Current Affairs 30 May 2025
Content : Major setback for Trump as U.S. court blocks tariffs Is the three-year practice mandate for judicial service welcome? Autonomous warfare in Operation Sindoor BSF fortifies village guards initiative with arms training for Jammu border residents EC’s single-point dashboard likely to be operational before Bihar election SEBI releases new framework on F&O risk monitoring China launches Tianwen-2 to collect asteroid samples by 2027 Tobacco affordability fuelling cancer epidemic in India Major setback for Trump as U.S. court blocks tariffs Context & Background The Court of International Trade (CIT) ruled against key import tariffs imposed during Donald Trump’s presidency. These tariffs were justified by Trump under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), 1977, especially after the so-called “Liberation Day” announcement on April 2. Trump had widely used tariffs as a strategic tool in foreign and trade policy, especially against China and other major exporters. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Economy ,Trade) Key Legal Findings The central legal issue: Whether IEEPA gives the U.S. President unlimited authority to impose tariffs. The Court held that: IEEPA does not grant the President unbounded tariff-imposing powers. The challenged tariffs are not legally valid under the act. The President exceeded his statutory authority. Implications of the Ruling Immediate legal impact: Majority of Trump-era tariffs are invalidated. The U.S. government has 10 days to begin repealing the blocked tariffs. An appeal has been filed by the administration. Strategic setback for Trump’s trade policy: Weakens the precedent of using IEEPA for unilateral tariff action. Could deter future presidents from invoking emergency economic powers for trade wars. Market and diplomatic implications: Positive response from markets anticipating reduced global trade tensions. Likely welcomed by trading partners affected by previous tariffs. Broader Significance Checks and balances: Reasserts the judiciary’s role in curbing executive overreach. Trade governance: Underscores the need for legislative backing and multilateral frameworks in trade policy. Domestic politics: May be used politically by Trump opponents to challenge his “America First” economic agenda. Way Ahead The appeal outcome will be critical—could end up in the Supreme Court. Congress may consider clarifying or amending IEEPA to define tariff-related powers. Ongoing need to balance national security concerns with free trade principles. Is the three-year practice mandate for judicial service welcome? Arguments in Support of the Mandate (Prashant Reddy’s perspective): Step in the right direction: Practical experience fosters maturity essential for judicial duties. High Court consensus: 21 out of 23 High Courts found young law graduates unsuitable as judges. Bar Council support: In 2021, the BCI criticized judges without Bar experience as “inept.” Limitations of training: Judicial academies cannot replicate real-world courtroom exposure. Emotional maturity matters: Lived experiences and age contribute to better judicial decision-making. Gender representation: Reservations for women may still preserve judicial service appeal. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary) Arguments Against the Mandate (Bharat Chugh’s perspective): Minimal learning in 3 years: Short practice duration does not ensure deeper legal understanding. Lack of empirical evidence: Verdict isn’t backed by comprehensive data or research. Judicial service unattractive: Mid-career shift to judiciary (age 29–30) less appealing due to poor incentives. Accessibility barrier: Marginalised and first-generation lawyers may struggle to sustain 3 years of litigation. Women disproportionately impacted: Family pressure and financial barriers make litigation tougher for women. Entry-level hurdle: Requirement may drive away promising candidates from less elite institutions. Practical Challenges: No objective metric for experience: Risks becoming a mere checkbox formality. Lack of clarity: Unclear how non-litigating legal roles (e.g., corporate, PSU lawyers) will be assessed. Documentation issues: Need for a structured, verifiable system like digital appearance logs. Disconnect from practice: Young lawyers often perform menial tasks, not substantive advocacy. Constitutional & Policy Concerns: Judicial overreach: Supreme Court’s intervention violates Article 234, which vests eligibility criteria-setting with the executive and High Courts. Courtroom policymaking: Reform made without public consultation or stakeholder involvement. Need for data-driven reform: No assessment of whether advocacy experience correlates with better judicial performance. Broader Implications: Shrinking talent pool: Raising the qualifying age and practice requirement may reduce applications. Impact on diversity: Could dilute recent gains in gender and social representation in judiciary. Missed opportunity for reform: Without broader improvements (pay, working conditions, exam delays), mandate alone won’t enhance judiciary quality. Autonomous warfare in Operation Sindoor Strategic Context Trigger: Operation Sindoor was launched in early May in retaliation for the April 22 Pahalgam terror attack. Nature: A limited but intense four-day conflict between India and Pakistan below the threshold of full-scale war. New Normal: Marked the shift from traditional manned warfare to autonomous drone-centric combat. Relevance : GS 3(Defence ,Internal Security) Key Features of Autonomous Warfare No Pilots Involved: Reliance on Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) and loitering munitions. Autonomous Platforms: Use of AI-driven systems for target recognition, homing, and strike. Real-time ISR: Intelligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance became continuous and dynamic through drones. Below-threshold Warfare: Allowed strategic strikes without escalating into nuclear or conventional war. India’s Drone Strategy Pre-Strike ISR: TAPAS-BH-201 and Heron MK-II UAVs collected thermal and electronic intel deep in Pakistan. UAS Arsenal: Nagastra-1 loitering munitions (indigenous). Harop drones (Israeli-origin). Swarm drones for radar saturation and deception. Multi-phase Assault: Phase 1: Decoys and electronic warfare to exhaust SAMs. Phase 2: Loitering munitions for precision strikes. Quadcopters provided real-time ISR to the Army’s IBMS. Key Indian Targets Ammunition depots, SAM batteries, radar sites, forward operating bases. Strategic psychological operation: Drone strike disrupted a cricket match in Rawalpindi. Destroyed a Chinese-supplied HQ-9 air defence system near Lahore. Pakistan’s Counter Operation: Bunyan-um-Marsoos UAS Assets Used: Shahpar-II, Burraq drones (indigenous). Bayraktar TB2 (Turkish), CH-4, Wing Loong II (Chinese). CH-901 and WS-43 loitering munitions. Targets: Indian troop formations, air bases, radar sites across Jammu, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Gujarat. Outcome: Most attacks neutralized by India’s layered air defence network. India’s Air Defence Response Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS): Fusion of ground, airborne, and satellite surveillance into a real-time C2 network. Proved resilient despite Pakistani attempts to overload or confuse it. Tactical Defence Layer: Akashteer System: Enabled rapid threat detection and response at the battlefield level. Low-Level Air Defence (LLAD): Upgraded vintage systems (Shilka, L/70, Pechora) with modern sensors. Supplemented by snipers and short-range air defence. Advanced Systems: Akash / Akash-NG (medium-range). Barak-8, SPYDER, and S-400 Triumf for strategic defence. Use of Directed Energy Weapons (DEWs) like high-power lasers and microwaves. Technological Evolution Swarm Technology: Radar confusion and defensive saturation. Electronic Decoys: Baiting air defences into wasting interceptors. Algorithmic Warfare: AI used to process ISR, select targets, and direct attacks. Implications Shift in Deterrence Doctrine: Escalation without war—signalling power without triggering retaliation. Reduced Risk to Human Life: Achieved operational goals with zero pilot casualties. Information Warfare: Released intercepted footage and wreckage for psychological impact. Geopolitical Message: Demonstrated India’s autonomous warfare capability to regional and global adversaries. Conclusion Operation Sindoor signals a paradigm shift in South Asian warfare. Autonomous, algorithm-driven systems are now central to deterrence. Future conflicts may begin with silent drones, not soldier charges. BSF fortifies village guards initiative with arms training for Jammu border residents Security and Defence Context Village Defence Guards (VDGs) are being trained by the Border Security Force (BSF) to act as a “second line of defence”. The training is focused on civilians living in border villages along the Jammu-Pakistan border. This move follows Operation Sindoor, which addressed heightened terror threats in the region. Relevance : GS 3(Defence ,Internal Security) Reason for Reviving the VDG Initiative Revived in 2022 after a 20+ year gap, owing to increased terrorist activity. Over the last 3 years, 22+ civilians have been killed in targeted terror attacks in Jammu region. Key affected areas include: Chenab Valley Kathua-Samba region Rajouri and Poonch (south of Pir Panjal) Strategic Importance Civilians are being prepared to fill critical gaps in localised early response against infiltration and terror attacks. Enhances community resilience and force multiplication without overextending regular forces. Deployment for Amarnath Yatra 52,000+ CAPF personnel (581 companies) to be deployed for Amarnath Yatra (July 3 – Aug 9). Highest deployment in 3 years, indicating elevated threat perception. April 22 terror attack in Baisaran (Pahalgam) left 26 civilians dead, prompting escalated security. High-Level Oversight CRPF Director-General G.P. Singh is in J&K for on-ground security review. Home Minister Amit Shah to review security in Jammu and Poonch during a two-day visit. Implications Reflects a shift towards community-based counter-terror strategy. Addresses concerns of rural border population safety amid recurring attacks. May signal long-term civil-military synergy model in sensitive border areas. EC’s single-point dashboard likely to be operational before Bihar election Context: ECINET (Election Commission Integrated Network) is a single-point digital dashboard being developed by the Election Commission (EC). It will consolidate over 40 existing apps/web portals into one interface for better accessibility and coordination. Partial rollout is expected during the June 19 byelections; full implementation targeted before the Bihar Assembly elections. Relevance : GS 2(Elections , Reforms) Purpose and Significance Aims to streamline election management and enhance transparency. Developed in response to opposition parties’ concerns over: Electoral roll anomalies. Duplicate voter ID card issues. Marks a standardisation drive under CEC Gyanesh Kumar, who assumed office on February 19. Other Key Electoral Reforms and Tech Initiatives Direct integration with Registrar General of India for automatic removal of deceased voters. Training initiatives for: Booth Level Officers (BLOs). BLO Supervisors and Agents — over 3,500 trained so far to cascade to 10.5 lakh functionaries. Polling Station Reforms Electors per polling station revised from 1,500 to 1,200. Additional polling booths to be set up in: High-density urban areas (e.g., gated societies, high-rises). Goal: No voter should travel more than 2 km to cast a vote. Voter-Centric Improvements Redesigned voter information slips with: Better visibility of serial and part numbers. Mobile phone deposit facility to be available at all polling stations for voter convenience and poll integrity. Stakeholder Engagement 4,719 meetings held nationwide with participation of over 28,000 political party representatives. Consultations held with major political parties like: AAP, BJP, BSP, CPI(M), NPP, etc. More meetings planned post current byelections. Implications Reflects EC’s commitment to: Inclusive and participatory democracy. Technology-led governance and efficiency. May serve as a case study for election process digitisation and grassroots electoral reform. SEBI releases new framework on F&Orisk monitoring Key Highlights SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) has released a new framework for Futures & Options (F&O) risk monitoring. It includes a change in the calculation method for Open Interest (OI). Relevance : GS 3(Economy, Trade) Major Reform: Delta-Based OI Calculation The OI value will now be computed on a delta-based rather than a notional-value-based approach. Delta measures price sensitivity of an option relative to the underlying asset. This change introduces a more accurate and risk-sensitive method for assessing positions. Purpose and Benefits Aims to improve market transparency and integrity. Helps prevent manipulation of open interest by traders using artificial positions. Ensures better alignment of margin requirements and position limits with real risk exposure. Impact on Traders and Market Position limits for F&O contracts have been increased under the new framework. Traders with low-risk positions may now have greater flexibility. Will require brokers and institutions to upgrade systems to incorporate delta-based metrics. Regulatory Significance Part of SEBI’s broader effort to: Modernize derivatives market oversight. Mitigate systemic risk in capital markets. Reflects a move toward international best practices in risk-based regulation. China launches Tianwen-2 to collect asteroid samples by 2027 Mission Overview China launched Tianwen-2 spacecraft on Thursday. Target: Near-Earth asteroid 2016HO3 (also known as Kamoʻoalewa) and main-belt comet 311P. Objective: Collect and return samples by 2027. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Scientific Goals Study the origin and composition of asteroids and comets. Provide clues about the formation of the solar system. Help expand understanding of primitive celestial bodies. Technological Significance Tianwen-2 is part of China’s broader deep space exploration program. Demonstrates China’s advancing space capabilities, including: Precision rendezvous and landing Sample collection and return technology Multi-target mission planning Global Context Follows the success of Japan’s Hayabusa2 and NASA’s OSIRIS-REx missions. Positions China as a major player in asteroid mining and planetary defense research. Promotes international competition and collaboration in space science. Timeline Launch: May 2025. Sample return expected: By 2027. Tobacco affordability fuelling cancer epidemic in India Tobacco Use in India – Overview India has 42% of men and 14% of women using tobacco (GATS2 data). Smokeless tobacco (SLT) is more common than smoking; India houses 70% of global SLT users. Bidis are more widely used than cigarettes, especially in rural and low-income groups. However, cigarette use is rising, even in villages, due to perceptions of modernity. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Health Impact India ranks first globally in male cancer incidence and mortality. Lip and oral cancers are most prevalent, followed by lung cancer in Indian males. Both SLT and smoking are linked to oral, lung, stomach, pancreatic, and head/neck cancers. Second-hand smoke exposure continues to be a public health concern. Economic Burden In 2017–2018, tobacco use cost India ₹1.77 lakh crore (1.04% of GDP). Smoking: 74% of the cost SLT: 26% of the cost Rising tobacco use will increase both health and economic burdens. Low prices and wide accessibility allow even daily wage earners to afford tobacco. Affordability Problem Low unit pricing: Bidis: Median ₹12/pack, as low as ₹5 SLT: ₹5 median, as low as ₹1 Cigarettes: Median ₹95, but available for ₹5; single sticks around ₹15 Tobacco remains affordable due to static taxation, rising incomes, and undershifting by manufacturers (absorbing tax hikes to retain users). Policy Failures and Industry Tactics India hasn’t matched WHO’s recommended 75% taxation of tobacco’s MRP (current GST proposal only 35%). The 2024 Union Budget kept tobacco taxes unchanged. Single stick sales (banned in 88 countries) are legal in India — evade warnings, encourage impulse buying. Vendors near tea stalls fuel the “chai-sutta” culture. Tobacco industry influences policy and targets youth and low-income groups through marketing. WHO MPOWER Framework Undermined Tobacco affordability weakens control strategies: Monitor use Protect from smoke Offer help to quit Warn about dangers Enforce bans Raise taxes Urgent Policy Recommendations Regular, steep tax hikes to outpace income growth. Ban single-stick sales to enforce warnings and reduce access. Allocate tobacco tax revenue to public health (e.g., cancer screening in rural areas). Enforce plain packaging and ban sales near schools and tea stalls. Strengthen compliance inspections and penalties for violations. Conclusion India is at a critical juncture, facing a tobacco-driven cancer epidemic with high health and economic stakes. Robust, evidence-based anti-tobacco strategies are essential to reverse this trend.