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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 22 June 2024

CONTENTS Testing Times for the National Testing Agency (NTA) India Faces a Severe Groundwater Crisis Testing Times for the National Testing Agency (NTA) Context: The cancellation of the UGC-NET examination on Wednesday, a day after its purported “successful conduct” by the National Testing Agency (NTA), adds to the mounting issues tarnishing the agency’s already fragile reputation. This incident follows this year’s irregularities in the NEET-UG (medical) exams and complaints regarding the JEE (engineering) exams, putting the NTA under significant scrutiny. Relevance: GS2- Education Mains Question: The National Testing Agency needs an overhaul to regain credibility. Discuss in the context of recent allegations of multiple irregularities in national level exams. (10 Marks, 150 Words). National Testing Agency: The National Testing Agency (NTA) is a Society registered under the Indian Societies Registration Act, 1860. It operates as an autonomous and self-sustaining organization tasked with conducting entrance examinations for admissions and fellowships in higher educational institutions. Objectives: Conduct efficient, transparent, and internationally standardized tests to evaluate candidates’ competency for admission and recruitment. Functions: Identify partner institutions with sufficient infrastructure from existing schools and higher education institutions to facilitate online examinations without disrupting their academic schedules. Develop a question bank for all subjects using modern techniques. Establish a strong research and development culture and cultivate a pool of experts in various testing aspects. Provide training and advisory services to institutions in India. Collaborate with international organizations like Educational Testing Services (ETS). Conduct examinations entrusted by the Ministries/Departments of the Government of India/State Governments. Implement reforms and provide training for school boards and other bodies to ensure their testing standards align with entrance examinations. Governance: NTA is chaired by a distinguished educationist appointed by the Ministry of Education. The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is the Director-General, appointed by the Government. The Board of Governors includes members from user institutions. Actions by the Education Ministry: The Education Ministry’s swift actions in this case contrast sharply with its sluggish response to the NEET fiasco, suggesting it may have learned some lessons. The Ministry took proactive measures based on inputs from the Home Ministry’s cybercrime team, without waiting for formal complaints from candidates, unlike the NEET situation, which saw prolonged delays despite numerous allegations and police reports of paper leaks. The Ministry promptly canceled the UGC-NET and promised a new examination, also requesting a CBI investigation, a demand NEET candidates have persistently made without success. However, this offers little comfort to the over nine lakh UGC-NET candidates who dedicated months to studying, traveled long distances to exam centers, and incurred expenses, including taking out loans, for this opportunity. Questions Unanswered: These young individuals deserve answers, yet many questions remain unresolved. Firstly, there has been no explanation from the government’s education authorities about why the NET, previously an offline exam conducted by the CBSE until 2018, was switched to an online format by the NTA, only to revert to an offline, pen-and-paper exam this year, which is more susceptible to paper leaks. As the investigation proceeds, maintaining full transparency is essential for the NTA to regain credibility among candidates. Secondly, accountability and punishment for those responsible are crucial. The government should consider overhauling the NTA’s systems and personnel to prevent the recurrence of technical glitches, cheating scandals, paper leaks, and proxy candidates that have marred exams this year. Conclusion: Given the impact on lakhs of India’s educated youth and youngest voters, it’s no surprise that the agency’s problems have become a political issue. Some Opposition leaders have called for dismantling the NTA and transferring exam responsibilities to the States. This could reduce the Union government’s centralizing approach, making it easier to manage large-scale exams in a vast nation. However, some nationwide exams will always be necessary, and cooperation between the States and the Centre is essential to restore integrity to the troubled examination system. India Faces a Severe Groundwater Crisis Context: According to the India Water Portal, India is responsible for 25 percent of global groundwater extraction, surpassing both the USA and China. Nearly 70 percent of the water used in Indian agriculture comes from groundwater. Despite the heavy reliance on this resource, India lacks a contingency plan to address groundwater depletion and over-exploitation. The situation is becoming increasingly dire. Relevance: GS3- Agricultural Resources Water Resources Conservation of Resources Mains Question: India needs a combination of strategy and investment to safeguard and revitalise the groundwater clock ticking towards day zero. Analyse. (15 Marks, 250 Words). Current Situation: On June 19th, 2024, the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) announced that Delhi has already extracted 99 percent of its available groundwater. The latest CGWB report showed a decline in both annual recharge and the amount of groundwater available for extraction in Delhi. In 2023, the city’s net annual groundwater recharge was 0.38 billion cubic meters (bcm), with only 0.34 bcm available for extraction. Alarmingly, almost all accessible groundwater has already been extracted, amounting to 99.1 percent. This is particularly concerning given the increased rate of extraction despite decreased groundwater recharge. These challenging conditions come as Delhi endures its worst heatwave in 120 years, which has claimed 192 lives so far. Unfortunately, water distress is becoming a widespread issue across Indian cities. Earlier this year, Bangalore faced a daily water deficit of over 500 million liters, with more than 7,000 borewells running dry. The combination of severe heat and water scarcity not only threatens human lives but also risks halting urban economies. Actions Taken: If urgent remedial measures are not taken, this trend of groundwater depletion may become the norm for most Indian cities. However, most actions taken so far have been reactive and impulsive, lacking long-term strategy and investment. Successive state and central governments have addressed groundwater issues passively rather than proactively, causing the problem to grow more complex and difficult to solve each year. Way Forward: Census of Natural Water Bodies: As an initial step, the central government should conduct a nationwide satellite-assisted census of natural water bodies, including their measurable extents. This effort will quantify the number of water bodies and identify any encroachments. Additionally, measures must be taken to rejuvenate and revive these water bodies, such as removing vegetation and installing artificial groundwater recharge points like percolation wells. Monitor and Regulate Groundwater Extraction: The central government, in collaboration with state authorities, can also implement metered borewells to monitor and regulate groundwater extraction. This approach has been successfully used in West Bengal, resulting in improved groundwater levels, and can be replicated across India, especially in states like Karnataka experiencing over-exploitation. Rainwater harvesting (RWH): Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is another crucial measure that requires sincere implementation. Although widely discussed, RWH has seen minimal application in India. For instance, in Bangalore, only 1.8 lakh out of 19 lakh eligible properties have installed rainwater harvesting systems, according to the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB). Experts estimate that the city captures only 10 percent of its rainwater, with the remaining 90 percent going to waste. This highlights the gap between the concept and its implementation. The government must recognize the potential of RWH and ensure its adoption in both residential and commercial properties across India, enforcing this by law if necessary. However, conventional remedial measures may not suffice to address the escalating groundwater scarcity problem. Innovative Technologies: Given the increasing scale of the issue, the government must invest in innovative technologies to support efforts to revive and enhance India’s groundwater table. Implementing efficient farming technologies that use less water can make a significant impact. Investing in precision agriculture technology for groundwater usage in irrigation is an ideal solution for optimizing water use. This approach conserves water compared to traditional flooding methods, increasing output while reducing resource consumption and water wastage. As water scarcity spreads across different regions of India and water usage rises rapidly, the structural imbalance between water supply and demand continues to grow. Therefore, it is crucial for governments, in collaboration with corporations under corporate social responsibility (CSR) schemes, to increase capital expenditure on smart technologies. Conclusion: The methods proposed above can provide solutions to water scarcity and quality issues while improving the sustainability of water resources. India needs a combination of strategic planning and investment to protect and revitalize its groundwater resources.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 22 June 2024

CONTENTS Mercy Petition Opposition Criticizes Great Nicobar Island Infrastructure Project SIPRI Report Highlights Global Nuclear Arsenal Risks Discovery of Striped Caecilian in Kaziranga National Park Recall of South Korean Spicy Instant Noodles in Denmark Human African Trypanosomiasis Summer Solstice Mercy Petition Context: In a recent ruling, the Supreme Court (SC) has declined to direct the government to commute the death penalty of Balwant Singh Rajoana, instead, it has allowed the government to decide on the Mercy Petition when necessary. Balwant Singh Rajoana was convicted for the assassination of former Punjab Chief Minister Beant Singh in 1995. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: About Mercy Petition Making a Mercy Petition in India Constitutional Framework Important Judgments Related to Mercy Petition About Mercy Petition A mercy petition is a formal request made by someone who has been sentenced to death or imprisonment, seeking mercy from the President or Governor. Importance: Everyone has the fundamental right to live, as mentioned under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. Mercy petitions are followed in many countries such as the United States of America, United Kingdom, Canada, and India. Making a Mercy Petition in India The process of making a Mercy Petition in India involves the following steps: No statutory written procedure for dealing with mercy petitions exists. After exhausting all reliefs in the court of law, either the convict or his relative may submit a written petition to the President. The President’s secretariat receives the petitions on behalf of the President. The petitions are then forwarded to the Ministry of Home Affairs for their comments and recommendations. Grounds for Filing a Mercy Petition The act of mercy is not the right of the prisoner, but a clemency granted by the President or Governor. The grounds for filing a Mercy Petition include: Health, physical, or mental fitness of the prisoner. The financial conditions of the prisoner’s family, including whether the prisoner is the sole earner. Constitutional Framework: In India, mercy petition to the President is the last constitutional resort a convict can take when sentenced by a court of law. A convict can present a mercy petition to the President of India under Article 72 of the Constitution of India. Power to grant pardon is conferred upon the Governors of States under Article 161 of the Constitution of India. Article 72: The President has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offense. This applies in cases where the punishment or sentence is by a Court Martial, for an offense against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends, and in cases where the sentence is a sentence of death. Article 161: It provides that the Governor of a State shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offense against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the State extends. Recent Development: The Supreme Court of India held in 2021 that the Governor of a State can pardon prisoners, including death row ones, even before they have served a minimum of 14 years of prison sentence. Important Judgments Related to Mercy Petition Maru Ram v. Union of India (1981): The Supreme Court held that the power to grant pardon under Article 72 is to be exercised on the advice of the Council of ministers. Dhananjoy Chatterjee State of West Bengal (1994): The Supreme Court said that the power under Articles 72 and 161 of the Constitution can be exercised by the Central and State Governments, not by the President or Governor on their own. Kehar Singh v. Union of India (1989): The Supreme Court had examined the scope of the President’s pardoning power under Article 72 in detail. The Court held that the exercise of the pardoning power vested in him under Article 72, could scrutinize the evidence on the record of the criminal case and come to a different conclusion from that recorded by the Court in regard to guilt of and sentence imposed on the accused. -Source: The Hindu Opposition Criticizes Great Nicobar Island Infrastructure Project Context: The opposition party has recently described the proposed Rs 72,000-crore infrastructure upgrade at Great Nicobar Island as a “grave threat” to the island’s indigenous inhabitants and fragile ecosystem. They have demanded the immediate suspension of all clearances and called for a thorough, impartial review of the proposed project, including an assessment by the concerned Parliamentary committees. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: Great Nicobar Island The Great Nicobar Island Project Concerns and Challenges Way Forward Great Nicobar Island Location and Features: The southernmost and largest of the Nicobar Islands. Area: 910 sq km of tropical rainforest. Home to India’s southernmost point, Indira Point, located 90 nautical miles from Sumatra. Part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which include 836 islands divided into two groups separated by the 10° Channel. Hosts two national parks, a biosphere reserve, and small populations of Shompen, Onge, Andamanese, Nicobarese tribal peoples, and a few thousand non-tribal settlers. The Great Nicobar Island Project Project Overview: Launched in 2021. Aimed at developing the southern end of the Andaman and Nicobar islands. Includes a trans-shipment port, international airport, township development, and a 450 MVA gas and solar-based power plant. Implementation and Goals: Based on a NITI Aayog report highlighting the island’s strategic position. Implemented by the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation (ANIIDCO). Includes an International Container Trans-shipment Terminal (ICTT) and a greenfield international airport. Located near the Malacca Strait, facilitating regional and global maritime trade. Strategic and Security Importance: The ICTT and power plant site is in Galathea Bay, where there is no human habitation. Enhances deployment of additional military forces, larger warships, aircraft, missile batteries, and troops. Essential for close surveillance and building a strong military deterrence. Critical for India’s national security due to proximity to key waterways and strategic choke points like the Malacca, Sunda, and Lombok Straits. Counteracts China’s military presence and expansion efforts in the region, particularly on the Coco Islands. Concerns and Challenges Impact on Tribal Communities: Potentially devastating impact on the Shompen and Nicobarese tribes, classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG). Risks to their traditional way of life and the island’s natural environment. Environmental Impact: Destruction of coral reefs and threats to local species like the Nicobar Megapode bird and leatherback turtles. Large-scale deforestation, with the felling of nearly a million trees. High seismic activity zone raising safety concerns for large infrastructure projects. Administrative Issues: Accusations of inadequate consultation with the Tribal Council. National Green Tribunal (NGT) ordered the establishment of a high-power committee to review environmental and forest clearances. Way Forward Inclusion of Tribal Councils: Ensure the involvement of Tribal Councils in decision-making processes. Respect traditional knowledge and legal rights under the Forest Rights Act (2006). Oversight and Monitoring: Establish a high-power committee to oversee environmental and forest clearances. Include representatives from environmental groups, tribal councils, and independent experts. -Source: The Hindu SIPRI Report Highlights Global Nuclear Arsenal Risks Context: Recently, a report by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) was released, emphasizing the heightened risk and instability linked to the ongoing modernization and expansion of nuclear arsenals globally. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: SIPRI Key Highlights of the Report Challenges and Way Forward for India’s Nuclear Program SIPRI About SIPRI: SIPRI is an independent international institute focused on research into conflict, armaments, arms control, and disarmament. It was established in 1966 in Stockholm, Sweden. SIPRI provides data, analysis, and recommendations based on open sources to policymakers, researchers, media, and the public. Key Highlights of the Report Global Nuclear Arsenal Modernisation: All nine nuclear-armed nations (USA, Russia, UK, France, China, India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel) are continuing to update their nuclear arsenals. As of January 2024, the total global inventory of nuclear warheads is approximately 12,121, with around 9,585 in active military stockpiles. Approximately 2,100 warheads are on high operational alert, primarily held by Russia and the USA. For the first time, China may also have some warheads on high alert. Major Nuclear Powers: Russia and USA: Together they possess nearly 90% of all nuclear weapons. China: Has significantly increased its nuclear arsenal from 410 to 500 by January 2024, expanding faster than any other country. North Korea: Possesses around 50 warheads and materials for up to 90. Israel: Is enhancing its arsenal and plutonium production capabilities, though this is not officially acknowledged. India and Pakistan: India holds 172 nuclear warheads as of January 2024, placing it 6th globally, ahead of Pakistan, which has 170. India is focusing on longer-range weapons aimed at China. Nuclear Diplomacy Challenges: Efforts in nuclear arms control and disarmament have faced setbacks, particularly due to the conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza. Diplomatic tensions between Iran and the USA, along with the Israel-Hamas war, complicate the situation. Major setbacks include Russia’s suspension from the New START treaty and its withdrawal from the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) ratification. Global Security Concerns: The report also addresses issues like military expenditure, arms transfers, and the role of private military companies in conflicts. Additional risks include those related to artificial intelligence, outer space, cyberspace, and the protection of civilians in war zones. Challenges and Way Forward for India’s Nuclear Program Challenges: India faces nuclear threats primarily from Pakistan and China due to border tensions and terrorism. The increasing threat of cyberattacks makes it crucial to ensure the safety and security of nuclear systems. The rapid development of hypersonic missiles, autonomous weapons, and AI presents new challenges for nuclear deterrence strategies. India’s nuclear energy program also faces challenges such as the risks of radioactive contamination, environmental impacts, and health concerns. Way Forward: India should maintain credible minimum deterrence while responsibly modernising its nuclear arsenal with advanced delivery systems and investing in technologies like thorium-based reactors. India should participate in global nuclear governance initiatives such as the Nuclear Security Summits and the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism (GICNT) and work on reducing nuclear risks with Pakistan and China through confidence-building measures. -Source: The Hindu Discovery of Striped Caecilian in Kaziranga National Park Context: Assam’s wildlife officials have announced that a team of herpetologists recorded the striped caecilian (Ichthyophis spp) in Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve for the first time. This discovery was made during a recent rapid herpetofauna survey. Relevance: GS III: Species in News About Caecilians General Characteristics: Caecilians are elongated, segmented, limbless amphibians. They belong to the order Gymnophiona or Apoda, meaning “without legs.” These creatures are related to frogs and salamanders. They resemble earthworms or snakes due to their lack of limbs. The name “Caecilian” means “blind,” with some species having no eyes and others possessing small eyes beneath their skin. Approximately 200 species of caecilians are known. Habitat: Caecilians primarily inhabit moist tropical and subtropical regions in South and Central America, South and Southeast Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa. Nearly all caecilians are terrestrial but are elusive as they spend most of their lives underground. They primarily burrow in forests but can also be found in grasslands, savannas, shrublands, and wetlands Distinct Features: The smallest species are under three inches long, while the largest species (Caecilia thompsoni from Colombia) can grow up to nearly five feet. They possess a hard, thick skull with a pointy snout, aiding in movement through soil or mud. Their skin is shiny and ringed with folds called annuli. Caecilians typically appear in shades of gray, brown, black, orange, or yellow. Some species have tiny, fishlike scales within their rings. They feature short, sensory tentacles between their eyes and nostrils, which help them navigate their environment and locate prey. -Source: The Hindu Recall of South Korean Spicy Instant Noodles in Denmark Context: Recently, food safety authorities in Denmark have recalled three types of South Korean spicy instant noodles due to possible risks of “acute poisoning” caused by high Capsaicin levels. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Capsaicin General Information: Capsaicin is a naturally occurring botanical irritant found in chili peppers and is synthetically produced for use in pharmaceutical formulations. It is most concentrated in the “placenta” (the white membrane attaching seeds) of some chili peppers, which are fruits of the Capsicum genus. How It Works in Humans: Capsaicin binds to TRPV1 receptors located in the nose, mouth, skin, and internal tissues. These receptors detect heat and pain and are usually activated by an increase in temperature. Capsaicin deceives these receptors, causing them to react as if there is a temperature rise, leading the brain to believe the body is experiencing intense heat, resulting in the burning sensation often felt when eating chilis. The body attempts to cool down by dilating capillaries (leading to redness), increasing sweating, and causing symptoms such as a runny nose, teary eyes, gut cramps, and diarrhea as it tries to expel the perceived heat. Uses: Capsaicin is commonly used as a topical analgesic in various forms such as creams, liquids, and patches, available in different strengths for pain relief. -Source: The Hindu Human African Trypanosomiasis Context: In a landmark achievement, Chad has become the first country in 2024 and the 51st globally to eliminate a neglected tropical disease (NTD) — the gambiense form of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) General Information: Also known as sleeping sickness. Caused by protozoan parasites transmitted by infected tsetse flies, prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. Forms of the Disease: Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: Found in 24 countries in West and Central Africa. Accounts for 92% of reported cases. Causes a chronic illness, with possible infection lasting months or years without major symptoms. By the time symptoms appear, the disease often affects the central nervous system. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: Found in 13 countries in Eastern and Southern Africa. Accounts for 8% of reported cases. Causes an acute disease, with symptoms appearing within weeks or months after infection. The disease progresses rapidly, affecting multiple organs including the brain. Transmission: Tsetse flies, which inhabit sub-Saharan Africa, are the vectors. Only specific species of tsetse flies transmit the disease. Rural populations involved in agriculture, fishing, animal husbandry, or hunting are at higher risk. Elimination Efforts: The World Health Organization (WHO) has validated the elimination of the gambiense form of HAT in seven countries: Togo (2020) Benin (2021) Ivory Coast (2021) Uganda (2022) Equatorial Guinea (2022) Ghana (2023) Chad (2024) -Source: Down To Earth Summer Solstice Context: 21st June is the day of the Summer Solstice in the northern hemisphere. Relevance: GS I- Geography Dimensions of the Article: About Summer Solstice Why do we have summer solstice? About Summer Solstice In Latin, solstice means “the sun stands motionless” For those residing north of the Equator, June 21 will be the longest day of the year in 2021. This day is distinguished by a higher amount of solar energy received. This day is known as the summer solstice in technical terms, as it is the longest day of the summer season. It happens when the sun is directly above the Tropic of Cancer, or more precisely, when the sun is directly overhead 23.5 degrees north latitude. The Southern Hemisphere receives most sunlight on December 21, 22 or 23 when the northern hemisphere has its longest nights– or the winter solstice. Why do we have summer solstice? Since Earth rotates on its axis, the Northern Hemisphere gets more direct sunlight between March and September over the course of a day. This also means people living in the Northern Hemisphere experience summer during this time. The rest of the year, the Southern Hemisphere gets more sunlight. During the solstice, the Earth’s axis — around which the planet spins, completing one turn each day — is tilted in a way that the North Pole is tipped towards the sun and the South Pole is away from it. Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 June 2024

CONTENTS National Monetisation Pipeline e-SHRAM Portal National Monetisation Pipeline Context: According to a recent statement by NITI Aayog, the government has monetized assets valued at Rs 3.85 lakh crore under the National Monetization Pipeline over the first three years, covering the financial period from 2021-22 to 2024-25. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP) Need and Significance of National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP) Challenges Associated with National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP) National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP): The NMP outlines a comprehensive plan to leverage core assets of the Central government through leasing in various sectors, including roads, railways, power, oil and gas pipelines, telecom, and civil aviation. The primary objective is to unlock a total monetisation potential of Rs 6-lakh crore over a four-year period (FY 2022-25). Scope and Inclusions: Monetisation focuses solely on core assets, excluding non-core assets disinvestment. Currently encompasses assets from central government line ministries and Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) in infrastructure sectors. Expansion Plans: The government is actively working on expanding the scope of the NMP by coordinating with states to include assets at both central and state levels. The process involves transferring the monetisation of non-core assets, including land, real estate, and infrastructure, from the Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (DIPAM) to the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) within the Ministry of Finance. Strategic Alignment: The NMP aligns strategically with the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP), which aims at investments totaling Rs 111 trillion in six years through FY25. The timeline for the NMP is synchronized with the remaining period under the NIP, ensuring cohesive infrastructure development. Need and Significance of National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP): Need for NMP: Overcapitalisation Challenges: Some projects experience time overruns and increased costs, making them financially unviable at launch. Inefficient Resource Utilization: Government infrastructure projects often lack optimal input-output ratios, leading to overcapitalisation. Resource Optimization Through NMP: Aims to introduce private sector efficiency and market-driven approaches for better resource alignment. Coordination Challenges: Inter-ministerial and inter-departmental coordination issues contribute to delays and inefficiencies. Private-Public Collaboration: Encourages collaboration between the public and private sectors for streamlined infrastructure development. Addressing Governance Issues: Targets issues like reluctance to implement labour reforms, poor decision-making, and ineffective governance. Significance of NMP: Economic Boost and Employment: A groundbreaking initiative expected to boost the economy, generate employment, and enhance competitiveness. Integration with PM Gati Shakti: Aligned with PM Gati Shakti, fostering holistic and integrated infrastructure development in India. Synergy Between Initiatives: Mutual reinforcement between NMP and PM Gati Shakti contributes to overall economic growth. Unlocking Idle Capital: Advocates unlocking capital from underperforming government assets, promoting financial efficiency. Reinvestment in Infrastructure: Envisages reinvesting funds from monetisation into new projects and asset augmentation, including greenfield infrastructure. Challenges Associated with National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP): Double Charges Concerns: Taxpayers express worry about facing additional costs for utilizing assets after funding their creation. Balancing Public and Private Involvement: Navigating perceived duplication of charges, a challenge in balancing public investment and private asset management. Vicious Cycle of Asset Monetization: Concerns about creating assets and subsequently monetizing them when they become government liabilities. Capacity Underutilization in Infrastructure: Challenges include low capacity utilization in gas and petroleum pipeline networks and regulated tariffs in the power sector. Investor Interest and Stakeholder Complexity: Low investor interest in national highways below four lanes and complexity arising from multiple stakeholders in entities. Monopolization Risks: Potential for monopolization, especially in highways and railway lines, raising concerns about reduced competition and increased costs. e-SHRAM Portal Context: The Indian delegation to the 112th International Labour Conference (ILC) led by the Secretary, Ministry of Labour & Employment showcased the e-Shram portal and its present integrations and achievements during the sidelines of the ILC at Geneva, Switzerland. Relevance: GS II- Government policies and Interventions About the E-Shram Portal With the help of the E-Shram Portal, the government aims to register 38 crore unorganized workers, such as construction labourers, migrant workforce, street vendors and domestic workers, among others. The workers will be issued an e-Shram card containing a 12-digit unique number, which, going ahead, will help in including them in social security schemes. The government had earlier missed deadlines for creating the database, inviting criticism from the Supreme Court. Targeted identification of the unorganized workers was a much-needed step and the portal which will be the national database of our nation builders will help take welfare schemes to their doorstep, who are the builders of our Nation. Targeted delivery and last mile delivery, has been a major focus of the schemes of government of India and the National Database of Unorganised workers (E-Shram portal) is another key step towards that.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 21 June 2024

CONTENTS The Unseen Burden of Women’s Unpaid Labour Forest Fires are a Grim Environmental Reality The Unseen Burden of Women’s Unpaid Labour Context: In the early 1960s, Canadian short story writer Alice Munro, who recently passed away, achieved some success. A newspaper ran a patronizing article about her with the headline, “housewife who finds time to write short stories.” This dismissive tone did not deter Alice, who eventually won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2013. Similarly, Claudia Goldin, who won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2023, highlighted in her research that women’s career choices are often influenced not by their preferences, but by entrenched societal norms that create a “cult of domesticity,” idealizing women as unpaid caregivers. Relevance: GS1- Role of Women and Women’s Organization Population and Associated Issues GS2- Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these Schemes Mains Question: Globally, women spend significant time on unpaid care work. In this context, discuss the factors governing women’s entry into workforce and the challenges they encounter in workforce. (15 Marks, 250 Words). Unpaid Care Work: It’s not surprising that women perform about 76.2 percent of total unpaid care work hours, three times more than men (ILO). The Pacific and Asia show the starkest disparity, with men doing the least amount of unpaid care work (1 hour and 4 minutes daily). In 2018, 606 million working-age women were unable to join the labor market due to the burden of unpaid care work, compared to only 41 million men. The monetary value of women’s unpaid work can reach up to 40 percent of GDP in some countries (ILO). Social scientists argue that factors like childbearing, the age and number of children, rather than marriage, significantly hinder women’s participation in the labor market. Female Labor Force Participation Rates (LFPR): Women aged 25-54 experience a significant disparity in labor force participation rates (LFPR), with only 61.4 percent participation compared to 90.6 percent for men (World Bank, 2022). In single-mother households with at least one child under six, economic necessity increases women’s LFPR to about 65.8 percent. However, this rate drops to 48.7 percent when mothers live with a partner and a young child, due to the prevailing “male breadwinner” syndrome (UN Women). Despite this, “breadwinner moms” carry a heavier domestic load, even when they out-earn their husbands (Pew Research Center). Motherhood Penalty: The “motherhood penalty” remains strong in the USA, with mothers six times less likely to be recommended for hire than non-mothers, and 3.35 times less likely than child-free men. Additionally, mothers are 114 percent more likely than fathers to take a career pause (Mom Project, US). When a child is sick, women are more likely to take time off because they are often paid less, making it economically sensible (PNAS, 2023). A report by the British trade union association TUC highlights that men do not face penalties as parents. In fact, fathers who work full-time receive a wage bonus of 22 percent when they have children. This disparity does not arise because mothers become less productive or fathers work harder, but due to employer expectations influenced by cultural biases regarding gender and work, as noted by Michelle Budig, a sociology professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Her research further revealed that men’s earnings increased by more than 6 percent on average when they had children and lived with them, while women’s earnings decreased by 4 percent for each child they had (National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, US, 1979 to 2006). Women’s Entry into the Labor Market in Urban and Rural India: A study using Life History Calendar (LHC) data from Karnataka and Rajasthan found that rural women might not face a motherhood penalty in terms of labor market participation due to the prevalence of informal and flexible employment, which better accommodates childcare responsibilities compared to urban or more formalized settings (Gautham 2021). Analysis of data from the Employment-Unemployment Schedule (EUS) of the NSS from 2004 to 2012 revealed that rural motherhood wage penalties are nearly zero, whereas urban women face a substantial penalty of about 18 percent of total wages. Highly educated women or those in regular salaried positions incur a larger wage penalty after motherhood than their less educated or casually employed counterparts (Wilde et al. 2010). First-time fathers, both rural and urban, do not experience negative wage effects after the birth of their children. Lack of Childcare Facilities: The lack of childcare facilities is a major barrier to gender equality in job markets (UN Women). A macro-econometric analysis of childcare policies in 18 OECD countries (1980-2007) highlighted that high levels of employment protection and longer paid leave are crucial for the survival of working mothers (Thévenon, 2013). Way Forward: In 2016, an analytical study by ITUC in seven high-income OECD countries estimated that investing 2 percent of GDP in the care industry could create nearly 13 million new jobs in the US, 3.5 million in Japan, nearly 2 million in Germany, 1.5 million in the UK, 1 million in Italy, 600,000 in Australia, and nearly 120,000 in Denmark. This investment could also boost women’s employment rates by 3.3 to 8.2 percentage points, compared to men’s increase of 1.4 to 4.0 percentage points. Subsequent research by ITUC in emerging economies, including Brazil, Costa Rica, China, India, Indonesia, and South Africa, confirmed that the same level of investment in the health and care sector would create nearly 24 million new jobs in China, 11 million in India, approximately 2.8 million in Indonesia, 4.2 million in Brazil, over 400,000 in South Africa, and 63,000 in Costa Rica. The ILO’s recent global “Care at Work” report urged that to reduce the gender employment gap by 7 percentage points and the monthly earnings gap to 1.8 percent by 2035, a sustainable annual investment of over $204 billion, averaging 5.8 percent of GDP per country, is needed for universal childcare and long-term care services. Conclusion: Feminist economists like Elson and advocates of the Purple Economy such as Ilkkaracan emphasize recognizing care as “an indispensable component of human well-being” and call for a “caring and gender-equal economic and social order,” with caregiving responsibilities shared between the state and households, and between men and women. It is crucial for the world to meet its SDG 2030 commitments and ensure women’s economic justice and equality through appropriate policy formulations and resource allocations. Forest Fires are a Grim Environmental Reality Context: The rampant wildlife fires in Uttarakhand have captured headlines over the past month. These forest fires not only signify a dire environmental issue but also highlight societal flaws characterized by romanticism and unchecked freedom. Compounding this is a lack of discipline and respect for the law, painting a troubling picture. Relevance: GS3- Disaster Management Mains Question: Analyse the reasons behind the recent forest fires in Uttarakhand. What can be done to compensate for the lack of a thorough analysis of the occurrence and prevention of forest fires in India. (10 Marks, 150 Words). Reasons Behind the Forest Fires in Uttarakhand: The devastating forest fires in Uttarakhand stem from three main factors: environmental pollution from flawed living standards, a culture of unchecked freedom among the youth, and a weak administrative system unable to enforce existing laws. Global warming, largely driven by the extensive use of hydrocarbon aviation fuels, is a major contributor to wildfires, similar to those frequently seen in Australia and the USA. Uttarakhand’s fires parallel those in these countries. The naturally occurring Chir Pine trees in the state are prone to fires, but the primary trigger is atmospheric warming caused by vehicular and industrial pollution. Uttarakhand hosts a significant pharmaceutical industry, which contributes heavily to pollution due to its extensive use of chemical raw materials. Another factor is the mischief of delinquent youths, as evidenced by the arrest of three individuals from Bihar who set fires in Uttarakhand’s Chamoli district for social media attention. Lastly, rampant violations of environmental protection laws through illegal tree felling and construction practices also play a crucial role in these fires. Lack of Accurate Analysis: The unfortunate reality is that while the media extensively covers such incidents, it offers superficial and simplistic explanations for their causes. There is a lack of in-depth analytical reports that could provide a comprehensive understanding of their occurrence and prevention. Wildfires are a common occurrence in Australia, the USA, and some European countries, yet remain perplexing. Even in these developed and well-administered regions, geologists and meteorologists do not have complete or accurate explanations for these phenomena. Arriving at Scientific Explanations: However, it is neither difficult nor impossible to arrive at thorough scientific explanations. This can be achieved through the application of the scientific principles found in Vedic Physics, which offers a precise and comprehensive understanding of all natural phenomena. Vedic Physics provides a holistic explanation that encompasses the five primordial elements: earth, water, fire, air, and ether. It covers everything from observable physical events to the innermost levels of the subtlest material existence. In contrast, Modern Physics, as taught in Western academia, only explains phenomena that can be measured visually, audibly, or through other measurable means. It lacks concepts of sub-nano material entities such as mind (Anastasia), intellect (mahatatva), and divinely originating rays (rashmiyan), and has little to no understanding of ether. The discourse in our traditional scientific literature, dating back 15,000 years, comprehensively unravels the mysteries of material nature. Texts such as the Aitreya Brahman and Shathpath Brahman contain core scientific principles that, if studied and applied, can refine our living paradigms and technologies in accordance with Vedic sciences. This approach can lead to environmentally friendly construction practices and help prevent natural disasters like wildfires. Conclusion: Wildfires primarily occur due to the production of excessive heat and the disruption of the water balance in the environment, caused by the extensive burning of hydrocarbons. According to Vedic sciences, the primordial water element counteracts the primordial fire element. Vedic sciences offer solutions to these problems. To ensure safety, stability, and sustainability in our world, we must refer the rich traditional scientific literature along with the modern Western scientific approaches before it is too late.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 June 2024

CONTENTS Prime Minister Inaugurates New Campus of Nalanda University in Bihar Global Lag in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Bengaluru Proposes Increase in Solid Waste Management Cess 5G Intelligent Village Initiative Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary Prime Minister Inaugurates New Campus of Nalanda University in Bihar Context: The Prime Minister of India inaugurated the new campus of Nalanda University in Rajgir, Bihar. Located near the ancient ruins of the historic Nalanda University, the new campus was established through the Nalanda University Act of 2010. This initiative followed a decision made at the 2nd East Asia Summit in the Philippines in 2007. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Highlights of the PM’s Address at the New Nalanda University Inauguration Features of the New Nalanda University Campus The Ancient Nalanda Mahavihara Revival of Nalanda University Highlights of the PM’s Address at the New Nalanda University Inauguration: Significance of Nalanda University: Nalanda University symbolizes that knowledge is indestructible. The university is set to become a new emblem of global unity and a key identity in India’s developmental journey. Its Renaissance will showcase India’s potential and position it as a global hub for education and knowledge. Historical Context: History demonstrates that developed nations became economic and cultural leaders by prioritizing education. India, with its 23 IITs and 21 IIMs, has seen significant growth in higher education, establishing one university every week and an industrial training institute every 10 days over the past decade. Ongoing major reforms in the education sector are highlighted by the National Education Policy 2020. Features of the New Nalanda University Campus: Architectural Highlights: The campus, spread over 455 acres, merges modern and ancient architectural styles. The design focuses on eco-friendliness, aiming for a net-zero carbon footprint. Academic Structure: The university operates six schools: Buddhist Studies, Historical Studies, Ecology, Sustainable Development, Languages, Literature, and International Relations. It also hosts four specialized centres: Bay of Bengal Studies, Indo-Persian Studies, Conflict Resolution, and a Common Archival Resource Center. Program Offerings: Nalanda offers a diverse range of programs, including postgraduate and doctoral research courses, short-term certificate courses, and scholarships for international students. These programs emphasize the university’s commitment to global academic excellence and fostering international educational collaboration. The Ancient Nalanda Mahavihara: Historical Significance: Nalanda was a renowned Buddhist mahavihara (great monastery) in ancient and medieval Magadha (modern-day Bihar), near Rajagriha (now Rajgir), about 90 km southeast of Pataliputra (now Patna). Established by Kumargupta I, the ruler of the Gupta Empire (3rd to 6th century CE), it was one of the greatest learning centers of the ancient world. Cultural and Academic Impact: Played a crucial role in the patronage of arts and academics during the 5th and 6th centuries CE, often termed as the “Golden Age of India.” Detailed accounts of ancient Nalanda are provided by 7th-century Chinese traveler Hsuan Tsang. Post-Gupta Period: Thrived under the Pala Empire rulers but faced attacks and damage in the 1190s by Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji, a Turko-Afghan military general. Rediscovery and Recognition: Rediscovered in 1812 by Scottish surveyor Francis Buchanan-Hamilton. Officially identified as the ancient university in 1861 by Sir Alexander Cunningham. Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site; revived by the Government of India through a law enacted in 2010. The contemporary Nalanda University in Rajgir is listed as an “Institute of National Importance” by the Indian Government. Revival of Nalanda University: Proposal and Endorsement: The idea to re-establish Nalanda University was proposed by former president Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam in 2006. Endorsed at the East Asia Summit in Mandaue, Philippines, in 2007 and reiterated in the 2009 East Asia Summit in Hua Hin, Thailand. Legislative and Operational Milestones: The Nalanda University Bill was passed in the Indian Parliament in 2010, leading to its operational launch in 2014 from a temporary location near Rajgir. Former president Pranab Mukherjee laid the foundation stone for the permanent campus in Pilkhi village, Rajgir, in 2016. Construction and International Support: Construction began in 2017, with the university becoming fully functional by 2022. The university has received support from 17 countries other than India, including Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, New Zealand, Portugal, Singapore, and South Korea. -Source: Indian Express Global Lag in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Context: The world is substantially behind in meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established by the United Nations in 2015, according to a recent UN report. These goals, which address a range of areas such as poverty reduction, hunger eradication, and environmental conservation, were set to be accomplished by 2030. However, the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) report shows that none of the 17 goals are currently on track to be achieved by the target date. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Findings of the Report Call for Reform and Financial Strategies Multilateralism and Country Rankings Challenges in Food and Land Systems UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) Key Findings of the Report Stagnant Progress and Uneven Distribution: Only 16% of SDG targets are progressing adequately, with the rest either stagnant or regressing. Particularly concerning are the goals related to zero hunger (SDG 2), sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11), life below water (SDG 14), life on land (SDG 15), and peace, justice, and strong institutions (SDG 16). Issues like rising obesity rates, declining press freedom, and biodiversity loss were highlighted. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated existing challenges, notably impacting life expectancy (SDG 3). Geographical Disparities: Nordic countries lead in SDG achievement, while BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) show some progress. Least developed nations are falling further behind, widening the gap since 2015. BRICS+ nations (Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE) have shown average SDG progress exceeding the global average. Call for Reform and Financial Strategies Need for Financial Architecture Reform: The report emphasizes the necessity of significant investment in public goods that cross national boundaries. Low and middle-income countries urgently need access to affordable long-term capital to invest in critical areas like education (SDG 4). Proposed Financial Strategies: SDSN suggested five strategies to address financing gaps, including new institutions, innovative global taxation schemes, and prioritizing investments in quality education. Multilateralism and Country Rankings Multilateralism Index: A new index evaluating countries’ support for UN-based multilateralism was introduced. It assessed treaty ratifications, UN General Assembly votes, UN organization memberships, involvement in conflicts and militarization, use of unilateral sanctions, and financial contributions to the UN. A correlation was found between a country’s commitment to global cooperation and its SDG progress. Country Rankings: Barbados leads the index, with the United States ranking last, indicating a significant disconnect from international cooperation. Following Barbados in the top ranks are Antigua and Barbuda, Uruguay, Mauritius, and the Maldives. The lowest-ranked countries include Somalia, South Sudan, Israel, and the Democratic Republic of Korea. Challenges in Food and Land Systems Critical Issues: The report also addressed challenges in food and land systems (SDG 2). With 600 million people projected to be hungry by 2030, rising obesity, and unsustainable agricultural practices, a new approach is necessary. Current trends are widening the gap between climate, biodiversity, and water quality targets. FABLE Pathways: To achieve significant progress, the report recommends major changes through FABLE pathways: Reducing overconsumption and limiting animal-based protein while respecting cultural preferences. Investing in increased productivity, especially in high-demand areas. Creating inclusive and transparent monitoring systems to halt deforestation. Urgent Recommendations: World leaders are urged to embrace comprehensive UN reform, address financing shortfalls, strengthen global cooperation, and implement innovative solutions like the FABLE pathways to secure the future of sustainable development. UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) Establishment and Purpose: The UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) was founded in 2012 by the United Nations. Its primary objective is to advance practical solutions to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at both national and international levels. Key Focus Areas: Mobilising Expertise: SDSN focuses on harnessing expertise by linking universities, research institutions, and national laboratories. Developing Solutions: It identifies and develops innovative solutions to address critical sustainability challenges. Secretariat Locations: The SDSN has its secretariats located in three global cities: Paris, France Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia New York, United States -Source: Down To Earth Bengaluru Proposes Increase in Solid Waste Management Cess Context: Recently, Bengaluru has proposed increasing the Solid Waste Management (SWM) Cess to Rs. 100 per month for each household to address the high financial strain in the SWM process. Currently, Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) charge about Rs. 30-50 per month for SWM services, which is often collected along with property tax. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: What is SWM Cess? What are Solid Waste Management Rules 2016? Rationale Behind Increasing SWM Cess Collection Measures to Reduce Operational Expenditure on SWM Services What is SWM Cess? Definition: Solid Waste Management (SWM) cess is a user fee or charge imposed by Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India. A cess is a type of tax or levy used by governments to fund specific services like waste management or infrastructure development. Implementation: As per the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, ULBs must collect user fees or cess for SWM services. The rise in fees is to address the growing costs and challenges faced by ULBs in managing solid waste efficiently. What are Solid Waste Management Rules 2016? Replacement and Focus: These rules replaced the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000. Emphasis is on waste segregation at the source, manufacturers’ responsibility for disposing of sanitary and packaging wastes, and user fees from bulk generators for collection, disposal, and processing. Key Features: Residents must separate waste into wet (biodegradable), dry (recyclable), and hazardous categories. User fees are charged for waste collection, with fines for littering or improper segregation. Encouragement of composting or bio-methanation of biodegradable waste. Municipalities are responsible for collecting segregated waste, ensuring proper processing and disposal, and levying user fees to cover costs. Extended Producer Responsibility mandates that manufacturers of disposables financially support waste management systems. Rationale Behind Increasing SWM Cess Collection High Complexity and Costs: SWM is resource-intensive, using up to 50% of ULBs’ annual budgets. Expenses include capital investments and operational costs like salaries, waste collection, and waste management plant operations. Minimal Revenue Generation: Despite high costs, revenue from SWM services is minimal. For instance, Bengaluru spends around Rs 1,643 crore on SWM services but generates only Rs 20 lakh annually. Only 1-2% of dry waste is recyclable, leading to negligible revenue from recycling. Challenges in Waste Segregation and Market Viability: Inadequate waste segregation at the source complicates processing. Limited market for finished products from waste processing makes it financially unviable. High transportation costs for non-compostable and non-recyclable dry waste disposal due to distant disposal facilities. Measures to Reduce Operational Expenditure on SWM Services Improving Household Waste Segregation: Enhancing segregation at the household level can increase composting yields and improve dry waste recycling, reducing costs. Reducing Single-Use Plastics: Decreasing the use of non-recyclable single-use plastics can lower transportation and disposal costs. Micro Composting Centers (MCCs): Establishing MCCs at ward levels, as in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, can process wet waste locally, reducing transportation costs. In-House Waste Processing: Incentivizing large institutions to set up in-house waste processing facilities can reduce ULBs’ burden and promote cleaner premises. Information, Education, and Awareness (IEC): Effective IEC campaigns to discourage improper waste disposal can prevent open littering and reduce the labor needed for road sweeping and drain clearing, allowing resources to be redirected to waste processing and value recovery. -Source: The Hindu 5G Intelligent Village Initiative Context: Recently, the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) announced two proposals—5G Intelligent Village and Quantum Encryption Algorithm (QEA)—aimed at catalysing innovation and technological advancement in the telecom sector. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: About 5G Intelligent Village Initiative: About 5G About 5G Intelligent Village Initiative: Objective: The initiative addresses the need for equitable technological advancement, leveraging 5G technology to uplift rural communities. It aims to effectively utilize Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) and massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) aspects of 5G in selected villages. Scope: The initiative focuses on showcasing the advantages of 5G connectivity. It targets critical sectors such as agriculture, education, healthcare, governance, and sustainability. Key Facts about Quantum Encryption Algorithm (QEA) Purpose: The call for proposals aims to develop an India-specific Quantum Encryption Algorithm (QEA). This algorithm will secure digital communication channels using quantum mechanics principles. Requirements: The algorithm must ensure unparalleled security, advanced encryption capabilities, and ultrafast and efficient encryption. Funding for these proposals will be provided under the Telecom Technology Development Fund (TTDF) scheme of the Department of Telecom (DoT). What is Telecom Technology Development Fund? Establishment: The Telecom Technology Development Fund (TTDF) is set up under the Universal Services Obligation Fund (USOF) of the Department of Telecom (DoT), Government of India. Purpose: It aims to promote the ecosystem for research, design, prototyping, proof of concept testing, intellectual property rights (IPR) creation, field testing, security, certification, and manufacturing of products. About 5G 5G is the next generation of mobile broadband that will eventually replace, or at least augment 4G LTE connection and it  offers exponentially faster download and upload speeds. 5G will deliver multi-Gbps peak rates, ultra-low latency, massive capacity, and a more uniform user experience. This is in contrast to 4G link speeds in averaging 6-7 Megabit per second (Mbps) in India as compared to 25 Mbps in advanced countries. Application of 5G 5G will help in creating cyber-physical networks which not only interconnect people, but also interconnect and control machines, objects, and devices. It will deliver new levels of performance and efficiency that will empower new user experiences and connect new industries. It will act as an enabler for the Industrial Revolution 4.0 and is expected to form the backbone of emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine to machine communications. 5G can also help make transport infrastructure more efficient by making it smart. It will enable vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, making driverless cars, among other things, a reality. Also, the primary applications of 5G will be the implementation of a sensor-embedded network that will allow real-time relay of information across fields such as manufacturing, consumer durables and agriculture -Source: The Hindu, PIB Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister Context: The Chairman of the Economic Advisory Council (EAC) to the Prime Minister emphasized the need for a new poverty line at a data user conference organized by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) recently. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance About Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM): Overview: An independent body established in 2017 to provide advice on economic and related issues to the Government of India, specifically to the Prime Minister. Terms of Reference: Analyzes any issue, economic or otherwise, referred to it by the Prime Minister and provides advice. Addresses issues of macroeconomic importance and presents views to the Prime Minister. Can be either suo-motu or on reference from the Prime Minister or anyone else. Includes attending to other tasks as desired by the Prime Minister. Functions: Prepares a monthly report on economic developments at home and abroad for the Prime Minister. Monitors economic trends and brings important developments to the PM’s attention, suggesting suitable policy responses. Regularly interacts with stakeholders and the public, communicating findings and recommendations through reports, presentations, and public events. Composition: Headed by the Chairman and includes a mix of economists and experts from academia, research institutions, and the private sector. There is no fixed number of members and staff, allowing for reconstitution over time with different organizational structures. Typically headed by economists of recognized international eminence. Administrative and Logistic Support: For administrative, logistic, planning, and budgeting purposes, the NITI Aayog serves as the nodal agency for the EAC-PM. -Source: Indian Express Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary Context: Recently, The Indian Air Force deployed an MI17 helicopter to control the massive wildfire in Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary (BWS) in Almora, Uttarakhand. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology About Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary: Location: Situated in Uttarakhand, India. Located in the Kumaon region of the Himalayas, approximately 33 kilometres north of Almora district. Covers an area of around 47 square kilometres. Historical Significance: Formerly the summer capital of the Chand Dynasty rulers, who governed Kumaon from the 7th to 18th century AD. The sanctuary is at an elevation of 2,420 meters. Named after the Bineshwar Mahadev temple, a 16th-century temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. Biodiversity: Known for its rich biodiversity and panoramic views of Himalayan peaks such as Chaukhamba, Nanda Devi, Nanda Kot, Panchachuli, and Kedarnath. Flora: Features oak and rhododendron forests at higher altitudes and chir pine forests at lower elevations. Contains 25 types of trees, 24 types of bushes, and seven varieties of grasses. Fauna: Hosts more than 200 species of native and migratory birds. Houses endangered species like the Indian red fox, jackals, pine martens, and porcupines. Also home to leopards, ghorals, wild boars, kakars, monkeys, Himalayan black bears, and several bird species including the Himalayan monal, koklass pheasant, and Himalayan griffon. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 20 June 2024

CONTENTS Krishi Sakhi Convergence Program National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme Krishi Sakhi Convergence Program Context: Recently, the Prime Minister of India granted certificates to over 30,000 women from Self Help Groups (SHGs) as ‘Krishi Sakhis’ under the Krishi Sakhi Convergence Programme (KSCP). Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Overview of the Krishi Sakhi Convergence Program: Objective: The initiative aims to transform rural India by empowering rural women as Krishi Sakhis through training and certification as Para-extension Workers. This certification course aligns with the goals of the ‘Lakhpati Didi’ Program. Training Provided: Krishi Sakhis receive training in various extension services, including: Agro-Ecological Practices: Techniques from land preparation to harvest. Organizing Farmer Field Schools: Facilitating practical learning sessions for farmers. Seed Banks: Establishment and management of seed banks. Soil Health and Conservation: Methods to maintain soil health and moisture. Integrated Farming Systems: Combining different farming practices for sustainability. Livestock Management: Basic practices for managing livestock. Bio Inputs: Preparation, usage, and establishment of bio-input shops. Communication Skills: Essential skills for effective communication with farmers. Current Training: The Krishi Sakhis are undergoing refresher training focused on Natural Farming and Soil Health Cards, facilitated by DAY-NRLM agencies in coordination with MANAGE. Implementation: The Krishi Sakhi Training Program has been implemented in 12 states during Phase 1, including Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Odisha, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, and Meghalaya. National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme Context: Cabinet approves Central Sector Scheme “National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme” (N.F.l.E.S.) Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Approval of National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme (NFIES): Approval and Financial Outlay: The Union Cabinet, led by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, has approved the proposal by the Ministry of Home Affairs for the Central Sector Scheme “National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme (NFIES)”. The total financial outlay for this scheme is Rs. 2254.43 crore, covering the period from 2024-25 to 2028-29. The funding for this scheme will come from the Ministry of Home Affairs’ budget. Components of the Scheme: Establishment of New Campuses of the National Forensic Sciences University (NFSU): New NFSU campuses will be established across the country to enhance forensic education and training. Establishment of Central Forensic Science Laboratories (CFSLs): New CFSLs will be set up to increase the capacity for forensic examinations and reduce the backlog of cases. Enhancement of Existing Infrastructure: The existing infrastructure of the Delhi Campus of NFSU will be upgraded to improve facilities and resources for forensic education and research. Objectives and Rationale: The scheme aims to create an effective and efficient criminal justice system by ensuring scientific and timely forensic examination of evidence. It highlights the necessity of high-quality, trained forensic professionals for the scientific examination of evidence, which is critical for an efficient criminal justice process. The scheme leverages advancements in technology and evolving crime methods to improve forensic capabilities. Context and Importance: The new criminal laws mandate forensic investigation for offences punishable by 7 years or more, leading to an anticipated increase in the workload of forensic science laboratories. There is currently a significant shortage of trained forensic personnel in the Forensic Science Laboratories (FSLs) across India. To meet the increased demand, there is a need for substantial investment and enhancement of national forensic infrastructure. Expected Outcomes: The establishment of additional NFSU campuses and new CFSLs will address the shortage of trained forensic manpower. This expansion will help alleviate the backlog of forensic cases and reduce pendency in forensic laboratories. The initiative aligns with the Government of India’s goal of achieving a high conviction rate of over 90% by ensuring timely and accurate forensic examinations.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 20 June 2024

CONTENTS NAM Faces Challenges of Neo-Colonialism Classifying a Prolonged Summer as a Natural Disaster NAM Faces Challenges of Neo-Colonialism Context: British Prime Minister Winston Churchill once said, “Those who forget history and do not learn from it are condemned to repeat it.” This remark, made during his 1948 speech in the House of Commons, was directed at his predecessor, who failed to adequately arm the country, making the Second World War inevitable. Relevance: GS2- Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India’s Interests Mains Question: The Non-Aligned Movement must rejuvenate its commitment to safeguarding national sovereignty and resist the subtle encroachments of neo-colonialism. Discuss. (15 Marks, 250 Words). The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), which India co-founded in 1955, was established after the Second World War to protect countries’ sovereignty and integrity from colonial powers. In the 1950s and beyond, many nations gained independence from colonial rule and joined NAM, making it a significant force advocating for the freedom of its members during the Cold War. With skilled diplomacy, the most vocal member countries incorporated a “neutralist policy” into the organization’s charter. This policy encouraged member countries to resist the temptations and allurements from both the capitalist West and the communist East, choosing instead to follow a middle path and establish NAM as a “third formidable forum.” Nothing illustrates NAM’s role as a power broker more clearly than the “swing votes” at the UN, which were courted by both the East and West blocs. NAM provided support to former have-not countries. The proof is in the results: many countries refused to align with either bloc, demonstrating NAM’s strength as an independent entity. Despite this, Churchill seemed to believe that countries, including India, had not learned from history. He suggested that without a strong deterrent against colonialism, it could resurface in different forms over time. Relevance of NAM Over the Years: After the Cold War, NAM’s relevance declined. Many foundational principles of the Movement were undermined. For instance, economic self-reliance was a key ideological stance against the aggression of multinationals and monopolistic companies. However, conflicting statements and diplomatic disputes among member countries suggested that NAM had strayed from its original path, casting doubt on its future. The fight against colonialism was far from over in the post-war period. NAM could not foresee the rise of neo-colonialism, which manifested through control by money, debt, and media. Colonialism was replaced by neo-colonialism, where countries were controlled through economic and media influence despite being independent in name. In this respect, NAM’s purpose remained unfulfilled. In the context of Britain, King Charles III, during his visit to Kenya, issued a profound apology for the oppressive actions of his predecessors in colonized countries. This significant historical statement clarifies the United Kingdom’s current diplomatic intentions, which aim to foster partnerships based on mutual respect. The anticipated free trade deal between the United Kingdom and India, likely to be implemented in the New Year, exemplifies this approach, promising to unite the two countries as equals. The Other Side: In contrast, France, once a close competitor of Britain in establishing colonial dominance, has not shown similar remorse for its past actions. Instead, France continues to exercise neo-colonial control with audacity. France maintains influence in supposedly independent West and Central African countries by controlling two currencies, the West African franc and the Central African franc, used by 14 African countries. France’s mandate requires these countries to deposit 50 percent of their foreign assets in the French Treasury, making its intention to maintain economic hegemony clear. These nations have suffered under France’s exploitative economic practices for decades post-colonialism, with France leveraging its relationship with these countries to its advantage. The desperation of these nations—independent in name but not in reality—is evident. Over the past twelve months, nearly all French-speaking African countries have demanded the departure of French military, diplomats, and businessmen from their territories. France is engaged in similar oppressive activities in other parts of the world, where it daringly prevents further independence. For example, in 2021, the French territory of New Caledonia in the South Pacific experienced French interference as the last of three independence referenda was deliberately thwarted through security pressures. Paradoxically, France has extended its neo-colonial interests even to countries that were never part of its former empire. In the past two years, France has obstructed a peace process in the South Caucasus to favor Armenia, with whom it has an arms deal. French diplomats have publicly criticized Azerbaijan, Armenia’s neighbor, and have instigated the Armenian diaspora in France to pressure lawmakers to pass laws against Azerbaijan. They also left no stone unturned in maligning Azerbaijan in the French media. Coincidentally or not, Azerbaijan currently chairs the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). After assuming the chairmanship, Azerbaijan vowed to reclaim Nagorno-Karabakh, a quarter of its territory illegally occupied by Armenian forces for three decades. In a 44-day war against Armenia in 2020 and a 24-hour military operation in 2023, Azerbaijan succeeded in reclaiming its occupied territories. This outcome displeased France, which initially and unabashedly undermined EU-led peace negotiations. Uganda Taking over the 2024 Chairmanship: In January 2024, Uganda will take over the chairmanship from Azerbaijan. However, Uganda faces challenges from neo-colonialist powers, who are pressuring the country to repeal a child protection law. These powers aim to introduce modern Western social norms into Ugandan schools, a move that the Ugandan people have outrightly rejected as socially and culturally demeaning. It is crucial for India to support Uganda—an independent nation and fellow NAM member—and to denounce this unwarranted interference in its education system. Conclusion: With NAM experiencing a revival in a new incarnation, it is imperative for all its members, including co-founder India, to unite and form a cohesive group to combat the encroachment on sovereignty and resources by neo-colonialists from both Western and Eastern blocs. If NAM members do not intervene now, the growing influence of these neo-colonial powers will make the world poorer, less safe, and more prone to conflicts. Therefore, Churchill’s advice to learn from history remains highly relevant in these modern times. Classifying a Prolonged Summer as a Natural Disaster Context: Northern India has been enduring the longest series of heatwaves in the past 15 years. In some states, daytime temperatures have consistently exceeded 45°C, while in relatively cooler states, temperatures have been 3°-6°C higher than usual for this time of year. Night temperatures have also remained 3°-6°C above normal, due to the near-absence of moisture and rain. Relevance: GS3- Disaster Management Mains Question: What has been the effect of heatwaves and delayed monsoons in India? Should prolonged summer be declared as a natural disaster? (10 Marks, 150 Words). Heatwaves: Heatwaves are extended periods of extremely hot weather that can have adverse effects on human health, the environment, and the economy. In India, the IMD defines a heatwave based on the following criteria: Physiography of Regions: Plains: Maximum temperature reaches 40 degrees Celsius or higher at a station. Coastal Areas: Maximum temperature reaches 37 degrees Celsius or higher at a station. Hills: Maximum temperature reaches 30 degrees Celsius or higher at a station. Based on Departure from Normal Temperature Heat Wave: Departure from normal temperature is between 4.5°C to 6.4°C. Severe Heat Wave: Departure from normal temperature is greater than 6.4°C. Based on Actual Maximum Temperature: Heat Wave: Declared when the actual maximum temperature is 45°C or higher. Severe Heat Wave: Declared when the actual maximum temperature is 47°C or higher. A Heat Wave is officially declared if the above criteria are met at least in two stations within a Meteorological subdivision for at least two consecutive days. More on the Weather Conditions: Additionally, the monsoon has been sluggish. Despite an early start, it has stalled since June 12 and is stuck in central India. Before its onset over Kerala, the India Meteorological Department had predicted ‘normal’ rainfall for June, but has now revised this to ‘below normal,’ indicating an 8% shortfall from the expected 16.69 cm. However, this update does not provide insight into the monsoon’s progress. The normal arrival dates for the monsoon in the northwestern and northern states are between June 25 and July 1. It remains to be seen if the current hiatus will delay these dates further. A prolonged delay could place additional strain on the infrastructure in these states. Rising Power Demands in Northern States: On June 17, the Power Ministry reported that demand in northern India had surged to 89 GW (89,000 MW), marking the highest single-day demand recorded. To meet this requirement, approximately 25%-30% of the power had to be “imported” from the other four regions — south, west, east, and northeast — and possibly from Bhutan, though specific details were not provided. While the Ministry took credit for meeting the demand, this indirectly highlights the strain on the infrastructure. Northern India’s installed power capacity is 113 GW (113,000 MW), and the need to import power indicates an inability to fully utilize this capacity. On the same day, Delhi’s international airport experienced a half-hour blackout, suggesting that prolonged heatwaves and increased cooling demands will further strain the grid. Additionally, Delhi is facing a severe water crisis. Water pilferage is a common issue, but the heat has increased demand, and Haryana, a crucial water supplier for Delhi, has refused to increase the supply due to its own limitations. Conclusion: It is crucial that political differences are set aside and that the prolonged summer is addressed holistically by both the Centre and the States as a natural disaster.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 20 June 2024

CONTENTS Unlawful Activities Prevention Act India’s First Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace Operations Released Direct Seeding of Rice Criticism of 2023 Amendments and Broadened Scope of Angel Tax Expansion of DigiYatra Technology Proposed Japan on High Alert Due to Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS) Outbreak Double Sun Halo Phenomenon Witnessed in Ladakh Unlawful Activities Prevention Act Context: Recently, the Delhi Lieutenant Governor (LG) approved the prosecution of novelist Arundhati Roy for supposedly making provocative statements at a 2010 event that advocated Kashmiri separatism. This approval was granted under Section 13 of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, of 1967. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967 The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967 The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) of 1967 is an upgrade on the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act TADA (which lapsed in 1995) and the Prevention of Terrorism Act – POTA (which was repealed in 2004). Its main objective was to make powers available for dealing with activities directed against the integrity and sovereignty of India. The National Integration Council appointed a Committee on National Integration and Regionalisation to look into, the aspect of putting reasonable restrictions in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India. The agenda of the NIC limited itself to communalism, casteism and regionalism and not terrorism. However, the provisions of the UAPA Act contravenes the requirements of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Unlawful Activities Prevention Amendment Bill, 2019 The original Unlawful Activities Prevention Act, 1967, dealt with “unlawful” acts related to secession; anti-terror provisions were introduced in 2004. It provides special procedures to deal with terrorist activities, among other things. Key Provisions of the Amendment The Bill amends the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (UAPA) and additionally empowers the government to designate individuals as terrorists on the same grounds. Under the Act, the central government may designate an organisation as a terrorist organisation if it: commits or participates in acts of terrorism prepares for terrorism promotes terrorism is otherwise involved in terrorism The word “terror” or “terrorist” is not defined. However, a “terrorist act” is defined as any act committed with the intent – to threaten or likely to threaten the unity, integrity, security, economic security, or sovereignty of India to strike terror or likely to strike terror in the people or any section of the people in India or in any foreign country The central government may designate an individual as a terrorist through a notification in the official gazette. The Bill empowers the officers of the National Investigation Agency (NIA), of the rank of Inspector or above, to investigate cases. Under the Act, an investigating officer can seize properties that may be connected with terrorism with prior approval of the Director General of Police. Issues with UAPA UAPA gives the state authority vague powers to detain and arrest individuals who it believes to be indulged in terrorist activities. Thus, the state gives itself more powers vis-a-vis individual liberty guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution. UAPA empowers the ruling government, under the garb of curbing terrorism, to impose indirect restriction on right of dissent which is detrimental for a developing democratic society. The right of dissent is a part and parcel of fundamental right to free speech and expression and therefore, cannot be abridged in any circumstances except for mentioned in Article 19 (2). UAPA can also be thought of to go against the federal structure since it neglects the authority of state police in terrorism cases, given that ‘Police’ is a state subject under 7th schedule of Indian Constitution. -Source: The Hindu India’s First Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace Operations Released Context: The Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan released India’s first joint doctrine for cyberspace operations, acknowledging that cyberspace has emerged as a crucial and challenging domain in modern warfare. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Dimensions of the Article: India’s First Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace Operations Understanding Cyber Warfare Vulnerability of India to Cyber Attacks and its Cyber Security Challenges Cyber Security Measures Taken by the Indian Government India’s First Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace Operations Overview China’s Capabilities: China has developed significant cyberwarfare capabilities, including the use of cyberweapons to disrupt or destroy the military assets and strategic networks of adversaries. India’s Position: India has been trailing in this field, with the government establishing only a tri-service Defence Cyber Agency in 2019, rather than the comprehensive Cyber Command sought by the armed forces. Current Context Operationalisation: The doctrine is being introduced as the Army sets up specialized units within its six operational or regional commands to manage cyberspace operations. Guidance: It will direct the tri-services in planning and conducting cyberspace operations within the current complex military environment. Integration: The doctrine aims to further the integration efforts currently being pursued by the Army, Indian Air Force (IAF), and Navy. Significance of the Doctrine Military Understanding: Emphasizes the importance of comprehending military aspects of cyberspace operations. Conceptual Guidance: Provides guidance to commanders, staff, and practitioners on planning and executing cyberspace operations. Awareness: Enhances the awareness of Indian war fighters at all levels about the significance and conduct of cyberspace operations. Understanding Cyber Warfare Definition: Cyber warfare involves actions in cyberspace (a dynamic and virtual space connecting various computer systems) conducted by state or non-state actors. These actions: Pose a significant threat to a nation’s security. Are responses to perceived threats against national security. Characteristics: Unlike traditional warfare domains (land, sea, air), cyberspace is a global common with shared sovereignty. Hostile actions in cyberspace can affect a nation’s economy, cohesion, political decision-making, and defensive capabilities. Types of Cyber Warfare: Cyber Terrorism: Premeditated disruptive activities against computers/networks to harm or further social, ideological, religious, political, or similar objectives. Cyber Fraud: Attacks aimed at monetary or related gains. Cyber Spying: Attacks aimed at gathering information. Cyber Stalking/Bullying: Attacks designed to intimidate and frighten individuals rather than businesses or governments. Vulnerability of India to Cyber Attacks and its Cyber Security Challenges Vulnerability: Cybersecurity threats in India arise from various sources, affecting individuals, businesses, national infrastructure, and government. In 2023, India faced 2,138 weekly cyber attacks per organization, marking a 15% increase from 2022, making it the second most targeted nation in the Asia Pacific region after Taiwan. Challenges: Insufficient human resources, infrastructure, R&D, and budgetary allocations to address cyber threats. Threats from servers hosted outside India. Challenges posed by imported electronics/IT products. Emerging technologies like Cloud Computing, Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), etc. Balancing cybersecurity with the right to privacy. Cyber Security Measures Taken by the Indian Government Key Initiatives: Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In): Acts as the central agency for incident response, vulnerability handling, and security management in India’s cyberspace. Cyber Surakshit Bharat: Launched by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) with the National Electronic Governance Division (NeGD) to raise awareness about the latest cybercrimes and cybersecurity challenges in India. Cyber Swachhta Kendra: Provides free tools for malware analysis and helps improve the security of systems and devices. National Cybersecurity Policy 2013: Offers a framework for creating a secure cyber ecosystem and aims to protect critical information and infrastructure. National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC): Established to protect the country’s critical information infrastructure. Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C): A Central Government scheme to handle issues related to cybercrime comprehensively and in a coordinated manner. -Source: Times of India, PIB Direct Seeding of Rice Context: The Government of Punjab is actively promoting the Direct Seeding of Rice (DSR) also called the ‘tar-wattar’ technique of rice cultivation, which promises a multitude of advantages over traditional transplanting.  Relevance: GS III- Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: What is DSR? How much water can DSR help save? Advantages of DSR tech Disadvantages of DSR tech What is DSR? Direct Seeding of Rice (DRS): In DSR, a tractor-powered machine drills the pre-germinated seeds straight into the field. This procedure does not require nursery preparation or transplantation. Farmers only need to level their soil and apply pre-sowing irrigation once. Normal Paddy Transplanting: Farmers create nurseries where paddy seeds are first sowed and nurtured into young plants before transplanting paddy. The nursery seed bed takes up 5-10% of the transplanted area. These seedlings are then pulled and transplanted on the puddled land 25-35 days later. How much water can DSR help save? According to an analysis by the Punjab Agriculture University, DSR technique can help save 15% to 20% water. In some cases, water saving can reach 22% to 23%. With DSR,15-18 irrigation rounds are required against 25 to 27 irrigation rounds in traditional method. Since area under rice in Punjab is almost stagnant around 3 million hectares for the last three to four years, DSR can save 810 to 1,080 billion litres water every year if entire rice crop is brought under the technique. Advantages of DSR tech: Solve labour shortage problem: Like the traditional method it does not require a paddy nursery and transplantion of 30 days old paddy nursery into the main puddled field. With DSR, paddy seeds are sown directly with machine. Offers avenues for ground water recharge: It prevent the development of hard crust just beneath the plough layer due to puddled transplanting and it matures 7-10 days earlier than puddle transplanted crop, therefore giving more time for management of paddy straw. Higher yield: A PAU study said that results from research trials and farmers’ field survey have also indicated that yield, after DSR, are one to two quintals per acre higher than puddled transplanted rice. Disadvantages of DSR tech; Suitability: This is the most significant element since farmers must not seed it in light textured soils because this approach is only suitable for medium to heavy textured soils such as sandy loam, loam, clay loam, and silt loam, which make up around 80% of the state’s land. Avoid using this approach in fields that were previously planted with crops other than rice (such as cotton, maize, or sugarcane), as DSR on these soils is more likely to suffer from iron deficiency and weed problems. Compulsory Laser and Leveling: The field should be levelled with a laser. Herbicide Spraying: Herbicide spraying must be done at the same time as sowing and the initial irrigation. -Source: Indian Express Criticism of 2023 Amendments and Broadened Scope of Angel Tax Context: Recent amendments in 2023 and the broadened scope of the Angel tax have faced criticism due to a significant downturn in startup funding and the resulting job losses. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: What is Angel Tax? Expansion Under Finance Act, 2023: What is Angel Tax? Introduction: The ‘angel tax’ was first introduced in 2012 and later expanded through the Finance Act of 2023. It aims to curb the generation and use of unaccounted money through investments in closely held companies. Definition: It is a tax on funds raised by unlisted companies through the issuance of shares in off-market transactions that exceed the fair market value (FMV) of the company. Fair Market Value (FMV): FMV is the price at which an asset would trade when the buyer and seller have reasonable knowledge of the asset and are willing to transact without any pressure. Expansion Under Finance Act, 2023: Amendments: The Finance Act, 2023, amended a section of the Income-tax Act to include foreign investors under the angel tax provision. Current Provisions: If a start-up receives equity investment from a resident that exceeds the face value of the shares, it is treated as income and taxed under ‘Income from other Sources’. Recent Amendments: The rule now extends to include foreign investors, meaning start-ups raising funds from them are also subject to this tax. Start-ups recognized by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) are excluded from this provision. Industry Pushback: Due to industry concerns and declining funding, the Finance Ministry exempted investors from 21 countries, including the US, UK, and France, from the Angel Tax for investments in Indian startups. Funding Winter and Job Losses: Challenges in 2023: Indian startups faced severe funding challenges, with a reported decline of over 60% in funding compared to previous years. This led to layoffs affecting over 15,000 employees in the sector. Industry Perspective on Angel Tax: Recommendations: The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and other stakeholders have suggested removing Section 56(2) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, commonly known as the Angel Tax. -Source: The Hindu Expansion of DigiYatra Technology Proposed Context: Recently, the CEO of Digi Yatra Foundation proposed that the DigiYatra technology used at airports could be implemented at hotels and public places such as historical monuments. Relevance: GS Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Overview of DigiYatra Concerns Overview of DigiYatra Introduction: The ‘DigiYatra’ initiative introduces a Biometric Enabled Seamless Travel (BEST) experience using facial-recognition technology. Functionality: This system facilitates check-in at airports by utilizing biometric data, enabling paperless movement through airport checkpoints. Coordination: DigiYatra is an industry-led initiative coordinated by the Ministry of Civil Aviation. Implementation: Launched in 2022, DigiYatra is currently operational at 14 airports, with plans to extend to 15 more by the end of 2024. Potential Expansion: The application of DigiYatra may extend beyond airports to other public venues, such as hotels, indicating its broader potential. Concerns Privacy: There are concerns about the government gaining increased access to individuals’ travel information through this system. DigiYatra collects comprehensive facial biometric data from passengers, raising privacy issues. Governance DigiYatra Foundation: The initiative is managed by Digi Yatra Foundation, a non-profit private entity. The foundation is composed of a consortium of private airports, holding a 74% share, while the Airports Authority of India holds a 26% share. -Source: The Hindu Japan on High Alert Due to Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS) Outbreak Context: Recently, health officials in Japan are on high alert after close to 1,000 cases of a deadly infection were reported across the country. The disease is known as Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS). Relevance: GS II: Health Overview of Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS) Definition: Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS) is a rare but severe bacterial infection caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria. It occurs when these bacteria invade deep tissues and the bloodstream, releasing toxins that trigger a rapid and severe response in the body. Symptoms: Initial symptoms include fever, chills, muscle aches, nausea, and vomiting. Within 24 to 48 hours, these symptoms can escalate to low blood pressure, organ failure, rapid heart rate, and fast breathing. In children, group A Streptococcus (GAS) typically causes strep throat, but in adults, it can lead to more severe symptoms like limb pain, swelling, fever, and low blood pressure. The condition can quickly progress to tissue death, breathing problems, organ failure, and sometimes death, particularly in individuals over 50. Transmission: STSS is highly contagious and can be transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact. Group A strep bacteria can also spread via food if it is not handled properly. Prevention: Preventing STSS involves practicing good hygiene, such as regular handwashing and covering the mouth when coughing or sneezing. -Source: India Today Double Sun Halo Phenomenon Witnessed in Ladakh Context: Recently, a rare celestial phenomenon known as a “double sun halo” was witnessed in the skies over Ladakh. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Understanding the Double Sun Halo Definition: The double sun halo is a rare optical phenomenon featuring two concentric rings surrounding the sun. Formation: This occurs when sunlight is refracted through ice crystals suspended in cirrus clouds, resulting in a dazzling visual effect. The double sun halo is a variant of the common 22-degree halo, which is a bright ring that encircles the sun. In the case of the double sun halo, there are two distinct halos: an inner halo with a radius of approximately 22 degrees and an outer halo with a radius of around 46 degrees from the sun’s center. Mechanism: The formation of a double sun halo is due to the unique shape and orientation of ice crystals in cirrus clouds. These crystals, typically hexagonal, act as natural prisms, refracting and reflecting sunlight at specific angles. When the ice crystals are randomly oriented, the refracted sunlight creates the inner 22-degree halo. If the crystals align horizontally, with their flat faces parallel to the ground, additional refraction occurs, forming the outer 46-degree halo. The precise alignment of these ice crystals is rare, making the double sun halo an uncommon sight. Occurrence: This phenomenon is especially visible in regions with ideal atmospheric conditions, such as Ladakh. Significance: The double sun halo is not only a stunning natural spectacle but also an indicator of specific atmospheric conditions involving ice crystal orientation and sunlight refraction. -Source: India Today

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 19 June 2024

CONTENTS National Survey on AYUSH Systems of Medicine National Survey on AYUSH Systems of Medicine Context: Recently, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) released the findings of a national survey on Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) systems of medicine. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Highlights of the AYUSH Survey Understanding AYUSH Highlights of the AYUSH Survey Overview: The first comprehensive all-India AYUSH survey was conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) from July 2022 to June 2023, providing valuable insights into the use of traditional healthcare practices within the Indian population. Coverage: The survey spanned the entire Indian Union, excluding a few inaccessible villages in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Objectives: To gather data on: Public awareness of the traditional healthcare system (AYUSH). The usage of AYUSH for the prevention or treatment of ailments. Household knowledge of home remedies, medicinal plants, and local health traditions/folk medicine. Household expenditure on treatments using AYUSH medicine systems. Key Findings Awareness of AYUSH: In rural India, about 95% of males and females (aged 15 and above) are knowledgeable about AYUSH, with urban areas showing an awareness rate of approximately 96%. About 79% of households in rural areas and 80% in urban areas have at least one member aware of medicinal plants and home medicines. Around 24% of households (both rural and urban) have at least one member aware of folk medicine or local health traditions. Usage of AYUSH: Approximately 53% of urban residents and 46% of rural residents have used AYUSH for the prevention or treatment of ailments in the past year. Expenditure on AYUSH Treatments: The average expenditure per person for AYUSH treatments is Rs. 574 in urban areas and Rs. 472 in rural areas. Purpose of AYUSH System Usage: The survey provides insights into the specific purposes for which AYUSH systems are used, such as rejuvenation (preventive), therapeutic (curative), or both. Yoga Practice: In about 1.1 crore rural households and 1.4 crore urban households, at least one member practices yoga regularly. Understanding AYUSH Definition: AYUSH is an acronym for the traditional medical systems practiced in India, including: Ayurveda: Focuses on holistic well-being. Yoga: Integrates body, mind, and spirit through physical postures and meditation. Naturopathy: Utilizes natural elements like water, air, and diet for healing. Unani: Restores balance using herbal medicines and humoral theory. Siddha: Traditional Tamil medicine based on five elements and humours. Homoeopathy: Employs highly diluted remedies to stimulate self-healing responses. Philosophy: These systems are grounded in specific medical philosophies, promoting healthy living and the prevention of diseases. Ministry of AYUSH: The Ministry is responsible for the development, education, research, and promotion of AYUSH in India.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 19 June 2024

CONTENTS Heatwave Could Severely Impact the Economy India Champions Inclusive Use of Technology at G7 Heatwave Could Severely Impact the Economy Context: The intense heat waves sweeping across the country, particularly in Northern India, have pushed temperatures to over 52 degrees Celsius in Delhi and Rajasthan, marking the season’s highest temperatures and resulting in a few suspected heat-related deaths. Relevance: GS3- Disaster Management Mains Question: The ongoing scorching heat could undermine economic activity and underscores the critical need for climate-responsive action to safeguard both people and productivity. Analyse. (15 Marks, 250 Words). Heatwaves across Indian States: Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh are also grappling with heat waves. The situation is expected to worsen as the Meteorological Department predicts temperatures in northwest India will nearly reach 50 degrees Celsius, endangering millions of workers in farming, construction, and industrial sectors, and causing widespread distress. This presents a significant threat to productivity in many economies, highlighting the urgent need for a climate-responsive action plan. Effect of Heatwaves on Economy: According to a World Bank report, rising temperatures due to climate change are a growing concern in India, with each year experiencing higher temperatures. By 2030, over 160-200 million people across the country could be exposed to deadly heat waves annually. Additionally, about 34 million people in India may face job losses due to productivity declines related to heat stress. The impacts of rising temperatures vary across different occupations and employment sectors. Jobs requiring high levels of physical exertion or extended outdoor work are particularly vulnerable to increasing heat. Specifically, agricultural and construction jobs, as well as work in steel plants and brick kilns, are expected to be the hardest hit. According to a study by the International Labour Organization (ILO), in 1995, heat stress caused a loss of 5.87% of working hours in agriculture and construction, 2.95% in industry, and 0.63% in services in India. By 2030, these losses are expected to rise to 9.04% in agriculture and construction, 5.29% in industry, and 1.48% in services. Heat stress is increasingly hindering economic activities, reducing the ability of businesses to operate during peak heat hours, and further temperature increases are expected to decrease labor productivity. This could make some agricultural areas unproductive and displace many farm workers. Global economic losses from heat stress at work were estimated at US$280 billion in 1995 and are projected to rise to US$2,400 billion by 2030. Currently, annual food losses due to heat during transportation are nearly $13 billion. By 2037, the demand for cooling is likely to be eight times higher than current levels, equating to a new air conditioner being needed every 15 seconds and resulting in a projected 435% increase in annual greenhouse gas emissions over the next two decades. To address this challenge, India must implement new strategic sustainable solutions to help people adapt to rising temperatures. Way Forward: The World Bank study, “Climate Investment Opportunities in India’s Cooling Sector,” highlights that adopting alternative and innovative energy-efficient technologies is crucial to tackling the heat wave crisis. This strategy could open up an investment opportunity of $1.6 trillion by 2040, significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and create nearly 3.7 million jobs. The study strongly suggests that a more energy-efficient approach could significantly reduce CO2 levels over the next two decades. By implementing a comprehensive cooling strategy, India can save lives and livelihoods, cut carbon emissions, and establish itself as a global leader in green cooling manufacturing. The report outlines a sustainable roadmap for cooling that could effectively cut 300 million tons of carbon dioxide annually by 2040. In 2019, India launched the India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP) to promote sustainable cooling measures across various sectors. These measures include indoor cooling for buildings, solar refrigeration for the agriculture and pharmaceuticals sectors, and air-conditioning for passenger transport. The plan aims to reduce electricity-driven cooling demand by up to 25 percent by 2037-38, potentially creating 2 million jobs for trained technicians and decreasing refrigerant demand by about 31 percent over the next two decades. Adopting climate-responsive cooling techniques is essential to ensure that rising temperatures do not disproportionately affect those at the bottom of the economic ladder. The report advocates for incorporating these techniques into India’s affordable housing program, which could benefit over 11 million urban homes and more than 29 million rural houses planned by the government. Public-private investments in district-level cooling technologies are crucial. These advanced systems produce chilled water in a central plant and distribute it to multiple buildings through underground insulated pipes, drastically reducing individual building cooling costs and cutting electricity bills by 20-30 percent compared to the most efficient conventional solutions. The Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA) office in Chandigarh is a prime example of a climate-responsive building, providing cooling in summer and warmth in winter. This model can be widely replicated in future green building projects. To combat rising food and pharmaceutical waste during transportation due to higher temperatures, the World Bank report recommends addressing gaps in cold chain distribution networks. Investments in pre-cooling and refrigerated transport can significantly reduce food loss by about 76 percent and lower carbon emissions by 16 percent. India is determined to phase out the production and use of ozone-depleting hydrochlorofluorocarbons, which are used as coolants in air conditioners and refrigerators. The report emphasizes the need to improve the servicing, maintenance, and disposal of equipment using these substances, and to swiftly transition to alternatives with a lower global warming impact. Understanding the impact of climate change on the workplace, especially for the most affected and vulnerable populations, is essential. Conclusion: The World Bank report strongly recommends accelerating the structural transformation of rural economies by promoting the growth of responsible and sustainable, or “green,” businesses. This approach will decrease the exposure of agricultural workers to extreme temperatures and reduce the need for physical labor in such conditions. Other critical policy measures include developing skills, creating an environment conducive to sustainable enterprises, and making significant public investments in infrastructure to address the climate crisis. India Champions Inclusive Use of Technology at G7 Context: Welcoming leaders from 10 countries, to the “G-7 Outreach” Summit, Italy’s Prime Minister emphasized the importance of moving beyond the traditional “West vs the Rest” narrative. Italy’s decision to invite predominantly Global South countries, including notable BRICS members such as Brazil, India, and the UAE, for an outreach session with seven African countries on energy issues underscored this sentiment. The summit was hosted in the Mediterranean region of Apulia. Relevance: GS2- Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests. Mains Question: The Indian Prime Minister’s recent visit to Italy for the G7 summit marked a significant step in India’s diplomatic engagements and technological ambitions. Discuss. (10 Marks, 150 Words). More on the Summit: The G-7, once regarded as a dynamic group of the world’s most developed democracies, traditionally convened annually to tackle global financial and development challenges with decisive actions. However, recent years have seen manufacturing slowdowns, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and disruptions from the Russia-Ukraine conflict and subsequent sanctions, which have dampened its effectiveness. The electoral uncertainties facing several G-7 leaders further contributed to a sense of diminished influence at the summit. The joint communiqué issued by the G-7 appeared more focused on listing global challenges rather than offering robust solutions. Key highlights included continued military, budgetary, humanitarian, and reconstruction support for Ukraine, yet without a clear strategy to resolve the conflict. Efforts to broker a Gaza ceasefire with Israel also remained unfulfilled. The G-7’s sharp focus on China’s activities in the Indo-Pacific region, industrial targeting, and unfair trade practices was notable. However, it remains uncertain whether any member country will significantly reduce its substantial trade ties with Beijing. The communiqué reaffirmed commitments to several infrastructure corridors, including the India-Middle East-Europe Corridor, yet underscored the group’s limited progress in executing these projects rather than merely discussing them. India @ G7: The Lok Sabha Elections 2024: At the G7 summit, the Indian Prime Minister emphasized India’s recent Lok Sabha election results, framing them as a victory for democracy worldwide. Reflecting on the magnitude of India’s Lok Sabha elections, the Indian Prime Minister drew comparisons with upcoming elections in Europe and the US, emphasizing the unique scale and swift results of Indian elections. He described them as the largest celebration of democracy and highlighted India’s ancient values as the “mother of democracy.” Emphasis on the Global South: At the G7 summit, he reaffirmed India’s commitment to advocating for the priorities and interests of Global South nations globally. Additionally, the Indian Prime Minister held separate meetings with US President Joe Biden and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. On platform X, he expressed his satisfaction in meeting President Biden and highlighted ongoing collaboration between India and the US for global welfare. The Indian Prime Minister underscored India’s dedication to representing Global South priorities, noting the upcoming Global South summits in Delhi in 2023. He also emphasized the importance of collaboration with G7 nations to tackle global challenges. Technology’s Transformative Role: During the G7 outreach session on artificial intelligence (AI), led by Prime Minister Meloni, the Indian Prime Minister emphasized the responsible use of technology. He stressed India’s advocacy for international governance of AI at the G20 summit, advocating for AI to be transparent, fair, safe, accessible, and responsible. French President Emmanuel Macron commended PM Modi’s initiatives on AI and digital public infrastructure as significant contributions during India’s G20 presidency. PM Modi articulated India’s vision of achieving developed nation status by 2047, emphasizing inclusive development that benefits all segments of society. Addressing technology’s transformative impact, PM Modi observed its influence across various domains, from space exploration to addressing cybersecurity challenges. He acknowledged technology’s dual role as an enabler of human progress and a source of challenges like cybersecurity, advocating for its benefits to be equitably shared across society. PM Modi highlighted India’s proactive stance on AI, launching the AI Mission this year under the slogan “AI for All” and leading the Global Partnership for AI to promote international cooperation. On the energy front, another focus of the outreach session, he outlined India’s principles: availability, accessibility, affordability, and acceptability. PM Modi underscored India’s leadership in meeting COP commitments ahead of schedule and its goal to achieve net zero emissions by 2070. Inclusive Growth: He stressed the collective responsibility to ensure that the benefits of technology reach all segments of society, eliminate inequalities, and empower individuals. He advocated for transforming technological monopolies into widespread use, promoting a human-centric approach that enhances human potential. Way Forward: Given the current state of the G-7, India, attending for the eleventh time, may consider evaluating the effectiveness of its engagement. While the summit provided the Indian Prime Minister, now in his third term, an opportunity to meet with some of the world’s top leaders, the meetings themselves did not result in significant outcomes. Scheduled bilateral meetings with key partners like the U.S. and Canada, amidst their complex relationships, did not materialize. Conclusion: Many of these issues might find more suitable discussion in a broader and more inclusive forum like the G-20, while the G-7 may need to reconsider its identity and purpose in light of a rapidly evolving global power landscape.

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