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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 27 May 2025

Content: Manage anaemia before pregnancy Why are ‘sugar boards’ necessary in schools? Scientists finally solve the 160-year-old problem of Mendel’s peas Centre’s reform nudge to States resulting in less land wastage: Ministry data The dawn of autonomous satellites and the legal vacuum above us Manage anaemia before pregnancy Problem Identification High prevalence of anaemia: Over 57% of women of reproductive age in India suffer from undiagnosed anaemia. Symptoms ignored: Fatigue, dizziness, and weakness are often dismissed as routine. Critical timing: By the time pregnancy begins, many women already have dangerously low haemoglobin levels. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Consequences of Anaemia at Conception Increased risk of: Preterm birth Low birth weight Maternal complications: e.g., pre-eclampsia, post-partum hemorrhage Reduced iron transfer to fetus → infant anaemia Maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality increases Need for a Paradigm Shift Current maternal health efforts are focused during pregnancy. For long-term improvement: Shift to preconception care Focus on woman’s health before conception Ask not just “Are you ready for motherhood?” but “Is your body ready for pregnancy?” Limitations of Current Anaemia Management Oral Iron-Folic Acid (IFA) is the standard, but: Side effects: nausea, diarrhea, constipation Poor absorption, especially in chronic anaemia Low adherence in women Oral iron’s effectiveness is reduced due to Hepcidin-regulated absorption Suggested Interventions Intravenous Ferric Carboxymaltose (IV FCM): Rapid restoration of haemoglobin and iron stores Not affected by Hepcidin Suitable for moderate to severe anaemia Vitamin B12 and Folate injection: 49% women have B12 deficiency Essential for RBC formation and neurological development Oral iron alone is insufficient without addressing B12 Thyroid and blood sugar screening: Undiagnosed hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism can mask or worsen anaemia Gestational diabetes often detected late → risks to fetal health Community & Policy-Level Actions Community awareness: Involve families to promote preconception check-ups Grassroots healthcare workers: ASHAs and Anganwadi workers should integrate preconception education in maternal health programs Normalize preconception check-ups: Treat as essential as antenatal care Policy Recommendations Expand interventions: Broaden IV FCM usage Combine B12, folate, and iron injectables Improve oral IFA strategies: Rethink dosing patterns (alternate day, twice weekly) Make preconception care routine and institutionalised Long-Term Vision Addressing anaemia before pregnancy is key to: Healthier mothers Smarter, healthier future generations Maternal health is a societal imperative, not just a medical concern Conclusion No woman should begin pregnancy anaemic. Preconception health care must become standard, urgent, and transformative. Action is not optional — it’s essential for national health and development. Why are ‘sugar boards’ necessary in schools? Why are ‘sugar boards’ necessary in schools? Rising incidence of Type-2 diabetes among children: Once considered an adult disease, it is now increasingly seen in children due to high sugar intake. Excess sugar in diets: Children aged 4–10 get 13% of calories from sugar, and 11–18-year-olds get 15% — far above the recommended 5%. Unhealthy food environment in schools: Easy availability of sugary snacks, beverages, and processed foods in and around schools. Need for early health education: Schools are an effective platform to inculcate healthy eating habits from a young age. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance) What are ‘sugar boards’? Visual learning tool: DIY boards display actual sugar content in popular food/drinks like cola and packaged juices using teaspoons or packets of sugar. Student involvement: Children create the boards during workshops, making the activity interactive and engaging. Informative content: Includes sugar content in common foods, recommended daily intake, and health risks of excess sugar. CBSE’s role: Over 24,000 CBSE schools asked to implement the boards and submit reports/photos by July 15. Role of NCPCR (National Commission for Protection of Child Rights): Advocated for nationwide adoption: Urged all schools (CBSE + State boards) to implement sugar boards. Expressed concern: Highlighted the rise of Type-2 diabetes in children and the poor dietary environment in schools. Stakeholder engagement: Organizing sessions with pediatricians, teachers, and parents; promoting workshops and awareness programs. Is Type-2 Diabetes prevalent in Indian children? Estimated incidence: 397 per lakh among Indian children (second only to China with 734/lakh). Lack of comprehensive data: No nation-wide population-based studies yet. Higher vulnerability: Indian genetic makeup predisposes to metabolic disorders even at lower BMI thresholds. FSSAI’s regulatory status on sugar and HFSS: No finalized HFSS cut-offs: Scientific panel discussions underway but no consensus yet. Existing standards: WHO recommends <25g (6 tsp) sugar/day; India relies on these in absence of indigenous norms. Call for Indian-specific data: Experts argue for country-wide studies tailored to Indian dietary and metabolic profiles. Labeling norms: A product must have ≤5g sugar/100g to claim “low sugar”, but HFSS definitions for school meals are yet unresolved. Next steps: Beyond sugar boards: NCPCR aims to include warnings about high salt and trans-fat in school meals. Data collection ongoing: Gathering health data from hospitals and during school health drives. Parent engagement: Emphasizing nutrition education during PTA meetings. Health expert outreach: Pediatricians to conduct awareness workshops in schools. Conclusion: Sugar boards are a simple yet powerful educational tool to combat childhood obesity and lifestyle diseases. Their widespread adoption, combined with regulatory clarity, community engagement, and health data tracking, could form a holistic public health strategy for India’s children. Scientists finally solve the 160-year-old problem of Mendel’s peas Historical Context In 1856, Gregor Mendel began experiments on pea plants to study inheritance. He identified 7 discrete traits, noticing dominant and recessive patterns. His findings (1866) were largely ignored during his lifetime. In 1900, three scientists — Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, Erich von Tschermak — independently rediscovered Mendel’s work. Relevance : GS 3(Science) Mendel’s Key Discoveries Traits followed predictable 3:1 ratios in second-generation crosses. Introduced the concepts of dominant/recessive traits and discrete units of heredity (now called genes). Formed the foundation for modern genetics, later leading to the chromosome theory of inheritance. The Unresolved Mystery Despite scientific advancements, genetic basis for all 7 traits Mendel studied was not fully explained. Only 4 traits were genetically characterised until recently: Seed shape Seed colour Plant height Flower colour Breakthrough Study in Nature (2025) Paper: ‘Genomic and genetic insights into Mendel’s pea genes’ (Feng et al.). Used next-generation sequencing on 697 pea variants. Generated a 60 terabase DNA dataset (≈14 billion pages worth of genetic data). Major Scientific Breakthroughs Genetic Basis for Remaining 3 Traits Identified: Pod Colour: Deletion near ChlG gene disrupts chlorophyll, causing yellow pods. Pod Shape: Changes in MYB and CLE-peptide genes cause constricted pods. Flower Position: Deletion in CIK-like-coreceptor-kinase gene and a modifier locus leads to terminal flower positioning. Complexity of Pea Plant Genetics Revealed: Though peas belong to 4 species, genetically cluster into 8 groups due to admixture. Discovered additional alleles for traits previously thought to be simple — e.g., a variant that turns white flowers purple. Expanded Trait Mapping: Identified 72 agriculturally important traits (e.g., architecture of seed, pod, root). Created a genomic map for deep trait-tracking and breeding research. Scientific and Agricultural Implications Resolves a 160-year-old puzzle in genetics. Provides a blueprint for plant breeding — improved crop yield, disease resistance, stress adaptation. Demonstrates the power of combining classical genetics with modern genomics. Reflection Mendel’s curiosity in a monastery garden laid the groundwork for centuries of biological advancement. The study underscores how fundamental research can yield profound future applications. Centre’s reform nudge to States resulting in less land wastage: Ministry data  Background of the Reform Initiative In 2020, the Centre launched the Scheme for Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment. It provides 50-year interest-free loans to States for capital expenditure. A portion of the loans is conditional, tied to the implementation of specific reforms: ➤ Road construction ➤ Digitisation ➤ Optical fibre installation ➤ Urban reforms ➤ Disinvestment and monetisation Relevance : GS 2(Solid Waste Management)  Budgetary Growth of the Scheme In 2020, the scheme’s cap was ₹12,000 crore. It has expanded to ₹1,50,000 crore in 2025–26, reflecting growing state participation and investment needs.  Land and Industrial Reforms Outcomes 22 States have amended building bylaws related to industrial and commercial land use. 18 States have reduced land wastage to below 30% in factory plots. Previously, ~50% of industrial land was consumed by parking and setback norms. Reforms led to more optimal land use by revising outdated regulations.  Digitisation of Land Records – Key Achievements 90% of cadastral maps (ownership and boundary details) have been digitised. 91% of Records of Rights (RoR) have been digitised ➤ 35 crore out of 38 crore records. 30% of land parcels have received Unique Land Parcel Identification Numbers (ULPINs) ➤ 22 crore out of 76 crore parcels.  Broader Implications Efficient land use encourages industrial investment by freeing up usable factory land. Digitisation enhances land transparency, dispute resolution, and supports Ease of Doing Business. Supports Centre–State cooperative federalism by incentivising reform through funding. The dawn of autonomous satellites and the legal vacuum above us  Evolution of Satellites The Space Age began with the launch of Sputnik (1957) — satellites were passive tools (e.g., GPS, communication, Earth observation). Now, AI integration is transforming satellites into autonomous, intelligent machines capable of real-time decision-making and self-operation. Relevance : GS 3(Space ,Technology)  Features of AI-Powered Satellites Satellite edge computing enables onboard processing and decision-making. Key capabilities: Automated space operations (docking, refuelling, debris removal). Self-diagnosis and repair of faults. Route planning for orbital optimization. Real-time geospatial intelligence and disaster detection. Combat support, including threat identification and engagement.  Emerging Risks and Challenges AI hallucinations could lead to misclassification of threats (e.g., mistaking commercial satellites as hostile). Autonomous reactions (e.g., evasive manoeuvres) could trigger diplomatic crises or near-collisions. AI decisions may occur without human oversight, creating serious accountability gaps.  Legal and Regulatory Vacuum Existing space laws — Outer Space Treaty (1967) and Liability Convention (1972) — assume human control. Key legal challenges: Fault attribution: Who is liable — the launching state, the operator, the developer, or the AI? Jurisdictional complexity: Multinational development, operation, and registration of satellites complicates legal responsibility. Authorisation and supervision under OST becomes vague in AI contexts.  Need for Legal and Technical Solutions Legalreforms: Categorise levels of autonomy, similar to autonomous vehicles. Mandate meaningful human control for high-risk decisions. Develop global certification standards for satellite AI behaviour (fault response, manoeuvre logs, etc.). International frameworks could emulate aviation and maritime insurance and liability models (e.g., HNS Convention, Montreal Convention).  Ethical and Geopolitical Imperatives Dual-use concerns: Satellites could be used for autonomous weapons, raising fears of an arms race in space. Ethical data governance needed to manage massive data collection, privacy, and surveillance issues. Risk of escalation from AI-triggered errors underscores the need for international cooperation.  Call for a New Regulatory Architecture AI-driven autonomy in orbit demands intelligent, adaptive legal frameworks. Historical analogy: just as cars needed traffic laws, AI satellites need space governance reforms. Shared orbits mean shared responsibilities — requiring multilateral collaboration and technological foresight.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 26 May 2025

Over 4 Lakh Crore Investment Proposals: Rising North East Summit Concludes On A Successful Note  Investment Highlights Total Investment Proposals: ₹4.3 lakh crore received during the summit. Major Announcements: Reliance Industries (Mukesh Ambani): ₹75,000 crore over 5 years (focus on agriculture, telecom, digital services). Adani Group (Gautam Adani): ₹50,000 crore over 10 years. Vedanta Group (Anil Agarwal): Over ₹30,000 crore. Delegation Participation: Representatives from 80+ countries including Japan, Europe, ASEAN. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure)  Vision and Objectives NER as Economic Powerhouse: Summit positions North Eastern Region (NER) as India’s “next economic powerhouse.” International Gateway: Framed as India’s bridge to Southeast Asia. PM Modi’s Role: Recognized for embracing and unlocking the region’s untapped potential.  Institutional and Governance Framework Whole-of-Government Approach: Coordination across ministries and states. High-Level Task Forces Created in 8 Sectors: Agriculture, Sports, Investment Promotion, Tourism, Economic Corridors, Infrastructure, Textiles & Handicrafts, Animal Husbandry. Extensive Stakeholder Engagement: 9 domestic roadshows, 2 Ambassador Meets (95+ countries), 6 state roundtables, multiple B2B and B2G meetings.  Infrastructure and Sectoral Growth Highway Expansion: From 10,905 km (2014) to 16,207 km (2024). Power Generation: Added 694.5 MW capacity + 10,000+ km transmission/distribution lines. Aviation Boost: Airports doubled from 9 to 17; 36 major aviation projects completed. Education Investment: ₹21,000 crore over the past decade; includes: 800+ new schools 1 AIIMS 9 medical colleges 2 IIITs  Narrative Shift and Image Building NER’s Global Rebranding: From underdeveloped to investment-worthy. Cultural & Resource Potential Highlighted: Natural beauty, music, sports, and biodiversity. Investor Confidence Built Through: Concrete projects, ministerial follow-ups, and MoU tracking mechanisms.  Future Roadmap Post-Summit Activities: Continued B2B and B2G engagement. MDoNER to act as“investment bridge” between industry and states. MoUs to be tracked and implemented with speed. Goal: Economic revolution and revival in the Northeast — transforming it into a vibrant, connected economic zone.  Symbolic Significance First-Ever Investment Summit of This Scale by MDoNER. Leadership Presence: PM Modi, Jyotiraditya Scindia, top industrialists, diplomats, and key state ministers. Venue Transformation: Bharat Mandapam became symbolic of Northeast’s emerging national stature.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 26 May 2025

Content: Frontier of progress Time for a new India-Africa digital compact Frontier of progress Strategic Importance & Diversity Cultural & Ecological Wealth: Northeast India is rich in tribal, linguistic, and cultural diversity, and is ecologically significant with abundant natural resources. Geostrategic Location: Its proximity to Southeast Asia makes it vital for India’s Act East Policy and regional connectivity. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Infrastructure) Practice Question : “Northeast India’s development must be sensitive to its unique cultural and ethnic fabric.”Discuss how the government can balance infrastructure development with socio-cultural harmony in the region.(250 Words) Infrastructure & Development Initiatives Major Projects: Sela Tunnel, Bhupen Hazarika bridge, 11,000 km highways, new rail lines. Expansion of airports and inland waterways (Brahmaputra & Barak rivers). 1,600-km-long Northeast Gas Grid and improved mobile connectivity. Industrial Investment: Notable example: ₹27,000 crore Tata Semiconductor Plant in Assam. Tourism Boom: Improved connectivity and environmental allure have increased tourist inflow. Conflict Resolution Efforts Peace Accords: Framework Agreement with NSCN-IM (2015), Bodo Accord, Bru refugee settlement (2020). Security Reforms: Gradual rollback of the AFSPA reflects efforts toward normalization. Persistent Challenges Ethnic Conflicts: The Kuki-Meitei violence in Manipur (since May 2023) underscores ongoing tensions. Nagaland Peace Process: Stalled dialogue has led to disillusionment. Inter-State Border Disputes: Still unresolved in parts, though Assam has made progress with Arunachal and Meghalaya. Environmental Protests: Hydropower projects in Arunachal Pradesh have sparked fears of displacement and ecological risks. Regional Integration & Policy Gaps Need for Alignment: Domestic policies (development + harmony) must align with foreign policy goals. Effective northeast integration is critical for leveraging economic and strategic ties with Southeast Asia. Conclusion Unity in Diversity: Realizing the region’s full potential requires not just infrastructure but sensitivity to its cultural and political intricacies. Balanced Approach Needed: Security, development, and diplomacy must go hand-in-hand to make the northeast a true frontier of progress. Time for a new India-Africa digital compact Context: Africa’s Digital Vision Africa Day (May 25): Celebrates the founding of the Organisation of African Unity (1963) and symbolizes the continent’s aspiration for unity and development. Digital Transformation Strategy (2020–2030): Central to the African Union’s agenda for inclusive and sustainable growth through digital innovation. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : “India’s Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) model offers a unique template for South-South cooperation.”Evaluate how India’s digital partnership with Africa can redefine development diplomacy.(250 Words) India’s Evolving Development Diplomacy Traditional Engagements: Capacity-building via technical training. Infrastructure development through concessional lines of credit. Shift in Approach: Focus on technology-driven, socially embedded solutions. Rise of Indian social enterprises offering low-cost, scalable innovations. Emerging Digital Partnership Early Foundation: Pan-African e-Network (2009) offering telemedicine and tele-education, implemented by TCIL. Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) Export: India now shares models like Aadhaar, UPI, CoWIN, and DIKSHA as global digital public goods. Examples of Recent Collaborations Togo (2021): Adopted Modular Open-Source ID Platform with IIIT-Bangalore. Zambia (2023): MoU with IIIT-B’s Centre for DPI for Smart Zambia Initiative. Namibia (2024): Pact with NPCI to build a UPI-like payment system. Ghana: Linking national payments to UPI for seamless transactions. Why India’s DPI Model Appeals Affordability: Low-cost implementation. Scalability: Can serve large populations with minimal resource strain. Public-oriented design: Emphasizes open-source, inclusive governance. Alternatives to Surveillance Models: Distinct from China’s and Western proprietary models. Competitive Digital Ecosystem Multiple Players in Africa: China (state-backed infra), EU, US, and India all competing for digital influence. African Nations’ Criteria: Decisions are driven by national digital priorities, not geopolitics. Capacity-Building Milestone IIT Madras – Zanzibar Campus: Offers programs in Data Science & AI. Involves Indian private sector for scholarships. Aligns academic training with socio-economic goals. Challenges to Be Addressed Digital Divide: High data/device costs. Rural-urban disparities. Gender-based exclusion from access/literacy. Energy Constraints: Weak power infrastructure hampers digital expansion. Infrastructure Needs: Digital transformation depends on sustainable energy investments. Opportunities Ahead Strong Foundation: 85% African countries have digital ID systems. 70% collect biometric data — enabling authentication layers. Potential of a New Compact: Anchored in mutual respect, co-development, and institutional trust. Can serve as a replicable model for global South-South cooperation in the digital era.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 26 May 2025

Content: Why has Tamil Nadu adopted a space sector policy? India views China as ‘primary adversary’ and Pakistan more as ‘ancillary’ security problem, says U.S. report Need to go full throttle on indigenous defence systems: ex-DRDO chief Meghalaya’s new cave-dwelling fish adapts to streams overground: study The maths of how India’s coastline lengthened without gaining land Why has Tamil Nadu adopted a space sector policy? Context : To follow the national Indian Space Policy 2023 and join states like Karnataka and Gujarat in fostering a regional space ecosystem. Encouraged by IN-SPACe (a central government body) to frame a state-specific strategy for space sector growth. Builds on Tamil Nadu’s existing Aerospace & Defence (A&D) Policy where space was already identified as a priority. Leverages Tamil Nadu’s strong base of over 250 ISRO-linked vendors and advanced capabilities in electronics and precision manufacturing. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) , GS 3(Space) How is Tamil Nadu strategically placed for the space sector? ISRO Presence: ISRO Propulsion Complex (IRPC) at Mahendragiri, Tirunelveli for cryogenic and earth storable engine testing and R&D. Construction of India’s second spaceport at Kulasekarapattinam, Thoothukudi. Startup Ecosystem: Emerging space-tech startups focusing on launch vehicles, reusable systems, in-space manufacturing, and data fusion. Academic Infrastructure: Space Technology Incubation Centre (STIC) at NIT Trichy supports ISRO’s developmental projects in the southern region. What are the policy’s key objectives and features? Investment Goal: Attract ₹10,000 crore investments in 5 years. Employment Generation: Targeting 10,000 direct and indirect jobs. Sectoral Integration: Utilise space tech in governance (e.g., agriculture, disaster management, health, fisheries, urban administration). Industrial Infrastructure: Creation of Space Bays with incentives for investments below ₹300 crore. Space Industrial Parks eligible for 10% housing development incentive (₹10 crore cap). R&D Support: Payroll subsidies for companies engaged in space R&D or establishing global capability centres. Green Incentives: 25% capital subsidy for sustainable/green initiatives (up to ₹5 crore). Will it generate employment and growth? Yes, with a clear aim to: Generate nearly 10,000 jobs. Boost startup participation in high-tech manufacturing and design. Anchor Tamil Nadu as a key player in India’s commercial space economy. Conclusion: The policy is strategic, investment-driven, and future-facing, aligning with national priorities while leveraging state strengths. It enhances Tamil Nadu’s positioning in India’s evolving space ecosystem and fosters innovation, job creation, and technology integration across sectors. India views China as ‘primary adversary’ and Pakistan more as ‘ancillary’ security problem, says U.S. report Context : India’s Threat Perception China as Primary Adversary: India sees China as its foremost security threat, due to unresolved border disputes and strategic competition. The disengagement in Depsang and Demchok (Oct 2024) reduced tactical tensions but did not resolve the core issue of border demarcation. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security, Defence) Pakistan as Ancillary Threat: India views Pakistan as a secondary, manageable threat, despite ongoing cross-border attacks (e.g., Pahalgam terror attack in April 2024). India continues retaliatory actions such as Operation Sindoor to target terror infrastructure in Pakistan.  Strategic Defence Priorities under PM Modi Focus on: Countering China regionally and globally. Demonstrating global leadership. Modernising military power and promoting self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat). Key Initiatives: Strengtheningbilateral defence ties in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Increasing multilateral participation: QUAD, BRICS, SCO, ASEAN. Expanding trilateral engagements in the Indo-Pacific.  Defence Modernisation Efforts Nuclear Capability: Continued testing of Agni-I Prime MRBM and Agni-V MIRV systems. Commissioning of second nuclear-powered submarine, enhancing India’s nuclear triad and strategic deterrence. Indigenisation Drive: Push for ‘Made in India’ in defence to: Boost domestic manufacturing. Reduce foreign dependency. Address supply chain vulnerabilities.  India-Russia Defence Relations Despite reduced procurement, India: Continues reliance on Russian spare parts for legacy equipment. Maintains ties for strategic autonomy, balancing growing Russia-China closeness.  Pakistan’s Military Strategy Pakistan is: Modernising its military, including battlefield nuclear weapons, to counter India’s conventional superiority. Likely to continue importing dual-use/WMD-related materials from global networks. Views India as an “existential threat”, shaping its nuclear doctrine and security outlook. Geopolitical Implications India is repositioning itself as a maritime and regional power through partnerships and military diplomacy. The China-Pakistan nexus remains a dual-front challenge for India. India’s balanced approach to Russia, even amid global tensions, reflects a multipolar foreign policy orientation.  Conclusion The U.S. DIA report confirms India’s shift towards strategic assertiveness, with China at the centre of its defence calculus. India’s integrated approach—combining military modernisation, regional engagement, and strategic autonomy—reflects a long-term vision to secure its interests in a competitive multipolar world. Need to go full throttle on indigenous defence systems: ex-DRDO chief Context : Key Achievements Highlighted in Operation Sindoor Dominance of Indigenous Systems: Majority of deployed systems during Operation Sindoor were indigenously developed. This has boosted confidence of armed forces in Indian-made systems. Air Defence Performance: Multi-layered defence structure worked seamlessly, combining: S-400 (long-range) Akash & Spyder (medium-range SAMs) Various air defence guns Notably, most enemy attacks were neutralised mid-air. Akash Missile System: Developed under IGMDP, led by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Proven highly effective; armed forces reportedly satisfied with its performance. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security, Defence)  Implications for Defence Industry Morale Boost: Scientists and DRDO personnel are highly motivated post successful deployment. Seen as a validation of years of indigenous R&D. Production Readiness: Industry must be prepared to scale production for bulk orders. Greater synergy expected between R&D and manufacturing arms. Export Potential: Global recognition of India’s defence capability likely to enhance defence exports. Opportunity to project India as a reliable defence supplier. Strategic Lessons and Forward Path Fast-paced Technological Development: Warning: Long development cycles risk obsolescence. Emphasis on agile innovation and faster induction cycles. Focus Areas for the Future: Invest in niche, long-range, and cost-effective strike systems. Develop counter-niche technologies to detect, deter, and destroy enemy threats early. Emphasis on Dual Approach: Combine hard-kill (kinetic) and soft-kill (non–kinetic) mechanisms. Enhance early warning and integrated battle management systems. Broader National Security Outlook Operation Sindoor as a Milestone: Proved India’s combat readiness and deterrent capability. Encouraged institutional confidence in domestic innovation and DRDO-led projects. Call to Action: Need to go “full throttle” on indigenisation. Ensure that defence R&D remains ahead of technological curve, adaptable, and export-competitive.  Conclusion India stands at a strategic inflection point where battlefield validation of indigenous systems can translate into: Operational self-reliance, Industrial transformation, And global defence market presence. The challenge now is to accelerate development, reduce dependency, and sustain innovation momentum. Meghalaya’s new cave-dwelling fish adapts to streams overground: study Context : Scientific Discovery Species Name: Schistura densiclava Type: Troglophile loach – a cave-dwelling fish that also thrives in surface (epigean) streams. Discovery Site: Krem Mawjymbuin cave, East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya. Research Team: Led by Kangkan Sarma, Gauhati University; published in Journal of Fish Biology. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Habitat Characteristics Found ~60 metres inside the cave: Temperature: ~18°C Oxygen levels: Low Water flow: Cool, fast-flowing stream Cave also noted for religious significance due to a Shivalinga-like formation. Unique Adaptations Retains pigmentation and eyesight, unlike most cave fishes (which are typically eyeless and pigmentless). Adapted to subterranean life, but capable of surviving in aboveground streams as well. Belongs to the Nemacheilidae family (loaches, bottom-dwelling fish with barbels). Morphological Features Color: Pale yellow-green body Markings: 14–20 greyish to faint black vertical bars Distinctive Stripe: Thick stripe near the dorsal fin – inspiration for the name densiclava (Latin: “thick stripe”). Sexual Dimorphism Males: Slimmer build Irregular body patterns Puffier cheeks Females: Sturdier structure Consistent body markings Ecological Significance Genetic testing confirms it as a new-to-science species. Shows endemic distribution – limited to this specific cave system. Highlights the rich biodiversity of Meghalaya’s cave ecosystems. Conservation Implications Restricted habitat implies vulnerability to disturbances, both natural and anthropogenic. Need for protection of cave ecosystems, especially amid religious tourism and developmental pressures. Key Takeaways Another testament to Meghalaya’s unique subterranean biodiversity. Underlines the importance of documenting and conserving lesser-known habitats. Schistura densiclava serves as a symbol of ecological uniqueness and scientific curiosity. The maths of how India’s coastline lengthened without gaining land  Key Announcement In Dec 2024, India’s coastline length was officially revised from 7,516.6 km to 11,098.8 km by the Ministry of Home Affairs. No new land or islands were added — the change is due to improved measurement techniques. Relevance : GS 3(Defence )  Why the Coastline Got Longer No physical expansion: India’s territory remains unchanged since Goa joined in 1961 (Sikkim in 1975 is landlocked). Root cause: The Coastline Paradox — the length of a coastline varies depending on the measurement scale. Older measurement (1970s): Maps at 1:4,500,000 resolution — missed fine features like creeks, estuaries. New measurement: High-resolution maps at 1:250,000 using: Electronic navigation charts GIS, LIDAR-GPS, satellite altimetry, drone imaging  Geometry Behind the Paradox Straight lines have fixed length; jagged curves (like coastlines) vary with measurement scale. Fractal-like properties: As measuring units get smaller, more detail (and thus more length) is captured. Mandelbrot’s insight (1967): Britain’s coastline varied significantly when using different “ruler sizes.” Example: A 200-km ruler smooths features, while a 1-km ruler captures every bend and estuary. In theory, a ruler the size of a water molecule would yield an infinite coastline.  New Methodology in India Survey of India and National Hydrographic Office (NHO) used high-water lines as base. River mouths and creeks were closed off at fixed thresholds inland. Low-tide exposed islands were also included in the revised measurement. Coastline will now be reviewed every 10 years (starting 2024–25).  Implications of the Longer Coastline Maritime security: More coast to monitor and protect. Disaster preparedness: Better planning for cyclones, tsunamis, and sea-level rise. Fishing & economic rights: Longer coast extends Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ). Climate models and zoning regulations can be better refined. Education impact: School textbooks and atlases will need updating. Conclusion The revised coastline doesn’t reflect a physical change but a scientific evolution. It showcases how better tools and finer scales reveal deeper truths in geography. India’s 11,099-km coastline is a testament to technological and methodological progress in geospatial science.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 24 May 2025

Content: Regional Power Conference with Southern States/ UTs New Bharat Dawns With A Resurgent Northeast: Sarbananda Sonowal Regional Power Conference with Southern States/ UTs Key Themes and Objectives Emphasis on building a smarter, sustainable, and financially viable power sector. Strengthening Centre-State cooperation to achieve Viksit Bharat by 2047. Call for accelerated adoption of smart meters, green energy, and cyber-secure grids. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Major Discussion Points Resource Adequacy: Need for power generation capacity tie-ups till FY2035. Emphasis on nuclear energy and renewable + storage for reliable power. Transmission Infrastructure: Development of inter-state and intra-state transmission networks using: Tariff Based Competitive Bidding (TBCB) Regulated Tariff Mechanism (RTM) Budgetary support Monetization of assets Resolution of Right of Way (RoW) issues critical. Distribution Sector Reforms: Improve billing, tariff structures, reduce AT&C losses. Timely payment of Govt dues and subsidies—FY24 dues still pending. Close coordination with ERCs for cost-reflective tariffs. Smart Metering Push Prepaid Smart Meter Targets: All Govt establishments: by August 2025. C&I and high-load consumers: by November 2025. Smart meters to: Improve billing efficiency. Enable AI/ML-based data analytics for demand prediction. Help resolve subsidy leakage and revenue gaps. Green Energy Focus Urged States to: Submit proposals under GEC-III (Green Energy Corridor – Phase III). Prioritize PM-KUSUM implementation and PPA signings within 7 months. Promote energy storage alongside renewables for grid stability. Cybersecurity Measures States to implement cybersecurity protocols for grid and distribution networks. Regional-level workshops and training to be conducted by MoP. Financial Support to States Leverage₹1.5 lakh crore interest-free loan scheme (Budget 2025-26) for infra development. Improve financial health of Discoms to avoid future service degradation. Assurances and Appeals Centre assured of continued support for power sector reforms. Call for greater collaborative federalism in achieving power sector goals. New Bharat Dawns With A Resurgent Northeast: Sarbananda Sonowal Context: Event: Rising Northeast Investor Summit at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. Focus Theme: “Unlocking Capital for NE Infrastructure” Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) , GS 3(Economy , Regional development)  Strategic Vision for Northeast India Northeast is no longer remote; it is emerging as India’s gateway to Southeast Asia. Declared a “Resurgent Northeast” as central to New Bharat’s growth. Over 700 ministerial visits in the last decade underscore the Centre’s commitment.  Infrastructure & Connectivity Push Inland Waterways: Over 20 National Waterways notified in the region. Jalvahak scheme introduced to boost multimodal logistics, cargo hubs. Expected to unlock employment, regional trade, and new economic corridors. International Logistics Integration: Indo-Bangladesh Protocol Route (IBPR) and Sittwe Port in Myanmar positioned as game-changers. Enhances India’s access to ASEAN & BBIN markets (600+ million consumers).  Investment Potential Northeast offers unparalleled investment access to neighbouring countries. Government calls for public-private partnerships in logistics, shipping, wellness, and tourism. Emphasis on inclusive development and sustainable infrastructure growth. Medical Tourism & “Heal in India” Potential NER’s natural beauty + wellness traditions = ideal for medical & wellness tourism. Promoted as a potential hub under ‘Heal in India’ initiative. Leverages rising healthcare infra and serene environment.  Skill Development for Maritime Sector New skill development programs launched for youth in the Northeast. Focus on training in port operations, vessel management, logistics.  Broader Implications Marks a shift in perception of Northeast from peripheral to pivotal in India’s growth. NER becoming an integrated economic engine for New Bharat. Reinforces Act East Policy by enhancing NER’s global and regional trade connectivity.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 24 May 2025

Content: A medical oxygen access gap SE Asia must bridge Introspecting counter-terrorism after Operation Sindoor A medical oxygen access gap SE Asia must bridge Significance of Medical Oxygen Oxygen is a life-saving essential medicine with no substitute. Over 5 billion people globally lack safe, quality, affordable oxygen access. COVID-19 pandemic exposed the severe vulnerabilities in oxygen infrastructure, especially in LMICs (Low- and Middle-Income Countries). Relevance : GS 2(Health) ,GS 3(Infrastructure) Practice Question : The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the systemic oxygen infrastructure vulnerabilities in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in South-East Asia. Examine the challenges and suggest long-term strategies to ensure equitable access to medical oxygen in the region.(250 Words) Oxygen Gap in South-East and East Asia South Asia & East Asia/Pacific have the highest unmet oxygen needs: Oxygen service coverage gap: 78% (South Asia) and 74% (East Asia & Pacific). WHO and The Lancet have identified these as priority zones for immediate action. Key Challenges in Oxygen Access Infrastructure & Equipment Deficiency: Only 54% of hospitals in LMICs have pulse oximeters. Only 58% have access to medical oxygen. Lack of monitoring tools leads to delayed diagnosis and preventable deaths. Financial Constraints: Global need: $6.8 billion, of which South Asia needs $2.6 billion. Many LMICs face competing healthcare priorities, limiting oxygen funding. Shortage of Skilled Workforce: Lack of trained biomedical engineers and technicians hampers: Installation Maintenance Repair of oxygen equipment. Systemic Gaps & Recommendations Need for long-term, multi-pronged strategy: Policy support Innovation Sustainable financing WHO’s Access to Medical Oxygen Scorecard helps track progress and accountability. Regional & Cross-Border Initiatives WHO-led training of biomedical engineers in Nepal, benefitting Bhutan. A model for replication across LMICs to ensure sustainability. Innovation and Localisation Promote local production to reduce import dependency. Invest in decentralised systems: Portable concentrators Solar-powered generators Booster pumps Community oxygen hubs Example: Solar-powered oxygen plants in Ethiopia and Nigeria improved access in remote areas. Governance and Policy Imperatives Governments must: Integrate oxygen into Universal Health Coverage and emergency preparedness. Create regulatory frameworks for quality, safety, storage, and distribution.  Role of Multiple Stakeholders Private Sector: Invest in local production, supply chains, and cost-effective solutions. Global Health Agencies: Ensure continued funding and technical support post-COVID Academia & Research: Focus on low-cost, adaptable technologies for LMICs. Promote real-time digital monitoring and predictive analytics. Call to Action Oxygen access = Human right, not a privilege. Must transition from crisis response to long-term investment. Maximise existing COVID-era PSA plants, ensure operational readiness. WHO stands ready to support with technical expertise. Introspecting counter-terrorism after Operation Sindoor Contextual Background Pahalgam Attack (April 22) by Pakistan-backed terrorists prompted India’s retaliatory Operation Sindoor (May 7). While Operation Sindoor marks tactical success, its strategic depth in altering long-term terrorism threats remains debatable. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) Practice Question : Operation Sindoor highlights India’s evolving counter-terrorism capabilities. Critically analyse why tactical military successes alone are insufficient in eliminating the threat of terrorism in Jammu & Kashmir. Suggest a comprehensive internal-external strategy.(250 Words) Complexity of Terrorism in J&K Since 1989, J&K’s insurgency shifted from indigenous roots to foreign terrorist infiltration by mid-1990s. Local factors like identity crisis, repression, marginalisation, and political alienation are core enablers of Pakistan’s proxy war. The terrorism ecosystem in J&K is a complex interplay of external support and internal grievances — military solutions alone are insufficient. Progress & Trends As per SATP data, terrorism-related fatalities have drastically declined: From 4000+ in 2001 to 127 in 2024. Attributed to: Strengthening of the security grid. Government outreach to locals. Pakistan’s weakened ability to conduct high-intensity proxy warfare. On Deterring Pakistan Past kinetic actions (e.g., 2016 Surgical Strikes, 2019 Balakot) failed to permanently deter Pakistan: Fatalities increased post-operations. Even after Operation Sindoor, Pakistan: Claimed victory via state narrative. Promoted military nationalism, e.g., General Asim Munir being elevated. Revived internal militaristic pride — strategic deterrence still elusive. Ground Reality in the Region Local terror recruitment is lower than during Burhan Wani era, but still crucial. Foreign terrorists are more self-reliant and tech-savvy, but still need local support networks. Security voids in Jammu (due to troop reallocation to Galwan) exploited by new terror outfits: The Resistance Front (TRF) People’s Anti-Fascist Front (PAFF) Kashmir Tigers HUMINT (human intelligence) has weakened. Pahalgam attackers remain at large, highlighting persistent security and intelligence lapses. Beyond Kinetic Warfare Local condemnation of the Pahalgam massacre shows a strategic opening for counter-terrorism. This public support must be harnessed — not undermined by punitive or alienating tactics like: Demolition of suspected terrorist homes. Mass arrests without legal process. Strategic Takeaways External military response is necessary but not sufficient. Oversimplification of terrorism as just an “external” issue obscures the deeper internal vulnerabilities. India needs to embrace non-kinetic tools: Political dialogue, economic development. Social inclusion and grievance redressal. Restoring trust between people and the state. Key principle: “People as the centre of gravity” — any long-term solution must empower locals.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 24 May 2025

Content: EC to provide mobile phone deposit facilities for voters outside polling stations Creation of theatre commands will kick-start next generation of reforms’ Supreme Court says dual taxation on broadcasting services permissible in law U.K.’s Chagos Islands deal with Mauritius risks entrenching exile of some islanders’ RBI to transfer ₹2.69 lakh crore to Govt. via dividend EC to provide mobile phone deposit facilities for voters outside polling stations Context : The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has announced a₹2.69 lakh crore dividend transfer to the central government for FY 2024-25. This comes amid a revision in its risk buffer, exceeding budget estimates and impacting fiscal deficit calculations. Relevance : GS 2(Elections and Reforms) Mobile Phone Deposit Facility –Significance Rationale: Acknowledges widespread mobile phone usage across urban and rural India. Addresses practical challenges faced by voters, especially women, senior citizens, and persons with disabilities, in managing their phones at polling stations. Implementation: Voters allowed to carry phones within 100 metres of polling stations in switched-off mode. Deposit stations (pigeon-hole boxes/jute bags) to be placed outside the polling station entrance. Phones strictly prohibited inside the polling booth, in line with Rule 49M of Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961 (ensures voting secrecy). Exemptions: Returning Officers may exempt specific polling stations based on local security or administrative conditions Significance: Enhances voter convenience and confidence. Addresses security and privacy concerns within polling premises. Promotes a balance between modern voter habits and the integrity of the voting process. Rationalisation of Canvassing Norms – Key Takeaways Revised Canvassing Zone: Prohibition of canvassing within 100 metres of polling stations now strictly enforced. Candidate booths for unofficial voter slips must be located beyond 100 metres. Legal Backing: In accordance with: Representation of the People Act, 1951 Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961 Purpose & Impact: Ensures a neutral and intimidation-free atmosphere for voters. Prevents last-minute political influence or coercion at the polling station. Standardises practices across the country, improving uniformity in electoral conduct. ‘Creation of theatre commands will kick-start next generation of reforms’ Objective of Theatre Commands Dual-stream structure: Separation of roles into: Force Application: Managed by Theatre Commanders (operational aspects). Force Generation: Managed by Service Chiefs under “Raise, Train, Sustain (RTS)” functions. Goal: Create a more efficient and integrated defence structure by delegating operational and administrative responsibilities separately but in coordination. Relevance : GS 3(Defence) Nature of the Transformation Described as “Revolutionary”: One of the most significant structural changes in post-Independence Indian military history. Aims for joint operational structures across multiple levels and commands. Facilitated by CDS: One of the key mandates of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) is to implement jointness and restructure the forces. General Chauhan has prioritized reorganising geography-centric Integrated Theatre Commands (ITCs). Implementation Requirements Preconditions for Theatre Commands: High jointness among the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Physical and process integration of infrastructure, activities, and command systems. Expected cascading impact: Reforms will reshape the organisation at all levels — not just the top, but also field and support structures. Will trigger cultural and conceptual changes within the forces, demanding adaptability. Challenges: Resistance and acceptability issues at various hierarchical levels. Requires a strong push for awareness and training to facilitate a smooth transition. Strategic Significance Better resource optimisation: Theatre Commands will reduce redundancy and optimise combat readiness by eliminating duplication. Operational synergy: Ensures that the three services operate as a cohesive joint force during war and peace. Global alignment: Brings India’s military structure closer to that of advanced militaries like the U.S. and China, which operate unified theatre commands. Conclusion The creation of Theatre Commands marks the initiation of next-generation reforms in India’s military doctrine and structure. The long-term vision focuses on transforming India’s armed forces into a leaner, more agile, and joint war-fighting machine for future warfare. Supreme Court says dual taxation on broadcasting services permissible in law Context : Dual taxation upheld: The Centre can imposeservicetax on broadcasting services. The States can levy entertainment tax on entertainment provided to subscribers. No legal overlap: Court ruled that service tax and entertainment tax pertain to distinct aspects of the broadcasting activity. Therefore, both taxes can legally coexist without violating constitutional provisions. Relevance :GS 3(Taxaion ) Legal Basis Broadcasting = Service: Taxable under Finance Act, 1994, within Entry 97 of the Union List (residuary powers of Parliament). Entertainment = Luxury: Taxable under Entry 62 of the State List (Seventh Schedule of the Constitution). Interpretation by Supreme Court: The Court clarified that “entertainment” falls within the scope of “luxury” and can be broadly interpreted. Taxation on “different aspects” by different legislatures is constitutionally valid. Changing Nature of Entertainment Technological evolution: Entertainment today is accessed not only in public venues but also in private settings (e.g., homes, smartphones, smartwatches). Hence, entertainment tax laws must evolve and be interpreted liberally and expansively. Scope of “entertainment”: The Court emphasized a broad definition to include all forms of digital and broadcasted entertainment. Constitutional and Federal Implications Reinforces federal taxation powers: The judgment reaffirms the constitutional allocation of taxing powers between Union and States. Prevents tax disputes: Clarifies and resolves confusion over overlapping tax jurisdictions, especially post-GST era where entertainment tax was subsumed (except for specific services). Conclusion The Supreme Court validates the principle of dual taxation for services that can be legally and logically split into multiple components. Strengthens the doctrine of “aspect theory” in Indian taxation — i.e., the same transaction can be taxed differently under different heads, if viewed from different legal perspectives. ‘U.K.’s Chagos Islands deal with Mauritius risks entrenching exile of some islanders’ UK–Mauritius Chagos Deal Overview Agreement signed: UK agreed to hand over Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius, except for Diego Garcia. Diego Garcia remains under UK-U.S. control for military base operations via a 99-year lease. Financial terms: Mauritius to receive £101 million/year (~$136 million) for the lease. Trust fund created: £40 million (~$54 million) for the Chagossian diaspora (~10,000 people). Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Human Rights Watch (HRW) Concerns Exile continues: Deal excludes Diego Garcia from resettlement, entrenching exile of Chagossians originally from that island. Historical injustice: HRW labels 1960s expulsion of Chagossians by UK for U.S. military base as an “ongoing colonial crime against humanity”. Partial return rights: Resettlement is allowed only on smaller islands, not the main ancestral island (Diego Garcia). Geopolitical Context Strategic location: Diego Garcia is a critical Indo-Pacific base for U.S.-UK military operations, especially in Asia and the Middle East. Colonial legacy: The Chagos dispute is a symbol of lingering colonialism, with Mauritius claiming rightful sovereignty. Legal and Ethical Dimensions Violation of indigenous rights: The forced displacement of Chagossians is widely condemned as ethnic cleansing and human rights abuse. International rulings: The ICJ (International Court of Justice) and UN General Assembly have urged the UK to return the islands to Mauritius. Incomplete justice: Despite returning control to Mauritius, the exclusion of Diego Garcia implies partial justice and selective reparations. Conclusion The deal represents progress in decolonisation but falls short of full justice for the Chagossians. Military geopolitics still trumps humanitarian and historical redress, especially in strategically critical regions. RBI to transfer ₹2.69 lakh crore to Govt. via dividend Context : RBI Dividend Transfer Amount transferred: ₹2.69 lakh crore (₹2,68,590.07 crore) surplus as dividend for FY 2024-25. Comparison with previous year: 27% higher than last year’s transfer of ₹2.11 lakh crore (FY 2023-24). Basis for surplus: Derived using Revised Economic Capital Framework (ECF) approved on May 15, 2025. Relevance : GS 3(RBI ) Contingent Risk Buffer (CRB) CRB increased to 7.5% of RBI’s balance sheet size. Past CRB trends: 5.5% (2018-22) due to COVID & economic conditions. 6% in FY 2022-23. 6.5% in FY 2023-24. Implication: A higher CRB indicates greater prudence and financial resilience, even though it reduced the dividend payout potential. Fiscal Implications Union Budget 2025-26 assumption: ₹2.56 lakh crore from RBI + PSBs as dividend. Actual RBI payout alone exceeds the Budget estimate → fiscal boost. Expected fiscal deficit reduction: From 4.4% to ~4.2% of GDP (20 basis points drop). Key drivers of surplus: Robust foreign exchange sales (RBI was top seller in Asia in Jan 2025). Strong interest income. Higher forex gains.  Market Reaction Market expected₹3 lakh crore dividend – actual figure was below expectations. Reason: CRB hike to 7.5% curtailed payout. Investor sentiment: Seen as slightly negative → potential profit booking after recent rallies. Bond yields may react due to changing fiscal assumptions.  Expert Commentary SBI’s Soumya Kanti Ghosh: Calls it a prudent move to raise risk buffers. Warns that dividend could have touched₹3.5 lakh crore without CRB hike. Tata AMC’s Murthy Nagarajan: Points to market disappointment due to lower-than-expected payout. Conclusion Positive for fiscal math: Exceeds Budget expectations → helps in deficit management. Shows RBI’s conservative stance: Enhances its financial strength in uncertain macro conditions. Mixed market reaction: Fiscal upside but short-term disappointment due to lower-than-hoped dividend.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 23 May 2025

Content : Major Cities Accelerate e-Bus Adoption Under PM E-Drive 4% Reservation in Central Government Housing for Persons with Disabilities Major Cities Accelerate e-Bus Adoption Under PM E-Drive Introduction The PM e-Drive Scheme is accelerating the adoption of electric buses in major Indian cities, aiming to transform urban public transport into a cleaner and more sustainable system. This large-scale initiative focuses on enhancing mobility while reducing environmental impact across key metropolitan areas. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Policy and Governance Framework Centre-State Coordination: Emphasizes synergy between the Central government and states (Telangana, Karnataka, Delhi, Gujarat), vital for successful rollout and operational integration. Strategic Vision: Aligns with Government’s broader vision of clean and inclusive urban mobility, showcasing policy consistency in sustainable transport goals. Financial Commitment: ₹10,900 crore allocated for 14,028 electric buses over 2 years, reflecting significant government investment and prioritization. Urban Transport Modernization Scale of Deployment: Large-scale procurement planned—Bengaluru (4,500), Hyderabad (2,000), Delhi (2,800), Ahmedabad (1,000), Surat (600)—showcases targeted urban electrification efforts in key metropolitan hubs. Modernizing Public Transport: Focus on making public transport “cleaner, smarter, and more efficient,” signaling integration of electric mobility with intelligent transport systems. Operational Readiness: Ministry’s commitment to “timely delivery and operational readiness” suggests attention to implementation challenges like charging infrastructure, fleet management, and maintenance. Environmental Sustainability and Climate Impact Climate Goals: Supports India’s sustainable transport and carbon emission reduction objectives as part of national and international climate commitments. Pollution Reduction: Urban e-bus adoption expected to significantly cut air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions in dense cities. Innovation Drive: Promotes environmentally conscious technology adoption, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and enhancing energy efficiency in public transport. Economic Growth and Social Benefits Job Creation and Industry Growth: Large-scale electric bus deployment can stimulate domestic EV manufacturing, supply chains, and associated green jobs. Public Health Improvements: Cleaner buses lead to improved urban air quality, reducing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Social Inclusion: Enhances public transport accessibility with modern and reliable electric buses, supporting equitable urban mobility. Regional Prioritization and Coverage City Focus: Targeting rapidly growing and pollution-challenged cities like Delhi, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, and Surat demonstrates data-driven and contextual targeting. Geographic Balance: Inclusion of South (Bengaluru, Hyderabad), North (Delhi), and West (Ahmedabad, Surat) highlights nationwide ambition and diversity. Technological Innovation and Future Mobility EV Ecosystem Development: Boosts India’s electric vehicle ecosystem, including batteries, charging infrastructure, and smart grid integration. Smart Mobility Integration: Potential for app-based public transit, real-time tracking, and renewable energy-powered charging infrastructure. Global Scale and Leadership: One of the world’s largest e-bus deployment efforts, setting a precedent for other developing countries. 4% Reservation in Central Government Housing for Persons with Disabilities Introduction A landmark initiative under the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs introduces a 4% reservation in central government housing for persons with disabilities, reinforcing inclusive governance and equitable access to public services. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice , Housing) Policy and Legal Framework Alignment with RPwD Act, 2016: The initiative directly supports the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, reinforcing legal mandates for equality and accessibility. Government Commitment: Reflects adherence to the Prime Minister’s vision of “Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas” and the Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan aimed at disability inclusion. Official Directive: The Directorate of Estates’ Office Memorandum institutionalizes the reservation policy for smooth implementation. Social Inclusion and Empowerment Promoting Equity: 4% reservation ensures persons with disabilities gain fair access to essential public housing, fostering dignity and independence. Accessible Housing: Supports physical accessibility and accommodation needs, helping integrate persons with disabilities into mainstream urban life. Empowerment of Vulnerable Groups: Strengthens social justice by addressing housing disparities faced by persons with disabilities. Governance and Implementation Inclusive Governance: Demonstrates proactive government measures to mainstream disability concerns within public service delivery. Operationalizing Rights: Makes the constitutional and legislative promises of equality tangible through administrative action. Strengthening Accountability: Clear reservation quotas enable monitoring and evaluation of inclusion efforts in government housing schemes. Broader Impact Catalyst for Change: Sets a precedent for similar inclusivity measures across other government services and facilities. Promotes Awareness: Raises public and institutional awareness about the importance of accessible infrastructure and inclusive policies. Supports Sustainable Development Goals: Contributes to SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities).

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 23 May 2025

Content : Tariff wars and a reshaping of AI’s global landscape Use international law to take on Pakistan-backed terror Tariff wars and a reshaping of AI’s global landscape  Global Context of Tariff Wars and AI Post-2024 U.S. elections, tariffs have been reimposed, targeting key technology imports. These tariffs raise costs of AI infrastructure components like semiconductors and accelerators, disrupting global supply chains. Ironically, some companies may now relocate data centres to tariff-targeted countries like China. Relevance : GS 3(Economy , Technology) Practice Question : How are tariff wars reshaping the global landscape of Artificial Intelligence (AI) development? Discuss the strategic implications for India.(250 Words)  Economic Impacts of Tariffs on AI Development Tariffs on AI hardware rose up to 27% in 2025, increasing AI infrastructure costs in the U.S. While aimed at boosting domestic manufacturing (e.g., tripling U.S. semiconductor capacity by 2032), tariffs distort comparative advantage (Ricardian theory). Global supply chain fragmentation increases inefficiency, slows innovation, and raises uncertainty. Empirical evidence: 1 Standard Deviation. increase in tariffs → 0.4% output loss over 5 years. Reversing tariffs → potential 4% cumulative output gain. Innovation and Strategic Shifts Tariffs can reduce: Incentive to innovate (less competition). Access to cutting-edge imported tech. “Deadweight loss” effect: No clear benefit to producers or consumers due to reduced trade. Demand for AI compute to grow massively: Power needs: 11 GW (2024) → 327 GW (2030). If unmet, U.S. competitiveness could decline.  Shifting Global Innovation Landscape Advanced AI development relies on access to high-cost compute and global collaboration. Tariffs widen inequality in AI capabilities between countries. Developed country tariffs: hinder tech transfer. Developing country tariffs: speed up tech transfer, but affect wages/innovation differently. India’s Strategic Opportunity India is emerging as a “third option” between U.S.-China tech rivalry. IT export growth: 3.3%–5.1% YoY. Growth in AI and digital engineering sectors. Government efforts: Semiconductor investments (fab proposals, AMD’s $400M campus). 1.5 million engineering graduates/year – AI-capable talent pool.  Challenges for India Heavy reliance on imported AI hardware. Tariffs and supply disruptions may slow India’s AI ambitions. But also potential gain: Companies may relocate manufacturing and data centres to India.  Adaptive Technological Trends Capital substitution: High hardware costs → focus on: Algorithmic efficiency. Model compression. Software optimisation. Result: AI usage cost is falling (~40x per year), softening the blow for end-users.  Role of Regulation and Data Countries with lenient data policies and broader digital access may offset hardware disadvantages. Training data access can help maintain innovation pace despite higher infrastructure costs. Rise of Decentralised AI Development Tariffs drive interest in application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs): 30% (2023) → 50% (2028) of AI workload accelerators. Historical parallel: Like mainframe to PC shift in the 1980s, AI may decentralise due to market constraints.  Conclusion Tariff-driven realignments may reduce economic efficiency, but also spur decentralised, adaptive AI innovation. Countries like India, despite vulnerabilities, are uniquely positioned to benefit from reshaped global tech dynamics. Use international law to take on Pakistan-backed terror Core Argument India should complement kinetic responses (e.g. Operation Sindoor) with non-kinetic strategies, particularly lawfare — using international law to achieve strategic objectives against Pakistan-backed terrorism. Relevance  : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Internal Security) Practice Question : How can international law be leveraged as an effective strategy against Pakistan-backed terrorism? Evaluate the potential and challenges of such a lawfare approach for India.(250 Words) Leverage Existing International Conventions India and Pakistan are signatories to several regional and global anti-terrorism treaties: SAARC Convention on Suppression of Terrorism International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (ICSFT) Terrorist Bombing Convention These conventions: Mandate states to criminalise terrorism. Prohibit terror financing (e.g. ICSFT Article 2(1), SAARC Protocol Article 6). Pakistan’s violations: Long-standing role in funding and sheltering terrorists (e.g. 26/11 Mumbai attacks, Pahalgam 2024). India must document and publicise violations using robust legal language. Present a Legal Case Internationally Move beyond diplomatic statements — adopt a law-based narrative with: Verified facts Legal provisions violated References to UNSC resolutions, customary international law Send parliamentary delegations abroad to build diplomatic momentum using legal frameworks. Engage the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Most terrorism treaties include compromissory clauses allowing ICJ jurisdiction: ICSFT (Article 24) Terrorist Bombing Convention (Article 20) Precedent: Ukraine sued Russia under ICSFT — India can similarly sue Pakistan. Benefits: Brings global attention Builds narrative of Pakistan as a violator of international norms Past use: India approached ICJ in Kulbhushan Jadhav case. Jurisdictional and Legal Hurdles Pakistan’s reservation on ICSFT jurisdiction may limit legal action — but India can still file to raise the issue. India’s own reservation under Terrorist Bombing Convention is self-limiting — should be withdrawn to enable litigation. ICJ may interpret treaties narrowly (as in Ukraine v. Russia) — India must prepare strong evidence and legal arguments. Utilize dissenting opinions (e.g. Hilary Charlesworth) to frame persuasive positions. Strategic Use of Lawfare Even if ICJ case outcome is uncertain, filing cases helps build international pressure. Lawfare can align with broader diplomatic and national security strategies. Helps isolate Pakistan globally and shape global opinion. Need for Institutional Capacity India must build internal legal expertise in international law. Integrate international law into strategic policy and diplomatic training. Create permanent legal task forces for international legal battles. Conclusion International law is an underutilised but powerful tool in India’s counterterrorism strategy. A coherent legal offensive, backed by facts and treaties, can help hold Pakistan accountable and strengthen India’s global position.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 23 May 2025

Content: Is establishing the truth a problem during a conflict? Why India needs stable urban forests What is the need of the hour in autism care? SC indicates mandatory registration of Waqfs began in 1923, not in 2025 Report on adolescent health records calls for more investments and laws New drugs arrive on the block, but AMR threats continue Is establishing the truth a problem during a conflict? Complex Information Environment Conflicts often create fast-moving and emotionally charged environments. Information flows rapidly across media and social media, making verification harder. Differing versions of events may emerge due to lack of access or real-time reporting challenges. Relevance : GS 4(Ethics and Integrity) Challenge of Verification Journalists may lack access to conflict zones, making independent verification difficult. Official sources might be the only available information, which may not always be complete. In such scenarios, misreporting or reliance on unverified sources may unintentionally occur. National Security Considerations Governments may limit certain information (e.g., troop movements) to protect national security. This is a legitimate concern during active military operations. However, such restrictions must be balanced with the public’s right to information. Media Responsibility Media outlets have a responsibility to report accurately and avoid sensationalism. The pressure to generate viewership can sometimes lead to dramatic coverage, which may overshadow nuanced reporting. Upholding journalistic ethics, such as cross-checking and source verification, is crucial during such times. Role of Social Media Social media platforms can amplify both authentic information and misinformation. While it provides real-time updates, it can also lead to the spread of unverified or misleading content. Efforts to improve digital literacy and fact-checking can help mitigate these risks. Public Trust and Transparency Transparent communication by authorities fosters trust and public understanding. A clear and consistent information strategy can reduce speculation and confusion. Over-restriction of information, however, can lead to rumours and public distrust. Conclusion Establishing the truth during conflict is undeniably challenging, but not impossible. It requires a careful balance between national interest, journalistic integrity, and the public’s right to know. Strengthening media guidelines, promoting ethical reporting, and encouraging responsible information sharing are key to navigating the truth in times of conflict. Why India needs stable urban forests What is an Urban Forest? An urban forest refers to trees, vegetation, and wooded areas located within and around cities and towns. Includes parks, avenues, gardens, institutional greens, wooded public land, and natural forest patches like Kancha Gachibowli (Hyderabad), Aarey (Mumbai), and Delhi Ridge. Functions as the “green lungs” of urban areas, providing ecological, social, and health benefits. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Importance of Urban Forests Act as natural air purifiers by absorbing pollutants like PM2.5 and PM10. Help mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon. Reduce urban heat island effect, bringing down temperatures in cities. Control stormwater runoff, soil erosion, and flooding risks. Provide habitats for endangered birds and animals, sustaining urban biodiversity. Enhance mental health, offer recreational spaces, and improve quality of life. Provide a cultural and emotional connection to nature in urban settings. Impact of Urbanisation on Forests Urban forests like Kancha Gachibowli in Hyderabad are threatened by industrial and real estate expansion. Over 100 acres of tree cover lost due to government-sanctioned development. Similar threats faced by other urban forests: Aarey (Mumbai), Turahalli (Bengaluru), Delhi Ridge, etc. Deteriorating air quality in cities like Delhi, Bengaluru, and Hyderabad worsened by deforestation. Areas of Concern Lack of coordination between urban planning and environmental protection. Encroachments and land-use changes favoring short-term economic gain over sustainability. Weak implementation of existing green policies. Neglect of ecological value in Smart City and infrastructure projects. Inadequate community involvement and awareness. Judicial Interventions & Legal Safeguards Supreme Court (2024) rebuked Telangana govt; ordered restoration of Kancha Gachibowli forest. Godavarman Case (1996): Broadened forest definition to include urban forests. Delhi HC (2015): Directed protection of the Delhi Ridge. SC Stay (2020): Halted tree felling in Aarey, Mumbai. Courts invoking Article 21 (Right to Life) to ensure a healthy environment. Support from Articles 48A & 51A(g) for environmental protection as a duty. Nagar Van Yojana (Urban Forest Scheme) Launched by MoEF&CC in 2020. Goal: 1,000 urban forests by 2027. Encourages community participation in creating and maintaining green urban spaces. India State of Forest Report 2023 shows 1,445.81 km² increase in urban green cover due to this scheme. Why the Threat is Alarming Urban forest loss equals public health crisis — rising respiratory issues and heat stress. Loss of green spaces diminishes social cohesion, cultural life, and mental well-being. Signals a broader failure in sustainable urban governance. Undermines India’s climate commitments and biodiversity goals. Conclusion India urgently needs stable urban forests not just as green patches but as critical urban infrastructure. They are indispensable for: Environmental balance Climate resilience Public health Biodiversity Cultural and civic identity Policy commitment, legal protection, and citizen activism must converge to safeguard these urban lungs. What is the need of the hour in autism care? What is Autism? Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition affecting communication, social interaction, and behavior. It includes a range of symptoms from mild to severe; often visible in early childhood but sometimes diagnosed later. Classified by the WHO as a diverse set of conditions, not a single disorder. Relevance : GS 2(Health ,Social Issues) Is Autism on the Rise? Prevalence of autism has increased: 1 in 36 (2020) → 1 in 31 (2022) in the U.S. (CDC data). In India, an estimated 1 in 68 children are affected by autism. This translates to approximately 18 million individuals on the autism spectrum in the country. Reasons: Better recognition and broader diagnostic criteria. Increased awareness and access to healthcare. Mild cases now included in diagnosis which were earlier missed. What Causes Autism? No single cause — it’s a complex interplay of genetics and environment. Genetic factors: High heritability (up to 91% in some studies – JAMA 2016). Environmental factors (limited evidence, still under research): Advanced parental age. Prenatal exposure to air pollution. Vaccines do NOT cause autism – the MMR vaccine link has been debunked. Is Autism Preventable? Not fully preventable due to complex etiology. Primary prevention is difficult with current knowledge. Focus should be on: Secondary prevention – early detection and screening. Tertiary prevention – targeted intervention and support. Misinformation Risks Claims linking vaccines to autism have caused: Reduced vaccination rates. Increased public health risk (measles outbreaks, etc.). Such narratives blame parents (especially mothers) and increase stigma. What is the Need of the Hour in Autism Care? Early Diagnosis Many children are still not diagnosed early, especially in rural and underserved areas. Early detection is crucial for effective intervention. Accessible Interventions Need for individualised, evidence–basedtherapies (speech, behavioral, occupational). Tailored interventions based on each child’s needs. Psycho-education for Families Families need support and realistic guidance, not false promises or shame. Maternal and Child Health Greater focus on maternalmental and physicalhealth during pregnancy. Move beyond communicable diseases to include mental and neurodevelopmental health in prenatal care. Awareness and Sensitisation Combat myths and stigma around ASD. Promote inclusion and rights-based approach for individuals with autism. Research and Data Continued, rigorous research on genetic and environmental factors. Avoid politicised or oversimplified narratives (e.g. blaming toxins or single causes). SC indicates mandatory registration of Waqfs began in 1923, not in 2025  Historical Context and Legal Continuity Mandatory registration of Waqfs dates back to the Mussalman Wakf Act, 1923. This requirement was retained in the Waqf Act, 1954, and further reiterated in the Waqf Act, 1995. The 2025 Amendment Act does not introduce mandatory registration; it merely reinforces an existing legal requirement. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Polity and Constitution)  Issue of Non-compliance The Supreme Court questioned why Waqfs have remained unregistered for decades despite clear legal mandates. Only one State has completed the mandatory survey of Waqf properties under Section 4 of the Waqf Act, 1995. Petitioners argue the fault lies with State governments, not the Waqf community.  Waqf by User and Its Recognition “Waqf by user” refers to properties used by the public over time for religious purposes (e.g., mosques, graveyards) without formal registration. Earlier Waqf laws statutorily recognized such waqfs, acknowledging a deep-rooted Islamic practice. Petitioners argue the 2025 Act would strip these waqfs of legal status, which is arbitrary and regressive.  Religious Freedom and Constitutional Rights Waqf is tied to Islamic charity (zakat), one of the five pillars of Islam. Arguing it is non-essential to Islam, as the government claims, would deny protection under Article 25 (freedom of religion). Article 26(d) provides religious denominations the right to manage their own affairs and properties—petitioners argue this includes waqfs.  Concerns over State Interference Inclusion of non-Muslims on Waqf Boards and Central Waqf Council is seen as intrusion into community-specific religious administration. Petitioners argue this amounts to undue state control over religious endowments, violating minority rights.  New Requirements Under the 2025 Amendment The 2025 law now requires that a person must prove five years of practising Islam before creating a waqf. This is viewed by petitioners as burdensome, exclusionary, and discriminatory, especially for converts and marginalised groups.  Summary of Petitioners’ Objections Historical recognition of waqfs, especially waqfs by user, is being undermined. Community penalized for administrative failure of the State. The law is violating religious freedom and minority rights under Articles 25 and 26. The State’s regulatory reach is extending into core religious functions. Need for Reform: Balanced Approach Any reform of Waqf laws should ensure: Administrative efficiency and transparency. Protection of religious rights and community autonomy. Avoiding overreach and excessive secular regulation. Report on adolescent health records calls for more investments and laws  Scale and Demographics Adolescents account for 24% of the global population, i.e., around 2 billion individuals. By 2030, nearly 1 billion adolescents are projected to live in multi-burden countries facing overlapping health, social, and economic challenges. By 2100, an estimated 85% of the world’s adolescents will live in Africa or Asia. Adolescents living in conflict-affected areas have doubled since the 1990s, now numbering 340 million. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) ,GS 2(Health ,Social Issues)  Health Burden Projections By 2030: 464 million adolescents are projected to be overweight. 42 million years of healthy life will be lost to mental health disorders and suicide.  Funding Gaps Funding for adolescent health is grossly inadequate: Adolescents received only 2.4% of total global health development assistance (2016–21). This is disproportionate to their 25.2% share in the global population. Current funding is not targeted to areas of greatest need or demographic pressure.  Progress and Gains Adolescent mortality has declined by 27% in the past two decades. Improvements are largely due to: Reductions in malnutrition and communicable diseases. Greater access to education, especially for girls. These changes contribute to gender equity and better socioeconomic outcomes.  Digital Era and New Challenges Adolescents are the first global generation of digital natives: 79% of youth aged 15–24 are Internet users globally. Over 95% of adolescents in high- and upper-middle-income countries are digitally connected. Digital exposure raises new risks and responsibilities, such as: Mental health implications. Online safety. Commercial exploitation via digital platforms.  Legal and Policy Recommendations Enabling laws and policies are critical to improving adolescent wellbeing: Protect sexual and reproductive health and rights. Tackle commercial determinants of health (e.g., junk food, substance marketing). Promote healthy and ethical use of social media. Emphasis on sustained legal environments over one-time interventions.  Youth Engagement and Participation The commission included: 44 global commissioners. 10 youth commissioners. 122 adolescents in Youth Solution Labs — signaling a strong push for youth-led solutions. New drugs arrive on the block, but AMR threats continue AMR: An Escalating Global Health Threat Definition: AMR (Antimicrobial Resistance) occurs when microorganisms resist effects of antimicrobial drugs. Global Impact: Contributed to 1.27 million deaths in 2019; projected to directly cause 1.91 million deaths by 2050. India’s Burden: 2.97 lakh deaths due to AMR in 2019; India has one of the highest bacterial infection rates globally. Relevance : GS 2(Health ,Governance) Key Causes of AMR Misuse/Overuse of Antibiotics: Only ~30% of antibiotics are used for humans; majority in livestock, aquaculture, and agriculture. Widespread over-the-counter (OTC) sales without prescriptions. Use of antibiotics like colistin as growth promoters in poultry (recently banned). Self-medication and lack of public awareness. Inadequate diagnostics: Delays in antibiogram reports lead to delayed/inappropriate treatments. Hospital-related challenges: Equipment quality issues, high patient load, understaffing, poor infection control. Lack of accountability and stewardship in healthcare systems. Scientific Breakthrough: Nafithromycin Developed by: Wockhardt (India) with support from BIRAC. Significance: First antibiotic developed globally in 30 years. Features: 3-day once-a-day oral treatment for Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia (CABP); 97% success rate. India’s Milestone: First indigenously developed antibiotic in its class. Innovation Gaps and Market Challenges Antibiotic Innovation Gap: Post-1960s “golden era” saw decline in new antibiotics. Big pharma exited due to low ROI; chronic diseases more profitable. Drug Development Barriers: High cost, long timelines, stringent regulatory hurdles. Small companies like Wockhardt, Bugworks, Orchid Pharma taking the lead. Affordability Strategy: Tiered pricing based on country income level (e.g., India price 80% lower than US). Challenges in Stewardship and Regulation Emerging Resistance to New Drugs: E.g., Ceftazidime-avibactam losing efficacy due to irrational use. Regulatory Gaps: Despite being prescription-only, antibiotics are freely available OTC in India. Weak enforcement and lack of pharmacy-level control. Public Awareness Deficit: Antibiotics taken for viral infections. Patient pressure on doctors contributes to overprescription. Government and Institutional Action National Action Plan (2017): Aligns India with global AMR strategy. Surveillance Networks & Public Campaigns: Still in nascent stages. Need for Holistic Reforms: Better diagnostics and equipment quality. Healthcare professional training on AMR stewardship. Stronger policy and enforcement framework. Way Forward: Multifaceted, Shared Responsibility 3-Pronged Approach: Education: For public and practitioners on responsible antibiotic use. Innovation: Continued R&D investment in novel antibiotics. Regulation: Strict control on antibiotic sales, improved hospital protocols. Expert Consensus: Without immediate, cross-sectoral action, AMR will spiral into a larger public health crisis.

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