Posts

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 08 October 2024

Contents: India-UAE Bilateral Investment Treaty entered into force Voter turnout in Haryana Assembly elections higher than Lok Sabha voting India-UAE Bilateral Investment Treaty entered into force Focus: GS2- International Relations Why in News? The Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) between India and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) signed on 13th February, 2024 at Abu Dhabi entered into force with effect from 31st August, 2024. The enforcement of this new BIT with UAE gives continuity of investment protection to investors of both the countries The Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (BIPPA) between India and UAE signed in December 2013 expired on 12th September, 2024. India-UAE Relations: India and the UAE established diplomatic ties in 1972, with a significant enhancement in bilateral relations occurring during the visit of India’s Prime Minister to the UAE in August 2015, initiating a new strategic partnership. This partnership was further strengthened when the Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi visited India in January 2017, leading to the upgrade of bilateral relations to a comprehensive strategic partnership. This development spurred negotiations for an India-UAE comprehensive economic partnership agreement. Economic Ties: In terms of economic relations, bilateral trade between India and the UAE reached USD 85 billion in 2022-23, making the UAE India’s third-largest trading partner and second-largest export destination. The goal is to elevate bilateral merchandise trade to over USD 100 billion and services trade to USD 15 billion within five years. Numerous Indian companies have established manufacturing units, either through joint ventures or in Special Economic Zones (SEZs), across various sectors in the UAE. Under India’s revamped Free Trade Agreement (FTA) strategy, the UAE holds a prominent position as the top priority for an early harvest deal, alongside other key countries/regions such as the UK, the EU, Australia, Canada, Israel, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The UAE has also expressed its intent to pursue bilateral economic agreements with India and seven other countries. Voter turnout in Haryana Assembly elections higher than Lok Sabha voting Focus: GS II: Polity and Governance Why in News? A voter turnout of 67.9% has been recorded across the 90 Assembly Constituencies (ACs) in the Haryana Assembly Elections 2024. These figures are significantly higher voter response compared to last Lok Sabha elections which recorded 64.8% voting in the state.  Voting Stats: India has a large and diverse population, and the voter demographics can vary significantly between states. However, some general statistics about Indian voters include: Gender: As of 2021, there are around 500 million female voters and 400 million male voters in India. However, the gender gap in voter turnout has been narrowing in recent elections. Age: Around 60% of Indian voters are below the age of 35. Literacy: The literacy rate among Indian voters is around 74%. Voter turnout: Voter turnout in India has been around 66% in recent national elections. However, voter turnout can vary significantly between states, with some states having voter turnout of over 80% and others having voter turnout of less than 60%. Voter registration: As of 2021, the number of registered voters in India is around 900 million. Rural and Urban: Around 70% of Indian voters live in rural areas. It’s worth noting that the above information is based on the knowledge cut off of 2020 and the latest updates of assembly seats allocation may differ.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 08 October 2024

Contents: Regulation Role: The Impact of microRNA on Gene Expression and Disease A Re-Balancing of India’s Great Power Relations Unpacking the Centre’s Affidavit on Marital Rape Regulation Role: The Impact of microRNA on Gene Expression and Disease Context: The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun for their discovery of microRNAs. These small RNA molecules have revolutionized our understanding of gene regulation by playing a critical role in the control of gene expression at the post-transcriptional stage. This discovery has opened new avenues for research in understanding cellular functions and the pathogenesis of diseases like cancer, autoimmune disorders, and more. Relevance: General Studies Paper 3 (Science and Technology) Mains Question: Discuss the role of microRNAs in gene regulation and their potential applications in medical research. How does this discovery contribute to our understanding of disease mechanisms? (250 words) Understanding Gene Regulation Before microRNAs: Before the discovery of microRNAs, gene regulation was thought to be controlled primarily by transcription factors — specialized proteins that bind to specific DNA regions to determine which genes are expressed as mRNAs. This understanding limited the scope of gene regulation to the transcriptional level. The Discovery and its Significance: The Nobel Prize-winning discovery in 1993 used a 1 mm long mutant roundworm, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), to identify microRNAs as small RNA molecules capable of regulating gene expression post-transcription. This was a breakthrough, demonstrating that gene regulation can occur after mRNA is produced, influencing which proteins are synthesized. Role of microRNAs in Gene Regulation: MicroRNAs bind to target mRNAs, inhibiting their translation or promoting their degradation. This process fine-tunes protein production, ensuring that genes are expressed at the right time, place, and level within a cell. The human genome alone codes for over 1,000 microRNAs, highlighting their broad regulatory role across various biological processes. Implications for Disease Research: Cancer: Dysregulation of microRNAs has been linked to various types of cancer. Abnormal transcription, amplification, or deletion of microRNA genes can alter cell signalling pathways, enabling cancer cells to sustain proliferation, evade apoptosis, and metastasize. Autoimmune Diseases: Dysregulated microRNAs contribute to autoimmune pathogenesis by influencing immune responses. For example, specific microRNAs have been associated with conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets: MicroRNAs have emerged as promising biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis. Some microRNA-based diagnostic tools have been developed and clinically used, though they are yet to be widely commercialized. Current Research and Clinical Applications: Researchers are developing therapies that target specific microRNAs to either inhibit their function (when overexpressed) or restore their normal levels (when underexpressed). Early clinical trials are underway for using these strategies in cancer treatment. Ethical Considerations: The manipulation of microRNAs involves ethical questions regarding gene therapy, potential side effects, and the long-term impact on human genetics. Ensuring ethical compliance and patient safety is crucial for translating this research into effective therapies. Latest Data and Numbers: Number of Human microRNAs Identified: Over 1,000. Potential for Clinical Applications: Several microRNA-based diagnostics are in development, with ongoing clinical trials targeting microRNAs in cancer and autoimmune diseases. Conclusion: The discovery of microRNAs has fundamentally changed our understanding of gene regulation and its role in health and disease. As research progresses, microRNAs hold great promise for developing innovative diagnostic tools and therapies for complex diseases. However, translating these findings into clinical applications will require addressing both scientific and ethical challenges. By unravelling the complexities of gene expression, the discovery of microRNAs opens up new frontiers in medical science, paving the way for precision medicine and targeted therapies that could revolutionize treatment outcomes for a range of diseases. A Re-Balancing of India’s Great Power Relations Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s participation in the sixth Quad Leaders’ Summit in the U.S., along with the National Security Adviser Ajit Doval’s recent visit to Russia, reflect India’s nuanced approach to balancing its relationships with global powers. India’s foreign policy is currently navigating a complex landscape shaped by tensions in the Indo-Pacific, Russia’s war in Ukraine, and China’s assertive stance along the Line of Actual Control (LAC). Relevance: General Studies Paper 2 (International Relations) Mains Question: Critically evaluate India’s approach to balancing its relations with major global powers in light of recent geopolitical developments. How does India’s foreign policy aim to maintain strategic autonomy? (250 words) Current Geopolitical Context: India’s diplomatic engagements are shaped by its strategic goals in the Indo-Pacific and its response to China’s increasing assertiveness along the LAC. The Russia-Ukraine war has added complexity to India’s relations with Russia, while the Quad’s (U.S., Australia, Japan, India) activities aim to ensure a rules-based order in the region. India-Russia Relations and the Impact of the Ukraine War: Russia has traditionally been one of India’s closest strategic partners, supplying military hardware and supporting India in international forums. However, the deepening ties between Russia and China, exacerbated by the war in Ukraine, pose a challenge for India’s independent foreign policy. India’s purchase of discounted Russian oil and its neutral stance on the conflict have been pragmatic, aimed at preserving its energy security. Yet, maintaining this delicate balance will be increasingly difficult as the Russia-China partnership grows stronger. India’s Engagement with the Quad and the U.S.: India’s alignment with the Quad is aimed at countering China’s influence in the Indo-Pacific. The grouping seeks to uphold a rules-based order and support regional stability. However, India is cautious about being perceived as part of an anti-China bloc, given its need to manage complex border issues with China and its economic dependencies. Strategic Autonomy and Non-Aligned Stance: India’s foreign policy is rooted in maintaining strategic autonomy — balancing partnerships without being drawn into bloc politics. This is reflected in its diverse diplomatic engagements, such as strengthening ties with the U.S., preserving historical ties with Russia, and engaging in regional mechanisms like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Challenges of Rebalancing Great Power Relations: Managing Relations with Russia: India must navigate its ties with a Russia that is increasingly dependent on China. Moscow’s waning influence and deepening alignment with Beijing could reduce its strategic utility for India. Avoiding Over-Dependence on the U.S.: While India’s partnership with the U.S. is crucial for defense and economic ties, excessive alignment could lead to constraints on India’s strategic choices, particularly regarding regional issues like Iran and Afghanistan. Handling China’s Rise: India’s border tensions with China and its economic ties complicate its foreign policy. China’s assertiveness along the LAC and in the Indo-Pacific remain major security concerns. Role of India as a Peace Maker: The recent Doval-Putin meeting, during which India offered to mediate in the Ukraine conflict, illustrates India’s desire to play a larger diplomatic role on the global stage. This move is consistent with India’s traditional stance of supporting peace and stability, but the success of such an initiative depends on its ability to gain trust from both conflicting parties and international stakeholders. Future Trajectory: India’s foreign policy will need to be agile and adaptable, especially as the global order undergoes significant shifts. Engaging with regional partners, expanding defense capabilities, and promoting economic resilience will be essential for maintaining India’s strategic autonomy. Conclusion: India’s current foreign policy is a careful balancing act, aimed at preserving strategic autonomy while navigating complex relationships with major global powers. As the geopolitical landscape continues to evolve, India must remain nimble, leveraging its partnerships to secure its national interests without compromising its independence. Latest Data and Numbers: India’s Trade with the U.S.: India is among the top five trading partners of the U.S. Defense Ties with Russia: Russia accounts for nearly 60% of India’s total arms imports. Quad Cooperation Areas: Maritime security, counter-terrorism, and technological collaboration. By carefully balancing its relationships with Russia, the U.S., and China, India seeks to establish itself as a responsible global actor, capable of navigating an increasingly multipolar world order while safeguarding its strategic interests. Unpacking the Centre’s Affidavit on Marital Rape Context: The Centre recently filed an affidavit in the Supreme Court, defending the Marital Rape Exception (MRE) as outlined in Section 63, Exception 2 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (Section 375, Exception 2 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860). The MRE states that ‘sexual intercourse or sexual acts by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under eighteen years of age, is not rape’. This provision is currently under legal scrutiny for potentially violating constitutional rights such as equality and dignity. Relevance to GS Subject: General Studies Paper 2 (Governance) Mains Question: Critically examine the legal and constitutional arguments surrounding the Marital Rape Exception (MRE) in India. Does the exception violate fundamental rights, and how should the judiciary approach this issue? (250 words) The Legal Basis of Marital Rape Exception: The Marital Rape Exception (MRE) provides immunity to a husband for engaging in non-consensual intercourse with his wife, provided she is not a minor. The Centre argues that this distinction between married and unmarried women is valid, citing the ‘expectation’ of sexual relations within marriage. However, this raises critical legal and ethical questions. Issue of ‘Expectation’ in Marriage: The Centre’s affidavit argues that marriage creates a “continuing expectation” of reasonable sexual access, thereby justifying the exclusion of married women from the protection against rape. This argument, however, is vague and subjective. Who defines ‘reasonable sexual access’? Does this encompass consent, frequency, or the nature of sexual acts? Such ambiguities complicate the legal interpretation and enforcement. Argument on Constitutional Rights: Article 14 of the Constitution guarantees the right to equality, while Article 21 ensures the right to life and personal liberty. The exclusion of married women from protection against rape may violate both these rights, as it denies them bodily autonomy and the right to consent. It creates a discriminatory distinction between married and unmarried women, treating marriage as an implicit license for sexual coercion. Jurisdiction of the Court: The Centre contends that MRE is a “social issue” and not a “legal issue,” arguing that the decision on what constitutes a criminal offence lies within the legislative domain. However, the judiciary is empowered to assess the constitutionality of laws. Thus, determining whether the MRE violates fundamental rights is very much within the judiciary’s jurisdiction. ‘Institution’ and ‘Misuse’ Arguments: The Centre also claims that recognizing marital rape would undermine the sanctity of marriage and lead to misuse by wives filing false allegations. However, this argument lacks empirical support. No conclusive evidence shows that criminalizing marital rape destabilizes marriages or increases false accusations. Instead, the argument reflects patriarchal notions that prioritize the preservation of the institution of marriage over the dignity and rights of women. The International Perspective: India is one of the few democracies that still does not recognize marital rape as a crime. Countries like the U.K., Canada, and South Africa have already criminalized marital rape, recognizing it as a violation of human rights. The United Nations has also repeatedly urged India to align its laws with international human rights standards. Implications for Women’s Rights in India: The continued existence of the MRE undermines efforts to ensure gender justice and equal rights for women. It contradicts India’s commitments to international conventions such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). Latest Data and Numbers: Global Prevalence of Marital Rape Criminalization: Over 150 countries have criminalized marital rape. Women’s Rights Violations in India: According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), over 30% of women have experienced domestic violence, highlighting the urgent need for legal reforms. Conclusion: The Marital Rape Exception is a relic of outdated legal norms that fail to protect the autonomy and dignity of married women. It is essential that the judiciary takes a proactive stance in evaluating the constitutionality of the MRE and considers its impact on women’s rights and equality. A nuanced approach that balances individual rights with social realities is needed to ensure that Indian laws reflect the principles of justice and gender equality. By acknowledging marital rape as a violation of fundamental rights, India can move closer to achieving gender justice and safeguarding the dignity of women, both within and outside the institution of marriage.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 08 October 2024

Contents: Marburg virus strains Rwanda’s healthcare system Red Panda Conservation Program Antimicrobial resistance ‘Free to Think 2024’ report Maldives signs currency swap agreement with India Rise in Population of wild asses Marburg virus strains Rwanda’s healthcare system Context: At least 46 individuals have been infected and 12 Marburg deaths reported have been reported due to the deadly Marburg virus in Rwanda. The deadly Marburg virus could overwhelm Rwanda’s fragile healthcare system as about 80% of infections are among medical workers. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Marburg virus disease: History Marburg virus and the disease Symptoms of Marburg virus disease What are the hosts for the Marburg virus? What are the challenges with Marburg virus disease? Marburg virus disease: History Marburg was discovered in 1967, when outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever occurred simultaneously in laboratories in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany, as well as Belgrade, Serbia — cases that were linked to African green monkeys imported from Uganda. According to the World Health Organization, additional cases have since been discovered in Angola, Congo, Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda. The cases reported in Ghana last month were the country’s first. Marburg virus and the disease The pathogen that causes Marburg virus disease in humans is the Marburg virus. According to medical experts, there are no vaccines or antiviral treatments for the disease, but hydrating patients and treating their specific symptoms can improve their chances of survival. According to WHO, the disease is clinically similar to Ebola in its spread, symptoms, and progression, despite being caused by a different virus. In the case of Marburg, fruit bats are thought to be the virus’s hosts, though researchers claim the virus does not cause illness in them. Symptoms of Marburg virus disease Marburg can cause severe viral hemorrhagic fever, which impairs the ability of the blood to clot. According to WHO, the incubation period ranges from two to 21 days, and symptoms begin abruptly with high fever, severe headache, and severe malaise. Other symptoms may include muscle aches, diarrhoea, nausea, lethargy, and bleeding from the mouth, faeces, or other parts of the body. According to the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Marburg is not contagious during the incubation period. According to WHO, severely ill patients frequently die eight or nine days after the onset of symptoms. “Mortality is extremely high.” And there is no such thing as asymptomatic Marburg According to health organisations, a patient’s condition can be confirmed as Marburg by using antibody, antigen, and polymerase chain reaction tests. What are the hosts for the Marburg virus? Rousettus fruit bats are thought to be the virus’s natural host. According to WHO, the first human infection was caused by African green monkeys imported from Uganda. It was discovered in 1967, following simultaneous outbreaks in Marburg, Germany, and Belgrade, Serbia. The disease has a 50 percent fatality rate on average. According to the WHO, it can be as low as 24 percent or as high as 88 percent, depending on the virus strain and case management. What are the challenges with Marburg virus disease? Clinically, MVD is difficult to distinguish from diseases such as malaria, typhoid fever, and other viral hemorrhagic fevers. However, lab testing of samples confirms it, which, like Coronavirus and Ebola, are extreme biohazard risks. There is currently no approved antiviral treatment or vaccine for MVD. It is treatable with supportive care. Rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids, as well as treatment of specific symptoms, can help prevent death, according to the WHO. -Source: The Hindu, The Indian Express        Red Panda Conservation Program Context: The Red Panda Program of Darjeeling’s Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park has been selected as a finalist for the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) Conservation Award 2024. Relevance: GS III- Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Details About WAZA Awards About Red Panda Details: Darjeeling’s Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park has undertaken several habitat restoration initiatives in collaboration with various institutions and the government of India. Between 2022 and 2024, nine captive-bred red pandas (seven females and two males) were released into Singalila National Park in West Bengal. The zoo’s conservation efforts are strengthened by its Biobanking and Genetic Resource Facility, wherein gametes, tissues, and DNA of Red Pandas and other endangered species will be preserved for future use. This effort of the Zoo has led to its entry into the final list for the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) Conservation Award 2024. About WAZA Awards: The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) is the global alliance of regional associations, national federations, zoos and aquariums, dedicated to the care and conservation of animals and their habitats around the world. In 2016, WAZA established its highest award for institutional commitment towards conservation, named the WAZA Conservation Award. This award is granted to an institution for an outstanding, comprehensive specific conservation programme that has clear objectives and excellent conservation outcomes. About Red Panda The Giant Panda and the Red Panda are the only two distinct panda species found in the world. It serves as Sikkim’s official animal as well. Red pandas are timid, lonely, arboreal creatures that are used as indicators of ecological change. Both (sub)species are found in India. Himalayan red panda (Ailurus fulgens) Chinese red panda (Ailurus styani) The two phylogenetic species are split by the Siang River in Arunachal Pradesh. It can be discovered in the jungles of India, Nepal, Bhutan, as well as the northern mountains of Myanmar and the southern provinces of China. Protection Status: Red Pandas: IUCN Red List: Endangered CITES: Appendix I Wildlife Protection Act 1972: Schedule I Giant Pandas: IUCN Red List: Vulnerable CITES: Appendix I -Source: The Hindu, The Indian Express        Antimicrobial resistance Contect: Telangana has become the Seventh state in India to launch action plan on antimicrobial resistance. Relevance: GS-3 Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)? Concerns regarding Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) Way forward What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)? Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites to remain unaffected or survive antimicrobial drugs such as antibiotics, antivirals and antimalarials. AMR occurs when microorganisms exposed to antimicrobial drugs develop antimicrobial resistance resulting in standard treatments becoming ineffective leading to persistence of infections and spreading of infections. Microorganisms that develop antimicrobial resistance are sometimes referred to as “superbugs”. The misuse of antimicrobials in medicine and inappropriate use in agriculture is one of the major causes of spread of Antimicrobial Resistance. Contamination around pharmaceutical manufacturing sites where untreated waste releases large amounts of active antimicrobials into the environment also leads to spread of AMR. Basis of Antimicrobial Resistance Some bacteria due to the presence of resistance genes are intrinsically resistant and therefore survive on being exposed to antibiotics. Bacteria can also acquire resistance by sharing and transferring resistance genes present in the rest of the population, or by genetic mutations that help the bacteria survive antibiotic exposure. Multi drug resistance Multiple drug resistance (MDR), multidrug resistance or multi-resistance is antimicrobial resistance shown by a species of microorganism to multiple antimicrobial drugs. The types most threatening to public health are MDR bacteria that resist multiple antibiotics; other types include MDR viruses, parasites (resistant to multiple antifungals, antiviral, and antiparasitic drugs of a wide chemical variety). Recognizing different degrees of MDR, the terms extensively drug resistant (XDR) and pandrug-resistant (PDR) have been introduced. Concerns regarding Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) Medical procedures such as organ transplantation, cancer chemotherapy, diabetes management and major surgery (for example, caesarean sections or hip replacements) become very risky due to AMR. AMR increases the cost of healthcare with lengthier stays in hospitals, additional tests and use of more expensive drugs. No new classes of antibiotics have made it to the market in the last three decades, largely on account of inadequate incentives for their development and production. Without urgent action, we are heading towards a future without antibiotics and with bacteria becoming completely resistant to treatment and when common infections and minor injuries could once again kill (referred to as antibiotic apocalypse). It is putting the gains of the Millennium Development Goals at risk and endangers achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. Concerns regarding AMR in India India, with its combination of large population, rising incomes that facilitate purchase of antibiotics, high burden of infectious diseases and easy over-the-counter access to antibiotics, is an important locus for the generation of resistance genes. The multi-drug resistance determinant, New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (NDM-1), emerged from this region to spread globally – Africa, Europe and other parts of Asia have also been affected by multi-drug resistant typhoid originating from South Asia. In India, over 56,000 newborn deaths each year due to sepsis are caused by organisms that are resistant to first line antibiotics. Way forward  The use of antibiotics unrelated to treating human disease, such as in food and animal production, must be “optimised”. Greater action need to be taken to monitor and control infections, globally, nationally and within individual hospitals. Access to vaccines, clean water and sanitation ought to be expanded. And finally should be “more thoughtful” about our use of antimicrobial treatments —expanding access to lifesaving antibiotics where needed, minimising use where they are not necessary to improve human health and acting according to WHO’s recommendations on the same. Increasing funding for developing new antimicrobials and targeting priority pathogens such as K. pneumoniae and E. Coli and ensuring that they are affordable and accessible to most of the world. -Source: The Hindu ‘Free to Think 2024’ report Context: As per the “Free to Think 2024” annual report, India has slipped on academic freedom index. Relevance: GS2- Education Dimensions of the Article: Details Universities and Free Thought Academic Institutions and Democracy Diminishing Academic Freedom Way forward Details: According to the “Free to Think 2024” annual report published by the Scholars at Risk (SAR) Academic Freedom Monitoring Project, the decline in academic freedom is evident in India’s position. The report has looked extensively at India, Afghanistan, China, Colombia, Germany, Hong Kong, Iran, Israel, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Russia, Turkiye, Sudan, Ukraine, the U.K. and the U.S. It has documented around 391 attacks on higher education communities in 51 countries between July 1, 2023 and June 30, 2024. The report notes that India’s academic freedom slipped from 0.6 points to 0.2 points from 2013 to 2023. The report states that the most pressing threats to the academic freedom of students and scholars included the efforts to exert political control and impose a Hindu nationalist agenda on universities and university policies limiting student protest. According to the Academic Freedom Index, India now ranks as “completely restricted”, its lowest score since the mid-1940s. Universities and Free Thought: As the government’s insistence on educational institutions serving as platforms for its political agenda becomes more pronounced, the idea of universities as advocates for free thought is gradually being undermined. In the past year, there were numerous instances that sought to constrain academic freedom. The Indian Institute of Science (IISc), the nation’s top-ranking institute, had to cancel a discussion on the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA). In March, the Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) administration initially imposed fines amounting to ₹20,000 for campus protests, a decision later rescinded. Recently, two prominent scholars resigned from Ashoka University following the publication of a paper analyzing the disproportionate share of seats won by the ruling party in the 2019 Lok Sabha polls. Academic Institutions and Democracy: Academic institutions serve as crucial platforms for such discussions, which are vital for a functioning democracy, irrespective of ideological differences. Imposing restrictions on expressing opinions or ideas can have detrimental effects on academic work and harm the overall research environment. The decline in academic freedom is evident in India’s position on the indices by the V-Dem Institute of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden. India’s academic freedom index is in the bottom 30% among 179 countries, with a score of 0.38 on a scale of 0 (low) to 1 (high). Diminishing Academic Freedom: The diminishing academic freedom is also evident in the gradual erosion of institutional autonomy, including the selection of Vice-Chancellors and heads of academic institutes. The UGC Act of 1956 explicitly states that its core function is to monitor standards in universities “in consultation with universities.” However, it has been noted that the UGC has accumulated power and tends to function as an instrument of the ministry. University appointments are now often made based on political considerations rather than merit at both the central and state government levels. Way forward: It is suggested that global institutions can contribute by incorporating “Academic Freedom” as an indicator in university rankings. It is essential for universities to establish system-wide protections against impinging on academic autonomy and freedom of expression. Taking inspiration from the Education Act of New Zealand, where academic freedom is defined as the freedom of academic staff and students to question received wisdom, propose new ideas, and express controversial or unpopular opinions within the bounds of the law. -Source: The Hindu Maldives signs currency swap agreement with India Context: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), has entered into a Currency Swap Agreement with the Maldives under the SAARC Currency Swap Framework 2024-27. India is extending financial support to Maldives amounting to $400 million under the US Dollar/ Euro Swap Window and ₹30 billion or $357 million under the INR Swap Window Relevance: GS-II: International Relations (India’s Neighbors, Foreign Policies and Developments affecting India’s Interests), GS-III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: What is a Currency Swap? How is this going to help? An Overview of the Relation Between India and Maldives What is a Currency Swap? A currency swap is an agreement in which two parties exchange the principal amount of a loan and the interest in one currency for the principal and interest in another currency. At the inception of the swap, the equivalent principal amounts are exchanged at the spot rate. Unlike an interest rate swap, the principal is not a notional amount, but it is exchanged along with interest obligations. In a currency swap, the parties exchange interest and principal payments on debt denominated in different currencies. Currency swaps can take place between countries. The purpose of a currency swap is to hedge exposure to exchange rate risk or reduce the cost of borrowing a foreign currency. How is this going to help? It will help RBI in its efforts to fight market volatility. The currency swap will provide liquidity to the foreign exchange market. An Overview of the Relation Between India and Maldives: Security Partnership: Collaboration in defense encompasses Joint Exercises such as “Ekuverin,” “Dosti,” “Ekatha,” and “Operation Shield” (commenced in 2021). India plays a crucial role in meeting approximately 70% of the Maldivian National Defence Force’s (MNDF) defense training needs. Additionally, India and the Maldives have signed a contract for the Addu reclamation and shore protection project, including the construction of a drug detoxification and rehabilitation center in Addu, supported by India. This center is part of India’s 20 high-impact community development projects covering healthcare, education, fisheries, tourism, sports, and culture. Economic Cooperation: India supports the Maldivian economy, primarily driven by tourism. Afcons, an Indian company, signed a contract for the Greater Male Connectivity Project (GMCP) in August 2021, the largest infrastructure project in the Maldives. In 2021, India became the third-largest trade partner for the Maldives. The RBI and Maldives Monetary Authority signed a Bilateral USD Currency Swap Agreement in July 2019. However, the India-Maldives relationship faced challenges with the Maldives’ Free-Trade Agreement (FTA) with China in 2017. Infrastructure Projects: Under an Indian credit line, the Hanimaadhoo International Airport Development project is adding a new terminal to accommodate 1.3 million passengers annually. The National College for Policing and Law Enforcement (NCPLE), inaugurated in 2022, is India’s largest grant project in the Maldives. Greater Male Connectivity Project: This project involves a 6.74 km-long bridge and causeway link between Male and nearby islands, funded by a USD 100 million grant and a USD 400 million Line of Credit (LOC) from India. It represents the most significant infrastructure undertaking in the Maldives. Different Operations in Maldives: Historically, India has engaged in operations to assist Maldives, including Operation Cactus in 1988, Operation Neer in 2014 addressing a drinking water crisis, and Operation Sanjeevani in response to COVID-19. The Strained Relationship Between India and Maldives: Current Government’s Relation with India: Despite the immediate fallout, the underlying reasons for the strained relationship go beyond the tweets and could have a broader impact on India-Maldives relations and the regional dynamics, stemming from the change in government in Male. President Muizzu ascended to power through the PPM’s “India Out” campaign. Despite India’s disappointment with the victory of ‘anti-Indian forces,’ the Indian government sent a Minister to Muizzu’s swearing-in, and there was a Modi-Muizzu meeting at the COP28. However, Muizzu’s choice of Turkey as his first bilateral destination and his current visit to China mark a departure from the tradition of making India the first priority. Even President Yameen, who initiated the “India Out” movement and strengthened ties with Beijing, visited Delhi first in 2014. Muizzu continues to press India on the withdrawal of its military personnel, despite India’s clarifications regarding their role. Chinese Infrastructure Investments: Maldives has received substantial Chinese infrastructure investments as part of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), including ports, airports, bridges, and critical infrastructure under the “String of Pearls” initiative. Shift in Alliances: China’s influence in Maldives, marked by significant investments, has led to a departure from its traditional alignment with India, raising concerns in India about China’s expanding presence in the region. India’s Concerns: India is apprehensive about China’s growing influence in the Indian Ocean, considering the development of Chinese-controlled ports and military facilities in countries like Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Maldives as potential challenges to regional security. -Source: Livemint        Rise in Population of wild asses Context: As per the latest report by the Gujarat government, there is a rise in the population of wild asses in Gujarat. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Details: About Wild Ass Sanctuary in Gujarat, India About Indian Wild Ass: Details: As per the 10th Wild Ass Population Estimation (WAPE) conducted by the Gujarat government, the population of wild asses in Gujarat has been estimated at 7,672. This is a rise of 26.14% in its population. In the last WAPE, done in 2020, the population was estimated at 6,082. About Wild Ass Sanctuary in Gujarat, India Location: The sanctuary is located in the Little Rann of Kutch in Gujarat, India. It is the only place where the Indian wild ass, known as Khacchar locally, can be found. The sanctuary is also home to a sizeable population of Rabari and Bharwad tribes. Topology: The sanctuary can be considered a large ecotone, a transitional area between marine and terrestrial ecosystems. It is a continuum of a dry area of dark silt with salt encrustation. It is dotted with about 74 elevated plateaus or islands, locally called ‘bets’. During the monsoon, large parts are flooded to depths of up to 2 meters. Flora: The sanctuary is full of dry thorny scrub, and there are no large trees except on the fringes and bets. Some of the plants and trees found in this sanctuary are Morad, Unt morad, Theg, Dolari, Khijdo, Kerdo, Mithi jar, Kheri pilu, Akado, etc. Fauna: Besides Indian Wild Ass, the other mammals found here include Blackbuck, Nilgai, Bluebull, Hare, Wolf, Foxes, Desert Cat, Indian fox, Jackal, Hyena, Wild boar, etc. There is rich birdlife, including the Houbara bustard, Sandgrouse, Pale harrier, Black-shouldered kite, Pelican, etc. About Indian Wild Ass: Distribution and Habitat: The Indian Wild Ass, a sub-species of the Asian Wild Ass, is found only in the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat, India. Its habitat includes desert and grassland ecosystems. Characteristics: The Indian Wild Ass is characterized by distinctive white markings on the anterior part of the rump and on the posterior part of the shoulder and a stripe down the back that is bordered by white. Scientific name: Equus hemionus khur. Conservation Status: The Indian Wild Ass is listed as “Near Threatened” on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is listed under Appendix II of CITES. In India, the Indian Wild Ass is protected under Schedule-I of the Wildlife Protection Act (1972). Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 07 October 2024

CONTENTS BharatGen International Day of Older Persons 2024 BharatGen Context: Recently, the Ministry of Science & Technology launched BharatGen, a generative AI initiative designed to enhance public service delivery.  Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions BharatGen BharatGen is an initiative aimed at developing core models in the domains of language, speech, and computer vision, with a focus on India’s rich cultural and linguistic diversity. It stands as the world’s first government-supported project to create a Multimodal Large Language Model (LLM) specifically for Indian languages. LLMs are advanced AI models that can comprehend and generate human languages by analyzing extensive text datasets. This initiative is spearheaded by IIT Bombay under the National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS), working in collaboration with prestigious academic institutions, including several IITs and IIM Indore. A key focus of this project is on developing frameworks that curate India-specific datasets, giving the country greater control over its digital resources. The initiative has several defining features: Development of multilingual and multimodal models, Training based on datasets that reflect Indian languages and contexts, A commitment to using an open-source platform, Establishing a research ecosystem focused on generative AI within India. International Day of Older Persons 2024 Context: The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment observed International Day of Older Persons 2024 on 1st October 2024. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions International Day of Older Persons 2024 Overview: Theme for 2024: “Ageing with Dignity: The Importance of Strengthening Care and Support Systems for Older Persons Worldwide.” Purpose of the International Day of Older Persons: This day honors the contributions of older adults to society and emphasizes the necessity for inclusive and age-friendly environments globally. It was officially established by the UN General Assembly on 14th October 1990, drawing from the Vienna International Plan of Action on Ageing (1982) and the UN Principles for Older Persons. Global Commitments and Framework: The UN Decade of Healthy Ageing (2021-2030) supports Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG-3), which focuses on good health and well-being. India established the National Policy on Older Persons (NPOP) in 1999, and it is part of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (2002). Elderly Population Data: As of December 2023, India has 153 million people aged 60 and above, with this figure expected to rise to 347 million by 2050, representing 20.8% of the nation’s total population. Globally, the population of older persons increased from 260 million in 1980 to 761 million in 2021, with projections indicating this will rise to 17% of the total global population by 2050.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 07 October 2024

Contents: A Learning Curve: Evaluating the PM Internship Scheme’s Pilot Project A Defeat Foretold: Why Maoists Must Abandon Armed Struggle and Embrace Democracy A Three-Tier War in West Asia with No Endgame A Learning Curve: Evaluating the PM Internship Scheme’s Pilot Project Context: On October 3, the Centre launched an online portal for the operationalization of the PM Internship Scheme, a key initiative announced in the Budget for 2024-25. The scheme aims to provide 4.1 crore youth with internships over five years, bridging the gap between theoretical education and practical skills needed in the job market. As a pilot project, 1.25 lakh interns will be matched with companies starting December 2024, providing an opportunity to assess and refine the scheme based on real-world feedback and outcomes. Relevance: General Studies Paper 2 (Governance) Mains Question: Critically analyze the potential of the PM Internship Scheme in addressing youth unemployment in India. What challenges are expected in its implementation, and how can these be overcome? (250 words) Understanding the PM Internship Scheme: The PM Internship Scheme is part of a broader five-scheme initiative to address skill gaps and enhance youth employability. It aims to create one crore internships by March 2029, with the first phase targeting 1.25 lakh interns for a year-long, on-the-job training program. This scheme is primarily Centre-funded and seeks to match young job-seekers with companies willing to provide practical skills training. Potential Benefits of the Scheme: Bridging Skill Gaps: The program seeks to bridge the gap between academic learning and practical job skills. By collaborating with firms, the scheme can address the issue that employers often cite: graduates lack real-world skills. Certification and Job Market Readiness: Firms will issue certifications to interns, making them more attractive candidates for future job roles. This could significantly improve youth employability, especially in sectors like manufacturing and services. Support for Job Creation: With 4.1 crore internships planned, the scheme has the potential to absorb a substantial portion of unemployed youth, reducing overall unemployment rates. Challenges in Implementation: Regional Disparities in Job Availability: Placement of interns within or near their district may not be feasible in less industrialized states such as Bihar or Jharkhand, where job opportunities are limited. This could lead to disparities in participation and outcomes. High Dropout Rates: Ensuring that interns complete their full tenure and transition smoothly into the job market will require continuous monitoring and mentorship. Soft Skills Training: Beyond technical training, modern workplaces demand soft skills such as communication, teamwork, and digital literacy. The scheme must integrate these into its design. Industry Collaboration: Sustained partnerships with private firms are essential. However, voluntary participation may limit the number of companies willing to engage, especially in low-growth sectors. Recommendations for Effective Implementation: Localized Adaptation: Tailor the scheme’s implementation strategy based on regional industrial profiles. For less-developed regions, focus on sectors like agriculture, micro-enterprises, and local industries. Incorporate Mentorship Programs: Pair interns with experienced professionals to guide them through the internship, ensuring they gain meaningful insights and skills. Monitoring and Feedback Mechanisms: Establish a robust feedback mechanism to track dropout rates, intern satisfaction, and skill acquisition, allowing for mid-course corrections. Expand Industry Involvement: Provide incentives for more companies, especially MSMEs, to participate. This could include tax benefits, reduced compliance burdens, or shared training costs. Expected Outcomes and Scalability: The pilot project’s success will be measured by the employability and retention of interns post-training. If the scheme can demonstrate value to both youth and employers, scaling it to one crore internships by 2029 will be feasible. The lessons learned from the pilot phase should be used to refine the design, ensuring that the program is sustainable and impactful. Latest Data and Numbers: Target: 4.1 crore internships over five years. Pilot Phase: 1.25 lakh internships starting December 2024. Youth Unemployment Rate: Currently higher in states like Bihar and Jharkhand, which lack industrial presence. Conclusion: The PM Internship Scheme is a timely initiative to address India’s growing youth unemployment. However, its success will depend on effective implementation, industry collaboration, and addressing regional disparities. With continuous evaluation and a dynamic approach, the scheme can be a game-changer in enhancing India’s human capital and creating a skilled, employable workforce. By ensuring a focused and adaptable strategy, the PM Internship Scheme can transform the employment landscape, making India’s youth more competitive and job-ready. A Defeat Foretold: Why Maoists Must Abandon Armed Struggle and Embrace Democracy Context: In a significant setback to Maoist insurgency in India, 31 cadres, including senior members, were killed in a security operation in Abujhmadh, Chhattisgarh — a stronghold considered the last bastion of left-wing extremism. The operation is part of intensified efforts by security forces and paramilitary groups to eliminate Maoist influence in central and eastern India. The movement’s diminishing power can be attributed to several factors, including loss of local support, strategic miscalculations, and an over-reliance on militant tactics. With weakening strength and alienation from tribal communities, the Maoists are at a crossroads where they must consider abandoning violence and engaging in the democratic process. Relevance: General Studies Paper 3 (Internal Security, Left-Wing Extremism) Mains Question: Analyze the factors leading to the decline of the Maoist movement in India. What role can democratic engagement play in addressing the issues faced by affected communities? (250 words) Background of the Maoist Insurgency: The Maoist movement, also known as Naxalism, began as an armed struggle against perceived state exploitation and neglect of tribal areas. Over the decades, the insurgency spread across several states, primarily in central and eastern India, earning the region the label of the ‘Red Corridor’. At its peak, it controlled significant territories and had considerable support among marginalized tribal communities. Current Decline and Setbacks: The recent encounter in Chhattisgarh is indicative of the movement’s ongoing decline. Coordinated operations by security forces have led to heavy casualties and numerous surrenders. The Union Home Ministry’s focused strategy, including better coordination among paramilitary units, increased intelligence inputs, and targeted operations, has significantly reduced the Maoists’ operational capability. Loss of Local Support: One of the critical reasons for the Maoists’ weakening is the erosion of support from tribal communities, who were once their primary base. Decades of violent struggle have brought little to no tangible benefits to these communities, leading to disillusionment and alienation. As tribal groups distance themselves from the movement, the Maoists are losing the grassroots support necessary for sustaining a guerrilla war. Strategic and Ideological Failures: The Maoists’ adherence to a rigid, anachronistic ideology, rooted in 1920s China, has not resonated in a diverse, democratic India. Their over-dependence on militaristic tactics, at the expense of political engagement, has alienated potential supporters. Unlike movements in other countries that adapted to political realities, the Indian Maoists have been unable to transition to a strategy of peaceful engagement. Comparative Global Examples: Similar insurgencies in countries like Peru, Colombia, and Malaysia failed when they failed to adapt to changing political landscapes. The inability to recognize democratic avenues for achieving political goals has been a common thread in the collapse of these movements. The Need for Democratic Engagement: Despite its flaws, Indian democracy provides ample space for dialogue, negotiation, and addressing grievances. By continuing to pursue violent means, the Maoists are undermining their stated objective of representing the tribal people. Entering the political mainstream would allow them to advocate for tribal rights within the framework of law and governance. Role of the State and Civil Society: While security operations are essential to curbing violence, the state must complement them with developmental initiatives and democratic outreach. Improved governance, protection of tribal rights, and local-level political inclusion are necessary to address the root causes of alienation and prevent any resurgence of extremism. Latest Data and Numbers: Recent Casualties: 31 Maoists killed in Chhattisgarh operation. Current Strongholds: Limited to remote areas in states like Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand. Conclusion: The recent setbacks to the Maoist insurgency signal a critical juncture for the movement. Persisting with armed struggle will only lead to further isolation and eventual collapse. The Maoists must recognize that democratic engagement, rather than violence, is the only viable path forward for achieving the interests of the tribal communities they claim to represent. By transitioning to political participation, the Maoists can transform their struggle into a constructive movement that genuinely benefits the communities they aim to serve. A Three-Tier War in West Asia with No Endgame Context: The ongoing conflict in West Asia is characterized by a complex, multi-layered struggle involving multiple actors—Israel, Hamas, Hezbollah, and their respective international backers. The situation has recently escalated following Hamas’s deadliest attack on Israel in decades, leading to a brutal Israeli response. The conflict now encompasses not only the Israel-Palestine confrontation but also a broader geopolitical struggle that includes regional powers like Iran and Saudi Arabia and global actors such as the U.S. and Russia. Relevance: General Studies Paper 2 (International Relations) Mains Question: Analyze the evolving dynamics of the Israel-Palestine conflict in the context of broader West Asian geopolitics. How do the actions of regional and global powers shape the conflict, and what are the implications for peace in the region? (250 words) Background of the Conflict: The Israel-Palestine conflict is rooted in historical disputes over territory, statehood, and national identity. The recent attack by Hamas, killing over 1,200 Israelis and taking more than 200 hostages, marked a significant escalation in hostilities. In response, Israel launched a full-scale military campaign in Gaza, triggering widespread destruction and displacement. Two Diverging Narratives: Israel perceives the conflict as an “existential war” against terrorism, aimed at securing its borders and eliminating militant threats. For Palestinians, the conflict is a struggle for liberation from Israeli occupation and recognition of their rights. The divergent narratives complicate any peace efforts, as both sides view the conflict through fundamentally different lenses. Geopolitical Dimensions: The conflict is not limited to Israel and Hamas. Iran-backed Hezbollah has ramped up its military activities in northern Israel, creating a second front. Saudi Arabia, which was on the brink of normalizing relations with Israel as part of the Abraham Accords, has been drawn into the conflict. The U.S. is involved in supporting Israel’s military efforts, while Russia and China have been manoeuvring diplomatically to increase their influence in the region. The “Octopus Doctrine” and Iran’s Strategy: Israel’s “Octopus Doctrine” aims to decapitate Iranian influence by targeting its proxies, including Hamas, Hezbollah, and the Houthis. This strategy is based on the assumption that destabilizing Iran’s regional allies will weaken its broader geopolitical influence. Iran, in turn, has used Hezbollah and Hamas to keep Israel embroiled in protracted conflicts, preventing it from projecting power beyond its borders. The Regional Security Quagmire: West Asia has become a conflict loop where various actors, including Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Israel, are locked in a continuous cycle of confrontation. The Abraham Accords, which sought to normalize ties between Israel and several Arab nations, have been overshadowed by the resurgence of violence. This has reinforced the perception that true peace in West Asia cannot be achieved without addressing the Palestinian issue. Implications for Global Stability: The conflict has broader ramifications for global security, particularly given its potential to draw in major powers. The U.S. has already increased its military presence in the region, and any miscalculation could escalate into a wider war involving multiple state actors. The Israeli-Hamas conflict also risks spilling over into neighboring Lebanon, Syria, and the Gulf, destabilizing an already fragile region. Recommendations for a Peaceful Resolution: Address Core Grievances: Sustainable peace will require addressing the root causes of the conflict, including the status of Jerusalem, the right of return for Palestinian refugees, and the establishment of a sovereign Palestinian state. Involve Regional Stakeholders: Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and other key players must be engaged in peace talks to ensure that any agreement has regional backing. Reform International Mediation Efforts: The UN and other international bodies need to adopt a more assertive role in mediating peace, going beyond traditional diplomatic statements. Latest Data and Numbers: Casualties in Recent Hostilities: Over 1,200 Israelis killed, 200 hostages taken by Hamas. Impact on Palestinians: More than 41,000 Palestinians killed in the past year, with over 1,000,000 displaced. Conclusion: The ongoing war in West Asia is a multi-tiered conflict with no clear endgame. Without a comprehensive approach that addresses both the immediate hostilities and the deeper political issues, the region will remain trapped in a cycle of violence and instability. Global and regional powers must act decisively to break the deadlock, or the conflict risks spiraling into a broader geopolitical confrontation with devastating consequences. By focusing on inclusive and sustainable peace processes, the international community can hope to break the conflict loop and bring stability to a region that has seen decades of turmoil.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 07 October 2024

CONTENTS Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission Salt Pan Land Cholera Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission Geographical Indication (GI) tags Global Strategic Preparedness, Readiness and Response Plan  Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission Context: The Government will soon roll out the next version of the livelihood mission for urban poor and vulnerable sections – National Urban Livelihood Mission (NULM 2.0). This will focus on six groups, including construction workers, gig workers, waste management workers, care workers, domestic workers and transportation workers. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: About Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM) DAY-NULM 2.0 About Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM) Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM) is a program launched in 2014 by the Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs in India. Here are the key features of the mission: Implementation: It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme, meaning that both the central government and state governments contribute to its funding. The funding ratio between the Centre and the States is 75:25, except for the North Eastern and Special Category states, where the ratio is 90:10. Mobilization and Self-Help Groups: DAY-NULM has successfully mobilized more than 8.4 million urban poor women across India. It has formed over 831,000 Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in over 4,000 towns as of 2023. Objectives and Focus: The mission focuses on skill development and entrepreneurship among the urban poor, particularly women. It aims to enhance their capacity to access financial services and create sustainable livelihoods. The mission aims to uplift the urban poor by providing them with sustainable livelihood opportunities through skill development and access to credit. Components: The mission includes various components such as skill training, self-employment, social mobilization and institution development, and street vendor rehabilitation. DAY-NULM 2.0 The DAY-NULM 2.0 (Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Urban Livelihoods Mission) is a revamped initiative aimed at improving the livelihoods of the urban poor through financial support and infrastructure development. Scheme Overview: The government will help eligible urban poor individuals or groups access microcredit up to Rs 4 lakh for individuals and Rs 20 lakh for groups. This microcredit will come with a subsidised interest rate of 5%. Key Benefits: The microcredit will assist beneficiaries in: Starting small enterprises. Developing social infrastructure, like setting up labour chowks. Providing innovation grants for activities like purchasing sanitation machinery. Pilot Exercise: To launch the NULM 2.0, the government will conduct a pilot exercise in 25 cities to: Identify urban poor. Ensure the correct targeting of schemes to enhance the beneficiaries’ earnings and living standards. -Source: The Hindu Salt Pan Land Context: The Maharashtra government has issued a GR (Government Resolution) allocating 255.9 acres of salt pan land, distributed over three land parcels in Mumbai’s eastern suburbs, for the construction of rental houses in the Dharavi Redevelopment Project through a lease agreement. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: What are salt pans? What are the terms for allocation of land? What are the concerns? What lies ahead? What are salt pans? Salt pan lands are ecologically important salt marshlands. They are low-lying areas around the shore that are used for salt cultivation. They act as holding ponds and work as a sponge for the absorption of rain. They are a coastal area’s natural defence against flooding. They help intertidal activity, and are home to diverse flora and fauna. What are the terms for allocation of land? Four conditions have been put forth for the allocation of the land which will be given at a concessional rate of 25% of the prevailing rate. The State government will collect the land revenue from the Dharavi Redevelopment Project Private Limited (DRPPL), the special purpose vehicle (SPV), and pay it to the Central government. The DRPPL will bear the cost of resettlement of the labourers working on the land, and other incidental costs for the acquisition of the land. But the court cases and other legal matters will be handled through the Dharavi Redevelopment Project (DRP), a government body. The land will be used for rental housing, slum rehabilitation, and affordable housing for economically weaker sections. The DRPPL is an SPV in which an Adani Group entity holds 80% stake and the State government has a 20% stake. The land will be leased to the Maharashtra government for a period of 99 years, and it cannot be used for commercial activities. What are the concerns? Urban planners and environmentalists say that an impact assessment study needs to be done before opening up large packs of land for intensive activities like housing. They also say that the salt pan lands on the Eastern Express Highway have played an important role in keeping the eastern suburbs free from flooding. The most important demand with respect to the Dharavi project has been for in-situ rehabilitation. Urban planners point out that handing over land parcels in different parts of the city for a developer will lead to formation of ghettos. They also say that the impact of hyperactivity on ecologically sensitive areas needs to be studied. What lies ahead? Land Transfer: The Centre will transfer land ownership to the State government. Project Approval: The State government will give the go-ahead to DRPPL once the project plans are approved. DRPPL must secure approval from the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change before moving forward. Legal Concerns: Environmentalists anticipate potential legal challenges, suggesting the process can be contested in court. Litigation: As per a Government Resolution (GR) issued by Maharashtra, any litigation related to this matter will be handled by DRP, a government body. -Source: The Hindu Cholera Context: Recently, Cholera, a preventable and treatable disease, has experienced a resurgence, leading to approximately 4,000 deaths in 2023, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).  Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: What is cholera? Global Distribution and Burden of Cholera Factors Leading to Cholera Resurgence What is cholera? Cholera is caused by a bacteria called Vibrio cholera and is usually spread through contaminated drinking water or food. It causes severe diarrhoea and dehydration. If left untreated, cholera can be fatal, even in healthy people. The deadly effects of the disease are due to the toxin produced in the small intestine which causes the body to secrete enormous amounts of water which results in diarrhea and a rapid loss of fluids and salts or electrolytes. Cholera bacteria might not cause illness in all the people who are exposed to them, but they still pass the bacteria in their stool, which can contaminate food and water sources. While modern sewage systems have been known to have eliminated cholera in most countries, there is a potential risk in situations of inadequate sanitation and unnatural circumstances like war and poverty. Symptoms While most people exposed to the cholera bacterium might not know they have been infected, they can still infect others through contaminated water as they shed cholera bacteria in their stool for seven to 14 days. Some of the symptoms are diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting and dehydration. Signs of cholera include fatigue, sunken eyes, dry mouth, extreme thirst, dry skin, little or no urination, low blood pressure and electrolyte imbalance which can cause muscle cramps and lead to rapid loss of salts such as chloride, sodium and potassium. Global Distribution and Burden of Cholera The Global Distribution and Burden of Cholera has worsened significantly between 2022 and 2024, with a notable increase in cases and deaths. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that 22 countries experienced ongoing cholera outbreaks, and as of August 2024, 2,400 deaths had been recorded globally. Cholera’s impact primarily affects Africa and Asia, though imported cases have been seen in Europe. By 2023, global cholera cases increased by 13%, and deaths rose by 17%, totaling 4,000 fatalities. The geographic spread of cholera has shifted, with a decline in Asia but a doubling of cases in Africa, primarily due to healthcare inequities. India reported 3,805 cholera cases by August 2024 in a multi-country outbreak that affected neighboring countries like Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Nepal. Factors Leading to Cholera Resurgence: Impact on Water Quality: Floods, monsoonal rains, and extreme weather events cause sewage overflows into water sources, while droughts and heatwaves concentrate cholera bacteria, leading to outbreaks. Water and Sanitation: According to UNICEF (2019), 2 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water, and 3.6 billion have inadequate sanitation facilities, creating conditions ripe for cholera spread. Microplastic Adaptation: Research from 2023 shows Vibrio pathogens (cholera-causing bacteria) can attach to microplastics, potentially adapting to thrive in ocean environments. Conflict Zones: Areas impacted by conflict face major disruptions in health and sanitation services, increasing vulnerability to cholera outbreaks. Displaced Populations: Overcrowded conditions among displaced individuals without access to clean water increase cholera risks. Vaccine Shortages: In 2023, only 36 million doses of cholera vaccines were produced—far less than the demand. A single-dose regimen was introduced due to this shortage, replacing the usual two-dose standard. Limited Health Infrastructure: The lack of robust health services in the most affected regions severely limits effective outbreak response and containment measures. Currently, there is only one manufacturer producing Oral Cholera Vaccines (OCVs), resulting in a 40-million dose shortage annually. -Source: The Hindu Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission Context: The Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) completed its three-year journey on 27th September, aiming to revolutionize the nation’s digital healthcare ecosystem by enhancing accessibility, efficiency, and transparency in healthcare. Relevance: GS II- Health Dimensions of the Article: About Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) About Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission: Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission will help connect digital health solutions across the country. All Indians will get a digital health ID under this scheme. Every citizen’s health record will now be digitally secure. The health ID will be used as health account. Personal health records can be linked to this account and viewed with the help of a mobile application. Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission will provide reliable data, leading to better treatment and savings for patients too. The National Health Authority (NHA) will be the implementing agency of Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM). Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) is the flagship scheme of the Union government as a part of the Indian government’s National Health Policy. AB-PMJAY provides a health cover of up to Rs. 5 lakh a family a year, for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization, to India’s bottom 40% poor and vulnerable population. The programme was launched in September, 2018. AB-PMJAY is under the aegis of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The PM Jan Arogya Yojana beneficiaries get an e-card that can be used to avail services at an empanelled hospital, public or private, anywhere in the country, with which they can walk into a hospital and obtain cashless treatment. The scheme has certain pre-conditions by which it picks who can avail of the health cover benefit. While in the rural areas the list is mostly categorized on lack of housing, meagre income and other deprivations, the urban list of PMJAY beneficiaries is drawn up on the basis of occupation. Key Features of AB-PMJAY PM-JAY is a health assurance scheme that covers 10.74 crores households across India or approximately 50 crore Indians. It provides a cover of 5 lakh per family per year for medical treatment in empanelled hospitals, both public and private. It provides cashless and paperless service to its beneficiaries at the point of service, i.e., the hospital. E-cards are provided to the eligible beneficiaries based on the deprivation and occupational criteria of Socio-Economic Caste Census 2011 (SECC 2011). There is no restriction on family size, age or gender. All previous medical conditions are covered under the scheme. It covers 3 days of hospitalisation and 15 days of post hospitalisation, including diagnostic care and expenses on medicines. The scheme is portable and a beneficiary can avail medical treatment at any PM-JAY empanelled hospital outside their state and anywhere in the country. The Central government has decided to provide free testing and treatment of Coronavirus under the Ayushman Bharat Yojana. -Source: The Hindu, PIB Geographical Indication (GI) tags Context: Recently, the Geographical Indications Registry in Chennai has granted the GI tag to eight products from the Assam region, including traditional food items and several unique varieties of rice beer. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: About New GI Tagged Products Geographical Indications (GI) Tag About New GI Tagged Products Different Types of Rice Beer Unique in their Way: Bodo Jou Gwran: It is mainly said to contain the maximum amount of alcohol amongst Bodo rice beers, nearly 16.11%. Maibra Jou Bidwi: It is also famous as Maibra Jwu Bidwi or Maibra Zwu Bidwi; it is considered a prestige drink of welcome amongst the Bodo tribes. Half-cooked rice is taken for brewing and then fermented with ‘amao’ – a source of yeast. Bodo Jou Gishi: The fermented rice-based alcoholic beverage is traditionally fermented in a traditional Bodo way. Traditional Food Products: Bodo Napham: Fermented fish is prepared anaerobically inside a sealed container for 2-3 months, which is a favourite dish among them. Bodo Ondla: Rice powder curry preparation, aromatic with garlic, ginger, salt, and alkali. Bodo Gwkha: Known as Gwka Gwkhi, this is a traditional preparation among themselves during the time of the Bwisagu festival. Bodo Narzi: Semi-fermented food prepared with jute leaves, Corchorus capsularis, is rich in Omega 3 fatty acids, vitamins, and essential minerals. Bodo Aronai: It is a small, traditional cloth of 1.5-2.5 meters long and 0.5 meters wide, symbolizing Bodo heritage. Geographical Indications (GI) Tag Definition and Importance: Geographical Indications of Goods indicate the country or place of origin of a product. They assure consumers of the product’s quality and distinctiveness derived from its specific geographical locality. GI tags are an essential component of intellectual property rights (IPRs) and are protected under international agreements like the Paris Convention and TRIPS. Administration and Registration: Geographical Indications registration in India is governed by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999. The registration and protection are administered by the Geographical Indication Registry under the Department of Industry Promotion and Internal Trade (DIPIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry. The registration is valid for 10 years, and it can be renewed for further periods of 10 years each. Significance and Examples: GI tags provide a unique identity and reputation to products based on their geographical origin. The first product in India to receive a GI tag was Darjeeling tea. Karnataka has the highest number of GI tags with 47 registered products, followed by Tamil Nadu with 39. Ownership and Proprietorship: Any association, organization, or authority established by law can be a registered proprietor of a GI tag. The registered proprietor’s name is entered in the Register of Geographical Indication for the applied product. Protection and Enforcement: Geographical Indications protect the interests of producers and prevent unauthorized use of the product’s name or origin. Enforcement of GI rights helps maintain the quality and reputation of the products associated with their specific geographical regions. Location of the Geographical Indications Registry: The Geographical Indications Registry is located in Chennai, India. -Source: The Hindu, PIB Global Strategic Preparedness, Readiness and Response Plan Context: Recently, the Global Strategic Preparedness, Readiness and Response Plan (SPRP) to tackle dengue and other Aedes-borne arboviruses was launched by the World Health Organisation Relevance: GS II: Health About Global Strategic Preparedness, Readiness and Response Plan (SPRP): The goals of the Global Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan also include reducing the global burden of diseases caused by Aedes-borne arboviral infections, such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya. It encourages coordination and integration in the global response for managing outbreaks. Key Components: Emergency Coordination: To provide leadership and coordination for an effective response. Collaborative Surveillance: Developing and using surveillance tools for early detection, control, and field investigations of outbreaks. Community Protection: Engaging local communities in adopting preventive measures, including mosquito population control. Safe and Scalable Care: Ensuring health services can manage and prevent deaths through necessary care. Access to Countermeasures: Promoting research and development of new treatments and vaccines. Implementation and Alignment: The plan will be implemented until September 2025. It integrates with global efforts, including the Global Vector Control Response (2017–2030) and the Global Arbovirus Initiative (2022), focused on strengthening vector control and addressing arboviruses with epidemic consequences. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 04 October 2024

CONTENTS Samajik Adhikarita Shivir Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan  Samajik Adhikarita Shivir Context: Recently, a Samajik Adhikarita Shivir was organised at 75 locations across India for distribution of aids and assistive devices to over 9000 pre-identified Divyangjan beneficiaries under the ADIP (Assistance to Disabled Persons) Scheme.  Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Samajik Adhikarita Shivir The Samajik Adhikarita Shivir (Social Empowerment Camps) is an initiative launched to assist people with disabilities and senior citizens by distributing assistive devices. It has been operational since 1981, and is organized by the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (DEPwD) under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, in collaboration with ALIMCO (Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation) and local District Administrations. Key aspects of the Samajik Adhikarita Shivir include: The scheme adheres to the definitions of various disabilities as outlined in the Right of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016. Grants: The scheme provides grants-in-aid to several agencies, such as ALIMCO, National Institutes, Composite Regional Centres, and District Disability Rehabilitation Centres, for the procurement and distribution of assistive devices. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) also collaborate under the ADIP Scheme for distribution. ADIP Scheme: This scheme is designed to offer modern aids and appliances to individuals with disabilities, aiding in their rehabilitation. The program also supports corrective surgeries prior to the provision of these devices. The scheme was last updated in April 2024 and is set to continue until March 2026. Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan Context: Prime Minister recently launched the Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan in Jharkhand with an outlay of around Rs 80,000 crore. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions About Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan: The Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan is a government initiative aimed at promoting comprehensive development in tribal villages, aiming for socio-economic upliftment. The key features of the program include: Coverage of 63,843 villages, with a focus on improving the lives of over 5 crore tribal people across 549 districts and 2,911 blocks in 30 States/UTs. The initiative seeks to address critical gaps in social infrastructure, health, education, and livelihood through 25 strategic interventions delivered by 17 ministries. The total budget for this scheme is Rs. 79,156 crores, with Rs. 56,333 crore being contributed by the central government, while the states will provide Rs. 22,823 crore. It builds on the successes of the Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN), launched in November 2023, focusing on the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG), with a budget of Rs. 24,104 crores.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 04 October 2024

Contents: Why Italy Matters To India An Obsession with Rankings is Harming India’s Universities Why Italy Matters to India Context: Italy and India share significant common interests in the Indo-Mediterranean region, which is vital for global trade and regional security. In recent years, Italy has increased its engagement in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), focusing on defence cooperation, maritime security, and economic collaboration. Italy’s contributions to EU-led naval operations and its strategic involvement in African development initiatives demonstrate its expanding influence in the region, making it a crucial partner for India. Relevance: General Studies Paper 2 (International Relations) Mains Question: Analyze the significance of Italy as a strategic partner for India in the Indo-Mediterranean region. How can enhanced defence and economic cooperation benefit both nations? (250 words) Geostrategic Importance of the Indo-Mediterranean Region: The region is vital for global maritime trade, linking East Africa and West Asia with Europe. Italy’s increasing role in safeguarding this region’s maritime security, especially in the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, and the Strait of Hormuz, complements India’s interests in ensuring a free and secure Indo-Mediterranean. Italy’s Defence Engagement with India: Italy’s defence ties with India have been formalized through a defence agreement signed in October 2023, paving the way for joint training, technology transfers, and defence industry collaboration. Italian companies like Leonardo and Fincantieri are already active in the Indian defence sector, co-developing technologies and enhancing India’s naval capabilities. Italy’s Naval Presence in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR): Italy’s naval footprint in the IOR has expanded significantly. Italian ships regularly visit Indian ports for joint exercises, and platforms like the Italian aircraft carrier ITS Cavour serve as a platform for both defence and humanitarian operations. This enhances interoperability between the Indian and Italian navies. Economic and Trade Relations: Italy is India’s fifth-largest trading partner in the European Union and a significant investor in critical sectors like automotive, industrial machinery, and renewable energy. The establishment of the Blue-Raman submarine cable system, linking Genoa with Mumbai, will boost digital connectivity between Europe and India, making Italy a crucial economic partner. Africa and the Mattei Plan: Italy’s Mattei Plan, a new strategic initiative for Africa, aims to develop sustainable projects and enhance trade across the continent. This aligns with India’s Africa strategy, opening avenues for joint development projects, particularly in infrastructure, logistics, and renewable energy. People-to-People Ties: Italy hosts the second-largest Indian diaspora in Europe, fostering robust cultural and educational exchanges. Bilateral initiatives like cultural festivals, educational partnerships, and the promotion of tourism strengthen people-to-people ties, enhancing mutual understanding and cooperation. Shared Security Challenges and Response: Both nations face common threats, including piracy, terrorism, and geopolitical instability in West Asia. Italy’s involvement in NATO’s Operation Sea Guardian and the European Union’s Atalanta mission aligns with India’s maritime security priorities, making it a reliable partner in tackling regional threats. Latest Data and Numbers: Italy’s investment in Africa: €5.5 billion under the Mattei Plan. India-Italy bilateral trade: Over €9 billion (2023). Defence companies: Leonardo and Fincantieri ranked among the top 50 global arms producers. Conclusion: Italy’s strategic importance for India lies in its role as a maritime and defence partner, a key player in EU-led security initiatives, and a bridge to African and European markets. Strengthening bilateral ties through defence cooperation, joint projects in Africa, and enhancing digital connectivity will benefit both nations. As the Indo-Mediterranean becomes a focal point of global geopolitics, a strong India-Italy partnership is crucial for regional stability and economic growth. A comprehensive India-Italy partnership will not only secure mutual strategic interests but also provide a blueprint for broader Indo-European collaboration in a multipolar world. An Obsession with Rankings is Harming India’s Universities Context: The increasing focus on global and national rankings has negatively impacted the core purpose of Indian universities, shifting attention from holistic education and research to metrics-driven outputs. With the rise of global ranking agencies and India’s National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF), universities prioritize boosting research publications, citations, and quantifiable metrics at the expense of teaching quality and student mentorship. This trend undermines the multidimensional nature of higher education, transforming universities into institutions driven by superficial numbers rather than meaningful contributions to society. Relevance: General Studies Paper 2 (Education and Governance) Mains Question: Critically evaluate the impact of global and national ranking systems on the functioning of Indian universities. How can these institutions balance quality education, research, and societal contributions? (250 words) Current Scenario and Focus on Rankings: The obsession with global and national rankings has led universities to pursue metrics like research output, citations, and faculty publications. These rankings are based on narrow parameters that emphasize research quantity over quality and overlook critical aspects like teaching excellence, student support, and community engagement. Distorted Priorities in Academia: The drive for higher ranks compels universities to focus disproportionately on research, leading to a decline in the quality of teaching and mentoring. Academic positions and promotions are increasingly tied to research metrics, side-lining teachers who prioritize student development and pedagogical innovation. The Impact on Teaching and Mentoring: Faculty members are evaluated based on the number of papers published and the impact factor of journals, rather than their effectiveness in teaching or mentoring students. This has created a skewed incentive structure that rewards faculty for research productivity at the expense of teaching, leading to an erosion of the core purpose of a university — to educate and nurture critical thinking. Neglect of Broader Educational Goals: The ranking-focused approach fails to capture the true value of education, which includes fostering creativity, nurturing holistic development, and preparing students for real-world challenges. Universities become research factories, losing sight of their role as institutions that produce responsible and engaged citizens. Unintended Consequences: The pressure to perform well in rankings has led to unethical practices such as data manipulation, plagiarism, and superficial changes aimed at boosting scores rather than genuine improvements. This has created a toxic environment where quantity is valued over quality, and educational outcomes suffer. Need for a Balanced Approach: Universities should aim for a balanced approach that values teaching, research, and societal impact equally. Introducing separate career tracks for research and teaching could help recognize the contributions of both types of faculty. Additionally, ranking frameworks should be restructured to include qualitative measures such as student satisfaction, alumni success, and community engagement. Global Examples and Best Practices: Countries like Finland and Germany emphasize teaching quality and student outcomes alongside research, creating a balanced academic environment. India can learn from these models to reform its ranking parameters and focus on educational quality rather than numerical scores. Latest Data and Numbers: NIRF Parameters: Research and Professional Practice account for 30% of the NIRF score. Research Output Metrics: Indian universities published over 1.5 lakh research papers in 2023, but many lacked real-world applications. Conclusion: The obsession with rankings has skewed the priorities of Indian universities, compromising the quality of education and research. To create a truly world-class education system, Indian universities must adopt a holistic approach that values teaching, research, and social impact equally. Reforming ranking frameworks and introducing policies that recognize diverse academic contributions will be essential to achieving this goal. Building a balanced academic environment will require shifting from a narrow metrics-focused approach to one that values the true essence of education: nurturing inquisitive minds and contributing to society.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 04 October 2024

CONTENTS Caste-Based Segregation in India’s Manual Scavenging Workforce Inclusion of Ladakh in the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution Modified Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (PKC-ERCP) Regulatory Oversight in India’s Food Service Sector Annular Solar Eclipse National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans Tracker Caste-Based Segregation in India’s Manual Scavenging Workforce Context: Recent data from the NAMASTE scheme involving over 3,000 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) shows that 92% of the 38,000 workers engaged in manual scavenging and hazardous cleaning tasks in India’s cities are from Scheduled Caste (SC), Scheduled Tribe (ST), and Other Backward Class (OBC) communities. This significant statistic not only underscores the prevalence of caste-based occupational segregation but also highlights the ongoing risks and challenges faced by these communities in such dangerous professions Relevance: GS II- Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: NAMASTE Scheme NAMASTE Initiative’s Key Outcomes Manual Scavenging in India Existing provisions regarding Manual Labour NAMASTE Scheme Namaste is a Central Sector Scheme of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE) as a joint initiative of the MoSJE and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA). NAMASTE envisages safety and dignity of sanitation workers in urban India by creating an enabling ecosystem that recognizes sanitation workers as one of the key contributors in operations and maintenance of sanitation infrastructure thereby providing sustainable livelihood and enhancing their occupational safety through capacity building and improved access to safety gear and machines. Ensure safety and dignity of sanitation workers in urban India and providing sustainable livelihood and enhancing their occupational safety through capacity building and improved access to safety gear and machines. NAMASTE would also aim at providing access to alternative livelihoods support  and entitlements to reduce the vulnerabilities of sanitation workers and enable them to access self-employment and skilled wage employment opportunities and break the intergenerationality in sanitation work. In addition, NAMASTE would bring about a behavior change amongst citizens towards sanitation workers and enhance demand for safe sanitation services. Five hundred cities (converging with AMRUT cities) will be taken up under this phase of NAMASTE. The list of cities will be notified at an appropriate time. The category of cities that will be eligible are given below: All Cities and Towns with a population of over one lakh with notified Municipalities, including Cantonment Boards (Civilian areas), All Capital Cities/Towns of States/ Union Territories (UTs), not covered in 4(i), Ten Cities from hill states, islands and tourist destinations (not more than one from each State). NAMASTE Initiative’s Key Outcomes: Zero Fatalities: Achieving no deaths during sanitation work across India. Skilled Workforce: Ensuring all sanitation tasks are handled by properly trained workers. Safety Measures: Eliminating direct contact between sanitation workers and human waste. Empowerment of Workers: Organizing sanitation workers into Self-Help Groups (SHGs), equipping them to manage their own sanitation enterprises. Alternative Livelihoods: Providing sewer and septic tank sanitation workers with access to different livelihood options. Enhanced Oversight: Strengthening monitoring and supervisory systems across national, state, and local urban bodies to ensure the enforcement of safe sanitation practices. Awareness Building: Promoting increased awareness among sanitation service users, encouraging them to engage certified and skilled sanitation workers. Manual Scavenging in India Manual scavenging is defined as “the removal of human excrement from public streets and dry latrines, cleaning septic tanks, gutters and sewers”. In 1993, India banned the employment of people as manual scavengers (The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993), however, the stigma and discrimination associated with it still linger on. In 2013, the definition of manual scavengers was also broadened to include people employed to clean septic tanks, ditches, or railway tracks. The Act recognizes manual scavenging as a “dehumanizing practice,” and cites a need to “correct the historical injustice and indignity suffered by the manual scavengers.” Prevalence of Manual Scavenging in India As per the National Commission for Safai Karamcharis (NCSK), a total of 631 people have died in the country while cleaning sewers and septic tanks in the last 10 years. 2019 saw the highest number of manual scavenging deaths in the past five years. 110 workers were killed while cleaning sewers and septic tanks. This is a 61% increase as compared to 2018, which saw 68 cases of such similar deaths. Despite the introduction of several mechanised systems for sewage cleaning, human intervention in the process still continues. As per data collected in 2018, 29,923 people are engaged in manual scavenging in Uttar Pradesh, making it the highest in any State in India. Why is manual scavenging still a concern after so many years? A number of independent surveys have talked about the continued reluctance on the part of state governments to admit that the practice prevails under their watch. Many times, local bodies outsource sewer cleaning tasks to private contractors. However, many of them fly-by-night operators, do not maintain proper rolls of sanitation workers. In case after case of workers being asphyxiated to death, these contractors have denied any association with the deceased. The practice is also driven by caste, class and income divides. It is linked to India’s caste system where so-called lower castes are expected to perform this job. It is linked to India’s caste system where so-called lower castes are expected to perform this job. Existing provisions regarding Manual Labour Prevention of Atrocities Act: In 1989, the Prevention of Atrocities Act became an integrated guard for sanitation workers; more than 90% people employed as manual scavengers belonged to the Scheduled Caste. This became an important landmark to free manual scavengers from designated traditional occupations. The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013: Superseding the 1993 Act, the 2013 Act goes beyond prohibitions on dry latrines, and outlaws all manual excrement cleaning of insanitary latrines, open drains, or pits. Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees ‘Right to Life’ and that also with dignity. This right is available to both citizens and non-citizens. -Source: The Hindu Inclusion of Ladakh in the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution Context: Climate activist Sonam Wangchuk was detained on the Delhi border on Monday night while leading a protest. The demonstration aimed to petition the Central government for the inclusion of Ladakh in the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, along with other autonomy-related demands for the region. Similar autonomy demands have also been voiced in Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur, highlighting a broader discourse on constitutional provisions and special rights for various ethnic groups within India. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Asymmetrical Federalism in India Historical Context of the Fifth and Sixth Schedules Special Provisions for Northeastern States: Need for Further Reforms Asymmetrical Federalism in India Asymmetrical Federalism refers to granting some states/areas more autonomy compared to others. Unlike classical federalism (e.g., the U.S. or Australia), where all states enjoy equal powers, certain Indian states have special provisions under the Constitution. These special regions have more autonomy and constitutional privileges. Historical Context of the Fifth and Sixth Schedules Tribal Autonomy: Before British rule, tribal communities governed their own lands and customs. British Impact: The British introduced forest laws and restricted tribal movements, affecting tribal rights and lands. Led to tribal revolts, such as: Kol rebellion (1831-32) Santhal revolt (1855-56) Munda Rebellion (1899-1900) Bastar rebellion (1910) British Policy of Isolation: Introduced excluded and partially excluded areas under the Government of India Act, 1935. In excluded areas (mainly northeastern hilly regions), governors held legislative authority. Partially excluded areas (tribal areas in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, etc.) had legislative powers but with modifications/exceptions as decided by governors. Fifth Schedule: “Scheduled Areas” The Fifth Schedule focuses on “scheduled areas” in India, which are areas with high tribal populations, economic backwardness, and administrative feasibility. These areas are declared by the President and currently exist in 10 states. Tribes Advisory Councils (TACs) are established in these regions to ensure the welfare of Scheduled Tribes (STs). These councils consist of up to 20 members, with three-fourths being tribal MLAs. Governors have the authority to regulate land transfers, manage business activities, and oversee specific acts of Parliament or State legislatures in these areas. Sixth Schedule: “Tribal Areas” The Sixth Schedule applies to “tribal areas” in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura. There are currently 10 tribal areas across these states, governed by Autonomous District Councils (ADCs), which consist of 30 members. These councils can enact laws related to land management, property, marriage, divorce, and customs, subject to the approval of the Governor. Additionally, ADCs can manage essential services such as schools, healthcare, and infrastructure, and have the authority to collect land revenue and grant licenses for mining and other economic activities. They also have judicial powers, overseeing disputes involving STs within the region. Comparing Fifth and Sixth Schedules While both the Fifth and Sixth Schedules aim to protect the rights and interests of Scheduled Tribes, the Sixth Schedule provides greater autonomy to tribal areas through the establishment of ADCs, which enjoy more executive, legislative, judicial, and financial powers. Both schedules, however, work to ensure the integration of tribal communities with the rest of the country while safeguarding their unique cultural identity. Special Provisions for Northeastern States: Part XXI of the Constitution includes specific provisions for northeastern states such as Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Sikkim, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh under Articles 371A to 371H. Article 371A (Nagaland) and 371G (Mizoram) safeguard local customary laws and practices. Article 371B (Assam) and 371C (Manipur) mandate committees of MLAs from Tribal Areas and Hill Areas. Article 371F (Sikkim) and 371H (Arunachal Pradesh) outline the responsibilities of the Governors for ensuring development and law and order. Need for Further Reforms: Limited Autonomy in Practice: Despite constitutional provisions, the autonomy granted to Fifth and Sixth Schedule areas is more symbolic than practical. Regulations by Governors and Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) are subject to central and state approval, limiting their real autonomy. Unnotified ST Areas: Many Scheduled Tribe (ST) habitations across the country, especially in non-notified areas, lack constitutional protections. These areas need to be officially notified as scheduled areas to provide full rights and protections. 125th Constitutional Amendment Bill (2019): This bill, currently pending in the Rajya Sabha, seeks to grant more financial, executive, and administrative powers to the existing 10 ADCs. The Union Government has formed a committee to address the concerns delaying the bill’s passage, and its resolution is crucial for stakeholders. Inclusion of Hill Areas: Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur have passed resolutions to include their Hill Areas in the Sixth Schedule, reflecting a broader demand for increased autonomy. There is a growing demand to include Ladakh under the Sixth Schedule to protect tribal interests in the region. Forest Rights: The implementation of the Forest Rights Act (2006), which recognizes the forest rights of tribals, needs to be extended to Fifth and Sixth Schedule areas to ensure complete protection of indigenous rights. -Source: The Hindu Modified Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (PKC-ERCP) Context: A significant Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has been signed between the states of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh for the implementation of the Modified Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (PKC-ERCP). This river link project forms a part of India’s ambitious National Perspective Plan (NPP), which aims to interlink various rivers to enhance water availability across diverse regions. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Overview of the Modified PKC-ERCP Project Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP) Interlinking of Rivers Importance of River Interlinking Projects Challenges and Concerns Overview of the Modified PKC-ERCP Project: The Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal (PKC) initiative is a river-linking project aimed at diverting surplus water from the Parbati, Newaj, and Kalisindh rivers to the Chambal River. This project is a part of India’s National Perspective Plan (1980), crafted by the Central Water Commission in collaboration with the Union Ministry of Irrigation. It targets optimizing water use in the Chambal basin, benefiting regions in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, primarily for domestic and industrial needs. Rivers Included in the Project: Chambal River: Originates from Singar Chouri Peak in the Vindhya Mountains (Indore, Madhya Pradesh). Major tributaries include the Banas, Kali Sindh, Sipra, and Parbati rivers. Parvati River: Begins in the Vindhya Range in Sehore District, Madhya Pradesh. Lacks significant tributaries. Kali Sindh River: Starts in Bagli, Dewas District of Madhya Pradesh. Important tributaries are Parwan, Newaj, and Ahu rivers. Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP): The ERCP, proposed by the Rajasthan government in 2019, aims to improve water resource management by facilitating intra-basin water transfers within the Chambal Basin. The project’s objective is to utilize surplus monsoon water from the Kalisindh, Parvati, Mej, and Chakan sub-basins, redirecting it to areas with water shortages, such as the Banas, Gambhiri, Banganga, and Parbati sub-basins. This water will serve 13 districts in eastern Rajasthan, including Alwar, Bharatpur, Sawai Madhopur, and Jaipur. Benefits of the ERCP: The ERCP is anticipated to increase irrigation coverage by 4.31 lakh hectares and create an additional command area of 2 lakh hectares. This project will contribute to improving groundwater levels in Rajasthan, thus enhancing socio-economic conditions in rural areas. It is also designed to support industrial growth, particularly the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC), by ensuring sustainable water sources. Integration of PKC and ERCP: The Modified Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal ERCP is a merged project that combines the PKC link with the ERCP. This integrated approach tackles concerns such as water-sharing, fair distribution of costs and benefits, and the exchange of water between different states. Rationale for the Project: Rajasthan, despite being India’s largest state in terms of area (10.4% of the total landmass), holds only 1.16% of the country’s surface water and 1.72% of groundwater. The state’s water scarcity emphasizes the need for a comprehensive water management strategy, such as the PKC-ERCP, to ensure a sustainable water supply for both domestic and industrial purposes. Interlinking of Rivers In 1858, Arthur Cotton (British general and irrigation Engineer) came up with even more ambitious proposals such as connecting all major rivers of India, and interlinking of canals and rivers. He suggested drought-relief measures for Odisha. The National River Linking Project (NRLP) formally known as the National Perspective Plan, envisages the transfer of water from water ‘surplus’ basins where there is flooding, to water ‘deficit’ basins where there is drought/scarcity, through inter-basin water transfer projects. The interlinking of river project is a Civil Engineering project, which aims to connect Indian rivers through reservoirs and canals. The farmers will not have to depend on the monsoon for cultivation and also the excess or lack of water can be overcome during flood or drought. Since the 1980s, the interlinking project has been managed by India’s National Water Development Agency (NWDA) under the Ministry of Water Resources. It has been split into three parts as follows: A northern Himalayan river interlink component. A southern peninsular component. An Intra-State river linking component. Importance of River Interlinking Projects: Flood Control: These projects help manage and reduce the risks of flooding, particularly in regions prone to floods like the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin. Addressing Water Scarcity: They are instrumental in tackling water shortages in drought-affected areas of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. Boosting Agriculture: By improving irrigation in regions with water scarcity, these projects contribute to enhanced agricultural productivity, which could result in a significant increase in farmers’ incomes. Example: Ken-Betwa link project. Supporting Inland Waterways: The projects also enable the development of inland waterways, like National Waterway-1, promoting more efficient transport for goods. Water Resource Optimisation: A key goal is to make better use of surface water to prevent groundwater depletion and reduce the amount of freshwater that flows into the sea without being utilised. Challenges and Concerns: Impact on Biodiversity: Redirecting rivers can disturb natural habitats, leading to potential biodiversity loss and environmental changes. Example: The Ken-Betwa link project could submerge areas of the Panna Tiger Reserve, endangering the wildlife there. Social and Human Displacement: These projects often lead to the displacement of communities, bringing up major social and humanitarian issues. Financial and Technical Obstacles: High costs, coupled with technical challenges and issues related to land acquisition, make these projects difficult to implement effectively. Global Comparisons: China’s South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP), which aimed to transfer water from the Yangtze River to the Yellow River Basin, encountered many obstacles, serving as a warning for large-scale water diversion projects. Water Disputes: The limited availability of water resources can lead to disputes between states, as seen in the Krishna Water Dispute. Environmental and Social Consequences: There are concerns about the long-term sustainability of such projects, including the potential for worsening existing social and environmental problems. -Source: Times of India Regulatory Oversight in India’s Food Service Sector Context: The Uttar Pradesh government mandates that food establishments display the names of key personnel to ensure transparency. Meanwhile, a similar proposal in Himachal Pradesh was rejected by the state government. The Supreme Court has clarified that only authorities under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, are empowered to issue such directives, preventing police from overstepping their jurisdiction in enforcing these regulations. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Food Business Compliance Requirements in India State-Level Authority and FSSA Provisions Legal Controversies around Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand Directives Food Business Compliance Requirements in India Mandatory FSSAI Licensing: All businesses involved in food processing, distribution, sale, or import in India must register with the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), which was established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 (FSSA) to ensure food safety and standards compliance. Small-Scale Operators Registration: According to the FSSAI Licensing and Registration Rules, 2011, small food vendors, petty food manufacturers, hawkers, and stallholders must register with FSSAI. Upon approval, they receive a certificate and photo ID, which must be visibly displayed at their place of business, vehicle, or cart. License Requirement for Large-Scale Food Operators: Larger food enterprises must obtain an FSSAI license, which must also be prominently displayed within their premises. Display of Business Information: Both small and large food businesses are required to visibly display the owner’s identity and business location through their FSSAI license and photo ID, ensuring transparency. Penalties for Non-Compliance: Operating a food business without the appropriate FSSAI license, as per Section 63 of the FSSA, may result in imprisonment for up to six months and a fine of up to ₹5 lakh. FSSA Compliance Enforcement: Improvement Notices: In cases where a Food Business Operator (FBO) does not comply with regulations, an Improvement Notice may be issued. This document includes: Reasons for non-compliance. Required corrective measures. A deadline for compliance, typically 14 days. Consequences of Ignoring Notices: Failure to comply with the improvement notice could result in license suspension or cancellation. Fines for General Non-Compliance: For offenses where no specific penalty is mentioned, Section 58 allows for fines up to ₹2 lakh. Repeat Violations: FBOs found guilty of repeating offenses may face: Doubling of penalties. Daily fines of up to ₹1 lakh. Potential cancellation of their license, as per Section 64. State-Level Authority and FSSA Provisions State Governments’ Authority under the FSSA: Section 94(1) of the Food Safety and Standards Act (FSSA) empowers state governments to formulate rules, subject to the approval of both the Central Government and the Food Authority. This enables them to perform their designated roles under the Act. Specific Areas for Rule-Making: Section 94(2)(a): Allows states to establish rules regarding the additional roles of the Commissioner of Food Safety as outlined in Section 30(2)(f), where the Commissioner can be tasked with further duties as determined by the state government, in coordination with the Food Authority. Section 94(2)(c): States have the autonomy to create rules governing any other necessary regulations as deemed appropriate for food safety enforcement. Commissioner’s Role: The Commissioner of Food Safety, a state-appointed official under Section 30, is responsible for ensuring the effective implementation of food safety laws, with responsibilities including conducting surveys, training programs, and approving legal actions for violations. Approval of State-Made Rules: As stipulated by Section 94(3), rules formulated by state governments must be presented to the state legislature for approval at the earliest opportunity. Legal Controversies around Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand Directives Court Challenges: Directives issued by police in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand were brought before the Supreme Court for allegedly compelling individuals to disclose their caste and religious identities. Petitioners claimed that these directives breached Article 15(1) of the Constitution, which bars discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. Concerns Raised by Petitioners: Petitioners argued that the directives risked creating an economic boycott of Muslim minorities and infringed upon their rights to practice any profession, violating Article 19(1)(g). They also contended that the directives indirectly endorsed the banned practice of untouchability, contravening Article 17 of the Constitution. Government Defense: The Uttar Pradesh government defended the directives, emphasizing their intent to enhance food safety and public health by installing CCTV cameras in food establishments and conducting a statewide verification campaign. In light of numerous food adulteration incidents involving unsanitary materials, the government argued that the measures were necessary to safeguard public health. -Source: Indian Express Annular Solar Eclipse Context: An annular solar eclipse was visible in parts of South America on October 2 while a partial solar eclipse was visible in parts of South America, Antarctica, North America, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean. Relevance: GS-I Geography Dimensions of the Article: Solar eclipse Types of Solar Eclipse Significant observations during solar eclipses Solar eclipse A solar eclipse occurs when a portion of the Earth is covered in a shadow cast by the Moon which fully or partially blocks sunlight. This occurs when the Sun, Moon and Earth are aligned. Such alignment coincides with a new moon (syzygy) indicating the Moon is closest to the ecliptic plane. The Sun’s distance from Earth is about 400 times the Moon’s distance, and the Sun’s diameter is about 400 times the Moon’s diameter. Because these ratios are approximately the same, the Sun and the Moon as seen from Earth appear to be approximately the same size: about 0.5 degree of arc in angular measure. Types of Solar Eclipse Total Solar Eclipse: During a total solar eclipse, the Moon completely covers the Sun from view as seen from a specific location on Earth. The sky darkens significantly, and the Sun’s outer atmosphere, known as the solar corona, becomes visible as a bright halo around the obscured Sun. Total solar eclipses are rare and can only be observed from a limited geographic area along the eclipse’s path of totality. Partial Solar Eclipse: In a partial solar eclipse, the Moon partially covers the Sun, obscuring only a portion of the Sun’s disk. This type of eclipse is visible over a broader geographic region than a total eclipse since it occurs when the Moon partially passes in front of the Sun. Annular Solar Eclipse: An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon is near its apogee (farthest from Earth) in its elliptical orbit, causing it to appear smaller than the Sun. As a result, the Moon does not completely cover the Sun, and a ring of the Sun’s outer edge, known as the “ring of fire” or annulus, remains visible around the Moon. Annular eclipses create a unique and visually striking spectacle. Hybrid Solar Eclipse (Annular-Total Eclipse): A hybrid eclipse is a rare event where an eclipse appears as a total eclipse from some locations on Earth’s surface and as an annular eclipse from others. The type of eclipse experienced depends on the viewer’s location within the eclipse’s path. Why does the Solar Eclipse not occur during every new moon? If the Moon were in a perfectly circular orbit, a little closer to the Earth, and in the same orbital plane, there would be total solar eclipses every new moon. However, since the Moon’s orbit is tilted at more than 5 degrees to the Earth’s orbit around the Sun, its shadow usually misses Earth. What are the factors that affect the duration of the eclipse? The Moon being almost exactly at perigee (making its angular diameter as large as possible). The Earth being very near aphelion (furthest away from the Sun in its elliptical orbit, making its angular diameter nearly as small as possible). The midpoint of the eclipse being very close to the Earth’s equator, where the rotational velocity is greatest. The vector of the eclipse path at the midpoint of the eclipse aligning with the vector of the Earth’s rotation (i.e. not diagonal but due east). The midpoint of the eclipse being near the subsolar point (the part of the Earth closest to the Sun). Significant observations during solar eclipses A total solar eclipse provides a rare opportunity to observe the corona (the outer layer of the Sun’s atmosphere). Normally this is not visible because the photosphere is much brighter than the corona. Eclipses may cause the temperature to decrease by up to 3 °C. There is a long history of observations of gravity-related phenomena during solar eclipses, especially during the period of totality. Confirmation of Einstein’s theory: The observation of a total solar eclipse of 1919, helped to confirm Einstein’s theory of general relativity. By comparing the apparent distance between stars in the constellation Taurus, with and without the Sun between them, Arthur Eddington stated that the theoretical predictions about gravitational lenses were confirmed. Precautions to take while viewing Solar eclipse Looking directly at the photosphere of the Sun (the bright disk of the Sun itself), even for just a few seconds, can cause permanent damage to the retina of the eye, because of the intense visible and invisible radiation that the photosphere emits. This damage can result in impairment of vision, up to and including blindness. The retina has no sensitivity to pain, and the effects of retinal damage may not appear for hours, so there is no warning that injury is occurring. Under normal conditions, the Sun is so bright that it is difficult to stare at it directly, however, during an eclipse, with so much of the Sun covered, it is easier and more tempting to stare at it. Special eye protection or indirect viewing techniques are used when viewing a solar eclipse. It is safe to view only the total phase of a total solar eclipse with the unaided eye and without protection. -Source: The Hindu National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans Tracker Context: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans Tracker revealed that only 10% of nations fulfil their biodiversity commitments ahead of COP16. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans (NBSAP) Tracker Key Insights on Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans (NBSAP) Tracker: The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans (NBSAP) Tracker is a newly developed tool by the World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF). This tracker monitors the progress of various countries in developing their biodiversity plans to align with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF). Objective: The tool aims to promote transparency and accountability in biodiversity policies, ensuring these strategies are accessible to all stakeholders, particularly as nations prepare for COP16. NBSAPs serve as essential guidelines for countries to combat biodiversity loss, meet global targets, and mobilize necessary actions and funding to safeguard ecosystems. Key Insights on Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF): The framework was adopted during the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP15) in December 2022, under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity. Its primary goal is to facilitate the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs), building on earlier biodiversity strategies. The framework sets a long-term goal to ensure global harmony with nature by the year 2050. All participating countries are required to establish national targets based on the framework’s guidelines. Goals and Targets: The GBF sets out 23 targets for 2030 and 4 global goals for 2050, focusing on safeguarding biodiversity for both present and future generations. These targets cover: Reducing biodiversity threats Sustainable resource use and equitable benefit-sharing Implementation tools and mainstreaming solutions. -Source: Down To Earth

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 03 October 2024

CONTENTS National Mission for Clean Ganga Advances Conservation Efforts Cruise Bharat Mission National Mission for Clean Ganga Advances Conservation Efforts Context: In its 57th Executive Committee meeting, the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) approved several pivotal projects across various states, focusing on the conservation and cleanliness of the Ganga River. These initiatives are particularly geared towards supporting Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) activities planned for the upcoming Mahakumbh in 2025. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Key Projects Approved in the Meeting National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) Challenges Faced by NMCG Key Projects Approved in the Meeting: Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs): The EC has sanctioned STPs for Katihar and Supaul in Bihar, as well as Aligarh in Uttar Pradesh. These plants are intended to treat water by removing sewage and pollutants, ensuring it is safe to release into natural water bodies. Online Continuous Effluent Monitoring System (OCEMS): Part of the initiative includes the deployment of OCEMS for enhanced monitoring of STPs within the Ganga River Basin. Mahakumbh 2025 IEC Activities: A project aimed at promoting cleanliness and public awareness during the Mahakumbh 2025 has been approved. This project focuses on Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) activities, such as decorating the event area through the ‘Paint My City’ initiative and mural art. Pollution Inventory, Assessment, and Surveillance (PIAS) Project: Manpower restructuring was approved to improve the effectiveness of this project, which is overseen by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and focuses on industrial pollution monitoring. Smart Laboratory for Clean River (SLCR) Project: Key components were approved to accelerate the rejuvenation of small rivers across the nation. Freshwater Turtle and Gharial Conservation Program: Approval was given for the conservation breeding program for freshwater turtles and gharials at the Kukrail Gharial Rehabilitation Center in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG): The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) is a significant initiative aimed at the rejuvenation and cleanliness of the Ganga River, one of India’s most important and sacred rivers. Here are the key details about NMCG: Formation and Legal Status: NMCG was officially registered as a society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860, on August 12, 2011. Initially, it functioned as the implementation body of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), which was established under the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act (EPA), 1986. In 2016, NGRBA was dissolved and replaced by the National Council for Rejuvenation, Protection, and Management of River Ganga. Objective: The primary objective of NMCG is to combat pollution and facilitate the restoration of the Ganga River to its pristine state. The “Namami Gange” program is a flagship initiative of NMCG, aimed at the comprehensive cleaning and restoration of the Ganga. Achieving this objective involves promoting intersectoral coordination, comprehensive planning and management, and maintaining a minimum ecological flow in the river to ensure water quality and environmentally sustainable development. Organizational Structure: The Act envisages a five-tier structure at the national, state, and district levels to take measures for prevention, control, and abatement of environmental pollution in river Ganga as below: National Ganga Council: Chaired by the Prime Minister of India, it serves as the highest-level decision-making body. Empowered Task Force (ETF): Headed by the Union Minister of Jal Shakti (Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation), ETF plays a crucial role in the mission’s execution. National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) State Ganga Committees: These committees operate at the state level, contributing to pollution control and river management efforts. District Ganga Committees: Operational at the district level, these committees play a role in managing pollution and river conservation efforts within their respective districts, particularly those adjoining the Ganga River and its tributaries. Challenges Faced by NMCG The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) faces several challenges in its efforts to rejuvenate and clean the Ganga River: Delayed Commissioning of Treatment Plants: The commissioning of sewage treatment plants has been delayed due to issues with land acquisition, which has hindered the timely execution of projects. Revisions in Detailed Project Reports: Many projects have required revisions in their Detailed Project Reports, which outline project execution steps and agency roles, causing delays and administrative challenges. Misconception Regarding Responsibilities: State governments have sometimes assumed that building treatment plants is solely the responsibility of the central government, leading to coordination challenges. Waste Management at the Source: Effective waste management, particularly the segregation and recycling of municipal solid waste (MSW), is most efficient when handled at the source. Implementing this approach has been challenging. Volunteer Cadre Implementation: Plans to create a cadre of volunteers at the village and town levels to monitor water quality and support local bodies have faced challenges in effective implementation. Funding Allocation: While NMCG is a ₹20,000 crore mission, in-principle approval has been given for projects worth ₹37,396 crore, with only ₹14,745 crore released to states for infrastructure work as of June 2023, indicating challenges in fund allocation. Municipal Solid Waste Management: The mission has faced criticism for not adequately addressing the issue of municipal solid waste entering the Ganga. Many towns and cities along the river lack proper waste treatment infrastructure, allowing untreated waste to enter the river. Limited Sewerage Network: A substantial portion of India’s urban population resides outside sewerage networks, leading to a significant amount of waste not reaching sewage treatment plants (STPs). Improper Waste Disposal: Studies have revealed that rubbish heaps are commonly found near ghats in numerous towns along the river, indicating improper waste disposal practices that threaten the cleanliness of the Ganga. Cruise Bharat Mission Context: Recently, the Union Minister of Ports, Shipping & Waterways (MoPSW) launched the ‘Cruise Bharat Mission’ from the Mumbai port. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and interventions Cruise Bharat Mission Overview: Objective: The Cruise Bharat Mission aims to tap into the vast potential of India’s cruise tourism sector, with the goal of doubling the cruise passenger traffic by 2029. Nodal Ministry: The Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways will be the nodal ministry overseeing the project. Implementation Phases: Phase 1 (01.10.2024 – 30.09.2025): This phase will focus on research, master planning, and establishing cruise partnerships with neighboring countries. It will also work on modernizing existing cruise terminals, marinas, and destinations. Phase 2 (01.10.2025 – 31.03.2027): In this phase, the emphasis will shift to developing new cruise terminals, marinas, and high-potential destinations for enhancing cruise circuits. Phase 3 (01.04.2027 – 31.03.2029): The final phase will integrate all cruise circuits across the Indian Subcontinent, highlighting the cruise ecosystem’s maturity while continuing with the development of new infrastructure. Strategic Pillars: Sustainable Infrastructure & Capital: This focuses on developing modern infrastructure, including cruise terminals, marinas, and water aerodromes. It emphasizes decarbonization efforts, such as shore power and digitalization through facial recognition systems. It also includes the creation of a National Cruise Infrastructure Masterplan 2047 and setting up a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) under the Indian Ports Association (IPA). Operations and Technology-Enabled Systems: This will streamline operations, improve digital clearance systems, and facilitate e-visa systems to ensure smooth boarding and disembarkation. Cruise Promotion & Circuit Integration: This focuses on promoting international investments and marketing, linking cruise circuits, and organizing events like the “Cruise India Summit” while creating alliances with neighboring countries. Regulatory, Fiscal & Financial Policies: The mission will develop customized fiscal and financial policies, focusing on tax policies, cruise regulations, and launching a National Cruise Tourism Policy. Capacity Building & Economic Research: This will establish skill-building initiatives and create a Centre of Excellence for cruise-related economic research. It will also set National Occupational Standards to promote youth employment

Facebook Instagram YouTube LinkedIn TelegramGroup Website TelegramChat
Terms and Conditions Privacy Refund Policy Learning Management System by Testpress