models (e.g., USGS 2022) now indicate huge potential reserves globally. Scientific recognition that certain tectonic and hydrothermal zones can store hydrogen. Global Reserve Potential USGS estimate: Even if 2% of natural reserves are exploitable, they could meet global hydrogen demand for 200 years. Notable deposits found in France, Australia, U.S., Albania, Canada, etc. 92 million tonnes estimated in France’s Lorraine and Moselle regions alone. India’s Potential India has favourable geology for natural hydrogen: Ultramafic/mafic rocks, ophiolite complexes, volcanic-sedimentary cratons (e.g., Dharwar, Singhbhum). Basement rock fractures, sedimentary basins, and hot springs as potential sites. Still largely unexplored but promising. Industry Trends Growing interest: 40+ companies exploring by 2023 (vs. 10 in 2020). Companies claim low extraction cost (~$1/kg) — cheaper than green hydrogen. Major players: Koloma (U.S.): $245M raised from Amazon and Gates’ Breakthrough Energy. BP, Rio Tinto: Investing in UK-based hydrogen start-up Snowfox Discovery. American Association of Petroleum Geologists formed its first natural hydrogen committee. Benefits of Natural Hydrogen Low carbon emissions and minimal environmental disruption (if harvested sustainably). Abundant, cheap, and naturally renewable. Could significantly help in decarbonising global energy systems. Challenges & Uncertainties Exploration methods still evolving — no dedicated frameworks like hydrocarbons yet. Economic feasibility is site-specific; many deposits may be too scattered or deep. Still in nascent stages of development and global policy recognition. Conclusion Natural hydrogen holds enormous promise as a clean, cost-effective fuel. While still underexplored, it may become a game-changer in the global shift toward renewable energy — including for India, if proactive exploration and policy support follow. Ex-RAW chief appointed head of reconstituted NSAB Context and Timing: The reconstitution of NSAB comes in the wake of the Pahalgam terror attack (April 22) that killed 26 people, escalating tensions with Pakistan. It coincides with high-level Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) meetings chaired by PM Narendra Modi. The PM has given the armed forces “complete operational freedom” regarding India’s response to the terror attack. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security, Defence) Key Appointment: Alok Joshi, former RAW Chief (2012) and 1976 batch IPS officer from the Haryana cadre, is appointed as the Chairman of the NSAB. His extensive experience in external and internal intelligence (RAW & IB) suggests a shift towards strengthening counter-terrorism and strategic foresight. Composition and Continuity: Total strength remains at 16 members, with nearly 50% reconstituted. Rotation is termed “standard practice” to maintain fresh perspectives while ensuring institutional continuity. Role and Significance of NSAB: Formed in December 1998, NSAB is part of the National Security Council (NSC) structure. It comprises experts outside government—from civil society, industry, military, media, etc. Functions: Conduct long-term strategic analysis. Offer policy options and recommendations on national security matters referred by NSC. Acts as a think tank to inform India’s strategic and security posture. Study highlights lack of access to right antibiotics in eight countries Key Findings: Only 7.8% of patients in India with carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative (CRGN) infections received appropriate antibiotics. Average appropriate treatment rate across eight LMICs: 6.9%. Countries studied: India, Bangladesh, Brazil, Egypt, Kenya, Mexico, Pakistan, South Africa. In India (2019), out of ~10 lakh CRGN infections, less than 1 lakh received proper treatment. Estimated ~3.5 lakh deaths in India due to lack of appropriate treatment. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Research Body: Conducted by Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership (GARDP). Data sources: The Lancet’s GRAM study and IQVIA data for 2019. Study Objectives: Evaluate access gap to appropriate antibiotics. Map the cascade of care using better data. Identify effective antibiotic stewardship programmes or innovations in LMICs. Implications: High morbidity & mortality due to untreated drug-resistant infections. Increased healthcare costs and prolonged hospital stays. Contradiction in India’s case: Overuse and misuse of high-end antibiotics driving resistance. Inadequate access to those same antibiotics for patients who truly need them. Expert View: Dr. Abdul Ghafur calls it a “paradox of access”: Irrational overuse of critical antibiotics. Simultaneously, denial of access to needy patients in critical condition. Highlights the urgent need for antibiotic access policies, rational prescribing, and regulatory reforms. Broader Significance: Demonstrates structural gaps in public health systems in LMICs. Emphasises need for: Equitable drug distribution systems. Diagnostic infrastructure to guide targeted antibiotic use. International funding and support for antibiotic R&D and access.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 30 April 2025

Content: Unique Success of the Namami Gange Mission The Holy Buddha Relic of Sarnath for Exposition to Vietnam will arrive at National Museum Unique Success of the Namami Gange Mission: The Return of the Red-Crowned Roofed Turtle to the Ganga After Three Decades Context The Red-Crowned Roofed Turtle is critically endangered and among the rarest freshwater turtles in Northern India. Its return to the mainstream Ganga marks a positive ecological shift after 30 years of absence. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Role of Namami Gange Mission The Namami Gange Mission supported the TSAFI project to conduct assessments in: 2020: Turtle diversity in Haiderpur Wetland Complex (HWC). 2022: Habitat Evaluation for a new turtle sanctuary near Prayagraj. Previous studies found no viable population of RRTs in the Ganga in decades. Turtle Reintroduction Efforts On April 26, 2025, 20 Red-Crowned Roofed Turtles were released from the Garhaita Turtle Conservation Center into HWC. Turtles were tagged with sonic devices to track their movement and survival. Two-pronged release approach: Group A: Released above the Haiderpur barrage. Group B: Released into the main channel of the Ganga. Hydrological Advantage During monsoon, HWC connects fully to the Ganga, aiding natural dispersal of turtles. Promotes a “soft release” strategy with gradual integration into the wild. Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Marks first-ever attempt to reintroduce RRT into the Ganga. Monitoring to continue over two years to assess success and survival. Aims at stable population recovery with UP Forest Department’s collaboration. Symbolic and Strategic Importance Demonstrates holistic river rejuvenation—beyond pollution control to biodiversity revival. Reinforces inter-agency cooperation and scientific conservation methods. Strengthens India’s commitment to Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-15: Life on Land). Key Takeaway The return of the Red-Crowned Roofed Turtle is a beacon of hope for Ganga’s ecological revival. Namami Gange has evolved from a cleaning mission to a comprehensive ecosystem restoration program. The Holy Buddha Relic of Sarnath for Exposition to Vietnam will arrive at National Museum Context: India is sending a very sacred relic of Lord Buddha to Vietnam for public exposition and worship. The relic is from Sarnath (Mulagandha Kuti Vihara) and will be displayed in Vietnam during UN Vesak Day 2025 celebrations, a global Buddhist festival. It will first be moved from Sarnath to Delhi (April 30), then flown by special Air Force aircraft to Ho Chi Minh City (May 1). Relevance : GS 1(Culture ,Heritage) , GS 2(International Relations) Cultural Diplomacy & Soft Power The event showcases India’s Buddhist heritage as a diplomatic bridge with Vietnam and the wider Buddhist world. Strengthens India-Vietnam spiritual ties, cultural continuity, and shared civilizational legacy. Enhances India’s soft power projection through spiritual diplomacy, aligned with Act East Policy. Significance of the Holy Relic The relic, excavated from Nagarjuna Konda (Andhra Pradesh), connects to Mahayana Buddhism and Acharya Nagarjuna (2nd century CE). Currently housed in Mulagandha Kuti Vihara, Sarnath, built by Angarika Dharmapala (founder of Mahabodhi Society). Represents continuity of Buddhist reverence from ancient India to contemporary global contexts. Religious and Ritual Importance Transported with monastic rituals, chanting, and sanctity — reflecting Buddhist traditions of veneration. Scheduled veneration at major Vietnamese Buddhist centers: Ho Chi Minh City, Tây Ninh, Hanoi, and Tam Chúc. Coincides with UN Day of Vesak 2025, aligning spiritual rituals with global Buddhist commemorations. Historical & Archaeological Context Excavated by A.H. Longhurst (ASI) between 1927–31; relics presented to Mahabodhi Society in 1932. Nagarjuna Konda was a prominent Mahayana Buddhist learning center, housing over 30 Buddhist sites. Enriches the understanding of India’s archaeological contribution to global Buddhist heritage. UN Day of Vesak 2025 Context Celebrated since UNGA resolution (1999) marking Buddha’s birth, enlightenment, Mahaparinirvana. International delegates from 100+ countries expected to participate. Theme: “Buddhist Approach to Unity and Inclusivity for Human Dignity”, linking Buddhism to world peace and sustainable development. Academic & Cultural Exhibitions IBC hosting 3 key exhibitions: Digital Jataka tales Sculptures and iconography of the Buddha Comparative Buddhist artefacts: India & Vietnam Ajanta Cave murals digitally restored (Bodhisattva Padmapani, Cave 1) presented with 8-panel TV exhibits. Promotes academic exchange and cultural continuity between Indian and Southeast Asian Buddhist art. Institutional Collaboration Coordinated by Ministry of Culture (GoI) and International Buddhist Confederation (IBC). Reflects multilateral and interfaith cooperation in spiritual diplomacy. Global Buddhist Connect Strengthens India’s role as the land of Buddha, the custodian of relics, and a spiritual home for global Buddhists. Reinforces the idea of “Shared Buddhist Heritage” under India’s cultural outreach strategy.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 30 April 2025

Content: Growth pangs A powerful judicial remedy for waste management Growth pangs Context: Current Industrial Output Scenario IIP growth slowdown: FY25 average at 4%, the lowest in four years, down from 5.9% in FY24. March 2025 IIP rose marginally to 3% (from 2.7% in Feb), driven largely by seasonal surge in electricity demand. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Practice Question : India’s industrial sector, especially MSMEs, is facing headwinds from global trade turbulence and weak domestic demand. Critically examine the structural and cyclical factors affecting industrial growth in India. Suggest a roadmap for reviving industrial output and ensuring sustainable growth.(250 words) Sector-Wise Analysis Mining: Sharp fall from 7.5% (FY24) → 2.9% (FY25). Manufacturing: Moderated to 4% (FY25) from 5.5% (FY24). Electricity: Slowed to 5.1% from 7%, despite March seasonal rise. Consumer Non-Durables: Degrowth of -1.6% in FY25 (vs +4.1% in FY24) → indicates rural distress. Consumer Durables: Growth doubled from 3.6% to 8% → suggests urban consumption recovery. Demand Side Concerns Rural consumption weakened: Due to high food inflation in Oct–Dec FY24 and falling farm incomes post vegetable price crash. Urban consumption stable: Boost in consumer durables shows resilient middle-class demand. Retail inflation: At 4.6% in FY25, lowest in 6 years → masks rural distress. Investment and Lending Trends RBI policy rate cut: From 6.5% (Jan) to 6% (April) → Lower lending rates. Private Capex still weak: Despite cheaper credit, uncertain global trade outlook deters investment. Domestic consumption push needed: Government stimulus required to fill demand gap. External Sector & MSMEs Flat goods export growth: Reflects global slowdown + strained U.S.-India trade ties. MSMEs under pressure: Contribute 45.8% to exports. Grew from ₹4 lakh cr (FY21) → ₹12 lakh cr (FY25). Employ ~250 million, mostly in micro enterprises. Policy need: Fast-track Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) with U.S. to secure MSME resilience and job security. Key Policy Imperatives Targeted rural stimulus: To revive non-durables consumption and restore farm incomes. Accelerate BTA with U.S.: To insulate MSMEs from global turbulence. Boost public capex: To offset private sector hesitancy. Ease of Doing Business reforms: Especially for micro and small manufacturers. Export diversification strategy: Reduce dependence on a few large markets. A powerful judicial remedy for waste management Context :Plastic Waste Crisis in India India = World’s largest plastic polluter: Emits 9.3 million tonnes/year, ~20% of global plastic emissions (Nature study). Emission definition: Includes plastic debris & open burning transitioning from managed to unmanaged systems. Plastic waste generation underestimated: Official figure: 0.12 kg/person/day. Study estimates actual: 0.54 kg/person/day. Waste collection overestimated: Claims 95% coverage, but excludes: Rural areas Informal recycling Open burning Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology ) Practice Question :“India’s waste management challenge is not only a governance issue but also a constitutional and judicial concern.” Examine the role of data, local governance, and the judiciary in ensuring effective waste management in India. (250 words) Himalayan States: Underestimated Risk Severe plastic pollution in Indian Himalayan Region. Lack of baselinedata on: Waste quantity & quality Local capacity for waste management Data Deficiency & Accountability Gaps CPCB reports rely on SPCB/PCC → Municipal bodies → often unverified, inconsistent data. No disclosed methodology for data collection or waste audit. Rural India & areas outside urban local bodies → entirely unaccounted in waste data. Urges transparent, auditable waste data across all jurisdictions. Judicial Imperative & Constitutional Duty SC observation: Environmental protection is a constitutional mandate and linked to fundamental rights. Courts must ensure: Time-bound compliance with environmental orders Justice for affected individuals through real-world impact, not just paper schemes Infrastructure Deficit & the Role of Local Bodies Local governments = primary stakeholders in waste management. Needs: Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) Sanitary landfills Linkages to EPR kiosks Use of geotagging to map and monitor infrastructure. Strengthening EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) PIBOs(Producers, Importers, and Brand Owners.) must collectively create accessible EPR kiosks for: Urban + Rural bodies Segregation & recovery at source Tailor kiosk locations by: Waste volume Geography Accessibility Operationalisation of EPR must be planned & mandatory. Supreme Court’s ‘Continuing Mandamus’ – A Game-Changer Tannery Case (Jan 2024): SC ordered cleanup in Vellore, TN → landmark use of continuing mandamus. Ensures: Remediation Regular monitoring Accountability for non-compliance SC: Govt schemes often fail on ground → Courts must ensure real enforcement. Polluter Pays Principle Reaffirmed Absolute liability: Compensation for victims Restoration of ecology Violation triggers liability: Direct pollution, negligence, licence breaches, or ecological damage. Govt Pay Principle: Government must pay first → recover from polluters later. Way Forward Mandamus-based judicial oversight on waste management → crucial for: Enforcing accountability Real-time compliance Environmental justice Judicial push + data transparency + tech integration → India can lead global waste solutions.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 30 April 2025

Content: Expanding Tree Cover is Crucial High temperatures and mango production Ax-4 mission: Indian astronaut Shukla to fly to ISS on May 29 Insufficient support for deep tech start-ups in India: study Changes in monsoon affect marine productivity in Bay of Bengal: study U.S. puts India back on IPR watch list New Model Finds Locusts Making Complex Decisions in Deadly Swarms Expanding tree cover is crucial Introduction :Expanding tree cover in India is crucial for mitigating climate change, supporting industrial growth, and enhancing rural livelihoods through afforestation and carbon sequestration efforts. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Climate Change Mitigation: Tree plantations and carbon sequestration essential for reducing atmospheric CO₂. Expanding tree cover crucial for India’s climate strategy amidst industrial growth. India’s Current Forest Cover: Forest and tree cover in India at 25.17%, falling short of the 33% target from the 1988 National Forest Policy. Deforestation, urbanisation, and industrial emissions continue to degrade ecosystems. Afforestation Efforts: Tree plantations act as carbon sinks, improving soil health, groundwater recharge, erosion control, and climate resilience. Large-scale afforestation needed to enhance carbon sequestration potential. Government Initiatives: National Agroforestry Policy (2014) and Trees Outside Forests Program promote private sector involvement. Green India Mission (GIM) has helped increase forest cover by 0.56% from 2017-2021. Corporate Role: Corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives contribute to large-scale tree plantations. Industries integrate afforestation with carbon offset strategies, earning carbon credits to meet emissions reduction targets. Global Market Pressure: Stricter global regulations, like the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, force industries to reduce carbon footprints. Indian companies must invest in carbon-offset projects, including tree plantations, to remain competitive. Economic and Social Benefits: Afforestation creates millions of jobs, especially in rural areas through agroforestry and forest conservation. Agroforestry increases farm incomes by 20-30% through improved soil fertility and additional income from timber and crops. Government Support: Financial incentives, training, and market linkages provided to support community-led afforestation. Empowerment of rural communities through ownership of afforestation projects. Challenges and Policy Recommendations: Rising costs of carbon credits push businesses to prefer afforestation for cost-effectiveness. Need for a robust carbon trading policy in India to tap into global carbon markets. Recommendations include establishing a national carbon credit registry and providing financial incentives for private-sector investment. Long-Term Vision: Tree plantations and carbon sequestration are critical to India’s net-zero emissions goal by 2070. Inaction poses significant risks to environmental sustainability and economic growth. High temperatures and mango production Context: India is the world’s largest producer of mangoes, known for its rich genetic diversity and vast cultivation across tropical and subtropical regions. Despite rising temperatures, India’s mango productivity has remained resilient due to adaptive traits and large-scale cultivation efforts. The country produces iconic varieties like Alphonso, Dasheri, Kesar, and Banganapalli, and maintains a strong export presence. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture ,Environment and Ecology) High Temperatures and Mango Production Record Heat: 2024 was India’s warmest year since 1901, with +0.65°C above average temperatures (IMD, 2024). Anecdotal Concerns: Farmers report early flowering, reduced sweetness, lower yield, and shorter pickle shelf-life—pointing to climate stress. Productivity Trend: Despite heat concerns, mango productivity remains strong—9.4 MT/ha (2024-25) vs average 7.9 MT/ha over 25 years. Global Comparison: India outperforms China (8.74 MT/ha) and Thailand (8.36 MT/ha) in mango productivity. States leading in production: Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Bihar, Gujarat. Cultivation Expansion: Area under mango cultivation rose by 2.34% in 2023–24, reaching 24.01 lakh hectares. Heatwave Effects on Trees: Higher temperatures can cause fruit drop, early maturity, sun scalding, and spongy tissue (esp. in Alphonso). Climate Sensitivity: Mango plants require stable pollination conditions—extreme rain, hail, or wind during budding/flowering disrupt yields. Role of Genetic Diversity: Mango’s genetic variability enhances resilience, supporting adaptation to drought and heat. Physiological Adaptability: Mango trees exhibit built-in mechanisms to adjust to environmental stress—key for future climate resilience. Breeding Potential: Rich genetic diversity enables modern breeding interventions to improve climate tolerance and productivity. Conclusion: While climate change poses risks, India’s mango sector remains robust due to increased acreage, adaptive traits, and genetic diversity. Ax-4 mission: Indian astronaut Shukla to fly to ISS on May 29 Context : Indian Air Force Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla is set to make history as the first Indian astronaut to visit the International Space Station (ISS). He will serve as the pilot for Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4), scheduled to launch on May 29, 2025, from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The mission, operated by Axiom Space in collaboration with SpaceX and NASA, will utilize the new Crew Dragon C213 spacecraft and is expected to last up to 14 days in low Earth orbit. Relevance : GS 3(Space ,Science and Technology) Mission Highlights Crew Composition: Shukla will be joined by Commander Peggy Whitson (USA), Mission Specialist Sławosz Uznański (Poland/ESA), and Mission Specialist Tibor Kapu (Hungary). Scientific Objectives: The crew will conduct approximately 60 scientific studies, including seven experiments from India focusing on: Microalgae growth Cyanobacteria behavior Muscle loss in microgravity Cognitive effects of screen use Salad seed cultivation Water bear (tardigrade) resilience Microbial adaptation Significance for India: This mission marks India’s return to human spaceflight after more than four decades, following Rakesh Sharma’s 1984 mission aboard a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft. It also serves as a precursor to ISRO’s upcoming Gaganyaan mission, for which Shukla is one of the designated astronauts. International Collaboration: Ax-4 exemplifies global cooperation in space exploration, with astronauts from India, the USA, Poland, and Hungary participating. The mission aims to advance scientific research and foster international partnerships in space endeavors. Conclusion : Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla’s participation in Ax-4 not only represents a significant achievement for India’s space program but also contributes to the broader goals of international collaboration and scientific advancement in human spaceflight. Insufficient support for deep tech start-ups in India: study Introduction Deep tech start-ups—working in cutting-edge fields like artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and advanced manufacturing—are vital for India’s ambition to become a global innovation hub. However, a recent study highlights significant gaps in institutional support from public-funded research and development (R&D) organisations, impeding deep tech incubation and scaling. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Key Findings of the Study Source: A study commissioned by the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) to the Government of India and conducted by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and the Centre for Technology, Innovation, and Economic Research (CTIER). Limited Support to Start-ups: Only 25% of public-funded R&D organisations offer incubation support to start-ups. A mere 16% support deep tech start-ups (advanced technologies like AI, quantum tech, etc.). Low Industry Collaboration: Only 15% of the organisations collaborated with overseas industries. Restricted Access to Infrastructure: Only 50% of labs opened their facilities to external researchers or students. Expenditure on R&D: 25% of institutions reported spending 75%-100% of their budget on R&D. Median spending on R&D was relatively low in ICAR, CSIR, ICMR, AYUSH, and DST labs. Strategic Sectors Excluded: Defence, Space, and Atomic Energy labs (major contributors to India’s R&D spend) were excluded due to sensitivity. Government Spending Overview: Total Union govt. R&D expenditure in 2020-21: ₹55,685 crore. Excluding strategic sectors: ₹24,587 crore by key scientific agencies. Human Resource Trends Staffing Patterns: Many labs reported a decline in permanent staff and growing dependence on contractual workers. Youth Participation: Share of young researchers rose to 58% in 2022-23 from 54% in 2021-22. Gender and Mission Contributions: Labs were asked to report on women scientists and their roles in national missions (e.g., Deep Ocean Mission, National Quantum Mission). Institutional Behaviour and Orientation Shift observed from being pure research centres to innovation hubs, blending academia and product innovation. Dr. Ajay Sood emphasized need for data-driven institutional introspection to identify gaps and realign mandates. Recommendations All labs should be mandated to review their existing mandates for better alignment with current innovation needs. Changes in monsoon affect marine productivity in Bay of Bengal: study Introduction Source: Study published in Nature Geoscience, led by scientists from India, China, Europe, and the U.S., including researchers from the University of Texas at Austin and Rutgers University. The Indian Summer Monsoon significantly influences marine productivity in the Bay of Bengal (BoB). The study reconstructs 22,000 years of monsoon variability and its link with plankton growth, a key indicator of marine ecosystem health. BoB, despite covering <1% of global ocean area, contributes nearly 8% to global fishery production. Relevance : GS3 (Environment ,Food Security and Climate Change) Key Findings of the Study Marine Productivity Fluctuates with Monsoon Intensity: Both strong and weak monsoon events disrupt vertical ocean mixing. Result: Up to 50% reduction in plankton food availability in surface waters. Mechanism of Disruption: Monsoon extremes hamper nutrient upwelling from deeper ocean layers. This affects phytoplankton, which forms the base of the marine food web. Historical Climate Evidence: Marine sediments were chemically analysed to reconstruct past ocean temperatures, monsoon strength, and biological productivity. Climate Models and Modern Parallels: Present-day observations show alarming similarities with past extreme disruptions. Suggests human-induced climate change could destabilise BoB’s marine ecosystem in the coming decades. Socio-Economic & Ecological Implications Food Security Threat: Millions living along BoB coasts depend on fisheries for protein and livelihood. Productivity decline could severely impact coastal economies and nutrition security. High Output, High Vulnerability: BoB’s disproportionate share in global fisheries makes it uniquely productive yet fragile. U.S. puts India back on IPR watch list Introduction India has been re-added to the U.S. ‘Priority Watch List’ for inadequate IP protection and enforcement. The Special 301 Report assesses global IPR protection impacting U.S. trade interests. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations),GS 3(Indian Economy) Key Concerns Highlighted by USTR Inconsistency in IP Enforcement: Despite some progress, India’s overall enforcement of IPR is termed inadequate. Patent-Related Issues: Persistent complaints about ambiguity in the Indian Patents Act. Stakeholders are concerned about vague interpretations and delayed approvals. Weak Trade Secret Protection: Limited legal mechanisms to safeguard trade secrets in India. High Customs Dutieson IP-intensive goods: Affects products like ICT goods, solar equipment, medical devices, pharma, and capital goods. Piracy & Unauthorised Use: Ongoing issues with: Video game piracy Signal theft by cable operators Commercial photocopying of academic content Unauthorised reprints Technological protection circumvention Other Countries on the List Alongside India: China, Indonesia, Russia, Argentina, Venezuela On regular watch list: 25 countries, including Pakistan and Turkey Economic and Strategic Implications Could impact foreign investment and trade relations, especially in sectors reliant on IP like pharma and tech. May influence ongoing tariff and non-tariff negotiations with the U.S. New model finds locusts making complex decisions in deadly swarms Background: Locust Swarms Locusts are a type of grasshopper that undergo “gregarisation” — transitioning from solitary to swarm behaviour under specific environmental triggers. Swarms can travel vast distances and cause large-scale agricultural devastation. The 2019–2022 outbreak severely affected East Africa, the Middle East, and India — destroying over 2 lakh hectares of crops. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Shift in Scientific Understanding Old model: Locusts were modeled like self-propelled particles, similar to gas molecules, aligning with nearest neighbors. New model: Proposes that locusts make cognitive decisions based on visual perception of motion, not just physical alignment  Key Findings of the New Study Conducted by researchers from Max Planck Institute and University of Konstanz. Field observations in Kenya revealed: Locusts do not align simply with neighbors. Vision, not touch or smell, plays the dominant role in swarm movement. Use of holographic virtual reality showed: Even in sparse swarms, motion coherence (not crowd density) drives alignment. Locusts are capable of integrating multiple visual inputs to decide direction. New Model: Neural Ring Attractor Network Adopts a neuroscience-based model over physics-based ones. Locusts are seen as decision-making agents, not random particles. Swarm motion is an emergent phenomenon — large-scale coordination arises from individual decisions without central control. Climate Change Link Unusual rainfall and cyclones in desert regions (e.g., Mekunu and Luban in 2018) enhanced breeding conditions. Climate variability, especially stronger monsoons, made swarms larger and more unpredictable. 2019–2022 outbreak was among the worst in decades, showing the urgency of updated models. Implications and Next Steps Old models failed to predict swarm behavior accurately. Understanding initial direction selection and decision maintenance is the next frontier. Future research needs to be multidisciplinary — involving climate scientists and ecologists. Improved predictive models are essential to manage future outbreaks in a warming world.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 29 April 2025

Content: National Supercomputing Mission Aadhaar authentication surges past 2,707 crore in 2024-25; UIDAI’s face authentication gains momentum  National Supercomputing Mission Overview and Objectives Launched in 2015 as a flagship initiative to enhance High-Performance Computing (HPC) capability in India. Aims for Atmanirbharta (self-reliance) in supercomputing by indigenously developing critical hardware and software. Supports academic institutions, R&D labs, industries, and government departments via access to supercomputing resources. Connected through the National Knowledge Network (NKN) to enable high-speed, collaborative research. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) Key Features Three-phase mission structure focusing on: Phase I: Basic supercomputing infrastructure, mostly imported components, domestic assembly. Phase II: Indigenous software stack and increased Indian value addition (up to 40%). Phase III: Complete indigenization – design, development, manufacturing within India. Jointly steered by DST and MeitY; implemented by C-DAC and IISc. Achievements (as of March 2025) 34 supercomputers deployed with combined capacity of 35 Petaflops. Over 85% utilization, with many systems exceeding 95% usage. Supported 10,000+ researchers, including 1,700+ PhD scholars from 200+ institutions. Enabled completion of 1 crore+ compute jobs and 1,500+ publications in leading journals. 22,000+ individuals trained in HPC and AI. Start-ups and MSMEs using HPC for innovation and development. Notable Installations and Innovations Param Pravega at IISc Bengaluru (3.3 Petaflops) – India’s most powerful academic supercomputer. Param Shivay at IIT BHU (2019) – first indigenous supercomputer under NSM. Param Rudra Series (2024): Pune, Delhi, Kolkata – built using indigenous Rudra servers and software stack. Deployment of 45 Petaflops additional capacity using domestic technologies in 2024-25. Trinetra Network – Indigenous HPC Interconnect Developed by C-DAC for high-speed data transfer between computing nodes. Phased development: Trinetra-POC (proof of concept) Trinetra-A (100 Gbps, deployed in 1PF PARAM Rudra) Trinetra-B (200 Gbps, upcoming in 20PF PARAM Rudra) AIRAWAT – AI Supercomputing Initiative Aims to create common AI compute platform for academia, research hubs, and industry. POC: 200 AI Petaflops; scalable to 790 AI Petaflops. Secured 75th rank in the Top 500 Global Supercomputing List (ISC 2023). Budget and Expansion Plans Budget allocation/utilization: ₹1874 crore for infrastructure, R&D, HRD, and mission operations. Future plan: Install more 20 PetaFlop systems at IITs and major institutions. Synergy with India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) ISM to enable domestic manufacturing of HPC-critical components like processors, accelerators, memory chips. Reduces dependency on imports and enhances affordability, customization, and performance of supercomputers. Helps NSM achieve complete self-reliance and global competitiveness. Societal and Scientific Impact Facilitated R&D in Drug Discovery, Climate Modeling, Disaster Management, Energy Security, etc. Bridged regional disparity by empowering Tier-II & Tier-III institutions. Strengthened India’s research base, innovation ecosystem, and global HPC ranking. Conclusion NSM is a game-changer in India’s digital and scientific ecosystem. Supports research excellence, technological self-reliance, and global supercomputing leadership. Combined with ISM and AIRAWAT, NSM prepares India for the next generation of scientific and industrial challenges. Aadhaar authentication surges past 2,707 crore in 2024-25; UIDAI’s face authentication gains momentum Context: Aadhaar authentication and e-KYC usage have surged to record levels in FY 2024–25, driven by AI-powered face authentication, expanding digital access and ease of service delivery across sectors. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Technology) Key Highlights (2024–25) 2,707 crore Aadhaar authentication transactions in FY 2024–25; 247 crore in March 2025 alone. Cumulative Aadhaar authentications cross 14,800 crore since inception. 15 crore face authentications in March 2025 — showing sharp adoption. Aadhaar e-KYC crossed 44.63 crore in March 2025 (6% YoY growth). Prime Minister’s Award conferred to UIDAI for Face Authentication innovation. 100+ public and private entities actively using Aadhaar Face Authentication. 1.91 crore Aadhaar updates and 20 lakh new Aadhaar issuances in March 2025. Foundational Drivers Digital India push: Aadhaar is a critical infrastructure for e-Governance and public service delivery. Legislative and policy support: Aadhaar Act 2016 and subsequent SC judgments have provided regulated backing. ICT growth: Proliferation of smartphones, internet, and AI/ML capabilities enabling facial biometric authentication. Banking/Telecom reforms: Aadhaar e-KYC has been a game changer for onboarding and verification processes. Data architecture: Aadhaar database is now integrated with multiple service delivery mechanisms (e.g., DBT, PDS, LPG). Impact and Future Potential Ease of Doing Business: Quick customer verification in BFSI, NBFCs, fintech, and telecom. Welfare Delivery: Seamless, leak-proof access to subsidies, pensions, scholarships, and food rations. Facial Authentication Scalability: Expected to become mainstream in contactless public authentication, especially post-COVID. AI-powered Governance: Face Authentication showcases how AI/ML can streamline public services with low friction. Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): Aadhaar remains the backbone for India Stack, ONDC, Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, and more. Financial Inclusion: Aadhaar-linked bank accounts and e-KYC push help expand access to formal credit. Interoperability Boost: UIDAI’s systems set global benchmarks for population-scale authentication. Strategic Implications Strengthens India’s global image as a leader in Digital Public Goods (DPGs). Bridges the inclusion divide, enabling Tier II/III cities and rural areas to access formal systems. Enhances data-driven policymaking by tracking service usage in real time. Raises need for robust data protection and privacy frameworks amid rising digital footprint.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 29 April 2025

Content: The post of Deputy Speaker is not symbolic or optional India’s urban future is at a crossroads The post of Deputy Speaker is not symbolic or optional Constitutional Mandate The office of Deputy Speaker is mandated under Article 93 of the Constitution. The phrase “as soon as may be” implies urgency, not discretion, in electing both Speaker and Deputy Speaker. Article 94 ensures the Deputy Speaker remains until resignation, removal, or disqualification. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Constitution) Practice Question : “The Office of the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha is not merely symbolic but a constitutional necessity.” In the light of recent developments, critically examine the significance of this office and the implications of its prolonged vacancy.(250 Words) Not Merely Ceremonial The Deputy Speaker’s role is not symbolic or optional; it ensures continuity and stability in Lok Sabha proceedings. Acts as second-in-command, especially crucial during the Speaker’s absence or emergencies. Historical and Institutional Importance The post evolved from the colonial-era Deputy President of the Central Legislative Assembly (first held by Sachidanand Sinha in 1921). Institutionalised even before the Constitution came into force; M.A. Ayyangar was the first elected Deputy Speaker post-independence. Played a key role during Speaker G.V. Mavalankar’s death (1956), proving its necessity. Functional Relevance Ensures uninterrupted proceedings when Speaker is unavailable. Can preside over important committees and sensitive debates. Expected to act with neutrality and impartiality, like the Speaker. Tradition of Bipartisanship Conventionally offered to the Opposition, fostering cross-party cooperation. Reinforces the non-partisan ethos of the legislative process. This convention, though unwritten, is central to democratic consensus. Constitutional Neglect and Anomaly Office has been vacant for entire 17th Lok Sabha (2019–2024) and remains so even in the 18th Lok Sabha (2024–present). This prolonged vacancy is unprecedented in Indian parliamentary history. The delay violates constitutional spirit and centralises power in the ruling party via the Speaker. Risks and Implications Absence of Deputy Speaker may lead to leadership vacuum in emergencies. Undermines institutional checks and balances. Erodes public trust in parliamentary norms and practices. Need for Reform Suggests amending Article 93 to include a fixed timeline (e.g., within 60 days of first sitting). Alternatively, a statutory mechanism empowering the President to act on advice could ensure compliance. Reform is essential to prevent executive overreach and promote rule-based governance. Conclusion The Deputy Speaker’s role is constitutionally essential for legislative integrity and democratic resilience. The current vacancy is not passive delay but active sidelining of consensus politics. Parliament must act to restore institutional credibility and uphold constitutional obligations. India’s urban future is at a crossroads Context & Current Urban Crisis Indian cities face acute water shortages and rising electricity demands amid increasing summer temperatures. Examples: Bengaluru and Hyderabad witnessing spikes in water tanker bookings; power outages due to surging AC usage. Highlights urban vulnerability to climate extremes and infrastructural inadequacy. Relevance : GS 1(Urbanisation) Practice Question: Urbanisation in India has led to growth and opportunities but also poses significant challenges, including environmental degradation, pollution, and inadequate infrastructure. With more than 30% of India’s population living in cities, it is crucial to assess whether Indian cities are prepared to tackle climate extremes and sustainable urbanisation.(250 Words) Urbanisation: Opportunities & Threats Urbanisation promotes growth and development but also worsens: Pollution Congestion Environmental degradation Impacts disproportionately affect the urban poor, worsening inequality. SDG-11 and India’s Urban Readiness SDG-11: “Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable” by 2030. India is far from this target due to: Inadequate planning for climate resilience Poor handling of the urban heat island effect Limited institutional preparedness Limitations of Current Indices NITI Aayog’s SDG Urban Index: Covers 56 cities but SDG-11 based on only 4 indicators. Ease of Living Index: Broader coverage (111 cities) but lacks focused SDG-11 assessment. Global indices (Mercer, Economist): Miss India-specific urban ground realities. New Research-Based Index Approach Developed four SDG-11 indices for 10 major Indian cities: Safety (9 indicators) Inclusivity (19 indicators) Sustainability (15 indicators) Resilience Used Shannon Entropy Weighting for objectivity. Data Sources: Census 2011, NCRB, NFHS-5, PLFS, IMD, etc. Key Findings from the Indices Inclusivity: Best: Ahmedabad Worst: Jaipur Safety: Best: Bengaluru Worst: Kolkata Sustainability: Best: Surat Worst: Kolkata Resilience: Best: Chennai Worst: Jaipur Contrast with NITI Aayog rankings: Cities labelled as “front-runners” performed poorly in new indices. Insights and Gaps Identified Inclusivity gaps: Unequal access to jobs, housing, mobility. Safety disparities: Variations in law enforcement effectiveness. Sustainability deficits: Poor waste, pollution, and environmental planning. Resilience shortfalls: Only 16 cities have city sustainability plans. Only 17 have city resilience strategies. Policy Recommendations & Way Forward Empower Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) for localized data collection and planning. Utilize Smart Cities Mission’s ICCCs for real-time urban governance. Introduce Urban Poor Quality of Living Surveys to update outdated poverty data (still based on Census 2011). Move towards city-specific, data-driven planning acknowledging regional uniqueness. Prioritise resilience-building and climate adaptation strategies in city budgets and planning. Conclusion India’s urban transition is at a critical inflection point. Without bold, data-backed, localised interventions, cities risk becoming more unlivable and unequal. Achieving SDG-11 requires systemic reforms, sustained political will, and empowered city-level institutions.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 29 April 2025

Content: India and France Finalise Agreement for 26 Rafale-Ms Role in a Risk Society: How Women Bear a Disproportionate Burden In 2024, India’s Military Expenditure Was 9 Times That of Pakistan: SIPRI UN Statement a ‘Strong Win’ Despite ‘Dilution’: Officials New Initiative Launched to Revive Oceans Through Community-Led Protection India and France finalise agreement for 26 Rafale-Ms Agreement Details: India and France have finalized an Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) for the procurement of 26 Rafale-M fighter jets for the Indian Navy. The total value of the agreement is approximately₹64,000 crore. Deliveries are expected to start from mid-2028 and will be completed by 2030. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security , Defence) Key Components of the Deal: Aircraft Package: 22 single-seater jets for aircraft carrier operations and 4 twin-seater trainer jets (not carrier-compatible). Additional Equipment: Includes weapons, simulator, performance-based logistics, and associated equipment for the existing Indian Air Force Rafale fleet. Training: Crew training will take place both in France and India. Transfer of Technology: The deal includes transferring technology for integrating indigenous weapons, such as the Astra missile, onto the Rafale aircraft. Economic and Employment Impact: Job Creation: The deal is expected to generate thousands of jobs, including for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in India. Local Manufacturing: The establishment of a production facility for Rafale fuselage and Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) facilities in India for aircraft engines, sensors, and weapons. Defense and Strategic Importance: Navy Capability: The Rafale-M jets will enhance the operational capabilities of the Indian Navy, particularly in terms of air superiority and defense on aircraft carriers. Aircraft Carrier Operations: The deal includes 22 jets capable of operating from aircraft carriers, strengthening India’s naval aviation. Strategic Indo-French Ties: The IGA strengthens the defense relationship between India and France, with both nations investing in long-term defense cooperation. Several government-to-business agreements were concluded alongside the IGA. Operational Considerations: Timeline: Deliveries will begin 37 months after the signing of the contract, with completion within 66 months. Existing Fleet Integration: The deal also aims to enhance the capabilities of the existing Rafale fleet of the Indian Air Force, ensuring better interoperability and operational flexibility. Significance for Indian Navy’s Future: With the INS Vikramaditya and INS Vikrant currently in operation, the addition of Rafale-M jets will significantly boost the Indian Navy’s air capabilities, particularly in terms of modernizing its aircraft carrier-based aviation fleet. Role in a risk society: how women bear a disproportionate burden Risk Society Concept: Coined by Ulrich Beck, describes a shift from industrial society to one shaped by uncertainty and risks created by modern technological and environmental developments. Focus on managing risks like health crises, pollution, and environmental degradation instead of wealth distribution. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) ,GS 2(Social Issues) Technological and Environmental Risks: Examples like Chernobyl, Fukushima, and COVID-19 highlight how modernisation can amplify risks with devastating consequences. Modernisation introduces new risks, including pollution, depletion of natural resources, and global-scale technological hazards. Stages of Modernity: Pre-industrial Society: Risks were natural and localised (e.g., famine, epidemics) managed through social order. Industrial Society: Introduced new risks such as pollution and resource depletion from technological advances. Risk Society: Risks are no longer external but generated by the very systems meant to ensure security and development. Natural vs. Manufactured Risks: Natural Risks: Unpredictable, localised (e.g., earthquakes, floods). Manufactured Risks: Arise from human activities (e.g., nuclear accidents, environmental degradation, pandemics), often global and difficult to predict or control. Global Impact of Manufactured Risks: Risks like climate change disproportionately affect poorer nations, making them more vulnerable due to limited resources. Gendered Dimension of Risk: Women, especially in developing countries, are disproportionately burdened by risks due to gender roles (e.g., caregiving, water collection). Unpaid domestic labour and informal sector roles contribute to women’s vulnerability. Women are more susceptible to health risks (e.g., water pollution, air quality) due to their roles in household management. Health and Economic Inequality: Women face worse health outcomes due to environmental risks (e.g., respiratory diseases, food scarcity). Economic vulnerability: Limited access to resources, land, and property further exacerbates their ability to recover from environmental or economic disasters. Gendered caregiving roles contribute to the emotional and physical burden women face in managing risks. Conclusion: Beck’s theory of a risk society highlights the unequal distribution of risks and their gendered impacts, showing how women bear a disproportionate burden of modern risks and crises. In 2024, India’s military expenditure was 9 times that of Pakistan: SIPRI Context : India’s Military Expenditure In 2024, India spent $86.1 billion on its military. This marked a 1.6% increase from the previous year. India ranked as the 5th largest military spender globally. Its spending was almost 9 times higher than Pakistan’s. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security , Defence) Pakistan’s Military Expenditure Pakistan’s military spending stood at $10.2 billion. Despite regional tensions, Pakistan’s defence budget remained far below India’s. Highlights the asymmetry in military capability and funding between the two nations. Global Trends (as per SIPRI) Top 5 spenders: United States, China, Russia, Germany, and India — together accounting for 60% of global military spending. Total spending by these countries: $1,635 billion. China’s Position China’s military spending reached $314 billion (7% increase). 30th consecutive year of increase. Makes up 50% of all military expenditure in Asia and Oceania. Focus: Military modernisation, cyberwarfare, and nuclear arsenal expansion. Russia and Ukraine Russia: $149 billion (↑38% from 2023), 7.1% of GDP, 19% of government spending. Ukraine: $64.7 billion (↑2.9%), equivalent to 34% of GDP, the highest military burden globally. Reflects the sustained and escalating nature of the Ukraine-Russia conflict. European Military Spending Military expenditure in Europe (incl. Russia): $693 billion (↑17%). Driven by the war in Ukraine and regional insecurity. Surpassed Cold War levels of spending. Strategic Implications for India India remains focused on military parity with regional powers like China. Growing defence budget indicates concern over regional instability, including: Border tensions with China. Terror threats from across the Pakistan border (e.g., Pahalgam attack). Despite being 5th globally, India faces dual-front threats, necessitating sustained investment. UN statement a ‘strong win’ despite ‘dilution’: officials Context : UNSC Statement on Pahalgam Attack The UN Security Council condemned the Pahalgam terror attack. However, the final statement omitted any mention of: The Resistance Front (TRF) – a proxy terror group. Cross-border linkages to Pakistan. The language was diluted due to objections by China and Pakistan, citing the “disputed nature” of Kashmir. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) India’s Position Directly blamed Pakistan for the attack, citing cross-border terrorism. Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri briefed over 20 envoys, including China’s ambassador, with evidence including digital communications. Indian officials called the statement a “strong win”, as: It was issued despite Pakistan’s UNSC membership. It overcame China’s efforts to block/modify language. Majority of UNSC members supported the original U.S.-drafted condemnation. China’s Role and Response China supported diluting references to TRF and cross-border terrorism. Publicly stated it “welcomes any steps to cool down the situation”. Reaffirmed its support for Pakistan as an “ironclad friend” and backed an “impartial investigation”. China is aligning strategically with Pakistan, particularly on security issues. Pakistan’s Reaction Called for an international investigation (possibly by China and Russia). Continued to deny direct involvement, despite India’s claims and evidence. Pakistani Defence Minister Khawaja Asif earlier admitted to Pakistan’s history of sponsoring terror, strengthening India’s case globally. Diplomatic Implications UNSC language compromise shows persistent international division on Kashmir. India’s aggressive diplomacy signals intent to globalise the issue of cross-border terrorism. China’s actions underscore its strategic shielding of Pakistan at multilateral platforms. India’s Strategic Gains Despite dilution, international condemnation was secured. Raised awareness of Pakistan’s terror links at global platforms. Positioned Pakistan as a “rogue state”, citing even internal confessions. Reinforced India’s narrative on state-sponsored terrorism and need for accountability. New initiative launched to revive oceans through community-led protection Overview and Goals Launched on April 24, 2025, the Revive Our Ocean initiative aims to scale up community-led Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Its core mission: end destructive fishing practices (especially bottom trawling) and empower coastal communities to protect ocean ecosystems. Aligns with the 30×30 target of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework: protect 30% of oceans by 2030. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Geographical Focus Initial implementation in seven countries: UK, Portugal, Greece, Turkey, Philippines, Indonesia, and Mexico. Builds on successful community-led conservation models across these regions. Need for Community-led MPAs Globally, only 3% of oceans are under full protection, despite 16,000+ MPAs being established. Many MPAs are poorly managed or permit harmful activities like bottom trawling. Community governance leads to better ecological and economic outcomes. Success Stories Medes Island, Spain: €16 million annual revenue from diving tourism vs. low returns from fishing. Isle of Arran, Scotland: Marine biodiversity doubled after establishing no-fishing zones. RARE’s Fish Forever (Philippines): 2,000+ communities created zones where fish stocks doubled in 5 years. Coastal 500 network: 350+ local leaders advocating marine protection and policy reforms. Key Barriers Identified Lack of awareness about community benefits of MPAs. Restrictive national policies that limit local authority. Limited access to tools, funding, and capacity-building. Revive Our Ocean Collective A support network bringing together proven local leaders and conservation practitioners. Focuses on knowledge-sharing, policy advocacy, and training. Led by Kristin Rechberger (Dynamic Planet) and Enric Sala (Pristine Seas, National Geographic). Financing and Sustainability Plans to launch a microfinance program for community-led MPAs. Aims to prove that MPAs are financially self-sustaining: via tourism, sustainable fishing, and carbon capture. Example: Spain’s reserve costs €2 million annually but yields €16 million in returns. Environmental and Climate Benefits MPAs restore biodiversity, improve fisheries, and enhance food security. Capture carbon and help mitigate climate change. Combat practices like bottom trawling, which causes €11 billion losses/year in Europe and disturbs oceanic carbon beds.

Facebook Instagram YouTube LinkedIn TelegramGroup Website TelegramChat
Terms and Conditions Privacy Refund Policy Learning Management System by Testpress