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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 25 July 2024

CONTENTS An Outlining of Urban Transformation Strategies Is immunity for the President and Governors Absolute? An Outlining of Urban Transformation Strategies Context: Around 50 crore people, making up about 36% of India’s population, live in cities. The urban population has been steadily increasing by 2% to 2.5% annually. This rapid urbanization in India necessitates ongoing investments with clear vision and commitment. The new government’s first budget recognizes cities as growth hubs and provides various options and opportunities for their planned development and growth. Relevance: GS1- Urbanization Population and Associated Issues Poverty and Developmental Issues Mains Question: State governments, their municipalities and also citizens will have to take forward the provisions outlined in the recent Budget to ensure planned urban development and growth. Discuss. (15 Marks, 250 Words). Housing Issues: Since 2015, the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) has been implemented to provide housing for the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) and Middle Income Groups (MIG), delivering 85 lakh housing units with an investment of about ₹8 lakh crore. The central government contributed a quarter of this amount, with the remainder coming from beneficiaries and state governments. The budget proposes further support for constructing an additional one crore units in urban areas, involving a ₹10 lakh crore investment, including ₹2.2 lakh crore in central assistance over the next five years. For the current year, ₹30,171 crore has been allocated, some of which will be used to offer interest subsidies for affordable loans. Migrant workers in industries often live in slums and seek decent housing near their jobs. The budget introduces new rental housing with dormitory-style accommodations for industrial workers, to be developed through public-private partnerships (PPP) with upfront financial support under the Viability Gap Funding (VGF) scheme. The central government will provide 20% of this funding, with potential additional support from state governments. Cities need core infrastructure like water supply, sanitation, roads, and sewerage systems. The Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) allocates ₹8,000 crore for this purpose. While this may not seem substantial, the Finance Minister announced a VGF window for projects undertaken as commercial ventures in PPP Mode. Many cities are familiar with the PPP model, which should help accelerate the development of essential infrastructure where it is lacking and upgrade it where it is insufficient. The Budget Speech highlights a significant investment of ₹11.11 lakh crore for capital expenditure in infrastructure, including highways and various sectors, with opportunities for cities to secure a portion. Additionally, ₹1.50 lakh crore is available to states as an interest-free loan for infrastructure development, which states can also utilize for city projects. The Smart Cities Mission, launched in 2015, received a budget of ₹8,000 crore for 2023-24, reduced to ₹2,400 crore for 2024-25 to cover remaining commitments. However, a new initiative, the National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM), has been introduced with a provision of ₹1,150 crore, focusing on digitizing property and tax records and implementing GIS mapping. This will help urban local bodies manage finances better and assist property owners. City Planning: The Budget emphasizes the planned development of cities. Municipalities will receive a ‘Finance Commission Grant’ of ₹25,653 crore, along with ₹500 crore for incubating new cities. With mass rapid transit systems, cities can pursue transit-oriented development, creating dense areas around transit hubs without increasing road traffic. A well-designed mobility plan can link cities with peri-urban areas and ‘new cities.’ Consequently, the Budget prioritizes economic and transit planning for orderly development using town planning schemes. It also proposes promoting electric bus systems in cities, allocating ₹1,300 crore for this purpose. E-buses provide a cost-effective and eco-friendly transportation solution, despite their higher initial cost, which the budgetary support aims to mitigate. Solid Waste Management: Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the most significant challenges facing cities today. The Budget has emphasized introducing viable projects for SWM in partnership with state governments and financial institutions. States and municipalities can also utilize the Viability Gap Funding (VGF) for this purpose. Cities like Indore, Madhya Pradesh, have demonstrated how SWM can be financially sustainable. The Street Vendors Act, 2014, was enacted to regulate street vendors in public areas and protect their rights. It also aims to develop street-vending plans and zones to ensure street vending is a safe and healthy option for consumers and vendors. The Budget proposes developing 100 weekly ‘haats’ or street food hubs in selected cities. States are encouraged not to limit themselves to this number and to facilitate all cities in creating street-vending plans and establishing ‘haats’ throughout the city as needed. Conclusion: While the Budget provides various financial and procedural measures to promote planned urbanization, cities, represented by municipalities and guided by state governments, must demonstrate the vision and determination to utilize resources from the Union Budget and their own. Above all, citizen participation will be essential for the success of any city’s development strategy. Is Immunity for the President and Governors Absolute? Context: A three-judge Bench led by Chief Justice of India D.Y. Chandrachud has involved the Union government and requested the assistance of the Attorney General of India to determine whether the “blanket” immunity granted under Article 361 to the President and Governors, while in office, undermines fairness, constitutional morality, and violates the fundamental rights to equal protection of the law and a fair trial. Relevance: GS2- Constitutional Bodies Role of Governor Mains Question: Does Article 361 grant absolution to the Governor even against criminal charges? Analyse if there is a need to review the immunity granted to the President and Governors in the Indian political system. (15 Marks, 250 Words). What is the case? This question arose from a petition filed by a contractual woman employee of the Raj Bhavan, who accused the West Bengal Governor of sexual harassment and molestation. The woman, referred to as ‘XXX’ in Supreme Court records to protect her identity, argued that the “absolute immunity” given to the Governor is based on the outdated belief that “the King can do no wrong.” She claimed that the police handled her complaint against the constitutional authority in a “cavalier manner,” citing the immunity clause. The woman said her only option is to wait for the Governor to leave office before her complaint of gender violence can be investigated. She fears that delaying the criminal investigation against such a powerful individual may ultimately deny her justice during the trial. She has urged the court to require the State of West Bengal, through its police force, to conduct an investigation. The employee has also asked the court to establish guidelines and clarify the extent of the immunity. Do Governors have immunity? Article 361(1) states that the President and Governors are not answerable to any court for acts performed in the exercise of their powers and duties. However, the first proviso to Article 361(1) allows the conduct of the President to be reviewed by any court, tribunal, or body designated by either House of Parliament for investigating a charge under Article 61 (impeachment for violation of the Constitution). The second provison to Article 361(1) specifies that this immunity does not prevent a person from suing the Centre or the relevant State. The clause in question before the Supreme Court in the current case is clause (2) of Article 361, which states that “no criminal proceedings whatsoever shall be instituted or continued against the President, or the Governor of a State, in any court during his term of office.” The Supreme Court has decided to interpret clause (2) of Article 361 to determine when exactly criminal proceedings can be instituted against a President or Governor. In essence, the court aims to examine whether this protective immunity is “unfettered or unbridled.” Interestingly, the Constituent Assembly debates on Article 361 (Draft Article 302) in September 1949 show that a Member had noted the vague language of clause (2). The discussion concerned the phrase “during the term of his office” in Article 361(2). The Member questioned whether this meant the President or a Governor could maintain immunity by remaining in office despite committing a criminal act. The question was left unresolved. What are the Arguments Raised? The petitioner contends that the bar on criminal proceedings under Article 361(2) does not apply to illegal acts or those that “strike at the roots” of a citizen’s fundamental rights. She claims that Governor Bose’s alleged actions violated her right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution. The immunity under Article 361 should not hinder the police’s power to investigate the offense or to name the perpetrator in the complaint or FIR. The employee asserts that no part of the Governor’s powers allows him to sexually abuse employees. In the case of Rameshwar Prasad vs. Union of India, the Supreme Court interpreted that ‘civil immunity’ under Article 361(4) did not remove the power of citizens to challenge the actions of the President or Governors on the grounds of ‘mala fides.’ An analogy could be drawn to interpret criminal immunity in the same way. The petition also cited a ruling by the Madhya Pradesh High Court in Ram Naresh vs. State of Madhya Pradesh, which held that the immunity would not prevent the police from investigating an offense, including recording the Governor’s statement. Conclusion: The SC’s Decision to Examine Immunity Granted under Article 361 could have major consequences for – How constitutional protections for high-ranking officials are interpreted, and The systems of accountability for addressing misconduct.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 25 July 2024

CONTENTS MEA’s Development Assistance Plans in Union Budget 2024-25 2024 UNAIDS Global AIDS Update Supreme Court Split Verdict on GM Mustard NPS Vatsalya Scheme Vishnupad Temple Climate Finance Taxonomy MEA’s Development Assistance Plans in Union Budget 2024-25 Context: In the recently announced Union Budget 2024-25, the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) has outlined its development assistance plans, focusing on strategic partners and neighbouring countries. This initiative aims to promote regional connectivity, cooperation, and stability in line with India’s Neighbourhood First Policy. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Distribution of Development Aid Among Countries: Benefits of Development Aid Granted to Neighbouring Countries India’s Neighbourhood First Policy Challenges in India’s Relationship with Neighbouring Countries Way Forward Distribution of Development Aid Among Countries: Bhutan: ₹2,068.56 crore (highest allocation, though slightly reduced from ₹2,400 crore last year) Nepal: ₹700 crore (increase from ₹550 crore last year) Maldives: ₹400 crore (consistent allocation despite previous year’s higher revised amount of ₹770.90 crore) Sri Lanka: ₹245 crore (increase from ₹150 crore last year) Afghanistan: ₹200 crore (for aiding stability and development amidst challenges) Iran: ₹100 crore (for the Chabahar Port Project, consistent allocation for the past three years) Africa: ₹200 crore (for collective aid to African countries, reflecting India’s expanding engagement) Seychelles: ₹40 crore (increase from ₹10 crore) Benefits of Development Aid Granted to Neighbouring Countries: Enhanced Diplomatic Ties: Development aid strengthens political and economic relationships, fostering closer ties with recipient countries. For example, Bhutan’s support on the Doklam issue highlights this diplomatic benefit. Regional Stability: Financial support helps stabilize neighboring countries, contributing to regional security. Stability in countries like Afghanistan can benefit India’s strategic interests by reducing regional volatility. Economic Growth: Aid contributes to infrastructure projects and development programs, boosting economic growth in recipient countries. For instance, the Chabahar Port Project in Iran supports regional connectivity and trade. Increased Trade and Investment Opportunities: Improved infrastructure and economic conditions in neighboring countries can lead to increased trade and investment opportunities for India. The Agartala-Akhaura railway project between India and Bangladesh exemplifies such benefits. Influence and Alliances: Aid allows India to build alliances and exert influence, ensuring neighboring countries align more closely with Indian interests. Bhutan’s favorable stance on the Doklam issue demonstrates the impact of strategic aid. Humanitarian Assistance: Aid addresses urgent humanitarian needs such as healthcare, education, and disaster relief, improving the quality of life in recipient countries. India’s “Operation Karuna” for Myanmar during Cyclone Mocha is a prime example. Soft Power and Regional Leadership: Investing in the development of neighboring countries enhances India’s soft power and reputation as a responsible regional leader. It helps alleviate perceptions of India as a “Big Brother” among its smaller neighbors. India’s Neighbourhood First Policy Overview: Inception: The Neighbourhood First Policy was established in 2008. Scope: It focuses on managing relationships with India’s immediate neighbours: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Objectives: Enhance physical, digital, and people-to-people connectivity; boost trade and commerce; and develop an institutional approach to manage relations with neighbouring countries. Importance of the Neighbourhood First Policy: Security Concerns: Addresses threats from terrorism and illegal migration, including smuggling of weapons and drugs. Enhances border security and monitors demographic changes due to illegal migration. Regional Relations: Engages with regional and multilateral organisations to counter terrorism, particularly focusing on Pakistan’s role. Builds infrastructure and stabilises border regions through improved connectivity and development projects. Economic and Strategic Benefits: Expands India’s influence and builds economic linkages with neighbouring countries. Facilitates defense cooperation and maritime domain awareness. Supports the development of the North-Eastern region and regional connectivity projects, such as the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway. Cultural and Tourism Initiatives: Promotes tourism, which fosters cultural exchange and increases interest in Indian culture and businesses. Regional Mechanisms: Engages in regional organisations like SAARC and BIMSTEC to assert leadership and counterbalance other major powers’ influence. Challenges in India’s Relationship with Neighbouring Countries: Border Disputes: Disagreements over borders, especially with China and Pakistan, lead to tensions. China’s growing influence and ties with Pakistan pose strategic challenges. Militant Groups: Pakistan’s support to militant groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) that target India. Illegal Migration: Influx of illegal migrants from Bangladesh raises demographic and security concerns. Economic and Trade Barriers: Economic issues and trade barriers with countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal affect relations. Trade restrictions and tariffs exacerbate diplomatic tensions. Water Disputes: Conflicts over river waters, such as the Indus and Teesta rivers, strain relations with Pakistan and Bangladesh. Political Instability: Political instability in countries like Nepal and Bangladesh impacts bilateral relations. Humanitarian and Environmental Issues: Disputes over minority treatment and environmental impacts, such as flooding in Bangladesh and concerns over Bhutan’s ecology. Regional Organisation Disagreements: Internal disagreements within SAARC and BIMSTEC can hinder effective cooperation. Way Forward: Diplomatic Engagement: Maintain regular diplomatic dialogues and high-level meetings to resolve issues. Dispute Resolution: Develop mechanisms for resolving disputes, such as joint committees and arbitration panels. Trade Agreements: Negotiate fair trade agreements to address imbalances and promote mutual benefits. Infrastructure Development: Collaborate on improving connectivity through roads, railways, and energy corridors. Regional Security: Coordinate on security initiatives to address common threats, including terrorism and illegal migration. Educational and Tourism Initiatives: Increase initiatives to build mutual understanding and goodwill. Disaster and Environmental Management: Collaborate on managing natural disasters and environmental problems through joint efforts and regional plans. Active Participation: Participate actively in regional organisations to address issues and improve decision-making. Balanced Policies: Ensure domestic policies align with international implications and adhere to the principles of the Gujral Doctrine. -Source: Indian Express 2024 UNAIDS Global AIDS Update Context: Recently, the 2024 UNAIDS Global AIDS Update, titled “The Urgency of Now: AIDS at a Crossroads,” presented a critical overview of the current state of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the global response to it. This update underscores the pressing need for renewed efforts and strategies to combat the epidemic effectively. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: HIV/AIDS Key Highlights of the Reports on HIV/AIDS Key Suggestions from the Report Role of UNAIDS HIV/AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV’s Impact: HIV attacks the body’s immune system, increasing vulnerability to other infections and diseases. Progression to AIDS: If HIV is not treated, it can progress to AIDS. Transmission: Sexually transmitted infection (STI). Spread by contact with infected blood, illicit injection drug use, or needle sharing. Can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. Treatment: No effective cure currently exists; HIV is a lifelong condition. Proper medical care, specifically Antiretroviral Therapy (ART), can control HIV. Individuals with effective HIV treatment can lead long, healthy lives and protect their partners. Key Highlights of the Reports on HIV/AIDS Global Progress: Reduction in New Infections: There has been a 39% reduction in new HIV infections globally since 2010, with sub-Saharan Africa achieving a 56% decline. Current Statistics: Fewer people acquired HIV in 2023 compared to any point since the late 1980s. Almost 31 million people were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Decrease in AIDS-Related Deaths: AIDS-related deaths have dropped to their lowest level since 2004 due to increased access to ART. Regional Disparities: Sub-Saharan Africa: Significant progress has been made in reducing HIV infections. Other Regions: Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East and North Africa have seen rising new HIV infections. New Infections: For the first time, more new HIV infections occurred outside sub-Saharan Africa than within it. Key Populations: High Risk Groups: Sex workers, men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs, transgender people, and people in prisons continue to face high risks of HIV infection due to inadequate prevention programs and persistent stigma. Challenges: Community-Led Interventions: These are critical but often underfunded and unrecognized. Prevention Efforts: There are notable deficiencies in access to services like pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and harm reduction for people who inject drugs. ART Access: About 9.3 million people living with HIV are not receiving ART, with children and adolescents particularly affected. Key Suggestions from the Report Expansion of HIV Prevention Services: Key Populations: Increase access to prevention services for key populations, including sex workers, men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs, transgender people, and people in prisons. Condom Programs: Reinstate and fund condom programs to promote safe sex, especially in regions where use has declined. Medication and Treatment Goals: Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): Scale up the availability and use of PrEP, aiming to reach 21.2 million users by 2025. ART Coverage: Ensure that 95% of people living with HIV are on ART by 2025, up from the current 77%. Childhood HIV Treatment: Improve diagnosis and treatment for children with HIV, aiming for a higher percentage of children receiving ART compared to the current 48%. Integration and Legal Framework: Integrated Services: Integrate HIV services with broader health services to address comorbidities like tuberculosis, hepatitis, and non-communicable diseases. Harmful Laws: Remove laws that criminalise HIV transmission, exposure, and non-disclosure, as well as those targeting key populations. Stigma Reduction: Implement programs to reduce stigma and discrimination in health care and community settings, and ensure legal protection for people living with HIV and key populations. Community and Funding: Community-Led Organizations: Strengthen the role of community-led organizations, aiming for them to deliver 30% of testing and treatment services and 80% of prevention services for high-risk populations. Funding Needs: Address the shortfall in funding for HIV programs, with an estimated additional USD 9.5 billion needed by 2025. Explore new funding sources and mechanisms to sustain the HIV response, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Role of UNAIDS Model for Reform: UNAIDS is a model for United Nations reform and is the only cosponsored Joint Programme in the UN system. Expertise and Representation: It leverages the expertise of 11 UN system Cosponsors and includes civil society representation on its governing body. Global Effort: UNAIDS leads the global effort to end AIDS as a public health threat by 2030, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals. -Source: Indian Express Supreme Court Split Verdict on GM Mustard Context: Recently, the Supreme Court pronounced a split verdict on the validity of the Centre’s 2022 decision granting conditional approval for the environmental release of genetically modified (GM) mustard crops. This decision reflects the ongoing debate and legal challenges surrounding the introduction and regulation of GM crops in India. Relevance: Dimensions of the Article: Supreme Court Verdict on Genetically Modified Mustard Hybrid DMH-11 About Genetically Modified (GM) Crops Regulations on Genetically Modified (GM) Crops in India GM Mustard: Dhara Mustard Hybrid (DMH-11) Supreme Court Verdict on Genetically Modified Mustard Hybrid DMH-11 Case Overview: The Supreme Court delivered a split verdict on the Centre’s 2022 decisions regarding the environmental release of the genetically modified (GM) mustard hybrid DMH-11 for seed production and testing. The case was reviewed by Justices B V Nagarathna and Sanjay Karol, who had differing opinions on the matter. Justice Nagarathna’s Ruling: Invalidation: Justice Nagarathna deemed the decisions of the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) on October 18 and 25, 2022, invalid. She cited procedural flaws, such as the absence of a health department member and the absence of eight members from the GEAC meeting. Justice Karol’s Ruling: Proceed with Safeguards: Justice Karol found no manifest arbitrariness in the GEAC’s decisions. He supported the continuation of field trials but stressed that they should proceed with strict safeguards. Common Agreement: Need for Policy: Both justices concurred on the necessity for a national policy on GM crops. Action Directed: They directed the Centre to consult with all stakeholders and experts within four months to formulate this policy. Referral: The matter has been referred to Chief Justice of India D Y Chandrachud for further adjudication by the appropriate bench. About Genetically Modified (GM) Crops Definition: Genetic Modification: GM crops are plants whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques to introduce desirable traits, which may include enhanced resistance to pests, diseases, or environmental conditions, improved nutritional content, or increased yield. Benefits: Higher Yields: Contributes to food security by producing more food. Pest and Disease Resistance: Reduces the need for chemical pesticides. Herbicide Tolerance: Allows for more effective weed control. Nutritional Enhancement: Can be engineered to contain higher levels of essential nutrients, which can help address malnutrition. Environmental Impact: Reduced need for chemical inputs can lower the environmental impact of agriculture. Concerns and Controversies: Impact on Biodiversity: There is concern about GM crops affecting non-target species and reducing biodiversity. Health Concerns: While research indicates GM foods are safe, public concern remains regarding potential long-term health effects. Corporate Control: Patented GM seeds raise concerns about corporate dominance over the food supply and the economic impact on small-scale farmers. Ethical Issues: Ethical debates exist over the manipulation of genetic material, with advocates calling for clear labeling of GM products to inform consumer choice. Regulations on Genetically Modified (GM) Crops in India Regulatory Framework: Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEFCC): Oversees all activities related to genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in India. Environment (Protection) Act, 1986: The primary legislation under which GMOs are regulated. Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC): A statutory body under MoEFCC responsible for reviewing, monitoring, and approving all GMO-related activities, including import, export, transportation, manufacture, use, and sale. Key Responsibilities of GEAC: Approval Process: GEAC must approve the environmental release and commercial cultivation of GM crops. Regulations: The GEAC follows guidelines established under the Environment Act for the assessment and regulation of GMOs. Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI): Compliance: GM foods must adhere to the regulations set by FSSAI, which governs food safety and quality standards. Current Status of GM Crops: Commercial Cultivation: As of now, only cotton is approved for commercial cultivation in India. GM Mustard: Dhara Mustard Hybrid (DMH-11) Background: Approval: In 2023, GEAC approved the environmental release of DMH-11 for seed production and testing, pending compliance with ICAR guidelines and other relevant regulations before its commercial release. Characteristics of DMH-11: Development: Created by scientists at Delhi University. Genetic Engineering: Uses genes from soil bacteria to enhance the hybridization capability of mustard, a typically self-pollinating plant, making it more suitable for hybrid production. Regulatory and Public Concerns: Court Case: The Supreme Court’s recent split verdict highlighted issues with the procedural validity of the GEAC’s approval process and emphasized the need for a national policy on GM crops. Consultation: The court has directed the Centre to consult stakeholders and experts to formulate this policy, reflecting ongoing concerns and the need for a comprehensive regulatory framework. -Source: The Hindu NPS Vatsalya Scheme Context The finance minister recently made the announcement of a new pension scheme under the National Pension Scheme (NPS), called NPS Vatsalya. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: NPS Vatsalya Scheme National Pension Scheme (NPS) NPS Vatsalya Scheme Overview: Purpose: Designed to help parents and guardians plan financially for their children’s future. Mechanism: Account Opening: Parents or guardians can open an NPS account for their minor children. Contributions: Contributions can be made towards the child’s retirement savings. Accumulation Period: Funds accumulate until the child turns 18. Transfer to Adult Account: Upon reaching adulthood, the accumulated amount is transferred to a standard NPS account. The plan can also be converted into a non-NPS plan if desired. Key Features: Similarity to NPS: Operates in a similar manner to the existing National Pension Scheme (NPS), adhering to the same principles of investment and fund management. National Pension Scheme (NPS) Overview: Objective: A voluntary retirement benefit scheme introduced by the Government of India to ensure a regular income post-retirement. Eligibility: Available to Indian citizens, including residents, non-residents, and Overseas Citizens of India. Function: Facilitates the accumulation of retirement savings through regular contributions during one’s career. Investment and Returns: Investment Options: Contributions are invested in market-linked instruments such as stocks and bonds, which offer the potential for higher returns compared to traditional fixed-income options. Flexibility: Subscribers can exit the plan before retirement or choose superannuation. Account and Tax Benefits: Permanent Retirement Account Number (PRAN): Unique to each subscriber and remains the same despite changes in employment, city, or state. Regulation: Governed by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA). Tax Deductions: Section 80C: Contributions to NPS are eligible for tax deductions. Section 80CCD(1B): Additional tax deduction of up to ₹50,000 is available. -Source: Indian Express Vishnupad Temple Context: Recently, the Finance Minister announced during her Union Budget speech that corridor projects will be built for the Vishnupad Temple at Gaya and the Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya in Bihar. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Vishnupad Temple Mahabodhi Temple Vishnupad Temple Location and History: State: Bihar, India. Dedicated To: Lord Vishnu. Built: 1787. Order By: Queen Ahilyabai Holkar of Ahmadnagar. Location: Situated on the banks of the Falgu River. Architecture: Height: Approximately 100 feet. Structure: Features 44 pillars. Significance: Pitra Paksh: A significant period in the Hindu calendar when devotees visit the temple to perform rituals to honor their ancestors. Mahabodhi Temple Location and Historical Context: Location: Bodh Gaya, central Bihar, on the banks of the Niranjana River. Proximity: East of the Mahabodhi Tree, under which Gautam Buddha is believed to have attained enlightenment (nirvana). Historical Significance: The temple complex was first built by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century B.C., with the current structure dating from the 5th–6th centuries. Architecture: Height: 170 feet. Design: One of the earliest Buddhist temples built entirely in brick, from the late Gupta period. It has significantly influenced the development of brick architecture. Recognition: UNESCO World Heritage Site: Recognized in 2002. Key Points: The Vishnupad Temple is renowned for its architectural and cultural importance in Bihar, while the Mahabodhi Temple holds a pivotal role in Buddhist history and architecture, recognized globally for its heritage value. -Source: Indian Express Climate Finance Taxonomy Context: Presenting the Union Budget for 2024-25, Finance Minister announced that the government would develop ‘climate finance taxonomy’. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Climate Finance Taxonomy Definition and Purpose: System: A classification framework used to identify and categorize which parts of the economy can be marketed as sustainable investments. Objective: To guide investors and financial institutions in directing capital towards impactful investments aimed at addressing climate change. Applications: Climate-related Financial Instruments: Used to classify and standardize instruments like green bonds. Climate Risk Management: Helps in assessing and managing risks associated with climate change. Net-Zero Transition Planning: Assists in planning and implementing strategies for achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions. Climate Disclosure: Supports transparent reporting and disclosure related to climate impacts and sustainability. Global Examples: Countries with Developed Taxonomies: South Africa, Colombia, South Korea, Thailand, Singapore, Canada, Mexico. European Union: Has also developed its own taxonomy for sustainable investments. Significance: Climate Change Mitigation: Helps countries transition to a net-zero economy by aligning economic activities with science-based transition pathways. Capital Deployment: Promotes the allocation of capital towards climate adaptation and mitigation projects. Reducing Greenwashing: Helps in mitigating the risks of greenwashing by setting clear standards for what constitutes a sustainable investment. Enhancing Investment: Increases the availability of capital for climate-related projects, aiding countries like India in meeting their climate commitments and facilitating a green transition. Implications for India: Achieving Climate Commitments: Supports India’s goals for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and advancing its green transition. Investment Facilitation: Ensures that investments are directed towards projects with genuine environmental benefits, enhancing the effectiveness of climate finance. -Source: Indian Express  

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 24 July 2024

CONTENTS Union Budget 2024-25  Union Budget 2024-25 Context: Recently, Union Budget 2024-25 was presented in the Parliament. It was the first general budget of the 18th Lok Sabha.  Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Budget Theme Budget Priorities Budget Estimates 2024-25 Budget 2024-25: Tax Reforms and Simplification Budget Theme Focus Areas: Employment Skilling MSMEs Middle Class Prime Minister’s Package: Schemes: 5 initiatives to support employment and skilling Target: 4.1 crore youth over 5 years Central Outlay: ₹2 lakh crore Allocation for 2024-25: ₹1.48 lakh crore for education, employment, and skilling Budget Priorities Priority 1: Agriculture Productivity and Resilience Review: Comprehensive evaluation of agricultural research to boost productivity New Varieties: Release of 109 high-yielding, climate-resilient crop varieties (32 field and horticulture crops) Natural Farming: Introduce 1 crore farmers to natural farming over 2 years Certification and branding support Bio-Input Resource Centers: Establish 10,000 centers Self-Sufficiency in Pulses and Oilseeds: Enhance production, storage, and marketing of mustard, groundnut, sesame, soybean, and sunflower Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): Implement DPI in agriculture with state partnerships over 3 years Funding for 2024-25: ₹1.52 lakh crore for agriculture and allied sectors Priority 2: Employment & Skilling Employment Schemes: 3 schemes under the Prime Minister’s package focusing on EPFO enrollment, first-time employees, and support for employers and employees Women Workforce: Establish working women hostels and creches in collaboration with industry Skilling Initiatives: New scheme for skilling 20 lakh youth over 5 years Upgrade 1,000 Industrial Training Institutes Revise Model Skill Loan Scheme: Loans up to ₹7.5 lakh Higher Education Support: Loans up to ₹10 lakh for higher education in domestic institutions E-vouchers for 1 lakh students annually with 3% interest subsidy Priority 3: Inclusive Human Resource Development and Social Justice Economic Support: Enhance schemes for craftsmen, artisans, self-help groups, SCs, STs, women entrepreneurs, and street vendors (e.g., PM Vishwakarma, PM SVANidhi, National Livelihood Missions, Stand-Up India) Purvodaya Plan: Development of eastern region (Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh) Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Unnat Gram Abhiyan: Improve socio-economic conditions for tribal communities in 63,000 villages, benefiting 5 crore people Banking Expansion: Set up 100 India Post Payment Bank branches in the North East Funding for 2024-25: ₹2.66 lakh crore for rural development and infrastructure Priority 4: Manufacturing & Services Support for MSMEs: Guarantee fund up to ₹100 crore for MSMEs Enhanced credit assessment and support during financial stress Mudra Loans: Increase limit to ₹20 lakh for successful borrowers Food Irradiation and Quality Testing: Support for 50 multi-product food irradiation units and 100 quality testing labs E-Commerce Export Hubs: Establish in PPP mode to assist MSMEs and artisans Internships: Provide internships in 500 top companies to 1 crore youth over 5 years Priority 5: Urban Development Urban Housing: PM Awas Yojana Urban 2.0: Address housing needs of 1 crore families with ₹10 lakh crore investment Central assistance of ₹2.2 lakh crore over 5 years Water Supply and Sanitation: Promote projects in 100 large cities with state and multilateral support PM SVANidhi Scheme: Develop 100 weekly ‘haats’ or street food hubs annually Priority 6: Energy Security PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana: Install rooftop solar plants to provide free electricity up to 300 units per month for 1 crore households Over 1.28 crore registrations and 14 lakh applications received Nuclear Energy: Significant role in future energy mix Priority 7: Infrastructure Capital Expenditure: ₹11,11,111 crore allocated (3.4% of GDP) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY): Phase IV to provide all-weather connectivity to 25,000 rural habitations Irrigation and Flood Management: Financial support for Bihar, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Sikkim for flood management and irrigation projects Includes Kosi-Mechi intra-state link and other schemes Priority 8: Innovation, Research & Development Anusandhan National Research Fund: Support for basic research and prototype development with ₹1 lakh crore financing pool Space Economy: Expand space economy by 5 times in the next 10 years Set up ₹1,000 crore venture capital fund Priority 9: Next Generation Reforms Economic Policy Framework: Formulate framework for economic development and next-generation reforms Labour Reforms: Integrate e-shram portal with other services Revamp Shram Suvidha and Samadhan portals Climate Finance: Develop taxonomy for climate finance to enhance capital availability Foreign Investments: Simplify rules for FDI and overseas investments NPS Vatsalya: Plan for minor’s contributions, convertible to normal NPS account New Pension Scheme (NPS): Review and evolve solution maintaining fiscal prudence Budget Estimates 2024-25 Receipts and Expenditure: Total receipts (excluding borrowings): ₹32.07 lakh crore Total expenditure: ₹48.21 lakh crore Net Tax Receipts: Estimated at ₹25.83 lakh crore Fiscal Deficit: Estimated at 4.9% of GDP Market Borrowings: Gross borrowings: ₹14.01 lakh crore Net borrowings: ₹11.63 lakh crore Fiscal Consolidation: Aim to reduce deficit below 4.5% next year Budget 2024-25: Tax Reforms and Simplification Review and Simplification of Taxes Direct and Indirect Taxes: The Union Budget 2024-25 aims to review and simplify both direct and indirect taxes within the next six months. Focus includes reducing tax incidence and compliance burdens and broadening the tax base. Comprehensive rationalization of GST and review of Customs Duty rates to improve the tax base and support domestic manufacturing. Income Tax Act Review: The Income Tax Act will be reviewed to minimize disputes, reduce litigation, and make the Act clearer and more concise. Simplification efforts have been well-received, with over 58% of corporate tax revenue coming from the simplified regime in 2022-23. More than two-thirds of taxpayers have shifted to the new personal income tax regime. Standard Deductions and Tax Regime Changes Standard Deduction: Increased from ₹50,000 to ₹75,000 for salaried employees opting for the new tax regime. Deduction for family pensioners raised from ₹15,000 to ₹25,000. Assessment Reopening: Assessments can be reopened up to 5 years from the end of the assessment year if escaped income exceeds ₹50 lakh. Revised Tax Rates: New tax regime structure offers potential benefits up to ₹17,500 for salaried employees. Tax rates are as follows: Income Slabs Tax Rate 0 – 3 Lakh NIL 3 – 7 Lakh 5% 7 – 10 Lakh 10% 10 – 12 Lakh 15% 12 – 15 Lakh 20% Above 15 Lakh 30% Support for Investment and Employment Angel Tax: Abolished for all investors to boost the start-up ecosystem. Foreign Shipping Companies: Proposed a simpler tax regime for domestic cruise operations. Foreign Mining Companies: Safe harbor rates introduced for selling raw diamonds in India. Corporate Tax Rate: Reduced from 40% to 35% for foreign companies to attract foreign capital. Simplification of Tax Regime Charities: Two tax exemption regimes for charities to be merged into one. TDS rates streamlined: 5% TDS to be merged into 2%, and 20% TDS on mutual fund repurchases withdrawn. TDS and Capital Gains: TDS on e-commerce reduced from 1% to 0.1%. Credit of TCS allowed on TDS from salary. Decriminalization of TDS payment delays up to the due date of filing. Short-term capital gains tax at 20% and long-term gains at 12.5%. Capital gains exemption limit increased to ₹1.25 lakh per year. GST and Customs Duties GST: Acknowledged as a significant success for reducing tax incidence and compliance burden. Plans to simplify and expand GST coverage to more sectors. Custom Duties: Three cancer medicines exempted from custom duties. Reductions in Basic Customs Duty (BCD) for various items including mobile phones, rare earth minerals, and seafood. Duty increases for certain items like ammonium nitrate and PVC flex banners to support domestic industries and environmental concerns. Dispute Resolution and Litigation Reduction Vivad se Vishwas Scheme 2024: Proposed for resolving income tax disputes. Increased monetary limits for appeals in High Courts, Supreme Courts, and tribunals. Expansion of safe harbor rules and streamlining of transfer pricing assessment procedures to reduce litigation and provide clarity in international taxation.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 24 July 2024

CONTENTS A Message of Fiscal Stability, Growth Continuity Income Tax Amendment Promises Relief for MSMEs A Message of Fiscal Stability, Growth Continuity Context: The FY25 Union Budget, unveiled by the new administration, emphasizes a steadfast commitment to fiscal stability and sustained growth while introducing a sharper focus on inclusive growth in India. Despite an impressive 8.2% GDP growth in FY24, this growth was characterized by a K-shaped pattern, where high demand for luxury items contrasted with stagnant wages and sluggish sales of basic consumer goods, along with persistent food inflation affecting lower-income groups. Relevance: GS3- Indian Economy and issues relating to Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development and Employment Inclusive Growth and issues arising from it Government Budgeting Mains Question: The strong message from the Union Budget is about giving growth in India a more inclusive character. Comment. (10 Marks, 150 Words). The FY25 Budget: The fiscal deficit at 5.6% of GDP in FY24, although elevated compared to pre-COVID-19 levels, provided essential growth momentum through capital expenditure as private investments remained subdued. In response, the FY25 Budget implements various measures to strengthen weaker economic segments by enhancing job quality, boosting agriculture, and integrating micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) into India’s manufacturing revival. These efforts aim to lay the groundwork for a developed India by 2047. Agriculture Sector: Agriculture remains a top priority, with initiatives promoting self-sufficiency in pulses and oilseeds, emphasizing agricultural research in the context of climate change, establishing large-scale vegetable production clusters, and developing Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for comprehensive coverage of farmers and their lands. A robust agricultural sector will enable the government to fulfill its foodgrain distribution commitments under the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY), now extended for five more years. On Employment Generation: The Budget places a strong emphasis on creating jobs, particularly for the youth, within the formal workforce. A new scheme offering incentives to both employers and first-time employees has been announced with an allocation of ₹10,000 crore through the Ministry of Labour. Additional schemes promoting internships, with a budget of ₹2,000 crore, and initiatives for youth skill development in collaboration with state governments and industry, are also planned. This aligns with the tripartite agreement (between the Centre, States, and private sector) suggested by the Economic Survey before the FY25 Union Budget to meet the growing aspirations of Indian youth. On Housing: The budget for housing saw a significant increase. The government allocated 37% more funds for the urban Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) in FY25 compared to FY24. However, this is overshadowed by a 70% increase in funding for the rural version of the scheme. Providing housing for all remains a key goal for the government, which is now launching version 2.0 of its initiative. The PLI Scheme: The PLI Scheme received a substantial 75% increase in the FY25 Budget, primarily due to a higher allocation for the auto sector. This was accompanied by adjustments to sectoral customs duties to support domestic manufacturing and enhance local value addition. To address financing challenges typically faced by MSMEs, the government promised to facilitate term loans for machinery and equipment purchases without collateral. To ensure consistent lending, banks will now be allowed to develop in-house credit assessments, and a government-backed facilitation will continue to extend credit to MSMEs even during difficult times. Most of these measures align well with the broader goal of promoting job-led growth in the medium term. Notably, the government has managed to maintain fiscal discipline while implementing a wide range of measures to stimulate the economy. Looking Ahead: In comparison to the interim Budget’s fiscal deficit estimate of 5.1% of GDP, the government has reduced the FY25 headline deficit target to 4.9%. It maintained the planned 70 basis points consolidation over FY24 as outlined in the interim Budget, facilitating a smoother transition to a 4.6% fiscal deficit to GDP in FY26. The commitment to continue consolidating its fiscal position beyond FY26 preserves the trust that the government has built with economic observers over recent years, despite facing pressures from regional partners for new demands. While the capital expenditure target remained unchanged at ₹11.1 trillion, the benefits from the Reserve Bank of India’s record high dividend transfer of ₹2.1 trillion earlier this year were allocated between increased welfare spending and reducing the fiscal deficit. Conclusion: These measures will benefit India at a time when domestic bonds are beginning to be included in global bond indices. With greater scrutiny of India’s fiscal metrics by international agencies, maintaining fiscal discipline lays the groundwork for a potential sovereign rating upgrade in the future. Income Tax Amendment Promises Relief for MSMEs Context: An amendment to the Income Tax Act, introduced through the Finance Act 2023 and effective from April 1, 2024, prevents businesses from claiming tax deductions for payments made to Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) beyond 45 days for goods and services. This change has caused considerable concern. Relevance: GS2- Government Policies and Interventions GS3- Mobilization of Resources Mains Question: The delayed payment of the dues of small enterprises by large enterprises continues to be a major problem as it results in a shortage of working capital severely impacting their production. Discuss. (15 Marks, 250 Words). About MSMEs: MSMEs are support units involved in the production, manufacturing, and processing of goods, primarily intermediate goods, supplied to larger enterprises. These units operate on a smaller scale and are classified as micro, small, or medium enterprises based on investment and turnover thresholds defined in the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006. A micro-enterprise is defined as one where investment in plant and machinery or equipment does not exceed ₹10 million, and turnover does not exceed ₹50 million. A small enterprise has an investment of less than ₹100 million in plant and machinery, with turnover not exceeding ₹500 million. For medium enterprises, the thresholds are ₹200 million for investment and ₹1,000 million for turnover. According to the Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation, MSMEs contribute about 30% to India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in terms of Gross Value Added (GVA). Their share of manufacturing output in all-India manufacturing is even higher, at around 36%. Significance of MSMEs: The export share of MSME-specific products in India’s total exports has fluctuated between 44% and 50% over the past few years, according to the Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCIS). In terms of employment, a report by the McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) indicates that MSMEs in India contribute 62% to total employment. When considering the broader informal sector—which includes proprietary household and partnership establishments—the contribution to employment is over 75%, while its share in GDP is nearly 50%. Thus, MSMEs play a crucial role in shaping the economic landscape, particularly in fostering inclusive development by enhancing employment and income and reducing income inequalities. Measures Taken: The government has implemented several mitigation measures, including a ₹500,000 crore Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS) for businesses/MSMEs, a ₹50,000 crore equity infusion through the MSME Self-Reliant India Fund, and the exclusion of global tenders for procurements up to ₹200 crores to increase their chances of securing government contracts. Other measures include relaxing the threshold for MSME classification, extending non-tax benefits for three years if an MSME’s status changes upward, including retail and wholesale trades as MSMEs, launching the Udyam Assist Platform (UAP) to bring Informal Micro Enterprises (IMEs) under the formal framework to benefit from Priority Sector Lending (PSL), and launching an online portal, “Champions,” for various aspects of e-governance, including grievance redress and support for MSMEs. Associated Concerns: MSMEs have borne the brunt of significant economic decisions made by the government during its first two terms, such as demonetization in 2016, the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in 2017, and the devastating impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. While the above initiatives aim to address issues of credit availability, technology infusion, and market support, small enterprises continue to face problems with delayed payments from large enterprises. When payments for supplied goods are delayed, it leads to a shortage of working capital, severely affecting their ability to continue production. To address this issue, Section 15 of the MSME Development Act 2006 mandated payments to micro and small enterprises within 45 days if there was a written agreement (or 15 days without one). In 2019, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs issued the Specified Companies (Furnishing of Information about Payment to Micro and Small Enterprise Suppliers) Order, requiring large firms to file returns every six months, even if there are no outstanding payments to MSMEs beyond 45 days. However, industries and businesses have requested the Finance Minister to postpone the implementation of the clause in the IT Act by a year to April 2025. Conclusion: Meanwhile, there are reports of large enterprises pressuring small firms by choosing not to buy from MSMEs, opting instead to deal with MSMEs not registered on the Udyam portal (an online system for registering MSMEs launched by the Union MSME ministry) or with non-MSMEs. This practice must be prevented. Section 43B(h) of the IT Act should be given a fair opportunity to succeed.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 24 July 2024

CONTENTS Rising Demand for Separate Bhil Pradesh State India’s Climate Change Position and Critique of EU’s CBAT Ban Lifted on Public Servants’ Participation in RSS Activities Chandra Shekhar Azad Skill Loan Scheme Angel Tax Rising Demand for Separate Bhil Pradesh State Context: Recently, there has been a growing demand for the formation of a separate Bhil state, “Bhil Pradesh,” in Rajasthan and neighbouring states. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Bhills: An Overview Demand for Bhil Pradesh Regions Demanding Separate States Issues Arising from the Creation of New States Way Forward Bhills: An Overview Background: Identity: The Bhills are one of the oldest tribes in India, belonging to the Dravidian racial group and part of the Austroloid tribal category. Language: They speak Bhili, a language of Dravidian origin. Historical Significance: Historically, they ruled parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh, and Bihar. Population: As per the 2011 Census, there are approximately 1.7 crore Bhils across India, with significant populations in: Madhya Pradesh: About 60 lakh Gujarat: About 42 lakh Rajasthan: About 41 lakh Maharashtra: About 26 lakh Cultural and Religious Practices: Religion: Primarily Hindus, the Bhills worship forest deities, evil spirits, Lord Shiva, and Durga. Demand for Bhil Pradesh Historical Context: Origins of the Demand: The demand for a separate Bhil state, known as Bhil Pradesh, began in 1913 with Govind Giri Banjara, a tribal activist. His call for a separate state was accompanied by a tragic massacre of around 1,500 tribals by British forces. Continued Advocacy: Over the years, various tribal leaders and political figures have periodically revived this demand. Proposed Area: Coverage: The proposed Bhil Pradesh would span 49 districts across four states: Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Maharashtra. This includes 12 districts from Rajasthan. Reasons for Demand: Cultural and Linguistic Unity: The Bhil community shares a common language (Bhili) and cultural practices across the four states. Proponents argue that a separate state would better preserve and promote their cultural heritage. Historical and Cultural Ties: The proposed state region has significant historical and cultural ties that transcend current state boundaries. Political and Administrative Failures: Tribal leaders argue that existing political structures have failed to address their needs effectively. A separate state is seen as a way to ensure more focused governance and development. Development Needs: A separate state could lead to more tailored development policies and better resource utilization for tribal welfare. Historical neglect and slow implementation of laws like the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, underscore the need for more localized governance. Criticisms: Potential Fragmentation: Critics argue that creating states based on caste or community could lead to further fragmentation and instability within India. Unity of India: The Fazl Ali Commission emphasized the importance of national unity over redrawing political boundaries based on ethnic or linguistic identities. Political Resistance: Established political parties, with vested interests in maintaining the status quo, may resist the formation of a new state. Social Divisions: Opponents believe that forming states based on tribal identity could exacerbate social divisions rather than address the underlying issues. Regions Demanding Separate States 1. Vidarbha: Location: Comprises the Amravati and Nagpur divisions of eastern Maharashtra. Historical Context: The State Reorganisation Act of 1956 recommended the creation of a Vidarbha state with Nagpur as the capital. To address fears of neglect, Nagpur was designated as the second capital of Maharashtra. Current Demand: The demand for a separate Vidarbha state is driven by perceptions of backwardness and neglect by successive Maharashtra state governments. 2. Bodoland: Location: Northern Assam. Ethnic Group: The Bodos, the largest ethnic and linguistic community in the region. Historical Context: Agitation for a separate Bodoland state led to a 2003 agreement between the Government of India, Assam state government, and Bodo Liberation Tigers Force. This agreement led to the creation of Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR), granting autonomy but not full statehood. 3. Other Regions: Gorkhaland: A demand from the Gorkha community in Darjeeling, West Bengal. Kukiland: A demand from the Kukis in Manipur. Mithila: A demand from the Maithili-speaking community in Bihar. Issues Arising from the Creation of New States  Dominance and Rivalries: New states may lead to dominance by a particular community, caste, or tribe, potentially marginalizing others. This can result in intra-regional rivalries and conflicts among sub-regions.  Political Consequences: Smaller states may experience political instability, where a small group of legislators can significantly influence or disrupt governance. Resource and Boundary Disputes: New states may lead to increased disputes over resources like water and power. For example, disputes between Delhi and Haryana over water sharing.  Financial and Administrative Costs: Significant funds are required to build new capitals and maintain administrative structures, as seen in the division of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Ineffectiveness of New State Structures: Creating new states may only shift power from the old state capital to the new one without improving local governance structures like Gram Panchayats or District Collectors. Way Forward Strengthening National Integration: The National Integration Council should be bolstered to address regionalism challenges.  High-Powered Commission: Form a commission to assess existing laws and policies and propose necessary amendments to address regional concerns. Empowering Local Governance: Strengthen Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies through capacity building, financial empowerment, and constitutional safeguards. Finance and Resource Utilization: Use Finance Commission recommendations for equitable distribution and implement performance-based budgeting. Special Packages: Design special packages tailored to specific regional needs, similar to the one provided to Telangana. Economic Development Programs: Use economic parameters like per capita income, infrastructure index, and human development indicators to identify deserving regions. Implement programs similar to the NITI Aayog’s Aspirational Districts Programme for regions demanding statehood.  Regional Dialogue Mechanisms: Create platforms for center-state and regional dialogues similar to the Inter-State Council. Cultural Preservation: Expand initiatives like the National Cultural Fund and Sahitya Akademi to support regional language promotion and cultural festivals. -Source: The Hindu India’s Climate Change Position and Critique of EU’s CBAT Context: In the Economic Survey (ES) 2023-24 presented in Parliament, the Indian government expressed a distinct stance on climate change, acknowledging the likely failure to meet the 1.5℃ target. Additionally, the ES criticized the European Union’s proposed Carbon Border Adjustment Tax (CBAT), deeming it contrary to the Paris Agreement’s spirit and highlighting concerns about protectionism. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Global Temperature Target India’s Criticisms of the Global Climate Change Discourse Suggestions from the Economic Survey for Addressing Climate Change Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) India’s Criticisms of CBAM Global Temperature Target Paris Agreement Targets (2015): Primary Goal: Limit the increase in global average annual temperature to within 2°C above pre-industrial levels (1850-1900 average). Aspirational Goal: Strive to limit the temperature rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Implementation: Action Plans: Countries are required to prepare and implement national action plans to contribute towards these temperature targets. India’s Criticisms of the Global Climate Change Discourse 1. Inequity of the Climate Change Architecture: India has consistently criticized the global climate change framework for its inequity, particularly highlighting the lack of substantial climate action from developed nations despite their historical responsibility. 2. Inadequate Temperature Targets: The single global temperature targets (1.5°C or 2°C) are viewed as insufficient for addressing the complex relationships between climate change, ecological integrity, and human well-being. 3. Problems with Alternate Energy Solutions: The extraction of critical minerals for renewable energy technologies, such as batteries, often occurs in underdeveloped regions, leading to adverse effects on regional ecological health. Suggestions from the Economic Survey for Addressing Climate Change 1. Lifestyle Changes: Emphasis on adopting more sustainable lifestyle choices, reducing waste, and minimizing overconsumption as a means to address climate change effectively. 2. Shorter-Term Policies: Implement policies aimed at improving quality of life in the short term as a more balanced approach to climate action, rather than focusing solely on switching to alternate energy sources. Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) Overview: Purpose: Implement tariffs on energy-intensive goods imported into the EU to prevent local producers from facing a competitive disadvantage compared to producers in countries with more lenient emission standards. Target Goods: Includes iron, steel, and aluminium. Implementation Date: Expected to come into force on January 1, 2026. India’s Criticisms of CBAM 1. Contravention of the Paris Agreement: CBAM is seen as contrary to the Paris Agreement’s principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR), which recognizes the different capacities and responsibilities of countries. 2. Adverse Impact on India: Export Dependency: In 2022, India exported iron, steel, and aluminium products worth $8.2 billion to the EU, representing 27% of its total exports in these sectors. Financial Strain: Achieving net zero by 2070 requires an annual investment of $28 billion, and India’s climate action is largely funded through domestic resources due to limited international finance. Resource Impact: CBAM could strain India’s financial resources needed for climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts. -Source: The Hindu Ban Lifted on Public Servants’ Participation in RSS Activities Context: Recently, the Indian government lifted a longstanding ban preventing public servants from participating in Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) activities. This decision, issued by the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT), removed references to the RSS from official memorandums dating back to 1966, 1970, and 1980. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Rules Regarding Government Employees Joining RSS Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) Rules Regarding Government Employees Joining RSS Recent Developments: DoPT Directive (July 9, 2024): The Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) has recently removed references to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) from official memorandums issued in 1966, 1970, and 1980. As a result, the RSS is no longer classified as a “political” organization, allowing central government employees to participate in its activities without facing penalties under Rule 5(1) of the Conduct Rules. Jamaat-e-Islami: The Jamaat-e-Islami remains classified as a political organization. Government employees are prohibited from engaging in its activities. Conduct Rules: Rule 5 of the Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964: This rule prohibits government servants from being associated with political parties or engaging in political activities. Prior to the recent directive, involvement with organizations like the RSS and Jamaat-e-Islami was considered a violation of this rule, leading to potential disciplinary actions. All India Services (Conduct) Rules, 1968: Similar rules apply to IAS, IPS, and Indian Forest Service officers, prohibiting political affiliations and activities. Official Memorandums: OM of 1966 (November 30, 1966): Issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), this circular clarified that involvement with the RSS and Jamaat-e-Islami was contrary to government policy and could result in disciplinary action. This circular referenced Rule 5 of the Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964. OM of 1970 (July 25, 1970): Emphasized that government employees should face disciplinary action for violating the 1966 instructions. During the Emergency (1975-1977), directives were issued against members of various groups, including the RSS, Jamaat-e-Islami, Ananda Marg, and CPI-ML. OM of 1980 (October 28, 1980): Stressed the importance of maintaining secularism among government employees and eliminating communal sentiments and biases. Historical Context: Position Before 1966: Government employees were governed by the Government Servants’ Conduct Rules of 1949, which explicitly prohibited participation in political activities. This prohibition was aligned with Rule 23 of the 1949 rules, continuing into Rule 5 of the 1964 rules and the 1968 All India Services rules. Penalties for Violations: Consequences: Violations of Rule 5 of the Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964, and the All India Services (Conduct) Rules, 1968, can lead to serious consequences, including dismissal from service. The government retains final authority in determining compliance and interpreting the rules concerning political activities and affiliations. Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)  Overview: Founding: Established in 1925 in Nagpur by Dr. K.B. Hedgewar. Created in response to perceived threats to Hindu culture and society during British colonial rule. Objective: Promote Hindutva, emphasizing Hindu cultural and national identity. Historical Context: Pre-Independence Era: Focused on social and cultural mobilisation among Hindus. Engaged in community service, education, and the promotion of Hindu values. Post-Independence: Scrutiny increased after Mahatma Gandhi’s assassination in 1948 by Nathuram Godse, leading to a temporary ban. The ban was lifted after RSS pledged loyalty to the Indian Constitution.  Ideology: Core Belief: India is fundamentally a Hindu nation, as articulated by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. Emphasizes Indian culture and heritage, aiming to unite people under a common national identity. Activities: Engages in social service activities including education, healthcare, and disaster relief. Promotes the concept of “Seva” (service) among its members. Contribution to Freedom Struggle: Role: Did not participate directly in the Indian independence movement. Contributed to the socio-political awakening of Hindus. History of Bans: 1948: Banned following Gandhi’s assassination; reinstated in 1949 after a pledge to uphold the Constitution. 1966: Government employees banned from joining the RSS, reiterated in 1970 and 1980. 1975-1977: Banned during Indira Gandhi’s Emergency; ban lifted in 1977. 1992: Banned post-Babri Masjid demolition; lifted in 1993 after a commission found the ban unjustified. Structure and Functioning: Organization: Operates through a network of shakhas (branches) across India and abroad. Focuses on physical, intellectual, and cultural training. Influence: Inspired organizations such as Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), Bajrang Dal, and Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP). Political Influence: BJP Linkage: Considered the ideological parent of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), a major political force in India since the 1990s. -Source: Indian Express Chandra Shekhar Azad Context: On 23rd July, India paid tribute to the freedom fighter Chandra Shekhar Azad on his birth anniversary. Relevance: GS I: History About Chandra Shekhar Azad: Birth:  23rd July 1906  Place: Alirajpur district of Madhya Pradesh. Early Life: Chandra Shekhar, then a 15-year-old student, joined a Non-Cooperation Movement in December 1921. As a result, he was arrested. Death: He died at Azad Park in Allahabad on 27th February 1931. On being presented before a magistrate, he gave his name as “Azad” (The Free), his father’s name as “Swatantrata” (Independence) and his residence as “Jail” .Therefore, he came to be known as Chandra Shekhar Azad. Contribution to Freedom Movement: Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) After the suspension of the non-cooperation movement in 1922 by Gandhi, Azad joined Hindustan Republican Association (HRA). HRA was a revolutionary organization of India established in 1924 in East Bengal by Sachindra Nath Sanyal, Narendra Mohan Sen and Pratul Ganguly as an offshoot of Anushilan Samiti. Members: Bhagat Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad, Sukhdev, Ram Prasad Bismil, Roshan Singh, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri. Kakori Conspiracy Most of the fund collection for revolutionary activities was done through robberies of government property.  In line with the same, Kakori Train Robbery near Kakori, Lucknow was done in 1925 by HRA. The plan was executed by Chandra Shekhar Azad, Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, and Manmathnath Gupta. Hindustan Socialist Republican Association HRA was later reorganised as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA). It was established in 1928 at Feroz Shah Kotla in New Delhi by Chandra Shekhar Azad, Ashfaqulla Khan, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee. HSRA planned the shooting of J. P. Saunders, a British Policeman at Lahore in 1928 to avenge the killing of Lala Lajpat Rai. -Source: The Hindu Skill Loan Scheme Context: The finance minister recently announced a revision to the model skill loan scheme, which will now facilitate loans up to Rs 7.5 lakh backed by a guarantee from a government-promoted fund. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Skill Loan Scheme Credit Guarantee Fund Skill Loan Scheme Introduction: Launch Date: July 2015 Purpose: To provide institutional credit to individuals pursuing skill development courses aligned with National Occupation Standards and Qualification Packs (NOS and QPs). Target: Courses conducted by training institutes following the National Skill Qualification Framework (NSQF), leading to certifications, diplomas, or degrees. Eligibility: Who Can Apply: Any Indian national with admission in a recognized course at: Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) Polytechnics Schools recognized by Central or State Education Boards Colleges affiliated with recognized universities Training partners affiliated with the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC), Sector Skill Councils, State Skill Missions, or State Skill Corporations. Age Restriction: None Features: Courses: Must be aligned with NSQF. Course Duration: No minimum duration. Quantum of Finance: Initially Rs. 5,000 to Rs. 1,50,000, now increased to Rs. 7.5 lakh. Moratorium Period: Duration of the course. Repayment Period: Loans up to Rs. 50,000: Up to 3 years. Loans between Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 1 lakh: Up to 5 years. Loans above Rs. 1 lakh: Up to 7 years. Coverage: Includes course fees, assessment, examination, study materials, etc. Interest Rate: Should not exceed 1.5% per annum over the repo-linked lending rate (RLLR) or other external benchmark rates as per RBI guidelines. Collateral: No collateral required from the beneficiary. Credit Guarantee Fund: Credit Guarantee Fund for Skill Development (CGFSSD): Implemented by the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) through a notification in November 2015. Administered by the National Credit Guarantee Trust Company (NCGTC). Guarantee Coverage: Banks can apply for a credit guarantee against defaults. NCGTC provides this guarantee at a nominal fee (up to 0.5% of the outstanding amount). Guarantee cover is up to 75% of the outstanding loan amount (including interest). Key Points: Purpose: To facilitate access to credit for skill development and enhance employability. Support: Backed by a credit guarantee scheme to reduce risk for lenders and increase access to loans for borrowers. -Source: Business Standards Angel Tax Context: Recently, the Union Minister for Finance proposed to abolish ‘angel tax’ for all classes of investors, while presenting the Union Budget 2024-25 in Parliament. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Angel Tax Definition: Angel Tax refers to the tax levied on the capital raised by unlisted companies from Indian investors when the share price issued is above the fair market value of the company. The excess funds raised at prices above fair value are treated as income, subject to tax. Legal Basis: Genesis: Section 56(2)(viib) of the Income Tax Act, 1961. Introduction: Introduced in 2012 to curb black money laundering through inflated share sales. Tax Rate: Rate: 30.9% on net investments exceeding the fair market value. Exemption for Startups (2019): Conditions for Exemption: Recognition: The startup must be recognized by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) as an eligible startup. Capital Limit: The aggregate amount of paid-up share capital and share premium cannot exceed ₹25 crores. This excludes money raised from Non-Resident Indians (NRIs), Venture Capital Firms, and specified companies. Investor Conditions: Tax Exemption: Angel investors can claim a 100% tax exemption on the amount invested that exceeds the fair market value. Eligibility: The investor must have: Net Worth: ₹2 crores or more. Income: More than ₹25 lakhs in the past 3 fiscal years. Purpose: Objective: To prevent the misuse of share valuations to launder black money by imposing taxes on the excess amounts raised above fair market values. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 23 July 2024

CONTENTS Ministry of Defence Announces Fifth Positive Indigenisation List Padma Awards Ministry of Defence Announces Fifth Positive Indigenisation List Context: The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has recently issued a fifth Positive Indigenisation List (PIL) that includes various defence items. This initiative is part of the effort to boost self-reliance, minimize imports, and promote the domestic defence sector in India. Relevance: GS III: Defence Dimensions of the Article: Positive Indigenisation List (PIL) Key Highlights of the Fifth Positive Indigenisation List Need for Indigenisation of Defence in India Status of Indigenisation in the Defence Sector Positive Indigenisation List (PIL) Overview Purpose: The PIL is a list of items that Indian armed forces can only purchase from domestic manufacturers, including private sector companies and Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs). Introduced By: Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020. Objective: Focus on import substitution for major systems, platforms, weapon systems, sensors, and munitions, aiming to enhance self-reliance in the defense sector. Progress and Current Status Initial Launch: The first PIL was introduced in August 2020. Current Status: There are now 4,666 items on the PIL. Indigenisation Achievements: Items Indigenised: 2,972 items with an import substitution value of Rs 3,400 crore. Total Defence Items Offered: Over 36,000 items. Items Indigenised in Last Three Years: More than 12,300 items. Orders Placed on Domestic Vendors: Rs 7,572 crore. Key Highlights of the Fifth Positive Indigenisation List Number of Items: 346 items. Aim: Advance self-reliance (Aatmanirbharta) in defense and reduce import dependence. Eligibility: Items must be procured from the Indian industry, including Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and startups. Types of Items: Includes Line Replacement Units (LRUs), systems, sub-systems, assemblies, sub-assemblies, spares, components, and raw materials. Availability: The list is accessible on the MoD’s Srijan portal, which helps DPSUs and service headquarters (SHQs) offer items for indigenisation to private industries. Indigenisation Value: Expected import substitution value of Rs 1,048 crore. Future Plans: The MoD plans to expand the list annually up to 2025, aiming to increase the number of indigenised items. Need for Indigenisation of Defence in India Current Status: India is the world’s largest arms importer, accounting for 9.8% of global arms imports between 2019 and 2023. Strategic Autonomy: Heavy reliance on foreign arms compromises India’s strategic autonomy. Indigenisation helps reduce dependency and ensures self-reliance in critical defense technologies. Geopolitical Risks: Indigenous production reduces risks during geopolitical tensions by ensuring uninterrupted supply of defense equipment. Political Leverage: A self-reliant defense industry enhances India’s position in global negotiations and defense collaborations. Economic Benefits: Job Creation: Supports domestic industry and fosters innovation. Foreign Exchange: Reduces outflow of foreign exchange, contributing to economic stability. Cost-Effectiveness: Indigenous production can lower procurement costs, maintenance, and logistical challenges. Sustainable Development: Ensures that defense industry growth aligns with national interests and environmental considerations. Status of Indigenisation in the Defence Sector Defence Exports Record Exports: In FY 2023-24, defence exports reached a record Rs 21,083 crore (approx. USD 2.63 billion), marking a 32.5% increase from the previous fiscal year. Long-term Growth: Defence exports have increased 31-fold over the past 10 years compared to FY 2013-14. Contribution: The private sector has contributed about 60% to this growth, while Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs) have contributed approximately 40%. Key Achievements and Developments Advanced Systems: Significant advancements include the 155 mm Artillery Gun ‘Dhanush’, Light Combat Aircraft ‘Tejas’, INS Vikrant (Aircraft Carrier), and the Advanced Towed Artillery Gun (ATAG) howitzer. Policy Reforms: Growth in the sector is attributed to policy reforms, ‘Ease of Doing Business’ initiatives, and digital solutions provided by the Government to promote defence exports. Indigenisation Impact Reduction in Foreign Procurement: Expenditure on foreign defence procurement has decreased from 46% to 36% over the past four years, indicating the positive impact of indigenisation efforts. Domestic Procurement Share: The share of domestic procurement in total defence procurement has increased from 54% in 2018-19 to 68% in the current year. Private Industry Allocation: 25% of the defence budget is now allocated for procurement from private industry. Production Growth Value of Production: The value of production by public and private sector defence companies has risen from Rs 79,071 crore to Rs 84,643 crore in the past two years, reflecting a significant growth in the sector’s capacity and output. Padma Awards Context: Nominations/recommendations for the Padma Awards 2025 to be announced on the occasion of Republic Day, 2025 have begun from 01st May 2024. The last date for nominations for Padma Awards is 15th September, 2024. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: The Padma Awards About Bharat Ratna The Padma Awards The Padma Awards are announced annually on the eve of Republic Day (26th January). There are 3 Padma Awards: Padma Vibhushan (for exceptional and distinguished service), Padma Bhushan (distinguished service of higher-order) and Padma Shri (distinguished service). The Awards are given in various disciplines/ fields of activities, viz.- art, social work, public affairs, science and engineering, trade and industry, medicine, literature and education, sports, civil service, etc. The Awards are conferred on the recommendations made by the Padma Awards Committee, which is constituted by the Prime Minister every year. The total number of awards to be given in a year (excluding posthumous awards and to NRI/foreigners/OCIs) should not be more than 120. Is it a title? The award does not amount to a title and cannot be used as a suffix or prefix to the awardees’ name. Article 18 clause 1- Abolishes titles and makes four provisions in that regard: It prohibits the state from conferring any title (except a military or academic distinction) on anybody, whether a citizen or a foreigner. About Bharat Ratna Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of the country. Bharat Ratna is awarded in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order in any field of human endeavour. Recommendations for Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister to the President of India. Only 3 Bharat Ratna Awards can be given in a year. Therefore: Bharat Ratna- 1st degree of honour Padma Vibhushan- 2nd degree of honour Padma Bhushan- 3rd degree of honour Padma Shri- 4th degree of honour

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 23 July 2024

CONTENTS A Case for Regulating Gig-Based Work A Blueprint for Boosting Rural Economic Growth A Case for Regulating Gig-Based Work Context: The Karnataka government’s plan to introduce legislation for the benefit of gig workers is a welcome and necessary move. This action directly challenges three major myths perpetuated by the gig and platform industry. A clear and concrete understanding of the gig-based work is necessary in order to regulate it. Relevance: GS3- Indian Economy and issues relating to Growth, Development and Employment Inclusive Growth and issues arising from it Mains Question: Analysing the growth of gig economy in India, discuss the myths associated with it. What steps can be followed in modelling a legislation that effectively addresses the concerns of the gig economy and workers. (15 Marks, 250 Words). Three Myths of the Gig and Platform Industry: Having No Boss: The first myth that aggregators promote is that platform work involves having “no boss” and that workers are “partners” or “captains”—anything but employees. This notion attracted many people, especially the youth, to join platform-based gigs. However, it quickly became apparent that this was not true. There was indeed a boss—the algorithm—and a network of team managers at the local level to enforce its directives. Algorithms determine the number of hours workers need to work on weekends, the orders to deliver, the cancellations and ratings they must maintain to continue receiving tasks, and ultimately when a worker is deactivated or fired. Gig workers spend hours trying to guess what the algorithm is doing, and it feels like they are a rat in a maze. This scenario is the complete opposite of being one’s own boss. A straightforward reading of the digitally generated terms and conditions, which workers must agree to before starting work, dispels any illusion of being an independent contractor. Every aspect of the work is controlled and dictated, with workers facing consequences if they fail to comply. The Karnataka Bill acknowledges the significant role algorithms play and holds aggregators accountable for disclosing the parameters used by these algorithms to determine work allocation, reasons for work denial, worker categorization, and how workers’ personal data is used to assess their ability to work and earn through the platform. This legislation reduces the algorithmic control companies have and gives workers some degree of autonomy over their work lives. The Myth of Flexibility: The second myth is that platform workers enjoy flexible work arrangements. This claim has allowed platforms to exclude gig workers from labor law protections. Numerous studies have revealed that the term “flexibility” is often misused in the industry. In reality, all flexibility is reserved for the employer, leaving none for the worker. The payment structure, including various incentive schemes necessary for workers to earn enough to cover costs, effectively eliminates any flexibility for them. For example, workers must adhere to mandatory login hours to qualify for incentives. If they log in after being ‘inactive,’ they must accept less favorable rate cards and incentive schemes. Karnataka’s draft Bill introduces provisions for fair contracts, income security, and the right of platform workers to refuse work without penalties. These provisions enhance the status of workers who are neither considered employees nor enjoy the freedom and flexibility of independent contractors. The Myth of Extra Income: The third myth is that these are “part-time” workers who engage in platform-based gig work for extra income. According to a study by PAIGHAM and the University of Pennsylvania on India’s platform economy, 96% of cab drivers surveyed earned all their daily income from gigs. For delivery workers, this figure was 90.7%. The average daily work hours exceeded 11 hours for taxi drivers and 10 hours for delivery workers. By making social security mandatory, the Karnataka Law takes a necessary step towards recognizing this reality and provides for a range of schemes to support workers in situations like old age, death, and health crises. India’s Stand: Although the Government of India endorsed a progressive statement on platform workers’ rights at the G-20 last year, its Code on Social Security, the only legislation that briefly mentions gig workers, has been detrimental as it separates workers from minimum labor protections, such as wages, occupational safety, and health. Notably, State Governments are leading the way. Rajasthan was the first to pass legislation on the issue, followed closely by Karnataka. Other states like Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, and Telangana are following suit. In the political context of guarantees funded solely by the state, this law is a significant development. It demonstrates that social security for workers should also be financed by the market and that private actors should not avoid their primary economic responsibilities towards workers. Conclusion: While there are areas for improvement in the Bill, such as its silence on crucial issues like minimum wage, occupational safety and health, working hours, and collective bargaining rights, it also empowers workers to organize and demand more. A Blueprint for Boosting Rural Economic Growth Context: India’s rural sector is at a crucial turning point, ready to undergo a transformation through small-scale and green enterprises, with the potential to become the country’s growth engine. Transforming this sector is essential for inclusive growth and sustainable development. Relevance: Indian Economy and issues relating to Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development and Employment. Inclusive Growth and issues arising from it. Mains Question: India’s rural sector stands at a pivotal juncture, poised for transformation through small-scale and green enterprises showing the potential to become India’s growth engine. Analyse. (10 Marks, 150 Words). Transforming the Rural Sector: The transformation of this sector depends on small-scale and green enterprises to boost the rural economy, empower women, and employ unskilled workers. By directing resources like the additional Rs 1 lakh crore RBI dividends into capital projects and innovative schemes, India can promote self-sustainability in rural areas, reduce youth distress, and revitalize the economy’s demand side. This holistic approach not only addresses immediate employment needs but also establishes the groundwork for long-term capital formation and environmental conservation. Incorporation of Small-Scale and Green Industries as the Engine of Growth: Micro-enterprises have long been the backbone of India’s agriculture-based economy. These labor-intensive businesses effectively utilize unskilled and semi-skilled workers from farming communities, creating employment and improving living standards with minimal training. The growth of these industries has a significant multiplier effect on the creation of other supporting businesses and the general economy. Green industries are at the forefront of this transformation. Covering renewable energy, organic farming, and sustainable manufacturing, these sectors provide dual benefits: job opportunities in production and environmental management. The establishment of green industries in rural areas aims to address social issues like climate change and environmental degradation while creating sustainable livelihoods. This includes initiatives such as biogas and biofuel plants, solar energy farms, Ayurvedic and Unani medicine industries, and cooperative organic farming. These efforts generate employment, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and promote environmental conservation. Women Empowerment: In India’s rural population, women make up about 30%, representing a significant untapped talent pool. Promoting employment and entrepreneurship among these women yields substantial socio-economic benefits. Micro and sustainable industries play a crucial role in empowering women by providing employment, skill development, and business opportunities. Self-help groups, women-based cooperatives, and micro-enterprises are key to ensuring women’s active participation in the rural economy. These initiatives focus on areas where women are prominent, including handicrafts, textile production, manufacturing alternative/Ayurvedic products, raw material processing, organic farming, dairy production, and food processing. Access to credit, training, and market linkages helps women establish and expand their businesses, enhancing household incomes and community development. Public-Private Partnerships: A Channel for Facilitating PPP for Rural Development Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are an effective platform for combining resources and expertise to advance rural development. PPP models can foster the growth of small and green industries in rural areas with support from both the government and private investors. The government can offer policy support, a conducive development environment, and financial backing, while private entities contribute funds, technical expertise, and managerial skills. Under this model, a portion of the ₹1 lakh crore RBI dividends can be used to co-finance projects with private partners, funding the creation of industrial clusters, renewable energy initiatives, and training institutions with a focus on efficient implementation and adherence to social and environmental responsibilities. Capital Formation and Rural Employment: These are two fundamental objectives of the growth process that need careful consideration and analysis. Allocating ₹1 lakh crore RBI dividends for capital investments in sustainable rural development plans provides a solid foundation. Building infrastructure like roads, bridges, renewable energy facilities, and industrial estates can create employment in the short term and stimulate long-term economic growth. Targeted investments can engage millions each year, significantly reducing rural unemployment and distress. This approach allows for the employment of unskilled and semi-skilled individuals from rural areas, protecting future generations from unemployment-driven migration to urban areas and reducing rural-urban disparities. Employing rural youth in local schools, hospitals, and government offices helps address manpower challenges, leading to improved service delivery and better welfare for the community. Funding Rural Transformation: Securing funding for the strategic rural development agenda requires innovative approaches to access various sources of funds. In addition to the ₹1 lakh crore RBI dividends, contributions can be made from CSR, the finances of panchayats and municipalities, and specific cesses on fuel, income tax, and GST. For instance, the mandatory 25% contribution from CSR funds can channel corporate money into rural development initiatives, while a 0.5% cess on luxury items, cars, airplane fares, and GST can generate substantial additional revenue. Moreover, resources can be mobilized from the Skill Development Schemes (SKS) and hospital SKS funds to support wages in essential sectors. Introducing a small cess on share trading can also generate significant revenue for this initiative, providing permanent funding for the rural employment program. Addressing Rural Unemployment: Currently, the unemployment rate in India is about 8%, with rural youth making up a significant portion of the unemployed population. To reduce the unemployment rate to 6%, comparable to that in developed countries, the scheme should aim to generate employment for at least 1 crore rural youth. The scheme should focus on providing low-wage employment to address rising unemployment among rural youth while ensuring that these jobs incentivize young people to remain in their communities without competing for skilled employment opportunities. This approach involves setting wages at ₹10,000 per month with an 80:20 work distribution, sustaining rural household incomes while not disrupting organized labor markets. Conclusion: The additional ₹1 lakh crore in RBI dividends, combined with idea capitalism as funding sources, paves the way for a scheme that offers a roadmap for rural rejuvenation. This approach enables small-scale industries, green industries, women, and unskilled rural labor to make the scheme self-sustaining, reduce unemployment, and have a lasting environmental impact. Public-private partnerships (PPP) and a focus on capital development will ensure the scheme’s sustainability and scalability, ultimately enhancing the outlook for rural India.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 23 July 2024

CONTENTS Central Government Plans Rs 50,000 Crore Scheme for Agricultural Reforms National Flag Day Surge in Domestic Patent Applications in FY24 Brown Dwarfs Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Mashco Piro Tribe Rogue waves Madhya Pradesh’s Requirement for CBI Consent Context: The Government of Madhya Pradesh has announced that the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) will now require written consent from the state government to initiate any inquiry against state officials. This decision follows a trend where several states have withdrawn general consent for CBI investigations, sparking discussions on the necessity of new legislation to clearly define the CBI’s status, functions, and powers. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Madhya Pradesh’s Mandate for Prior Consent for CBI Inquiries Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) Functions of CBI Challenges of CBI Madhya Pradesh’s Mandate for Prior Consent for CBI Inquiries Background Changes in Law: Madhya Pradesh’s decision aligns with the amendments in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) and reflects recent consultations with the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). Section 17A of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988: This section mandates that no inquiry or investigation into offenses committed by public servants can be initiated without prior approval from the appropriate authority. Current Policy Requirement for Prior Consent: Madhya Pradesh now requires written consent from the state government for the CBI to conduct inquiries or investigations into state officials. Continuing General Consent: Previous general consents for other offenses and case-by-case consents given by the state government will still be applicable. Implications of the Decision Impact on Investigation Efficiency: Slowing of Process: The requirement for prior written consent could delay the initiation of CBI inquiries against state officials. Administrative Burden: It may increase the workload for both the state government and the CBI, potentially affecting the efficiency of investigations into corruption. Broader Trend: Control over Central Agencies: This decision is part of a larger trend where states are asserting greater control over central investigative agencies, which affects the dynamics of federal governance in India. Context of Similar Decisions Other States: States like Meghalaya, Mizoram, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Kerala, and Punjab have also withdrawn general consent for CBI investigations, indicating a shift in how states are interacting with central investigative bodies. Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) was set up in 1963 after the recommendation of Santhanam committee under Ministry of Home affairs and was later transferred to the Ministry of Personnel and now it enjoys the status of an attached office. Now, the CBI comes under the administrative control of the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) of the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions. The CBI derives its powers from the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946, however, it is NOT a Statutory Body. CBI is the apex anti-corruption body in the country – Along with being the main investigating agency of the Central Government it also provides assistance to the Central Vigilance Commission and Lokpal. The CBI is required to obtain the prior approval of the Central Government before conducting any inquiry or investigation. The CBI is also the nodal police agency in India which coordinates investigations on behalf of Interpol Member countries. The CBI’s conviction rate is as high as 65 to 70% and it is comparable to the best investigation agencies in the world. The CBI is headed by a Director and he is assisted by a special director or an additional director. It has joint directors, deputy inspector generals, superintendents of police. CBI has following divisions Anti-Corruption Division Economic Offences Division Special Crimes Division Policy and International Police Cooperation Division Administration Division Directorate of Prosecution Central Forensic Science Laboratory How does the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) function in India? Provision of Prior Permission: The CBI is required to obtain prior approval from the Central Government before conducting an inquiry or investigation into an offense committed by officers of the rank of joint secretary and above in the Central Government and its authorities. The Supreme Court, in 2014, declared Section 6A of the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, which provided protection to joint secretary and above officers from facing preliminary inquiries by the CBI in corruption cases, as invalid and violative of Article 14. General Consent Principle for CBI: The state government can grant consent to the CBI on a case-specific basis or through a “general” consent. General consent is usually given by states to facilitate seamless investigation of corruption cases involving central government employees within their states. This consent is considered implicit, allowing the CBI to initiate investigations assuming consent has already been given. Without general consent, the CBI would need to seek permission from the state government for each individual case, even for minor actions. Challenges of CBI The CBI has been dubbed a “caged parrot speaking in its master’s voice” by the Supreme Court of India due to excessive political influence in its operations. It has frequently been utilised by the government to conceal misdeeds, keep coalition allies in line, and keep political opponents at away. It has been accused of massive delays in concluding investigations, such as in its investigation into high-ranking Jain dignitaries in the Jain hawala diaries case [in the 1990s]. Loss of Credibility: Improving the agency’s image has been one of the most difficult challenges so far, as the agency has been chastised for its mishandling of several high-profile cases, including the Bofors scandal, the Hawala scandal, the Sant Singh Chatwal case, the Bhopal gas tragedy, and the 2008 Noida double murder case (Aarushi Talwar). Lack of Accountability: CBI is exempt from the Right to Information Act, which means it is not accountable to the public. Acute staff shortage: One of the key causes of the shortfall is the government’s mishandling of the CBI’s employees, which includes an inefficient and inexplicably biassed recruitment policy that was utilised to bring in favoured officials, possibly to the organization’s damage. Limited Authority: Members of the CBI’s investigative powers and jurisdiction are subject to the consent of the State Government, restricting the scope of the CBI’s inquiry. Restricted Access: Obtaining prior authorisation from the Central Government to initiate an inquiry or probe into Central Government workers at the level of Joint Secretary and above is a major impediment to tackling corruption at the highest levels of government. -Source: The Hindu Central Government Plans Rs 50,000 Crore Scheme for Agricultural Reforms Context: The Central Government is contemplating a new scheme with an allocation of Rs 50,000 crore aimed at incentivizing states to implement agricultural reforms. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Problems Faced by the Agriculture Sector in India NITI Aayog’s Proposal on Agricultural Reforms Problems Faced by the Agriculture Sector in India Financial Constraints Limited Access to Loans: Small farmers struggle to secure affordable loans, affecting their ability to invest in modern equipment, quality seeds, and fertilizers. This limits their productivity and growth potential. Fragmented Land Holdings Small, Fragmented Plots: Many farmers own small and fragmented plots, which complicates the use of modern farming techniques and reduces overall productivity. Traditional Farming Methods Resistance to Change: Many farmers rely on traditional methods due to limited access to information and resistance to change, which hinders the adoption of advanced agricultural techniques. Dependency on Monsoon Vulnerability to Weather: The agriculture sector’s dependence on monsoon rains makes it highly vulnerable to droughts and inconsistent rainfall patterns. Irrigation and Water Management Limited Access: Effective irrigation and water management are crucial, especially in regions with scarce water resources. Lack of infrastructure in this area affects crop yields. Soil Degradation Chemical Use and Poor Practices: The excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, coupled with poor land use practices, degrades soil quality, leading to reduced fertility and lower productivity. Post-Harvest Losses Lack of Infrastructure: Inadequate storage, cold chain facilities, poor rural roads, and limited market access contribute to post-harvest losses and higher production costs, affecting farmers’ ability to receive fair prices for their produce. Price Instability Weak Market Links: Farmers face unstable prices due to weak market connections and a lack of price information, which makes them vulnerable to exploitation and uncertain returns. Climate and Weather Risks Unpredictable Conditions: Climate change, unpredictable weather, and natural disasters like floods and droughts cause significant crop losses and increase risks for farmers. Limited Technological Access Need for Innovation: Farmers often lack access to modern technologies and research, which impedes the adoption of innovative practices. Better knowledge, training, and affordable technology solutions are needed. Policy Exclusion Lack of Representation: Farmers frequently lack a voice in policy-making, leading to reforms and initiatives that may not adequately address their specific challenges. NITI Aayog’s Proposal on Agricultural Reforms Overview New Scheme Proposal: Nearly three years after repealing its three farm laws, the Union government is planning a new scheme with a budget of Rs 50,000 crore to encourage states to implement agricultural reforms. Objective: The scheme aims to provide central funding for states to implement reforms in agriculture marketing, contract farming, and land leasing. Historical Context Presentation to Prime Minister’s Office: NITI Aayog officials presented the scheme idea to the Prime Minister’s Office following the NDA’s third term win in the Lok Sabha elections. “India’s Amrit Kaal”: The scheme is part of broader efforts during India’s ‘Amrit Kaal’ (2022-2047) to implement significant farm sector reforms. Reforms Under Consideration Seed Bill: Passing the long-pending Seed Bill. Public Investment: Increasing public investment in agriculture to 5% of Agriculture Gross Value Addition (GVA). Performance-Based Incentives: Revisiting performance-based incentives for states that implement agricultural reforms, as recommended by the 15th Finance Commission. Key Areas for Incentives (15th Finance Commission’s 2021-26 Report) Land Lease Reforms Sustainable Water Use in Agriculture Export Promotion Atmanirbhar Bharat Contribution Proposed Budget: Rs 45,000 crore for states undertaking these reforms. Implementation Strategy Model Acts: States could receive financial rewards for adopting the Model Agricultural Produce and Livestock Marketing Act (2017), the Model Agricultural Produce and Livestock Contract Farming Act (2018), and the Model Agricultural Land Leasing Act (2016). Expansion: The central government is considering the Commission’s recommendations while formulating and implementing existing and new Centrally Sponsored and Central Sector Schemes. -Source: The Hindu National Flag Day Context: India’s National Flag Day commemorates the adoption of the Indian national flag on 22nd July 1947, by the Constituent Assembly, a few days before the country attained Independence from the British on 15th August 1947.  Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: National Flag Day Major Laws Governing the National Flag National Flag Day Historical Context Adoption Date: The Indian National Flag was adopted on 22nd July 1947 by the Constituent Assembly of India, chaired by Dr. Rajendra Prasad. Symbolism: The flag symbolizes national pride, unity, and the struggle for freedom, serving as a tribute to the sacrifices of freedom fighters. Resolution and Design Resolution Moved by: Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. Flag Description: Colors: Horizontal tricolor of deep saffron (Kesari), white, and dark green in equal proportion. Central Emblem: A navy blue Ashoka Chakra (wheel) in the center of the white band, representing the Charkha. The design of the Wheel is based on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion Capital of Asoka. Dimensions: The diameter of the Wheel is approximately the width of the white band, and the ratio of the width to length of the flag is 2:3. Significance: The adoption marked the end of British rule and affirmed India’s commitment to freedom and future prosperity. Major Laws Governing the National Flag 1. Flag Code of India, 2002 General Provisions: Position of Honour: The National Flag should occupy the position of honor and be distinctly placed. Condition of the Flag: A damaged or disheveled flag must not be displayed and should be disposed of privately by either burying or burning, maintaining dignity. Flying Restrictions: The Flag should not be flown from a masthead simultaneously with other flags. It should not be flown on vehicles except those of dignitaries like the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, and Governors. No other flag or bunting should be placed higher than or side by side with the National Flag. Display Permissions: The National Flag can be hoisted/displayed by the public, private organizations, or educational institutions on all days and occasions, consistent with its dignity and honor. Recent Amendments: 2021: Allowed polyester or machine-made flags. 2022: Permitted the flag to be flown both day and night. 2. Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 Offenses: Disrespect or contempt towards the National Flag or Constitution through actions like burning, mutilating, defacing, destroying, or any other act, including spoken or written words. Penalties: Punishment with up to three years of imprisonment, a fine, or both. Additional Information Flag Specifications: The National Flag shall be rectangular, and the ratio of length to height (width) shall be 3:2. The size of the flag can vary but must adhere to this ratio. -Source: Indian Express Surge in Domestic Patent Applications in FY24 Context: For the first time, domestic patent applications in FY24 have exceeded those from foreign applicants, driven by a surge in fields such as computer science, IT, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals. However, foreign entities still hold a significant share of the patents awarded in India, accounting for nearly two-thirds of all approved applications. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: What is a Patent? Domestic Patent Applications in India Foreign Patents in India Government Initiatives to Boost the Intellectual Property (IP) Ecosystem What is a Patent? Definition: A patent is an exclusive right granted by the government to an inventor for a novel, non-obvious, useful industrial product or process. Criteria for Patenting: Novelty: The invention must be new and not previously disclosed. Non-obviousness: The invention must not be obvious to someone skilled in the relevant field. Utility: The invention must be useful and have practical application. Patentable Subject Matter: It must fall within the categories defined by national law. Protection Duration: Patents provide legal protection for up to 20 years from the filing date. Administration: In India, the Indian Patents Act 1970 outlines what is patentable. The Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trademarks (CGPDTM) is responsible for overseeing the patent system. Domestic Patent Applications in India Trend: There has been a steady increase in domestic patent applications, with residents’ share rising from 34% in FY19 to 53% in FY24. Challenges: Approval Delays: High application numbers have not always translated into approvals due to the quality of applications and procedural delays. Examiner Shortage: India has a lower number of patent examiners (597) compared to countries like Germany (821) and the US (over 8,000), impacting the efficiency of the patent approval process. Time Lag: Patents often involve a time lag due to procedural requirements. Foreign Patents in India High Foreign Patent Approvals: Statistics: In 2022, 74.46% of patents approved in India were for non-resident entities, one of the highest globally. In comparison, China’s figure was 12.87%. Leading Entities: Global IT giants like Qualcomm, Samsung, Huawei, and Apple dominate the foreign patent approvals in India. Reasons for High Foreign Patents: R&D Inefficiencies: The disparity reflects inefficiencies in India’s R&D capabilities, with lower private and stagnant government investment. International Agreements: The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) and Paris Convention facilitate patent filings by foreign entities, with PCT being a significant source. India and the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) Ratification: India ratified the PCT in 1998, allowing for easier patent filings across multiple countries. PCT Members: Around 142 countries are PCT members, simplifying the process for multinational companies to secure patents internationally. India’s R&D Spending and its Impact Stagnation: R&D spending as a percentage of GDP in India has decreased from 0.83% in 2008 to 0.65% in 2022, compared to a global average of 2.62%. Consequences: Dependence on Imports: Limited R&D spending leads to reliance on imported machinery, parts, and foreign technicians. Trade Deficit: India has a trade deficit with many top trade partners, with imports from China alone exceeding $100 billion in FY24. Government Initiatives to Boost the Intellectual Property (IP) Ecosystem Scheme for Startups Intellectual Property Protection (SIPP): Objective: To support startups by providing access to IP services and resources for protection and commercialization. National Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Policy: Launch: Introduced in 2016 by the DPIIT. Goal: To promote innovation and creativity in India. Draft Model Guidelines for Academic Institutions: Purpose: To establish fair and transparent processes for IP ownership and revenue sharing in academic institutions. National Intellectual Property Awareness Mission (NIPAM): Aim: To educate 1 million students about intellectual property and their rights. -Source: Indian Express Brown Dwarfs Context: Researchers have used James Webb Space Telescope observations to conduct detailed examinations of the atmospheric conditions on pairs of brown dwarfs. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Brown Dwarfs What is NASA’s James Webb Telescope? Brown Dwarfs Definition and Characteristics: Size Range: Brown dwarfs are celestial bodies that fall between the size of giant planets (like Jupiter) and small stars. Composition: They accumulate material similar to stars but do not reach the mass required to sustain nuclear fusion in their cores. Atmosphere: Their atmospheres can contain clouds made of hot silicate particles rather than water clouds found on Earth, due to their higher temperatures. Elemental Composition: They retain lighter elements like hydrogen and helium more effectively than planets, resulting in a relatively low metal content. Why They Are Not Stars: Insufficient Mass: Brown dwarfs do not have enough mass to achieve the high pressures and temperatures needed to initiate nuclear fusion in their cores. “Failed Stars”: Due to their inability to sustain nuclear fusion, they are often referred to as “failed stars.” Comparison with Planets and Stars: Similar to Stars: Brown dwarfs accumulate material in a manner similar to stars, with a dense core surrounded by a gaseous atmosphere. Unlike Planets: Unlike planets, brown dwarfs hold onto their lighter elements more effectively and have a more substantial mass, but they do not shine like stars due to the lack of nuclear fusion. Significance: Astrophysical Research: Brown dwarfs bridge the gap between stars and planets and help scientists understand the processes of stellar formation and evolution. Observational Studies: They are studied using various telescopes to understand their atmospheric composition, temperature, and other physical characteristics. What is NASA’s James Webb Telescope? The telescope has been in the works for years. NASA led its development with the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Canadian Space Agency. It was launched aboard a rocket on December 25, 2021, and is currently at a point in space known as the Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point, approximately 1.5 million km beyond Earth’s orbit around the Sun. Lagrange Point 2 is one of the five points in the orbital plane of the Earth-Sun system. Named after Italian-French mathematician Josephy-Louis Lagrange, the points are in any revolving two-body system like Earth and Sun, marking where the gravitational forces of the two large bodies cancel each other out. Objects placed at these positions are relatively stable and require minimal external energy or fuel to keep themselves there, and so many instruments are positioned here. L2 is a position directly behind Earth in the line joining the Sun and the Earth. It would be shielded from the Sun by the Earth as it goes around the Sun, in sync with the Earth. What is the mission of the James Webb Space Telescope? NASA says the James Webb Space Telescope will be “a giant leap forward in our quest to understand the Universe and our origins”, as it will examine every phase of cosmic history: from the Big Bang to the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets to the evolution of our own Solar System. The science goals for the Webb can be grouped into four themes. To look back around 13.5 billion years to see the first stars and galaxies forming out of the darkness of the early universe. To compare the faintest, earliest galaxies to today’s grand spirals and understand how galaxies assemble over billions of years. To see where stars and planetary systems are being born. To observe the atmospheres of extrasolar planets (beyond our solar system), and perhaps find the building blocks of life elsewhere in the universe. The telescope will also study objects within our own Solar System. -Source: Indian Express Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Context: Periyar Vision OTT platform was recently launched by Dravidar Kazhagam, a social organisation founded by Periyar E.V. Ramasamy. Relevance: GS I: History Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Biographical Overview: Full Name: Erode Venkatappa Ramasamy Birth: 17 September 1879 Death: 24 December 1973 Nickname: Periyar or Thanthai Periyar (Father of the Dravidian Movement) Major Contributions: Self-Respect Movement: Objective: Aimed at fostering pride and self-respect among lower castes and challenging the dominance of the Brahminical social order. Focus: Addressed issues of caste discrimination, gender inequality, and religious orthodoxy. Dravidar Kazhagam: Formation: In 1944, Periyar renamed the Justice Party to Dravidar Kazhagam. Goals: Advocated for the rights of Dravidians, the eradication of caste, and the promotion of rationalism. Political and Social Activism: Early Affiliation: Joined the Indian National Congress in 1919 but resigned in 1925 due to dissatisfaction with its Brahmin-centric approach. Vaikom Satyagraha (1924): Led a non-violent agitation demanding the entry of Dalits into temples in Kerala, which significantly enhanced his reputation as a leader of lower castes. Influences and Ideologies: International Influence: His tours of British Malaya, Europe, and the Soviet Union (1929-1932) had a significant impact on his ideas and approaches. Rationalism and Self-Respect: Promoted rationalism, women’s rights, and the eradication of caste-based discrimination. Independent Dravida Nadu: Advocated for an independent Dravida Nadu, reflecting his commitment to Dravidian identity and autonomy. Religious and Philosophical Views: Opposition to Indo-Aryan Imposition: Criticized the imposition of Indo-Aryan cultural and religious norms on South India. Influence of Thiruvalluvar: Despite his criticisms of Brahminism and caste, Periyar respected the Tamil saint Thiruvalluvar and adhered to the idea of a single, formless God.   Legacy: Social Reforms: Periyar’s activism laid the foundation for social reforms in Tamil Nadu and contributed to the broader Dravidian movement, influencing the political and social landscape of South India. Enduring Impact: His ideas continue to resonate in contemporary discussions on caste, gender equality, and rationalism. -Source: Indian Express Mashco Piro Tribe Context: Recently, the previously uncontacted Mashco Piro tribe emerged in Peru due to encroachment and a search for food and safety.  Relevance: GS II: Tribes Mashco Piro Tribe Overview: Size: The Mashco Piro is the largest uncontacted tribe globally, with an estimated population of over 750 members. Location: They traditionally inhabit the Amazon rainforest, a region known for its vast biodiversity. Isolation: The Mashco Piro have lived in isolation for much of their history, maintaining minimal contact with the outside world. Interactions and Risks: Limited Contact: The tribe occasionally interacts with the Yine community, with whom they share ancestry and language. Health Risks: These interactions are risky due to the Mashco Piro’s lack of immunity to common diseases, which can have devastating effects on their population. Historical Context: 1880s Rubber Boom: During this period, rubber barons invaded the Mashco Piro’s territory, leading to significant exploitation, violence, and atrocities against the tribe. Protection Efforts: 2002 Reserve: Perú established the Madre de Dios Territorial Reserve to protect the Mashco Piro’s land and way of life. However, the reserve only covers about one-third of the area initially proposed for their protection. Perú Geography: Location: Western South America, bordered by Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, and the Pacific Ocean. Diverse Habitats: Includes the Andes mountains and the Amazon Basin rainforest, contributing to its rich biodiversity. Climate Influences: Affected by its tropical latitude and two significant ocean currents: the Humboldt and El Niño. Economic Resources: Major Producer: Perú is a leading producer of several minerals and metals, including: Lithium Lead Zinc Gold Copper Silver -Source: Indian Express Rogue Waves Context: Researchers have developed a new tool that can be used to predict the emergence of unusually large and unpredictable waves at sea—known as rogue waves. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Rogue Waves Overview: Alternate Names: Freak waves. Characteristics: Rare, large, and spontaneous ocean surface waves that exceed the maximum expected height for a given sea state. Appearance: Rogue waves often appear as towering “walls of water” with steep sides and unusually deep troughs. They can be much higher than the surrounding waves, sometimes more than twice the height of nearby waves. Formation: Coincidental Stacking: Created by the alignment of multiple wind-driven wave crests converging at a single point. Wave Combination: May also form from a combination of different wave patterns merging together. Behavior and Movement: Direction: They can move in the same direction, opposite direction, or at oblique angles to the prevailing wind and wave motion. Unpredictability: Highly unpredictable, often appearing unexpectedly and from directions other than the prevailing wind and wave patterns. Geographical Observations: Global Occurrence: Observed worldwide, including the Mediterranean Sea, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and some parts of the Indian Ocean. Near-Shore Effects: Rogue waves are not restricted to the open ocean; they can also occur near coastal areas, causing significant damage to coastal structures and posing risks to small boats. Impacts: Hazards to Ships: They can be extremely dangerous, potentially capsizing vessels or throwing crew members overboard. Damage to Infrastructure: Powerful enough to cause damage to oil-drilling platforms and lighthouses. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 22 July 2024

Contents: Guru Purnima Nipah Virus Guru Purnima Focus: Facts for Prelims Why in News? The Prime Minister of India has extended greetings to people on the auspicious occasion of Guru Purnima.   About Guru Purnima: Guru Purnima is celebrated every year on the full moon day of the month of Ashadha in the Indian lunar calendar. It is also known as Ashadha Purnima and is observed as a day of reverence to gurus (teachers) by both Buddhists and Hindus. The day is significant as it commemorates the first teaching of Gautam Buddha after attaining Enlightenment to his first five ascetic disciples (pancavargiya) at Deer Park, Risipatana Mrigadaya in present-day Sarnath, near Varanasi. The teachings imparted on this day hold great importance in the Buddhist tradition. In addition to India, Ashadha Purnima is also celebrated as Esala Poya in Sri Lanka and Asanha Bucha in Thailand. Ashadha Purnima also marks the beginning of the rainy season retreat for Buddhist monks and nuns, known as Vassa or the Buddhist Lent. During this three-month retreat, which lasts from July to October, monks and nuns stay in one place, typically their temples, to engage in intensive meditation and study. Nipah Virus Focus: GS II: Health Why in News? A 14-year-old boy from Mallapuram district, Kerala succumbed to the Nipah Virus Disease. Nipah Virus Nipah virus is classified as a zoonotic disease, indicating that it is transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or via the consumption of contaminated food. Origin and Early Outbreak The virus was first identified during an outbreak in Malaysia and Singapore, with its primary impact observed in pigs and individuals closely associated with them. The name “Nipah” is derived from the Malaysian village of Sungai Nipah, where this outbreak initially occurred. Since 1999, no new outbreaks have been reported in Malaysia. Family and Natural Hosts Nipah virus belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family and shares a close relationship with the Hendra virus. The Paramyxoviridae family comprises a group of single-stranded RNA viruses responsible for causing infections in vertebrates. Fruit bats are the natural hosts for the Nipah virus, interestingly, these bats do not exhibit apparent signs of the disease themselves. Transmission to Humans The primary mode of transmission to humans occurs through contact with infected animals, especially fruit bats, commonly known as flying foxes. Fruit bats are recognized as the principal carriers of the virus and can transmit it to other animals like pigs, dogs, cats, goats, horses, and sheep. The transmission from animals to humans is primarily facilitated through the consumption of contaminated food. Importantly, human-to-human transmission is also possible, primarily through close contact with the bodily fluids of individuals who are already infected. Signs, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Nipah Virus Infection Signs and Symptoms: Human infections caused by the Nipah virus can manifest across a wide spectrum, ranging from asymptomatic cases to more severe conditions, including acute respiratory infections and fatal encephalitis. Initial symptoms typically include fever, headaches, myalgia (muscle pain), vomiting, and a sore throat. The incubation period, which is the time from infection to the onset of symptoms, is estimated to span 4 to 14 days. Diagnosis: Early signs and symptoms of Nipah virus infection are often nonspecific, and healthcare professionals may not initially suspect this disease. The diagnosis of Nipah virus infection can be established by considering clinical history during both the acute and convalescent phases of the illness. Diagnostic tests employed include the use of real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on bodily fluids and the detection of antibodies through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Treatment: As of now, there are no specific drugs or vaccines designed to target Nipah virus infection, although it has been recognized as a priority disease by the WHO Research and Development Blueprint. Management of Nipah virus infection primarily relies on intensive supportive care, particularly for individuals experiencing severe respiratory and neurologic complications.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 22 July 2024

CONTENTS Making India’s Democratic Digital Infrastructure Shock-Proof The Importance of Both Quad and BRICS Making India’s Democratic Digital Infrastructure Shock-Proof Context: A bright light was shed on the world’s reliance on information technologies on July 19, when supermarkets, banks, hospitals, airports, and many other services experienced a simultaneous blackout due to a glitch in a commonly used software solution. News of the issue and the resulting downtime quickly spread through the same networks designed to facilitate communication between these systems, until the developers released a fix. Relevance: GS3- Science and Technology- Developments and their Applications and Effects in Everyday Life Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology; Indigenization of Technology and Developing New Technology Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, Robotics, Nano-technology, Bio-technology and issues relating to Intellectual Property Rights Challenges to Internal Security through Communication Networks Mains Question: India must ensure its democratic digital infrastructure is not only developing at a fast pace but is also robust in its shock-proofing mechanism. Discuss in the context of a recent blackout due to a glitch in a commonly used software solution. (10 Marks, 150 Words). Responsibilities Accompanying New Technology: While technological advancements are both inevitable and desirable, the accompanying responsibility to establish failsafes and emergency protocols often lacks appeal. These gaps are more pronounced in societies where new technologies are adopted primarily in sectors competing globally, leaving local market services behind. For instance, the glitch may have caused significant financial losses for an airline operator but would have been even more debilitating for cardiac facilities at a tertiary care center or a computer accessing a thermal power facility during peak demand. Such glitches are more common than people realize, often stemming from minor process or business-level failures. Way Forward: The emphasis should instead be on the network interconnections that make these technologies useful and on implementing life-saving redundancies. Unfortunately, unlike most other technological fields, information technologies have yet to develop a mature awareness of their widespread social impact. This adjustment falls to the state, necessitating a ‘Digital India’ initiative that considers software solutions’ relationship with digital privacy and data sovereignty, while also addressing the challenges posed by income inequality and political marginalization in socially interconnected settings.  For instance, public distrust in electronic voting machines, fueled by an incomplete understanding of software security among the political class, judiciary, and civil society, could be mitigated with open-source software and integrity testing methods that respect both physical and digital property rights. The July 19 outage offers a similar opportunity: to revamp the software that public sector institutions rely on for essential services and to incorporate redundancies, such as avoiding single-vendor policies, that maintain connections between these institutions and those in informal economies during a network-level outage. Conclusion: The state was previously obligated to develop democratic digital infrastructure. Now, aware of stronger interlinks among social, economic, and cultural realities, it is also obligated to ensure this infrastructure is resilient to shocks. The Importance of Both Quad and BRICS Context: The Quad Foreign Ministers’ meeting in Japan at the end of July, following a ten-month hiatus, occurs amidst a paralyzed United Nations Security Council (UNSC) with no reforms in sight, ongoing violations of international law in the Ukraine war and Israel’s assault on Gaza, the strengthening alliance of Russia, China, North Korea, and Iran, and the expanding Chinese influence not just in the Indo-Pacific but globally. Relevance: GS2- India and its Neighborhood- Relations Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India’s interests Important International Institutions, agencies and fora – their Structure, Mandate Mains Question: With India being the only country common to both Quad and BRICS and a founding member of both, it cannot afford to downplay one for the other. Discuss. (15 Marks, 250 Words). India’s Dilemma: India, a member of multiple pluri-lateral groups across the geo-strategic divide, faces interesting and sometimes contrasting dilemmas in its engagement with the Quad and BRICS. India has enthusiastically embraced the Quad and its strategic objectives, and the U.S. President’s support since 2021 has boosted the Quad at the highest level. India’s presidency of the UNSC in August 2021 highlighted its commitment to maritime security in the Indo-Pacific and beyond, demonstrated by a high-level virtual event on ‘Enhancing Maritime Security’ presided over by the Indian Prime Minister and attended by the Russian President, among others. India’s Role in the Quad: While the Quad has always aimed to address geopolitical security concerns regarding China, India’s vision extends beyond this narrow focus to encompass a broader redefinition of the security and techno-economic landscape in the Indo-Pacific region. The Quad is now working on reorienting global supply chains for critical technologies and addressing areas of direct strategic relevance to the region, including digital, telecom, health, power, and semiconductors. This shift highlights that development inherently carries a security dimension that cannot be ignored. India has benefited from strengthened bilateral relations with Quad partners, especially the U.S. However, the formation of AUKUS by the U.S., Australia, and the U.K., aimed at enhancing military capabilities, particularly Australia’s with nuclear submarines, has put the securitization of the Indo-Pacific and the deterrence of China at the forefront. The Ukraine war and increased focus on NATO have led the West to view Asia through a military lens as well. While AUKUS may align with India’s geo-strategic interests, India’s reluctance to fully embrace a purely security-oriented vision for the Quad is seen as a drawback, despite the Indian External Affairs Minister’s clarification that the Quad is not an Asian NATO and that India is not a treaty ally like the other three members. India’s unique value in the Quad should be recognized. If the Quad partners aim merely to align India with their objectives without incorporating India’s perspective, they miss the opportunity to become more inclusive and enhance their overall impact in the region, which includes developing countries with diverse priorities, not all of which are military-focused. India’s Independent Policy: India’s independent stance on maintaining close relations with Russia and advocating for a diplomatic solution to the Ukraine war, despite Western disapproval, does not detract from its commitment to strengthening the Quad. Some Quad members and European countries are also enhancing their bilateral engagements with China, highlighting their different bilateral and regional needs. Against this backdrop, India’s enthusiastic engagement with the Quad contrasts with its involvement in BRICS, which presents a different set of challenges. As a founding member of BRICS, India has shown varying levels of enthusiasm. At the 10th annual BRICS summit in 2018 in Johannesburg, the Indian Prime Minister reminded leaders that BRICS was established to reform the multilateral system and proposed his vision of “reformed multilateralism.” However, India’s participation in BRICS has fluctuated between enthusiastic and lukewarm. While initiatives like the New Development Bank and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement have been groundbreaking, China’s attempts to use BRICS to promote its worldview and counter the West have made India cautious about giving BRICS a higher profile. The Potential of BRICS: Consequently, India has been reluctant to expand BRICS. In 2018, President Putin also expressed reluctance to expand BRICS, quoting Nelson Mandela: “After climbing a great hill, one only finds that there are many more hills to climb.” However, after the Quad and the Ukraine situation, Russia recognized BRICS’ potential in pushing back against the West and supported China’s stance. With the change in leadership in Brazil, India now stands as the sole member to resist China’s dominance in BRICS. Conclusion: India decided to accept BRICS’s expansion rather than oppose it, and now many more countries are reportedly waiting to join. Even with strong bilateral relations with all new members, India must ensure this translates into support within BRICS. To achieve this, India cannot afford to be ambivalent about BRICS. To counter moves that take BRICS in an undesired direction, India needs to be more engaged, not less. As the only country common to both the Quad and BRICS, India cannot afford to prioritize one over the other.

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