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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 September 2025

Content The hard truth about out-of-pocket health expenditure How does SC’s order affect Waqf law? EU–India partnership set for upgrade Sarnath Heritage Plaque Revision and UNESCO Nomination World Ozone Day: Earth’s protective layer on track to return to 1980s levels by mid-century, says WMO The hard truth about out-of-pocket health expenditure Context Definition: OOPE refers to direct payments made by households at the point of receiving healthcare services, excluding any insurance or government reimbursements. Issue: India’s out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) is the main mode of health financing → pushing families into poverty. NHA (National Health Accounts) reports show a decline in OOPE share (from 64% in 2013-14 → 39% in 2021-22). Criticism: The decline may be statistical, not real, due to survey limitations, under-reporting, and extrapolation. Why in news: Scholars compared NHA with CMIE, CES 2022-23, LASI, NIA data → found contradictions. Relevance GS2: Health as a social justice issue, rights-based approach, federalism (Centre-State role in health). GS3: Human capital, poverty alleviation, economic burden of healthcare, inflation. GS1: Social inequalities in healthcare access. Key Facts & Data NHA estimates: OOPE = 64% (2013-14) → 49% (2017-18) → 39% (2021-22). CES 2022-23: OOPE share in household consumption rose: Rural: 5.5% → 5.9% Urban: 6.9% → 7.1% LASI data: Higher hospitalisation by elderly than NSS suggests. CMIE-CPHS: Showed a V-shaped OOPE trend during COVID (steep rise + fall), absent in NHA. NIA estimates: Household spending on health in GDP shows steady increase, contradicting NHA’s decline. Implications (a) Polity & Governance Raises questions on data reliability for policymaking. Misleading statistics may allow governments to claim false progress in reducing healthcare burden. (b) Economy Health-care inflation: Higher household budget share going to health. Increased borrowing/sale of assets for treatment → poverty trap. (c) Society OOPE → catastrophic health expenditure. Women and children bear disproportionate burden (extra work, dropping out of school, reduced nutrition). Inequity: Poor often forgo care due to inability to pay. (d) Pandemic Lessons NHA failed to capture COVID-19 distress → highlights gaps in real-time monitoring. Critical Analysis Core Message of Article: The decline in OOPE shown by NHA is likely misleading, driven by flawed reliance on a single NSS round. Counter-arguments: Government schemes like PM-JAY, free drugs initiatives, Health & Wellness Centres may have actually reduced OOPE. But benefits may be uneven (urban vs rural, public vs private sector). Ethical & Political Dilemmas: Using selective statistics for political narratives undermines trust. Need balance between showcasing progress and acknowledging gaps. Conclusion OOPE in India remains high and inequitable despite reported statistical declines, perpetuating poverty and health inequality. Strengthening public health schemes and improving real-time data collection are essential to protect vulnerable populations. How does SC’s order affect Waqf law? Basics Waqf: Permanent dedication of property by a Muslim for religious/charitable use under Islamic law. Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025: Amended Waqf Act, 1995. Claimed aim: transparency & accountability. Petitioners’ claim: Violates Articles 26 & 30 (minority rights to manage religious affairs & institutions). SC (15 Sept 2025): Did not strike down Act entirely, but stayed contentious provisions pending final hearing. Relevance GS2 (Governance & Polity): Minority rights (Articles 25, 26, 30), federalism (Centre-State powers in religious institutions), judicial oversight, secularism, separation of powers. GS1 (Social Issues): Religious autonomy, community self-governance, social harmony, minority alienation risk, impact on conversions and freedom of conscience. SC’s Interim Directions Stayed provisions: District Collectors’ unilateral power to decide ownership of waqf property. Five-year practising Islam requirement for creating waqf. Excessive non-Muslim representation on Waqf Boards & Council. Allowed provisions: Abolition of waqf by user doctrine. Mandatory central registration of waqf property. Application of Limitation Act, 1963 to waqf land claims. Broader Implications for Minority Rights (a) Positive Safeguards (Judicial Protection) Protects community autonomy from executive overreach. Reinforces separation of powers → property disputes remain with judiciary/tribunals, not district officials. Places limits on State interference in religious institutions under Article 26. (b) Areas of Concern (Potential Restrictions) Five-year Islam practice clause (though suspended temporarily) could: Create state policing of faith & religiosity. Restrict new converts’ rights → affecting freedom of conscience (Article 25). Limiting “waqf by user” weakens community’s traditional practices, reducing scope of minority-controlled endowments. Allowing non-Muslim representation, though capped, raises tension with Article 30 rights (exclusive minority management). (c) Larger Constitutional Themes Minority rights vs State regulation: Balancing autonomy with transparency. Federalism & secularism: Executive dominance in religious endowments risks tilting towards majoritarian oversight. Judicial minimalism: SC chose interim balance, not final confrontation. Overview Polity & Governance: Shows how State control of minority institutions can erode trust in secularism. Opens debate on whether uniform accountability norms should apply to all religious endowments (temples, gurudwaras, mutts). Minority Rights : Direct link to Articles 25, 26, 30. Precedents: Azeez Basha vs Union of India (1968) (AMU not a minority institution), TMA Pai (2002) (scope of minority rights). Social Harmony: Any perception of excessive State interference can fuel minority alienation. May also create a template for State intervention in other religious endowments. Legal-Philosophical: Tests the line between secular regulation (accountability, transparency) and religious autonomy (self-governance). Way Forward Need for parity in regulation of all religious trusts/endowments (not just waqf). Frame clear, secular procedures for property verification — not dependent on subjective religiosity tests. Balance transparency & accountability with constitutional guarantees of minority self-management. Final SC judgment will be a landmark precedent for defining minority rights under Articles 26 & 30. EU-India partnership set for upgrade Context Event: The European Commission and EU High Representative Kaja Kallas unveiled “A New Strategic EU–India Agenda” in Brussels. Trigger: EU seeks to deepen ties with India (trade, technology, defence, climate), while expressing concerns over India’s military exercises with Russia and oil imports from Moscow. Background: India–EU relations involve: Ongoing FTA negotiations (14th round in October 2025). Shared interest in rules-based international order. Challenges: Russia–Ukraine war, India’s tariffs, regulatory barriers, India’s China policy. Relevance GS2 (IR/Polity): India–EU partnership, multilateralism, strategic autonomy. GS3 (Economy): FTA negotiations, non-tariff barriers, trade diversification. GS1 (Society): Social impact of liberalized trade on farmers & SMEs. Key Facts & Data Strategic Agenda Scope: Trade, tech, security, defence, climate. EU Position: India = “crucial partner” but oil imports & Russia military exercises remain issues. FTA Negotiations: 14th round scheduled (Oct 6–10, 2025); aim → conclude by early 2026. Trade Growth: India–EU trade ↑ 90% in the last decade. Barriers Highlighted: Indian agricultural tariffs, non-tariff barriers like Qualitative Control Orders (QCOs). EU Strategy Phrase: “Nothing is agreed until everything is agreed.” Geopolitical Context: EU balancing ties with India to prevent its tilt towards Russia/China. Bilateral Trade Overview Trade Volume: In 2024, trade in goods between the EU and India reached €120 billion, accounting for 11.5% of India’s total trade. The EU is India’s second-largest trading partner, while India ranks as the EU’s 9th largest trading partner. Trade Growth: Over the past decade, EU–India trade in goods has increased by nearly 90%. Trade Balance: In 2024, the EU recorded a trade surplus of €147 billion in goods, with India being a significant contributor to this surplus. Significance / Implications a.Polity & Governance EU recognition of India as a global partner strengthens India’s multilateral standing. Potential agreement on classified information → deeper defence cooperation. Could elevate India–EU ties to a level comparable with India–US and India–Japan partnerships. b.Economy FTA could expand India’s export access to EU (largest trading bloc globally). Addressing tariff/non-tariff barriers → key for market entry of Indian goods. India’s reputation as a “tough negotiator” may prolong timelines but also ensures strategic bargaining power. c.Society Enhanced climate and tech cooperation → scope for joint work on clean energy, AI, digital governance. Trade liberalization → implications for Indian farmers & domestic industries (sensitive tariff sectors). d.Geopolitics / Security EU wary of India’s Russia ties → oil imports, military exercises (Zapad-2025). EU wants India as a rules-based order partner in Indo-Pacific & Ukraine crisis context. EU sees engagement with India as a way to prevent strategic void filled by China/Russia. Critical Analysis Core Message: EU is pushing for a comprehensive partnership with India but is cautious about India’s Russia links. Counter-Arguments / Missing Dimensions: EU itself remains dependent on external energy & trade with authoritarian regimes (double standards argument). India’s Russia oil imports are framed as economic necessity, not geopolitical alignment. EU has not addressed Indian concerns over visa barriers, services trade, and agricultural subsidies. Ethical/Political Dilemmas: Balancing “strategic autonomy” vs. “rules-based order alignment” → India resists being pressured into Western geopolitical positions. Conclusion India’s strategic partnership with the EU is set to deepen in trade, technology, defence, and climate cooperation. Successful engagement requires balancing strategic autonomy with EU concerns on Russia ties and aligning economic and geopolitical interests. Sarnath Heritage Plaque Revision and UNESCO Nomination Context What happened? The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) will install a new plaque at Sarnath crediting Raja Jagat Singh (a local ruler) instead of the British for preserving the holy Buddhist site. Why in news? This is part of India’s proposal to list Sarnath on the UNESCO World Heritage Site list (2025–26 cycle). Background: Sarnath, ~10 km from Varanasi, is where Buddha gave his first sermon in 528 BCE. Ashoka built stupas/monasteries here. Later sacked (12th century). Rediscovered during colonial excavations (18th–19th century). Relevance GS1: Indian culture – Buddhist heritage, architecture, historical sites. GS3: Tourism economy, sustainable heritage management. Key Facts & Data ASI change: Corrected attribution → Raja Jagat Singh, not British archaeologists. Ashoka (268–232 BCE): Built pillars/stupas; Lion Capital at Sarnath became India’s National Emblem. Destruction: 12th century sack; major decline after invasions (cited: Qutb-ud-din Aibek’s forces). Rediscovery: 1799 Jonathan Duncan; 1836 Cunningham excavations; 1904–05 F.O. Oertel systematic excavation. Findings: 476 architectural and sculptural relics + 41 inscriptions in one season (Oertel). UNESCO Nomination: Tentative list, 27-year wait for inscription. Raja Jagat Singh Identity: Raja Jagat Singh, also called Babu Jagat Singh, was a prominent 18th-century figure in Banaras (Varanasi), holding administrative control (tahud) over parganas including Shivpur, which encompassed Sarnath. Historical Role: In 1793–94, he initiated excavations at the Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath, primarily to obtain building materials for a market in Banaras named after him. Discoveries: During the excavations, he uncovered a relic casket containing bones, pearls, and gold leaves, which were later discarded into the Ganges. Legacy: The stupa became locally known as the “Jagat Singh Stupa” due to his involvement. Misrepresentation: Over time, colonial and later narratives misrepresented him as a vandal, overshadowing his role in preserving and highlighting Sarnath’s archaeological significance. Modern Recognition: Recent research and efforts by the Jagat Singh Raj Pariwar Shodh Samiti clarified his contributions. The ASI installed a corrected plaque at the Dhamek Stupa crediting him, aligning with India’s 2025–26 UNESCO World Heritage nomination for Sarnath. Significance: His actions helped bring Sarnath’s Buddhist heritage to broader attention, supporting heritage preservation and cultural diplomacy. Sarnath Heritage Site Historical Significance: Site of Buddha’s first sermon (528 BCE) → Birthplace of the “Dharmachakra” (Wheel of Dharma) → foundational to Buddhist philosophy. Ashokan Contributions: Ashoka (268–232 BCE) built stupas, monasteries, and the iconic Ashokan Pillar → Lion Capital later became India’s National Emblem. Medieval Decline: Sacked in the 12th century by Qutb-ud-din Aibak’s forces → led to centuries of neglect and decline. Colonial Rediscovery: Excavations by Jonathan Duncan (1799), Alexander Cunningham (1836), F.O. Oertel (1904–05) → recovered 476 architectural/sculptural relics + 41 inscriptions in one season. Archaeological Value: Contains stupas, monasteries, inscriptions, pillars, and relic caskets → provides insights into Mauryan, Gupta, and later periods. Cultural & Religious Importance: A major Buddhist pilgrimage site → promotes global Buddhist tourism and interfaith cultural understanding. UNESCO Nomination: Listed in India’s tentative list (2025–26) → potential World Heritage Site → global recognition, tourism boost, and conservation impetus. Significance / Implications Polity & Governance: National heritage recognition → assertion of indigenous credit (Raja Jagat Singh) instead of colonial narrative. Strengthens India’s cultural diplomacy via UNESCO. Economy: Tourism boost if UNESCO tag granted; global recognition of Buddhist circuit. Society: Strengthens Buddhist identity and heritage preservation. Corrects colonial historiography; promotes local ownership of history. Global/IR: Soft power through Buddhist heritage diplomacy (esp. with SE Asia, East Asia). Critical Analysis Core Message: Highlights transition from colonial credit to indigenous recognition; emphasis on historical continuity and rediscovery. Counter-Arguments / Missing Dimensions: No discussion on present challenges of conservation (pollution, urban encroachment, mass tourism). Ignores role of Buddhist communities in contemporary preservation. Lacks detail on UNESCO evaluation criteria (authenticity, integrity, management). Ethical/Political Dilemma: Rewriting plaques to correct colonial legacy vs. risking political overtones in historical crediting. Conclusion Recognizing Raja Jagat Singh instead of colonial archaeologists asserts indigenous ownership and strengthens cultural diplomacy. UNESCO listing can boost tourism, preserve heritage, and promote sustainable management with community involvement. World Ozone Day: Earth’s protective layer on track to return to 1980s levels by mid-century, says WMO Context What happened: WMO released its Ozone Bulletin (Sept 16, 2025) stating that Earth’s ozone layer is on track to return to 1980 levels by mid-century. Why in news: Ozone hole over Antarctica in 2024 was smaller than in recent years, with delayed onset and faster recovery. Background: Vienna Convention (1985) → Framework for cooperation. Montreal Protocol (1987) → Landmark treaty phasing out ozone-depleting substances (ODS). Kigali Amendment (2016) → Phasing down HFCs, with climate co-benefits. Relevance GS2: Global governance, environmental treaties, multilateral institutions. GS3: Environment, ozone depletion, climate change mitigation, technology innovation. Key Facts & Data ODS phase-out: Montreal Protocol eliminated 99% of controlled ODS. Projected Recovery Timelines: Antarctica → 2066 Arctic → 2045 Rest of the world → 2040 Ozone hole 2024: Max mass deficit: 46.1 million tonnes (Sept 29, 2024). Smaller than 2020–23 holes, below 1990–2020 average. Health & Environment Benefits: Prevents skin cancer, cataracts, ecosystem damage. Kigali Amendment: Ratified by 164 parties, expected to prevent 0.5°C warming by 2100. Significance / Implications (a) Polity & Governance Case study in effective multilateralism → science-based policy, global cooperation, compliance mechanisms. Demonstrates how binding treaties + financial/technological support deliver results. (b) Economy Transition away from ODS spurred green innovation in refrigeration, air conditioning, foam, aerosols. HFC phase-down under Kigali → integrates climate mitigation with industry regulation. (c) Society & Health Reduced risks of skin cancer & cataracts. Protects agriculture and marine ecosystems from UV damage. (d) Environment & Climate Ozone recovery = resilience of Earth systems when stressors are reduced. Kigali adds climate co-benefit, showing overlap between ozone diplomacy and climate diplomacy. Critical Analysis Article’s core tone: Positive, celebratory of multilateral success. Counter-arguments / Missing Dimensions: Monitoring gaps: Need vigilance against illegal ODS production (e.g., CFC-11 emissions detected in 2018). Replacement chemicals: HFCs are non-ODS but strong GHGs, requiring parallel climate strategies. Equity concerns: Developing nations need technology transfer & finance for sustainable transitions. Ethical dimension: Global cooperation worked here → raises the question why climate change talks lag compared to ozone diplomacy. Conclusion Multilateral treaties like the Montreal Protocol and Kigali Amendment demonstrate effective science-driven global governance and environmental recovery. Lessons from ozone recovery highlight the importance of technology transfer, monitoring, and equitable global cooperation for broader climate challenges. Ozone Layer: Value Additions Function: Protects life on Earth by absorbing harmful UV-B radiation, reducing skin cancer, cataracts, and DNA damage. Montreal Protocol (1987): Landmark treaty that phased out ozone-depleting substances (CFCs, halons); considered a global environmental success story. Vienna Convention (1985): Framework for international cooperation on ozone protection. Kigali Amendment (2016): Phasing down HFCs (not ODS but potent greenhouse gases) → climate co-benefits, reduces global warming by ~0.5°C by 2100. Recovery Projections: Antarctica → 2066 Arctic → 2045 Rest of the world → 2040 Health & Environment Benefits: Lower UV exposure protects human health, agriculture, marine ecosystems, and biodiversity. Multilateral Diplomacy: Demonstrates effective science-based global governance; model for climate cooperation. Technology & Economy: Stimulated green innovation in refrigeration, air conditioning, and industrial processes. Monitoring & Challenges: Vigilance required against illegal ODS production; replacement chemicals (HFCs) need climate-conscious management. Equity & Ethics: Developing countries need technology transfer and finance for sustainable compliance; showcases global cooperation effectiveness.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 17 September 2025

Content PM Vishwakarma Scheme: Honouring Heritage, Powering Progress     Swasth Nari Sashakt Parivar Abhiyaan PM Vishwakarma Scheme: Honouring Heritage, Powering Progress     Basics Definition: PM Vishwakarma Scheme (launched 17 Sept 2023, on Vishwakarma Jayanti) aims to uplift traditional artisans and craftsmen engaged in 18 family-based trades. Financial Outlay: ₹13,000 crore (FY 2023–24 to FY 2027–28). Implementing Ministries: Ministry of MSME (nodal) Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE) Department of Financial Services (DFS), Ministry of Finance Institutional Mechanism: 497 District Project Management Units (DPMUs) covering 618 districts. Target Group: Artisans working with hands/tools in unorganised sector (carpenter, blacksmith, potter, cobbler, tailor, barber, mason, etc.). Relevance : GS II: Inclusive development (SC/ST/OBC, women, PwDs), governance via DPMUs, social mobility of traditional occupations. GS III: MSME formalisation, skill development, credit inclusion, exports & ODOP, Atmanirbhar Bharat push. GS I: Preservation of cultural heritage, guru-shishya parampara. Why in News ? As of August 31, 2025: 30 lakh artisans registered (achieving 5-year target in just 2 years). 26 lakh skill verifications completed, 86% completed basic training. 23 lakh+ toolkit e-vouchers issued worth ₹15,000 each. 4.7 lakh loans sanctioned worth ₹41,188 crore. Raajmistri (Mason) is the most registered trade. Key Features & Benefits Recognition: PM Vishwakarma Certificate + ID card. Skill Development: Stipend: ₹500/day during training. Toolkit manuals for standardisation. Toolkit Incentive: ₹15,000 e-voucher for modern tools. Credit Support (Enterprise Development Loan): 1st tranche: ₹1 lakh (18 months repayment). 2nd tranche: ₹2 lakh (30 months repayment). Interest: 5% (Govt. subvention 8%). Digital Incentive: Re.1 per transaction (up to 100/month). Marketing Support: Branding, fairs, exhibitions, e-commerce onboarding (GeM), quality certification. Inclusion: Women, SC/ST/OBC, PwDs, Transgenders, NER, Islands, Hilly areas. Achievements Registered artisans: 30 lakhs (vs. target 30 lakhs in 5 years → achieved in 2 years). Toolkit e-vouchers: 23 lakh+ issued → worth over ₹3,450 crore in tool support. Loans sanctioned: 4.7 lakh beneficiaries → ₹41,188 crore sanctioned. Training coverage: 26 lakh skill verifications → 86% trained. Top States: Karnataka, Maharashtra, MP, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh. Top Trades: Mason, Tailor, Garland maker, Carpenter, Cobbler. Significance Economic: Formalises unorganised artisans into MSME ecosystem; reduces dependence on local moneylenders charging 15–20% interest. Social: Restores dignity of traditional crafts; empowers marginalised communities and women. Cultural: Preserves India’s guru-shishya heritage, handicrafts, and indigenous knowledge. Digital India push: Encourages UPI, QR code adoption among rural artisans. Employment: Creates sustainable self-employment; artisans moving from daily wage uncertainty to entrepreneurship. Multi-Dimensional Overview (a) Economic Angle Boosts micro-enterprises → part of Atmanirbhar Bharat & Vocal for Local strategy. ₹41,188 crore credit infusion supports rural consumption and local economies. Reduces rural-urban migration by creating local livelihood opportunities. (b) Social & Inclusion Focus on women artisans . Priority to SC/ST/OBC, transgenders, PwDs. Social mobility: e.g., barbers, cobblers, washermen now recognised as entrepreneurs. (c) Skill & Technology Introduction of modern machinery, digital payments, and e-commerce onboarding. Toolkit standardisation → productivity and quality improvement. (d) Cultural & Heritage Preserves 18 traditional trades threatened by mechanisation. Crafts linked to Make in India and GI-tagged products can gain international visibility. (e) Governance & Federalism DPMUs in 497 districts ensure last-mile delivery and monitoring. CSCs used for Aadhaar-linked registration → ensures transparency and avoids duplication. Challenges & Way Forward Scalability: Sustainability beyond financial aid; artisans must compete in globalised markets. Awareness: Ensuring coverage in remote tribal, island, and border regions. Market Linkages: Avoid middlemen exploitation; need for strong e-commerce integration. Technology Adoption: Bridging digital literacy gap among older artisans. Monitoring: Risk of ghost beneficiaries and misuse of loans → strong auditing required. Global Branding: Need to connect artisans to One District One Product (ODOP), global supply chains, GI certification. Value Addiition According to 2011 Census, ~7 crore artisans in India (unorganised sector). Handicrafts sector exports (2023–24): ~$4.1 billion. MSMEs contribute ~30% to India’s GDP, ~48% to exports, and employ ~11 crore people → PM Vishwakarma strengthens this base. Similar international examples: Japan: “Meister” system recognises traditional craftsmanship. Germany: Vocational apprenticeships under dual system. Conclusion PM Vishwakarma is not just a welfare scheme but a structural reform for artisan empowerment. By linking recognition + skill + credit + markets, it converts artisans into micro-entrepreneurs. Success will depend on integration with MSME clusters, ODOP, digital commerce, and GI exports. It represents India’s attempt to balance heritage preservation with economic modernisation. Swasth Nari Sashakt Parivar Abhiyaan Basics Definition: SNSPA is a national health initiative launched in September 2025 by MoHFW & MoWCD to improve women’s health, maternal-child care, and family well-being. Scale: Over 1 lakh health camps across Ayushman Arogya Mandirs & CHCs – India’s largest women-centric health outreach. Focus Areas: Screening (anaemia, hypertension, diabetes, TB, SCD, cancers), maternal care, immunisation, nutrition awareness, behavioural change, digital monitoring. Duration: Runs till 2 October 2025 (Gandhi Jayanti) as a high-impact campaign. Platforms Used: Anganwadis, Nikshay Mitras, SASHAKT portal for real-time monitoring. Relevance : GS II: Women’s health empowerment, Poshan 2.0 & Mission Shakti linkages, SDG 3 & 5, digital health governance. GS III: Reduces OOPE, boosts productivity, integrates ABHA/PM-JAY. GS I: Addresses anaemia, MMR, child mortality, tribal health equity. Why in News? Launched on PM Narendra Modi’s 75th birthday (17 Sept 2025) as a Jan Bhagidari Abhiyaan. First-of-its-kind integration of women’s health, family empowerment, and community participation at this scale. Significance Health Crisis Context: India has one of the highest burdens of anaemia among women (57% of women aged 15–49, NFHS-5). Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR): 97 per 1,00,000 live births (SRS 2020–22) — still above SDG target of <70. Child Mortality: Under-5 mortality at 32 per 1,000 live births (SRS 2022). Policy Integration: Builds on Poshan 2.0, Mission Shakti, Mission Indradhanush, SUMAN, and global SDG goals. Links women empowerment, health, nutrition, governance, SDGs, and behavioural change into one holistic scheme. Multi-Dimensional Overview A. Health & Nutrition Dimension Comprehensive screenings: Anaemia (iron deficiency + SCD in tribal belts), breast & cervical cancer, diabetes, hypertension, TB. Nutritional support: Integrated with Poshan 2.0 and Suposhit Gram Panchayat Abhiyaan. Antenatal Care (ANC): Distribution of Mother and Child Protection cards; counselling to reduce maternal deaths. Immunisation: Complementary to Mission Indradhanush (5.46 crore children & 1.32 crore pregnant women vaccinated till Dec 2024). B. Governance & Technology SASHAKT portal: Real-time monitoring, accountability, grievance redressal. Healthcare worker self-verification ensures compliance by doctors, CHOs, ASHAs. Digital enrolment under PM-JAY, ABHA, Ayushman Vaya Vandana. C. Social Dimension Community-driven model via Nikshay Mitras, volunteers, Indian Red Cross. Focus on behaviour change: menstrual hygiene, nutrition, sanitation. Outreach through Doordarshan, AIR, social media → strengthens health literacy. D. Women Empowerment Dimension Places women’s health at the centre of family well-being. Links health to empowerment under Mission Shakti. PMMVY + JSY + JSSK integration ensures financial & institutional support. E. Economic Dimension Preventive healthcare reduces out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) — still 47.1% of total health spending in India (NHA 2019–20). Women’s improved health boosts productivity → contributes to $5 trillion economy & Viksit Bharat 2047 vision. F. Inclusivity & Equity Tribal focus: counselling for Sickle Cell Disease, TB detection, targeted screenings. Special reach to rural, tribal & underserved regions through Ayushman Arogya Mandirs. Gender equity: PMMVY provides ₹6,000 incentive for girl child (2nd birth). Impact & Expected Outcomes Short-Term (2025): Screen millions of women for anaemia, cancer, hypertension. Boost immunisation & antenatal check-ups during Poshan Maah. Medium-Term (2027): Reduction in MMR (from 97 → closer to SDG <70). Lower anaemia prevalence among women and children. Higher institutional deliveries via JSY & SUMAN. Long-Term (2047): Stronger health-seeking behaviour. Empowered women → healthier families → healthier India. Value Additions Anaemia: 57% of women, 67% of children (NFHS-5, 2019–21). Maternal Mortality: 97 per 1,00,000 (SRS 2020–22), down from 130 in 2014–16. OOPE: 47.1% of total health expenditure (NHA 2019–20) vs global avg <20%. Institutional Deliveries: 89% in NFHS-5 vs 79% in NFHS-4. Health Workforce: India has ~1.1 doctors & 1.7 nurses per 1,000 population — below WHO norm of 1:1000 doctors. Conclusion SNSPA is not just a health campaign, but a social reform drive linking health, empowerment, behaviour change, and governance. It strengthens the continuum from pregnancy → delivery → child care → women’s wellness. Represents a Jan Andolan model, similar to Swachh Bharat Abhiyan → likely to become a flagship for women’s health like SBM was for sanitation.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 17 September 2025

Content GST 2.0 — short-term pain, possible long-term gain Judicial experimentalism’ versus the right to justice GST 2.0 — short-term pain, possible long-term gain Basics GST (2017): Unified, destination-based indirect tax aimed at eliminating cascading, ensuring credit for input taxes, and creating a common market. Problems in original GST design: Multiple rates (0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 28%) with compensation cess. Inverted duty structures → refunds/ITC delays. High compliance cost → particularly burdensome for MSMEs. Relevance GS-III (Economy): Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development, and employment. Government Budgeting; Taxation reforms. Inclusive growth and issues arising from it. GS-II (Polity & Governance): Federalism and GST Council dynamics. Practice Question : “The 2025 GST reforms aim to simplify the indirect tax system but create new fiscal challenges for both Centre and States.” Critically examine in light of India’s growth and federalism needs. (250 words) The 2025 GST Reform Effective from Sept 22, 2025. Revised rate structure: Retained: 0%, 5%, 18%. Removed: 12% & 28%. Introduced: 40% (sin & luxury goods, merging cess). Special sub-5% rates retained for essentials. Coverage: 546 goods → 80% rate cuts, 20% hikes. Beneficiaries: Textiles, electronics, automobiles, food, health, fertilizers, agri-machinery, renewable energy. Arguments in Favour Simplicity & Transparency: Reducing slabs → more predictable, easier compliance. Consumer Welfare: Lower tax burden → lower prices → higher disposable incomes. Employment Boost: Labour-intensive sectors (textiles, autos, food) benefit, supporting job creation. Agriculture Support: Lower input costs (fertilizers, machinery) → higher farm incomes. Demand Stimulation: Rate cuts on essentials raise real purchasing power → can drive growth in higher-taxed luxury goods later. Industrial Competitiveness: Lower effective tax rates → boosts domestic manufacturing & export competitiveness. Counter-Arguments Revenue Shock: MoF estimate: ₹48,000 crore annual loss (others higher). At a time of already slowing nominal GDP growth (8.8% vs 10.1% projected). Fiscal Deficit Stress: With PIT reforms already costing ₹1 lakh crore, GST losses worsen deficit risks for both Centre & States. Exemptions & Cascading: More exemptions = denial of ITC → embedded taxes, reduced transparency. State Finances: States reliant on GST compensation will face greater fiscal pressure → borrowing or spending cuts. Inequity: Richer households benefit more from tax cuts on consumer durables, automobiles, and electronics than poorer households. Revenue Neutrality Question: Past experience shows demand elasticity insufficient to offset rate cuts → long-term buoyancy uncertain. Counter to Counter-Arguments Revenue Shock Temporary: Tax buoyancy may return once demand expands and compliance improves (Laffer curve effect). Fiscal Management: RBI’s higher dividends and expenditure prioritisation can cushion short-term revenue stress. Consumer Equity: Major cuts are in essentials (5% slab → food, healthcare), ensuring benefits for lower-income groups too. Economic Multiplier: Stimulus to job-rich sectors → wider income effects → stronger indirect tax base over time. Global Best Practice: Most successful GST/VAT systems (e.g., EU, Australia) operate with fewer slabs → India aligning gradually. Macro-Fiscal Implications Short-Term: Revenue fall, fiscal stress, potential borrowing hikes. Medium-Term: Demand-led recovery → buoyancy in higher-rate goods (18%, 40%). Long-Term: If compliance improves and cascading is minimised, GST revenues stabilise. Sustained growth will still depend on investment and productivity, not just rate cuts. Conclusion The 2025 GST reform marks a decisive move towards simplification, with fewer slabs and lower rates aimed at boosting consumption, employment, and competitiveness. While short-term revenue losses and fiscal stress are unavoidable, the reform has the potential to stimulate demand and expand the tax base over time. However, unresolved issues — cascading due to exemptions, state revenue stress, and compliance bottlenecks — limit the efficiency of the reform. For sustainable benefits, the reform must be accompanied by: Tighter expenditure management to offset revenue losses. Enhanced compliance and ITC efficiency to reduce leakages. Centre-State coordination to manage fiscal pressures. Ultimately, GST cannot be a one-time growth stimulus; long-term growth will depend on investment, productivity, and structural reforms, with GST simplification serving as an enabler rather than a substitute. Value Additions Data & Trends GST Collections (Aug 2025): ₹1.69 lakh crore (YoY growth ~10%). GST’s Share in Total Tax Revenues: ~30% of gross tax revenues (Union Budget 2025–26). Tax Buoyancy: Declined from 1.5 (FY 2021–22) to ~1.1 (FY 2024–25). GST Compliance Cost: World Bank’s “Ease of Paying Taxes” index (2020) placed India at 115/190, with GST cited for complexity. Comparative Perspective International Best Practices: New Zealand: Single rate GST (15%) → lowest compliance costs globally. Singapore: Two rates (standard 9% + zero) → efficient, broad-based. India: Still multiple slabs (0%, 5%, 18%, 40%) → higher classification disputes. Expert Committees & Reports Arvind Subramanian Committee (2015): Recommended a standard rate ~18% to balance revenue needs and efficiency. 15th Finance Commission Report (2021): Warned against excessive exemptions & urged GST simplification. RBI Annual Report 2024–25: Highlighted GST rate rationalisation as key to reducing inflation volatility. Constitutional/Legal Angle 101st Constitutional Amendment (2016): Created GST framework. Article 279A: GST Council as a cooperative federal body. Recent Debate: Tensions over Centre-State compensation cess and fiscal autonomy. Economic Implications Revenue Foregone (2025 reform): Estimated ₹48,000 crore annually (MoF). Elasticity Argument: Lower rates → immediate revenue dip, but higher demand may expand tax base over time. Employment Angle: Beneficiary sectors (textiles, electronics, automobiles, food) are labour-intensive. ‘Judicial experimentalism’ versus the right to justice Basics Context: Supreme Court (July 2025, Shivangi Bansal vs Sahib Bansal) endorsed Allahabad HC guidelines (2022, Mukesh Bansal vs State of U.P.) introducing a two-month cooling period before coercive action in cases under Section 498A IPC (now Section 85 of BNS). Provision background: Section 498A was enacted to protect women from cruelty in marriage. However, misuse claims led to safeguards (CrPC 2008 amendment, Arnesh Kumar 2014, Satender Kumar Antil 2022). Why it matters: Balances two competing concerns—protecting women from domestic cruelty vs. preventing harassment of men/families through false cases. Raises questions on victim’s timely access to justice and judicial overreach. Relevance GS-II (Polity & Governance): Structure, organization, and functioning of judiciary and law enforcement. Separation of powers, judicial activism vs. judicial restraint. Mechanisms for protection and enforcement of fundamental rights. GS-I (Society): Role of women and issues related to women’s safety and empowerment. Practice Question : “Judicial experimentalism to curb misuse of criminal law provisions must not undermine a victim’s right to timely access to justice.” Discuss with reference to Section 498A of the IPC (now Section 85 of BNS). (250 words) Author’s Core Argument The Supreme Court’s endorsement of the cooling period and referral to Family Welfare Committees (FWCs) undermines: Victim’s right to prompt access to justice. Functional autonomy of police and magistrates. Safeguards against misuse already exist (preliminary inquiry, arrest restrictions). NCRB data shows arrests under 498A declined after reforms, indicating balance without need for new curbs. The idea of FWCs/cooling period is extra-legal, similar to Rajesh Sharma (2017) directions which were struck down in Social Action Forum for Manav Adhikar (2018) as regressive. Supreme Court should revisit this ruling as it exceeds legislative intent and harms victims. Counter Arguments Misuse remains a real concern: Though arrests declined, false complaints can still damage reputation and family life. Cooling-off periods exist in other contexts (divorce, mediation) to encourage reconciliation and reduce litigation burden. FWCs could play a mediation role, easing pressure on courts/police and encouraging settlement in non-severe cases. Judicial innovation is not new—courts have often issued guidelines when legislative gaps exist (e.g., Vishaka guidelines on sexual harassment). Data trend: Rising number of registered cases (2015–2022) shows issue remains complex—balancing liberty and justice is necessary. Multi-Dimensional Overview Polity/Legal Raises question of judicial overreach vs. judicial creativity. Undermines criminal justice hierarchy: police/magistrates sidelined by FWCs. Possible conflict with Article 21 (right to speedy justice) for victims. Governance/Administrative FWCs lack clear statutory authority, funding, or training. Could create parallel structures leading to confusion and delays. May weaken trust in police and judiciary. Economy Domestic disputes turning into prolonged litigation impose economic costs on families and judicial system. FWCs, if poorly designed, add administrative expenditure without effectiveness. Society Section 498A remains vital for women’s safety in patriarchal society. Risk of victim-blaming narratives gaining strength under misuse discourse. Cooling period may intensify suffering of women in abusive households. Environment/Science & Tech Not directly relevant here. International UN conventions (CEDAW) emphasize timely access to justice for women. Cooling period may be viewed as non-compliance with global gender justice norms. Challenges Balancing genuine complaints vs. false cases. Absence of statutory basis for FWCs. Potential delay in justice delivery. Resistance from women’s rights groups vs. men’s rights advocates. Need for proper training of police/judiciary in handling sensitive cases. Risk of conflicting judicial precedents (Rajesh Sharma 2017 vs Social Action Forum 2018). Way Forward Strengthen existing safeguards (Arnesh Kumar, Satender Kumar Antil) instead of creating parallel systems. Police sensitization and use of gender desks (as suggested by Bureau of Police Research & Development). Mediation cells may function, but only post-registration of FIR and under court supervision. Adopt best practices from other jurisdictions (UK’s domestic violence protection orders, US restraining orders ensuring immediate protection). Legislative clarity: If committees like FWCs are needed, Parliament—not courts—should provide framework. Align reforms with SDG 5 (Gender Equality) and SDG 16 (Access to Justice). Conclusion The SC ruling seeks to check misuse of Section 498A but risks undermining women’s timely access to justice and the autonomy of criminal justice institutions. A balanced approach—strengthening safeguards without creating extra-legal barriers—is the way forward. Value additions Constitutional & Legal Anchors Article 14 & 15(3): Special provisions for women. Article 21: Right to life includes right to speedy justice. Article 39A (DPSP): Equal access to justice. Supreme Court precedents: Lalita Kumari (2013) – mandatory FIR registration, but preliminary inquiry allowed in matrimonial disputes. Arnesh Kumar (2014) – safeguards against arbitrary arrests. Rajesh Sharma (2017) – Family Welfare Committees (later struck down). Social Action Forum for Manav Adhikar (2018) – restored victim’s right to prompt justice. Data Points NCRB data: Registered cases under 498A: rose from 1.13 lakh (2015) → 1.40 lakh (2022). Arrests declined from 1.87 lakh (2015) → 1.45 lakh (2022). Conviction rate: Around 15% under 498A cases (NCRB 2022), showing challenges in evidence collection. Backlog: Family disputes constitute ~6–7% of pending cases in lower judiciary (NJDG 2023). Committees & Reports Law Commission (243rd Report, 2012): Recommended safeguards against arbitrary arrests, not dilution of 498A. Malimath Committee (2003): Suggested making 498A a bailable and compoundable offence, but widely criticized. Justice Verma Committee (2013): Opposed dilution of women-protective laws. International Standards CEDAW (Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women): India is a signatory; requires effective and timely legal remedies for women facing violence. UN Declaration on Elimination of Violence Against Women (1993): Urges States to ensure speedy justice and survivor-centric procedures. Best practices: UK: Domestic Violence Protection Notices (DVPOs) give immediate protection. US: Temporary restraining orders issued swiftly, often within 24–48 hours.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 17 September 2025

Content Top court asks who will decide that a religious conversion is ‘deceitful’ Making health care safe for every Indian Unseen labour, exploitation: the hidden human cost of Artificial Intelligence India Targets Record 119 MT Wheat Output in 2025-26 Heavy Rains in the Himalayas: Interplay of Topography, Climate Change, and Rising Disaster Risks Top court asks who will decide that a religious conversion is ‘deceitful’ Basics Issue: A petition before the Supreme Court seeks a ban on “deceitful” religious conversions and questions the constitutionality of State-level anti-conversion laws. Constitutional Context: Article 25: Provides freedom of conscience and right to profess, practice, and propagate religion, subject to public order, morality, and health. Supreme Court in Rev. Stanislaus vs State of MP (1977) upheld States’ power to regulate conversion by force, fraud, or inducement. State Laws: Around 10 States (UP, MP, Gujarat, Himachal, Uttarakhand, Karnataka, Haryana, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan) have enacted Freedom of Religion Acts, often termed “anti-conversion laws.” Recent Hearing (Sept 2025): Chief Justice B.R. Gavai asked who determines if a conversion is “deceitful.” Petitioners argue laws are restrictive; respondents defend their necessity. Court will reconsider the matter after six weeks. Relevance: GS-II (Polity & Governance): Fundamental Rights (Article 25 – freedom of religion; Articles 14, 19, 21 – equality, liberty, life). Judicial review of State legislation (SC role in constitutional validity). Federalism: Centre vs State competence in religious matters. GS-I (Society): Inter-faith relations, social harmony, religious practices. GS-II (Governance): Criminal justice reforms (burden of proof, third-party complaints). Overview Constitutional and Legal Dimensions Right to Freedom of Conscience: Protected under Article 25; scope of “propagation” does not necessarily extend to conversion. State Regulation: Laws seek to prevent conversions through coercion, fraud, or inducement. Judicial Role: SC has clarified its role is to test constitutionality, not legislate. Burden of Proof: Some State laws place it on the individual converting, raising constitutional questions. Federalism Religion-related matters fall under the Concurrent List. States have legislated individually, sometimes using other States’ laws as models. Debate exists over whether a uniform central framework or diverse State laws are more appropriate. Individual Rights and Society Marriage and Conversion: Many laws scrutinize inter-faith marriages linked to conversion. Right to Choice: Questions arise over balancing personal autonomy with State interest in regulating conversions. Chilling Effect: Concerns raised that ordinary religious practices could be subjected to suspicion. Criminal Justice and Governance Punishment Provisions: Some Acts provide for stringent penalties, including extended imprisonment. Third-Party Complaints: Provisions allowing unrelated individuals to initiate proceedings create scope for wide application. Implementation: Conviction rates remain limited; many cases end in prolonged litigation. Political and Social Dimensions Legislative Intent: Governments argue laws are preventive in nature, safeguarding vulnerable groups from coercion. Social Context: Critics argue laws may impact interfaith relationships and minority communities. Polarization Risk: Debate around conversions often intersects with political and electoral narratives. Judicial Outlook Pending Issues: SC will examine if provisions violate Articles 14, 19, 21, and 25. Possible Judicial Outcomes: Striking down specific provisions (burden of proof, third-party locus). Upholding core objectives of preventing forcible conversion. Issuing guidelines for uniform application. Making health care safe for every Indian Basics Event: World Patient Safety Day observed annually on September 17, declared by WHO in 2019. Theme 2025: Focus on safe care for every newborn and every child (WHO campaign). Global Context: WHO estimates: 1 in 10 patients harmed during hospitalization. 4 in 10 patients harmed in primary/ambulatory care, with 80% of harm preventable (WHO, 2023 fact sheet). Indian Context: Disease burden shifting to chronic conditions (cancer, diabetes, CVD, mental health). Complexity in acute care (multi-speciality coordination) increases risk of patient harm. Relevance: GS-II (Governance, Social Justice): Right to Health (Directive Principles, judicial debates). Public health institutions, policies, and regulation. Role of civil society and CSR in health awareness. GS-III (Science & Technology): Use of AI, EHRs, digital tools in patient safety. GS-II (International): WHO’s role, India’s commitments in global health governance. Dimensions of Patient Harm Clinical Causes: Hospital-acquired infections, unsafe injections, transfusion errors. Adverse drug reactions, inappropriate medication combinations. Delayed diagnoses, preventable surgical errors, patient falls. Systemic Causes: Overburdened staff (low doctor-patient ratio, long shifts, attrition). Weak quality monitoring and low NABH accreditation (<5% of hospitals). Limited patient awareness, passive role in care decisions. India’s Initiatives Policy & Frameworks: National Patient Safety Implementation Framework (2018–25) – roadmap for embedding safety in clinical programs, event reporting, capacity-building. NABH (National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers) – standards on infection control, patient rights, medication safety. Institutions & Networks: Society of Pharmacovigilance, India – ADR (adverse drug reaction) monitoring. Patients for Patient Safety Foundation (PFPSF) – awareness to 14 lakh households weekly, supporting 1,100 hospitals and 52,000 professionals. Patient Safety & Access Initiative – focuses on medical devices regulation. Civil Society & Technology: CSR-funded campaigns, workplace health programs, safety tech (e-prescriptions, interaction alerts). WHO Global Patient Safety Action Plan promotes Patient Advisory Councils (PACs) – patient representation in hospital governance. Gaps & Challenges Accreditation: Out of 70,000+ hospitals in India (NHP 2023), fewer than 5% NABH-accredited. Awareness: Low patient literacy; hesitancy in questioning doctors. Implementation Gap: Policy exists but enforcement and monitoring remain weak. Resource Constraints: Public hospitals face overload; private sector highly fragmented. Overview Polity/Governance: Patient safety ties into Right to Health debates; requires stronger regulation and accountability. Social: Safety lapses disproportionately affect vulnerable groups – poor, elderly, children, women in maternity care. Economic: Unsafe care increases out-of-pocket expenditure; WHO estimates adverse events cost trillions globally. Technology: AI-driven prescription checks, EHRs, digital ADR reporting can reduce risks. International: WHO benchmarks provide templates; India’s progress modest compared to high-income countries with strong PACs and reporting culture. Way Forward Renew Patient Safety Framework (post-2025) with measurable targets. Strengthen NABH/NQAS accreditation coverage, link to insurance empanelment. Institutionalize Patient Advisory Councils in Indian hospitals. Integrate patient safety modules in MBBS, nursing curricula. Create national patient safety registry for transparent reporting of adverse events. Expand public participation: digital health literacy campaigns, family-based safety checklists. Unseen labour, exploitation: the hidden human cost of Artificial Intelligence Basics – Context of the News Automated Economy: Refers to increasing reliance on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) systems to perform tasks once handled by humans. Core Issue: While AI is seen as “self-learning” and autonomous, it is fundamentally dependent on invisible human labour—especially data annotators, moderators, and gig workers. Why It Matters: Challenges the myth of AI being “self-sufficient.” Raises ethical concerns on exploitation of low-paid workers in the Global South. Brings labour rights and digital economy regulations into the AI governance debate. Relevance: GS-III (Economy, Science & Technology): Future of work, gig economy, labour market disruptions. AI, ML, and automation ethics. GS-II (Polity & Governance): Labour rights, regulation of digital platforms, global supply chains. GS-I (Society): Social impact of digital labour exploitation in developing countries. Human Involvement in AI Development Data Annotation: Essential for training AI models—labelling text, images, video, and audio. Example: LLMs (ChatGPT, Gemini) learn meaning from labelled datasets. Self-driving cars need human-labelled data to distinguish pedestrians vs. traffic signs. Training Process of LLMs: Self-supervised learning → machine consumes raw internet data. Supervised learning → annotators refine the dataset. Reinforcement learning → humans provide feedback on AI responses. Specialised vs. Non-specialised Tasks: Some require domain expertise (e.g., medical scans, legal texts). Many companies hire non-experts to cut costs → leads to errors in outputs. Invisible Labour in “Automated” Features: Content moderation on social media → done by humans reviewing graphic/violent material. Voice and video AI → trained on performances by actors, including children. Ghost Work – Definition Ghost work refers to the invisible human labour that powers supposedly “automated” digital technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and online platforms. It includes microtasks like data annotation, content moderation, labeling images/videos/text, training AI models, or cleaning datasets, often outsourced to low-paid workers in developing countries. The term highlights how these workers remain uncredited, underpaid, and hidden behind the façade of automation, even though their labour is indispensable to AI systems. Nature of Exploitation Geography of Ghost Work: Primarily outsourced to Kenya, India, Pakistan, Philippines, China. Wages and Conditions: Reported pay: <$2/hour for 8+ hours. Exposure to disturbing content → PTSD, depression, anxiety. Tight deadlines, surveillance, microtask-based pay. Labour Rights Violations: Companies circumvent local labour laws by outsourcing through intermediaries. Lack of transparency: workers often don’t know which Big Tech firm they are serving. Union busting and dismissal of workers raising concerns. Larger Structural Concerns AI’s “Dependence Myth”: Automation narrative hides human labour inputs. Global Inequality: Wealth and value captured in Silicon Valley, while labour exploitation occurs in the Global South. Informalisation of Digital Labour: Microtasking, subcontracting, gig-work fragmentation → workers have no bargaining power. Ethical & Social Costs: Mental health deterioration of moderators. Risk of bias/errors in AI outputs due to underqualified annotators. Potential exploitation of children in data collection. Policy and Regulatory Implications Transparency in AI Supply Chains: Companies must disclose labour networks behind AI models. Fair Wages and Labour Rights: Align digital work with ILO standards (decent work, safe conditions, collective bargaining). Global Governance of AI Labour: UN/ILO frameworks for digital gig work. Regulation of cross-border outsourcing and labour practices. National-Level Actions: Countries like India/Kenya/Philippines need to update labour laws for gig/digital workers. Formalisation of data annotation industry with minimum wage guarantees. AI Governance Debate Expansion: Current focus is on AI ethics, privacy, bias → must include labour justice. Overview Polity: Raises questions of labour rights, regulation of Big Tech, role of unions. Economy: Exploitation lowers wages globally, undermines sustainable digital economy. Society: Hidden suffering of moderators and annotators shapes the “clean” digital experience of billions. Ethics: Transparency vs. corporate secrecy in AI supply chains. International Relations: North-South divide in AI’s economic benefits vs. labour burdens. Way Forward Recognise “ghost workers” as integral to AI development. Establish global labour standards for AI-linked work. Strengthen worker protections: fair pay, mental health support, right to unionise. Push for AI supply chain audits just like environmental/ESG audits. Shift narrative from “AI is replacing humans” to “AI is built on human labour”. India Targets Record 119 MT Wheat Output in 2025-26 Basics – Context of the News Background: India achieved an all-time high wheat production of 117.51 million tonnes in Rabi 2024–25. For Rabi 2025–26, the Union Agriculture Ministry has set a higher target: 119 million tonnes. Significance of Wheat: Wheat is India’s second-largest foodgrain crop after rice. It is the main Rabi crop, covering over 30 million hectares. Vital for food security under NFSA and PMGKAY (subsidised grains to ~81 crore people). Overall Foodgrain Target: Govt has set 171.14 million tonnes for Rabi 2025–26. Wheat is the dominant share, followed by pulses, coarse cereals, and oilseeds. Relevance: GS-III (Economy, Agriculture): Food security, agricultural productivity, MSP and procurement. Crop diversification (pulses, oilseeds, millets). Climate-smart agriculture and input management. GS-II (Governance): Role of policies, schemes (e.g., Viksit Krishi Sankalp Abhiyan). GS-I (Geography): Cropping patterns, agro-climatic zones. Production Targets for 2025–26 (in mn tonnes) Wheat → 119 Maize → 14.5 Total Coarse Cereals → 16.55 Total Shri Anna (millets) → 3.17 Gram → 11.8 Total Pulses → 16.57 Total Foodgrains → 171.14 Groundnut → 0.74 Rapeseed & Mustard → 13.9 Key Drivers & Challenges Favourable Factors: Higher seed availability: 25 million metric tonnes of seeds already stockpiled (vs requirement of ~22.9 MT). Expected good rainfall in several parts of India → improves soil moisture. Government push for balanced fertiliser supply (coordination with Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilisers). Launch of Viksit Krishi Sankalp Abhiyan from Oct 3 → massive outreach to farmers for awareness, technology adoption. Challenges/Risks: Climate variability: untimely rains, heat waves during March (grain filling stage). Rising input costs (fertilisers, diesel). Regional disparities in productivity (Punjab/Haryana high, eastern India lagging). Storage and MSP procurement bottlenecks in bumper production years. Broader Agricultural Strategy Reflected Shift Beyond Wheat & Rice: Push for pulses and oilseeds (reduce import dependence: ~60% edible oil imported, ~20% pulses imported). Special focus on millets (Shri Anna) → nutrition security + climate resilience. Per-Hectare Productivity: Chouhan highlighted need for yield enhancement, not just acreage expansion. Crop-wise reviews, large-scale farmer meetings, and technology dissemination planned. Food Security + Export Angle: High output sustains NFSA and buffer stocks. Surpluses may open export opportunities, though govt often restricts wheat exports for domestic price stability. Economic & Policy Implications For Farmers: Assured procurement of wheat at MSP (₹2275/quintal in 2025–26). Possible rise in incomes if productivity improves without proportional input cost rise. For Economy: Higher wheat output → helps curb food inflation. Reduces import dependence (especially in pulses & oils if strategy succeeds). For Government: Balancing act between procurement, storage, and subsidy costs. Must ensure timely fertiliser/seed availability and irrigation support. Overview Polity/Governance: Strengthens govt’s food security narrative; supports welfare schemes. Economy: Contributes to agricultural GDP, inflation management, rural employment. Environment: Risk of over-dependence on wheat-paddy cycle (soil degradation, groundwater depletion). Need crop diversification. Technology: Precision farming, new HYVs, climate-resilient varieties critical for sustaining growth. International Relations: India could influence global wheat markets if production exceeds domestic demand. Way Forward Focus on climate-smart agriculture (heat/drought-resistant wheat varieties). Incentivise crop diversification into pulses/oilseeds to reduce import bills. Invest in post-harvest infrastructure (storage, cold chains, logistics). Encourage farm mechanisation and digital extension services. Link wheat strategy to broader goals of Doubling Farmers’ Income & Viksit Bharat 2047. Heavy Rains in the Himalayas: Interplay of Topography, Climate Change, and Rising Disaster Risks Basics – Context of the News Event: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and other Himalayan states have witnessed extreme rainfall, landslides, and flash floods in recent weeks. Impact: At least 15 deaths in the last few days. Multiple landslides, blocked roads, swollen rivers, and destruction of property. Pattern: Monsoon activity intensified in northwestern India. Region received 34% surplus rainfall in August 2025. Some districts received rainfall equivalent to an entire year’s quota in just 24–48 hours. Relevance: GS-I (Geography): Monsoon variability, orographic rainfall, Himalayan topography. Disaster-prone areas (cloudbursts, landslides, flash floods). GS-III (Environment, Disaster Management): Climate change impacts, glacial melt, NDMA role. Vulnerability mapping and risk reduction strategies. Why do hilly regions receive more rainfall? Topography effect: Hills force moisture-laden winds to rise, cooling them and causing rainfall (orographic effect). Sequential rain-bearing systems: Low-pressure systems from the Bay of Bengal travel northwards, increasing rainfall in the Himalayas. Seasonal behaviour: Northwest India often gets late-season (August–September) monsoon surges. Data Highlights (Rainfall Departures) All-India Rainfall Departure (Aug 14–Sep 10): consistently above normal. Northwest India Rainfall: Aug 21–27: +132% Aug 28–Sep 3: +182% Sep 4–10: +57% Cumulative Rainfall (till Sep 15, mm): Uttarakhand: 1192 mm (+134%) Himachal Pradesh: 702 mm (+22%) J&K: 611 mm (+57%) Ladakh: 280 mm (+33%) Punjab/Haryana/Rajasthan: above/below normal but not as extreme as hill states. Why are hilly regions more vulnerable? Steep slopes + fragile geology → high risk of landslides. Rivers/streams descend rapidly → cause flash floods. Narrow valleys funnel water and debris → more damage. Infrastructure exposure: roads, bridges, houses often located close to rivers and slopes. Examples: Udhampur (J&K) 630 mm rain in 24 hours; Leh–Ladakh 59 mm in 48 hours (highest since records began). Role of Climate Change Warming atmosphere → holds more moisture, increases intensity of downpours. Changing monsoon patterns → longer dry spells + short bursts of extreme rainfall. Rising global temperatures → accelerates melting of Himalayan glaciers and snow, adding to flash floods. Extreme weather events becoming more frequent: Sudden cloudbursts. Intensification of western disturbances. Increased variability in rainfall distribution. Disaster Linkages Not all heavy rains = disasters, but in Himalayas: Weak slopes + construction + deforestation magnify risks. Cloudbursts + extreme rainfall → landslides + flash floods. Example: Mandi, Kullu, Dharali, Tharali saw severe damage to homes, bridges, and crops. Human factor: Unregulated construction, road widening, and riverbank encroachments worsen vulnerability. Overview Polity/Governance: State disaster preparedness, early warning systems, NDMA policies. Economy: Damage to roads, hydropower projects, tourism industry, agriculture. Society: Loss of lives, displacement, trauma in vulnerable hill communities. Environment: Deforestation, slope destabilisation, glacial retreat exacerbate risks. Technology: Need for better forecasting, Doppler radars, satellite monitoring. Way Forward Strengthen early warning systems + last-mile connectivity in Himalayan states. Enforce scientific land use planning (ban construction in eco-sensitive zones). Promote climate-resilient infrastructure: slope stabilisation, drainage systems, safe housing. Invest in watershed management (afforestation, river restoration). Integrate climate change adaptation into state disaster management plans. Regional cooperation for Himalayan ecosystem sustainability (since many rivers are transboundary).

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 15 September 2025

Content Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana National Engineers’ Day 2025 Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana Why is in News + Basics News: As of August 2025, PMGSY has sanctioned 1,91,282 rural roads (8.38 lakh km) and 12,146 bridges, out of which 1,83,215 roads (7.83 lakh km) and 9,891 bridges have been completed. Basics: Launched in 2000, PMGSY aims to provide all-weather rural connectivity to unconnected habitations. Context: Improved access to healthcare, education, markets, and jobs—contributing to rural poverty reduction. Fact: Over 1.66 lakh km roads using green technologies have been sanctioned, making PMGSY a leader in sustainable rural infrastructure. Relevance : GS-II (Governance, Welfare Schemes): Centrally Sponsored Scheme, rural development, equity in backward/tribal/LWE areas, monitoring mechanisms. GS-III (Infrastructure, Economy, Environment): Rural connectivity, farm-to-market linkages, job creation, green technology in road construction, climate resilience. Dimensions Polity/Legal Centrally Sponsored Scheme under Ministry of Rural Development. Fulfils Directive Principles (Art. 38, 39) by promoting social and economic justice. Links with Fifth Schedule areas, Tribal Sub-Plan, Aspirational Districts, ensuring equity. Governance/Administrative Monitored through OMMAS, e-MARG, GPS tracking, Quality Monitors (3-tier system). Convergence with PM-AJAY, PM-JANMAN, DA-JGUA for SC/ST and PVTG-focused development. Performance-based maintenance contracts ensure accountability. Economy Reduces rural isolation → boosts farm-to-market connectivity. Encourages non-farm employment (construction jobs, rural transport services). Estimated to contribute ~1–2% to rural GDP growth (World Bank evaluation, 2019). Society Enhances women’s mobility, school attendance, health access. Case example: Barbaspur, MP—bridge under PMGSY-I transformed access for SC/ST communities. Strengthens social inclusion in backward and conflict-affected districts. Environment/Science & Tech Use of waste plastic, fly ash, bio-bitumen, cold mix in road building. Promotes climate-resilient construction and reduces carbon footprint. Over 1.24 lakh km of eco-friendly roads built till July 2025. International Comparable to China’s rural roads programme under “Building a New Socialist Countryside”. Supports India’s progress on SDGs 1 (No Poverty), 9 (Infrastructure), 10 (Reduced Inequalities). Challenges Maintenance deficit: Many roads deteriorate due to weak local capacity and funds. Regional imbalance: Difficult terrain in NE, tribal belts, LWE areas delays execution. Contractor quality issues despite monitoring mechanisms. Environmental concerns in ecologically sensitive zones. Over-reliance on Census 2011 data → possible exclusion of new habitations. Way Forward Strengthen maintenance funding: NITI Aayog & World Bank suggest ring-fenced funds. Decentralised monitoring: Empower Panchayati Raj Institutions with digital tools. Capacity building: Train local workers (like Mandla example) for sustainable maintenance. Green technologies: Expand Full Depth Reclamation, bio-engineering in fragile regions. Data update: Integrate SECC 2024 and GIS mapping for identifying uncovered habitations. Convergence: Link PMGSY roads with PM Gati Shakti & BharatNet for holistic connectivity. Conclusion PMGSY is more than a road-building scheme—it is a rural transformation engine linking people to opportunities. With stronger focus on maintenance, inclusivity, and climate resilience, it can serve as a cornerstone of India’s journey towards equitable and sustainable rural development. National Engineers’ Day 2025 Why is in News + Basics News: India celebrated National Engineers’ Day 2025 on 15 September, marking the birth anniversary of Sir M. Visvesvaraya, Bharat Ratna awardee and legendary engineer. Basics: Observed annually to honor engineers’ contributions to nation-building. Context: India is in its Techade—a decade of transformative technological growth aligned with Viksit Bharat 2047. Fact: India accounts for 20% of the world’s chip design engineers and ranks 1st globally in AI skill penetration (Stanford AI Index 2024). Relevance : GS-I (Modern Indian Personalities): Sir M. Visvesvaraya’s legacy, nation-building through engineering. GS-II (Polity & Governance): Role in Digital India, Gati Shakti, Green Hydrogen; reforms in technical education (NEP 2020, ANRF Act 2023). GS-III (Economy): Semiconductor, AI, defence, space, renewable energy sectors; startups, R&D financing. Dimensions Polity/Legal Engineers are central to implementing national missions like Digital India, Green Hydrogen Mission, and PM Gati Shakti. NEP 2020 & ANRF Act 2023 reorient technical education and R&D towards multidisciplinary innovation. Governance/Administrative Flagship initiatives: Atal Innovation Mission, Startup India, Skill India Digital Hub, MERITE scheme, INSPIRE. Regulatory bodies like AICTE and institutions like IITs/NITs anchor research, innovation, and skilling. Economy Engineers drive semiconductor, AI, renewable energy, defence, and space sectors. Startup India: DPIIT-recognized startups grew from ~500 (2016) to 1.59 lakh (2025). ANRF’s ₹1 lakh crore RDI Scheme boosts industry–academia collaboration and private R&D financing. Society Contributions in education, health tech, fintech, and agri-tech expand access to services. Enhanced mobility and digital platforms (Aadhaar, UPI, DigiLocker) enable financial inclusion. Engineers inspire youth through Visvesvaraya’s legacy of problem-solving and social impact. Environment/Science & Tech Engineers lead renewable energy adoption (India: 3rd in solar, 4th in wind globally). Green hydrogen, floating solar, agrivoltaics → climate-resilient solutions. R&D in quantum computing (target: 1000 physical qubits by 2031) and AI-driven space exploration. International India rising in Global Innovation Index rankings. Provides engineering workforce and digital solutions to global markets. Collaborations in semiconductors, AI, and clean energy enhance India’s global tech leadership. Challenges Quality-skills gap: Mismatch between graduates and industry needs. R&D underfunding: India spends ~0.7% of GDP on R&D vs. 2–3% in advanced economies. Brain drain: High-skilled engineers migrate abroad. Infrastructure gaps in Tier-2/3 technical institutions. Ethical concerns: AI, data privacy, and dual-use defence technologies. Way Forward Skill Development: Expand MERITE, Skill India Digital Hub, and industry-aligned curricula (NITI Aayog’s 2023 tech workforce roadmap). Research Ecosystem: Strengthen ANRF, promote PPPs, and increase R&D to 2% of GDP (as suggested in Science, Tech & Innovation Policy draft 2021). Inclusive Engineering: Encourage women and marginalized groups’ participation in STEM (align with SDG 5 & 10). Green & Deep Tech: Expand focus on renewables, AI, quantum, biotech for sustainable growth. Global Collaboration: Leverage partnerships like India-US Initiative on Critical & Emerging Technologies (iCET) for tech leadership. Conclusion National Engineers’ Day 2025 highlights that engineers are not only builders of infrastructure but also architects of India’s digital and green future. With stronger focus on skills, R&D, and inclusive innovation, India can harness engineering excellence to achieve Viksit Bharat 2047.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 15 September 2025

Content Positioning India in an unruly world Cutting off online gaming with the scissors of prohibition Sliver of hope Positioning India in an unruly world Basics Context: A Foreign Affairs article (July/Aug 2025) titled “India’s Great Power Delusions” argues that India’s grand strategy is hollow and that it lags behind the U.S. and China. Issue: The editorial (by M.K. Narayanan, ex-NSA & Governor) rebuts this portrayal, highlighting India’s growth story, strategic autonomy, and technological promise. Why it matters: The debate reflects larger questions about India’s global role, perception gaps with the West, and its journey toward Great Power status. Relevance: GS-II (International Relations): India’s strategic autonomy, role in multipolar world, contradictions in foreign policy. GS-III (Economy, S&T): Tech leadership, data dominance, and economic rise as pillars of power. Practice Question: “India’s global stature will depend less on moral authority and more on economic and technological strength.” Critically examine in the context of debates around India’s great power ambitions. (250 words) Author’s Core Argument India’s transformation — from famine-prone to food exporter, and from poverty to a resilient economy — is unmatched. India exercises moral authority through Non-Alignment, conflict mediation, and civilisational balancing, unlike power politics of U.S. or China. Western analysts underestimate India’s ability to manage contradictions (e.g., Russia ties + Quad partnership). True power today lies in technology and data dominance, where India has strong potential; Western scepticism is misplaced. Counter Arguments India’s GDP per capita, military capacity, and innovation ecosystem still lag far behind U.S./China. Overemphasis on “moral authority” may not translate into hard power influence in global geopolitics. Strategic autonomy has limits — dependence on Russian defence supplies and Western markets creates vulnerabilities. Technological optimism ignores persistent gaps in R&D investment, digital divide, and education quality. Multi-Dimensional Analysis Polity/Legal: India’s democratic model and constitutional values enhance its global legitimacy, but also slow decision-making compared to China’s state-centric model. Governance/Administrative: Balancing great power competition while ensuring internal governance reforms (bureaucratic efficiency, defence procurement, digital regulation) is key. Economy: India is world’s 4th largest economy (nominal GDP, 2025), but per-capita income, inequality, and middle-income trap concerns remain. Society: Demographic dividend and diaspora contribute to tech strength (e.g., Silicon Valley leadership), but issues like unemployment and skill mismatch persist. Environment/Science & Tech: India invests in digital public goods (UPI, Aadhaar, AI, space tech), but climate change and green transition demand resources. International: India positions itself via Quad, SCO, BRICS, and G20. However, contradictions (Russia ties vs. U.S. partnership) create strategic dilemmas. Challenges Bridging economic disparity with advanced nations. Managing contradictions between U.S. alignment and Russia/China engagement. Closing the tech and innovation gap with China and the West. Dealing with border tensions with China while pursuing global ambitions. Correcting perception gaps in Western strategic thinking. Way Forward Strengthen economy: Focus on manufacturing, R&D, and human capital (NITI Aayog, NEP 2020). Strategic clarity: Evolve a coherent National Security Strategy (as suggested by various parliamentary committees). Technology leadership: Invest in AI, semiconductors, cyber, and green tech (aligned with Digital India & Atmanirbhar Bharat). Balanced diplomacy: Pursue “multi-alignment” while deepening partnerships in Global South (SDG framework, South-South cooperation). Institutional reforms: Implement ARC recommendations on governance and defence modernisation. Conclusion India’s rise as a great power is not without challenges, but dismissing it as “delusional” overlooks its economic resilience, civilisational depth, and technological promise. Its global stature will depend on how effectively it balances contradictions, builds hard power, and leverages its soft power for a sustainable future. Value Addition: Economic Rank: India is the 4th largest economy (nominal GDP, 2025); 3rd largest in PPP terms. Strategic Autonomy Legacy: From Nehru’s Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) to today’s “multi-alignment” (Quad, BRICS, SCO, IPEF). National Security Strategy (NSS): Multiple parliamentary committees have recommended a codified NSS (not yet formally adopted). Tech Leadership Examples: Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): Aadhaar, UPI, ONDC. Space: Chandrayaan-3 success, Gaganyaan (upcoming). Semiconductors: India Semiconductor Mission (2021). Civilisational Soft Power: Yoga (UN International Day, 21 June), Ayurveda, Diaspora (largest in world: 32 million). Cutting off online gaming with the scissors of prohibition Basics Context: The Government of India passed the Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Bill, 2025, banning online real money games while promoting e-sports/social games. Issue: The Bill was pushed without debate or state consultation, raising concerns on federalism, constitutional rights, and economic fallout. Relevance: Balances societal harm (addiction, financial ruin) vs. innovation, jobs, and digital economy growth. Relevance: GS-II (Polity & Governance): Federalism (Centre vs. States), constitutional rights under Article 19(1)(g). GS-III (Economy): Impact on jobs, GST, investor confidence. GS-I (Society): Addiction, youth vulnerability, public health. Practice Question: “Blanket prohibition of online gaming risks undermining federalism, economic growth, and digital innovation.” Discuss with reference to the Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Bill, 2025. (250 words) Author’s Core Argument The ban is short-sighted: regulation, not prohibition, is the right path. Responsible gaming tools (age-gating, self-exclusion, AML/KYC) already exist globally and could be strengthened in India. The ban will push players to illegal offshore platforms, eroding tax revenue (~₹17,000 crore GST) and accountability. It violates federalism and constitutional rights (Article 19(1)(g)), while damaging India’s digital economy, jobs, and FDI confidence. Counter Arguments Addiction, suicides, and financial exploitation are real and rising social harms; prohibition sends a strong public health signal. State regulations (e.g., Tamil Nadu) vary, creating legal uncertainty; a central framework may offer uniformity. Regulating an industry with fast-changing tech and offshore players poses major enforcement challenges. Protecting vulnerable populations may outweigh short-term economic benefits. Multi-Dimensional Analysis Polity/Legal: Betting & gambling fall under State List; Centre’s unilateral move raises federalism disputes. Ban risks violating Article 19(1)(g), unless justified under “reasonable restrictions” (morality, public health). Governance/Administrative: Lack of consultation with States/industry weakens cooperative federalism. Regulatory capacity deficit highlighted — instead of oversight, blunt prohibition chosen. Economy: Sector projected 1.5 lakh jobs by 2025; FDI losses likely. GST revenue of ₹17,000 crore at risk. Investor confidence shaken due to sudden policy flip-flop. Society: Addiction, financial ruin, and youth vulnerability are genuine issues. Banning formal operators may worsen risks by driving users to unregulated markets. Technology: Online gaming overlaps with digital payments, AI, and content creation. India risks missing a global growth industry central to Digital India and Startup India. International: India’s unpredictability in digital regulation may deter global investors and damage credibility. Challenges Balancing public health concerns with digital innovation. Jurisdictional overlap between Centre and States. Preventing growth of illegal offshore networks. Ensuring investor confidence and policy stability. Building effective regulatory and enforcement capacity. Way Forward Balanced regulation: Licensing, compliance standards, taxation — rather than blanket ban. Cooperative federalism: Involve States; align with 7th Schedule. Strengthen safeguards: Responsible gaming tools, age-gating, AI-based addiction monitoring. Independent regulator: As recommended by committees (e.g., NITI Aayog’s 2021 draft guidelines). Global best practices: UK Gambling Commission, Singapore’s model of skill/chance distinction. Conclusion The Bill highlights India’s regulatory dilemma — prohibition may protect citizens in the short run but risks harming federalism, economic potential, and digital innovation. A calibrated regulatory framework balancing social concerns with industry growth is the sustainable path forward. Value Addition: Sector Size: India had 500+ million online gamers (2024), expected to touch 650 million by 2028. Economic Contribution: ₹17,000+ crore annual GST revenue; sector valued at $2.6 bn (2023) → projected $8.6 bn by 2027. Constitutional Angle: Entry 34 & 62, State List → “Betting & Gambling” under state jurisdiction. Article 19(1)(g): Right to profession/occupation → subject to reasonable restrictions. Judicial Precedents: K.R. Lakshmanan v. State of Tamil Nadu (1996): Declared horse racing a game of skill, not chance. SC & High Courts: Skill-based gaming cannot be banned like gambling. Comparative Practices: UK: Gambling Commission with strict licensing. Singapore: Distinction between skill and chance; supervised online platforms. Sliver of Hope: An Inclusive Vision of Conservation Basics Context: A recent survey in the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve shows a rise in saltwater crocodile numbers and demographic diversity. Issue: Conservation policies in India historically focused on charismatic megafauna (tiger, elephant). This case shows the importance of protecting less charismatic species. Why it Matters: Expanding conservation beyond iconic animals can strengthen ecosystems, biodiversity, and climate resilience. Relevance: GS-III (Environment): Biodiversity conservation, Wildlife Protection Act, climate change impacts. GS-II (Governance): Role of local/state institutions, conservation programmes. Practice Question: “Conservation success stories like the Sundarban crocodile recovery highlight the need to move beyond charismatic megafauna towards inclusive and climate-resilient biodiversity policies.” Discuss. (250 words)  Author’s Core Argument Saltwater crocodile recovery is proof that targeted interventions + legal protection work, even for non-charismatic species. India’s model (Wildlife Protection Act, captive breeding, release programmes like Bhagabatpur) has been effective. Gaps remain: climate change, rising salinity, habitat loss — not fully integrated into law/policy. The success highlights the need for inclusive conservation that supports neglected species with proactive recovery plans. Counter Arguments Focus on iconic species (tiger, elephant) has generated funding, political will, and public support — difficult to replicate for reptiles. Crocodile recovery may be an exception, not easily generalisable to other neglected species with different ecological needs. Balancing human settlement pressures with wildlife needs in Sundarbans may still constrain long-term success. Multi-Dimensional Analysis Polity/Legal: Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 provides statutory backing but is reactive. Needs climate-linked amendments and species-specific recovery plans. Governance/Administrative: Bhagabatpur Crocodile Project shows localised interventions can succeed. Need better funding and coordination with state forest departments. Economy: Healthy mangroves (aided by crocodile presence) protect coastal livelihoods and reduce disaster losses. Ecotourism potential if balanced with ecological sensitivity. Society: Public perception still favours “charismatic” species; requires communication strategy for wider conservation awareness. Conflict risks (crocodile attacks) need mitigation to sustain community support. Environment/Science & Tech: Crocodiles regulate prey and carcasses → ecosystem health indicator. Climate change threats (salinity, cyclones, sea-level rise) demand anticipatory adaptation, e.g., climate refugia, assisted breeding. International: Many countries neglect reptiles; India’s model offers a replicable template. Supports India’s biodiversity commitments under CBD and SDG 15 (Life on Land). Challenges Integrating climate change adaptation into wildlife law. Overcoming bias toward megafauna in funding and policy. Managing human-wildlife conflict in populated regions. Habitat fragmentation and rising salinity in Sundarbans. Building long-term political and financial support for neglected species. Way Forward Update Wildlife Act with anticipatory, climate-resilient measures. Launch species recovery programmes for non-charismatic fauna with earmarked funding. Promote inclusive public awareness campaigns, beyond tigers and elephants. Identify climate refugia and create corridors for adaptation. Use global best practices (e.g., IUCN Species Survival Commission) for breeding and recovery. Conclusion The Sundarban crocodile success shows that inclusive, science-driven conservation is possible. To build resilient ecosystems, India must move beyond charismatic species and adopt a proactive, climate-conscious strategy for biodiversity protection. Value Addition: Species Info: Crocodylus porosus → largest living reptile (can exceed 6 m, 1,000+ kg). Found in India, Southeast Asia, Northern Australia. Distribution in India: Odisha (Bhitarkanika), West Bengal (Sundarbans), Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Conservation Status: IUCN Red List: Least Concern (globally stable, but locally vulnerable). CITES: Appendix I (trade prohibited). Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I species (highest protection). Historical Decline: Nearly wiped out in 1970s due to hunting for skins and habitat loss. Success Stories: Bhitarkanika (Odisha): From 96 individuals (1975) → over 1,800 today. Bhagabatpur Crocodile Project (WB): Breeding + release programme in Sundarbans. Ecological Role: Apex predator; regulates fish and crab populations; prevents carcass accumulation in mangroves. Threats: Rising salinity and cyclones (Aila, Amphan, Yaas). Human-crocodile conflict in coastal villages.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 15 September 2025

Content Pendency continues to plague SC as case backlog hits all-time high Cotton import duty cuts: The farms versus firms debate How serious is the global plastic pollution crisis? PM inaugurates India’s first bamboo-based ethanol plant India must invest more in accelerating diversification of food production: FAO Chief Economist Maximo Cullen Stop paying more for being a woman: avoid Pink Tax Kolhan tribe’s Manki-Munda system Operation Polo and Hyderabad’s accession to India China–Philippines tensions over Scarborough Shoal (South China Sea) Pendency continues to plague SC as case backlog hits all-time high Basics Event/Issue: Supreme Court pendency of cases has reached record levels, prompting judicial and administrative focus on workload management, bench strength, and case disposal efficiency. Background/Context: India’s apex court has historically faced rising backlog, exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic and continuing thereafter. Increased filings, complex litigation, and limited judge strength contribute to delays. Fact/Data: As of 2025, the Supreme Court’s pending cases reached 88,417, including 69,553 civil and 18,864 criminal matters. Disposal rate in August 2025 was 5,667 cases, below fresh filings of 7,080. Relevance : GS-II (Judiciary, Access to Justice, Legal Reforms), GS-II/III (Social Issues: child marriage, gender rights). Why in News Recent data highlights sustained rise in pendency despite full judge strength (34 sanctioned judges). Collegium and government are actively working to fill Supreme Court vacancies quickly to maintain functioning at full strength. Overview Polity/Legal: Chief Justice and collegium have emphasized full bench strength to avoid even one vacancy. Successive Chief Justices have initiated reforms for increased benches and summer working schedules. Judicial recommendations stress timely appointments and efficient adjudication. Governance/Administrative: 21 benches worked during partial summer recess to manage backlog. Disposal rates still lag behind fresh filings, highlighting systemic inefficiencies. Economy: Minimal direct economic impact, but delayed dispute resolution affects investment, corporate litigation, and enforcement of contracts. Society: Backlog hinders redress in civil and criminal matters, affecting women and marginalized groups disproportionately. International: Judicial efficiency indices globally consider backlog; India’s Supreme Court pendency contrasts with courts in comparable democracies, impacting global rule-of-law perception. Challenges Persistent increase in filings surpassing disposal rate. Regional disparities in social and legal cases complicate prioritisation. Limited judge strength relative to workload. Administrative inefficiencies in case allocation and tracking. Ensuring timely appointments without political or procedural delays. Way Forward Maintain full sanctioned bench strength at all times; quick government action on collegium recommendations. Expand working benches and continue partial recess sittings when needed. Implement digital case management, AI-assisted prioritisation, and e-filing systems to streamline processes. Encourage alternative dispute resolution (ADR) to reduce civil case load. Monitor social issue cases (child marriage, gender rights) for fast-track adjudication. Consider National Judicial Data Grid and real-time reporting for transparency and policymaking. Conclusion Supreme Court pendency reflects structural and administrative challenges that require coordinated action by the judiciary, executive, and technology interventions. Maintaining full bench strength, leveraging digital solutions, and prioritising social justice cases are key to improving access to justice. Cotton import duty cuts: The farms versus firms debate Basics Event/Issue: Removal of 11% import duty on cotton by the Indian government has triggered protests from farmers while being welcomed by the textile industry. Background/Context: India is a major global cotton producer and exporter, but rising global cotton supply, falling prices, and structural inefficiencies in the domestic cotton supply chain are creating price-parity challenges. Fact/Data: Cotton imports in 2024-25 jumped 77% to 5.25 lakh tonnes despite the import duty. Relevance : GS-III (Agriculture, Textile Industry, Trade Policy, Rural Livelihoods). Why in News Government lifted import duty on cotton, ostensibly to ease costs for the textile industry amid global trade pressures and high tariffs (e.g., 50% US tariffs on Indian apparel). Farmers oppose the move, arguing it lowers domestic prices and threatens livelihoods. The issue highlights structural weaknesses in Indian cotton R&D, productivity, and farm-to-firm linkages. Significance Cotton is a critical raw material for India’s textile sector, one of the largest employers, especially of women. Price declines affect farmers’ incomes; job losses in textile manufacturing impact rural and urban livelihoods.  Policy decision reflects tension between farmer welfare and industrial competitiveness. Overview Polity/Legal: Balancing MSP, domestic procurement policies (Cotton Corporation of India), and trade liberalisation; political backlash from farmer unions. Governance/Administrative: Supply chain inefficiencies in farm-to-firm linkages; CCI procured 34% of production, signalling market distortions. Economy: Rising global supply lowers cotton prices; domestic costs are higher due to declining productivity, weak cotton-to-lint ratio, and high input costs; textile exporters face global tariff pressures. Society: Declining prices reduce farmer income, prompting crop shifts from cotton to paddy, soyabean, or groundnut. Job losses in women-dominated garment sector due to global supply chain adjustments. Environment/Science & Tech: Stagnant productivity; Bt cotton covers 95% of acreage but faces pest resistance; India lags in adoption of advanced technologies like Bollgard-III and CRISPR-based varieties. International: India’s cotton trade integrated with global markets; US tariffs, global price trends, and competition from Brazil, China, and Australia influence policy decisions. Challenges Domestic cotton prices remain higher than global prices, causing import dependence. Declining acreage and productivity, with crop shifts reducing supply. Technological stagnation: Bt cotton over two decades old, leading to pest resistance. Weak public investment in R&D, lagging behind global competitors. Balancing farmer welfare and industrial competitiveness amid global trade dynamics. Way Forward Increase public investment in cotton R&D focusing on high-yield, pest-resistant, climate-resilient varieties. Strengthen farm-to-firm linkages to improve supply chain efficiency and reduce costs. Encourage adoption of advanced biotechnology (Bollgard-III, CRISPR) in collaboration with private and international partners. Rationalise MSP and procurement policies to protect farmers while ensuring competitive domestic cotton for industry. Promote sustainable cotton cultivation practices to improve productivity and reduce input costs. Conclusion India’s cotton sector faces the dual challenge of global market pressures and domestic structural inefficiencies. Policy interventions must balance farmer welfare, industrial competitiveness, and technological upgrading to ensure long-term sustainability and resilience. How serious is the global plastic pollution crisis? Basics Event/Issue: Rapidly increasing plastic pollution is a major global environmental concern, affecting ecosystems, human health, socio-economic development, and climate. Background/Context: Plastics are widely used in packaging, consumer goods, textiles, and single-use items. Mismanagement of plastic waste leads to environmental contamination and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. Fact/Data: Global plastic production reached 460 million tonnes in 2019, with only 9% recycled and 22% escaping waste management systems, often polluting terrestrial and aquatic environments. Relevance :  GS-III (Environment, Pollution, Waste Management, Climate Change), GS-II (International Cooperation, Treaties). Why in News 2025 World Environment Day (June 5) focused on “Ending Plastic Pollution”. UNEP and UN member states are negotiating a legally binding international treaty to curb plastic pollution. Reports (OECD, Ocean Conservancy) highlight alarming trends: 11 million tonnes of plastic enter oceans annually; global plastic waste may reach 1.2 billion tonnes by 2060. Significance Plastics cause microplastic contamination from the poles to oceans, threatening biodiversity and marine ecosystems. Plastics contribute 3.4% of global GHG emissions; projected 19% of carbon budget by 2040. Microplastics enter food chains, impacting human and animal health. Plastic mismanagement burdens waste management systems, damages fisheries, tourism, and livelihoods. Overview Polity/Legal: Need for international treaty on plastic pollution; Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and regulations on single-use plastics. Governance/Administrative: Strengthening waste management infrastructure; incentivising recycling through landfill/incineration taxes; adopting pay-as-you-throw systems. Economy: Promotion of circular economy; boosting markets for recycled plastics; reducing import dependence on petrochemical feedstocks. Society: Awareness campaigns, behavioural change, adoption of biodegradable/green alternatives; media engagement. Environment/Science & Tech: Development of eco-friendly alternatives, improved recycling technology, reduction of microplastic contamination, mitigation of carbon footprint. International: UN Environment Assembly goals, global cooperation on treaty and innovation, alignment with SDG targets (7, 12, 13, 14, 15). Challenges Limited recycling capacity (only 6% of plastics recycled globally). Widespread use of single-use and virgin plastics. Poor waste management in low-income regions, leading to ocean and terrestrial pollution. Industrial resistance and cost barriers to green alternatives. Enforcement of international agreements and national policies. Way Forward Legally binding global treaty to end plastic pollution, with clear timelines. Incentivise recycling and circular economy: EPR, landfill/incineration taxes, deposit-refund systems. Promote R&D in biodegradable plastics and innovative product design. Limit virgin plastic production; phase out unnecessary single-use plastics. Public awareness campaigns and media engagement to change consumption patterns. National policies aligned with UNEP goals and SDGs; international collaboration for technology transfer and best practices. Conclusion Plastic pollution is a multi-dimensional global crisis requiring coordinated international, national, and societal action. Without decisive measures, environmental, health, and economic costs will escalate by mid-century. PM inaugurates India’s first bamboo-based ethanol plant Basics Event/Issue: Inauguration of India’s first bamboo-based bioethanol plant in Golaghat, Assam, and foundation of a ₹7,230-crore polypropylene plant at Numaligarh Refinery. Background/Context: India’s energy imports are high; government aims for energy self-sufficiency, promotion of green energy, and rural economic development. Bamboo has recently been declassified as a tree, facilitating its commercial use. Fact/Data: The bioethanol plant will process 5 lakh tonnes of green bamboo annually to produce ~48,900 tonnes of ethanol, along with acetic acid, furfural, and liquid CO₂. Relevance : GS-III (Energy Security, Renewable Energy, Rural Development, Bioeconomy). Why in News PM Modi inaugurated the bamboo-based ethanol plant and laid the foundation for the polypropylene plant. Emphasis on energy self-sufficiency, clean energy, and leveraging Assam’s resources. Highlighted benefits for local farmers and tribal communities via procurement of bamboo. Noted alignment with deep-water hydrocarbon exploration and green energy initiatives. Significance Energy Security: Reduces India’s dependence on fossil fuel imports. Sustainable Development: Promotes renewable energy and circular economy (“zero-waste” model). Rural Economy: Generates employment and income for northeastern farmers/tribals. Industrial Growth: Strengthens northeast’s industrial capacity, linking agriculture and energy sectors. Exam Relevance: Connects GS-III topics: Energy Security, Renewable Energy, Rural Development, Bioeconomy. Overview Polity/Legal: Bamboo reclassification enables commercial harvesting; reflects central-state coordination in resource utilization. Governance/Administrative: NITI Aayog and Ministry of Petroleum alignment in promoting green energy; implementation of procurement policies benefiting local communities. Economy: Boost of ₹200 crore to Assam’s rural economy; diversification from hydrocarbons to bio-based chemicals; potential import substitution. Society: Empowers tribal and rural populations; provides livelihoods while reducing illegal bamboo harvesting conflicts. Environment/Science & Tech: First-of-its-kind “green bamboo” ethanol plant; supports circular bioeconomy and carbon-neutral fuel initiatives; aligns with clean energy targets. International: Joint venture with Finland’s Fortum and Chempolis OY demonstrates technology transfer and foreign investment in renewable energy. Challenges Sustainable sourcing of 5 lakh tonnes of bamboo annually without ecological degradation. Integration with local communities and ensuring fair procurement prices. Technological adaptation and scaling up of bamboo-to-ethanol conversion. Market competitiveness vis-à-vis fossil fuels and other biofuels. Monitoring environmental impact (water use, effluents, carbon footprint). Way Forward Strengthen supply chains via cooperative models with farmers/tribals. NITI Aayog/ARC recommendation: replicate bamboo ethanol model in other northeastern states. Encourage R&D in advanced bio-refineries and circular bioeconomy. Align with SDG-7 (Affordable & Clean Energy) and SDG-12 (Responsible Consumption & Production). Explore export potential and international collaborations in biofuels and biochemicals. Conclusion The bamboo-based bioethanol plant represents a strategic step toward India’s energy self-reliance, sustainable industrial growth, and rural empowerment. Continued focus on environmental safeguards and community engagement will determine its long-term success. India must invest more in accelerating diversification of food production: FAO Chief Economist Maximo Cullen Basics Definition: Food security implies physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food. A “healthy diet” includes diverse food groups—fruits, vegetables, proteins, cereals. Context: FAO’s State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) Report tracks affordability of healthy diets globally. Fact: In 2024, 40.4% of Indians (~60 crore people) could not afford a healthy meal, down from 74.1% in 2021 (FAO estimate, revised methodology). Relevance : GS-II (Food Security, Right to Food, Governance), GS-III (Agriculture, Nutrition, Climate-Smart Farming). Why in News FAO Chief Economist Maximo Torero Cullen, in an interview, highlighted India’s improved but still high food insecurity numbers, urging diversification of production beyond cereals. Emphasis on India’s critical role in global Zero Hunger (SDG-2) by 2030. Overview Polity/Legal Right to food part of Article 21 (Right to Life); enforced via National Food Security Act (2013). Judicial recognition in PUCL vs Union of India (2001) expanded food rights. Governance/Administrative NFSA covers ~81 crore people with subsidised cereals, but lacks focus on protein-rich and nutrient-dense foods. Need for convergence with Poshan Abhiyaan, ICDS, Mid-Day Meal Scheme (PM Poshan). Economy High cost of diverse diets due to supply-chain bottlenecks, storage losses, and tariffs. Cereal-centric MSP procurement distorts cropping patterns. Diversification (pulses, horticulture) can boost farmers’ incomes and reduce dietary costs. Society Malnutrition persists: NFHS-5 shows 35.5% of children under 5 stunted, 19.3% wasted. Gender dimension: Women and children disproportionately affected. Environment/Science & Tech Diversification aligns with climate-smart agriculture, water conservation, and soil health. Pulses fix nitrogen, reduce chemical fertiliser use. International India central to SDG-2 (Zero Hunger) due to scale. Tariff wars risk fragmenting food trade, creating inefficiencies and uncertainties. India’s export bans (e.g., rice) affect global markets, raising food insecurity elsewhere. Challenges Persistent malnutrition despite NFSA coverage. High prices of fruits, vegetables, pulses. Policy bias towards cereals (wheat, rice). Post-harvest losses, weak cold storage. Trade uncertainties due to global tariff wars. Way Forward Diversification: Shift from cereal-heavy procurement to pulses, oilseeds, horticulture (as recommended by Shanta Kumar Committee). Nutrition-sensitive policies: Integrate dietary diversity into NFSA and welfare schemes. Infrastructure: Invest in cold chains, logistics, and farmer-producer organisations. Market reforms: Rationalise tariffs, stabilise food trade policies. Best Practices: Brazil’s “Zero Hunger” programme linked agriculture with nutrition. SDG-aligned policies: Focus on affordability and sustainability together. Conclusion India has made notable progress in reducing food insecurity, but with 40% of people still unable to afford a healthy diet, urgent steps are needed in diversification, affordability, and nutrition-sensitive governance to meet SDG-2 and secure its role as a global leader in the fight against hunge Stop paying more for being a woman: avoid Pink Tax Basics Definition: Pink Tax is not an actual government tax but a pricing phenomenon where products and services targeted at women cost more than those for men. Origin: Term believed to have originated in California, 1994. Global Example: US studies show women’s personal care products are ~13% costlier than men’s. Relevance : GS-II (Women’s Rights, Gender Justice, Consumer Protection), GS-III (Economic Empowerment of Women). Why in News Growing awareness in India after the 2018 GST exemption on sanitary napkins/tampons. Recent discussions highlight how gender-based pricing affects household savings and women’s economic participation. Overview Polity/Legal No dedicated Indian law against Pink Tax. NCDRC ruling: Companies must follow fair pricing, avoid gender-based discrimination. Relates to CEDAW (Convention on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women) commitments. Governance/Administrative Lack of regulatory guidelines on gender-neutral pricing. Need for Consumer Protection Authorities to take proactive role. Economy Increases cost of living for women despite gender wage gap (India’s women earn ~20–30% less on average). Reduces disposable income, impacting savings and consumption patterns. Society Reinforces stereotypes via “pink packaging” and gendered marketing. Burdens households where women are non-earning members. International US & UK: Studies confirm systemic higher costs for women’s products (deodorants, clothing, dry cleaning). UN (2017): Called on states to end gender-based price discrimination. Challenges Low awareness: ~67% of Indians have never heard of Pink Tax (IFSA study). Cultural acceptance of gendered marketing. Weak regulatory monitoring. Lack of affordable gender-neutral alternatives. Way Forward Legal/Policy: Draft gender-neutral pricing guidelines under Consumer Protection Act. Consider anti-discrimination provisions under Competition law. Awareness: Consumer education on comparing unit costs, demanding fair pricing. Market Solutions: Promote gender-neutral brands and unisex services (salons, clothing). Global Best Practices: Some US states banned gender-based pricing in services. EU consumer advocacy campaigns for transparency. Conclusion The Pink Tax highlights a subtle but systemic form of gender inequality in markets. India needs a mix of legal safeguards, consumer awareness, and industry responsibility to ensure fair pricing and protect women’s economic rights. Kolhan tribe’s Manki-Munda system Basics Issue: Recent protests in Jharkhand’s West Singhbhum district by Ho Adivasis over interference in their traditional Manki-Munda self-governance system. Background: The system is a hereditary, village-based governance structure with Munda (village head) and Manki (overseeing 15 villages). It predates colonial rule and was codified by the Wilkinson’s Rules (1837). Fact: The system covers ~3,000 villages across Kolhan region (Ho-majority). Relevance : GS-I (Indian Society, Tribal Culture), GS-II (Panchayati Raj, PESA Act, Customary Governance). Why in News Ho tribal groups accused the Deputy Commissioner of interfering in their customary system by removing Mundas. DC later clarified the protest was based on misinformation but issued a directive to bring transparency in functioning. Overview Polity/Legal Wilkinson’s Rules gave formal recognition to Manki-Munda authority. Courts (2000, Patna HC) noted they are customs, not laws, but still practiced. Tension with PESA Act (1996) and Panchayati Raj institutions. Governance/Administrative Dual system: state administration vs traditional heads. Creates friction over accountability, transparency, and adaptation to democratic norms. Mundas often lack education, making record-keeping and modern administration difficult. Economy Originally ensured land protection; now complicated by zamindari legacy, revenue demands, and land alienation. Protests highlight fear of losing land rights under state intervention. Society System fosters community cohesion and respect for customary authority. But hereditary leadership may exclude capable individuals and limit representation of women and youth. International (comparative) Similar indigenous governance debates exist worldwide (e.g., Maori in New Zealand, First Nations in Canada). Global best practice: blending customary systems with constitutional democracy. Challenges Clash between hereditary traditional authority and democratic state structures. Lack of transparency, exclusion of women/youth, hereditary rigidity. Land alienation, revenue pressures, and poor documentation of rights. Administrative conflict between PESA institutions and Wilkinson’s Rules. Rising distrust between state officials and tribal communities. Way Forward Codify reforms: Harmonize Wilkinson’s Rules with PESA Act provisions. Capacity-building: Train Manki-Mundas in record-keeping, legal literacy, and governance. Participatory approach: Ensure women/youth representation within customary councils. Legal clarity: State government should revisit the system via consultation, possibly through a commission of inquiry. Global learnings: Adopt hybrid governance models (e.g., Maori councils with legal powers in NZ). Conclusion The Manki-Munda system reflects the deep cultural autonomy of the Ho community, but to remain relevant in the 21st century, it must be reformed and integrated with democratic governance while safeguarding tribal identity and rights. Operation Polo and Hyderabad’s accession to India: Basics Event: Operation Polo (Sept 13–17, 1948) was India’s military action that led to the integration of the princely state of Hyderabad into the Indian Union. Background: Hyderabad, ruled by the Nizam, was the largest princely state (2 lakh sq. km., 16 million population, majority Hindus under a Muslim ruler). Fact: The Nizam refused to accede to India post-1947, leading to military intervention. Relevance : GS-I (Modern Indian History), GS-II (Polity: Federalism, Integration) Why in News The editorial marks the 77th anniversary (Sept 2025) of Operation Polo, reflecting on the political, social, and military aspects of Hyderabad’s merger with India. Overview Polity/Legal The Instrument of Accession was the legal basis for merging princely states. Hyderabad’s refusal posed a constitutional crisis—could a large independent enclave exist within Indian territory? Operation Polo reinforced India’s unity and territorial integrity. Governance/Administrative Post-accession, Hyderabad was placed under military administration until Dec 1949. Later, civilian governance was restored, and elections were held in 1952. Demonstrated the importance of central authority in unifying governance structures. Economy Hyderabad was rich in agriculture, textiles, and culture but feudal landholding and oppressive taxation led to agrarian distress. Land reforms and integration opened Hyderabad to wider economic modernization. Society Hindu majority faced repression under the Nizam’s Razakars (paramilitary group). Social tensions, religious polarization, and peasant movements (e.g., Telangana armed struggle) shaped public opinion in favor of integration. International The Nizam sought UN and Commonwealth intervention. India’s swift action prevented internationalization of the Hyderabad issue, unlike Kashmir. Challenges Religious violence during Razakar brutality and after integration. Managing international criticism of India’s “police action.” Ensuring smooth governance transition from monarchy to democracy. Reintegrating diverse linguistic regions (Telugu, Kannada, Marathi) under one state. Way Forward Lessons for present-day federal integration: dialogue first, but decisive action if national unity is threatened. Promote inclusive governance to address regional grievances (learning from Telangana struggle). Strengthen historical awareness: integrate Operation Polo in public discourse as part of India’s nation-building journey. Use constitutional safeguards (Art. 355, 356, special provisions) carefully for balancing unity with diversity. Conclusion Operation Polo symbolized India’s resolve to integrate princely states into a united democratic nation. While marked by violence, it laid the foundation for political stability, democratic governance, and India’s federal structure. China–Philippines tensions over Scarborough Shoal (South China Sea) Basics Event: China has announced the creation of a national nature reserve at Scarborough Shoal in the South China Sea. Background: Scarborough Shoal (Huangyan Dao by China / Panatag Shoal by Philippines) is a strategic atoll, ~200 km off the Philippines coast and within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Fact: The South China Sea carries annual trade worth $3 trillion; it is also rich in fisheries and hydrocarbon resources. Relevance : GS-II (International Relations, Maritime Law, UNCLOS), GS-III (Security, Trade, Indo-Pacific Strategy) Why in News China approved a 3,524-hectare marine nature reserve at Scarborough Shoal. The Philippines reacted strongly, accusing China of damaging coral reefs and violating international law. Tensions revived over sovereignty, fishing rights, and maritime security. Overview Polity/Legal UNCLOS (1982) grants EEZ rights to the Philippines within 200 nautical miles. Permanent Court of Arbitration (2016) rejected China’s “nine-dash line” claim, but China does not recognize the verdict. Raises questions about international law enforcement and arbitral authority. Governance/Administrative Philippines struggles with limited coast guard/naval capacity compared to China’s maritime militia and coast guard. Managing fisheries and marine environment requires cooperative mechanisms, not unilateral actions. Economy Scarborough Shoal is a fishing hotspot, vital for Philippines’ coastal communities. Disruption threatens food security and livelihoods. Trade security through South China Sea is critical for global supply chains. Society Filipino fishermen face harassment, reducing income and deepening social tensions. Rising nationalism in both countries complicates diplomatic resolution. Environment/Science & Tech China claims “nature reserve” status, but dredging, coral destruction, and militarization contradict ecological aims. Marine biodiversity loss impacts regional ecology. International US–Philippines Mutual Defense Treaty (1951) covers South China Sea after recent updates. China–US rivalry sharpens, making the shoal a potential flashpoint. ASEAN divided between pro-China and pro-US positions, weakening collective response. Challenges China’s rejection of international arbitration rulings. Asymmetry of military and coast guard capabilities between China and Philippines. Risk of accidental escalation from maritime confrontations. Weak enforcement of environmental safeguards. ASEAN’s lack of unity on South China Sea Code of Conduct. Way Forward Strengthen UNCLOS-based dispute resolution; push for binding ASEAN–China Code of Conduct. Philippines to enhance maritime domain awareness (satellites, AI-based surveillance) with Quad/US support. Promote joint development of resources (as done in some ASEAN disputes) while shelving sovereignty claims. Environmental safeguards under SDG-14 (Life Below Water) to balance ecology with security. India and like-minded nations to support freedom of navigation under Indo-Pacific strategies. Conclusion The Scarborough Shoal dispute reflects the larger contest between international law and power politics in the South China Sea. A rules-based, cooperative approach is the only sustainable way forward to ensure peace, ecology, and regional stability.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 13 September 2025

Content The North East: Where the Sun of Development Rises GST Reforms in MSME The North East: Where the Sun of Development Rises The North East in India’s Development Map Geographical Identity: Comprises 8 states – Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura. Strategic Location: Gateway to Southeast Asia; shares international borders with China, Bhutan, Myanmar, Bangladesh. Historical View: Long perceived as a remote “frontier region” with limited integration into mainstream development. Transformation Framework: Shift under “Act East Policy” and “EAST vision” (Empower, Act, Strengthen, Transform). Relevance : GS2 (Governance, Policy, India’s Act East Policy) and GS3 (Infrastructure, Investment, Inclusive Growth, Internal Security). Infrastructure Push Railways ₹62,477 crore allocated to NE railways since 2014 (5x increase). ₹77,000 crore worth projects underway. Bairabi–Sairang line (Mizoram) 51 km line, ₹8,000 crore cost. Connects Aizawl to national rail grid for first time. Engineering marvel: 143 bridges, 45 tunnels (bridge taller than Qutub Minar). Boosts freight (bamboo, horticulture), tourism, jobs. New trains: Sairang–Delhi (Rajdhani), Sairang–Kolkata (Mizoram Express), Aizawl–Guwahati (Intercity). Strategic projects: Jiribam–Imphal, Dimapur–Kohima lines; 17 new surveys covering 1,790 km. Roads & Highways 16,207 km National Highways built till July 2025. Example: Mangaldoi–Mazikuchi (15 km, ₹45.3 crore, NESIDS). Aizawl Bypass (45 km, ₹500+ crore, PM-DevINE) to decongest traffic. Chhimtuipui River Bridge for Kaladan Multimodal Transit → cross-border trade with Myanmar. Rural Connectivity (PMGSY) Sanctioned: 89,436 km roads, 2,398 bridges. Completed: 80,933 km roads, 2,108 bridges. Major improvement in last-mile connectivity in hilly & remote areas. Air Connectivity (UDAN) Regional airports & heliports linked; previously underserved/unserved regions connected. Enhances tourism, business travel, medical access. Digital Connectivity BharatNet & Digital Bharat Nidhi expanded to Gram Panchayats. Mobile towers commissioned across region. Facilitates e-governance, telemedicine, online education, and start-up ecosystem. Government Schemes Driving Transformation PM-DevINE (2022–26): ₹6,600 crore; funds infra + social dev; supports youth & women. NESIDS (Roads): Launched 2017–18; extended till 2026; gap-funding for roads/bridges not covered elsewhere. NESIDS-OTRI: Non-road infra (health, education, aviation, telecom, water); 29 projects, ₹462.2 crore spent (till July 2025). NEC Schemes: Focus on bamboo, piggery, tourism, higher education, tertiary health, livelihoods. Special Packages: Assam (₹4,000 crore for 2025–30), Tripura (₹250 crore for 2025–29) → peace, stability, skill development, local economy boost. Rising Northeast Investors Summit 2025 Investment interest: ₹4.48 lakh crore. Sectors: energy, agro-processing, textiles, healthcare, IT, entertainment, logistics. States facilitating investment: single-window clearances, land banks, eco-friendly projects. Direct benefits: job creation, industrial hubs, youth entrepreneurship. Governance & Transparency Poorvottar Vikas Setu (PVS) Portal: Digital platform for proposal submission, approvals, fund releases. Cuts delays, ensures transparent monitoring. Central–State coordination improved. Fiscal Impact Record budgetary allocations for NE post-2014. Integrated planning under PM Gati Shakti framework. Convergent funding across ministries (Railways, MoRTH, Civil Aviation, DoNER). Strategic & National Importance Gateway to Act East Policy: Enhances connectivity with Myanmar, Bangladesh, ASEAN. Security Angle: Road/rail infra aids troop movement in border areas. Cultural Integration: Linking NE communities to rest of India strengthens national identity. Tourism Potential: Eco-tourism, cultural circuits, adventure tourism. Resource Utilization: Bamboo, hydropower, horticulture exports facilitated. Challenges Ahead Difficult terrain → cost overruns, engineering challenges. Insurgency & law-and-order concerns in pockets. Need for balancing development vs ecological fragility. Inclusion of remote tribal areas in decision-making. Ensuring jobs for locals from large-scale investments. Conclusion: The Road Ahead NE is transitioning from frontier to front-runner of growth. Holistic approach combining connectivity, investment, livelihood, governance reforms. With infrastructure, digital access, and inclusive development, the region is becoming a key driver of Viksit Bharat 2047 vision. GST Reforms in MSME Basics: GST and MSMEs Goods and Services Tax (GST): Indirect tax regime introduced in July 2017, subsuming multiple central and state taxes. MSMEs (Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises): Backbone of Indian economy, contributing ~30% to GDP, 45% to exports, and employing ~11 crore people. Challenges for MSMEs under GST (pre-reform): Higher tax rates on raw materials → costlier production. Inverted duty structures → refunds delayed, working capital stress. Compliance burden → filing multiple returns. Rationale for Reform (2025): Align with flagship schemes – Make in India, PM Gati Shakti, Aatmanirbhar Bharat, PMAY. Lower input costs, reduce inflation, improve competitiveness. Targeted support to labour-intensive sectors (textiles, handicrafts, toys, leather, logistics, food). Relevance : GS3 (Economy, Employment, MSME sector, Inclusive Growth, Government Policies & Reforms) Sector-wise GST Rationalisation & Impact Automobiles and Transport GST cut on two-wheelers, cars, buses, tractors → stimulates demand. Tractors (<1800 cc): GST reduced to 5% → supports farmers + boosts India’s tractor export leadership. Commercial vehicles (trucks, vans): 28% → 18% → lowers logistics cost, inflation, supports MSME truck operators. Buses (10+ seats): 28% → 18% → affordable public transport, benefits workers & schools. Multiplier Effect: MSMEs in tyres, batteries, plastics, glass benefit from higher demand. Food and Dairy Basic food items: GST 12–18% → 5% or NIL → relief for processors, SHGs, dairy cooperatives. Dairy: Milk/paneer NIL; butter/ghee 12% → 5% → nutrition security + women-led dairy MSMEs. Confectionery (chocolates, cakes): cheaper → boosts small sweet makers. Diabetic foods: 12% → 5% → supports healthcare needs. Dried fruits, fish products, milk-based drinks: 12% → 5% → healthier diets + agro-MSME push. Textiles, Apparel, Leather Man-Made Fibres: 12% → 5% → corrects inverted duty structure, helps exporters. Readymade garments: 5% slab limit expanded from ₹1,000 to ₹2,500 → demand surge in Tier-2/3 towns. Leather/footwear (<₹2,500): 12% → 5% → relief for tanneries, small footwear manufacturers. Employment: Boosts jobs, especially for women in stitching, tailoring, apparel. Housing & Construction Materials Cement: 28% → 18% → reduces housing costs under PMAY, generates jobs in mining & logistics. Bricks job work: 12% → 5% → relief for rural housing, brick kiln MSMEs. Boards (cement/jute): 12% → 5% → cheaper prefab houses. Marble, granite: 12% → 5% → strengthens local stone industry. Agro-based wood products (bamboo flooring, husk boards): 12% → 5% → eco-friendly housing, MSME growth. Handicrafts & Creative Industries Handicrafts: 12% → 5% → idols, paintings, terracotta, tableware → boosts artisans’ incomes. Toys & sports goods: 12% → 5% → supports “Vocal for Local”, reduces import dependence. Logistics, Packaging, Sustainability Packaging (paper, cartons, crates): 12% → 5% → cuts e-commerce/logistics costs. Biodegradable bags: 18% → 5% → promotes sustainable start-ups, reduces plastic use. Logistics Competitiveness: India’s World Bank LPI rank improved from 54 (2014) to 38 (2023); GST reforms reduce costs further, aligning with supply-chain digitization & Gati Shakti. Tourism & Hospitality Hotels <₹7,500/day: 12% → 5% → boosts budget tourism, mid-segment hotels. Tourism GDP share: 1.5% (2020–21) → 5.22% (2023–24 provisional). GST cut expected to push further growth in domestic & international tourism. Broader Impacts For MSMEs: Reduced input costs & working capital stress. Lower compliance → easier scaling up. Level playing field vs large corporates. For Employment: Labour-intensive industries (garments, leather, handicrafts) benefit. Women entrepreneurs in textiles, dairy, tailoring gain new opportunities. Rural informal sector (brick kilns, food processing, packaging units) integrated. For Consumers: Lower retail prices → improved affordability across essential & lifestyle goods. Higher demand → multiplier effect on jobs. For Economy: Strengthens domestic value chains. Promotes exports via competitive pricing. Supports Aatmanirbhar Bharat & Viksit Bharat 2047 vision. Challenges & Considerations Potential short-term revenue loss for states (to be offset by higher demand + formalisation). Need to ensure timely refunds & compliance simplification for MSMEs. Balancing tax cuts vs fiscal consolidation. Monitoring pass-through of benefits (ensuring industries actually lower prices for consumers). Conclusion GST reforms (2025) are pro-MSME, pro-employment, pro-consumer. They align taxation with Make in India, PMAY, Gati Shakti, Aatmanirbhar Bharat. By correcting inverted duty structures, lowering costs, and making goods affordable, they create a more competitive, resilient, and inclusive economy. MSMEs, as the largest job creators, will be central to India’s Viksit Bharat 2047 journey through these rationalised GST policies.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 13 September 2025

Content The RTI’s shift to a ‘right to deny information’ Property rights, tribals and the gender parity gap Scam space The RTI’s shift to a ‘right to deny information’ Why is it in News? The Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023 has amended Section 8(1)(j) of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005, drastically narrowing its scope. The amendment makes denial of information easier under the broad category of “personal information,” raising concerns of diluting transparency and enabling corruption. Relevance: GS2: Governance, transparency & accountability, role of statutory bodies, issues with citizen-centric laws. GS2 (Polity): Fundamental Rights conflict (Article 19(1)(a) vs Article 21 privacy). GS4: Ethics – transparency vs confidentiality. Practice Question : The amendment to Section 8(1)(j) of the RTI Act, 2005 through the DPDP Act, 2023 marks a shift from a regime of transparency to one of opacity. Discuss in light of the constitutional balance between the right to know and the right to privacy.(250 Words) From Basics RTI Act, 2005: Empowers citizens to access information held by public authorities; cornerstone of transparency and accountability in democracy. Section 8(1)(j) (Original): Allowed denial of information if it had no connection with public activity or was an unwarranted invasion of privacy, unless larger public interest justified disclosure. Proviso (Original): If information could not be denied to Parliament or State Legislature, it could not be denied to citizens. DPDP Act Amendment: Reduced Section 8(1)(j) to just “personal information” (undefined and overbroad), making rejection of RTI queries much easier. Overview Conceptual Issues Ambiguity in “personal information”: No settled definition — could mean natural persons or entities (companies, associations, state). Expansive DPDP definition → almost all data becomes “personal,” allowing blanket denials. Contradiction between RTI’s mandate for transparency and DPDP’s overriding clause prioritising privacy/data protection. Legal-constitutional Dimensions RTI as a fundamental right: Rooted in Article 19(1)(a) (freedom of speech & expression). Privacy as fundamental right: Recognised in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy vs Union of India (2017) under Article 21. Conflict: RTI (right to know) vs privacy (right to be left alone). Requires balance, not blanket denial. Article 19(2) restrictions: Only “decency” and “morality” relate to privacy; denial beyond these may be unconstitutional. Impact on Governance Transparency weakened: Routine disclosures (pension beneficiaries, ghost employees, exam results) may now be denied. PIOs disincentivised: Fear of ₹250 crore penalty under DPDP → tendency to reject RTIs to be “safe.” Citizens’ oversight reduced: Loss of public monitoring mechanism; anti-corruption bodies (Lokpal, vigilance depts.) already ineffective. Risk of Corruption Ghost employees, fake welfare cards, irregular appointments can remain hidden as “personal information.” Even corruption-related orders/files signed by officials may be denied. Effectively turns RTI into Right to Denial (RDI). Democratic Backsliding Citizens legitimise governance → but are now denied the information needed to hold it accountable. Amendment undermines rule of the people, by the people, for the people. Public/media apathy dangerous; issue not debated at national level unlike earlier RTI dilution attempts (e.g., CIC tenure/salaries). Way Forward Legal clarity: Harmonise DPDP and RTI through judicial interpretation; privacy exemptions must remain narrow. Parliamentary oversight: Reintroduce the proviso that information available to Parliament cannot be denied to citizens. Public movement: Citizens, media, civil society must demand reversal of dilution; include in election manifestos. Institutional safeguards: CIC must be empowered to weigh public interest consistently. Final Takeaway The amendment to Section 8(1)(j) of RTI Act through the DPDP Act is being seen as a serious regression for transparency and accountability in India, weakening citizens’ ability to monitor governance and empowering corruption. The debate represents a crucial fundamental rights conflict between RTI (Article 19) and Privacy (Article 21), with democracy’s future transparency at stake. Property rights, tribals and the gender parity gap Why in News On July 17, 2025, the Supreme Court in Ram Charan & Ors. vs Sukhram & Ors. held that excluding daughters of Scheduled Tribes from ancestral property inheritance amounts to violation of their Fundamental Right to Equality (Article 14). The judgment reopens debate on tribal women’s property rights, long denied under customary laws despite constitutional guarantees. Relevance: GS1: Indian society, role of women, tribal customs, social empowerment. GS2: Constitution (Articles 14, 15, 21), judiciary’s role in reforming discriminatory customs, Directive Principles. Practice Question: Customary laws cannot be an alibi for perpetuating gender inequality. In light of the Supreme Court’s 2025 ruling in Ram Charan vs Sukhram, critically examine the challenges and prospects of ensuring property rights for tribal women in India.(250 Words) From Basics Scheduled Tribes & Customary Laws: STs in Fifth Schedule states (Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, etc.) are governed by customary practices in succession, marriage, and adoption. Hindu Succession Act, 1956 (amended in 2005) does not apply to STs (Section 2(2)). Customary Position: In most tribal communities (except matrilineal ones in Northeast), women lack inheritance rights. Land seen as communitarian property; fear of alienation if women marry non-tribals. Judicial Stand: Courts traditionally upheld customs if proven (e.g., Madhu Kishwar vs State of Bihar, 1996). However, courts increasingly scrutinize customs against equality, gender justice, and public policy. Overview Key Judgments Shaping the Debate Madhu Kishwar vs State of Bihar (1996): SC upheld tribal customs denying women land inheritance → “parity would cause chaos.” Prabha Minz vs Martha Ekka (2022): Jharkhand HC granted Oraon women inheritance rights as defendants failed to prove exclusion custom. Kamala Neti vs Special Land Acquisition Officer (2022): SC took affirmative stand, signalling gender parity. Ram Charan vs Sukhram (2025): Landmark SC ruling—denial of property rights violates Article 14 (Equality). Ground Reality Agriculture Census 2015-16: Only 16.7% of ST women own land vs 83.3% of ST men. Women contribute more agricultural labour but remain landless. Customary denial entrenches economic dependence, gender inequality, and vulnerability. Arguments for Denial vs Rights Denial side: Prevent land alienation to non-tribals; preserve communitarian character of land. Rights side: Custom must pass tests of antiquity, continuity, reasonableness, public policy. Most fail gender-justice test under Constitution. Larger Constitutional & Policy Context Fundamental Rights: Article 14 (Equality), Article 15 (No discrimination), Article 21 (Dignity, livelihood). Directive Principles: Article 39 (equal rights to adequate means of livelihood, ownership of material resources). International commitments: UNDRIP (2007), CEDAW → India bound to protect indigenous women’s rights. Way Forward – Options for Reform Codification: Drafting a Tribal Succession Act, like Hindu Succession Act or Indian Succession Act for Christians. Special Statute: Address gender justice while protecting against land alienation (restrict transfers to non-tribals, but not deny inheritance). Awareness & Grassroots Change: Strengthen women’s movements within tribal societies. Policy Incentives: Land titling in women’s name (already promoted in PMAY-G, land distribution schemes). Scam space Why in News? A Hyderabad-based retired doctor lost over ₹20 lakh after falling prey to an AI-generated deepfake video on Instagram, featuring Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman endorsing a fraudulent investment scheme. Similar scams featuring public figures are rising, exposing gaps in AI regulation, crypto trading oversight, and social media accountability. Relevance: GS2: Governance, regulation of social media platforms, role of state in protecting citizens. GS3: Cybersecurity, emerging technologies (AI, blockchain, deepfake risks), economy (crypto regulation). Practice Question : The rise of AI-enabled deepfake scams in cryptocurrency markets highlights the regulatory lag between technological innovation and governance. Examine the challenges and suggest a way forward for India.(250 Words) From Basics Deepfake Technology: AI-generated manipulated audio/video that makes it appear as if a person said/did something they never did. Cryptocurrency Frauds: Ponzi schemes, fake exchanges, and fabricated trading platforms, often hosted abroad with anonymous transactions via crypto wallets. Digital Literacy: Ability of citizens to identify online manipulation, misinformation, and fraud; still weak in India despite high smartphone penetration. Social Media Moderation: Platforms like Instagram, YouTube, and Facebook use advisories, reporting mechanisms, and AI moderation but remain reactive rather than proactive. Overview Nature of the Threat Exploits AI deepfake tech + crypto grey zone + digital illiteracy. Creates fabricated credibility by misusing images of ministers/celebrities. Victims realise fraud only at withdrawal stage, when returns are blocked. Regulatory & Enforcement Challenges Cryptos not fully regulated in India → fraudsters exploit loopholes. Cross-border operations: Many scams hosted abroad, beyond police jurisdiction. Law enforcement limits: State cybercrime units trained but face scale and jurisdictional barriers. Role of Social Media Platforms Act as primary carriers of fraudulent content. Current approach is passive: publish advisories, allow reporting, but slow in removing content. Automated moderation weak in detecting AI deepfakes; manual review delayed. Business model prioritises engagement over strict policing, leading to systemic vulnerabilities. Human & Social Impact Financial losses (retail investors, middle-class, elderly). Trust deficit in financial systems and digital platforms. Psychological impact: shame, stress, erosion of confidence in governance. Global Dimension Most nations (incl. India) don’t classify crypto scams like conventional securities fraud. Need for international cooperation as scams often involve multi-country wallet chains. Way Forward Stronger Regulation: Define standards for registration, disclosure, and cross-border enforcement in crypto and digital assets. Digital Literacy: Continuous campaigns in schools, colleges, workplaces; integrate into education curricula. Platform Accountability: Mandatory proactive removal of fraudulent content using AI + fact-checking partnerships. AI Governance: Develop detection tools, watermarking for authentic content, and penalties for hosting deepfakes. Public Awareness: Promote caution against “too-good-to-be-true” investment claims and celebrity endorsements.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 13 September 2025

Content Punjab Floods (Aug–Sept 2025) India’s Manuscripts Reflect the Journey of Humanity Denying Upward Mobility to Candidates with Disabilities Centre Clears Translocation of Tigers to Sahyadri Reserve Nepal’s ‘Nepo Babies’ and the Nepotism Debate After the disaster Why in News Punjab floods (Aug–Sept 2025) killed 55 people, displaced ~4 lakh residents across 2,200 villages, and caused agricultural devastation across 1.91 lakh hectares in 18 of 23 districts. Major rivers — Sutlej, Beas, Ravi — overflowed, inundating villages, farmland, and homes. Relief operations ongoing, but concerns remain over crop loss, housing damage, cattle displacement, joblessness, and disease outbreaks. Political tussle: Centre announced ₹1,600 crore package, criticised by Punjab government and Opposition as insufficient against losses exceeding ₹20,000 crore. Relevance: • GS-I (Geography): Floodplains, monsoon variability, river hydrology (Sutlej–Beas basin). • GS-II (Governance): Disaster relief, Centre–State coordination, inclusion in welfare schemes. • GS-III (Agriculture, Disaster Management): Crop loss, food security, climate-linked flood recurrence. • GS-III (Environment): Climate change impact on extreme rainfall, land-use change.   Basics Punjab Agriculture Profile: “India’s grain bowl,” dependent on paddy-wheat cycle. Paddy (Kharif) and wheat (Rabi) highly sensitive to flooding and waterlogging. Rainfall anomaly: Punjab received 253.7 mm rainfall in Aug 2025, 74% above normal (IMD). Recurring floods: Previous major floods in 1988, 2019, 2013, 2010, 2008, 2004 show structural vulnerability. Disaster Management Framework: Relief through NDRF, SDRF, State Disaster Management Authorities; compensation for crop loss and rehabilitation. Overview Humanitarian Impact Casualties & displacement: 55 deaths, ~4 lakh affected, thousands in relief camps. Housing loss: Entire villages submerged; ~270 houses destroyed in Jhangar Bhaini. Livelihood disruption: Farmers: Paddy submerged (3–4 ft), delayed wheat sowing, high re-sowing costs. Labourers: Landless workers unemployed as fields remain waterlogged. Others: Transport workers (school cab drivers) lost jobs due to damaged roads. Cattle relocation: Shortages of fodder and veterinary services. Agricultural & Economic Consequences Paddy & Basmati crops ruined; delayed harvesting raised costs (combine with chains = ₹6,000/acre vs normal ₹2,000/acre). Loss of future wheat cycle due to waterlogged fields. Crop loss estimates ₹20,000 crore+, threatening farm incomes in a debt-ridden state. Spillover risk: food security (as Punjab supplies grain to FCI) and farmer protests. Disaster Management Challenges Relief camps: 111 camps sheltering 4,600 people; ration kits, cattle feed distributed. Inadequate infrastructure: Shortage of boats, life jackets, gas cylinders. Health risks: Carcasses, stagnant water → fear of epidemics (diarrhoea, dengue, cholera). Land rights issue: Post-Partition settlers without formal land titles risk exclusion from compensation. Political Dimensions Centre’s ₹1,600 crore package seen as insufficient; compared against ₹20,000 crore estimated losses. Accusations over misuse/non-utilisation of ₹12,000 crore SDRF funds. Environmental & Structural Factors Climate anomaly: 74% excess rainfall due to erratic monsoon patterns, possibly linked to climate change. River basin mismanagement: Lack of adequate floodplain zoning, embankments, and drainage systems. Recurring floods: Shows failure to build resilience despite repeated disasters. Long-term Implications Economic: Threat to Punjab’s agrarian economy, farm debt, migration risk. Social: Homelessness, psychological trauma, growing inequality (landless worst hit). Governance: Need for accountability in disaster funds; coordination between Centre and State. Environmental: Need for climate-resilient cropping, floodplain management, drainage modernisation. Way Forward Short-term: Adequate compensation for farmers & landless workers. Speedy crop damage assessment & insurance payouts. Health camps, sanitation, fodder support. Medium-term: Scientific floodplain zoning & embankment strengthening. Crop diversification away from water-intensive paddy. Ensure land titling for settlers to access relief. Long-term: Climate-resilient agriculture policies. Strengthened State Disaster Management Authority. Integrate IMD early-warning with village-level preparedness. India’s Manuscripts Reflect the Journey of Humanity, Says Modi Why in News PM Narendra Modi addressed the International Conference on “Reclaiming India’s Knowledge Legacy through Manuscript Heritage”. Launched the Gyan Bharatam Mission & Portal to digitize, preserve, and share India’s manuscripts. Stressed manuscripts as a reflection of humanity’s developmental journey and a safeguard against intellectual piracy. Relevance: • GS-I (Culture & Heritage): Manuscripts as sources of India’s civilizational knowledge. • GS-II (Governance): Role of Ministry of Culture, schemes for preservation & accessibility. GS-III (Science & Tech, IPR): Digitization, metadata, prevention of biopiracy. Basics Manuscripts in India: Handwritten documents covering Vedas, Upanishads, Ayurveda, astronomy, mathematics, arts, philosophy, and law. Preserved on materials like palm leaves, birch bark, and handmade paper. Scale: India has ~1 crore manuscripts (largest globally). Digitization status: Over 10 lakh manuscripts already digitized. Institutional Framework: National Mission for Manuscripts (2003) → identifies, preserves, and catalogues. Now strengthened via Gyan Bharatam Mission. Gyan Bharatam Mission & Portal What it is: Gyan Bharatam Mission is a Central Sector Scheme under the Ministry of Culture, reviving and expanding the previous National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM). Period & Allocation: Operative from 2024-31, with a budget of about ₹482.85 crore. Targets: Aims to survey, document, conserve, digitise, publish and disseminate over 1 crore manuscripts from across India (institutions, libraries, private collections, etc.) Portal Launch: “Gyan Bharatam Portal” launched Sept 2025 at an International Conference on Manuscript Heritage; serves as a digital platform for preservation, digitisation, and public access Overview Cultural and Civilizational Significance Manuscripts = repository of India’s civilizational knowledge in sciences, medicine, philosophy, and arts. Serve as primary sources for reconstructing ancient Indian history, culture, and scientific contributions. Strengthen India’s soft power diplomacy, connecting with countries (Thailand, Vietnam, Mongolia) that share manuscript traditions.  Intellectual Property & Piracy Concerns Traditional knowledge (e.g., turmeric’s medicinal value, neem, yoga practices) often patented abroad without acknowledgment. Digitization ensures documentation & prior art recognition, preventing misuse. Supports India’s claim in WTO/TRIPS disputes over biopiracy. Technological & Institutional Initiatives Gyan Bharatam Portal: A digital repository for public access, research, and global collaboration. Collaboration between government and private organizations enhances reach. Contributes to Digital India and Atmanirbhar Bharat vision. Educational & Research Impact Provides authentic resources for Indology, Sanskrit studies, Ayurveda, astronomy, mathematics, and law. Encourages interdisciplinary research bridging tradition and modern science. Aligns with NEP 2020’s emphasis on integrating traditional knowledge into mainstream education. International & Strategic Dimension Reinforces India’s cultural diplomacy with Buddhist and Indic civilization countries. Enhances India’s image as a knowledge hub in global forums. Serves as a counter to Western intellectual dominance by showcasing indigenous contributions. Challenges Conservation issues: Fragile palm-leaf manuscripts, ink fading, termite damage. Accessibility: Many manuscripts remain with private families and mutts, outside institutional reach. Standardization: Need for unified cataloguing, metadata, and translations for global access. Capacity gaps: Trained conservators, digitization infrastructure, and funding are limited. Denying Upward Mobility to Candidates with Disabilities Defeats Purpose of Quota, Says Supreme Court Why in News Supreme Court (Sept 2025) directed the Union Government to clarify whether meritorious candidates with disabilities (PwDs) who qualify in the unreserved/general category are allowed upward mobility (shift to UR seats) or forced to remain in reserved PwD quota seats. The Court called denial of such mobility “hostile discrimination”, defeating the intent of Section 34, Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016. Union Government asked to respond by October 14, 2025 on corrective measures. Relevance: • GS-II (Polity, Social Justice): Equality under Articles 14 & 16, RPwD Act, reservation jurisprudence. • GS-II (Judiciary): Role of SC in correcting discrimination. GS-IV (Ethics): Dignity, fairness, inclusion of persons with disabilities. Basics Reservation Framework in India: SC/ST/OBC/EWS candidates qualifying on merit in UR category seats are counted in UR, not in their reserved quota. This ensures upward mobility and frees up reserved seats for others from the disadvantaged group. PwD Reservation: Governed by Section 34, RPwD Act, 2016 – 4% reservation in government jobs. However, PwDs often forced to take up reserved category seats, even if qualifying on merit. Overview Judicial Standpoint SC held that reservation for PwDs is about inclusion, not charity. Denial of upward mobility = systemic discrimination against meritorious PwD candidates. Differentiation between PwDs and OBC/SC/ST candidates in mobility is constitutionally unjustifiable. Legal Framework RPwD Act, 2016 – Section 34: Mandates 4% job reservation in groups A, B, C, D. Constitutional Backing: Article 14 (Equality before law) Article 16 (Equal opportunity in public employment) Article 41 (Directive Principle – Right to work, education, assistance) Implications of Current Practice For PwDs: Blocks their fair chance in UR seats → leads to stagnation. Reduces dignity of reservation by treating it as fixed entitlement rather than enabler of equality. For other PwD candidates: Meritorious candidates “occupy” reserved seats → limits chances for weaker PwD aspirants who genuinely need quota. Comparative Framework Backward Classes (SC/ST/OBC): Enjoy upward mobility if they meet general cut-off. PwDs: Currently denied similar treatment → creates a hierarchy of reservations, violating Article 14. Larger Ethical & Social Perspective Disability should be seen as a social construct, not an individual deficit. Reservations are about level playing field, not charity or sympathy. True inclusion demands removal of systemic barriers in employment and education. Way Forward Immediate: Clear government policy allowing upward mobility for PwD candidates qualifying in UR. Medium-term: Uniform guidelines across states, UPSC, SSC, and PSUs. Digital monitoring to ensure compliance. Long-term: Enhance accessibility, skill training, and workplace inclusion. Treat PwD reservation at par with other social group reservations in terms of benefits. Centre clears translocation of tigers from Tadoba, Pench to Sahyadri reserve Why in News Union Environment Ministry approved capture and translocation of 8 tigers from Tadoba-Andhari and Pench Tiger Reserves to the Sahyadri Tiger Reserve (STR), Maharashtra. Aim: Revive tiger population in northern Western Ghats, where STR has rich forests but largely transient tigers. NTCA (National Tiger Conservation Authority) gave approval in Oct 2023, after WII (Wildlife Institute of India) studies confirmed STR can sustain >20 tigers. Relevance: • GS-III (Environment & Biodiversity): Tiger conservation, NTCA guidelines, ecosystem balance. • GS-I (Geography): Western Ghats as biodiversity hotspot & UNESCO site. • GS-III (Science & Tech in Ecology): Use of camera traps, radio-collaring, monitoring methods. GS-III (Conservation Challenges): Human–wildlife conflict, poaching, prey-base management. Basics Tiger Translocation: Conservation practice of capturing and moving tigers to suitable but underpopulated reserves to restore balance, gene flow, and connectivity. Sahyadri Tiger Reserve (STR): Established: 2010 Spread: 1,165 sq km (Kolhapur, Sangli, Satara, Ratnagiri districts) Formed by merging Chandoli National Park + Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary Part of Western Ghats (UNESCO World Heritage Site) Challenges: Poaching, habitat fragmentation, prey depletion, absence of breeding population. Overview Ecological Significance STR hosts dense forests, rivers, watersheds (Koyna & Warna basins). Revival of tiger population → ensures apex predator balance → controls herbivore populations → safeguards forest regeneration. Strengthens corridor connectivity between northern Western Ghats and tiger habitats in Goa, Karnataka. Scientific & Administrative Process Conditions set by Ministry: Veterinary care at all stages of capture & release. Minimize trauma to tigers during capture. Monitoring post-release through camera traps & radio collars. First phase: habitat improvement, prey base strengthening. Second phase: translocation of 8 tigers. Past & Present Situation in STR Historically, STR had transient tigers, no resident breeding population. Recent camera traps recorded 3 males frequently. Translocation expected to introduce females → encourage stable breeding population. Wider Conservation Goals Aligns with Project Tiger and India’s Tiger Recovery Plans. Part of NTCA’s management effectiveness evaluation of tiger reserves. Helps India maintain its global leadership in tiger conservation (India = home to ~75% of world’s wild tigers). Challenges & Risks Stress, mortality during capture/translocation. Potential human-wildlife conflict in fringe villages. Need for long-term monitoring and local community participation to prevent poaching. Value addition – Indian Tiger Scientific name: Panthera tigris tigris (Bengal Tiger). India hosts the largest tiger population in the world – ~3,167 tigers (All India Tiger Estimation 2022). Found across diverse habitats: Himalayan foothills, Terai, Gangetic plains, central India, Western Ghats, Sundarbans, and Northeast. Conservation Milestones 1973: Launch of Project Tiger – landmark conservation programme. 1972: Wildlife Protection Act – legal backbone for tiger protection. National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA): Apex body for policy, monitoring, and tiger reserve governance. 50 Tiger Reserves across India today, covering ~75,000 sq km (~2.3% of India’s area). Nepal’s ‘nepo babies’: Why nepotism is focus of so many public debates Why in News Youth-led protests erupted in Nepal (Sept 2025) against entrenched political dynasties and inequality, with slogans like “No More Nepo Babies – We Demand Fair Opportunities.” The phrase “nepo babies” has gained global currency, denoting children of elites (politicians, actors, business families) who benefit disproportionately from inherited privilege. Relevance: • GS-II (Polity): Dynastic politics, youth mobilization, democratic legitimacy. • GS-I (Society): Social mobility, inequality, inter-generational privilege. Basics Nepotism (origin): Derived from Latin nepos meaning nephew; first used in mid-17th century in context of Popes promoting nephews to power. Concept: Granting unfair advantage to relatives/friends in jobs, politics, entertainment, and business. Cultural Spread: Popularised in India after Bollywood debates in 2017, peaked during Sushant Singh Rajput’s death (2020) when discussions on nepotism in film industry resurfaced. Overview Historical Roots Papal Europe: Popes promoted nephews to cardinalships → coined the term. Modern usage expanded to dynastic politics, business families, and entertainment industries worldwide. Showbiz Connection Bollywood: Triggered debates after Kangana Ranaut’s comments on “flagbearer of nepotism.” Public anger intensified after Sushant Singh Rajput’s suicide in 2020, widely linked to industry bias against “outsiders.” Google Trends: Spike in “nepo baby” searches in India from 2017, peak in 2020, showing cultural traction. Politics and Power India: Dynastic politics prominent across parties (INC, regional outfits, even BJP leaders promoting children). Nepal: Anger against entrenched political dynasties; seen as blocking opportunities for ordinary youth. Global Parallel: Bangladesh, Sri Lanka – corruption, dynastic elites, and contractors benefiting from state projects → public resentment. Structural Inequalities Limited opportunities for newcomers due to entrenched elite dominance. Deepens inequalities in societies with fragile economies and high unemployment. Covid-19 pandemic worsened structural barriers – many outsiders left industries like film, politics, or business. Social and Political Consequences Rising protests in Nepal reflect frustration of youth over elite privilege. Public trust in democratic institutions erodes when nepotism dominates. Creates sense of exclusion, discourages meritocracy, and fuels populist/anti-establishment movements. Global Modern Context “Nepo baby” discourse now transcends entertainment, covering politics, business, and governance. Seen as a universal symbol of privilege vs merit, resonating with youth struggling against inequality. In fragile democracies, unchecked nepotism can destabilise regimes, trigger corruption scandals, and fuel violent protests.

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