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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 23 July 2025

Content Redeeming India’s nuclear power promise How different constitutional drafts imagined India MiG-21: End of an Era Apache AH-64E Induction: A Major Leap for Indian Army Systemic Failure in Ensuring Safety of Sewer Workers Urban India 2030–2050: A Call for Action Redeeming India’s nuclear power promise India’s Nuclear Energy Pivot: Budget 2025–26 at a Glance Focus Area Budget Announcements Installed Capacity Target of 100 GW by 2047 (from 8.18 GW today) Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) ₹20,000 crore allocated to develop 5 indigenous SMRs by 2033 Private Sector Entry Legislative reforms to allow private and foreign investment Legal Reforms Pending Amendments to Atomic Energy Act, 1962 and CLNDA, 2010 Relevance: GS 3(Nuclear Energy) The Historical Trajectory: From Vision to Isolation to Reengagement Milestone Details 1956 Apsara, Asia’s first research reactor commissioned 1963 Work begins at Tarapore (first nuclear power reactors in Asia) 1974 Peaceful Nuclear Explosion → Global isolation 1998 Pokhran-II → Strategic negotiations begin 2008 NSG waiver allows India to re-enter the global nuclear market 2010 CLNDA introduced — slowed foreign participation due to supplier liability clause 2025 Shift toward private sector and international partnerships for scaling up nuclear power Why Nuclear Now? Rationale Behind the Shift Strategic Goal Role of Nuclear Power Energy Security Provides stable baseload power unlike intermittent renewables Decarbonisation Low-carbon option to meet Net Zero by 2070 Economic Growth Powering GDP rise from $4 trillion to $35 trillion by 2047 Urbanisation & Development India’s per capita power consumption (1,208 kWh) lags far behind China (4,600) and the U.S. (12,500) Renewable energy (solar, wind, hydro) accounts for ~50% of capacity but only ~20–25% of actual energy generation due to intermittency. Reforms on the Horizon: Legal, Regulatory, and Financial Atomic Energy Act, 1962 – Proposed Changes Issue Reform Needed Monopoly of NPCIL Allow private ownership & operation under safeguards Fuel Supply & Waste Responsibility Clear allocation between operator and supplier Foreign Investment FDI up to 49%, with safeguards on Indian control CLNDA, 2010 – Proposed Amendments Clause Problem Reform Section 17(b) Makes suppliers liable for accidents—deterring foreign partners Limit or re-interpret supplier liability to enable partnerships Tariff & Commercial Disputes  Current Model – Under Atomic Energy Act — Tariff notified by govt  Dispute Example  – NPCIL vs Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam led to conflicting verdicts  Reform Direction – Move to Electricity Act framework with levelised cost model under CERC Regulatory Framework Body Current Status AERB Technically autonomous, but under DAE and not a legal entity Reform Need Establish an independent, statutory regulator (Bill lapsed in 2011) Institutional Strategy: Three-Track Expansion Plan Track Objective  Standardised SMRs Use 220 MW PHWR design for scalable, indigenous Small Modular Reactors Accelerate 700 MW PHWRs Fast-track land acquisition, licensing, and local supply chains  Revive Global Partnerships Restart stalled talks with France (EDF) and U.S. (Westinghouse, GE-Hitachi) Financing & Incentivising Nuclear Power Challenge Details High capital costs ~$2M/MW for nuclear vs <$1M/MW for coal Lifecycle costs Nuclear plants last 50–60 years but need funds for decommissioning and waste Classification Not yet considered “renewable”, hence not eligible for green finance Green financing classification Long-term Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) Viability Gap Funding (VGF) Special tax incentives for nuclear infrastructure Private Sector Involvement: Opportunities and Roadblocks Company Potential Role Tata, Adani, Reliance, Vedanta Build, operate, or co-finance new reactors NTPC-NPCIL JV Four 700 MW units at Mahi Banswara, Rajasthan REC JV New financial partnership to support nuclear infrastructure JVs with public sector units already underway — but scaling to 100 GW will require private and foreign players. Global Momentum in Nuclear Energy Event Significance COP28 (Dubai, 2023) Declaration to triple global nuclear energy IAEA–World Bank 2024 Agreement Nuclear backed as key for developing economies Ajay Banga (World Bank President) Called nuclear essential for base-load power in modern economies Conclusion: What India Must Now Do India’s nuclear renaissance must be decisive, comprehensive, and inclusive. The key pillars: Legislative reform to allow private participation while ensuring safety, accountability, and public trust Global partnerships based on updated liability and financing frameworks Institutional overhaul with an independent nuclear regulator Green classification and incentives for nuclear as low-carbon energy Fast-tracked projects combining scale (700 MW) with modular innovation (SMRs) Nuclear power is India’s best shot at clean, reliable base-load electricity, essential for a high-growth, low-carbon future. How different constitutional drafts imagined India Context: India’s Constitutional Journey Before 1950 Between 1895 and 1948, at least five major constitutional drafts were proposed by diverse political actors—liberals, radicals, socialists, and cultural nationalists. These drafts reflected competing visions of sovereignty, democracy, federalism, economic justice, and identity. Relevance : GS 2(Constitution and Polity) The Five Key Drafts: Origins & Philosophical Anchors Year Draft Author/Group Ideological Leaning 1895 Constitution of India Bill Early nationalists (e.g., B.G. Tilak) Liberal constitutionalism 1944 Constitution of Free India M.N. Roy, Radical Democratic Party Radical humanist, participatory democracy 1944 Hindusthan Free State Act Hindu Mahasabha (right-wing nationalists) Cultural nationalism + liberal guarantees 1946 Gandhian Constitution for Free India Shriman Narayan Agarwal (foreword by Gandhi) Village-centric decentralism, moral republicanism 1948 Socialist Party Draft Jayaprakash Narayan Democratic socialism Comparative Thematic Analysis 1. Democracy & Sovereignty 1895 Bill: Emphasised civil liberties and representative democracy but within British dominion. Roy’s Draft (1944): Participatory democracy with right to revolt and citizens’ committees—an anti-elitist model. Hindusthan Free State: Asserted unitary sovereignty but with democratic elements like elections and judicial review. Gandhian Draft: Sovereignty vested in self-sufficient villages, led by moral authority. Socialist Draft: Unicameral legislature based on class representation (workers, peasants, intellectuals)—radical departure from liberal democracy. 2.  Civil Liberties & Rights Draft Civil Liberties Socio-Economic Rights 1895 Bill Strong (speech, property, equality) Absent Roy (1944) Strong + Right to revolt Binding, justiciable socio-economic rights Hindusthan Free State Strong religious freedoms, anti-discrimination Minimal economic guarantees Gandhian (1946) Focus on duties/community over formal rights Rural economic self-reliance, minimal state role Socialist (1948) Civil liberties secondary Core focus: Economic democracy & equality Roy’s draft uniquely made socio-economic rights enforceable, unlike the 1950 Constitution’s non-justiciable Directive Principles. 3. Centralisation vs Decentralisation Roy & Gandhi: Advocated decentralisation but differed: Roy: Federalism + institutional oversight. Gandhi: Gram swaraj (village autonomy) rooted in moral norms. Socialists & Hindusthan Draft: Supported centralised control for economic restructuring or national cohesion. 1895: Silent on federal structure, assuming British-style parliamentary setup. The tension between unity and local autonomy was central to these early debates. 4. Economic Vision Draft Economic Model Gandhian Minimalist, rural self-reliance, trusteeship Roy Democratic economic planning, mixed economy Socialist Party State socialism, nationalisation, planning commission Hindusthan Draft Silent on redistribution, strong on cohesion 1895 Bill No mention of economic justice or planning These drafts represent the full spectrum from agrarian minimalism to radical socialism, anticipating later debates on India’s economic model. 5. Cultural Identity & Secularism Roy & Socialist drafts: Strongly pluralistic and secular. Hindusthan Free State: Advocated one culture/one law, but included explicit religious freedom, no state religion, and caste equality—an ideologically hybrid document. Gandhian: Rooted in Indian traditions, emphasised communal harmony over majoritarianism. 1895 Bill: Avoided identity politics, sticking to a neutral liberal template. 6. Unique & Surprising Features Draft Unique Element Roy Right to revolt, participatory oversight via citizens’ committees Gandhian Right to bear arms despite ahimsa orientation Hindusthan Right of secession, blending cultural nationalism with formal secularism Socialist Class-based legislature, gender equality before independence 1895 Early model of liberal rights under imperial framework Contradictions (e.g., Gandhi’s right to arms) reflect realism amid idealism—showing the complexity of state-building ideologies. Legacy & Influence on the 1950 Constitution Draft Legacy in Final Constitution 1895 Bill Civil liberties, parliamentary form, separation of powers Roy’s Draft Bill of Rights, decentralisation, participatory federalism Gandhian Idea of Panchayati Raj, trusteeship philosophy (Directive Principles) Socialist Draft Economic justice, land reform, welfare state ideas (Directive Principles) Hindusthan Free State National cohesion + formal secularism; not adopted but influenced debates on identity The 1950 Constitution synthesized diverse ideas — liberal rights, economic justice, decentralisation, and cultural pluralism — though not always in their fullest or radical form. Conclusion: The Prehistory of the Republic India’s road to constitutional democracy was not linear. These early drafts: Captured ideological ferment and competing futures Anticipated modern debates on federalism, rights, secularism, and state power Reflected a rich democratic imagination even under colonialism Though not adopted wholesale, these documents deeply influenced the spirit and substance of India’s final Constitution—testament to the pluralistic and contested origins of Indian republicanism. MiG-21: End of an Era Historical Significance India procured over 700 MiG-21 fighter aircraft since the 1960s. Originally from the Soviet Union, many units were domestically produced by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). Served as the backbone of the IAF’s combat fleet for over 5 decades. Relevance : GS 3(Defence , Internal Security) Operational Use & Combat Record Participated in multiple wars: 1971 India-Pakistan War Kargil Conflict (1999) Balakot Airstrikes (2019) – then Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman shot down a Pakistani F-16 using a MiG-21 Bison, before being shot down himself. Accidents & Safety Concerns Metric Value Total MiG-21 variants inducted 700 Pilots killed in crashes 170 Civilians killed in accidents 40 Common nickname “Flying Coffin” due to high crash rate  The MiG-21’s prolonged service and aging design made it a liability despite mid-life upgrades. Current Status Two squadrons remain (36 aircraft): 23 Squadron “Panthers” No. 3 Squadron “Cobras” Both stationed at Nal Airbase, Rajasthan. Future Impact After phasing out MiG-21, IAF’s squadron strength will drop to 29 (against the sanctioned strength of 42). This could affect IAF’s full-spectrum deterrence unless new aircraft are inducted swiftly (e.g., Tejas Mk-1A, Rafale, or future AMCA). Apache AH-64E Induction: A Major Leap for Indian Army Recent Induction On July 23, 2025, Indian Army received first batch of 3 Apache AH-64E helicopters from the U.S. at Hindon Airbase. Induction conducted under Joint Receipt Inspection Protocol before final deployment. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security , Defence ) Deployment Plans Will be deployed by Army Aviation Corps in Jodhpur. Focus on Western Front (Pakistan border) and high-altitude warfare (e.g., Ladakh, Siachen). Strategic Advantages Capability Details Firepower Equipped with Hellfire missiles, Hydra rockets, and 30mm M230 chain gun Avionics Advanced sensors, radar, night-vision, and electronic warfare capabilities Terrain Versatility Optimised for high-altitude and all-weather combat operations AI/ISR Integration Supports network-centric warfare and real-time battlefield visibility The Apache is a combat-proven platform, extensively used in Iraq, Afghanistan, and global theatres. Modernisation Push India signed a deal in 2020 for 6 Apache helicopters exclusively for the Army (separate from IAF’s 22 Apaches). Apache marks the first heavy-attack helicopter induction for Indian Army aviation. Strategic Context Boosts independent offensive strike capability for Army, especially in: Anti-armor operations Close air support Border skirmishes with China and Pakistan Comparative Force Modernisation Feature MiG-21 Apache AH-64E Entry into Service 1963 2025 (Indian Army) Role Supersonic fighter aircraft Heavy attack helicopter Manufacturer Mikoyan-Gurevich (USSR), HAL Boeing (USA) Retirement Status Phasing out Just inducted Technological Status Obsolete State-of-the-art Strategic Implications for India IAF Combat Readiness Challenges Squadron strength shrinking to 29 vs. required 42. Urgency to expedite Tejas Mk-1A and Rafale deliveries. Risks during a two-front conflict scenario. Army Air Power Autonomy Apache enhances Army’s strike power without relying on IAF. Boosts capability in mountain warfare and border conflicts. Strengthens India’s response posture in Western and Northern theatres. Indigenisation vs. Imports While Apaches are imported, Indian push for Atmanirbhar Bharat continues with HAL’s Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) and Rudra. Balanced approach needed: Strategic imports + indigenous development. Conclusion The MiG-21 phase-out and Apache induction together represent a generational shift in Indian military aviation: A legacy platform exits after decades of both glory and tragedy. A modern, lethal system enters, enabling new operational doctrines for the Army. These developments reflect India’s broader military modernisation drive — but also highlight critical gaps (especially in IAF’s force levels) that must be addressed swiftly to maintain credible deterrence. Systemic Failure in Ensuring Safety of Sewer Workers Over 90% of sewer-related deaths in India (2022–23) occurred without the use of any safety gear, reflecting a grim failure of institutional safeguards and persistent hazardous manual cleaning practices despite legal bans on manual scavenging. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice) Data Snapshot: Scale of the Problem Metric Value Total hazardous cleaning deaths analysed 54 deaths Time Period Covered 2022–2023 Districts Covered 17 districts States/UTs Covered 8 Total deaths (govt. data) 150 deaths Deaths without any safety gear 49 out of 54 (90.7%) Deaths with minimal PPE (gloves/gumboots) 5 cases Deaths where mechanical cleaning gear was used 2 cases only Deaths with safety training prior to work 1 case only Consent not taken before work 27 cases Consent taken but without counselling 18 cases   Structural & Legal Context Legal Provisions Manual Scavenging is outlawed under: Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013 Hazardous cleaning without safety gear is illegal under: Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers Rules, 2013 The MS Rules, 2013 require: Protective equipment Mechanised tools Safety training Consent and risk communication Institutional Lapses: Social Audit Insights 1. PPE Availability & Equipment Readiness In 47 of 54 deaths, no mechanized equipment or safety gear was available. Only two instances reported presence of safety equipment. Only one case showed safety training was provided. In 45 cases, concerned agencies had no equipment readiness. Reflects administrative negligence and token compliance with safety norms. 2. Consent & Worker Awareness No consent in 27 cases. In 18 cases where written consent was taken, no counselling on risks was provided. Indicates uninformed and coerced participation in hazardous work. 3. Hiring Patterns: Exploitative Structures Hiring Type No. of Cases Personally/Individually contracted 38 Government agency employed 5 Public Sector Unit but subcontracted to private 3 Shows rampant outsourcing and informalisation, diluting accountability. 4. Post-Death Response: Poor Awareness Efforts Awareness drives conducted only in 7 deaths (Chennai, Kancheepuram, Satara). Indicates reactive rather than preventive approach by authorities. Policy Update: The NAMASTE Scheme (2023) Objective: Eliminate hazardous sewer/septic tank cleaning and ensure dignity and safety for sanitation workers. Progress (as of July 2025): Metric Value Workers identified under NAMASTE 84,902 States/UTs covered 36 Provided with PPE kits/safety gear ~42,000 (just over 50%) Positive start but coverage is still halfway, training and mechanisation lag behind. Declarations vs. Ground Reality Govt. claim: Manual scavenging is eliminated. Reality: The same deaths due to manual cleaning of sewers without safety gear indicate persistence of de facto manual scavenging. Mismatch between legal abolition and lived experiences. Recommendations Legal & Administrative Reforms Enforce penal liability on contractors and officials under the MS Rules, 2013. Mandate third-party safety audits of all urban local bodies. Institutional Accountability Make mechanisation mandatory across all ULBs (urban local bodies). Maintain publicly accessible real-time dashboards for death tracking and equipment readiness. Worker-Centric Reforms Ensure full coverage of PPE kits + training under NAMASTE by 2026. Provide life insurance, health cover, and legal aid to families of victims. Broader Implications Social Justice Deficit: Marginalised communities, especially Dalits, continue to bear the brunt of sewer deaths. Policy-Implementation Gap: Repeated declarations of ending manual scavenging ring hollow unless backed by institutional transformation and mechanisation. India’s Urban Shame: In a Smart Cities and Swachh Bharat era, manual sewer deaths are a stark contradiction to urban development claims. Conclusion Despite strong laws and public schemes like NAMASTE, manual sewer cleaning remains deadly due to: Institutional apathy Informalisation of labour Weak enforcement of safety protocols Poor state capacity in local bodies The way forward lies not just in legal bans, but in mechanisation, accountability, and dignity for sanitation workers. Until then, the phrase “manual scavenging has been eliminated” will remain a bureaucratic illusion. Urban India 2030–2050: A Call for Action Key Highlights of the Report Prepared by: World Bank in collaboration with Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA). Title: Towards Resilient and Prosperous Cities in India. Main Forecasts: By 2050, India’s urban population to reach 951 million. By 2030, cities to generate 70% of all new employment. Estimated investment needed: $2.4 trillion by 2050 to make cities climate-resilient. If cities don’t adapt, annual flood-related losses may reach: $5 billion by 2030 $30 billion by 2050 Relevance : GS 1(Society ) , GS 2(Social Issues) Urban Resilience Challenges 1. Rising Urban Climate Risks Urban India faces two major shocks: Flooding Extreme heat Study of 10 major Indian cities (1983–2016) shows: 71% increase in dangerous heat events. Urban Heat Island Effect: Cities get hotter at night due to concrete and asphalt trapping heat. 2. Concrete Urbanization Worsens Flooding Increased construction limits rainwater absorption. Cities growing in flood-prone areas without risk adaptation. Heat-related deaths may exceed 3 lakh per year by 2050 if unaddressed. Governance & 74th Constitutional Amendment Issues 74th Amendment (1992): Provided autonomy to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). Problem: Many states have not fully implemented it. Cities with greater decision-making autonomy have: Mobilized more resources. Monetized assets better. Shown higher accountability. World Bank recommends devolution of power to local governments for better urban resilience. Key Recommendations from the Report National & State-Level Reforms: Improve risk assessments. Mobilize private investments. Set urban resilience standards. Create a financing roadmap. Local Interventions: Urban greening, cool roofs, early/late work shifts to beat heat. Resilient infrastructure, particularly in high-risk flood zones. Financial Needs: $150 billion needed for flood resilience in next 15 years alone. Policy Implications for India Cities are economic growth engines but increasingly vulnerable. Climate adaptation must be mainstreamed in urban planning, especially in Tier-1 and Tier-2 cities. Implementation of the 74th Amendment is key to empower cities. Urban resilience needs to be viewed as an investment, not a cost.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 22 July 2025

Content : Efforts to Reduce Coal Import Dependency SASCI Scheme of the Ministry of Tourism Efforts to Reduce Coal Import Dependency Despite being the world’s second-largest coal producer, India imported 243.62 MT coal in FY 2024–25—highlighting strategic and sectoral gaps in domestic supply, especially for coking coal and coastal power plants. To reduce this dependency, the Government has launched policy reforms, production-linked incentives, and infrastructure upgrades, aiming for a 1.5 BT domestic production target by FY 2029–30 and significant foreign exchange savings. Relevance : GS 2(Governance),GS 3(Infrastructure – Energy Sector) Policy-Level Measures to Reduce Coal Import Dependency Enhanced Annual Contracted Quantity (ACQ): ACQ raised to 100% of normative requirement (from 90% for non-coastal & 70% for coastal plants), increasing domestic supply and reducing import dependence. Full PPA Fulfilment via Domestic Linkages (2022): Coal companies mandated to meet full Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) needs of existing linkage holders, irrespective of ACQ/trigger level—ensures steady domestic coal for power plants. Non-Regulated Sector (NRS) Linkage Reform (2020): Coking coal linkage tenure extended to 30 years under NRS linkage auction—boosts domestic usage and import substitution. Import Regulation via CIMS (2020): Import category revised from “Free” to “Free with compulsory registration” under the Coal Import Monitoring System (CIMS)—enables import tracking and policy response. Import Substitution Strategy (2020 onwards): Inter-Ministerial Committee constituted; Strategy Paper on Coal Import Substitution released—focus on replacing substitutable imports through domestic supply. Sector-Specific Interventions Steel Sector – New Coking Coal Policy (2024): Sub-sector created: “Steel using Coking Coal through WDO Route” under NRS auctions. Enhances washed coking coal availability; promotes domestic coking coal consumption. Coking Coal Mission: Launched to enhance domestic supply for steel sector—focus on exploration, production, washing infrastructure. Imported Coal-Based (ICB) Power Plants – SHAKTI Policy 2025: ICB plants now eligible for coal under Revised SHAKTI Policy, reducing import reliance. Also allows existing FSA holders to procure coal beyond ACQ under same policy—ensures domestic supply elasticity. Coal Production Boost: Strategic & Legal Reforms Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2021: Captive coal mine owners (non-atomic) allowed to sell up to 50% of their production in open market after end-use needs are met. Commercial Coal Mining (2020 onwards): Revenue-sharing model with rebates for early production (50%) Rebates also for coal gasification/liquefaction 100% FDI allowed via automatic route Transparent bidding & liberal terms (no usage restriction, low upfront fees) Single Window Clearance + Project Management Unit (PMU): Fast-tracks environmental and statutory approvals for operationalizing coal blocks. Company-Level Steps to Enhance Domestic Production Coal India Ltd (CIL): Tech Adoption in UG mines: Continuous Miners (CMs), Longwall (LW), Highwall (HW) OC mines: High-capacity HEMM, Surface Miners, Excavators, Dumpers Digital Mining Pilots in 7 mega mines Singareni Collieries Co. Ltd (SCCL): Focus on permissions & infrastructure (CHPs, Crushers, Weigh Bins) for faster production & evacuation. Impact Assessment Import Reduction (FY24–25): Coal Imports: FY 2023–24: 264.53 MT FY 2024–25: 243.62 MT Reduction: 20.91 MT Forex Savings: ₹60,681.67 Crores in FY 2024–25 Current Import Share: Most coal demand met indigenously; imports limited to non-substitutable or essential grades (e.g., low ash coking coal). Future Vision & Infrastructure Coal Logistic Plan & Policy (Feb 2024): Focus: Build infrastructure for efficient coal evacuation. Goal: Handle projected 1.5 Billion Tonnes domestic production target by FY 2029–30 Conclusion: A Shift Toward Coal Aatmanirbharta India is executing a multi-pronged strategy: Policy flexibility (ACQ/PPA/auction reforms) Technological modernization (UG/OC mines) Legal enablement (MMDR 2021, SHAKTI 2025) Infrastructure alignment (evacuation planning) Target: Minimize non-essential coal imports and maximize self-reliance by FY 2030. SASCI Scheme of the Ministry of Tourism Objective & Strategic Vision Purpose: Transform iconic Indian tourist destinations into globally competitive tourism hubs by supporting capital investment projects by State Governments. Core Goal: Enhance end-to-end tourist experience, enable sustainable development, and drive brand India tourism internationally. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) , GS 3(Tourism – Economic Development) Key Features of the SASCI Scheme Funding & Implementation: Central financial support under SASCI scheme until 31st March 2026. Implementation responsibility lies with State Governments. Projects must be completed within 2 years of sanction. Selection Criteria for Projects: Evaluated on parameters like: Connectivity Tourism ecosystem Carrying capacity Sustainability (ecological + operational) Marketing plans Impact & value creation Value Chain Approach: Strengthening all stages—from infrastructure, tourist experience, capacity building to branding and maintenance. Promotional Strategy Ministry actively promotes SASCI projects and Indian tourism destinations: Through social media, web platforms, global expos, and domestic outreach. Data Snapshot: FY 2024–25 SASCI Sanctions Total Projects Sanctioned: 36 Total Sanctioned Cost: ₹3,295.76 crore Project Range: From eco-tourism and spiritual circuits to MICE infrastructure, underwater museums, and urban heritage redevelopment. State-Wise Notable Projects (Examples) State Iconic Project Sanctioned Cost (₹ Cr) Uttarakhand Rishikesh Rafting Base Station 100.00 Tamil Nadu Nandavanam Heritage Park, Mammallapuram 99.67 Karnataka Roerich & Devika Rani Cultural Hub, Bengaluru 99.17 Maharashtra INS-Guldar Underwater Museum, Sindhudurg 46.91 Odisha Development of Hirakund and Satkosia (2 projects) 199.89 (Combined) Assam Assam State Zoo & Rang Ghar, Sivasagar 191.88 (Combined) Sikkim Bhaleydhunga Skywalk & Nathula Border Experience 165.56 (Combined) Goa Shivaji Museum, Ponda & Townsquare, Porvorim 188.20 (Combined) Madhya Pradesh Orchha Medieval Splendour & Bhopal MICE Centre 199.30 (Combined) Telangana Ramappa Circuit & Somasilla Spiritual Retreat 141.84 (Combined) Thematic Clusters (Across India) Eco-Tourism & Lakes: Ashtamudi (Kerala), Umiam Lake (Meghalaya), Tilaiyya (Jharkhand), Loktak (Manipur) Spiritual & Cultural Tourism: Bateshwar (UP), Shrawasti (Buddhist Circuit, UP), Bhaghat Singh Heritage Street (Punjab) Adventure & Nature: Pasighat (Arunachal), Nathula Border (Sikkim), Garden of Flowers (TN) MICE & Convention Hubs: Bhopal, Mawkhanu (Meghalaya), Dhordo (Gujarat), Raipur (Chhattisgarh) Heritage Conservation: Gandikota (AP), Jalmahal & Amber (Rajasthan), Rang Ghar (Assam) Strategic Outcomes Expected Tourism-led job creation in Tier-2/3 cities and rural belts. Improved global competitiveness of India’s tourism offering. Strengthened State-Centre tourism federalism. Increased tourist footfall, domestic and international. Boost to India’s cultural diplomacy and soft power. Looking Ahead: Targets & Alignment Timeline Alignment: Schemes align with India’s Vision @2047 tourism goals & G20 heritage tourism push. Convergence Potential: SASCI could align with: Swadesh Darshan 2.0 Dekho Apna Desh PM Gati Shakti (for connectivity support)

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 22 July 2025

Content : The threat to India’s ‘great power’ status At FTA’s heart, the promise of Global Capacity Centres The threat to India’s ‘great power’ status Core Argument India’s rise as a great power depends on a multipolar world order. U.S.-Israel confrontation with Iran risks cementing U.S.-led unipolarity in West Asia, undermining India’s strategic autonomy, energy security, and regional influence. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : How does India’s commitment to a multipolar world shape its responses to U.S. foreign policy in West Asia? Analyse with reference to Iran. (250 words) Key Themes and Arguments 1. Multipolarity vs Unipolarity India champions multipolarity, viewing U.S.-led unipolarity as antithetical to its great power ambitions. Delhi aligns with Russia and China on this foundational goal, even as it partners with the U.S. on other fronts. U.S. regime-change operations (e.g., in Iran or Syria) reinforce unipolar dominance, harming India’s strategic flexibility. 2. Geopolitical Risks of an Iran War A U.S.-Israel war against Iran may: Trigger regime change or Balkanisation of Iran. Leave no significant non-U.S.-aligned state in West Asia. Increase India’s energy vulnerability, as supplies would be solely from U.S.-dependent Gulf monarchies. Shrink India’s negotiating space with Gulf, Israel, and alternate powers. 3. Strategic Autonomy Eroded India’s balanced diplomacy — engaging Iran, Syria, Russia — will weaken if Iran is overthrown. Post-Assad Syria has already reduced India’s influence; Iran’s fall would worsen it. 4. Growing Tensions with the West Trump sanctions (e.g., 100% secondary sanctions on Russian oil buyers) show Western impatience with India’s autonomy. U.K. media branding India an “enemy” over defence ties with Russia signals deeper ideological discord. 5. India’s Options India must use its leverage to urge restraint on Iran from U.S.: Highlight how instability harms U.S. Indo-Pacific strategy (India weakened vs China). Offer quid pro quo via influence on Russia/Ukraine stance. Urge the U.S. to accept multipolarity as a more stable alternative than endless great power wars. India’s Dilemma Strategic alignment with U.S. (countering China) vs ideological commitment to multipolarity. India’s continued refusal to isolate Russia and engagement with Iran shows its resistance to bloc politics. Additional Dimensions: Energy Security & Strategic Autonomy Iran has historically been a vital component of India’s crude oil diversification strategy. Post-2019 U.S. sanctions forced India to halt Iranian imports, increasing reliance on Gulf allies under U.S. influence. Strategic autonomy in energy policy is threatened if all suppliers fall under one power bloc. Chabahar Port & INSTC Implications Destabilization in Iran would derail India’s investment and strategic access via Chabahar Port, a critical node in the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC). Weakening Iran undermines connectivity to Central Asia and Russia — vital for India’s Eurasian strategy. Balancing West Asian Power Blocs India’s unique diplomatic capital in West Asia stems from engaging all regional powers — Israel, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE. Removal of Iran would eliminate that balance, pushing India into narrower strategic options and loss of leverage. Defense & Technology Partnerships Indian defense diversification (e.g. S-400s from Russia, naval platforms from Iran) is a hedge against dependency on U.S./Western tech. A West Asia fully aligned with U.S. could impact India’s space, missile, and cyber cooperation with non-Western partners. Global South Leadership Role Championing multipolarity enhances India’s credibility among Global South nations wary of U.S. dominance. Taking a principled stand on Iran and resisting bloc alignment signals India’s independent leadership in shaping equitable global governance. Conclusion: India’s vision of multipolarity is fundamentally at odds with U.S.-led unipolarity, making its alignment with Western bloc interests on Iran or West Asia increasingly unlikely. Preserving regional balance and engaging diverse partners like Iran is not just economic strategy but a core component of India’s rise as an independent global pole. At FTA’s heart, the promise of Global Capacity Centres Context & Significance India–U.K. FTA is nearing finalisation, with Global Capability Centres (GCCs) identified as a key pillar. GCCs are evolving from back-office hubs to strategic centres for innovation, analytics, R&D, cybersecurity, and emerging tech. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : “Global Capability Centres (GCCs) represent a new frontier in India–U.K. economic relations.” Discuss the role of the proposed India-U.K. Free Trade Agreement in unlocking the full potential of GCCs. (250 words) India’s GCC Advantage 1,500+ GCCs in India employ ~1.9 million people. India is the global leader in GCC expansion, offering cost efficiency, digital talent, and scalability. Government (MeitY-led panel) and states (e.g., U.P. GCC conclave) actively promoting a National GCC Framework. U.K.’s Strategic Interests Seeks post-Brexit economic diversification via services trade. British firms increasingly view India as a tech & innovation partner. U.K. gains access to one of the fastest-growing digital economies through the FTA. FTA as a Catalyst for GCC Growth Can help remove double taxation, data localisation, and standards misalignment. Enables cross-border mobility of professionals, IP protection, and digital governance harmonisation. Strengthens innovation corridors and co-development of next-gen tech. Institutional & Knowledge Partnerships UKIBC consultations identified governance reforms and global best practices to shape India’s GCC trajectory. National vs State GCC policies debate raised: Coordination vs healthy competition. Highlighted need for talent diversity and managing functional diversity of GCCs (finance, legal, analytics, etc.). Economic Diplomacy & GCCs GCCs as a soft power tool of India’s economic diplomacy. FTA-linked diplomacy can help India: Climb the global value chain Improve R&D inflows and outsourcing sophistication Position itself as a high-value service economy Additional Dimensions : 1. Skill Development & Education Alignment Role of National Education Policy (NEP) and Skill India in aligning talent for GCCs. UK–India higher education partnerships (e.g., Twinning programmes, AI research) can supply talent. 2. ESG & DEI (Diversity, Equity, Inclusion) GCCs increasingly adopt global ESG and DEI norms—UK partnership could accelerate social standards. 3. Cybersecurity and Data Sovereignty GCCs in India are handling sensitive financial & tech data—FTA must address mutual data governance trust. 4. Start-up and SME integration Scope for linking UK tech start-ups with Indian GCCs for R&D scaling and piloting innovations. Conclusion The India–U.K. FTA presents a historic opportunity to redefine bilateral economic ties by strengthening the GCC ecosystem — the nerve centre of services trade, innovation, and talent. A well-calibrated agreement, addressing regulatory frictions and mobility barriers, can transform GCCs into the foundation of a resilient, knowledge-based corridor between two global service powerhouses.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 22 July 2025

Content Dhankhar Submits His Resignation to President What is the Legal Status of Right to Vote? What Have Courts Ruled with Respect to AI and Copyright? NISAR Mission Water, Energy Demand Spotlights Risk of Human-Induced Quakes ICMR Pushes Diagnostics Decentralisation Across States Dhankhar submits his resignation to President Basic Constitutional Context Date of Resignation: July 22, 2025 Reason: Health concerns Constitutional Provision Used: Article 67(a) – resignation by writing addressed to the President Remaining Term: Approximately 2 years (elected in August 2022) Relevance : GS 2(Polity and Constitution ) Constitutional Role and Powers of the Vice-President Article 63: There shall be a Vice-President of India Article 64: Vice-President acts as the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha Presiding Functions: Maintains order, decides points of order, allows interventions, and refers bills to committees Tie-Breaking Role: Has a casting vote in case of tie in Rajya Sabha No executive powers, unlike the President Election, Term, and Resignation Provisions Article 66: Elected by members of both Houses of Parliament through single transferable vote, secret ballot Term: 5 years (but eligible for re-election) Article 67(a): Resignation addressed to the President Article 68(1): Election to fill vacancy must be held within 6 months Newly elected VP gets full 5-year term, not remainder Implications for Rajya Sabha Functioning Temporary vacuum in presiding leadership of Rajya Sabha Deputy Chairman (under Article 90) or senior member may preside during this interim Impacts proceedings, especially during contentious debates or legislative deadlocks Vice-President plays a crucial role in managing disruptions, procedural motions, and parliamentary etiquette What is the legal status of right to vote? Types of Rights in Indian Constitutional Scheme Natural Rights: Inherent, inalienable; not codified E.g., Right to life and liberty May be interpreted into Fundamental Rights, but not directly enforceable Fundamental Rights (Part III): Guaranteed under the Constitution (Articles 12–35) Enforceable via Article 32 (Supreme Court) and Article 226 (High Courts) State cannot violate them through ordinary legislation Constitutional Rights: Found outside Part III, but still part of the Constitution E.g., Right to property (Article 300A), right to vote (under Article 326), right to free trade (Article 301) Enforced through enabling statutes and Article 226 Not on par with fundamental rights in protection Statutory Rights: Provided through ordinary legislation Can be created, limited, or taken away by Parliament or State legislatures E.g., Right to work (MGNREGA), right to food (NFSA), right to vote (currently) Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Constitution ) What Does Article 326 Say? Article 326 of the Constitution: Provides for universal adult suffrage in Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections Right to vote given to every citizen above 18 years, not otherwise disqualified Actual implementation is through statutory laws — primarily the Representation of the People Act, 1951 What is Section 62 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951? Section 62(1): Every person whose name is in the electoral roll is entitled to vote Section 62(2): No person shall vote in more than one constituency Section 62(5): Disqualifies a person from voting if in prison, except under preventive detention This section has been controversial for denying voting rights to undertrial prisoners What Have Courts Said on Right to Vote? Case Year Court’s View N.P. Ponnuswami 1952 Right to vote is a statutory right Jyoti Basu 1982 Not a fundamental or common law right — purely statutory PUCL v. Union of India 2003 Right to vote is at least a constitutional right (Justice Reddy’s opinion) Kuldip Nayar 2006 Constitution Bench reaffirms statutory nature of voting Raj Bala case 2015 Division Bench calls it a constitutional right (based on PUCL) Anoop Baranwal case 2023 Majority reiterates: right to vote is only a statutory right Justice Ajay Rastogi’s Partial Dissent (Anoop Baranwal, 2023) Asserted that: Right to vote expresses political choice, which is part of Article 19(1)(a) – freedom of expression Voting is intrinsic to free and fair elections, part of Basic Structure Though operationalized by statutes, the right originates from Article 326 Conclusion: Supreme Court should consider elevating right to vote to a constitutional right in spirit, if not form What have courts ruled with respect to AI and copyright? Can AI Models Use Copyrighted Content for Training? Training AI models involves large-scale ingestion of data from across the internet, including: Public domain content (free to use) Copyrighted material, which raises legal and ethical concerns The key legal question: Does using copyrighted data for training constitute copyright infringement? Fair use doctrine (U.S.) and text and data mining exceptions (EU, U.K.) are invoked to justify such use But unauthorised data scraping or pirated content remains a grey area with potential liability Relevance : GS 3(IPR , AI Technology) Key U.S. Court Judgments (2025) Thomson Reuters v. Ross Intelligence Ruled that AI training can be transformative and qualify for fair use Recognised the right to learn from copyrighted works as part of AI development Bartz v. Anthropic Judge William Alsup ruled: Training using copyrighted works was transformative (like human learning) BUT, use of pirated content requires trial – fair use does not cover illegal sourcing Kadrey v. Meta Judge Vince Chhabria ruled in Meta’s favour: Plaintiffs failed to prove market harm Considered Meta’s AI use of copyrighted works under fair use Monetization of AI models was acknowledged but not penalised under current law Legal Distinction: Public Domain vs Copyrighted Content Criteria Public Domain Copyrighted Material Usage by AI Freely allowed Needs permission or fair use defence Ownership Issues No ownership Owned by author/creator Legal Risks None Possible infringement, market dilution Fair Use Defence Needed? No Yes, if used without licence Implications for India’s IP Framework Copyright Act, 1957: Section 14: Grants exclusive rights to reproduce, adapt, and communicate work Section 52: Lists “fair dealing” exceptions (not identical to U.S. “fair use”) No AI-specific copyright provisions, but courts may interpret existing law to cover AI training India recognises legal persons (e.g. companies) as authors in certain IP cases, but AI-generated content’s authorship remains unclear Enforcement includes civil and criminal remedies for infringement, including digital piracy ANI vs OpenAI case may shape India’s policy stance on AI and copyright soon Global Regulatory Ambiguity No harmonised international framework yet on AI and IP Differences in interpretation across jurisdictions (U.S., EU, India, U.K.) Key issues lacking clarity: Who owns AI-generated content? Can data mining for AI be exempt from infringement? Does AI output qualify as “original work” under IP law? NISAR Mission What is NISAR? NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) is the first dual-frequency Earth Observation satellite jointly developed by NASA and ISRO. Mass: 2,392 kg | Orbit: 743 km Sun-synchronous | Inclination: 98.4° Launch Vehicle: GSLV-F16 | Launch Site: Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota | Launch Date: July 30, 2025, at 5:40 p.m. Relevance : GS 3(Space , Science and Technology) Key Technological Features Dual-Frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR): NASA’s L-band + ISRO’s S-band — a global first. Unfoldable Mesh Antenna: 12-meter NASA-built antenna deployed on ISRO’s I3K bus. High Spatial Resolution & Wide Swathe: 242 km wide swathe using SweepSAR technology. All-weather, Day-Night Imaging with 12-day repeat cycles. Applications of NISAR Geophysical Monitoring: Detects subtle ground deformation (earthquakes, landslides, volcanoes). Ice sheet dynamics (Himalayas, Arctic, Antarctic). EnvironmentalStudies: Vegetation structure and biomass mapping. Soil moisture dynamics, forest degradation. Disaster Management: Real-time support for floods, cyclones, earthquakes. Supports NDMA and UN-SPIDER frameworks. Strategic Monitoring: Ship movement, sea ice classification, shoreline erosion. India–US Space Collaboration Milestone Institutional Partners: NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and ISRO. Marks over a decade of scientific collaboration — a major component of India–US strategic tech partnership. Supports Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) goals for disaster resilience and space domain awareness in Indo-Pacific. Linkages with National Missions and Goals Supports: National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP). National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) — via glacier and water resource monitoring. Digital India (geospatial mapping). PM Gati Shakti and Natural Resource Management using satellite data. Strategic & Policy Significance Positions India as a key player in global Earth observation infrastructure. Enhances India’s soft power in global science diplomacy. Reinforces India’s role in international climate action monitoring (e.g. under Paris Agreement, Global Methane Pledge). Forward Outlook Data Sharing & Utilization Framework must be defined: Between ISRO, Indian ministries (MoEFCC, Jal Shakti, Agriculture), and international partners. Integration with public systems: Crop insurance, early warning systems, urban planning. Could shape future joint missions in deep space, asteroid mining, and lunar exploration under Artemis framework. Water, energy demand spotlights risk of human-induced quakes What Are Human-Induced Earthquakes? Definition: Seismic activity caused directly or indirectly by human interventions in Earth’s crust. Global Trend: Over 700 human-induced earthquakes have been recorded in the last 150 years (Seismological Research Letters, 2017). Increasing frequency due to growing infrastructural and energy activities. Relevance : GS 1(Geography),GS 3(Infrastructure) Causes of Human-Induced Earthquakes A. Resource Extraction Groundwater Extraction: Alters subsurface pressure and mass balance. Delhi-NCR: Correlation between declining water tables (2003–2012) and rise in seismic activity (Scientific Reports, 2021). Mining and Oil/Gas Extraction: Induces stress release and subsurface shifts. Fracking (Hydraulic Fracturing): Injecting fluids deep underground can induce tremors. India has 56 fracking sites across six States. B. Infrastructure Projects Large Dams: Change in surface water load can modulate crustal stresses. Koyna (1967): 6.3 magnitude quake linked to dam-induced seismicity. Mullaperiyar (Kerala): Elevated seismic activity recorded. Tall Buildings/Coastal Structures: Add static pressure on local faults, especially in seismically active regions. Earthquake-Prone Zones in India Delhi-NCR: Located in Seismic Zone IV; vulnerable due to multiple fault lines and high groundwater stress. Gangetic Plains: Fast-depleting water tables and soft alluvial soil amplify seismic vulnerability. Himalayan Belt: Prone to natural and induced quakes due to tectonic activity. Western Ghats (Sahyadri): Seismicity triggered by heavy rainfall altering surface load. Role of Climate Change Melting Glaciers: Alters crustal equilibrium (e.g., Antarctica, Greenland). Rainfall Pattern Shifts: Sudden heavy rainfall increases crustal stress. Longer droughts can reactivate old faultlines (e.g., California, 2014). Regulatory and Scientific Measures Current Issues in India: Lack of regulation for dam loading/unloading compared to U.S. standards. Minimal seismic evaluation prior to large hydropower projects. Weak seismic instrumentation networks in rural and high-risk zones. Recommended Steps: Regulate dam operations in seismic zones. Scientific groundwater extraction linked to recharge capacity. Strengthen real-time seismic monitoring in stress zones (e.g., Palghar, NCR). Integrate seismic risk into urban and energy planning. Policy and Planning Disaster Management Plans (NDMA): Must account for induced seismicity from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Energy Policy: Shift towards low-impact renewables (solar/wind) to reduce seismic risks from hydropower and fossil extraction. Urban Policy: Enforce seismic zoning and structural audits for buildings in Zones III–V. Climate Adaptation Strategies: Include geological risk assessments for water and agriculture planning. Key Takeaways Human activities do not cause earthquakes independently, but they can modulate or accelerate tectonic processes, especially in fault-prone or deforming zones. Earthquake risk is multi-dimensional, tied to hydrology, infrastructure, climate, and energy demand. Need for multi-agency coordination, scientific regulation, and climate-informed development planning. ICMR Pushes Diagnostics Decentralisation Across States Strengthening Health Federalism through Decentralised Diagnostics Empowers sub-centres and PHCs, the lowest tier in health infrastructure. Aligns with Entry 6, State List (health as a State Subject). Reflects cooperative federalism, promoting uniform standards via central guidance and state-level execution. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Social Issues , Governance) Advancing the Right to Health (Article 21) Improved diagnostics uphold the Right to Life, as interpreted by the Supreme Court. Supports early detection and treatment, especially in rural areas. Reinforces Paschim Banga Khet Mazdoor Samity v. State of West Bengal (1996)—State duty to provide timely medical care. Directive Principles in Action Implements Articles 39(e), 42 & 47: State’s duty to ensure health and well-being. Focus on preventive healthcare (e.g., early detection of TB, thalassemia, sickle cell). Prioritises tribal and underserved populations, fulfilling social justice objectives. Science-Led Policy via Public Institutions ICMR’s role shows institutionalised, evidence-driven decision-making. Reflects synergy between scientific advice and policy execution, ensuring relevance and credibility. Enhances democratic governance by bridging research and service delivery. Centre-State Executive Coordination Aligns central disease-control missions (e.g., TB Elimination Program) with state-run PHCs. Demands effective resource-sharing and decentralised planning. A case of executive federalism functioning in practice. Governance Reform & Local Accountability Testing at local level reduces delays and strengthens bottom-up accountability. Improves transparency and service delivery metrics. Enables community-based monitoring, key to democratic deepening at grassroots. Reducing the Urban–Rural Health Divide Expands diagnostic equity, narrowing urban–rural healthcare gaps. Serves as a step toward universal health coverage, aligned with SDG 3 and constitutional equality principles. Promotes inclusive governance, especially for tribal districts.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 July 2025

Content India’s UPI Revolution PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana India’s UPI Revolution What is UPI? Unified Payments Interface (UPI) launched in 2016 by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). Integrates multiple bank accounts into a single mobile interface. Enables instant fund transfers, merchant payments, utility bill payments, and peer-to-peer transfers. Designed as an open, real-time, low-cost and interoperable system accessible to all. Relevance : GS 3(Economy -Banking , Digital Infrastructure) India: Global Leader in Fast Payments As per IMF’s July 2025 report, India is the world’s foremost country in fast digital payments. India accounts for nearly 50 percent of global real-time payment transactions. UPI has overtaken global giants like Visa in daily transaction volume: UPI: 640+ million transactions per day. Visa: 639 million transactions per day. UPI in Figures (June 2025) Total Transactions: 18.39 billion (32 percent YoY growth). Transaction Value: ₹24.03 lakh crore. Share in India’s digital transactions: 85 percent. Share in global real-time digital transactions: nearly 50 percent. Number of users: 491 million individuals. Number of merchants onboarded: 65 million. Number of integrated banks: 675. UPI’s Global Expansion UPI is live in seven countries: UAE, Singapore, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, France, Mauritius. France marks UPI’s entry into Europe, enabling seamless transactions for Indian travelers. India is pushing for UPI standardization within the expanded BRICS bloc to enhance cross-border remittances and financial inclusion. UPI and Interoperability UPI introduced true interoperability in digital payments—users can transact across different apps and banks. Pre-UPI systems were closed-loop (e.g., limited to a single wallet or bank). UPI’s open architecture allowed third–party apps (like PhonePe, Google Pay, Paytm) to thrive on a common backbone. Benefits of interoperability: Freedom of choice for users. Competitive innovation among service providers. Seamless, frictionless experience. Impact on Daily Life Instant 24×7 payments from mobile phones—no need for cash or bank visits. One app can manage multiple bank accounts. Payments secured via two-factor authentication without disclosing sensitive details. UPI ID ensures privacy, reducing data vulnerability. QR code-based payments at street vendors, kirana stores, delivery points. Replaces cash-on-delivery hassles in online commerce. Utility bills, donations, mobile recharges—all accessible via one platform. In-app grievance redressal mechanisms offer faster resolution. Foundational Drivers of UPI’s Success 1. Jan Dhan Yojana Launched in 2014 to promote financial inclusion. As of July 2025, 55.83 crore accounts opened. Enabled direct benefit transfers (DBTs) and formal savings. 2. Aadhaar and Digital Identity Aadhaar offers biometric-based unique identification. Over 142 crore Aadhaar cards issued by June 2025. Integral for KYC, subsidy delivery, and authentication for UPI accounts. 3. Connectivity and Digital Infrastructure Rapid 5G rollout with 4.74 lakh base stations (2025). Mobile subscriber base reached 116 crore. Drastic fall in data cost from ₹308/GB (2014) to ₹9.34/GB (2022). Affordable smartphones and internet access catalyzed digital adoption. Why UPI is a Global Model Developed as a part of India’s public digital infrastructure (India Stack). Open-source, scalable, and innovation-friendly. Contrasts with private-dominated payment systems in the West. Demonstrates how state-led digital architecture can enable inclusion, competition, and efficiency. Conclusion UPI has transformed India from a cash-heavy to a digital-first economy within a decade. It is not merely a payment tool but a model of digital public good. Built on financial inclusion (Jan Dhan), identity (Aadhaar), and connectivity (mobile+data). Its global expansion signifies India’s emergence as a leader in fintech diplomacy. UPI has set the global standard for secure, real-time, inclusive digital payment systems. PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana Overview Approved: 16 July 2025 by Union Cabinet Duration: FY 2025–26 to FY 2030–31 (6 years) Annual Outlay: ₹24,000 crore Coverage: 100 low-performing agri-districts Target Beneficiaries: 1.7 crore farmers Nature: Not a new scheme, but convergence of existing 36 Central schemes across 11 Ministries, supplemented by State schemes and private partnerships. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture ),GS 2(Schemes) Objectives Increase agricultural productivity through targeted interventions. Promote crop diversification and sustainable practices. Expand irrigation infrastructure to improve water security. Enhance storage capacities at the panchayat/block level. Facilitate access to credit, both short and long-term, for farmers. District Selection Criteria Parameters: Low productivity, low cropping intensity, weak agri-credit disbursement. Geographic Equity: Minimum one district per state/UT. Proportional Distribution: Based on share in Net Cropped Area and operational holdings.   Design and Governance Framework District-Level Implementation District Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (DDKY) Samiti chaired by District Collector. Involves progressive farmers, agriculture officers, panchayats, and local stakeholders. Each district to prepare a District Agriculture & Allied Activities Plan, guided by: Agro-ecological conditions Local cropping patterns Sustainability priorities (e.g., organic farming, soil health, water use) Three-Tier Institutional Structure Level Role & Mechanism District DDKY Samitis for planning and coordination State State Steering Committees for inter-departmental synergy National Oversight teams under Union Ministers and Secretaries Central Nodal Officers: Assigned to each district for field monitoring and feedback. Knowledge and Technical Support NITI Aayog: Capacity building Performance tracking Strategic guidance Digital dashboard oversight Agricultural Universities: Technical support for district plans Farmer advisories and extension services Research-backed interventions Digital Infrastructure and Monitoring Mobile App for farmers: Multilingual Crop advisory, scheme details, grievance redressal Monitoring Dashboard: Tracks 117 Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) Provides real-time updates to Centre, States, and Districts District Ranking System: Encourages competitive federalism Rewards timely, efficient, inclusive implementation Convergence Model: A Replicable Strategy Inspired by Aspirational District Programme (ADP) model of targeted, data-driven convergence. Leverages existing schemes like: PM-KISAN, PMFBY, e-NAM, ATMA, RKVY, PMKSY, etc. Avoids fragmentation, reduces overlap, and enhances impact at the ground level. Focus Areas (Beyond Traditional Cropping) Fruits, vegetables, and horticulture Fisheries and aquaculture Beekeeping and honey clusters Animal husbandry and dairy Agroforestry and natural farming Expected Outcomes Improved yield and productivity across targeted regions. Enhanced local value chains and agri-processing opportunities. Resilient and climate-smart farming systems. Higher income and job creation in rural economy. Increased domestic agri-output, supporting Atmanirbhar Bharat. Timeline and Next Steps July 2025: Districts and nodal officers finalized. August 2025: Training and onboarding of implementing teams. October 2025 (Rabi Season): Ground rollout of district plans and convergence activities. Conclusion The PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana represents a bold systemic reform to revitalise Indian agriculture in lagging districts. With its emphasis on convergence, decentralised planning, institutional partnerships, and real-time monitoring, it has the potential to drive a second Green Revolution—this time led by equity, efficiency, and ecological sustainability. It is a clear step toward fulfilling the vision of “Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas” in the agricultural sector, and bridging regional disparities in rural prosperity

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 21 July 2025

Content India can reframe the Artificial Intelligence debate Temples of social justice The Soil of a Nation India can reframe the Artificial Intelligence debate Key Issues Raised Geopolitical AI fragmentation: US-UK rejected the 2025 Paris AI Declaration, while China supported it. Governments lag behind Big Tech in regulating and steering AI responsibly. Global South’s under-representation in key AI forums. Relevance : GS2 (International Relations) & GS3 (Science & Tech) – AI diplomacy, global governance, India’s digital leadership. Practice Question: India is uniquely positioned to democratise global AI governance. Discuss with reference to the upcoming AI Impact Summit and India’s digital public infrastructure model. (250 words) India’s Strategic Leverage Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): Aadhaar, UPI as inclusive tech models Democratic consultative edge: MyGov platform crowdsourced summit agenda Bridging power: India’s credibility with both Western and developing nations Five Actionable Ideas from India’s Experience Pledges + Scoreboard: Each stakeholder commits 1 AI goal (e.g. AI in rural education, health translation tools). Public tracking ensures accountability beyond optics. Front-row Seat for Global South: Push for inclusive participation in leadership photos and policy decisions. Propose “AI for Billions” Fund: Cloud credits, fellowships, multilingual data support. Global AI Safety Collaborative: Develop shared checklists, stress tests, and incident logs across nations. India’s institute can lead with an open-access evaluation kit. Middle Path on Regulation: Avoid extremes of US deregulation, EU rigidity, China’s state control. Draft a voluntary Frontier AI Code: red-team disclosure, compute transparency, accident hotline. Prevent AI Forum Fragmentation: Promote broad-based, non-aligned agenda. Bridge tensions between tech blocs (US-China) with constructive diplomacy. Value Addition: India’s Comparative Advantage Digital Public Goods Champion: Endorsed at G20, DPI model scalable to other nations Neutral Diplomatic Actor: Trusted by both the West and Global South Technological Depth + Political Will: IndiaStack, Bhashini, and National AI Mission already in play Possible Prelims Angle AI Safety Summit 2023 – hosted at Bletchley Park, UK MyGov platform – public engagement tool by MeitY Seoul Pledge – international commitment on safe frontier AI Temples of social justice Context Controversy in Tamil Nadu over use of temple surplus funds for building colleges. Raises key issues of religion, law, and social justice, particularly in South India. Relevance : GS1 (Indian Society) & GS2 (Governance, Polity) – Religion and law, temple reforms, social justice in South India. Practice Question: Temples have historically served both spiritual and social roles. Analyse how modern state regulation of temples in Tamil Nadu reflects a continuity of this tradition in advancing social justice. (250 words) Historical Legislative Framework 1817: Religious Endowments and Escheats Regulation by East India Company – first attempt to regulate temple funds. 1858: Queen Victoria’s Proclamation promised non-interference in religious practices post-1857 Mutiny. British Approach: No interference in core religious rituals. Regulation allowed over secular aspects like land, administration of endowments. Justice Party & Hindu Religious Endowments 1922: Justice Party introduces Bill No. 12 to regulate Hindu temple funds. 1925: Law enacted despite opposition—allowed diversion of surplus temple funds for secular welfare. Legacy Law: Tamil Nadu Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959: Section 36: Surplus temple funds can be diverted with Commissioner’s approval. Section 66: Funds can support universities/colleges teaching Hindu religion or temple architecture. Temples as Socio-Cultural Institutions Historically (e.g. Chola & Vijayanagara periods), temples were: Centres of learning and culture. Recipients of royal land and resource endowments. Inscriptions confirm their use for education and welfare purposes. Constitutional Validity The 1959 Act and its provisions have been upheld by courts. Use of surplus for education is legal and aligned with the original historical intent of temple use. Social Justice and Temple Reform Self-Respect Movement → pushed for state regulation of temples to: Fight casteism. Enable temple entry laws (1936, 1947). Enable appointment of non-Brahmin priests (e.g. TN, Kerala). State oversight is crucial to uphold: Anti-caste justice. Equitable use of public religious resources. Current Relevance As elections approach, political rhetoric may distort facts. Clarity on the legal-historical-social framework can prevent voter polarisation. Value Additions 1. Constitutional Backing Article 25(2)(a) empowers the State to regulate secular activities of religious institutions for reform and welfare. Justifies using temple funds for education, health, and social uplift within Hindu community. 2. Judicial Precedent Shirur Mutt Case (1954): Supreme Court drew a distinction between religious and secular activities. Held that management of temple funds falls under secular domain, allowing state regulation. 3. Historical Continuity Chola and Pandya eras: Temples ran Vedic schools, libraries, hospitals, and granaries. Shows continuity of using temple resources for both religious and secular welfare. 4. Colonial and Pre-Independence Roots 1817 Religious Endowment Act (British): First state entry into temple finance. 1922 & 1925 reforms: Enabled use of surplus temple income for Hindu education and welfare — long before 1959 Act. 5. HR&CE Act, 1959 Legal basis for current practice in Tamil Nadu. Allows use of surplus funds for: Hindu schools and hostels Orphanages, maternity centres, and annadanam Educational scholarships, pilgrimage aid 6. Social Justice Impact in Tamil Nadu Enabled temple entry for Dalits (1939 Madurai; 1947 across Tamil Nadu). Facilitated non-Brahmin priest appointments and inclusive temple administration. Funded hostels, Veda Pathashalas, and scholarships for Hindu SCs and OBCs. The Soil of a Nation Source : TIE Central Argument India needs a paradigm shift in agricultural policy — from indiscriminate use of fertilisers to tailored, science-based soil nutrition management — to enhance both crop yield and human nutrition. Context India has achieved food surplus status, becoming the world’s largest rice exporter in FY25 (202 MT). Despite this, malnutrition and undernutrition remain significant due to poor micronutrient content in crops. Current practices focus on caloric sufficiency, but not nutrient density, especially micronutrients like zinc, iron, and sulfur. Relevance: GS3 (Agriculture, Environment, Health) – Soil health, fertiliser reform, nutrition-sensitive farming. Practice Question: Despite food surplus, India suffers from hidden hunger due to poor soil health. Examine how a soil-first agricultural strategy can ensure nutritional security in India. (250 words) Core Issues Highlighted 1. Soil Nutrient Deficiency Crisis (2024 Status) Based on Soil Health Card Scheme (2024) data: Nutrient % Soils Low/Deficient Nitrogen (N) 25.2% Phosphorus (P) 45.5% Potassium (K) 11% Sulphur (S) 25.4% Zinc (Zn) 53.5% Boron (B) 41.5% Organic Carbon 71.1% soils insufficient (as SOC) Zinc deficiency in soil translates into zinc-poor cereals, leading to cognitive issues, stunting, and child malnutrition. The deficiency of SOC (Soil Organic Carbon) implies poor soil structure, low water retention, and low microbial activity. 2. Misuse and Imbalance of Fertilisers Overuse of Urea (Nitrogen): 54% excess use in states like Telangana. Underuse of P & K: Phosphorus short by 8% Potassium short by 89% This imbalanced fertilisation leads to: Declining soil health and crop nutrition. Nutrient mining: Continuous depletion of specific nutrients. Environmental harm: Nitrogen leaching, water contamination, greenhouse gas emissions. 3. Health Implications Nutrient-deficient soils = Nutrient-deficient crops = Malnourished humans. The poor nutrition of crops leads to: Stunting Reduced immunity Cognitive delays Lower workforce productivity Key Recommendations A. Reform Fertiliser Use Move from blanket subsidy-based fertiliser policies to: Customised fertiliser recommendations based on soil test data. Nutrient-based subsidy reform. Balanced application of N-P-K-S-Zn-B. B. Revamp Soil Health Card Scheme Make it dynamic, digital, and location-specific. Link with real-time nutrient dashboards and farmer advisory apps. Track micronutrient status and recommend crop rotations. C. Promote Organic Carbon and Bio-inputs Use of: Crop residues Green manure Biofertilisers Agroforestry D. Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture Focus on nutrient-rich crops like millets, pulses, biofortified grains. Integrate public health goals into agri-policy. Institutional Response ICRIER & OCP Nutricrops are piloting: Data-driven, soil-specific interventions. Internationally benchmarked soil health solutions. Technology-based diagnostics for farmers. Conclusion “We must start by healing Mother Earth. Only then can we walk as a healthy nation.” The article advocates a shift in India’s agri-policy thinking — from a “calorie-sufficiency mindset” to a soil-first, nutrition-sensitive strategy. Only through data-driven, region-specific soil nutrition management can India secure agricultural resilience and national health outcomes.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 July 2025

Content Human-Wildlife Conflict in Chandrapur EU’s Age Verification Plan for Minors Impact of Screens on Children Relaxation of SO₂ Norms for Coal Plants Alien Plant Species Invading Indian Forests Human-Wildlife Conflict in Chandrapur: A Crisis of Coexistence Introduction Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) refers to interactions between humans and wildlife that result in negative impacts on livelihoods, safety, or animal conservation. The Chandrapur tiger attacks (2024–25) highlight the intensifying nature of such conflicts amid rising tiger populations and shrinking natural habitats. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Dimensions of the Conflict 1. Ecological Dimension Shrinking habitats and fragmented corridors due to mining, roads, and agriculture. Breach of carrying capacity in tiger reserves (e.g., Tadoba has ~3X optimal density). Depletion of prey base forces predators to seek cattle or humans. 2. Socio-Economic Dimension Local dependence on forest for firewood, fodder, and non-timber forest produce. Death or injury causes income shock and mental trauma. Cultural tolerance in regions like Chandrapur: Tiger viewed as a deity, death accepted as fate. 3. Governance & Policy Dimension Poor conflict-prevention infrastructure (fencing, trenching). Delayed or inadequate compensation under state schemes. CAMPA funds underutilised for mitigation, mostly spent on afforestation. 4. Legal Framework Limitations Wildlife Protection Act (1972) prioritises species protection over human safety. No statutory conflict-management body exists. Tourism models often ignore ecological stress and proximity to human settlements. 5. Technological & Administrative Interventions Chandrapur Forest Division: 982 camera traps, AI alerts, 181 Rapid Response Teams. Drones used for night-time surveillance. Awareness campaigns in villages; forest patrolling during peak conflict months. 6. Ethical and Cultural Dimension Cultural acceptance vs. policy expectations – villagers worship tigers but seek protection. Raises debate: Ecocentric vs. Anthropocentric approaches to conservation. Case Studies Chandrapur, Maharashtra (2024–25) Over 25 deaths in 5 months. Tiger density far exceeds sustainable levels. Forest dept. launched awareness drives, patrolling, and AI tracking. Sundarbans, West Bengal Use of traditional mask method on the back of head to reduce tiger attacks. Rising sea levels and cyclones (e.g., Amphan) increased tiger movement inland. Pilibhit Tiger Reserve, Uttar Pradesh Won TX2 Award for doubling tigers while minimizing conflict via village relocation and buffer development. Wayanad, Kerala Farmer protests demanding declaration of wild boar as vermin to protect crops. Way Forward Institutional Reforms: Set up Human-Wildlife Conflict Management Authority under MoEFCC. Decentralised Response: Empower Gram Panchayats and Forest Rights Committees for quick mitigation. Community Incentives: Eco-tourism revenue sharing; insurance for crops/livestock. Data-Driven Tracking: AI-based early warning systems + real-time alerts. Compensation Reforms: Timely and adequate monetary relief via DBT. Corridor Restoration: Link fragmented habitats and avoid infrastructure through wildlife zones. Useful Data Points 35% of world’s tigers in India; only 3% of global tiger habitat. 1,000+ human deaths due to wildlife (2018–2022) – MoEFCC. Over 60% of India’s forests are inhabited by forest-dependent people – FSI. European Commission’s Age Verification Plan: Balancing Child Safety and Digital Privacy Context and Purpose The European Commission is piloting a digital age verification app under the Digital Services Act (DSA) to prevent children from accessing harmful online content. The system is designed to maintain user privacy while ensuring platforms (especially adult content providers) comply with EU safety standards. Relevance : GS 2(Rights ,Social Issues ) Why This Move? Children face multiple online threats: Exposure to pornography and violence Unwanted contact, grooming, cyberbullying Addictive design features of social media Lack of default privacy settings The EU’s approach mandates that platforms tailor content and settings based on the user’s verified age—especially on high-risk sites. Key Features of the Plan Based on the EU Digital Identity Wallet (eID) framework. Claims to use zero-knowledge proof (ZKP): lets users prove they’re 18+ without revealing personal data. No data on browsing history, age, or identity is stored or traceable. Countries like France, Spain, Denmark, and Greece are early adopters of the system. Will be open-source and interoperable across EU platforms. Criticism & Concerns Privacy risks: Despite technical safeguards, critics fear centralised age verification could create data honeypots. Censorship risks: Could lead to blanket restrictions on borderline content (e.g. sexual health, art, satire). Bypassing effect: Users might migrate to less regulated or illegal sites, weakening the original goal. Implementation flaws: Most adult content companies argue that device-level verification (by Apple/Google) is more effective than website-level enforcement. Global Comparisons Country Approach Status UK Age Verification in Online Safety Act (2023); similar goals but criticised for weak privacy protections. Mandatory for porn sites US No federal standard; state-level patchwork laws (e.g., Utah, Louisiana require ID for adult site access). Controversial, under challenge France Attempted Pornhub access ban without age checks in June 2024. Overturned, but top court upheld age verification as legal Ethical Dimensions Children’s Rights vs. Adult Privacy: Striking a balance is key. Right to Information vs. Right to Protection: Should children be denied access to certain educational content due to overblocking? Digital Autonomy: Should companies or states decide what users can see? What Critics Propose Instead Device-level protections activated by default (age-restricted devices). Parental controls with improved digital literacy for guardians. Platform-based algorithms to flag and restrict content using AI rather than hard gates. Independent oversight bodies to audit enforcement and data protection. Conclusion The EU’s age verification plan is a bold attempt to make the internet safer for children, especially in light of increasing online harms. However, unless privacy safeguards are watertight and implementation is inclusive and technically sound, it risks alienating users and failing in its core mission. Global cooperation, transparent standards, and public trust will be essential to its success. Slipping grades, social withdrawal, aggression: How screens affect children Introduction: Context & Concern Digital addiction among children has become a serious issue post-COVID, with screen time increasing for education, entertainment, and socialization. It is now manifesting in academic decline, emotional instability, aggressive behaviour, and physical health disorders. Mental health professionals and schools are reporting an alarming rise in screen-induced psychological issues. Relevance : GS 1(Society) , GS 2(Social Issues , Education) Psychological and Behavioural Impact Children’s behaviour changes include irritability, violent outbursts, and refusal to attend school. Emotional dysregulation seen in cases where screen time is restricted. Anxiety, depression, and even hallucinations in some extreme cases. Screen addiction linked to poor impulse control, especially among adolescents. Academic and Social Decline Teachers observe students being less attentive in class, struggling with concentration and memory. Decline in grades, increased absenteeism, and withdrawal from peer activities reported widely. Excessive screen use leads to detachment from real-life relationships and preference for virtual interactions. Physical Health Repercussions Digital addiction causing sleep disorders, fatigue, and obesity due to sedentary lifestyle. Cases of children delaying bladder control due to long gaming sessions—one 19-year-old needed bladder surgery. Insomnia and headaches common, often due to late-night screen use and blue light exposure. Evidence from Studies JAMA Study (2024): Screen time linked to mental distress, particularly among 4,000+ teenagers. NIH, USA: High screen usage reduced brain connectivity and cognitive-emotional resilience. Studies show that children who use screens excessively perform worse on language and social interaction tests. Institutional Alarms & Cases Sir Ganga Ram Hospital (Delhi): 2–3 new screen addiction cases weekly. Manipal Hospital (Bengaluru): Sees 5–6 new digital addiction cases every week. A 12-year-old became socially isolated and physically weak due to mobile gaming. Children from Class 3 onwards increasingly show signs of aggressive behaviour if devices are taken away. School and Policy Response Some private schools like Springdales, Delhi and Heritage School have banned mobile phones on campus. Schools introduce offline etiquette programs and digital hygiene awareness. CBSE launched “PLANN” campaign to promote safe online practices and prevent cyberbullying. Legal and Judicial Interventions Delhi HC (2023): Advised regulatory framework for smartphone use in schools. PIL in SC (2024): Filed to mandate a national policy to curb screen addiction in children. Expert Pavan Duggal warns current cyber laws lack specificity in dealing with child digital addiction. Parental and Societal Role Parental awareness often delayed; action taken only at advanced stages of addiction. Experts recommend parent-child screen contracts, scheduled digital detox, and encouraging offline activities. Parents urged to set device-free zones and lead by example in reducing screen dependence. Conclusion & Way Forward Issue requires multi-level intervention—legal, educational, parental, and technological. Urgent need for a National Digital Wellness Policy with child-centric protections. Screen time must be balanced with offline learning, physical activity, and interpersonal relationships to ensure holistic development. Why 78% coal plants won’t need to add anti-pollution devices Context The Environment Ministry has exempted 78% of India’s coal-based thermal power plants from installing Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) systems that control Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) emissions. These systems were earlier mandated in 2015 to control SO2, which contributes significantly to air pollution. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Why are SO2 emissions from coal plants a concern? SO2 reacts with ammonia (NH3) to form ammonium sulfate, which contributes to PM2.5 pollution—affecting lungs and cardiovascular health. PM2.5 exposure is linked to asthma, bronchitis, heart attacks, and premature deaths. CREA data: 52% of SO2 emissions in India come from coal plants; in 2023, SO2 levels rose compared to 2019, especially near coal-dense regions. Original plan for pollution control 2015: Centre introduced emission norms for SO2 and other pollutants from coal plants; FGD installation was required by 2017. Deadline extended four times due to: High costs of FGD devices Risk of electricity shortages due to plant shutdowns for retrofitting Current classification of plants Power plants divided into 3 categories (2021 update): Category A: Within 10 km of the National Capital Region or non-attainment cities → deadline: Dec 2022 Category B: Located in populous areas with frequent air violations → deadline: Dec 2023 Category C: Other remaining plants → deadline: Dec 2024 78% of all coal plants fall under Category C and are now exempted from installing FGDs. Why this relaxation now? Based on studies by: IIT-Delhi IIT-Madras NEERI These studies argue: SO2 emissions from most plants are within permissible limits Focus should be on overall particulate matter pollution, not just SO2 Economic argument FGDs are expensive and energy-intensive. Fears that retrofitting would increase power tariffs, affecting electricity affordability. Plants shutting down for installation could create power supply disruptions. Criticism & Counterviews CREA and CSE question validity of studies: Studies don’t track downwind SO2 dispersal. SO2 plumes can travel 300+ km, converting to secondary pollutants mid-air. NEERI’s findings were reportedly commissioned by NITI Aayog, raising concerns of bias. Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) says: Real-world atmospheric SO2 remains high around plants. FGDs are necessary to prevent long-term cumulative exposure. Implications Environment: Signals diluted commitment to clean air goals under NCAP. Health: May undermine public health protection, especially in coal belt regions. Governance: Reflects tension between environment regulation and power sector realities. SDGs: Potential setback to SDG 3 (Health), SDG 7 (Clean Energy), and SDG 13 (Climate Action). Alien plant species taking over native ecosystems: Study Context & Key Findings A study published in Nature Reviews Biodiversity shows rapid spread of alien plant species, especially in tropical regions. These alien species are outcompeting and replacing native flora, leading to irreversible ecosystem changes. Human activities and climate change are key drivers accelerating the invasion. What are Alien Plant Species? Non-native plants introduced intentionally or accidentally by humans into new regions. Often lack natural predators in the new ecosystem, allowing unchecked proliferation. Examples: Prosopis juliflora, Lantana camara, Chromolaena odorata, Ziziphus mauritiana, Vachellia nilotica. Impact on Tropical Ecosystems Focus is on the Greater Tropics (tropics + subtropics) — 60% of Earth’s land area and home to the majority of biodiversity. Over 9,831 alien plant species are now established in the Greater Tropics. 26% of islands globally now have more alien than native flora. E.g., Tahiti (73.8%), Guam (66.5%), Hawaii, Madagascar. Environmental Impacts Alien plants are altering fire regimes (increasing fire frequency/intensity). Increase in atmospheric CO₂ → higher plant biomass → more invasive woody growth. Example: Brachiaria decumbens in Amazon fuels intense fires → forest degradation → feedback loop for more invasions. Impacts in India Around 66% of India’s natural systems (~750,000 km²) already affected by alien plant invasions. Land use change (agriculture, settlements) has modified fire and herbivory regimes, making conditions ripe for invasions. Example: Prosopis juliflora provides food for blackbuck, which unknowingly disperses alien seeds, harming native plants. Forest thickening by alien plants leads to higher wildfire risk in savannas and open forests. Global Trends & Projections Since 1950s: exponential rise in invasions; 13,939–18,543 alien species already outside native ranges. By 2050, new invasions expected to rise: 21% in South America 12% in Africa 10% in tropical Asia Predicts growing ecosystem homogenization, leading to biodiversity loss. Drivers of Invasion Climate change: Hotter days, extreme heat, droughts, forest diebacks. Anthropogenic factors: Agriculture, urban expansion, historical plantations, poor regulation of plant imports. Weakening biotic resistance and rising CO₂ levels are creating ideal conditions for invasions. Policy & Economic Challenges Alien species control in India would require US $13.5 billion — 36× its current environmental budget. Current responses are fragmented and lack long-term planning. Way Forward: Recommendations Urgent interdisciplinary studies across the Greater Tropics. Strengthened regulation, monitoring, and early detection. Ecosystem restoration and community awareness, especially in the Global South. Emphasis on understanding native invaders and interactions with local fauna

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 19 July 2025

Content : New Lichen species reveals ancient symbiosis in the Western Ghats INS Nistar, first indigenously designed & constructed Diving Support Vessel, commissioned in Vizag New Lichen species reveals ancient symbiosis in the Western Ghats Scientific Discovery & Taxonomic Significance New species discovered: Allographa effusosoredica, a crustose lichen, in the Western Ghats—one of the world’s eight “hottest hotspots” of biodiversity. First-of-its-kind: It is India’s first Allographa species confirmed with molecular sequencing—marking a milestone in lichen taxonomy. Research institution: Discovery by MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune (autonomous DST body). Research funding: Backed by Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) under a polyphasic taxonomic project. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Symbiotic Complexity & Evolutionary Insight Lichens as symbiosis: Composed of a fungal partner (mycobiont) and a photobiont (usually green algae/cyanobacteria). Photobiont identified: A Trentepohlia species—significant as photobiont diversity in tropical lichens is understudied. Evolutionary mimicry: Despite close genetic relation to Allographa xanthospora, the morphology mimics Graphis glaucescens, blurring generic lines in Graphidaceae family. Methodological Innovation Integrative taxonomy: Combined morphological, chemical, and molecular approaches—a model for future biodiversity studies. Molecular markers used: For fungus: mtSSU, LSU, RPB2 For alga: ITS region Chemical profile: Contains norstictic acid—rare among morphologically similar Allographa species, enhancing chemical distinctiveness. Ecological Relevance Lichen ecosystem role: Soil formation Nutrient cycling Bioindicators of air and climate quality Effuse soredia aid vegetative dispersal, suggesting resilience and colonizing potential in diverse habitats. Geographical & Biodiversity Importance India-specific stats: Allographa effusosoredica is the 53rd Allographa species in India 22nd from the Western Ghats—underlines microendemism and richness of the region. Highlights the urgent need for molecular exploration of Indian lichen biota, especially in ecologically sensitive zones. Static and Conceptual Anchors What are Lichens? Composite organisms formed via mutualism between fungi and photosynthetic organisms. Serve as bioindicators, especially for air pollution and climate change. Western Ghats: UNESCO World Heritage Site. Home to over 7,400 species of plants, 139 mammal species, and over 5000 documented fungi, including lichens. Keywords to remember: Polyphasic taxonomy, Trentepohlia, norstictic acid, Graphidaceae, bioindicators, Western Ghats endemism. Potential questions: Role of lichens in ecosystems Significance of molecular taxonomy in biodiversity conservation Western Ghats as a hub of microbial biodiversity INS Nistar, first indigenously designed & constructed Diving Support Vessel, commissioned in Vizag INS Nistar: Strategic and Technological Milestone India’s First Indigenously Designed & Built Diving Support Vessel (DSV) commissioned into the Indian Navy on 18 July 2025, Visakhapatnam. Built by: Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL) under ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’. Ship Type: Diving Support Vessel with deep-sea saturation diving and submarine rescue capabilities — a domain held by only a few advanced navies globally. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security , Defence) Technical Capabilities Length: 118 meters; Displacement: Over 10,000 tons. Operational Depth: Capable of diving/salvage up to 300m. Advanced Systems: Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) Self-Propelled Hyperbaric Life Boat (SPHLB) Diving Compression Chambers Serves as “Mother Ship” for Deep Submergence Rescue Vessel (DSRV) operations. Enables personnel rescue from distressed submarines operating well below the surface. Strategic and Regional Significance Operational Enabler: Described by Naval Chief Admiral Dinesh K Tripathi as “more than a technological asset”—a force multiplier in underwater operations. Enhances India’s role as: ‘First Responder’ in regional maritime crises. ‘Preferred Submarine Rescue Partner’ for friendly nations in the Indo-Pacific. Bolsters India’s undersea warfare preparedness, submarine survivability, and salvage response. Indigenisation and Industrial Footprint Indigenous Content: Over 80%. MSME Involvement: 120+ MSMEs participated in building INS Nistar. Part of the pipeline of 57 warships currently under indigenous construction. Aligns with ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’ and Make in India in Defence policy thrust. Policy & Defence Ecosystem Integration Supported by: Department of Defence Production Indian Navy’s shipbuilding roadmap MSME-DRDO linkage ecosystem Boosts India’s maritime industrial base maturity and indigenous design capacity in complex support vessels. Demonstrates public-sector shipyard revival and capability in constructing heavy displacement vessels with cutting-edge tech. Broader Geostrategic Context Reaffirms India’s naval leadership in maritime domain awareness (MDA) and HADR (Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief). Strengthens regional security ties by offering submarine rescue interoperability with Indian Ocean Region (IOR) navies. Contributes to India’s aspiration of becoming a net security provider in the Indo-Pacific. Value Addition Saturation diving: Diving technique allowing extended operations at great depths; requires pressurised environments. DSRV system: A specialized submarine rescue system used worldwide (e.g., US Navy’s Mystic class, UK’s NATO Submarine Rescue System). INS Nistar (Legacy): Named after a 1971 Indo-Pak war vessel used for deep-sea rescue/salvage—reviving naval heritage.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 19 July 2025

Content : Indian inequality and the World Bank’s claims The mental health of pilots is the elephant in the room Indian inequality and the World Bank’s claims Backdrop: Why the Debate Matters Inequality is a core political economy issue in any democracy — shaping social justice, policy legitimacy, and citizen trust. In India, inequality debates are often data-fragmented, ideologically driven, and disconnected from ground realities. The April 2025 World Bank Report (“India Poverty and Equity Brief”) triggered intense debate by challenging dominant inequality narratives. Relevance :  GS-3 ( Indian Economy / Inclusive Growth) Practice Question : “India’s inequality debate is increasingly shaped more by selective data interpretation than by evidence-based analysis.” Critically examine this statement in light of the recent World Bank report on poverty and inequality in India.(250 words ) Key Findings of the World Bank Report Extreme poverty nearly eradicated; approx. 270 million people lifted out of poverty since 2011 (using $3/day line). Consumption inequality has significantly declined between 2011-12 and 2022-23. Gini coefficient fell from 28.8 to 25.5 (consumption-based) — placing India among the top four least unequal nations by this metric. Data Source: Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2022-23 using Modified Mixed Reference Period (MMRP) methodology, aligned with international standards. Criticism and Valid Counterpoints Elite underreporting: HCES likely misses top 5% of households — leading to underestimated inequality. However, this limitation exists in all global survey datasets — not unique to India. Key takeaway: Even if the richest are excluded, inequality among the bottom 95% has declined demonstrably. Welfare exclusion in data: World Bank only partially adjusts for government-provided free goods and services, which underestimates actual welfare levels. Evidence of Improved Consumption Patterns Healthier diets across income groups: Milk: +45% per capita availability (2012–2023). Eggs: +63%. Increase in protein-rich and fruit/vegetable intake. Among the bottom 20% households: Fresh fruit consumption rose from 63.8% (2011-12) to 90% (2023). Decline in cereal dependence indicates improved food security and diet quality. Material Wellbeing Indicators (2011–2023) Rural infrastructure surge: Pucca house ownership, paved roads expanded via PMAY-G and PMGSY. Vehicle ownership among bottom 20%: Rose from 6% (2011-12) to over 40% (2023). Social security coverage: Ayushman Bharat, cash transfers, subsidised LPG, and rural electrification contributed to higher real incomes. Income Inequality: Data Limitations and Misinterpretations India lacks official income survey data — WIL (World Inequality Lab) uses indirect estimation via tax records and old consumption data. WIL assumes 70–80% of households spend more than they earn — an implausible assumption that underestimates lower-income earnings. Effect: Top income shares are overestimated; bottom and middle incomes underestimated. Revisiting WIL Estimates with Caution Even with limitations: Bottom 50% income share rose from 13.9% (2017) to 15% (2022). Top 10% share fell from 58.8% to 57.7%. Top 1% income share rose only marginally by 0.3 percentage points — partially due to better income disclosure post 2016-17 tax reforms. Important caveat: WIL uses pre-tax income; meaningful inequality analysis requires post-tax, post-subsidy income, which is more equitable in India due to high redistribution. Tax Burden and Redistribution Evidence Top 1% of taxpayers paid: 72.77% of total tax collected (AY 2023–24). 42% of individual income tax. Welfare spending at all-time high: Direct benefits, subsidies, and transfers exceed 8% of GDP — significantly uplifting the effective income of the poor. On a net income basis (post-tax and transfer), India’s income inequality appears to have declined in the last decade. Policy Implications and Forward Path Need to acknowledge and celebrate poverty reduction without losing sight of persisting gaps. Build robust income data infrastructure — expedite India’s first Household Income Survey by MoSPI. Focus should now shift to: Inequality in access to quality education and health. Intergenerational mobility and capability enhancement. Gendered and regional disparities within overall improvements. The Larger Narrative: Beyond the Poverty-Inequality Binary India’s story is no longer defined only by deprivation, but increasingly by mobility, aspiration, and welfare expansion. Persistent inequality in some domains coexists with broad-based material gains and opportunity creation. Overstating inequality risks undermining public trust in data, institutions, and democratic progress. Conclusion The inequality debate in India must move from rhetoric to evidence, from ideology to nuance. Poverty has sharply declined, and consumption inequality is down. Income inequality is harder to measure but likely overstated. Rather than cherry-picking data, the focus should be on building better measurement systems, targeted redistribution, and equal access to human capital development. The mental health of pilots is the elephant in the room Context: Why the Issue Demands Attention Trigger: Air India Boeing 787 incident in Ahmedabad (June 12, 2025) led to social media speculation about pilot involvement. Importance: Pilot mental health is a sensitive yet neglected component of aviation safety. Timeliness: Ongoing debate offers an opportunity to confront long-ignored institutional and psychological issues. Relevance :  GS 2 (Governance / Health Policy) Practice Question :“Pilot mental health is a neglected dimension of aviation safety in India.” In light of recent incidents and global practices, discuss the institutional and regulatory reforms needed to ensure mental well-being of aircrew without compromising public safety. (250 words ) Pilot Mental Health: Systemic Blind Spot Taboo status: Discussion on pilot mental health remains culturally and professionally discouraged. Career risk: Disclosure of psychological distress can result in grounding or job loss, fostering silence. Psychological profile: Pilots often internalize stress due to the “no-weakness” culture within aviation. Global Evidence of Risk At least 19 documented pilot suicides involving intentional crashes. Germanwings Flight 9525 (2015): Co-pilot crashed the plane after locking out the captain — 150 deaths. Harvard T.H. Chan Study: 12.6% of pilots met criteria for depression. 4.1% reported suicidal thoughts in the past two weeks. MH370 Case (2014): Though inconclusive, raised global alarms on undetected psychological distress. Profession-Specific Stressors Circadian disruption: Pilots are expected to “sleep to order” across time zones — leads to chronic sleep debt. Roster unpredictability: Constant schedule changes erode work-life balance and impact family relationships. Financial strain: High training costs, stagnating salaries, and competitive job markets add to anxiety. Urban pressures: Lifestyle stress, social isolation, and overexposure to negative content on social media affect emotional stability. Role of Airline Management Introduce flexible leave for life events (divorce, bereavement, caregiving). Implement confidential peer support systems managed by pilot groups. Build trust between pilots and aviation medical professionals to reduce fear of punitive outcomes. Allow conditional flying with treatment for diagnosed mental health conditions using aviation-approved medication. Prioritize early intervention over post-incident punitive action. Limitations of Mandatory Mental Health Screening Mental health evaluations are often subjective and lack reliable diagnostic tools. Blanket mental health screening may increase false positives, cause fear, and encourage concealment. Better alternative: Train peers and instructors to recognize early signs and encourage voluntary help-seeking. Institutional and Regulatory Response DGCA should shift from a surveillance-based model to a support-based model. Ministry of Health should create a legal framework for healthcare professionals to alert authorities when necessary, while protecting personal data privacy. Adopt a risk-management approach rather than an elimination mindset — acknowledge that zero risk is unattainable, but proactive systems can reduce probability. International Best Practices FAA (USA) formed a Mental Health and Aviation Medical Clearances Committee in 2023. FAA now encourages early treatment and issues medical clearance to pilots under supervision. ICAO and EASA recommend peer-based support, post-treatment monitoring, and mental health integration in crew resource management training. Structural Reforms Needed in India De-stigmatize mental health within aviation through awareness programs and pilot mentoring. Introduce a formal, independent mental wellness board with pilot and psychological expertise. Include mental health modules in pilot training and recertification courses. Encourage airline-specific resilience programs and psychological audits of roster management systems. Link mental health protocols to both safety audits and corporate social responsibility initiatives. Conclusion Pilot mental health is not a peripheral concern—it is central to passenger safety, public trust, and aviation sustainability. India must adopt a balanced, science-based, rights-respecting framework that encourages pilots to seek help without fear. A reactive, punitive model must give way to a preventative, human-centric, systemic transformation.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 19 July 2025

Content : The Resistance Front (TRF) Designated a Global Terror Threat Work on First Phase of Jungle Safari in the Aravalis to Begin Soon: Haryana Minister Nistar, First Indigenous Diving Support Vessel, Commissioned into Navy India’s Foreign Education Spending Likely to Double by 2030: A Strategic Analysis Yamuna River Pollution: July 2025 Status Report The Resistance Front (TRF) Designated a Global Terror Threat What Happened The United States has designated The Resistance Front (TRF) as both: A Foreign Terrorist Organisation (FTO) A Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT) entity The TRF is a proxy of Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), based in Pakistan Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) , GS 3(Internal Security) Trigger Event April 22, 2025: TRF claimed responsibility for the Pahalgam attack, which killed 26 civilians This attack was cited as the basis for the US State Department’s designation Official Responses India’s Reaction: External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar called it a “strong affirmation of India–U.S. counter-terrorism cooperation” MEA reaffirmed India’s commitment to hold “terrorist organisations and their proxies accountable” through global partnerships U.S. Statement: Secretary of State Marco Rubio confirmed the TRF’s direct link to LeT and its involvement in the April 2025 attack Why It Matters Operational Impact: Designation triggers economic sanctions, asset freezes, and travel restrictions on TRF affiliates Makes it easier for global law enforcement to disrupt funding and logistics networks Strategic Implications: Strengthens India’s diplomatic campaign to expose and isolate Pakistan-backed terror proxies Deepens India-U.S. security cooperation, particularly in South Asia Supports India’s long-standing position that proxy terror groups are part of a wider state-sponsored ecosystem Legal and Diplomatic Context FTO designation under U.S. law allows prosecution of any U.S.-based individuals who assist TRF SDGT listing blocks U.S. persons from doing business with TRF or its members Bolsters multilateral intelligence sharing and terrorist financing controls via FATF mechanisms The Resistance Front (TRF): Origins: TRF emerged in 2019 in Jammu & Kashmir, shortly after the abrogation of Article 370. Affiliation: It is widely considered a front organization of Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), used to give a local and secular cover to Pakistan-backed terrorism. Objective: Claims to fight for the “liberation” of Kashmir from Indian control, but primarily conducts terror attacks and targeted killings, including of civilians and migrant workers. Notoriety: Claimed responsibility for several attacks including the Pahalgam massacre on April 22, 2025, killing 26 civilians. Designation: Designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) and Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT) by the United States in July 2025. Tactics: Uses encrypted messaging, anonymous social media handles, and local recruits to evade counter-terror tracking. Global Response: India has been pushing for international recognition of TRF as a proxy of LeT; the U.S. designation reflects growing India-U.S. counter-terror cooperation. Conclusion The U.S. designation of TRF as a global terror group marks a major milestone in internationalising India’s counter-terror narrative. It reflects growing alignment between New Delhi and Washington on counter-terror priorities and raises pressure on Pakistan to dismantle state-supported militant networks. Work on first phase of jungle safari in the Aravalis to begin soon: Haryana Minister Project Overview Name: Aravalli Jungle Safari Location: Spread across Gurugram and Nuh districts, Haryana Total Area: 10,000 acres First Phase: 2,500 acres to be developed Modelled on: Vantara Jungle Safari, Jamnagar (visited by CM Nayab Singh Saini and Union Ministers) Purpose: Promote green tourism Create a new eco-identity for NCR Boost wildlife conservation Constructed with world-class facilities in four phases Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Opposition & Criticism 37 retired Indian Forest Service officers wrote to PM Modi demanding scrapping of project Key Concerns: Project promotes tourism, not conservation Threatens fragile Aravalli ecosystem Ignores the ecological sensitivity of the mountain range Activists’ View: It’s a greenwashed real estate venture rather than genuine environmental reform Strategic & Environmental Implications Ecological Sensitivity: Aravallis act as natural green lungs for NCR Any large-scale construction risks biodiversity and aquifer recharge Tourism-Development Trade-off: Sustainable tourism is a valid goal, but only when environmental safeguards are strictly enforced Governance & Transparency: Concerns over lack of public consultation, EIAs, and long-term forest management plans Additions 1. Legal & Policy Frameworks Ignored: Supreme Court Orders: SC has repeatedly upheld protection of the Aravalli hills under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and has censured illegal constructions (e.g., MC Mehta vs Union of India). National Forest Policy 1988: Prioritizes ecological stability over commercial exploitation — the project may contradict this vision. 2. Aravalli’s Ecological Importance: Oldest Fold Mountain System in India (Proterozoic era) Prevents desertification from spreading from Rajasthan to NCR. Key wildlife corridor for leopards, hyenas, nilgai, and other species. Important aquifer recharge zone for South Haryana and Delhi. 3. Risk of Greenwashing: “Greenwashing” refers to marketing something as eco-friendly to mask its adverse impacts — a concept from environmental ethics. Similar accusations in other cases (e.g., Ken-Betwa River Linking, Draft EIA 2020). 4. Comparative Case: Vantara Safari in Jamnagar (private, by Reliance Foundation): Though well-funded and high-tech, critics argue it’s a “zooified” conservation” with restricted real ecological impact. Recommendations by Experts Independent Environmental Audit before clearance. Cumulative Impact Assessment (CIA), not just standalone EIA. Mandatory public hearings and stakeholder consultation. Focus on community-based ecotourism (like in Sikkim, Kerala) rather than large-scale safari parks. Conclusion : The Aravalli Jungle Safari project reflects India’s broader tension between ecological sustainability and aspirational development. Without robust safeguards, scientific planning, and genuine public participation, such projects risk being ecological setbacks wrapped in green rhetoric. Nistar, first indigenous diving support vessel, commissioned into Navy Key Highlights Name: INS Nistar Commissioned on: July 2025 Location: Visakhapatnam Built by: Hindustan Shipyard Ltd. (HSL) Length: 118 metres Role: Deep-sea saturation diving, submarine rescue, and salvage operations Relevance :  GS 3(Defence , Internal Security) Strategic Significance First of its Kind: First indigenously designed and built diving support vessel (DSV) in India Only select navies (e.g., US, UK, Russia) have such advanced DSV capabilities Operational Role: Supports Indian Navy and regional partners Acts as “Mother Ship” for Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicles (DSRVs) Commissioning Statement: Admiral Dinesh K. Tripathi: “Not just a technological asset but a crucial operational enabler.” Technological Capabilities Diving & Rescue Equipment: Remote Operated Vehicles (ROVs) Self-Propelled Hyperbaric Life Boat Diving Compression Chambers Operates up to 300 metres depth Deep Submarine Rescue: Evacuates personnel from submerged submarines in distress Policy Context Aatmanirbhar Bharat Push: Part of India’s broader indigenous defence production strategy All 57 warships in pipeline are being built indigenously Defence Minister’s Statement: MoS Defence Sanjay Seth: “INS Nistar reinforces Indian Navy as first responder and preferred security partner in the region.” Regional & Diplomatic Implications Enhances India’s maritime diplomacy in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) Contributes to Humanitarian Assistance & Disaster Relief (HADR) operations Strengthens India’s position as a net security provider Value Additions 1. Strategic Deterrence & Survivability: Enhances second-strike capability support by ensuring rescue and recovery for nuclear submarines (SSBNs) — a critical component of India’s nuclear triad. 2. Force Multiplier in Submarine Operations: DSVs like Nistar provide operational assurance during peacetime training and real-time wartime contingencies — protecting high-value assets like Scorpène-class submarines and upcoming SSNs. 3. Doctrinal Shift: Reflects India’s move from blue-water aspiration to blue-water capability, enabling full-spectrum naval operations including rescue, salvage, and deep-sea intervention. Technological Distinctions (vs Other Naval Platforms) Feature INS Nistar Generic Naval Platforms Role Deep-sea rescue & salvage Surface combat or logistics Equipment ROVs, Hyperbaric Life Boat, DSRV mother ship Radar, sonar, missile systems Depth Capability Up to 300m Typically surface-level or shallow water Purpose Safety & survivability enabler Combat or deterrence Comparative International Perspective Country Equivalent DSV Remarks USA USNS Safeguard (now decommissioned), modern DSRVs Pioneer in submarine rescue tech UK NATO Submarine Rescue System Shared multilateral platform Russia Igor Belousov Nuclear-capable rescue ship with deep ROVs India INS Nistar First indigenous entrant, leap in capability This places India among an elite group of nations with end-to-end submarine rescue capability. Conclusion INS Nistar marks a major leap in India’s maritime self-reliance and undersea rescue capability. Combining cutting-edge technology with indigenous design, it not only fills a critical operational gap but also underscores India’s emergence as a capable and trusted naval power in the Indo-Pacific. India’s Foreign Education Spending Likely to Double by 2030 Key Data Points Projected Spending by 2030: $91 billion Current Spending (2024): $44 billion Increase: More than 100% over six years Remittance Fees Lost by Indian Families (2024): $200 million (approx. ₹1,700 crore) Bank Markups on Currency Conversion: 3–3.5% Estimated Fee Losses by 2030: Could approach $500 million annually Relevance : GS 2(Education ) ,GS 3(Economy , Remittance) Structure of Foreign Education Remittances Total Education Remittances (2024): ~$11 billion Source of Funds: 95% sent directly from India Remainder from earnings and scholarships abroad Primary Channel: Traditional banking (high markup and delay) Exchange Rate Costs: Significant contributor to overall remittance burden Regulatory & Market Developments RBI Concern: High remittance costs have prompted focus on reducing fees and time delays World Bank Data: Global average cost of remitting money stood at 6.62% in Q3 2024 Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS): Year-on-year decline of 21% in education remittances (April 2025) $874 million spent during Jan–Apr 2025 — indicates subdued demand Policy Innovation: The Role of Digital Infrastructure UPI–PayNow Linkage: 19 Indian banks now connected with Singapore’s PayNow Enables real-time, low-cost remittances Cross-Border UPI Strategy: Aimed at bypassing high-cost banking intermediaries Significant potential to reduce friction and foreign exchange loss Strategic Implications Economic: Rising overseas education spending adds pressure on India’s current account Lower remittance costs can save billions over the next decade Social: Continued preference for overseas education reflects trust deficit in domestic institutions Policy: Urgent need to scale digital payment corridors globally Strengthen Indian higher education quality to retain talent and reduce remittance burden Conclusion India is poised to witness a dramatic rise in foreign education expenditure by 2030. While this reflects rising aspirations and income levels, the associated costs from traditional banking channels are economically inefficient. Strengthening digital remittance infrastructure and reforming the domestic education system are necessary to mitigate this outflow and align with long-term national interests. Yamuna River Pollution: July 2025 Status Report Key Findings from DPCC (Delhi Pollution Control Committee) Faecal Coliform (FC) at ITO Bridge: 92,000 MPN/100ml 4,000 times above CPCB safe limit of 2,500 MPN/100ml Zero Dissolved Oxygen (DO) recorded at: ISBT Bridge ITO Bridge Nizamuddin Bridge Okhla Barrage Agra Canal Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels (safe limit: 3 mg/L): Highest: 70 mg/L at ITO Bridge All locations exceed safe limits Relevance : GS 1(Geography) ,GS 3(Environment and Ecology) What the Indicators Mean Faecal Coliform (FC): Indicates contamination by untreated sewage Safe limit: 2,500 MPN/100ml Recorded values: 92,000 at ITO, 39,000 at Wazirabad, 38,000 at Okhla, etc. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): Measures organic pollution load Higher BOD = more oxygen required = poorer quality Sharp jump in BOD across almost all sites from June to July Dissolved Oxygen (DO): Essential for aquatic life Safe limit: 5 mg/L or more Most sites have DO = 0 or near 0 (extremely poor condition) Comparison with June 2025 Palla (upstream): BOD rose from 6.3 to 8 mg/L DO dropped from 6.3 to 4.4 mg/L FC increased from 2,100 to 2,700 MPN/100ml Wazirabad: DO dropped to 3.4 mg/L FC increased to 39,000 MPN/100ml Asgarpur: FC: 7.9 × 10⁴ MPN/100ml BOD: 24 mg/L Causes Identified 22 of 32 major drains empty untreated sewage into the river Only a few drains are tapped or partially treated Poor waste management, rapid urbanisation, and ineffective sewerage systems contribute Policy & Compliance DPCC submits monthly water quality reports for National Green Tribunal (NGT) compliance Despite repeated monitoring, no significant improvement in pollution trends Implications Ecological Collapse Risk: Near-total oxygen depletion renders river stretches inhospitable for aquatic life Public Health Hazard: Sky-high FC levels indicate risk of waterborne diseases and unsafe human contact Systemic Failure: Persistent pollution despite year-round clean-air and water initiatives suggests failure in sewage infrastructure and urban governance Conclusion The July 2025 report reflects a severe decline in Yamuna’s water quality, with multiple parameters breaching safe thresholds by huge margins. The river is now biologically dead in stretches through Delhi, demanding immediate structural reforms, real-time effluent monitoring, and enforced accountability on municipal bodies.

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