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Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 23 April 2025

Content: Constitutional Offices Are Not Ornamental; Every Citizen Is Supreme In A Democracy, Stresses Vice-President India’s Aviation Revolution Constitutional Offices Are Not Ornamental; Every Citizen Is Supreme In A Democracy, Stresses Vice-President The Vice-President of India, addressing the ‘Kartavyam’ event organized by Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini, emphasized the vital role of citizens in strengthening democracy. He highlighted the supremacy of Parliament, importance of dialogue, and the ethical responsibilities of both leaders and the electorate. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Constitution) Rejection of the “Ornamental Office” Notion VP strongly opposed the idea that constitutional offices are ceremonial or ornamental. Emphasized that every citizen and every constitutional functionary plays a vital role in the democratic framework. Such perceptions undermine the dignity and responsibility of democratic institutions. Citizen as the Supreme Power Reiterated the idea that citizens are the soul and supreme force in a democracy. Democracy thrives when citizens are alert, engaged, and participative. Described each citizen as an “atom in democracy”—individually powerful, collectively transformative. Parliament: Supreme, But Not Above Citizens Asserted that there is no authority visualized above Parliament in the Constitution. However, Parliament derives its legitimacy from the people—‘We the People’ are the true sovereign. Elected representatives are accountable to the people, as demonstrated in historic events like the defeat of the Emergency-imposing government in 1977. Role of Elected Representatives The Constitution is a “repository of public will”, implemented through elected representatives. Representatives are not masters, but trustees of the Constitution and its values. Accountability is ensured through regular elections. Democracy is Participatory, Not Just Governmental Emphasized participatory democracy that goes beyond elections and governance. True democracy encompasses civic culture, national ethos, and heritage preservation. Citizens must actively defend sovereignty, practice fraternity, and foster unity. Government as a Facilitator, Not a Substitute Government provides infrastructure and policy (e.g., a football stadium), but goals must be scored by citizens. The onus of democratic success lies on individuals, not just institutions.  Warning Against the Decline in Discourse Quality The health of a democracy is reflected in the quality of its public discourse. Raised concerns over manipulated discourse driven by: Money power Muscle power Foreign interests Called for discernment and vigilance to preserve democratic integrity.  Freedom of Expression and Dialogue: Twin Pillars of Democracy Expression (Abhivyakti) and Dialogue (Samvaad) are the “core mantras” of Indian democracy. Throttling expression leads to democratic decay—as seen during the Emergency. However, arrogant or intolerant expression also harms democracy. Advocated for respectful disagreement and civilizational ethos of ‘Anantavad’ (multiple perspectives). Dangers of Silence and Timidity Urged individuals to speak the right thing at the right time. Hesitation or silence in crucial moments weakens democratic fabric and hurts progressive forces. Nations Are Built by Individuals, Not Elites Countered the notion that industrialists or political elites build nations. Reinforced that every individual carries atomic power to transform society. Recalled Justice H.R. Khanna’s legacy as a reminder of constitutional courage. Role of Youth in Democratic Renewal Urged youth to rise above partisanship and contribute to national interests. Youth must champion thoughtful, informed discourse, especially during India’s rise as a global power. Emphasized the need for intellectual maturity, not political polarization among the youth.  Preamble as the Essence of the Constitution Called the Preamble the “nectar” of the Constitution. Highlights that all power flows from ‘We the People’, not from institutions or offices.  Conclusion: Call to Action Democracy is not a status, but an ongoing responsibility. Citizens must be informed, expressive, participative, and vigilant. Nation-building is a collective exercise, grounded in constitutional morality, civic virtue, and participatory ethos. India’s Aviation Revolution India is undergoing a transformative aviation revolution, marked by legislative reforms, infrastructure expansion, and record-breaking passenger growth. This surge is propelling the country towards becoming a global aviation hub aligned with the Viksit Bharat @2047 vision. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure) Legislative Reforms: Foundation for Sustainable Growth Protection of Interest in Aircraft Objects Bill, 2025: Aligns with the Cape Town Convention for improved legal enforceability in aircraft leasing. Aims to cut leasing costs (previously 8–10% higher than global average) via lower risk premiums and interest rates. Boosts investor confidence and supports the emergence of domestic leasing hubs. Bharatiya Vayuyan Adhiniyam, 2024: Replaces colonial-era Aircraft Act, 1934; effective from 1 Jan 2025. Supports ‘Make in India’ and Atmanirbhar Bharat by encouraging indigenous aviation manufacturing. Aligns with global civil aviation norms (ICAO, Chicago Convention). Introduces simplified licensing, an appellate mechanism, and removes outdated regulations. Infrastructure Expansion: Creating World-Class Aviation Facilities Greenfield Airport Progress: 12 operationalised since 2014 out of 21 approved (e.g., Kushinagar, Mopa, Rajkot). Key projects like Noida (Jewar) and Navi Mumbai advancing, with operations set for FY 2025–26. Airport Development Targets: 50 more airports planned in 5 years. 120 new destinations targeted in 10 years. Capital Investment: ₹91,000+ crore allocated under National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP). ₹82,600 crore already spent (till Nov 2024).  UDAN Scheme: Inclusive Regional Connectivity Achievements: 619 routes, 88 airports operationalised under UDAN. Over 1.5 crore passengers benefited; aim to serve 4 crore more. 2024 Progress: 102 new RCS routes, 20 in the North East. Increased focus on remote, hilly, and aspirational districts. Affordable Travel Amenities: Launch of UDAN Yatri Cafés at Kolkata and Chennai airports with subsidized food. Nationwide rollout planned due to success. Passenger Growth: Surging Demand and Market Expansion Domestic Travel Boom: Record of 22.81 crore domestic passengers in 2024. Over 5 lakh passengers in a single day (17 Nov 2024). Growth of 5.9% (Jan–Nov 2024 YoY). International Traffic Growth: 64.5 million passengers (Jan–Nov 2024), up by 11.4%. India’s Global Ranking: Now the 3rd-largest aviation market with 350+ million passengers annually. Consistent 10–12% annual growth over a decade. Safety, Technology, Seamless Travel DFDR & CVR Lab Inauguration: State-of-the-art accident investigation facility at AAIB, Delhi. ₹9 crore investment; supported by HAL. Digi Yatra Expansion: Deployed in 24 airports; over 4 crore journeys made via app. Enhances contactless, secure travel. Seaplane Operations Guidelines (2024): Bid process launched for 50+ water bodies under UDAN Round 5.5. Boosts connectivity to remote and tourism-heavy regions. Sustainability and Human Capital Development Green Energy Adoption: ~80 airports on 100% green energy. Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad—leading in carbon-neutral and carbon-negative credentials. Pilot Training Pipeline: 30,000–34,000 new pilots needed by 2040. Expansion of Flight Training Organisations (FTOs) and licensing. Aviation Career Guidance for Students: Launched by the Civil Aviation Ministry to introduce school students to aviation careers. Aims to build a talent pipeline for long-term sectoral growth. Supporting Ecosystem and Gender Inclusion Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO): 5% IGST on aircraft parts to incentivize domestic MRO hubs. Gender Representation: India has 13–18% women pilots—among the highest globally. Goal: 25% representation across aviation roles by 2025 (DGCA target). Air Cargo Expansion: Cargo handling capacity reached 8 million MT in FY24, growing over 10% annually. Emphasis on cold chain warehousing and customs efficiency. Global Integration & Recognition International Diplomacy: Hosted 2nd Asia-Pacific Ministerial Conference on Civil Aviation. Outcome: Delhi Declaration—a significant diplomatic win. Global Branding: India’s aviation diplomacy and reforms enhance its standing as a hub for global aviation cooperation and connectivity. Conclusion: Viksit Bharat @2047 Vision The aviation sector exemplifies India’s development trajectory, linking physical infrastructure with aspirational growth. The sector is being positioned not just as a mode of transport but as a driver of economic integration, job creation, and global competitiveness. Through legislative agility, digital innovation, green energy, inclusive access, and global integration, India is confidently charting its course toward Viksit Bharat @2047.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 23 April 2025

Content: Matters that count A move that endangers the right to vote Exploring India’s potential in the Arctic region Matters that count Core Issues Raised Unfounded criticism of judiciary by ruling party members and Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar undermines constitutional principles. Judiciary accused of overreach in matters like directing the Centre under Articles 355 and 356 or regulating online content. Calcutta High Court intervention in deploying Central forces in Murshidabad shows judiciary’s role in maintaining law and order. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice) Practice Question : Attempts to undermine judicial independence in the name of legislative supremacy threaten the core of constitutional democracy. Critically examine this statement in the context of recent events and judicial interventions in India. (250 words) Role of Judiciary in Constitutional Democracy Judicial review is essential to uphold the Constitution and fundamental rights. Article 13 empowers courts to invalidate laws violating fundamental rights. Articles 32 and 226 give SC and HCs power to enforce rights via writs. Even constitutional amendments are subject to the basic structure doctrine. Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances Judiciary is not subservient to legislature or executive. Ensures rule of law remains above majoritarian pressures. Constructive institutional friction promotes governance stability. Threats to Democratic Integrity Majoritarianism misinterprets democracy as rule by legislative majority alone. Blurring lines between executive and legislature weakens accountability. Pressure tactics against judiciary in the name of legislative supremacy threaten the independence of courts. Recent Judicial Interventions Supreme Court upheld legislative supremacy by setting timelines for Governors and President on state bills. This restored balance in federal governance and curbed arbitrariness by unelected authorities. Conclusion: Upholding Democracy Judiciary must remain independent and vigilant in defending constitutional norms. Attempts to intimidate courts are anti-democratic and must be resisted to maintain a healthy, functional democracy. A move that endangers the right to vote Context: The Election Commission of India (ECI) is reviving its push to link Aadhaar with Voter ID, citing the need to remove bogus entries and enhance electoral integrity. This move has drawn criticism for jeopardizing the fundamental right to vote and violating the constitutional right to privacy. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Constitution ) Practice Question : The Election Commission’s move to link Aadhaar with Voter ID is being projected as a step to ensure electoral purity. Critically examine this claim in light of constitutional safeguards, privacy concerns, and previous experiences of Aadhaar-based exclusions. Suggest alternative approaches to improve the accuracy of electoral rolls.(250 words) Constitutional and Legal Concerns Violation of Universal Suffrage: Linking Aadhaar with voter ID undermines the principle of universal and equal suffrage by disproportionately affecting the marginalized (elderly, disabled, migrants, remote populations). Article 326: Right to vote, though statutory, is an expression of democratic participation, and cannot be obstructed by exclusionary administrative processes. Section 9, Aadhaar Act (2016): Aadhaar is not proof of citizenship; linking it to voter ID contradicts its legal status. Lal Babu Hussein Case (1995): Electoral deletions must follow natural justice and procedural fairness — currently lacking in the Aadhaar-linking process.  Impact on Voters and Electoral Roll Mass Disenfranchisement: Past Aadhaar linkage (2015) led to arbitrary deletion of 55 lakh voters in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana due to mismatches. Lack of Opt-out Provision: Current Form 6B coerces disclosure of Aadhaar by offering no meaningful alternative. Burden on Voters: Citizens unwilling to provide Aadhaar must physically appear before an officer — unfair and impractical. Surveillance and Profiling Risks Digital Profiling: Linking Aadhaar could allow electoral data to be cross-referenced with other databases — enabling micro-targeting and suppression of opposition. Dragnet Surveillance: Aadhaar-seeded electoral databases raise the danger of state overreach and political misuse, especially in absence of strong data protection enforcement. Section 50, Aadhaar Act: UIDAI is under executive control — granting it control over voter data weakens ECI’s independence. Systemic and Technical Flaws in Aadhaar CAG Audit (2021): Over 4.75 lakh Aadhaar numbers were cancelled due to duplication and faulty biometrics. Residency Verification Lapses: UIDAI does not require robust proof of residence — undercuts credibility as a de-duplication tool for citizenship-based voter rolls. Judicial Stand and Administrative Commitments G. Niranjan v. ECI (2023): ECI assured the SC that Aadhaar-voter linkage was non-mandatory — its current proposal violates that assurance. K.S. Puttaswamy Judgment (2018): Aadhaar’s use was confined to welfare benefits from the Consolidated Fund of India — not for electoral purposes. Alternative Recommendations Booth-level Verification: Strengthen traditional door-to-door voter verification methods. Electoral Roll Audits: Conduct periodic, independent audits of voter rolls. Social Audits and Grievance Redress: Introduce citizen oversight mechanisms to uphold transparency and procedural fairness. Conclusion The proposed Aadhaar-voter ID linkage, though presented as a reformative measure, endangers the core democratic principle of participatory inclusion. It subverts privacy, increases surveillance, risks massive disenfranchisement, and undermines ECI’s autonomy — defeating the very goal of electoral integrity. Exploring India’s potential in the Arctic region Context : Geopolitical Shifts & Climate Change: The Arctic, once an isolatedfrontier, is becoming central to trade and diplomacy due to: Global warming shrinking Arctic sea ice. Fracturing of global trade blocs and supply chain realignments. Arctic as a Trade & Energy Frontier: NSR (Northern Sea Route) emergence = shorter Europe-Asia link, massive cost/time savings. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : “India’s engagement with the Arctic region presents both opportunities and challenges in terms of trade, geopolitical alliances, and environmental concerns. Analyze India’s Arctic policy and suggest the steps needed to ensure a sustainable and strategic presence in the region.”(250 Words)                                                                  Strategic Significance of Arctic for India Historical Engagement: Signatory to Svalbard Treaty (1920). Established Himadri—India’s Arctic research base (2008). Scientific Relevance: Arctic climate changes linked to Indian monsoons, agricultural patterns. Partnered studies with IGSD and NCAER to assess Arctic-India climate interlinkages. Policy Framework: India’s Arctic Policy (2022) emphasizes: Scientific research Connectivity International cooperation Capacity building  Trade and Maritime Opportunity Northern Sea Route (NSR): Ice melt opened up shortest cargo route between Europe and Asia. Potential to reduce dependency on congested and geopolitically sensitive routes like Suez and Malacca. Cargo on NSR grew from 41,000 tonnes (2010) to 37.9 million tonnes (2024). India’s Maritime Push: $3 billion Maritime Development Fund (2025-26 Budget). Promotion of shipbuilding clusters and Arctic-suited fleet development (e.g., ice-breakers). Chennai–Vladivostok Maritime Corridor: Can connect Indian ports to Arctic NSR ports (Pevek, Tiksi, Sabetta). Expands India’s blue economy and Indo-Pacific outreach. IV. Geopolitical Balancing Act Russia as a Natural Partner: Expertise in Arctic navigation and infrastructure. India-Russia working group on NSR established post-2023 Modi-Putin summit. China Factor: China’s Polar Silk Road as an Arctic extension of BRI. If India leans too far towards Russia, it indirectly strengthens China’s Arctic ambitions. Western Bloc Risks: Aligning with U.S. may restrict India’s access to Russian-dominated Arctic routes/resources. Middle Path Strategy: Simultaneous cooperation with U.S., Russia, Japan, South Korea. Collective push for a more inclusive Arctic Council and rules-based Arctic governance. Challenges Ahead Ecological Fragility: Arctic warming at 4× global average. Paris Agreement threshold breach (1.5°C) in 2024—sign of prolonged climate stress. Infrastructure Gaps: India lacks Arctic-ready shipping and navigational capabilities. Policy Execution: Arctic Policy 2022 still needs clear targets, institutional mechanisms, and sustained funding. The Way Forward Strategic Actions Needed: Invest in Arctic-ready shipbuilding and polar training programs. Appoint a Polar Ambassador for diplomatic coherence and visibility. Use forums like Arctic Circle India Forum (May 2025) to lead multilateral dialogues. Balance Sustainability with Opportunity: Advocate for sustainable exploration. Push for frameworks ensuring indigenous rights, ecological safety, and global equity.  

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 23 April 2025

Content: Section 69 of the BNS is redundant IMF’s lower growth projection for India for 2025-26 fiscal year Parliament is supreme, Constitution does not visualise any authority above it: Dhankhar IMF cuts global growth over Trump tariffs, policy uncertainty AI can supercharge forecasting if it can weather some challenges Section 69 of the BNS is redundant Context and Legislative Background Section 69 Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita introduces a new standalone offence for sexual intercourse on the false promise of marriage, with lesser punishment than rape. Such a provision did not exist in the Indian Penal Code (IPC), though similar cases were tried under Section 375 IPC (now Section 63 BNS). Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary , Social Justice) Supreme Court’s Stand and Judicial Interpretation Judicial filters already exist to prevent misuse of rape laws in cases of consensual sex later termed as rape: Intention Test:In Anurag Soni v. State of Chhattisgarh (2019): Unless the man never intended to marry from the start, it does not amount to rape.Nature of Relationship:In Rajnish Singh @ Soni v. State of U.P. (2025): A 15-year consensual relationship, later followed by betrayal, does not qualify as rape under false promise of marriage.Marital Status and Consent:In Abhishek Arjariya v. State of M.P. (2025): If the prosecutrix was already married, her claim of consent under misconception is invalid. Critique of Section 69 BNS Section 69 Text: Targets sexual intercourse through “deceitful means” or “false promise to marry”. Includes “false promise of employment, promotion, or suppression of identity” in its explanation. Redundancy and Legal Overlap Section 28 BNS: Defines consent, vitiated by “misconception of fact” — already covers false promise of marriage. Thus, rape under Section 63 BNS can already encompass sex under false promise of marriage. So, Section 69 duplicates existing provisions under a milder punishment — undermining the seriousness of the offence. Constitutional and Doctrinal Issues No exception carved out in Section 63 for cases under Section 69 → raises constitutional conflict. No non-obstante clause in Section 69 → makes it susceptible to being struck down under Article 14 (equality before law). Introduces confusion in legal interpretation and may allow legal escape routes for genuine offenders. Administrative Implications Courts already quashing false FIRs based on long-standing precedents. Police advised to conduct preliminary inquiries before filing charge-sheets. Helps in avoiding misuse of law, protects innocent men, and saves judicial resources. Conclusion No change in core definitions of rape or consent in BNS. Section 69 BNS, being legally unnecessary and potentially unconstitutional, appears redundant and unsustainable. IMF’s lower growth projection for India for 2025-26 fiscal year Context : IMF’s Growth Projection India’s GDP growth for FY 2025–26 is projected at 6.2% by the IMF. This is 0.3 percentage points lower than the earlier estimate of 6.5%. The global growth forecast is also revised downward to 2.8%, a cut of 0.5 percentage points. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Stated Reasons for Revision Escalated global trade tensions have impacted investor confidence and export dynamics. Worsening global uncertainty, including geopolitical risks and financial market volatility. Tighter monetary conditions in advanced economies could be curbing capital flows and investment. Implications for India Export sector vulnerability: India’s integration with global supply chains may suffer. Private investment slowdown: Uncertainty may delay new investments or expansion plans. Impact on job creation: Slower growth could restrict employment generation, especially in informal sectors. Relative Positives Despite the downgrade, India remains among the fastest-growing major economies. Domestic demand and infrastructure push may partially offset external headwinds. Potential for policy response via fiscal support or targeted reforms if slowdown deepens. Broader Global Context Similar downgrades for several emerging and developing economies. Global trade fragmentation and protectionist measures gaining ground. Need for multilateral cooperation to stabilize trade, finance, and supply chains. Parliament is supreme, Constitution does not visualise any authority above it: Dhankhar Context: Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar reaffirmed that the Constitution does not visualise any authority above Parliament. He was responding to criticisms regarding his remarks on a recent Supreme Court ruling. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Constitution) Context of the Controversy The Supreme Court judgment (April 8, 2025) directed: The President must act within 3 months on Bills passed by State Assemblies and referred by Governors. Governors cannot withhold assent to Bills indefinitely. Dhankhar viewed this as judicial overreach and incursion into the Executive’s domain. Key Arguments by Dhankhar Parliament is the supreme institution under the Constitution. No authority, including the Judiciary, is visualised as being above Parliament. Constitutional functionaries are not ornamental; their roles are substantive and rooted in public interest. Interpretational Clash Supreme Court: Reinforces checks and balances, especially in ensuring executive accountability and proper assent procedures. Vice-President: Emphasizes Parliamentary sovereignty and primacy of elected representatives in a democracy. Constitutional & Political Implications Reflects a tug-of-war between Judiciary and Legislature over boundaries of power. Raises concerns about separation of powers, federalism, and institutional respect. Could fuel debates on judicial activism vs. parliamentary supremacy. Symbolic Language Dhankhar likened every citizen to an “atom in democracy”, where elections reflect atomic power — underscoring democratic legitimacy of Parliament. IMF cuts global growth over Trump tariffs, policy uncertainty Context: IMF has cut global growth projections in its April 2025 World Economic Outlook. Triggered by: U.S. President Donald Trump’s April 2 import tariff policy. Surging policy uncertainty worldwide. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Global Growth Projections 2025: Global output projected at 2.8%, down 0.5 percentage points from January 2025 forecast. 2026: Forecast at 3.0%, down 0.1 percentage points from earlier. Marked as a “critical juncture” for the global economy. Impact on India 2025–26 fiscal growth forecast at 6.2%: 0.3% lower than January estimate. Supported by rural private consumption, despite external challenges. 2026–27 forecast: 6.3%. Inflation estimates for India: 4.2% (FY25–26), 4.1% (FY26–27). Structural Global Shifts IMF Chief Economist: “We are entering a new era.” Global economic system of last 80 years is being reset. U.S. effective tariff rates now at 100-year highs. Tariff hikes + policy unpredictability are shaping the outlook. Risk Assessment Risk of a global downturn has nearly doubled: From 17% to 30%. IMF does not forecast a full-blown recession but notes elevated risk. Growth reductions expected across all regions in 2025–26. Inflationary Pressures Disinflation process stalled due to: Trade disruptions. Uncertainty over global supply chains and investment decisions. Global inflation revised up by 0.1%. Conclusion The IMF signals economic fragbility, warning that trade wars and unpredictability could derail recovery. India remains relatively resilient, but exposed to external shocks due to its trade linkages. AI can supercharge forecasting if it can weather some challenges Core Idea AI and ML are increasingly being explored to improve weather forecasting in India, especially for extreme events like heatwaves, floods, and torrential rainfall. Traditional models rely on physics equations; AI/ML models start with data and learn patterns without explicit programming. Two major challenges: data availability and shortage of interdisciplinary human resources. Relevance : GS 3(Technology and Disaster Management) How AI/ML Differs from Traditional Weather Models Traditional Models: Use physical laws (fluid dynamics, thermodynamics); require supercomputers. AI/ML Models: Learn relationships directly from large datasets; can uncover hidden links and non-linear patterns. Recent Indian Efforts ‘Mission Mausam’ (Sep 2024): ₹2,000 crore allocation to improve AI-based forecasting tools. AI/ML Centre (Ministry of Earth Sciences): Focus on short-range rainfall forecasting, urban weather datasets, and nowcasting using Doppler radar data. Research Initiatives: IIT-Delhi and IIIT-Delhi ML model predicted monsoon rainfall with 61.9% success rate (2002–2022), better than traditional models. Major Challenges Data Limitations Requires high-resolution, high-quality datasets (often inconsistent due to sensor errors). Remote areas lack adequate sensor coverage, affecting model accuracy. Disagreement: Some believe India now has sufficient data (10x increase); others say quality/standardisation is still lacking. Human Resource Gap Lack of experts fluent in both AI/ML and climate science. Climate science straddles multiple disciplines, making it hard to build integrated expertise. Need for collaborative institutions focused exclusively on AI-Climate research. Interpretability & Trust Issues AI models are often black boxes — difficult to understand how/why they made a forecast. Traditional models offer transparency via physics equations and error correction methods. Calls for hybrid models combining AI/ML with physics-based approaches. Global Perspective 2024 Heidelberg Forum: ML has succeeded in weather forecasting, but climate science remains challenging due to long-term unpredictability and atmospheric chaos. Future climate models need to generalize to a “warmer world” — hard for ML trained on present data. AI/ML for Extreme Events AI holds promise in predicting extreme weather: heatwaves, cyclones, cloudbursts. February 2025 Nature Communications paper highlights AI’s role in risk communication, attribution studies. But warns of trustworthiness, interpretability, and uncertainty quantification concerns. Way Forward Develop region-specific models for India’s diverse geography. Promote interdisciplinary research and AI-literacy among climate scientists. Need for critical mass of trained professionals and improved data accessibility. Government initiatives must focus on institutional collaboration, data infrastructure, and hybrid model development.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 April 2025

Content: Largest-Ever Representation of 74 Women IAS Officers in a Batch of 180, Nearly 41 Percent Indian Air Force Participates In Multinational Exercise Desert Flag 10 in UAE  Largest-Ever Representation of 74 Women IAS Officers in a Batch of 180, Nearly 41 Percent Historic Women Representation in Civil Services Record-breaking Participation: 74 women in a batch of 180 IAS officers (~41%)—the highest-ever female representation. Trend of Gender Inclusion: Reflects deepening gender parity in elite government services. Policy Outcome: Attributed to the consistent focus on women-led development . Symbolic Shift: Moves the civil services closer to being gender-inclusive and more representative of India’s demographic profile. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) ,GS 2(Social Issues ,Governance)  Broader Diversity and Democratization of Civil Services Geographical Spread: Increased selections from Punjab, Haryana, and the North-East—traditionally underrepresented regions. Educational Diversity: 99 engineers, alongside professionals from medicine and technical fields. Age Advantage: Officers aged 22–26—implying a longer career span and greater adaptability to tech-driven governance. Vision for Civil Services Reform and Capacity Building Mission Karmayogi:   Civil service reform is undergoing a foundational shift through Mission Karmayogi (NPCSCB)—a competency-based, role-driven approach to training. Key Aspects of Mission Karmayogi: iGOT Karmayogi platform for anytime-anywhere digital learning. Capacity Building Commission to monitor training quality and outcomes. Annual Capacity Building Plans for ministries tailored to real-time functional needs. Assistant Secretary Programme: Initiated in 2015 by PM Modi. Provides 8-week exposure to 46 Central Ministries. Early grooming in policy formulation and bureaucratic functioning. Impact of Programme: Strengthens real-time decision-making. Proven success during COVID-19 for district-level crisis management. Marks its 10th anniversary in 2025, signifying institutional maturity. Technology, Innovation & Governance Tech-Literate Bureaucracy: Encouragement to embrace platforms like iGOT Karmayogi for continuous learning. Technocrats as Assets: Engineers and technical professionals vital for implementing flagship schemes (e.g., Digital India, Smart Cities). Bridging the Digital Divide: Swamitva Yojana as a case in point—leveraging drones to democratize land rights. Technology seen as a “great leveller” in governance access. Human-Centric and Responsive Governance CPGRAMS Grievance Redressal System: 98% resolution rate, ~26 lakh cases, average disposal time of 13 days. Incorporation of ‘human desk’ for emotional closure—beyond technical fixes. Emphasis on Empathy: Governance framed not just as procedural but deeply human and emotional in nature. Long-Term Administrative Vision: Viksit Bharat @2047 Call to Service: Officers urged to align with the vision of a fully developed India by 2047. Emphasis on Antyodaya—uplifting the most marginalized. Future-Ready Bureaucracy: Advocacy for flexible cadre rules—officers can gain external experience and return as domain specialists. Potential model for “dynamic civil services,” promoting both innovation and institutional memory. Knowledge Continuity and Retirement Engagement Digital Repository of Expertise: Encourages retired officers to contribute post-retirement. Promotes inter-generational knowledge transfer. Anubhav Awards: Incentivize officers to document experiences for institutional learning and mentorship. Conclusion Youthful and diverse batches signal a potential generational shift in governance culture. Empathy + Technology = Future formula for governance excellence. Indian Air Force Participates In Multinational Exercise Desert Flag 10 in UAE Context and Composition Venue: Al Dhafra Air Base, UAE Dates: 21 April – 8 May 2025 IAF Assets Deployed: MiG-29 – air superiority fighter (multi-role capability) Jaguar – deep penetration strike aircraft Other Participating Nations: Australia, Bahrain, France, Germany, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Republic of Korea, Turkey, UAE, United Kingdom, and the United States Highlights India’s inclusion among top global air powers Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Defence) Objectives of Exercise Combat Readiness: Engaging in complex, multilateral air combat scenarios to test readiness under real-time stress. Knowledge Exchange: Sharing best practices and operational strategies among elite air forces. Interoperability Enhancement: Fosters joint planning, coordination, and execution of air operations across different doctrines and technologies. Strategic Signaling: Asserts India’s defence diplomacy and growing aerospace capabilities in a multipolar security environment. Strategic and Geopolitical Relevance Strengthening Military Diplomacy Reinforces India-UAE defence ties, which have seen growing cooperation in joint exercises, port calls, and strategic dialogues. Enhances India’s presence in West Asia (Middle East)—a critical region for energy, diaspora, and strategic interests. Helps India build trust-based relationships with other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states and NATO partners. Showcasing Air Force Capabilities Deployment of olderplatforms like MiG-29 and Jaguar in advanced air combat drills reflects: Continued relevance through upgradation (e.g., MiG-29 UPG variants). Strategic balance between legacy systems and new inductions (like Rafale, Su-30MKI). Demonstrates IAF’s logistical and operational reach, sustaining missions abroad in harsh desert conditions. Enhancing Multilateral Cooperation India aligns with like–minded democracies and key regional actors for cooperative security. Builds synergy for future humanitarian assistance, disaster relief (HADR), and joint peacekeeping missions. Reinforces India’s position as a net security provider in the Indian Ocean and beyond. Interoperability for Joint Operations Boosts technical and doctrinal compatibility with Western and regional air forces. Prepares India for combined operations in multi-domain warfare (air, space, cyber). Supports long–term goals of defence technology co-development and standardization. Conclusion Exercises like this act as testing grounds for doctrine validation, pilot skills, and mission readiness in joint combat scenarios. The IAF’s role in such platforms complements India’s broader Act West policy and strategic alignment with critical partners across Europe, West Asia, and the Indo-Pacific.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 21 April 2025

Content : Law of the land Enabling legislation Tackle heatwaves with short- and long-term measures  Law of the land The Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025 has triggered significant constitutional debate for altering the governance structure of waqf properties. The Supreme Court’s intervention reflects growing concerns over religious autonomy, minority rights, and secularism in India. Relevance : GS 2(Polity and Governance) Practice Question : “The Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025 raises critical questions about the balance between state oversight and religious autonomy.” Critically examine the constitutional and governance implications of the amendments, with reference to Article 26. (250 Words) Removal of “Waqf by User”: Ends recognition of waqf properties established by long-standing usage without formal documentation. Could render undocumented mosques, graveyards, and religious sites vulnerable to de-notification and encroachment. Eligibility Clause: Requires that a waqf can be created only by a person who has demonstrably practised Islam for 5 years. Challenges the freedom of religion under Article 25, and restricts voluntary donations based on intent and belief. Inclusion of Non-Muslims in Waqf Boards: Permits appointment of non-Muslims to State Waqf Boards and the Central Waqf Council. Contested as a violation of Article 26(b) – the right of religious denominations to manage their own affairs in matters of religion. Supreme Court Intervention (April 2025) Court raised constitutional concerns and recorded the Centre’s assurance not to act on new provisions until May 5. Effectively put a temporary freeze on key operational clauses of the new law, avoiding pre-emptive damage. Over 100 petitions have been filed, indicating widespread resistance from civil society, legal experts, and religious groups. Constitutional Issues Involved Article 26 (Freedom to manage religious affairs): Right to manage institutions and properties for religious and charitable purposes. Amendments risk violating group autonomy and secular functioning of religious trusts. Article 25 (Freedom of conscience and religion): Imposing a 5-year faith practice clause infringes on individual freedom and voluntarism in religious acts. Principle of Secularism: State’s proactive role in controlling waqf affairs may violate the doctrine of non-interference in religious institutions. Potential Impacts on Ground Legal Uncertainty: Older religious structures without land records may be challenged or derecognized. Could lead to property disputes, social unrest, and administrative delays in real estate transactions involving waqf land. Transparency vs Autonomy Debate: Proponents argue reforms promote transparency, prevent misuse, and bring uniform standards. Critics say such objectives can be achieved without compromising religious rights or excluding community participation. Key Questions Before the Supreme Court Does the exclusion of “waqf by user” violate customary law recognition under Indian jurisprudence? Can non–adherents govern religious institutions without violating denominational rights? Broader Ramifications For India’s Secular Framework: Judgment may redefine the limits of state intervention in religious endowments. Sets precedent for handling of Hindu, Christian, Sikh religious trusts and charitable boards. For Minorities and Pluralism: Signals the judiciary’s role in safeguarding minority rights and institutional autonomy. Key Takeaways The Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025 represents a clash between state-led governance reform and constitutionally protected religious autonomy. Any law reforming religious endowments must balance transparency with community trust and constitutional fidelity. The outcome of the judicial review could become a landmark case on secularism, religious rights, and administrative reform in India. Enabling legislation Context and Significance First-of-its-kind legislation in India to guarantee direct representation of PwDs in grassroots democratic institutions. Reflects Tamil Nadu’s continued commitment to inclusive governance and affirmative action. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance,  Social Justice ) Practice Question : “Representation is the foundation of empowerment.” In light of this statement, critically examine Tamil Nadu’s move to nominate persons with disabilities to local bodies as a model of inclusive governance.(250 words) Legislative Provisions Two Bills introduced to amend: Tamil Nadu Urban Local Bodies Act – nominations to town panchayats, municipalities, and corporations. Tamil Nadu Panchayats Act – nominations to village panchayats, panchayat unions, and district panchayats. Total proposed representation: Urban Local Bodies: ~650 PwDs Village Panchayats: ~12,913 Panchayat Unions: ~388 District Panchayats: ~37 Current Representation: Only 35 PwDs in urban local bodies – reveals massive underrepresentation. Constitutional & Policy Backing Aligned with: Article 41 – Right to work, education, and public assistance for disabled persons. 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments – grassroots decentralisation and social justice. UNCRPD (ratified by India) – ensures PwD participation in political and public life. RPwD Act, 2016 – recognizes full and effective participation of PwDs in society. Socio-Political Impact Dismantles stigma: Moves beyond tokenism to enable leadership roles for a historically marginalised community. Empowerment through decision-making: Inclusion in local governance allows PwDs to influence resource allocation, infrastructure, accessibility, and welfare schemes. Encourages societal acceptance and normalization of PwDs in public life. Challenges and Implementation Caveats Risk of proxy leadership: Learning from women’s reservation where husbands acted as de facto sarpanches. Need for capacity building: Training in local governance, accounting, e-governance. Ensuring physical and communication accessibility in gram sabhas and council meetings. Monitoring mechanism needed to ensure genuine participation and representation. Broader Democratic Ethos Deepens deliberative democracy by ensuring diversity of lived experiences in policy formulation at the grassroots. A step towards inclusive citizenship – recognising the political agency of PwDs. Could serve as a model for other states, spurring nationwide legislative reform for PwD political inclusion. Tackle heatwaves with short- and long-term measures Context and Urgency Early onset of heatwaves (2025): March 15 recorded severe heatwaves — 20 days earlier than 2024, showing acceleration in climate anomalies. Global warming context: 2024 was the hottest year ever (~1.55°C above pre-industrial levels). India’s December 2022 was the warmest since 1901, showing year-round warming trends. India’s growing vulnerability: Increased frequency, intensity, and duration of heatwaves. India is already among the top five most climate-vulnerable nations (ND-GAIN Index). Relevance : GS 3(Disaster management ) Practice Question :Heatwaves are no longer rare events but regular crises that demand structural resilience, not just reactive measures. Discuss India’s preparedness and suggest a people-centric heatwave mitigation strategy.(250 words) Health Impacts of Heat Stress Physiological risk: Body’s cooling mechanism fails when external temperature nears 37°C. Leads to multi-organ stress — kidneys, liver, brain. Increased morbidity & mortality: Can cause heat exhaustion, heatstroke, dehydration, and death. Data gap: Most cities underestimate heat-related deaths due to poor surveillance systems. Socio-Economic & Equity Dimensions Labour productivity: 75% of Indian workforce (~380 million) is heat-exposed. Sectors: Agriculture, construction, informal markets. Estimated 6% of work hours lost in 2023 due to heat. GDP loss: 3–5% annually due to heat stress. Agricultural stress: Lower crop yields, reduced livestock productivity, animal deaths. Greater impact on subsistence farmers and marginal landholders. Energy demand: Increased power usage → load shedding → industrial losses. Gendered impact: Women face cultural constraints — clothing, cooking heat, limited mobility. Urban heat inequality: Poor neighbourhoods, especially slums near concrete clusters, experience worse heat. Not all can follow “stay indoors” advice — thermal discomfort indoors > outdoors. Policy Response: Heat Action Plans (HAPs) Early efforts: Ahmedabad (2013) was Asia’s first city with a structured HAP. Now: 23 States and 140 cities have some form of HAP. Supported by National Programme on Climate Change and Human Health (NPCCHH) & NDMA. Core components of HAPs: Early prediction systems (temperature, humidity, heat index). Public awareness campaigns (hydration, cooling methods). Health system preparedness (heat stroke wards, emergency response). Long-term urban interventions (green cover, white rooftops, cool shelters). Heat-related data collection (for targeting & policy refinement). Implementation gap: HAPs effective only where multi-stakeholder collaboration exists. Need clear accountability, pre-March activation, and localised vulnerability assessments. Short-Term Measures Needed Immediate action strategies: Hydration points, ORS sachets, electrolyte kits in public spaces. Flexible work timings: early morning/evening shifts for outdoor workers. Cooling shelters: akin to winter shelters, with basic cooling infrastructure. Thermal comfort forecasting: real-time systems to guide school/office schedules. Advisories tailored by geography and income group (not one-size-fits-all). Long-Term Measures & Structural Reforms Urban design: Promote cool roofs, reflective paint, better ventilation. Urban planning to include green infrastructure, heat-mitigating materials. Social protection for informal workers: Financial compensation during heat-induced work loss. Explore insurance schemes for climate-linked income disruptions. Enhanced data systems: Geotagged mortality data, heat illness records, GIS-based vulnerability mapping. Learn from UK’s Heat Health Alert system — includes night/day max temperature. Institutional coordination: Ministries (Health, Labour, Urban Development) + NDMA + local bodies → integrated approach. Community-based orgs + NGOs → critical in last-mile delivery. Way Forward: Equity, Science, People-Centric Planning Equity lens: Heatwaves are not just climate events, but development challenges. Poor, elderly, women, and outdoor workers must be at the core of planning. Science-driven policy: Use climate models, epidemiology, urban heat mapping. Need to shift from reaction to resilience. Cost-effectiveness: Every ₹1 invested in HAP can save multiple ₹s in emergency care, lost productivity.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 April 2025

Content: Vande Bharat trains have weak defences against even cattle, says new safety report U.S. visas issued to Indian students decline by 30% Diving into SC’s verdict on Governors India, EU can collaborate on space policy, says envoy Two cheetahs move to new home in Madhya Pradesh Scientists find green way to recycle toxic perovskite solar cells Vande Bharat trains have weak defences against even cattle, says new safety report Context : The Vande Bharat Express, India’s flagship semi-high-speed train under the ‘Make in India’ initiative, has been hailed for its speed and comfort. However, a recent safety report has raised concerns about its vulnerability to accidents, especially during cattle run-overs. Relevance : GS 3 (Infrastructure)  Key Safety Concerns Highlighted in the Report Vulnerability to Collisions: The leading coach of Vande Bharat is significantly lighter than a traditional locomotive. At high speeds (160 kmph), even a minor obstruction or cattle run–over can lead to serious accidents. Design Limitations: Unlike conventional trains with heavy locomotives at the front, Vande Bharat has a distributed power configuration (trainset model). This leads to less impact resistance in case of frontal collisions. High-Speed Risks: Current track infrastructure and absence of robust fencing expose trains to frequent trespassing and cattle intrusion, especially in rural stretches. Recommendations by the Safety Report Physical Infrastructure: Sturdy fencing must be installed along routes where Vande Bharat operates at high speeds to prevent cattle and human trespass. Level crossings must be eliminated and replaced with overpasses or underpasses (especially on 160 kmph corridors). Trespass Management: Railways must identify high-risk zones prone to cattle and human movement. Implement subways, patrolling, and deployment of RPF (Railway Protection Force) at such points. Counterview by ICF Engineer (Shubhranshu) Front-End Design Justification: The nose cone is designed to crumple, absorbing impact energy to minimize damage. A cattle guard/scoop is installed to deflect obstructions on tracks. Weight Argument: The lighter design is intentional and standard in EMUs/MEMUs globally, and is not inherently unsafe. Distributed propulsion allows better acceleration and energy efficiency. Comparative Design Philosophy: Worldwide, modern trainsets do not rely on heavy locomotives and yet operate safely under strict corridor protection. Structural & Operational Gaps Speed vs. Safety Infrastructure Mismatch: India is running high-speed trains on semi-modernized tracks without adequate fencing or full-grade separation. Under-prepared Ecosystem: Rapid rollout of Vande Bharat trains (136 services as of Dec 2024) is not matched with supporting safety upgrades in tracks, crossings, and patrols. Wider Implications Public Safety Risk: Frequent nose damage and accidents due to cattle hit have already been reported — raising questions on readiness for full-speed operations. ‘Make in India’ Under Scrutiny: While a major success story, the sustainability and safety of the Vande Bharat model may come under criticism if systemic support is lacking. Way Forward Comprehensive Corridors: Treat Vande Bharat corridors akin to dedicated freight or bullet train tracks with strict access control. Upgrade Safety Protocols: Integrate thermal cameras, animal sensors, geo-fencing, and real-time alerts into train operation systems. Policy-Level Interventions: Ensure inter-ministerial coordination between Railways, Environment (for cattle protection), and State authorities to manage encroachment and rural interface. U.S. visas issued to Indian students decline by 30% Context : In February 2025, the U.S. issued 30% fewer student visas to Indians compared to the same month in 2024 — the sharpest decline among top source countries. This comes amid rising visa denials and terminations affecting international students, especially from India. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) 30% Decline for Indian Students: In February 2025, F-1 visas issued to Indian students fell from 590 (2024) to 411, marking a 30% drop. This is the steepest drop among the top four countries sending students to the U.S. Global Context: Overall student visas (F-1) dropped by only 4.75%. Declines for others: China: 5.2% Japan: 9.6% Vietnam: 7.4% Visa Wait Times Disparity: Indian students face longest wait times — 58 days in Delhi. Comparatively lower in: Tokyo: 15 days Beijing & Hanoi: 2 days Concerning Trends Unprecedented Visa Terminations: Over 1,100 students, including many Indians, had visas revoked without clear reasons. Reported in 170+ colleges across the U.S. Legal challenges filed, e.g., by Manikanta Pasula and Chinmay Deore. Indian Govt’s Shift in Stance: Initially urged students to “follow the law.” Now offering legal support and advising pursuit of legal remedies. Wider Structural Issues High Rejection Rates Post-COVID: Post-pandemic visa surge led to rising denials. 2024 F-1 visa denial rate: 41% All other visa denial rate: 22.1% Sharp divergence in rejection rates compared to pre-COVID years. Long-Term Visa Denial Data: From 2013 to 2021: denial rates for F-1 and other visas were comparable. From 2022–24: growing gap; over 500,000 students denied visas in just two years. India-Specific Implications Impact on Global Education Mobility: India is a major source of international students — this trend threatens educational aspirations. Could shift preference toward Canada, Australia, Europe. Brain Drain & Soft Power: Reduced access to U.S. education could affect India’s tech workforce pipeline and diaspora diplomacy. Economic Consequences: Indian students contribute significantly to U.S. universities’ revenue. A sharp drop could prompt a revaluation of bilateral education policies. Geopolitical Angle Possible Impact of Trump’s Return: The sharp drop coincides with Trump’s second term beginning. Suggests early signs of tighter immigration control or protectionist policy resurgence. Diving into SC’s verdict on Governors Background of the Case The Tamil Nadu Governor delayed action on 10 Bills passed by the State Legislative Assembly. He neither assented, returned, nor referred them to the President — effectively exercising a pocket veto (not envisaged in the Constitution). Upon the Supreme Court’s push, the Governor returned the Bills, and later referred them to the President after reconsideration. Relevance : GS 2(Polity, Governance) Key Issues Before the Supreme Court Can a Governor indefinitely delay assent on State Bills? Can a Governor return a Bill and then refer it to the President? What happens when constitutional silences are misused to delay democratic processes? Supreme Court’s Core Observations Pocket Veto is Unconstitutional: The Constitution doesn’t allow indefinite inaction by a Governor. Sequence of Actions Invalid: Returning a Bill and referring it to the President isn’t allowed — it must be either/or, not both. Federalism Must Be Respected: The will of the State legislature — as an elected body — must be respected unless there is a constitutional reason to override it. President’s Role Limited: Assent can be withheld only for constitutionally valid reasons (e.g., conflict with Union law). Prescribing Timelines (Controversial Move) The court laid down specific timelines for Governors and the President to act on Bills — despite the Constitution being silent on this. This was done to ensure no abuse of power through indefinite delays. Critics argue this is judicial overreach — creating new norms that ideally should be the Legislature’s domain. Use of Article 142 – “Complete Justice” Supreme Court invoked Article 142 to deem the Bills as passed and thus enforceable as law. Tamil Nadu promptly notified and enforced the Acts the next day. Critics argue this bypassed the legislative process; defenders say it was the only recourse to uphold constitutional morality. The Tension: The tension between a nominated Governor and elected State government is structurally embedded and unresolved. Federalism and Democratic Principles The judgment reasserts the importance of: Cooperative Federalism — the Centre-State balance must be preserved. Legislative Sovereignty of States — elected Assemblies must not be undermined by unelected functionaries. Time-bound Governance — Constitutional processes cannot be stalled indefinitely. Criticism & Concerns Judicial Overreach? Prescribing timelines and deeming Bills passed are arguably legislative functions. Sustainability Issues: Ad hoc judicial fixes can’t substitute for long-term institutional reforms. Potential Precedent: Will courts now routinely intervene in State-Governor stand-offs? Verdict as a Temporary Fix Seen as a “band-aid” solution to deeper systemic flaws in India’s federal structure. Reinforces the urgent need for reform: Revisit the role of Governors. Introduce codified procedures and time limits in constitutional processes. Rebalance centralising features of the 1949 Constitution with modern federal realities. Way Forward Legislative Reform: Codify timelines for gubernatorial and presidential assent. Rethink Governor’s Role: Time to reassess the utility and powers of the Governor in a matured democracy. Strengthen Federal Norms: Institutional mechanisms to resolve Centre-State frictions without judicial dependence. India, EU can collaborate on space policy, says envoy Strategic Context India-EU Space Dialogue: A formal “space dialogue” is being proposed as a first step to deepen bilateral collaboration. Broader Strategic Framework: This aligns with the growing India–EU strategic partnership, including tech, trade, and defense. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Key Security Concerns in Outer Space ASAT Debris Generation: The envoy emphasized the global concern over debris from destructive Anti-Satellite (ASAT) weapons tests. India’s 2019 ASAT test was referenced — a direct “hit-to-kill” test at ~300 km Low Earth Orbit (LEO). EU’s Stand: Supports ban on destructive ASAT testing in the UN context. RPO (Rendezvous and Proximity Operations): Defined as one satellite maneuvering near another, potentially for docking or inspection. Concerns: When done without prior notification or by adversarial actors, RPOs pose a threat to satellite safety. EU’s View: RPOs aren’t inherently dangerous, but need internationally agreed norms to prevent misuse. Cybersecurity Threats: Jamming and spoofing of satellite signals threaten critical services (navigation, communication, etc.). Emphasis on the need for space cyber-resilience. Regulatory Collaboration Norms for Responsible Behaviour: India and EU can collaborate in shaping global norms, rules, and principles of responsible conduct in outer space. Need for rules-based order in space, akin to maritime/airspace norms. Space Situational Awareness (SSA): Shared concern on tracking and managing space debris and unauthorized satellite proximity. EU Space Act (Upcoming): Focus: EU internal coordination for competitiveness in the space sector. Objective: Avoid fragmentation across 27 EU nations; does not aim to regulate third countries like India. Opportunities for India Norm Shaping: As a major space power, India can play a leading role in global governance frameworks on space security. Chance to align with democratic and responsible space-faring nations. Civil and Dual-Use Tech Cooperation: Joint work on non-military space missions, earth observation, climate change monitoring, satellite-based services. Potential for collaboration on emerging techs like small satellites, launch vehicles, and data analytics. India’s Strategic Balancing Maintaining Strategic Autonomy: India must carefully balance its ASAT capabilities and national security goals while engaging with multilateral efforts. Can push for differentiation between destructive and non-destructive technologies in space diplomacy. Engagement Without Compromise: Participation in rule-setting doesn’t mean curtailing sovereign capabilities. Opportunity to prevent regulatory capture by space superpowers. Two cheetahs move to new home in Madhya Pradesh Event Overview Two male cheetahs, Prabhas and Pawak, were relocated to Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary (GSWS), Madhya Pradesh. Both are six-year-old males, part of the February 2023 batch from South Africa under Project Cheetah. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Significance of the Gandhi Sagar Relocation GSWS becomes the second cheetah reintroduction site in Madhya Pradesh, after Kuno National Park. A 64-sq. km enclosure has been prepared, located between Mandsaur and Neemuch districts. The Chambal River bisects the sanctuary, influencing habitat dynamics. Project Cheetah: Objectives & Milestones First translocation: 8 cheetahs from Namibia in September 2022 to Kuno. Second translocation: 12 cheetahs from South Africa in February 2023. Objective: Reintroduce the extinct Asiatic cheetah in India, improve biodiversity, and develop eco-tourism. Reintroduction Strategy Cheetahs are being moved to additional locations to: Reduce pressure on Kuno National Park. Avoid territorial conflict and overcrowding. Expand the geographic gene pool and increase survival chances. Four more cheetahs from Botswana expected in May 2025, and four more later in Phase II. Success Indicators MP Governments claimed that Kuno had the highest number of cheetah births globally post-translocation. Encouraging sign that adaptation and breeding are possible in Indian conditions. Increased prey base at GSWS over the last year supports sustainability. Operational Details A 20-member team led by Kuno’s CCF Uttam Kumar Sharma managed the relocation by road (~250 km). Kuno now houses 24 cheetahs: 14 in the wild, 10 in enclosures. Gandhi Sagar staff trained at Kuno will now manage the relocated cheetahs after a 7-day handover phase. Ecological and Governance Implications Project Cheetah is a flagship intercontinental conservation program. Promotes habitat development, prey augmentation, and wildlife management. Indicates state-level leadership and commitment to long-term wildlife conservation goals. Scientists find green way to recycle toxic perovskite solar cells Background on Perovskite Solar Cells Perovskite PVs are a promising alternative to silicon-based solar panels due to: High efficiency in converting sunlight to electricity. Lower production costs. Challenges: Contain toxic lead. Have a shorter lifespan than silicon cells. Previous recycling methods relied on toxic organic solvents (e.g., dimethylformamide), posing environmental risks. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) New Breakthrough: Water-Based Green Recycling Method Published in Nature, the study demonstrates: A water-based solution for recycling perovskite layers. Achieves almost same efficiency as fresh materials, even after 5 recycling cycles. ~99% recovery of the solar cell layers after multiple rounds. Key Components of the New Recycling Process Sodium Acetate: Binds with lead ions → forms water-soluble lead acetate. Facilitates efficient dissolution of lead-based perovskite in water. Sodium Iodide: Supplies iodide ions to restore degraded perovskite crystals. Supports reformation of high-quality crystals during cooling. Hypophosphorous Acid: Acts as a stabiliser to keep the water-based solution viable for multiple reuse cycles. Recycling of Entire Solar Cell Used ethanol and ethyl acetate to dissolve and recover other cell layers. Successfully reassembled solar cells layer-by-layer with minimal loss. Achieved comparable efficiency to virgin cells, even after 5 reuse cycles. Significance & Environmental Impact Addresses twomajor problems: Toxicity due to lead. Waste generation from short-lived solar cells. Promotes circular economy: keeping materials in use longer, reducing waste and emissions. Avoids toxic organic solvents, aligning with green chemistry principles. Supports low-cost, high-efficiency solar tech with significantly reduced lifecycle environmental burden. Future Implications If scalable, it could: Solve critical barriers to commercialisation of perovskite PVs. Reduce environmental footprint of solar power generation. Need for life cycle assessment (LCA): Evaluate overall environmental impact across production, use, and disposal phases. Ensure no unintended ecological consequences. Expert Commentary Researchers laud the breakthrough as a holistic shift from just lead recovery to full cell regeneration. It represents a mature approach to sustainability in renewable tech. Could pave the way for perovskite PVs to fulfill their promise as a key player in future clean energy systems

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 19 April 2025

Content: PM hails inclusion of the Gita and Natyashastra in UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register India’s Fight Against Anemia PM hails inclusion of the Gita and Natyashastra in UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register What is UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register? Launched in 1992, the Memory of the World Programme seeks to: Preserve documentary heritage of global significance. Facilitate universal access to this heritage. Raise awareness about the importance of safeguarding such knowledge systems. Relevance : GS 1(Culture ,Heritage) Types of Documentary Heritage Included: Manuscripts Printed books Archival records Oral traditions Audio-visual materials Digital documents Criteria for Inclusion: A documentary heritage must meet one or more of the following: World significance (influence across nations/cultures) Uniqueness or rarity Integrity and authenticity Threatened status (risk of loss or destruction) Impact on history, culture, religion, science, or literature Some major entries across the world include:  Region Document  Global The Gutenberg Bible (first printed book, Germany)  France Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) China Oracle Bone Inscriptions (Shang dynasty) South Korea Hunminjeongeum Manuscript (creation of Hangul alphabet) USA Magna Carta (1215), Thomas Edison’s early sound recordings Brazil The Golden Law (1888) abolishing slavery India’s Entries in UNESCO Memory of the World Register IAS Tamil Medical Manuscript Collection (1997) Saiva Manuscripts (2005) Rigveda Manuscripts (2007) Tarikh-e-Khandan-e-Timuriyah (2011) Laghukalachakratantrarajatika (Vimalaprabha) (2011) Shantinatha Charitra (2013) Gilgit Manuscripts (2017) Maitreyavyakarana (2017) Abhinavagupta Manuscripts (2023) Ramcharitmanas (2024) Panchatantra (2024) Sahrdayaloka & Locana (2024) Shrimad Bhagavad Gita (2025) Bharat Muni’s Natyashastra (2025) Significance of the Inclusion Global Recognition of Indian Heritage: Validates India’s intellectual and spiritual contributions to world civilization. Elevates the status of Indian classical knowledge systems on the global stage. Soft Power & Cultural Diplomacy: Boosts India’s soft power projection globally. Reinforces India’s image as a civilizational state with deep cultural roots. Aligns with India’s push for “Vishwa Guru” (world teacher) narrative. Preservation and Scholarly Access: Enables international collaboration in preserving these texts. Facilitates digitization, translation, and wider academic access. About the Texts Recognized Bhagavad Gita: A 700-verse dialogue between Krishna and Arjuna, part of the Mahabharata. Synthesizes spiritual, ethical, and philosophical wisdom. Influential on leaders (e.g., Gandhi, Vivekananda, Aurobindo) and global thinkers. Natyashastra: Attributed to Bharata Muni, foundational text on dramaturgy and performing arts. Covers theatre, dance, music, aesthetics, stage design, makeup, and emotional expression (Rasas). Basis of Indian classical dance and theatre like Kathak, Bharatanatyam, and Koodiyattam. Cultural and Political Context Reflects India’s renewed focus on cultural resurgence under initiatives like Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat, and Vikasit Bharat 2047. Part of larger efforts to reclaim indigenous knowledge systems marginalized during colonial rule. Highlights synergy between culture and governance in current policy discourse. Implications For Indian Society: Encourages younger generations to reconnect with traditional texts. Promotes interdisciplinary learning linking philosophy, performance, and literature. For the World: Offers non-Western epistemologies to global knowledge systems. Serves as a bridge between ancient traditions and contemporary human values. Challenges Ahead Need for accurate translations, authentic commentaries, and contextual pedagogy. Risk of politicization or misinterpretation in global academic circles. Ensuring inclusive representation of India’s diverse traditions beyond Sanskritic texts. India’s Fight Against Anemia  Overview: Why Anemia is a Public Health Challenge High Prevalence:67.1% of children and 59.1% of adolescent girls in India are anemic (NFHS-5).3 in 4 Indian women have low dietary iron intake. Causes:Nutritional: Iron, folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin A deficiencies.Non-nutritional: Parasitic infections (e.g., worms), malaria, haemoglobinopathies (like thalassemia), fluorosis.Socio-economic: Early pregnancies, poor maternal care, food insecurity. Impact:Impaired cognitive and physical development in children.Reduced productivity and learning capacity in adolescents and adults.Increased maternal and neonatal mortality, low birth weight (LBW) babies, and complications during pregnancy. Relevance : GS 2(Health ,Social Issues,Governance) Government Response: From Policy to Practice Anemia Mukt Bharat (AMB) – Launched 2018 A flagship program with a 6x6x6 strategy: 6 Target Beneficiaries:Preschool children (6–59 months)Children (5–9 years)Adolescents (10–19 years, girls and boys)Pregnant womenLactating mothersWomen of reproductive age (15–49 years) 6 Interventions:Prophylactic Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation :Tailored by age and physiological status; color-coded tablets/syrups.Biannual Deworming : Through National Deworming Days (Feb 10 & Aug 10).Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) : ’Solid Body, Smart Mind’ campaign promoting 4 key behaviors (diet, hygiene, deworming, IFA intake).Testing & Point-of-Care Treatment : Use of digital devices to detect and treat anemia on-site, especially in schools and ANC clinics.Mandatory Fortification : Iron-fortified foods in ICDS, mid-day meals, and other public health programs.Addressing Non-Nutritional Causes :Focus on areas with high prevalence of malaria, fluorosis, and genetic disorders. 6 Institutional Mechanisms: Coordinated efforts from NHM, ICDS, Education, WCD, PRIs, and Urban Local Bodies. Integration with POSHAN Abhiyaan and School Health Programme under Ayushman Bharat. Progress and Outcomes Mass Outreach: 15.4 crore children/adolescents received IFA supplements in Q2 FY 2024–25. Digital Monitoring Tools: Real-time tracking of screening and IFA supply chain using mobile dashboards and MIS. Expanded Coverage: Implemented across all villages, blocks, and districts via existing platforms like NIPI and WIFS. Cross-Sectoral Convergence: AMB aligns with education, nutrition, rural development, and women’s welfare sectors. Global & Indian Scenario Global Burden (2019):~500 million women (15–49 years) and 269 million children under 5 affected.37% of pregnant women globally anemic. India (NFHS-5):Increase in anemia prevalence compared to NFHS-4, highlighting persistent nutritional gaps.  Supporting Government Programs National Health Mission (NHM): Provides funding, IEC activities, and training to states for AMB implementation. National Iron Plus Initiative (NIPI): Supplies age-appropriate IFA and deworming tablets. Weekly Iron Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFS): Focuses on adolescents (10–19 years) in schools and out-of-school settings. POSHAN Abhiyaan: Integrates AMB with a larger effort to improve nutritional indicators among women and children. Challenges Ahead Rural-Urban and Gender Divide: Girls and women in rural areas more vulnerable due to cultural taboos, food insecurity, and low awareness. Monitoring & Compliance: Despite digital tools, ensuring regular intake and adherence remains a field-level challenge. Behavioural Barriers: Resistance to supplementation due to myths, side-effects (like nausea), or lack of awareness.  Way Forward Community Involvement: Leverage ASHAs, AWWs, teachers, and peer educators to improve last-mile outreach. Social Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC): Targeted IEC campaigns addressing food taboos, adolescent nutrition, and maternal diets. Innovation & Technology: Expansion of AI-based anemia screening tools and mobile data systems. Policy Strengthening: Greater budgetary allocation, decentralised planning, and state-specific strategies.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 19 April 2025

Content: A restoration of sanity to the constitutional system Steering the decarbonisation of India’s logistics sector A restoration of sanity to the constitutional system Background of the Case The Tamil Nadu Governor, R.N. Ravi, withheld 10 Bills without decision for several years. After the Bills were re-passed by the Assembly, instead of assenting, the Governor referred them to the President under Article 200. This was done only after the State Government approached the Supreme Court. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Constitution ,Governance) Practice Question : The recent Supreme Court judgment in “The State of Tamil Nadu vs. The Governor of Tamil Nadu & Anr., 2025” has reaffirmed constitutional morality and accountability of constitutional authorities. Discuss the implications of this judgment on federalism, the role of Governors, and legislative supremacy in India. (15 marks, 250 words) Supreme Court’s Key Rulings (April 8, 2025) Held Governor’s action as unconstitutional: Sending the Bills to the President at that stage was not within the mandate of Article 200. Struck down President’s action: Withholding of assent by the President was also declared invalid. Invoked Article 142: Directed that all the Bills shall be deemed to have been assented to — a historic first in Indian constitutional jurisprudence. Clarification on Article 200: Key Interpretations Assent not discretionary: Governor must act on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers. Withholding of assent ≠ death of the Bill: As reaffirmed in State of Punjab vs. Principal Secretary to the Governor (2023). Obligation to send back the Bill: If assent is withheld, Governor must send the Bill back for reconsideration. If re-passed, the Governor is bound to give assent. Prevents misuse of Article 200 as a veto tool by unelected authorities. Time Limit for Decision on Assent Court-imposed guideline: Decision on assent (by Governor or President) must be taken within 1 to 3 months. Justification: Prevents “pocket veto” or indefinite delay. Ensures the functional federalism of the Constitution. Rooted in the legal principle of “reasonable time” when no time limit is explicitly mentioned. Discretion of the Governor: Ambiguities Governor must act on advice: Withholding assent or sending Bills to President requires Council of Ministers’ advice. Judicial inconsistency: Practical dilemma: How can the Council of Ministers “advise” withholding assent, when they passed the Bill? Raises contradictions in logic and challenges in legislative practice. Judicial Review of Constitutional Authorities Landmark pronouncement: Actions under Articles 200 and 201 are subject to judicial review. Key quote: “No exercise of power under the Constitution is beyond the pale of judicial review.” This acts as a constitutional safeguard against arbitrary inaction. Criticism & Rebuttals Kerala Governor: Called it judicial overreach — claimed only Parliament can amend the Constitution. Judiciary’s role clarified: Interpretation ≠ amendment. Courts have only elaborated the inherent logic and intent of the Constitution. On Constitution Bench issue: Not a “substantial question of law” under Article 145(3). Hence, no necessity for a Constitution Bench. Implications & Legacy of the Judgment Restores balance: Between elected executive and appointed constitutional heads. Signals federal respect: Prevents subversion of democracy by deliberate inaction. Sets precedent: For pending cases like that of Kerala and potential future misuse by Governors. Constitutional reform suggested: Need to amend Articles 200 & 201 to: Introduce time-bound procedures. Prevent repetition of “Postal Bill”-like incidents at Union level. The judgment serves as a constitutional compass — affirming democratic accountability and legislative sovereignty. Conclusion: A Restoration Indeed The ruling has plugged a major constitutional loophole. Demonstrates judiciary’s proactive role in reviving the spirit of representative democracy. The phrase “restoration of sanity” rightly captures the preventive and corrective spirit of the verdict. Steering the decarbonisation of India’s logistics sector Context: India’s goal of becoming a Viksit Bharat by 2047 hinges on an inclusive, efficient, and sustainable logistics sector. The logistics sector is highly carbon-intensive, contributing significantly to GHG emissions — 13.5% of India’s total, with road transport alone accounting for 88% of these emissions. Net-zero carbon target by 2070 requires urgent, systemic decarbonisation across logistics components — transport, warehousing, and supply chains. Relevance : GS 3(Environment an Ecology) Practice Question :“India’s logistics sector, being one of the most carbon-intensive globally, must undergo rapid decarbonisation to support the vision of Viksit Bharat.”Discuss the key challenges and opportunities in decarbonising India’s logistics sector. Suggest a roadmap for a sustainable logistics transformation.(Answer in 250 words) Key Challenges in Logistics Decarbonisation: Heavy Dependence on Road Transport: 90% of passenger and 70% of freight movement is road-based. Trucks alone emit 38% of logistics CO₂ emissions (IEA, 2023). Road transport is oil-dependent and lacks large-scale electrification. Underutilised Rail and Waterways: Rail freight, although more sustainable, has a lower modal share (~25–30%). Inland waterways and coastal shipping are cleaner but underdeveloped, needing policy push and infrastructure investment. Emissions from Warehousing: High energy consumption in warehousing (cooling, lighting, equipment). Majority still powered by fossil fuel-based electricity. Air Transport Emissions: Domestic aviation emits ~4% of logistics CO₂. Difficult to decarbonise due to reliance on refined fuels and limited alternatives. Opportunities and Futuristic Solutions:  Modal Shift to Rail and Water: Railways: Electrification already underway, a near-zero-emission mode. Example: China has 50% modal share in rail; U.S. uses rail as primary bulk freight. Waterways: Cheaper and greener; potential to expand through LNG-fueled ships, electric barges, solar-powered boats. Electrification of Road Freight: Pilot project: Electric highways (Delhi-Jaipur corridor) with overhead wires for e-trucks — a scalable, viable model. Push for EV trucks, public-private R&D partnerships for batteries and infrastructure. Sustainable Fuels in Maritime Sector: Adoption of ammonia, hydrogen, LNG, biofuels in coastal/inland shipping. Align with IMO goal of 50% emissions reduction by 2050. Greening Warehouses: Transition to solar, wind, and geothermal powered warehouses. Use of energy-efficient building designs (green buildings, passive cooling). Policy and Institutional Support: Gati Shakti, PM Gati Shakti Master Plan — multimodal connectivity integrating roads, rails, ports, airports. National Logistics Policy (2022): Emphasises efficiency + sustainability. Viability gap funding, carbon credits, and green logistics certification programs. Way Forward:  Scale rail and water-based freight to reduce road dependency.  Invest in green logistics hubs and clean fuel infrastructure.  Promote Make in India for EV trucks, rail wagons, and solar tech.  Strengthen institutional mechanisms: Green Logistics Council, state-level decarbonisation roadmaps.  Enhance data and digital monitoring of emissions in logistics chains.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 19 April 2025

Content: Two Kuno cheetahs to be moved to Gandhi Sagar on April 20 No GST on UPI transactions over ₹2,000, Centre clarifies NCERT insists all new school textbooks were ‘named thoughtfully’ FY25 pharma exports cross $30 bn, surge 31% in March 74 killed in U.S. attack on Yemen, say Houthis Two Kuno cheetahs to be moved to Gandhi Sagar on April 20 Cheetah Translocation Update Event: Two cheetahs to be shifted from Kuno National Park to Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary on April 20, 2025. Location: Kuno National Park – Sheopur district, Madhya Pradesh. Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary – Spread across Mandsaur and Neemuch districts, MP. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology)  Background Context Cheetahs were reintroduced in India in 2022 after local extinction in 1952. Kuno was selected as the primary site for the Project Cheetah, with cheetahs from Namibia and South Africa. Implementation Details Identified Animals: Two cheetahs at Kuno selected for translocation. New Enclosure: Gandhi Sagar has prepared a 64 sq.km. enclosure.  International Aspect Planned Import: 6–8 cheetahs from South Africa were to be brought. Delay: Talks with South African officials are taking longer; now expected by September 2025. Challenges & Considerations Weather Factor: Initial plan was to move cheetahs before peak summer to reduce stress. Logistical Coordination: Cross-country negotiations causing delays in augmentation plans. Significance Marks the second habitat for cheetahs under Project Cheetah. Aims to diversify habitat risk, boost eco-tourism, and test carrying capacity beyond Kuno. Could serve as a stepping stone for larger conservation and species revival strategies in India. About Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)  Biological Features Fastest land animal: Can run up to 112 km/h (short bursts). Belongs to the Felidae family, genus Acinonyx. Adapted for speed with: Lightweight body Long limbs and tail Enlarged nasal passages and lungs Unlike other big cats, cheetahs cannot roar. Distinctive black “tear marks” under eyes aid in hunting. Cheetahs in India – Historical Context Subspecies: Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus). Once found in Rajasthan, Gujarat, MP, Chhattisgarh, and Deccan Plateau. Extinct in India by 1952 due to: Overhunting by royals and British officials Habitat loss Decline in prey base Reintroduction Efforts: Project Cheetah Launched: 2022 (First batch from Namibia). Objective: Reintroduce the species to Indian grasslands. First site: Kuno National Park, Madhya Pradesh Total cheetahs brought: 8 from Namibia (Sept 2022) 12 from South Africa (Feb 2023) Part of India’s “grassland ecosystem revival”. Second Site: Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary Located in Mandsaur & Neemuch, MP. Prepared a 64 sq.km. enclosure. First 2 male cheetahs to be translocated on April 20, 2025. Expected to host more cheetahs, including from South Africa later in 2025.  Global Status African cheetah: Found in sub-Saharan Africa, relatively stable but vulnerable. Asiatic cheetah: Critically endangered, found only in Iran (fewer than 20 individuals left). No GST on UPI transactions over ₹2,000, Centre clarifies Background Context Recent media reports speculated that the government may impose GST on UPI transactions exceeding ₹2,000. These reports sparked concerns about digital payment costs and impact on cashless economy. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Indian Economy) Official Clarification by the Finance Ministry The Ministry called such reports “false, misleading, and without basis.” No proposal is under government consideration to levy GST on UPI transactions, regardless of the amount. Aimed at quelling misinformation and reassuring digital payment stakeholders. GST Applicability on Digital Payments (Current Framework) GST is not levied on UPI transactions themselves. GST is only applicable on services, such as: Merchant Discount Rate (MDR) – a small fee charged by banks/payment providers on digital transactions. MDR on P2M UPI and RuPay debit card transactions was abolished from January 1, 2020 under government mandate. CBDT issued notification to promote low-cost digital payments. Thus, P2M UPI payments are MDR-free and GST-exempt. What is MDR? Merchant Discount Rate is a fee paid by merchants to banks or payment processors for accepting digital payments. It may attract GST as it is a service. Abolished on UPI & RuPay P2M to boost digital inclusion and ease cost burden on small businesses. Potential Impact of GST on UPI (if ever imposed) Could disincentivize digital payments, especially high-value ones. Contradicts India’s push for a cashless, transparent economy. Might burden small merchants and disrupt UPI ecosystem growth. UPI in India – Significance India’s UPI system is a global benchmark in real-time digital payments. Facilitates over 18.3 billion transactions in March 2025 alone. Key to government’s Digital India and financial inclusion agenda. Backed by zero-MDR policy to promote adoption among small vendors. Why This Clarification Matters Prevents misinformation-driven panic among businesses and users. Signals policy continuity in digital payment support. Reinforces trust in UPI as a free and convenient payment option. NCERT insists all new school textbooks were ‘named thoughtfully’ Context: The Controversy A row erupted over the use of Hindi titles for English-language NCERT textbooks. Critics, including politicians from Tamil Nadu and Kerala, alleged linguistic imposition and cultural homogenization. The NCERT responded, stating the names were chosen with cultural and educational intent, not language preference. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance, Social Justice) NCERT’s Clarification – Key Points Textbook titles are selected for their cultural, linguistic, and pedagogical significance, not to promote a specific language. The names aim to promote a joyful, rooted, and culturally contextualised learning experience. They reflect the diversity and unity of India, aligning with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 vision. Examples of Book Titles and Cultural Anchoring Mridang (Class 1 & 2 English): Refers to Mridangam, a Carnatic percussion instrument – represents South Indian musical heritage. Santoor (Class 3 English): A stringed instrument with Persian origin, used widely in Indian classical music – symbol of cross-cultural synthesis. Maths Mela (Class 3 Maths): A blend of English (“Maths”) and Hindi (“Mela”), emphasizing inclusivity. Veena (Class 3 Hindi): A traditional string instrument, symbolizing classical Indian arts. Sitar (Urdu textbook): Known across Indian and Pakistani classical music traditions. Poorvi (Class 6 & 7 English): A classical raga traditionally sung in the evening – signifies emotional and cultural depth. Ganita Prakash (Class 6 Maths): Means “Illumination of Mathematics”; draws from India’s ancient mathematical heritage. Kriti-I (Class 6 Arts): Sanskrit for creation or composition, common across Indian languages. NCERT’s Pedagogical Rationale Naming fosters pride in Indian knowledge systems and linguistic diversity. Encourages curiosity about India’s scientific and cultural legacy. Aligned with NEP 2020 goals of introducing Indian context and multilingual flexibility in curriculum design. NCERT’s Response to Criticism Titles were derived from multiple Indian languages, not just Hindi. Aimed at promoting inclusive cultural exposure, not enforcing uniformity. Emphasized the use of English titles too (e.g., Honeydew for Class 8, Beehive for Class 9, First Flight for Class 10), ensuring linguistic balance. Curriculum Background New books are part of textbook reform under National Curriculum Framework for School Education (NCFSE) 2023, based on NEP 2020. Newly released textbooks: Classes 1, 2, 3, and 6. Focus on activity-based learning, value education, and integration of India’s cultural richness. FY25 pharma exports cross $30 bn, surge 31% in March Overall Performance in FY25 India’s pharmaceutical exports touched a record $30.47 billion in FY25. This marked a 9.39% increase YoY from $27.85 billion in FY24. The FY25 export target was $29.38 billion, which was successfully surpassed. Relevance : GS 3(External Sector) Surge in March 2025 March 2025 saw a remarkable 31.21% YoY surge, reaching $3.68 billion (vs $2.80 billion in March 2024). March’s performance was the strongest month of the year. Other significant growth months: January: +21.47% YoY ($2.59 bn) May: +10.63% YoY ($2.30 bn) February was the only month with a contraction: -1.52% YoY ($2.47 bn). Factors Behind the Surge US Market Opportunity: Shortage of generic prescription drugs in the US boosted Indian exports. Anticipation of a 26% US tariff (announced and later paused) pushed exporters to ship more rapidly. Pharma was excluded from the proposed US tariffs, offering relief. Strategic Diversification: India continued efforts to tap new and emerging markets. Export growth achieved despite global headwinds: Geopolitical tensions (e.g., Ukraine, Middle East) Global economic slowdown Rising shipping and logistics costs Category-wise Export Composition (April–Feb) Drug formulations and biologicals: Contributed $20.12 bn, over 75% of total pharma exports. Grew nearly 9% YoY. Bulk drugs and drug intermediates: $4.32 bn (+1.40% YoY) Vaccines: $1.04 bn (decline of -4.20% YoY) Surgical products: $683 million (+5.16%) Ayush & herbal products: $621 million (+6.17%) Country-wise Export Insights Top market: United States: Share: ~30% of total pharma exports FY25 exports: $8.95 billion (+14.29% YoY) Other top destinations: UK, Brazil, France, South Africa — together accounted for <10.5% South Africa saw a 1.78% contraction Markets with major declines: UAE (-17.70%) Turkey (-16%) Sri Lanka (-14.60%) Netherlands (-13.79%) China (-10.60%) Belgium (-7.37%) Mexico (-3.80%) Thailand (-0.14%) Regional Export Performance Top 4 regions (76% of exports): NAFTA (US, Canada, Mexico): 36.60%, up 14.06% YoY to $9.80 bn Europe Africa LAC (Latin America and Caribbean) Regions with declining exports: Africa: -1.74% North East Asia: -4.30% Significance and Implications First time pharma exports crossed $30 bn: Milestone in India’s foreign trade and pharma diplomacy. Reflects resilience and global trust in Indian pharma amidst global uncertainties. Aligns with India’s vision to become a global pharma hub 74 killed in U.S. attack on Yemen, say Houthis Context : The U.S. military struck the Ras Issa fuel port—a critical Houthi logistics and revenue hub on the Red Sea. The aim: Disrupt fuel supply chains that finance or facilitate Houthi operations (likely including Red Sea attacks on shipping). Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Deadliest in 15-Month Campaign: With at least 74 deaths, this is the most lethal U.S. strike since operations began targeting the Houthis in early 2023. Represents a major escalation in U.S. kinetic activity against non-state actors in the Middle East post-Afghanistan withdrawal. Houthi Role in Red Sea Crisis: Houthis have conducted drone and missile attacks on commercial vessels in the Red Sea, citing support for Palestinians amid the Gaza conflict. This has threatened global maritime trade via the Suez Canal, prompting international naval interventions. Humanitarian and Civilian Impact Civilian Casualties: At least 74 confirmed deaths, with rescue efforts ongoing—suggests a high collateral toll. Could invite international criticism over proportionality and civilian targeting (Geneva Conventions/International Humanitarian Law implications). Economic Fallout: Ras Issa is vital to Yemen’s fuel distribution—damage may deepen the humanitarian crisis in an already war-torn country. Fuel shortages could affect hospitals, aid delivery, and food transport in Houthi-controlled regions. Diplomatic Implications U.S.-Iran Proxy Dynamics: The Houthis are backed by Iran, placing this within the broader U.S.-Iran proxy conflict framework. May strain nuclear negotiations or lead to retaliatory moves in Iraq, Syria, or Lebanon by other Iranian allies. Regional Tensions: The strike may impact regionalstability, especially with: Gaza war still ongoing Hezbollah-Israel tensions Saudi Arabia’s recent diplomatic outreach to Houthis (via Oman/Iran mediation) UN & Global Reactions: Expected to draw scrutiny from the United Nations, especially the Security Council and OCHA, given Yemen’s fragile peace prospects. May undermine peace talks and reignite active warfare in parts of Yemen

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 18 April 2025

Content : Ministry of Tribal Affairs Reviews Tribal Welfare Schemes in Delhi Mission Amrit Sarovar Ministry of Tribal Affairs Reviews Tribal Welfare Schemes in Delhi In a bid to ensure inclusive growth and empowerment of tribal communities, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs held a comprehensive three-day national review in Delhi. The focus was on assessing ground-level progress and strengthening key initiatives like PM-JANMAN and DAJGUA for holistic tribal development. Relevance : GS 1(Society) , GS 2(Governance) PM-JANMAN: Last-Mile Delivery for PVTGs Launched: 15 Nov 2023, from Khunti, Jharkhand (birthplace of Bhagwan Birsa Munda). Focus: 75 PVTGs, covering 30,000 habitations, targeting ~45 lakh beneficiaries. Comprehensive coverage: Housing, sanitation, water, health, education, nutrition, digital access. Goal: Full saturation by 15 Nov 2025 (150th birth anniversary of Birsa Munda). States directed to: Implement village-wise tracking. Ensure Gram Sabha certification post-completion. Report quarterly progress till June 2025. DAJGUA (DhartiAabaJanjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan) Convergence initiative across 17 Union Ministries. Targets 63,843 tribal villages in 549 districts, impacting 5.5 crore+ tribal citizens. Involves 25 integrated interventions—health, education, skill development, livelihoods, etc. States asked to: Fast-track intervention sanctioning. Launch IEC Campaigns & Benefit Saturation Camps. Ensure knowledge-sharing from best-performing districts. EMRS: Elevating Tribal Education Standards Vision: Make Eklavya Model Residential Schools hubs of academic excellence. Key action areas: Qualified teacher recruitment and ongoing training. Infrastructure upgrades: Smart classrooms, libraries, labs. Emphasis on experiential & 21st-century learning. Enhance student welfare and staff support. Progress of EMRS projects in states reviewed closely. Scholarships: Access and Timely Disbursal States directed to: Ensure timely disbursal of pre- and post-matric scholarships. Remove bureaucratic delays. Integrate with National Scholarship Portal (NSP) or link state portals via API. Aim for disbursal at academic year start to maximize impact. Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh (2025): Celebrating Tribal Pride Thematic focus areas: Education & Skill Development Health & Nutrition Entrepreneurship & Livelihoods Tribal Culture, Art, and Language Preservation Infrastructure and Service Delivery Emphasis on a “Whole-of-Government” approach: Inter-ministerial coordination Collaboration with NGOs, TRIs, Corporates, Line Ministries Adi Sanskriti & Adi Vaani: Preserving Tribal Heritage Adi Sanskriti: Creation of Tribal Art Academy, Digital Repository, Tribal Haat. Promotion of tribal arts, rituals, cuisines, and folklore. Adi Vaani: AI-based multilingual translation platform. Aimed at breaking language barriers in governance and education. Focus on low-resource tribal languages for documentation & revitalization. Tackling Sickle Cell Anaemia Mission to eliminate Sickle Cell Disease in tribal areas. Establishment of Centers of Competency: Screening, treatment, capacity building, awareness generation. Way Forward : Ground-Level Execution: District and block-level capacity building prioritized. Saturation Approach: All tribal beneficiaries to receive entitlements. Institutional Mechanism Strengthening: Feedback loops, audits, Gram Sabha verifications. Inter-Ministerial Convergence: Alignment across 17 ministries. Technology Integration: AI (Adi Vaani), digital monitoring (NSP), smart classrooms. Community Participation: Tribal ownership in design, monitoring, and outcomes.  Conclusion This review underscores the transformational shift from scheme–centric to citizen-centric tribal development. The focus is now on:Inclusivity, Technology-enabled governance ,Heritage preservation and outcome-based delivery Mission Amrit Sarovar Context : India faces acute water stress, particularly in rural areas, due to over-extraction of groundwater and degradation of traditional water bodies. Mission Amrit Sarovar (2022) was launched under Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav as a community-driven initiative to revive water heritage and ensure sustainability. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Core Objectives Construct/rejuvenate at least 75 water bodies per district (~50,000 nationwide). Promote community-led water conservation, integrate with livelihood generation. Enhance surface and groundwater availability while reviving traditional water structures. Foster social cohesion and national pride by linking with freedom fighters and national celebrations. Strategic Vision Blend of traditional wisdom and modern technology (remote sensing, GIS). Convergence of ecological restoration, rural development, and cultural revitalization. Develop long-term water assets to ensure resilience against climate-induced water scarcity. Institutional Framework Anchored by Ministry of Rural Development with convergence from 6 other ministries: Jal Shakti, Panchayati Raj, Environment & Climate Change, Railways, Culture, Road Transport. Supported technically by BISAG-N and digitally monitored via amritsarovar.gov.in. Integration with schemes like MGNREGS, 15th Finance Commission grants, PMKSY, etc. Implementation Mechanism Two Prabharis per Sarovar: Panchayat Pratinidhi (citizen supervisor) + Panchayat Officer (monitoring & documentation). Formation of User Groups for ongoing management and maintenance. Representation from SHGs, VWSCs, Van Samitis, Aquaculture practitioners, etc. Users responsible for de-silting, plantation, conservation, and equitable water use. Technological Integration Geo-informatics used in site identification, planning, progress monitoring. Integration of real-time dashboards and mobile-based monitoring at grassroots level. Achievements: Phase I (Apr 2022 – Aug 2023) Target: 50,000; Achieved: 59,492 Amrit Sarovars (ahead of schedule). Participation of: 79,080 Panchayat Pratinidhi, 92,359 Panchayat Officers. 2,203 freedom fighters, 385 martyrs’ families, 69 Padma Awardees. Tree Plantation: 23.5 lakh+ trees (Neem, Peepal, Bargadh, native species). Cultural activities and national celebrations institutionalized at sites. Phase II (Sept 2023–Present) Renewed focus on climate resilience, ecological balance, and inter-generational benefit. 3,182 new sites identified as of April 2025. Emphasis on community engagement and CSR/crowd-sourced participation. State-Wise Performance (Top 5 by March 2025) Rank State No. of Amrit Sarovars Completed 1 Uttar Pradesh 16,630 2 Madhya Pradesh 5,839 3 Karnataka 4,056 4 Rajasthan 3,138 5 Maharashtra 3,055 Community Participation (Jan Bhagidari) 65,285 User Groups formed. People involved from site feasibility to post-use maintenance. Contributions encouraged via: Shramdaan, donation of material, CSR funding. Flag hoisting, event celebrations, and naming after freedom fighters. Economic & Ecological Impact Boosts rural livelihood through: Irrigation, fisheries, duckery, water chestnut cultivation, animal husbandry. Groundwater recharge significantly improved: From 13.98 BCM (2017) to 25.34 BCM (2024). Demonstrates success of community-led conservation in reversing ecological degradation. Case Study Highlight Satellite Basti Pond, Great Nicobar: Rejuvenated for community use, benefitting 200+ villagers. 24 households got employment. Plantation of Neem and native species around the pond. Challenges and Way Forward Ensuring sustainability of Sarovars post-implementation. Need for stronger inter-departmental convergence and capacity building at local levels. Expansion of digital monitoring tools and climate adaptive design in newer phases. Replication of best practices across lagging districts.

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