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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 15 July 2025

Content : Kaziranga’s First Grassland Bird Survey Reveals High Avian Diversity Dowry Deaths in India: High Incidence, Slow Investigations, Rare Convictions SC Flags Misuse of Free Speech on Social Media, Calls for Regulatory Balance Denmark’s Copyright-Based Approach to Combat Deepfakes Environment Ministry’s New SO₂ Emission Framework for Thermal Plants Defended India Loses ₹7,000 Crore to Cyber Frauds in 5 Months: Cross-Border Scams Under Scanner Famous for its rhinos, Kaziranga records high diversity of grassland birds in survey Context & Significance A first-of-its-kind survey in Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve (KNPTR) (Assam) has recorded 43 species of grassland-dependent birds. Conducted between March 18 and May 25, 2025, it marks a milestone in the documentation of avifaunal diversity in the Brahmaputra floodplains. This is important for grassland ecosystem conservation, which remains under-researched in India compared to forests and wetlands. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) About Kaziranga National Park Feature Detail Location Assam, Brahmaputra floodplains Total Area 1,174 sq. km UNESCO World Heritage Site Yes, since 1985 Habitat Type Mix of wet grasslands, forests, and wetlands Known for One-horned rhinoceros, tigers, elephants, and now, grassland birds Key Findings from the Survey Species Category Example(s) Critically Endangered Bengal florican Endangered Finn’s weaver (locally: Tukura Chorai), confirmed breeding Vulnerable (6 species) Marsh babbler, Swamp francolin, Jerdon’s babbler, Bristled grassbird, etc. Others Total of 43 species documented across 3 divisions of Kaziranga Innovative Methodology Used Passive Acoustic Monitoring Use of passive acoustic recorders for: Non-invasive, continuous monitoring Detecting shy, cryptic, or nocturnal birds Coverage of inaccessible or high-risk areas Significantly improved the depth and accuracy of avifaunal detection. Why Grasslands Matter Wet grasslands, like those in Kaziranga, are ecologically rich but poorly studied. These ecosystems support unique, endemic, and endangered species. Serve as breeding grounds, foraging zones, and indicator habitats of environmental health. Comparative Significance Kaziranga’s grassland bird diversity is now comparable to dry grasslands of Gujarat and Rajasthan, known for species like: Great Indian Bustard (critically endangered) Lesser florican Highlights importance of wet grasslands in conservation discourse, which often emphasizes forests and dry grasslands. Policy & Conservation Implications 1. Need for Ecosystem-Specific Surveys Wet grasslands are under-surveyed across India. Targeted studies like this can guide species-specific conservation plans. 2. Grassland Management Presence of Finn’s weaver breeding suggests healthy grassland ecology. Conservation of such indicator species is critical to ecosystem stability. 3. Integration with Tiger Reserves Emphasizes multi-species management in Protected Areas (PA)—not just megafauna like rhinos or tigers. Enhances landscape-level conservation under CAMPA, Project Tiger, and Biodiversity Action Plans. Challenges & Way Forward Issue Suggestion Grasslands misclassified as ‘wastelands’ Reclassify and protect under eco-sensitive zones Limited research outside flagship fauna Expand surveys to birds, insects, amphibians Human pressure & encroachment Balance tourism, local livelihoods, and habitat protection Climate vulnerability Long-term monitoring using tools like acoustic sensors + AI Dowry deaths in India: Long investigations, rare convictions Context Despite being legally banned, dowry practices and related violence persist across India. A spate of recent cases — involving torture, suicides, and murders — underlines the systemic failures in prevention, investigation, and prosecution. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Key Data: Dowry Deaths in India (2017–2022) Indicator Value/Insight Avg. Dowry Deaths Reported/Year ~7,000 (NCRB data, likely under-reported) Charge-Sheeted Cases/Year ~4,500 (rest delayed or closed for lack of evidence) Pending Investigation Cases (2022) ~3,000, of which 67% pending >6 months Delay in Charge-Sheet Filing (2022) 70% filed after >2 months of investigation Cases Sent for Trial/Year ~6,500 Convictions/Year ~100 (⟶ conviction rate < 2%) States with Highest Incidence UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, MP, Odisha, WB, Haryana, Rajasthan City with Most Cases (2017–22) Delhi (30%), followed by Kanpur, Bengaluru, Lucknow Key Insights 1. Dowry Violence Is Rampant and Under-reported The 7,000 annual cases represent only the tip of the iceberg — social stigma, family pressure, and fear of reprisal prevent reporting. Cultural normalization of dowry demands continues, especially in patriarchal setups. 2. Investigations Are Slow and Incomplete Nearly half of the reported cases are not charge-sheeted. Delays in charge-sheeting (70% take >2 months) weaken the case and reduce chances of conviction. 3. Convictions Are Rare Less than 2% conviction rate despite FIRs and trial initiation. Acquittals, withdrawals, and plea bargains are common due to weak evidence, societal compromise, or prolonged legal processes. 4. Geographic Concentration 80% of dowry deaths are concentrated in 9 states, largely in the Hindi heartland and eastern India. Delhi alone accounts for 30% of dowry death cases among cities—reflecting both high reporting and severity. Legal & Institutional Framework Law/Provision Relevance Section 304B, IPC Punishes dowry death (within 7 years of marriage) Section 498A, IPC Cruelty by husband/in-laws for dowry Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 Prohibits giving/taking dowry CrPC Sections 174 & 176 Mandate inquest/investigation into unnatural deaths of married women NCRB Data Captures only police-reported cases; no mechanism for socio-cultural reporting Challenges 1. Delayed Justice Investigation lags and evidence tampering compromise trials. Lack of forensic support and insensitive police response further aggravate the problem. 2. Social Pressures & Normalisation Silencing of victims due to family honour, fear, or economic dependence. Many families withdraw or settle cases informally, undermining justice. 3. Misuse vs Genuine Cases Debate Concerns over misuse of Section 498A IPC have led to dilution in enforcement. Judicial caution often overrides the urgency in genuine dowry harassment cases. 4. No Survivor-Centric Framework Lack of psychological, legal, and financial support for survivors and families. No centralised tracking of dowry cases from FIR to conviction. Policy Recommendations Domain Suggestions Criminal Justice Reform Fast-track dowry death cases; monitor time-bound charge-sheeting Police & Forensics Capacity-building in gender-sensitive investigation, forensic tools Social Reform Mass awareness campaigns; involve community leaders & youth groups Survivor Support Legal aid, rehabilitation funds, and safe shelter mechanisms Data Transparency Create a real-time national dowry case dashboard for monitoring Abuse of right to free speech increasing on social media, says SC Context The Supreme Court has flagged the increasing misuse of free speech on social media, especially when it incites division, hate, or undermines dignity. The Court called for a framework of regulation, not censorship, to balance constitutional rights with social responsibility. Relevance : GS 2(Fundamental Rights, Fake Speech, Misinformation) Constitutional & Legal Context Provision / Case Relevance Article 19(1)(a) Guarantees freedom of speech and expression Article 19(2) Allows reasonable restrictions for interests like public order, morality, etc. IT Act, Section 66A (struck down) Declared unconstitutional in Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015) IPC Sections 153A, 295A, 505 Punish speech that promotes enmity, religious insult, or false alarms Supreme Court’s Observations (July 2025) Free speech is being weaponized—particularly online—to fuel communalism, defame individuals, or erode public trust. Social media magnifies harm due to its viral nature and low accountability. The Court clarified: “We are not calling for censorship, but for self-restraint and regulatory balance.” Why the Concern Over Social Media Speech? 1. Unchecked Virality Harmful or hateful content spreads rapidly—amplifying misinformation and communal tensions. Algorithms favour sensational content, not responsible speech. 2. Weak Platform Accountability No uniform grievance redressal. Platforms often delay taking down harmful content unless legally compelled. 3. Fragmented Legal Response Multiple FIRs across states for the same post—leads to harassment, forum shopping, and misuse of law. 4. Polarising Content Politically or religiously divisive speech increases during elections, riots, or crises. Example: Communal trolling, deepfakes, disinformation campaigns. Challenges in Regulation Challenge Details Balancing Free Speech vs. Regulation Overregulation may lead to suppression of dissent or creativity Jurisdictional Conflicts Same post may invite FIRs in multiple states Platform Non-Compliance Tech giants are governed by foreign laws and may resist Indian rules Ambiguity in ‘Harmful Speech’ Difficult to define ‘hate’, ‘offensive’, or ‘divisive’ speech uniformly Lack of Digital Literacy Many users unknowingly spread false or hurtful content Policy & Institutional Framework Initiative Status & Gaps IT Rules, 2021 Mandate content takedown, grievance officers, traceability. Digital India Act (Drafted) Aims to replace IT Act, 2000 — but still under consultation. Social Media Grievance Appellate Committee (GAC) Redressal mechanism lacks user awareness and enforcement teeth Judicial Guidelines (proposed) SC hinted at laying down uniform procedural safeguards Way Forward Priority Area Suggestions Regulatory Clarity Finalise and implement Digital India Act with free speech safeguards Self-Regulation & Platform Ethics Mandate code of ethics, transparency in moderation algorithms Judicial Framework SC to evolve guidelines on multi-state FIRs, content responsibility Digital Literacy Campaigns Public education on legal rights and responsible online behavior Stronger Civil Society Role NGOs, fact-checkers, and user groups to build counter-narratives How Denmark Plans to Use Copyright Law to Protect Against Deepfakes Context Denmark has proposed a new legal approach to combat the spread of deepfakes—synthetic media generated using AI—by extending copyright protections to individuals’ facial features, voice, and appearance, even if the manipulated media is not originally theirs. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations , Social Issues) Why This Matters Deepfakes are becoming more realistic and easier to create, posing serious risks to privacy, consent, democracy, and digital trust. India and many countries lack a specific legal framework to address deepfakes. Key Features of Denmark’s Proposal Provision Description Copyright-like Protection Individuals will get exclusive rights over their facial data, voice, etc., like authors have over their works. Criminalisation of Realistic Imitations Deepfakes mimicking a real person’s appearance/voice without consent will be illegal, even if not defamatory. Consent-Based Usage Platforms must obtain explicit permission from individuals before sharing their likeness. Platform Liability Social media platforms will face penalties for non-removal of deepfake content. Caveats & Limitations Limitation Explanation Scope Limited to Denmark Enforcement outside Danish jurisdiction will be difficult. Freedom of Expression Risks Risk of overblocking content; critics warn of unintended curbs on satire or art. Exemptions for News/Parody The bill doesn’t fully clarify if satire, journalism, or AI-generated art is protected. Global Relevance India’s Gap: India has no standalone law to regulate deepfakes. IT Rules 2021 address harmful content but don’t define deepfakes explicitly. Comparative Insight: EU AI Act: Classifies deepfakes as high-risk AI. US: Various state laws penalize deepfakes in elections or pornography. China: Requires labelling of all AI-generated media. Environment Ministry defends revised framework for thermal plants to meet SO₂ emission norms Context On July 11, 2025, the Union Environment Ministry issued a revised framework to regulate sulphur dioxide (SO₂) emissions from thermal power plants. It has exempted many older coal-based plants from retrofitting Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) devices and staggered deadlines for compliance based on location-based categorisation. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology)  Scientific & Technical Basis SO₂: Harmful gas emitted during coal combustion; causes acid rain and respiratory illnesses. Also contributes to secondary pollutants like particulate matter. Ministry claims: Framework is evidence-based, informed by: Ambient SO₂ studies from 7 cities. Inputs from CPCB, NEERI, and IITs. Scientific analysis across 537 thermal power plants (TPPs). Key Elements of the New Framework Category Description Deadline/Exemption A Within 10 km of Delhi-NCR or cities >1 million population Compliance by Dec 2027 B Within 10 km of polluted cities (non-attainment) Compliance case-by-case, based on expert review C Located outside polluted zones Fully exempted from SO₂ retrofitting, must meet stack height norms Plants retiring before Dec 2030 are also exempted, subject to ₹0.40/unit compensation if they continue operating beyond that date. Cost Implications Retrofitting FGD systems across 537 plants estimated to cost ₹2.54 lakh crore. Issues & Criticism Concerns Explanation “Regulatory dilution” Environmental groups fear that exemptions weaken pollution control and delay India’s clean energy transition. Health implications SO₂ is linked to asthma, bronchitis, and cardiovascular issues. Exemptions may worsen local air quality. Delayed action India committed to SO₂ norms in 2015, but deadlines have been repeatedly extended. Equity concern Populations near Category B/C plants may still face localized pollution, yet plants may escape full compliance. Concept Check Term Meaning FGD (Flue Gas Desulphurisation) A technology to remove SO₂ from exhaust flue gases of fossil-fuel power plants. Non-attainment cities Cities that consistently violate National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Stack height norms Chimneys must be tall enough to disperse pollutants and reduce ground-level concentration. Conclusion The revised SO₂ compliance framework reflects a balancing act between health, environment, and economic costs. While phased deadlines reduce retrofitting burdens, critics warn of potential dilution of environmental safeguards. Indians lost ₹7,000 crore to cyber frauds (Jan–May 2025) Context According to the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Indians lost over ₹7,000 crore to cyber frauds in the first 5 months of 2025. More than 50% of this loss is linked to cross-border scams originating in Southeast Asia (especially Cambodia), with deep links to human trafficking and organised cybercrime. Relevance : GS 3 ( Cyber Security, Internal Security, Governance) Key Data Month Amount Lost (₹ crore) January 1,992 February 951 March 1,000 April 731 May 999 Total ~7,000 crore Source: Citizen Financial Cyber Fraud Reporting and Management System (CFRMS) under Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) Key Issues Identified 1. Transnational Nature of Cybercrime Scams operated from high-security compounds in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. Controlled by Chinese-linked operators. At least 53 scam centres identified (45 in Cambodia alone). 2. Human Trafficking Angle Thousands of Indians trafficked and forced to work in scam operations. Workers recruited via agents under the promise of overseas tech jobs. 3. Types of Scams Investment scams, digital arrest scams, and task-based scams (e.g., fake stock trading apps, online tasks-for-money cons). 4. Recruitment Hubs in India State Number of Agents Maharashtra 58 Tamil Nadu 51 Jammu & Kashmir 46 Uttar Pradesh 41 Delhi 38 Trafficking route: India → Dubai → China → Cambodia/Vietnam/Thailand. Other direct routes: Delhi/Lucknow/Jaipur/Kolkata/Kerala to SEA nations. Institutional Response Inter-Ministerial Panel formed by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA). CBI FIRs filed against SIM card sellers aiding ghost identities. Collaboration with Cambodian officials, who sought exact GPS coordinates of scam centres for enforcement action. Governance Gaps Sector Identified Issues Telecom Ghost SIM cards issued via fraud Banking Lax KYC enables mule accounts Immigration Trafficking routes exploit visa gaps Conclusion The ₹7,000 crore cyber fraud loss highlights India’s growing vulnerability to transnational digital crime networks. Urgent legal, diplomatic, and technological coordination is needed to plug recruitment, financial, and cyber loopholes.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 14 July 2025

Content : North East India’s SDG Progress (2023–24) A Decade of Building Skills & Empowering Dreams North East India’s SDG Progress (2023–24) Overview & Coverage 121 out of 131 NE districts assessed — expanded from 103 (2021–22). Tracks 15 out of 17 SDGs using 84 indicators (41 from central, 43 from state sources). SDG 11 included only for 79 urban districts; SDG 14 excluded; SDG 17 minimally relevant. Classification: Achiever (Score = 100) Front Runner (65–99.99) Performer (50–64.99) Aspirant (<50) Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Key Outcomes 103 districts (85%) are now Front Runners (vs 62% in 2021–22). Top Scoring District: Hnahthial (Mizoram) – 81.43 All districts in Mizoram, Sikkim, and Tripura are Front Runners. SDG-Wise Progress (2021–22 → 2023–24) SDG Goal Front Runners Aspirants Key Insights 1 No Poverty 21 → 36 20 → 3 Targeted poverty schemes impactful 2 Zero Hunger 49 → 83 21 → 1 Nutrition missions gaining ground 3 Health & Well-being 14 → 48 18 → 6 Better access & infrastructure 4 Quality Education 36 → 80 – Education-focused schemes succeeding 5 Gender Equality 71 → 112 1 One of strongest performing goals 6 Water & Sanitation 81 → 114 – Driven by Jal Jeevan & Swachh Bharat 7 Clean Energy 7 → 14 (Achievers) – LPG & electrification improving access 8 Decent Work 69 → 111 – Economic activity expanding 9 Infrastructure 55 → 92 – Road, connectivity improved 10 Inequality 59 → 43 12 → 33 Major concern – rising gaps 12 Consumption 67 → 51 18 steady Calls for sustainability awareness 13 Climate Action 36 → 59 49 Weakest performing area 15 Life on Land 12 → 26 (Achievers) – Forest & biodiversity gains 16 Justice & Institutions 64 → 90 1 → 5 Governance improving but mixed Top 10 Performing Districts (NER) Mizoram: Hnahthial, Champhai, Kolasib Tripura: Gomati, West Tripura, South Tripura Nagaland: Mokokchung, Kohima, Dimapur Sikkim: Gangtok State-wise Highlights Mizoram 100% districts Front Runners Best: Hnahthial (NER’s highest score) Strong in SDGs 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15, 16 Sikkim All 6 districts Front Runners Smallest intra-state gap (5.5 pts) Best: Gangtok | Balanced across SDGs Tripura All 8 districts Front Runners Top: Gomati | Strong across 9 SDGs Low disparity (6.5 pts between best-worst) Nagaland 9 of 11 districts Front Runners Wide performance gap (15.07 pts) Strong in SDGs 2, 5, 6, 8, 11, 13, 15 Assam 89% districts are Front Runners Best: Dibrugarh | Needs work in justice systems Arunachal Pradesh Only 59% Front Runners Best: Lower Dibang Valley | Worst: Longding (NER’s lowest score – 58.71) Challenges in SDGs 9, 13 Manipur 75% Front Runners Top: Imphal West | Weak in SDG 10 (Inequality) Meghalaya 84% Front Runners Top: East Khasi Hills | Weak in Education (SDG 4) Key Takeaways High Performers: Health, Education, Water, Gender Equality, Economic Growth. Lagging Areas: Climate Action (SDG 13), Inequality (SDG 10), Responsible Consumption (SDG 12). Flagship Schemes: Jal Jeevan Mission, Swachh Bharat, Aspirational Districts Programme contributed strongly. Disparities Persist: Nagaland: 15.07 pt gap between best-worst districts Sikkim & Tripura: Least disparities, highest uniformity Governance & Systemic Impact Data Systems: Significant improvements in district-level data reporting. Localisation: Strong correlation between state-driven planning and SDG performance. Peer Learning: Index fosters competitive federalism & inter-district collaboration. Conclusion The NER SDG Index 2023–24 marks major progress in NE India’s sustainable development landscape. 85% of districts now Front Runners, up from 62% in 2021–22. Balanced progress across most SDGs, but climate resilience and inequality remain critical challenges. The Index stands out as a planning, performance, and policy tool — not just a ranking mechanism. A Decade of Building Skills & Empowering Dreams Macro Achievements (2015–2025) 6+ crore Indians empowered through skill development schemes since 2014. 1.63 crore+ candidates trained under PMKVY alone across four phases. Over 25 lakh candidates trained under PMKVY 4.0 (as of July 11, 2025). Training expanded to futuristic domains: AI, Robotics, IoT, Drones, Mechatronics. 45% of PMKVY trainees are women, with significant SC/ST/OBC representation. Relevance : GS 2(Schemes , Governance) Skill India Mission (SIM) – Structural Integration (2022–26) Unified under a single Central Sector Scheme approved in 2025. Schemes merged:  PMKVY 4.0 (Short-term skill training & RPL)  PM-NAPS (Apprenticeship & industry engagement)  JSS (Literacy-focused vocational training) Two new Centres of Excellence set up at NSTIs (Hyderabad & Chennai) for high-quality skilling. PMKVY: Phased Evolution & Milestones Phase Year(s) Key Milestones Candidates Trained 1.0 2015–16 Pilot phase, monetary reward (₹500), free certification 19.85 lakh 2.0 2016–20 Scaled across sectors/states; aligned with Make in India, Digital India 1.10 crore 3.0 2020–22 Introduced: COVID Crash Courses (1.2L), Skill Hub (1.8L), Traditional craft focus 7.37 lakh 4.0 2022–26 Digital reforms (SIDH), Academic Credit Transfer, Future skills 25+ lakh (till Jul ’25) STT placement rate till PMKVY 3.0: 42.8%. PMKVY 4.0: New Features & Focus (2022–2026) Skill India Digital Hub (SIDH): end-to-end digital integration of skilling, employment, and entrepreneurship. Academic Bank of Credits: Transferable skill credits to bridge education–vocational divide. Rs. 1244.52 crore utilized across states/UTs by Dec 2024. Encourages career-oriented skilling, not just placement tracking.   Innovative & Inclusive Initiatives Special Projects: Bru-tribe training in Tripura (2,500+) Jail inmates in Assam, Manipur PANKH project: 13,834 trained (70% women) Traditional Skills: 2,243 women trained in Namda craft (J&K) 9,605 artisans skilled via RPL (J&K, Nagaland) COVID-19 Response: 1.2 lakh healthcare workers trained as COVID Warriors. Skill Hub Initiative: 1.23 lakh trained through school/college-based hubs (aligned with NEP 2020). Mainstreaming with National Missions: Skills integrated into: PM Surya Ghar Vibrant Villages Programme Jal Jeevan Mission Green Hydrogen Mission Supporting Schemes in the Skilling Ecosystem Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS) Focused on non-literates, school dropouts (15–45 yrs). 26+ lakh trained from FY 2018–19 to 2023–24. Emphasis on women, SC/ST/OBC, minorities in rural & low-income urban areas. PM-NAPS (Apprenticeship) 43.47 lakh apprentices engaged as of May 2025. Over 51,000 establishments participating. PM Vishwakarma Yojana Launched: Sept 2023 | Budget: ₹13,000 crore Supports 18 traditional trades (e.g. blacksmiths, cobblers, potters). As of July 2025: 2.7 crore+ applications submitted 29 lakh+ registrations completed Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) Launched: 2014 | Target: rural youth Till Nov 2024: 16.9 lakh trained 10.97 lakh placed (~65% placement) Rural Self Employment & Training Institutes (RSETIs) Bank-led residential entrepreneurial training. Candidates trained: 2016–17: 22.89 lakh2025–26 (till Jun): 56.69 lakh   Thematic Impact Focus Area Progress Inclusivity 45% women; large SC/ST/OBC share Sectoral Spread Manufacturing, construction, IT, healthcare, retail, crafts Rural Reach Skilling penetrated remote regions Future Skills AI, IoT, Robotics, Drones, Green Hydrogen Digital Governance Aadhaar-linked validation, performance-based payments Academic Integration Credit-based skilling via ABC  Conclusion PMKVY = Backbone of India’s short-term skilling ecosystem over the past decade. Transformed from placement-linked certification to flexible, future-ready career empowerment. Integrated with national missions, NEP 2020, and digital governance frameworks. PMKVY stands as a cornerstone of Atmanirbhar Bharat and Viksit Bharat, ensuring India’s youth are not only employable, but also entrepreneurial and globally competitive.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 14 July 2025

Content : Secularism — Implicit from Day One, Explicit in 1976 Assessing India’s Carbon Market Targets: Why Aggregate Emissions Matter More Smoke and Sulphur: Why There Cannot Be Different Environmental Standards Within India Secularism — implicit from day one, explicit in 1976 Why the Debate on Secularism Matters Secularism in India has long been a subject of legal, philosophical, and political discourse. With rising public interest in the constitutional origins and present interpretations of secularism, Faizan Mustafa’s article presents a historical and comparative exploration of how secular values have evolved in India. The piece seeks to clarify whether secularism was a post-1976 insertion or a foundational principle embedded in India’s constitutional and civilisational ethos. The article’s central argument is that secularism in India is deeply rooted not only in modern constitutionalism but also in ancient traditions of tolerance, coexistence, and pluralism. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Constitution ) Practice Question : “Secularism in India was not merely a constitutional insertion in 1976, but a civilizational ethos and a foundational principle of the Republic.” Critically examine with reference to historical precedents and constitutional interpretation.(250 Words) Historical Foundations of Indian Secularism Ashokan Edicts as Early Precursors: Rock Edict 7: Encouraged all religions to coexist and emphasised self-restraint and purity of heart. Rock Edict 12: Opposed the glorification of one’s religion and condemnation of others, promoting mutual respect. Ashoka’s dhamma was not religion-specific but a governance code based on ethical conduct and coexistence. Motilal Nehru Report (1928): Clause 4(11): Proposed that the Commonwealth of India shall have no state religion and the state should not favour or discriminate on religious grounds. Karachi Resolution (1931): Explicitly stated that the state would remain neutral toward all religions. Hindu Mahasabha Draft Constitution (1944): Included a clause rejecting any state religion at the Centre or in the provinces. These pre-Constitutional documents show that various political and ideological groups envisioned a secular framework even before India’s independence. The Constituent Assembly Debates and the 1976 Amendment In the Constituent Assembly (1949), a proposal to begin the Preamble with“In the name of God” was debated and rejected by a vote of 68 to 41. The word “secular” was not included in the original Preamble, but members agreed that secularism was consistent with democratic ideals and the goals of the freedom struggle. In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), the Supreme Court held secularism as part of the basic structure of the Constitution—before the word was inserted via the 42nd Amendment (1976). Several key terms like “federal,” “rule of law,” and “judicial review” are also not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution but have been interpreted as implicit principles. International Models of Secularism: Comparative Insights Mustafa points out that secularism has different expressions across democracies. A few models include: Country Key Features United Kingdom Anglican Church is the official church; monarchy is religiously symbolic, but equal rights are guaranteed. Ireland Preamble refers to the “Most Holy Trinity,” but Article 44 ensures religious equality and prohibits state endowment. Greece Declares Orthodox Christianity as dominant but protects individual freedom of religion. These comparisons suggest that secularism can take varied forms, balancing national traditions with commitments to religious freedom and equality. Key Constitutional Concepts: Explicit and Implicit Explicit Values: Articles 14–18 (equality), Articles 25–28 (freedom of religion), and Preamble (justice, liberty, equality, fraternity). Implicit Principles: Secularism, rule of law, federalism—recognized through judicial interpretation and legal practice. The article stresses that absence of a word does not imply absence of the idea, reinforcing that constitutional secularism was intended from inception. Present-Day Relevance and Models of Interpretation Mustafa suggests exploring alternate secular models like the “jurisdiction model”, where a dominant cultural heritage is acknowledged without compromising religious equality—similar to the UK or Ireland. The article argues that India’s secularism is unique: inspired by historical coexistence (Ashoka), shaped by modern constitutionalism (Nehru), and refined through judicial interpretation (Supreme Court rulings). Assessing India’s carbon credit trading scheme targets The Shift to Market-Based Climate Policy With the introduction of India’s Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) compliance mechanism, the government has announced greenhouse gas emissions intensity targets for eight industrial sectors. This marks a significant milestone in operationalizing market instruments for emissions reduction. However, as discussions grow around the ambition of these targets, a critical question arises: How should we assess the ambition—entity-wise, sector-wise, or economy-wide? Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Practice Question : “In designing emissions trading systems like the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS), ambition must be judged at the aggregate level, not at the entity or sectoral level.” Examine this statement in light of India’s climate targets.(250 Words) Key Premise: Aggregate Targets Matter More Than Entity-Level Goals The authors argue that economy-wide impact is the correct lens for assessing ambition—not individual firm or sectoral performance. Drawing lessons from India’s Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) scheme (2012–14 onwards), they show that while some sectors improved efficiency and others did not, overall energy intensity declined, proving the efficacy of market-based mechanisms at scale. Market Mechanisms in Practice: Lessons from PAT Mixed Sectoral Performance: Energy intensity rose in paper and chlor-alkali, but fell in aluminium and cement. Economy-Wide Efficiency: Despite individual variations, combined analysis (adjusted for inflation, output, and price) showed net energy savings. Policy Insight: The market allowed firms with lower abatement costs to generate efficiency certificates, while others purchased them—leading to cost-effective decarbonisation. Why Not Focus on Sectoral Targets? Sector/entity-level targets enable financial transfers (through credit trading), but do not determine net emissions reduction. Comparing CCTS targets to historic sectoral performance under PAT is flawed because: Past performance may not reflect future potential. Future-oriented benchmarking aligned with India’s NDC (2030) and Net Zero (2070) goals is more meaningful. Benchmarking Ambition: Data from Economy-Wide Modelling Indicator Value Expected annual decline in CO₂ emissions intensity (energy sector) 3.44% (2025–2030) Expected annual decline in emissions intensity of value added (manufacturing sector) ≥ 2.53% Average EIVA decline in 8 CCTS sectors (based on current targets) ~1.68% (2023–24 to 2026–27) Inference: Industry sector decarbonisation is slower compared to the power sector. Current industrial targets may lack ambition relative to modeled pathways aligned with NDCs. Conclusion: Calibrating India’s Climate Ambition The early design of India’s carbon trading framework rightly introduces flexibility and market efficiency, allowing cost-effective pathways to emissions reduction. However, while sectoral participation is crucial, measuring ambition solely through industrial targets may understate or misrepresent national progress. To ensure alignment with India’s global commitments under the Paris Agreement and its Net Zero 2070 goal, aggregate modelling and monitoring should guide course correction. Future policy must ensure that ambition grows progressively—across all sectors, but especially in hard-to-abate industries. Smoke and Sulphur In a surprising reversal of its own 2015 directive, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has exempted the majority of India’s coal-fired power plants from mandatory installation of Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) systems, which are designed to curb sulphur dioxide (SO₂) emissions. This decision raises pressing concerns around regulatory coherence, regional equity in environmental standards, and India’s public health commitments. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Practice Question : “India’s selective exemption of Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) norms weakens its commitment to uniform environmental standards and public health.” Do you agree? Substantiate your answer.(250 Words) Background: 2015 Norms: All coal plants (≈180 plants, 600 units) were mandated to install FGDs by 2017 to reduce SO₂ emissions. Current Status: Only ~8% of units (mostly by NTPC) have complied. Recent Policy Change (2024): Majority exempted from FGD installation; only ~20% (in high-population or high-pollution zones like NCR) are now required to comply — by 2028. Justifications Cited by the Government: Reason Explanation New Scientific Assessments Studies claim no major SO₂ level differences between plants with or without FGD Low-Sulphur Indian Coal Coal burned domestically has relatively lower sulphur content Economic Burden High FGD installation costs and fear of increased electricity tariffs Sulfates as Climate Coolants Sulphate aerosols may help offset global warming effects — hence, reducing them could undermine climate goals  COVID-19 Disruption Pandemic-related delays cited for past non-compliance Scientific and Ethical Concerns: Partial Scientific Basis: IPCC does acknowledge sulfate cooling effects, but does not endorse SO₂ as a net positive — due to its harm to human health and contribution to PM2.5 pollution. Air Quality Standards: Average SO₂ levels in India may be below CPCB thresholds, but localised exposure risks and long-term particulate formation remain concerns. Inconsistent Policy Logic: Requiring FGDs only in select zones implies: Environmental protection is location-dependent, not health-outcome-based. A fragmentation of national environmental standards for a transboundary pollutant. Implications for Governance: Issue Implication  Policy Reversal Without Public Debate Undermines transparency and scientific deliberation Undermining Uniform Standards Breaks precedent of “One Nation, One Environmental Standard” Public Health Risk Weakens pollution safeguards for populations outside “priority zones” Climate Goals vs. Health Goals Conflict Raises a false binary between climate mitigation and air quality protection Policy Recommendations: Reinstate a Nationwide SO₂ Abatement Standard, with flexibility in compliance timelines, not in scope. Broader Stakeholder Consultation before revising critical pollution control policies. Invest in Domestic FGD Technology Ecosystem to reduce costs and reliance on limited vendors. Independent Health Impact Assessments of SO₂ and PM2.5 in exempted zones. Conclusion: While cost-effectiveness and evidence-based policy revisions are valid governance goals, the recent MoEFCC decision risks creating a regulatory patchwork in environmental standards. A pollutant like sulphur dioxide cannot be geographically neutralized — it demands a uniform, precautionary approach. Any exemptions, if scientifically valid, must pass the test of transparency, equity, and public health prioritization.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 14 July 2025

Content : The Changing Landscape of Employment Climate Change and Rural India: A Silent Displacement Crisis India’s Open Ecosystems: Rethinking ‘Wastelands’ India’s Opportunity to Repay Green Revolution Debt How is Mizoram Handling the Refugee Crisis? India’s FGD Rollback: Implications of Exempting 78% of Thermal Power Plants The changing landscape of employment Core Insight: India’s demographic dividend risks turning into a disaster as lakhs of graduates enter the job market without being job-ready, amidst rising automation and a shrinking formal job base. Relevance : GS-3 (Indian Economy) – Issues related to employment, skill development, and job market reforms. Alarming Statistics Indicator Data Youth Share in Unemployment 83% of unemployed are youth – India Employment Report 2024 (ILO + IHD) Formal Workforce (EPFO) >7 crore members; 18–25 age group = 18–22% of new additions Informal Workforce 90% of total employment remains informal Digital Illiteracy Among Youth – 75% can’t send email with attachment – 60% can’t copy-paste files – 90% lack basic spreadsheet skills Job Displacement vs. Creation (2030) – 170M new jobs to be created (14%) – 92M jobs displaced (8%) ➡ Net gain = 78M jobs (7%) – Future of Jobs Report 2025, WEF Core Challenges Unemployability > Unemployment Only 50% of Indian graduates are job-ready – Economic Survey 2023–24 Skill mismatch in digital, professional, and interpersonal domains AI and Automation Threat AI adoption is putting low-to-mid-level IT roles at risk Traditional service jobs in India may not survive next-gen tech transitions Job Quality Crisis Surge in contractual and gig employment without security or benefits Lack of long-term wage growth and poor financial security Skill Infrastructure Deficit Higher education and vocational institutes not aligned with job market needs Few formal linkages between academia and industry Strategic Policy Recommendations Pillar Action Needed Education-Industry Link – Mandatory partnerships for colleges with industry – Accountability for placements, not just degrees Skill-First Curriculum – Universal presence of Idea Labs & Tinker Labs – Compulsory digital + soft skill + foreign language training at all levels Global Skilling Strategy – Design courses aligned with ageing workforce needs in EU, Japan, etc. – Align with initiatives like EU’s Link4Skills, tapping migration corridors Institutional Reform – Create Indian Education Services (IES), equivalent to IAS, to attract top talent into education leadership Open Education Ecosystem – Invite industry professionals to teach/mentor in institutions to bridge theory-practice divide EPFO Data: Formalisation vs. Stability Rise in 18–25 age group enrolments in EPFO indicates push for formal employment. But unclear if these jobs are: Secure Well-paying Long-term Job creation ≠ job quality. The data must be paired with studies on job retention and income growth. The Cost of Inaction Wasted potential: India produces millions of graduates annually, many unemployable. Rising frustration: Educated youth without jobs fuels social unrest, migration, and mental health issues. Lost opportunity: Without global skill alignment, India risks missing out on exporting talent to ageing nations. Vicious cycle: Lack of jobs ➝ underemployment ➝ informal work ➝ no savings ➝ no upward mobility Conclusion India’s employment problem is not just about creating more jobs — it’s about creating relevant, high-quality, future-proof employment. Climate Change and Rural India: A Silent Displacement Crisis Key Observation: Climate change is no longer a future threat — it is actively transforming where and how millions of Indians live, work, and survive. Relevance : GS-1 & GS-3 – Geography (climate impact) and Economy (migration, livelihoods). Bundelkhand: Droughts, Heat, and Exodus Parameter Status Location 13 districts in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh Climate Impact 🔻 Rainfall, 🔺 Temperature (+2 to +3.5°C by 2100) Drought Frequency 9 droughts (Datia, 1998–2009); 8 in Lalitpur, Mahoba Result Massive male-dominated migration to cities like Delhi, Surat, Bengaluru Impacts: Agricultural failure and indebtedness Occupational shift: from farming to mining & construction Family separation and rising vulnerability of women and children Erosion of village social fabric and school dropout rates “Migration in Bundelkhand is not adaptation — it is a form of crisis-induced displacement.” – Dr. S.S. Jatav, BBAU Charpauli, Bangladesh: Floods and Erosion Parameter Status Location Along the Jamuna river Climate Impact 🔺 Floods & erosion due to rising river discharge Riverbank Erosion Left bank: -12m/year; Right bank: -52m/year (1990–2020) Migration Pattern Permanent displacement to Dhaka, nearby towns Impacts: Entire villages vanish annually into the Jamuna Families move first inland, then migrate completely Shift to agriculture in new villages or informal jobs in cities “Migration becomes the last-resort adaptation when resilience fails.” – Jan Freihardt, ETH Zürich Vidarbha & Marathwada: Heat Stress and Debt Cycles Parameter Status Region Rain shadow zone of the Western Ghats Temperature >50°C in peak May months (Satellite data, 2024) Rainfall Erratic: fewer rainy days, intense bursts, long dry gaps Livelihood Impact Seasonal migration to sugar cane farms in Western Maharashtra & Karnataka Cane Cutter Migrant Life: 4–6 month migration, hired as “koita” couples (husband: cutter, wife: stacker) Advance wage: ₹50,000–₹5 lakh (debt cycle begins) Output requirement: ₹50,000 ÷ ₹367/tonne = 136 tonnes sugar cane to cut Live in makeshift plastic tents, with no water, sanitation, or electricity Seniors (70+) now migrate due to labour shortages “Climate change is pushing people into debt bondage and worsening intergenerational precarity.” – Ankita Bhatkhande, Asar Scale of the Crisis Indicator Data Global Climate Migrants (2022) ~20 million/year (Internal migration) – International Refugee Assistance Project India’s Sugarcane Production (2021) 50 crore tonnes, ₹20,000+ crore revenue Protection for Migrants Weak; migrants face wage theft, health crises, and legal invisibility India lacks a dedicated legal framework for climate-induced internal migration. Adaptation or Displacement? Adaptation (Ideal Scenario): Diversified livelihoods Climate-resilient cropping Social security safety nets Displacement (Current Reality): Loss of land + livelihoods = forced migration Women and elderly disproportionately burdened Children drop out of school or face malnutrition “Migration may appear adaptive, but for many in India, it reflects a collapse of resilience.” — Sayantan Datta Policy Recommendations Area Action Needed Legal Framework Recognize climate migrants as a vulnerable group under national policy Housing & Rights Ensure safe shelters, portable social security, and labour protections Livelihood Resilience Invest in climate-smart agriculture, water access, and MGNREGA coverage Data & Planning Real-time climate–migration data to inform policy at district/state levels Interstate Coordination Protect rights of migrants across source and destination states Bottom Line India is living through a rural climate migration crisis — slow, silent, and scattered. Without urgent legal and policy recognition, millions risk falling into permanent precarity. India’s Open Ecosystems: Rethinking ‘Wastelands’ What Are Open Ecosystems? Open ecosystems refer to grasslands, deserts, scrublands, savannas, and open woodlands — landscapes characterized by low tree cover but high ecological and cultural value. These areas naturally support sparse vegetation due to arid climates or seasonal rainfall patterns. Unlike forests, they are not degraded forests, but distinct biomes with unique ecological functions. Relevance : GS-3 – Environment and Ecology; Land degradation, biodiversity, and sustainable land use. The ‘Wasteland’ Misclassification: A Colonial Legacy Official Label Ecological Reality “Wasteland” (as per Wasteland Atlas of India) Functional ecosystems with biodiversity, soil carbon, and pastoralist activity ~55.76 million hectares (16.96% of India’s land) Includes deserts, grasslands, scrub, coastal sand dunes Wastelands = ‘land to be fixed’ Actually = land to be preserved and stewarded Policy contradiction: While private real estate glorifies open green spaces (e.g., “Savana Villas”), India’s natural open landscapes are ignored or targeted for conversion. Why Deserts and Open Lands Matter Global Significance: Deserts cover ~33% of Earth’s land area. Host ancient civilizations (e.g., Indus Valley, Mesopotamia). Enable climate resilience through adapted flora and fauna. India-Specific Examples: Thar Desert (Rajasthan): Indigenous species like the Great Indian Bustard, caracal, desert fox. Banni Grasslands (Gujarat): Among Asia’s largest, now degraded by afforestation and invasive species. Pastoralist Communities: Stewards of Open Lands Community Region Dhangars Maharashtra Rabaris Gujarat Kurubas Karnataka Raikas Rajasthan Over 13 million pastoralists in India depend on open ecosystems for seasonal grazing. Their mobility and grazing cycles contribute to regenerative land use, seed dispersal, and biodiversity conservation. Afforestation on grasslands and fencing off commons disrupts both ecology and livelihoods. Greenwashing Concerns: Tree Planting ≠ Restoration Risks of Monoculture Afforestation: Reduces native biodiversity Alters hydrology and groundwater Converts carbon-rich soil systems into carbon-poor plantation zones Promotes Prosopis juliflora and eucalyptus, which degrade open biomes Instead, Promote: Rotational grazing Natural regeneration Check dams & water harvesting Pastoralist land governance Policy Roadmap: Recognising Open Ecosystems Priority Recommendation Reclassify lands Replace “wasteland” with “open ecosystem” in land-use maps Protect rights Recognize community tenure of pastoralist groups Incentivize carbon Reward soil carbon storage over tree carbon Embrace traditional knowledge Promote indigenous water and land management Reframe global language Change “World Day to Combat Desertification” to “World Day to Combat Land Degradation” Bottom Line “Deserts are not empty — they are alive, thriving, and culturally rich. Preserving them is not anti-development, but a climate-smart, justice-based environmental policy.” India’s Opportunity to Repay Green Revolution Debt From Recipient to Contributor India, once a major beneficiary of foreign agricultural assistance during the 1960s Green Revolution, now possesses the institutional and technological capacity to become a global contributor in agricultural R&D. With self-sufficiency achieved in wheat production, India is in a position to support international efforts—especially in developing countries facing similar challenges. Relevance : GS-2 & GS-3 – International Relations (South-South cooperation) and Agriculture R&D. Leadership in Wheat Innovation Indian agricultural research institutions have developed and scaled multiple high-yielding wheat varieties. Varieties like DBW187, DBW303, HD2967, HD3086 now dominate cultivation across millions of hectares. Research hubs such as IIWBR (Karnal), PAU (Ludhiana), and ICAR institutes play a leading role in this transformation. Strategic Opportunity for India As global funding for agricultural research declines, India has an opportunity to: Strengthen partnerships with international institutions like CIMMYT and IRRI Support research on climate-resilient crops and food security in the Global South Expand its soft power through agri-diplomacy and development cooperation Key Implications Transitioning from aid recipient to knowledge donor improves India’s global development profile. Agricultural assistance programs can be an extension of India’s South-South cooperation model. Investment in global research ensures preparedness against future food and climate crises. Policy Recommendations Create a formal International Agricultural R&D Support Mission led by Indian institutions. Allocate strategic funding to global wheat and rice research, especially in Africa and South Asia. Leverage public-private partnerships to commercialize and share India-developed crop innovations globally. How is Mizoram Handling the Refugee Crisis? Context: Refugee Influx from Myanmar Since February 2021, Myanmar has witnessed a military coup, triggering a civil war and ethnic conflicts. Over 40,000 refugees have crossed into Mizoram, especially from the Chin State of Myanmar, with recent influxes seen in Champhai district. The latest wave (July 2025) brought ~4,000 more refugees due to clashes between two anti-junta armed groups: Chin National Defence Force (CNDF) Chinland Defence Force-Hualngohm (CDF-H) Relevance : GS-2 – Polity and Governance; refugee management, Centre-State relations, and internal security. Why Mizoram? Ethnic Affinity: The refugees (Chins) share ethnic ties with Mizos; culturally and linguistically similar. Geographic Proximity: Chin State borders Mizoram; proximity to the conflict zones enables easier crossing. Humanitarian Tradition: Mizoram has historically sheltered fleeing ethnic groups from Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Manipur (Kuki-Zos). Timeline of Refugee Movements & Policy Evolution 1. Historic Background 1968–2004: Free Movement Regime (FMR) allowed cross-border travel up to 16 km; it was reduced from 40 km in 2004. 2016: FMR regulated; further restrictions imposed. 2024: MHA announced FMR suspension citing security concerns. 2. Post-2021 Influx Massive inflow post-coup; Chin National Army lost ground to pro-democracy forces → civilians fled. As of July 6, 2025: 3,890 Myanmar nationals recorded in Zokhawthar Spread across Zokhawthar, Khawmawi, Saisihnuam Central vs State Dynamics Aspect Mizoram Government Central Government Position Pro-refugee, citing ethnic and humanitarian grounds Restrictive, citing national security Actions Cash, relief camps, housing, refusal to evict refugees 28 crore aid, warning to stop refugee intake Conflict Ignored MHA order to evict refugees Accused Mizoram of altering demographics Civil society and organisations like Young Mizo Association (YMA), Churches, and student bodies have provided significant ground-level support. Refugee management is mostly local, decentralized, and supported by donations and voluntary contributions. Legal and Administrative Framework India is not a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention or its 1967 Protocol. No national refugee law — refugees are treated under the Foreigners Act, 1946. Lack of clear refugee identification and rights creates legal ambiguity. Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) retains control over international migration; states have limited jurisdiction. Ground-Level Realities in Mizoram Displacement hubs: Champhai, Zokhawthar, and border towns have seen the highest numbers. Living conditions: Improvised shelters, local integration, school access (in some cases), but high dependency on aid. Security risks: Intelligence reports warn about armed groups’ presence. Border militarisation may affect India-Myanmar ties. Broader Strategic Implications Domestic Strains Centre-State relations on federal responsibilities in managing cross-border migration. Highlights need for refugee protection law balancing national security and humanitarian obligations. Regional Border policy inconsistency impacts ties with Myanmar, especially with changes in junta control. Rising refugee influx from Bangladesh (Rohingyas), Myanmar (Chins), and Manipur (Kuki-Zos) reflects worsening stability in the Eastern neighborhood. Key Policy Recommendations Codify a National Refugee Law: Define refugee status Lay down rights and responsibilities Establish standard operating procedures Institutional Coordination: Create joint task forces between MHA and northeastern states for managing cross-border flows. Reinstate a Humanitarian FMR-lite: Controlled, tech-monitored travel for cross-border ethnic kin during crises. Leverage International Aid: Coordinate with UNHCR/ASEAN for refugee assistance, without compromising sovereignty Invest in Border State Capacities: Infrastructure, healthcare, digital ID systems for refugees, and local employment schemes. Key Numbers (as of July 2025) Indicator Value Total Refugees (post-2021) ~40,000 Latest influx (July 2025) ~4,000 Myanmar nationals in Zokhawthar (Champhai) 3,890 Government relief fund ₹28 crore Official camps with FGDs Very few – mostly informal, community-led India’s FGD Rollback: Implications of Exempting 78% of Thermal Power Plants Context The Union Environment Ministry has exempted 78% of India’s 600 thermal power plant (TPP) units from installing Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) systems. FGD systems are critical for reducing sulphur dioxide (SO₂) emissions, a precursor to acid rain and particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution. Only about 11% of thermal plants — those in high-density/population areas — are still mandated to install FGD systems. Relevance : GS-3 – Environment and Energy; air pollution, public health, and emission standards. What are FGDs and Why Do They Matter? Feature Description Purpose Reduces SO₂ emissions by up to 95% from coal combustion Mechanism Uses limestone slurry or seawater to scrub sulphur oxides from flue gas Relevance SO₂ contributes to PM2.5 formation, acid rain, respiratory and cardiac diseases Global Practice Mandatory in China, US, EU for all coal-fired plants since early 2000s India’s Thermal Power Pollution Profile Indicator Value Total TPPs ~180 (comprising 600+ units) Share in electricity ~72% of total generation (as of 2025) Share in SO₂ emissions ~51% of all industrial SO₂ Plants with FGD installed Only 8% (mostly NTPC-run) Exempted units post-policy ~468 units (78%) Key Policy Update (July 2025) Category Criteria FGD Mandate Category A Within 10 km of NCR or Tier-1 cities Mandatory Category B Within 10 km of Critically Polluted Areas (CPAs) or Non-Attainment Cities (NACs) Case-by-case Category C All others Exempted Result: Only ~11% (Category A) will remain under FGD norms. Basis for Exemption: What Experts Said The government relied on recommendations of a scientific panel led by Principal Scientific Adviser Ajay Sood: Claimed Indian coal has low sulphur content Found no major SO₂ difference in areas with or without FGDs Argued that sulphates suppress warming, so removing SO₂ may increase net radiative forcing Counterarguments by Public Health & Environmental Experts Argument Response “Indian coal is low in sulphur” But still emits enough SO₂ to drive PM2.5 in hotspots “FGDs don’t improve local air quality” Air quality impact depends on meteorology; long-range transport of SO₂ is well documented “Sulphates cool the planet” True — but co-benefits of SO₂ do not outweigh public health costs (respiratory illness, strokes) “FGDs are costly” Health costs of SO₂ are 5x higher than installation costs (per WHO/ICMR studies) Global Standards vs India’s Position Country FGD Mandate Implementation  China Mandatory since 2005 95%+ compliance  USA Under Clean Air Act Applied to >90% of coal plants  Germany FGD since 1983 Complete compliance  India First mandated in 2015, now diluted in 2025 78% exempted Implications of the Decision Environmental: Higher SO₂ emissions → elevated secondary particulate matter (sulphates) Weakens India’s commitment to air quality improvement under NCAP Potential rise in acid rain impacting crops, soil, monuments Public Health: Risk of increased respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses Higher disease burden in rural areas near exempted plants Economic: Disincentivises green tech investment in the power sector Short-term relief for discoms & thermal producers, but long-term cost-shifting to health sector Global Commitments: May impact India’s COP pledges on emissions intensity Could weaken diplomatic stance on climate finance and clean tech if domestic credibility erodes Way Forward: Balancing Power and Pollution Reprioritise Targeted FGDs: Mandate for plants near dense populations, agricultural belts, and ecological hotspots. Subsidised Technology Deployment: Viability gap funding for older plants; tie to ESG-linked financing. Integrated Emissions Tracking: Mandatory online SO₂, NOx, PM reporting on public dashboard. Health Cost Valuation: Incorporate externalities into tariff-setting by CERC. Accelerate Renewables: Reduce dependence on coal by scaling solar-wind-battery hybrids.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 12 July 2025

Content : World Population Day 2025 Maratha Military Landscapes of India Inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List as India’s 44th Entry World Population Day 2025 Theme: “Empowering young people to create the families they want in a fair and hopeful world.” Demographic context: Over 65% of India’s population is under 35—a critical demographic dividend. Global framing: Reaffirms commitments made at the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD): rights-based family planning, gender equality, and informed reproductive choices. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) ,GS 2(Governance , Social Issues) Census 2027: A Paradigm Shift Scheduled Timeline: Phase 1 – Houselisting & Housing Census: Starts April 2026. Phase 2 – Population Enumeration: Begins March 2027 (Reference date: 1 March 2027; exception: 1 October 2026 for snow-bound areas). Postponed from 2021 due to COVID-19, making it India’s first census after a 16-year gap. Digital-First Features: Fully paperless, digital census. Mobile App & online self-enumeration (a first in Indian census history). Central Census Monitoring & Management Portal. Code Directory to streamline data processing and standardization. 35 lakh+ field functionaries to be trained digitally. Caste Enumeration: A Historic Breakthrough First-time inclusion of caste for all communities since independence. Post-1947 practice: Caste data limited to SC/ST only. SECC 2011 collected caste data but was not officially released; 2027 will integrate caste in main census—addressing concerns over transparency and politicization. Historic Roots of Census in India Ancient References: Arthashastra (321–296 BCE): Kautilya emphasized population count for governance. Ain-e-Akbari (1590s): Abul Fazl chronicled demographic and economic data under Akbar. Modern Census Beginnings: 1865–1872: First attempts, not simultaneous. 1881: First synchronized census—established India’s decadal census tradition. Legal Backbone: Census Act, 1948 & Census Rules, 1990—statutory basis for census operations. Post-Independence Census Highlights (1951–2011) Census Year Key Innovations / Contributions 1951 First post-independence census; pioneered field re-checking to verify data accuracy. 1961 Focused on rural crafts, festivals, introduced mechanical tabulation. 1971 First to capture migration data based on last residence. 1991 Only 45% digitization due to tech limits. 2001–2011 Adopted ICR tech (Intelligent Character Recognition) enabling 100% digitization. Census 2011: Scale, Structure & Data Operational Metrics Enumerators: 2.7 million Geographical units: 35 States/UTs, 640 districts, 5,924 sub-districts 7,933 towns, 6.41 lakh villages Languages: Schedules printed in 16 languages Logistics: 5.4 million instruction manuals 340 million printed forms Key Demographic Findings Total Population: 1.21 billion Males: 623.2 million Females: 587.6 million Decadal growth (2001–11): +182 million (+17.7%) Density: 382 persons per sq. km. Child Sex Ratio: 918 girls per 1000 boys Literacy Rate: 73.0% (M: 80.9%, F: 64.6%) Top states: Kerala (94.0%), Lakshadweep (91.8%), Mizoram (91.3%) SECC 2011: Socio-Economic & Caste Census Conducting Ministries: Rural: Ministry of Rural Development Urban: Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs Purpose: Data for welfare targeting, program design, and beneficiary selection. Tech Leap: Paperless enumeration using 6.4 lakh handheld devices Addressed 1.24 crore grievances with 99.7% resolution Caste Component: Data collected, but caste-wise data not made public Why Census 2027 Matters Policy & Planning: Foundational for resource allocation, electoral boundaries, and welfare schemes. Federal Empowerment: Caste data enables targeted state-level interventions and accurate backward class identification. Global Significance: India may retain its position as world’s most populous country, highlighting its need for granular governance tools. AI & Big Data Integration: Digital census may evolve into a real-time demographic dashboard for India’s planning architecture. India in the Global Census Context World’s largest census exercise involving over 130 crore individuals. Combines scale, complexity, diversity, and now digitization, setting a new global standard for democratic data collection. Other important dimensions Demographic Futures — Expanded Perspectives Comparative Lens: India’s age structure contrasts with ageing societies like Japan (median age: 49) vs. India (~28) — Census 2027 will sharpen India’s long-term demographic edge. Labour Market Integration: Census data can help map NEET (Not in Education, Employment or Training) youth – currently ~27% of youth (CMIE). Skilled vs. Unskilled Divide: Important for recalibrating Skill India strategy and vocational training. AI + Population Analytics: Use of demographic AI models to simulate regional fertility trends and future age pyramids. Urbanization and Migration Realities — Deeper Layers First-Time Urban Count Clarity: Many “census towns” (urban in nature but governed rurally) to be properly identified — critical for urban finance devolution and AMRUT 2.0 targeting. Real Estate and Infrastructure: Housing census data will shape PM Awas Yojana, RERA regulations, and rent-control policy in Tier-2/3 cities. Transport & Commuting Census: Opportunity to map last-mile transport stress and commuting zones, helping shape urban mobility blueprints. Water Stress & Urban Demography: Linking urban population maps with groundwater and surface water usage patterns—crucial for Smart Cities 2.0. Inclusion, Equity & Representation — Additional Insights Intersectional Analysis: Combine data on gender, caste, location, and disability to uncover multi-layered vulnerabilities—key for intersectional policymaking. Invisibility of Nomadic Tribes: Census may finally help enumerate Denotified and Nomadic Tribes who are often excluded from welfare due to lack of fixed residence. Mental Health Enumeration: A missed opportunity in 2011—Census 2027 can integrate self-reported indicators of mental well-being to influence Ayushman Bharat 2.0. Digital Identity vs. Demographic Identity: How will Census data align or contrast with Aadhaar-linked service access? Developmental Planning & SDG Alignment — Advanced Linkages Ecosystem Mapping: Census 2027 can feed into multi-sectoral planning dashboards — combining data from Jal Jeevan Mission, Swachh Bharat, and Ujjwala schemes. Fiscal Federalism Alignment: Could influence the next Finance Commission formula, especially based on population vs. performance debates. Real-Time Policy Simulation: Census-linked analytics could simulate impact of UBI, food subsidy reforms, or reservation quotas on different castes or income groups. Global Benchmarking: India’s Census 2027 will become a model for Global South data governance, especially for low-cost digital enumeration. Conclusion: Census 2027 = Tech + Trust + Truth India’s Census 2027 is more than a demographic count—it is a data democracy revolution. With caste data inclusion, digital tools, and evidence-based design, India is poised to align its developmental vision with the aspirations of its young, diverse, and dynamic population. The exercise will shape 2020s policy, 2030s development, and 2040s India. Maratha Military Landscapes of India Inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List as India’s 44th Entry Cultural and Historical Significance Civilizational Continuity: These 12 forts, built between the 17th–19th centuries, reflect the military ethos of the Maratha Empire, known for its decentralized guerrilla warfare and stronghold-centric defence. Living Heritage: Recognized under UNESCO criteria (iv) & (vi) for showcasing a living cultural tradition and deep-rooted historical associations with regional identity and resistance movements (especially against the Mughals and British). Chronicles of Resilience: Raigad (capital of Chhatrapati Shivaji), Pratapgad (site of Afzal Khan’s defeat), and Shivneri (birthplace of Shivaji) are key historical nodes in the narrative of Indian self-rule and defiance. Spatial Typologies: Hill forts: e.g., Salher, Shivneri — adapted to rugged Sahyadri terrain. Island forts: e.g., Sindhudurg, Suvarnadurg — designed for maritime surveillance and naval defence. Forest/hill-plateau forts: e.g., Pratapgad, Panhala — blending natural camouflage with defence. Relevance : GS 1(Culture , Heritage )                Architectural and Strategic Ingenuity Maratha Military Architecture: Emphasis on geographic advantage over size — unlike Mughal symmetry or Rajput opulence. Use of locally available basalt stone, multi-tiered walls, hidden pathways, and natural elevation for fortification. Decentralized Fort System: These forts weren’t standalone but functioned as a network of strategic outposts for rapid communication and flexible resistance. Maritime Defence Legacy: Island forts like Sindhudurg and Khanderi reflect India’s early naval ambitions and expertise in coastal military architecture. Technological relevance: Some forts had rainwater harvesting systems, granaries, and self-sustaining eco-defence systems, demonstrating early principles of sustainable architecture. Global Heritage & Diplomatic Relevance India’s 44th World Heritage Site: Ranks 6th globally, 2nd in Asia-Pacific, after China. UNESCO recognition elevates India’s cultural diplomacy and soft power on the global stage. UNESCO 47th Session, Paris: 18 of 20 State Parties backed India’s nomination after 59-minute deliberation. Reflects growing global acknowledgment of regional and indigenous heritage systems. India on World Heritage Committee (2021–2025): Strengthens India’s influence in global heritage governance. Follows the 2023 inscription of Moidams of Charaideo (Assam) — showing geographic and thematic diversity. Institutional, Governance, and Policy Dimensions Heritage Governance: Nodal agency: Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Dual protection: Some forts under ASI, others under Maharashtra’s Directorate of Archaeology and Museums — a model for shared federal heritage management. UNESCO Nomination Process: 18-month preparation; includes ICOMOS mission, technical consultations, and stakeholder coordination. Reinforces India’s capacity for global-standard heritage documentation. Tentative List & Future Roadmap: India has 62 sites in the Tentative List — including sites from Odisha, Himachal, Gujarat, etc. Only one nomination per year per country allowed — necessitates strategic cultural prioritization. Environmental and Ecological Resilience Eco-sensitive Engineering: Many Maratha forts (e.g. Raigad, Pratapgad) were built using contour-sensitive construction, avoiding large-scale deforestation or ecological disruption. Sustainable Water Management: Rainwater harvesting tanks, step wells (kunds), and natural aquifers embedded in the forts (e.g. at Lohgad, Rajgad) ensured year-round water without external dependence — aligning with climate-resilient infrastructure principles. Climate-Adaptive Architecture: Forts adapted to high-rainfall Konkan regions, sea-wind exposure, and Sahyadri altitude — demonstrating vernacular green design. Modern Relevance: These forts can serve as case studies for eco-architecture and disaster-resilient planning, especially in hill and coastal zones. Knowledge Systems and Indigenous Technology Military Intelligence Networks: Use of visual signalling towers, hidden tunnels, and watch posts linked the fort network — an early form of strategic communication systems. Construction Science: Mastery in basalt rock-cutting, natural stone masonry without lime cement, and earthquake-resilient techniques. Knowledge Transmission: Passed down via guilds (silpakars) and oral engineering traditions, not formal manuals — a classic example of indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) now recognized under NEP 2020. Weapon Systems & Storage: Strategic placement of granaries, ammunition depots, and war rooms suggest early notions of military logistics. Community Participation and Cultural Ownership Grassroots Custodianship: Many forts are maintained or spiritually revered by local communities — e.g., Shivneri (linked to local deities), Pratapgad (site of jatra/fairs). Folk Memory & Oral Traditions: Ballads like “Powadas” recounting battles, and fort-centric festivals (e.g., Shiv Jayanti) reinforce living heritage. Youth Engagement: Rise of fort trekking communities (e.g., Sahyadri Trek Groups) contributes to citizen-led conservation awareness. Local Livelihoods: Forts generate eco-tourism, guide jobs, local artisan revival — key for cultural economy models. Tech-Enabled Heritage Conservation and Promotion Drone Mapping & 3D Modelling: Ongoing efforts by ASI to create digital inventories and restoration simulations — especially for deteriorating sea forts. Augmented Reality (AR) Integration: Pilot projects for immersive storytelling — allowing virtual walkthroughs of Raigad or Sindhudurg. Blockchain for Heritage Record-Keeping: Potential future use to ensure tamper-proof documentation of repairs, site status, and funds disbursed. Smart Heritage Corridors: Potential to integrate these forts into a Maratha Heritage Circuit under Swadesh Darshan 2.0 with QR-coded info panels and mobile heritage apps. Issuing Authority: UNESCO & the World Heritage Framework What is UNESCO? Full Form: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Established: 1945 Headquarters: Paris, France Mission: To promote global peace and sustainable development through education, science, culture, and communication. What is the World Heritage Convention? Adopted: 1972 (UNESCO General Conference) Title: Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Purpose: To identify and protect cultural and natural heritage sites of Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) to humanity. Members: 195 countries have ratified the convention (called State Parties), including India (joined in 1977). What is the World Heritage Committee? A 21-member intergovernmental body elected by the General Assembly of State Parties. Oversees the implementation of the Convention. Decides which sites get inscribed on the World Heritage List. India is a member for the term 2021–2025. What qualifies as a World Heritage Site? A site must: Possess Outstanding Universal Value (OUV). Meet at least one of 10 selection criteria: Criteria (i)–(vi): Cultural (e.g., architecture, tradition, heritage) Criteria (vii)–(x): Natural (e.g., biodiversity, ecology, landscape) The Maratha Military Landscapes were inscribed under criteria (iv) & (vi).

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 12 July 2025

Content : Mission Without A Mandate View India’s Gender Gap Report Ranking as a Warning Mission Without A Mandate Core Argument: India’s AI Ambitions Lack Democratic Anchoring India has articulated global ambitions in AI, aiming to lead in regulation, deployment, and shaping international norms — especially for the Global South. Despite this, the IndiaAI Mission (₹10,000+ crore, 2023) remains a mission without a mandate — operating without a Cabinet-endorsed national strategy or parliamentary oversight. Governance via a Section 8 company (MeitY-led) lacks democratic accountability, cross-ministry integration, and long-term vision. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) , GS 3(Technology) Practice Question : India’s ambition to become a global leader in Artificial Intelligence (AI) must be backed by democratic legitimacy, institutional coordination, and a Cabinet-endorsed national strategy. Critically examine the gaps in India’s current AI governance framework and suggest reforms to align AI development with constitutional and global democratic values.(15 marks, 250 words) Structural Deficits in India’s AI Ecosystem R&D Weakness: India’s AI PhD pipeline is thin; academic research remains underfunded. Most funding is skewed toward consumer tech, not deep-tech foundational AI research. Deployment Without Innovation: Indian AI adoption is focused on downstream deployment (e.g., chatbots, analytics), not on developing core AI models or platforms. India is viewed globally as a consumer market, not as a deep-tech innovator. Private Sector Gaps: Limited university–industry collaboration. AI start-ups remain underrepresented in global markets and forums. Only ~1% of discussions on AI in Parliament — highlights lack of institutional prioritization. Governance Vacuum & Risks Mission without Mandate: IndiaAI is not backed by legislation or formal political commitment — resulting in uncertain policy direction and fragmented institutional coordination. No Whole-of-Government Integration: The current model lacks alignment across domains: security, public infrastructure, data governance, digital economy, innovation. Example: MeitY-driven but without coordination with ministries like Defence, Education, Law, etc. Undermining Strategic Autonomy: India risks ceding ground to foreign models (US Big Tech or EU’s AI Act) without asserting sovereign AI governance frameworks. Key Recommendations from the Editorial Enact a Cabinet-Endorsed National AI Strategy: Must be tabled in Parliament with bipartisan support. Needs an actionable roadmap, timelines, and clear mandates for research, regulation, and infrastructure. Establish a Coordinating Authority: With whole-of-government mandate and legitimacy to: Align AI R&D with public interest Regulate platforms/data Create rules for AI ethics, security, and transparency Democratic Oversight & Inclusion: Mechanisms for transparency, legislative scrutiny, and public engagement must be embedded. Strengthens domestic and global AI legitimacy. Geopolitical and Strategic Lens India’s democratic legitimacy is its global AI edge (vs. China’s techno-authoritarianism). However, without democratic frameworks, India undermines its leadership of the Global South on platforms like the Global Partnership on AI (GPAI). Strategic autonomy demands AI governance rooted in Indian values, not borrowed Western templates. Takeaways Issue Current Status Editorial Concern Institutional Anchor MeitY & Section 8 company No cabinet/parliamentary mandate Vision ₹10,000 crore AI Mission (2023) No strategy document, no public roadmap Innovation Deployment-focused Poor R&D, no foundational models Regulation Fragmented, executive-driven No legal frameworks, no oversight Global Standing GPAI, BRICS AI forums Risks losing credibility without democratic model Conclusion India’s AI future cannot rest on bureaucratic silos or techno-solutionism. The editorial powerfully argues that democratic legitimacy, bipartisan consensus, and institutional coordination are critical to shaping India’s AI trajectory — not just as a consumer but as a norm-setting, innovation-leading global player. View India’s Gender Gap Report Ranking as a Warning Alarming Findings from the Global Gender Gap Report 2025 India’s Rank: 131 out of 148 countries globally in gender parity. Sub-Index Lows: Economic Participation and Opportunity: India ranks 143rd, one of the lowest. Health and Survival: Persistently poor — sex ratio at birth remains highly skewed, reflecting entrenched son preference. Contrast with Potential: Despite being a global digital economy and home to the world’s largest youth population, India’s gender performance is stagnating. Missed Economic Potential: McKinsey (2015) projected $770 billion GDP boost by 2025 with gender parity. The editorial warns this window has been missed. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) , GS 2(Social Issues) Practice Question : “India’s demographic dividend is at risk without gender parity.” Discuss in the light of recent findings of the Global Gender Gap Report 2025.(250 Words) Structural Neglect in Women’s Health and Autonomy Reproductive and Preventive Health: Chronic underinvestment in women-specific primary care — especially for rural and low-income women. Anaemia Crisis: NFHS-5 shows 57% of women aged 15–49 are anaemic — directly impacting productivity, maternal health, and learning capacity. Health Disparities: For the first time, healthy life expectancy of Indian women is lower than men, indicating systemic healthcare failure. Policy Gap: Health budgets often fail to prioritize women’s reproductive rights, nutrition, and autonomy. Economic Exclusion and the Invisible Care Economy Wage and Work Gaps: Women earn less than 1/3rd of what men do. Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) remains stubbornly low. Unpaid Care Work: Indian women perform 7x more unpaid domestic work than men (Time Use Survey). Yet, this labour is invisible in GDP accounting and largely ignored in public infrastructure planning. Policy Blind Spots: No systemic investment in care infrastructure (e.g., crèches, elderly care, maternity benefits). Women’s economic inactivity is often treated as cultural, not as a systemic outcome of poor support structures. Policy and Institutional Recommendations Make Gender Equality a Cross-Sectoral Priority: Link health, labour, and social protection policies to enable female participation in the economy. Move beyond “beneficiary” lens — treat women as productive economic actors. Care Economy Investment: Develop and fund care infrastructure — childcare, elder care, maternal leave systems. Draw lessons from Uruguay and South Korea, where care economies are integrated into development planning. Recognition in Economic Frameworks: Institutionalize time-use surveys, gender budgeting, and labour statistics inclusive of unpaid work. Recalibrate growth metrics to include women’s contributions beyond formal employment. Inclusive Budgeting and Decision-Making: Ensure women’s voices in policy spaces, budget committees, and local governance. Promote affirmative action in leadership roles and workforce skilling schemes. Gender and Demographic Future Double Burden Ahead: By 2050, 20% of India’s population will be senior citizens — predominantly older women. Simultaneously, fertility rates have fallen below replacement level. Implication: With women excluded from the economy, the dependency ratio will rise — increasing fiscal pressure. The only viable path: healthy, economically active women supporting both ageing parents and the economy. Strategic Framing: Gender parity isn’t just ethical — it’s essential for labour productivity, growth, and intergenerational equity. Key Message Details WEF Rank = Red Flag India’s 131st rank exposes deep structural failings Health = Economic Foundation Anaemia, poor reproductive care block women’s economic inclusion Unpaid Work = Policy Blind Spot Women’s unpaid care work isn’t recognized in budgets or job data Demographic Urgency Rising ageing population + shrinking LFPR = fiscal and social crisis Policy Priority Investment in gender-sensitive health, labour and care systems is non-negotiable Conclusion : “The Global Gender Gap Report is not just a ranking. It is a warning.” Unless India treats gender equality as central to national planning, it risks squandering its demographic dividend and entering a future of care burden, fiscal pressure, and lost productivity.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 12 July 2025

Content : Simultaneous election Bill gives EC unbridled powers; loopholes remain: ex-CJIs Genetic analysis of Assam rhino horn samples initiated Smarter, faster, stronger: how Artificial Intelligence is transforming the manufacturing landscape India marks 4,000% growth in solar capacity over past decade: Union industry minister Once-in-a-billion event: Intense marine heatwave in Mediterranean shocks with 8°C warming Simultaneous election Bill gives EC unbridled powers; loopholes remain: ex-CJIs Legislative Context What is being reviewed? Constitution (129th Amendment) Bill, 2024 – Proposes enabling simultaneous elections (Lok Sabha + State Assemblies). Union Territories Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2024 – Amends UT laws in light of simultaneous polls. Parliamentary Oversight: Under review by a Joint Committee of Parliament led by BJP MP P.P. Chaudhury. Relevance : GS 2(Elections Reforms) Core Concerns Raised by Former CJIs 1. Unfettered Powers to Election Commission (EC) Section 82A(5) gives EC the power to recommend postponing state elections unilaterally, if it believes simultaneous elections aren’t feasible. No oversight or checks — no role for: Parliament Union Council of Ministers Judiciary CJI View: EC’s role must be accountable in a constitutional democracy. Former CJIs D.Y. Chandrachud, J.S. Khehar, and earlier Ranjan Gogoi flagged lack of checks. 2. Ambiguity in “Remaining Period” Clause Current law: If an assembly is dissolved early, elections must still be held for its remaining term. Problem: If the remainder is only a few weeks or months, holding elections becomes: Logistically wasteful Constitutionally incoherent Against the goal of synchronization Recommendation: Parliament should clearly define what constitutes a “meaningful” remainder period (e.g., >6 months). Basic Structure Doctrine and Constitutional Validity All three former CJIs agreed: The Bill does not violate the Basic Structure of the Constitution. But operational clarity, checks and balances, and democratic safeguards are missing. Why Basic Structure remains intact? Free and fair elections, federalism, and parliamentary democracy are untouched in principle. The Bill’s goals relate to administrative efficiency, not fundamental rights or the core architecture of the Constitution. Key Governance and Constitutional Implications Issue Implication EC’s unchecked discretion Risks weakening accountability and violating the principle of separation of powers Unclear “remainder period” Could lead to frequent, fragmented elections, defeating the very idea of “One Nation, One Election” Operational feasibility Without legislative safeguards, implementation may face legal challenges or state resistance Lack of Parliamentary oversight Raises concerns on executive overreach via constitutional bodies Takeaways Checks on EC’s Power: Essential to maintain democratic accountability; EC is a constitutional body, not above scrutiny. Legal Certainty Needed: Ambiguities like “remainder of term” must be legislated to avoid misuse or constitutional crises. Political Federalism at Stake: Simultaneous polls must not become a backdoor method to centralise electoral control. Process vs. Principle: Though the principle is constitutional, the process must uphold federal balance and democratic oversight. 129th Amendment) Bill, 2024 Purpose: Enables simultaneous elections to the Lok Sabha and all State Legislative Assemblies. Key Provision Introduced: Inserts Article 82A, empowering Parliament to make laws for holding simultaneous elections. Constitutional Amendments Involved: Amends Articles 83, 172, and 327 to fix uniform tenure and synchronize terms of legislatures. Fixed Term Mechanism: Proposes a five-year fixed tenure for both Parliament and state assemblies starting from a notified “appointed date.” Mid-Term Polls Provision: If a legislature is dissolved early, elections will be held only for the remainder of the original term, not a fresh 5-year period. Election Commission’s Powers: Empowers the Election Commission to recommend postponement of elections if simultaneous polls are not feasible. Rationale: Aims to reduce frequent election cycles, lower costs, minimize administrative disruptions, and improve governance continuity. Concerns Raised: Potential threat to federalism by aligning state elections with the Centre. Accountability issues due to short mid-term mandates. Absence of oversight mechanisms on EC’s enhanced powers. Current Status: Under examination by a Joint Parliamentary Committee; proposed as part of broader electoral reforms. Genetic analysis of Assam rhino horn samples initiated Context and Background: Assam’s Historic Rhino Horn Destruction Drive In September 2021, the Assam government burnt 2,479 rhino horns — the largest such destruction globally — as a symbolic commitment to wildlife conservation and to debunk myths around the medicinal value of horns. These horns had been stored for decades in treasuries across Assam and were either seized from poachers or collected from natural deaths. Only horns linked to court cases (50) or having scientific or heritage value (94) were spared. Relevance : GS 3(Environmental Governance) Genetic Study: Objectives and Process Why this study? Tiny samples were retained before the horns were burnt — 2,573 horn samples in total — to enable long-term DNA-based profiling of India’s rhino population. Key Objectives: Build a national DNA database under RhODIS-India (Rhino DNA Index System), modelled on South Africa’s RhODIS. Document individual DNA profiles and analyse genetic diversity, population structure, and illegal trade traceability. Detect changes in short tandem repeat (STR) allele frequencies, which are useful for understanding genetic bottlenecks, inbreeding, or population recovery over time. Process: Conducted under the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), Dehradun — India’s apex institution for wildlife genetics. Supervised by Dr. Samrat Mondol, an expert in conservation genetics. Independent experts documented the technical repackaging and transfer process at Kaziranga, between July 3–8, 2025. Policy and Conservation Significance Dimension Impact Wildlife Forensics Helps in forensic tracing of horns in global illegal wildlife trade. Genetic “fingerprints” can match horns seized anywhere globally. Conservation Planning Provides a population-level genetic map to manage health and diversity of Kaziranga’s ~2,800+ rhino population. Anti-Poaching Deterrent against rhino horn trade; allows enforcement agencies to trace horn origin if intercepted. Data Infrastructure Establishes a national-level wildlife genetic archive — useful for other endangered species too. International Model India joins countries like South Africa using RhODIS to link genetics with law enforcement and conservation. Takeaways Ethical Conservation: Assam’s decision to destroy horns rather than monetise or stockpile reflects a paradigm shift in conservation ethics. Science-Policy Synergy: Combines genetic science with state-level governance for effective species management. Kaziranga Model: Reinforces Kaziranga’s role as a global benchmark in rhino conservation — already home to over 70% of India’s one-horned rhinos. Global Messaging: Counters demand for rhino horns by showing India’s commitment to ending myth-driven poaching. Conclusion This genetic analysis will: Strengthen anti-poaching action and wildlife crime prosecution. Enhance population health tracking of Indian rhinos. Help frame data-driven breeding, translocation, and conservation strategies. RhODIS-India may serve as a template for other endangered megafauna (e.g., elephants, tigers) in India. Assam Rhinos : Species: Indian one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), primarily found in Assam’s Kaziranga National Park. IUCN Status: Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List; population recovering but still threatened by poaching and habitat loss. Global Significance: Over 70% of the global population of one-horned rhinos resides in Assam, especially in Kaziranga, Pobitora, Orang, and Manas National Parks. Major Threats: Poaching for horn (linked to traditional medicine myths), habitat fragmentation, annual floods, and invasive species like Mimosa. Conservation Success: From ~200 rhinos in 1905 to over 2,900 in 2023, due to strict protection, translocation, and anti-poaching measures. Kaziranga Model: A UNESCO World Heritage Site, Kaziranga sets global benchmarks in rhino conservation through tech-enabled patrolling and community participation. Smarter, faster, stronger: how Artificial Intelligence is transforming the manufacturing landscape AI in Manufacturing: A Structural Transformation, Not Just an Upgrade Paradigm Shift: AI is now deeply embedded in production processes — from shop floor automation to product design and smart logistics. Machines predict failures (predictive maintenance), robots adapt to tasks (cobots), and decisions are made on real-time data, not instinct. India’s AI Adoption Surge: AI adoption in manufacturing jumped from 8% to 22% in just one year (FY24). Backed by the ₹10,372 crore National AI Mission, focusing on indigenous models, infrastructure, and skilling. Global Context: The AI-in-manufacturing market is projected to rise from $4.1B (2024) to $25B (2029). India is rapidly aligning its digital and manufacturing policies to tap into this global trend. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) , GS 2(Governance) AI Applications Across the Manufacturing Value Chain Area AI Applications Production Predictive maintenance (↓ downtime 30%), AI-powered cobots, defect detection (vision systems), SOP compliance R&D Digital twins, generative AI for faster product design, energy simulations Quality Control Real-time micro-defect detection, AI-based inspection drones Planning & Logistics Demand forecasting, AI-driven scheduling (↑ responsiveness by 20%) Procurement ML-based smart sourcing Safety & Compliance AI-powered CCTVs, centralised safety dashboards Case: Chennai Petroleum Corporation generates 1 TB of daily data — used for predictive maintenance, digital twins, and safety analytics. The Digital Backbone: AI + IoT + Cloud = Industry 4.0 IoT at the Edge: Sensors feed live data from machines, materials, and environments. Edge Computing: Enables instant responses in robotics and safety tasks (real-time control). Cloud Infrastructure: Powers AI model training, digital twin simulations, and coordination across factories. Systems Integration: APIs and hubs link AI to ERP, supply chains, and MES (Manufacturing Execution Systems), enabling enterprise-wide intelligence. Value Creation: From Operational Hygiene to AI-Led Innovation Operational Hygiene Predictive maintenance Automated inspections Stock tracking SOP compliance Results in cost saving, higher compliance — now industry baseline. Innovation & Customisation GenAI accelerates design-to-prototype timelines. Mass customisation enables personalised production at scale. Drones and AI-planning enhance energy efficiency and safety. Embedding AI across R&D to delivery builds agility and future-readiness. Structural Challenges Integration Costs: High upfront investment, especially for MSMEs. Talent Deficit: Need for AI-skilled workforce across design, deployment, and governance. Trust & Transparency: 44% of manufacturing leaders cautious about GenAI (Reuters/Ipsos 2024) — concerns about hallucinations and explainability. Data Governance: Industrial AI must comply with safety, IP, and confidentiality norms. Strategic Outlook: AI as a Growth Catalyst for $5 Trillion Economy AI is not optional — it is central to India’s industrial competitiveness and digital self-reliance. National policies are creating an AI + manufacturing innovation ecosystem through: Public-private collaboration Indigenous R&D Focus on edge-AI, GenAI, and agentic systems The goal: make Indian manufacturing globally competitive, energy efficient, and human-machine collaborative. Key Analytical Takeaways Dimension Insight Policy Backing National AI Mission & digital infrastructure push is enabling rapid AI adoption. Tech Integration AI is being layered across hardware (IoT, cobots) and software (GenAI, twins). Industrial Strategy AI drives both efficiency (cost, quality) and differentiation (customisation, speed). Economic Role Foundational to India’s transition to a high-value, innovation-driven economy. India marks 4,000% growth in solar capacity over past decade: Union industry minister Renewable Energy Progress: Nearing the 50% Milestone Installed Renewable Capacity (as of June 2025): Total power capacity: 476 GW Non-fossil fuel sources: 235.7 GW (≈49%), including: Renewables: 226.9 GW Nuclear: 8.8 GW Target: Achieve 50% of 472 GW by end of 2025; on track as per Power Minister. 10-Year Growth: Solar PV module capacity: ↑ 38-fold Solar PV cell capacity: ↑ 21-fold Installed solar capacity: ↑ 4,000% India among the first G20 countries to meet its Paris Agreement NDCs. Relevance : GS 3(Energy Security ) Roadmap to 2030: National Commitments Target under NDCs: 500 GW of installed non-fossil energy by 2030. Aligned with commitments to the UNFCCC for climate mitigation. Shift from Coal: Coal still dominates energy mix but the trajectory signals gradual phase-out. RE expansion and green hydrogen strategy are key to decarbonization. Energy Storage & Grid Resilience: The Next Frontier Current Energy Storage Status: Battery Energy Storage System (BESS): 205 MW (~506 MWh) Hydro Pumped Storage: 5 GW Future Targets: BESS: 74 GW by 2031–32 Pumped Hydro: 3 GW target for 2025–26 Scale up to 50 GW in 5–6 years Cost Decline: BESS costs down 75% — from ₹10 lakh/MW to ₹2.5 lakh/MW/month in 3–4 years. Reflects technology maturing and improving commercial viability. Green Hydrogen Push: India’s Strategic Bet National Green Hydrogen Mission: Rs 19,744 crore investment Target: 10 million tonnes of green hydrogen Electrolyser capacity: 60–100 GW Goal: Ensure energy independence and reduce import dependence. Complements the larger push for Atmanirbhar Bharat in clean energy value chains. Industrial Self-Reliance & Supply Chain Resilience India’s new RE strategy emphasizes end-to-end supply chain integration: Critical minerals → PV cells → Modules → Storage → Recycling. Focus Areas: Reduce dependence on single-source geographies for rare earths & minerals. Explore alternative global partnerships and new-age technologies (e.g., sodium-ion batteries, flow batteries). Institutional Mechanisms and Collaborations Organiser: Indian Energy Storage Alliance (IESA) Promotes energy storage, e-mobility, and hydrogen ecosystems. Stakeholder Engagement: Convergence of ministries (Power, Commerce, Renewable Energy, etc.). Industry leadership in deployment, innovation, and manufacturing scale-up. Takeaways Dimension Insights Policy Leadership India is on track to meet its intermediate RE goals, with active government push and enabling policy environment. Tech Advancement Decline in energy storage costs, massive solar scale-up, and new electrolyser targets show industrial maturity. Strategic Focus Integration of hydrogen, storage, and minerals into one policy ecosystem strengthens energy self-reliance. Challenges Ahead Huge gap in storage capacity (205 MW vs 74 GW target), storage infra ramp-up remains a bottleneck. Broader Implications “Renewable targets alone are not enough — storage, flexibility, and supply chain sovereignty will define India’s clean energy future.” This marks a systemic shift from just generation targets to energy systems thinking, encompassing: 24×7 RE reliability Domestic manufacturing ecosystem Climate-aligned economic resilience Once-in-a-billion event: Intense marine heatwave in Mediterranean shocks with 8°C warming What Is Happening? | The Event Mediterranean Marine Heatwave (July 2025): A record-breaking marine heatwave is underway in the Mediterranean Sea, with SST (Sea Surface Temperatures) soaring up to +8°C above normal — particularly in the Balearic Sea and Tyrrhenian Sea. Labeled a “1-in-a-billion” climatological anomaly, statistically six standard deviations above normal, making it almost impossible without anthropogenic global warming. Heat Dome Formation: Triggered by a persistent high-pressure system — a “heat dome” — in June 2025, which is trapping heat and reducing wind circulation, causing: Poor vertical mixing of water layers. Continuous build-up of heat in both atmosphere and sea surface. Relevance : GS 1(Geography) ,GS 3( Environment and Ecology) Scientific and Climatological Significance Unprecedented Nature: Not the hottest ever recorded, but the hottest relative to the seasonal average for early July. Reflects climate-forced anomalies, not natural variability. Role of Climate Change: Caused by atmospheric circulation changes and decline in aerosol concentrations (less solar reflection). Findings align with 2024 Nature Communications paper: Marine + atmospheric heatwaves together amplify intensity. Trendline: Aquaculture (2024): Marine heatwaves have tripled in frequency over the last 40 years and last 50% longer. Spanish Mediterranean waters warming at 0.75°C per decade — a sign of irreversible shifts. Ecological Fallout: Oceans Under Siege Mass Mortality Events: Between 2015–2019, five consecutive years of mass die-offs along thousands of km of coastline (per Global Change Biology, 2022). Coral bleaching, fish kill, and death of benthic (bottom-dwelling) organisms like sponges and gorgonians expected Livelihood Disruption: Severe implications for fisherfolk, tourism, and aquaculture industries. Spain, Italy, and France’s coastal economies may see long-term disruptions. Potential Collapse of Marine Biodiversity Hotspots: Disruption in phytoplankton, fish breeding grounds, and food chains, especially for migratory species. Extreme Weather Linkages: From Sea to Sky Heat–Moisture–Storm Feedback Loop: Elevated SST increases evaporation, thus atmospheric moisture — fueling convective storms. Leads to higher dew points, creating explosive rainfall potential. Autumn Storm Threat: Already in July, SSTs match or exceed late summer norms. If high temperatures persist, autumn could see: Flash floods, landslides, and storm clusters. Example: October 29–30, 2024 — over 200 deaths in Spain due to record rainfall in 24 hours. Vulnerable Zones Identified: Coastal Italy, Spain, Alps, and Western Balkans face compound risks of landslides, urban flooding, and river overflows. Global Relevance | Why India Should Care Climate System Interconnectedness: Mediterranean warming affects European monsoons, North African desertification, and possibly jet stream dynamics — all of which can influence Southwest Monsoon variability over India. Parallels with Indian Ocean: Indian Ocean also witnessing frequent marine heatwaves, disrupting monsoon circulation and fisheries (as shown in recent MoES studies). Precedent for Western Indian States: Events like these foreshadow Gujarat–Konkan rainfall anomalies, storm surges, and unexpected urban flood disasters. Key Analytical Takeaways Dimension Insight Scientific Heat dome + climate change = unprecedented marine + atmospheric heatwave. Ecological Mass mortality of marine life, collapse of food chains, disruption of coastal livelihoods. Climatic Increased risk of catastrophic rainfall, flash floods, and convective storms. Policy Urgency Need for marine heatwave monitoring, early warning systems, and climate-resilient infrastructure. Critical Reflection “Marine heatwaves are not isolated oceanic events — they are harbingers of compound disasters in our warming world.” This event is a climate warning bell for nations globally, including India, to: Scale up climate modelling for marine ecosystems. Invest in blue economy resilience. Integrate marine heatwave alerts in disaster preparedness frameworks.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 11 July 2025

Content: Khelo Bharat Niti 2025 Khelo Bharat Niti 2025 Strategic Vision and Integration Aligned with Viksit Bharat 2047, this is a transformative policy integrating sports, education, inclusion, economy, and diplomacy. Anchored in the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 — promotes curricular integration of sports, lifelong fitness habits, and physical education training. Envisions India as a global sporting powerhouse by 2036 (Olympics host + Top-10 nation) and Top-5 by 2047. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance, Welfare Schemes and Inclusion) Budgetary Commitment FY 2025–26 Sports Budget: ₹3,794 crore → 130.9% increase over FY 2014–15. ₹2,191 crore for Central Sector Schemes. ₹1,000 crore for Khelo India Programme alone. Grassroots to Elite: Institutional Mechanisms Khelo India Programme – Flagship Engine Launched: 2016–17, Extended: 2021, Budget till now: ₹3,790.5 crore. Achievements: 326 sports infra projects worth ₹3,124.12 crore. 1,045 Khelo India Centres (KICs), 34 KISCEs, 306 accredited academies. 2,845 Khelo India Athletes (KIAs) supported with training, diet, equipment, stipend, and medical care.   KIRTI: Early Talent Identification Khelo India Rising Talent Identification (KIRTI) for children aged 9–18. Uses 174 Talent Assessment Centres (TACs). Pipeline to global elite training, Olympic medal goals. Annual Games Ecosystem Includes: Khelo India Youth Games (KIYG) – 27 sports by 2025. University Games, Para Games, Winter Games – 17 editions, 50,000+ athletes. Khelo India School Games evolved into KIYG (backed by IOA). 2023 & 2025 Para Games: 1,300+ athletes each. Policy Innovations and Systemic Reforms Holistic athlete support: Nutrition, sports science, psychology, tech, and injury care. National Sports Federations (NSFs): Enhanced governance and accountability. Private Investment: Boost via PPP, CSR, sports startups, and creative finance. Sports Tourism and international event hosting for economic gains. Equity, Empowerment, and Inclusion Women, tribal groups, disabled athletes prioritized. Siddi community success in athletics, boxing, judo with state support. Para-athlete Rohit Kumar highlights equal rewards, policy integration with education. Sports-Education Nexus: A New Ecosystem National Sports University, Imphal (est. 2018): Education in sports sciences, coaching, technology, management. Global collaboration with Canberra & Victoria Universities. Motto: “Sports Excellence through Education, Research and Training.” New Frontiers and Diaspora Engagement 1st Khelo India Water Sports Festival (Aug 2025) at Dal Lake, Srinagar. Features 5 water sports, 400+ athletes. Expands into water sports excellence and regional talent. Engages Indian diaspora via international talent recognition and collaboration. Policy Impact: Cultural Shift in Sports Perception From “extra-curricular” to mainstream career pathway. Sports now seen as a tool for: Nation-building (unity, youth engagement) Health and wellness (institutional fitness indices) Social mobility and pride (rural & marginalized outreach) Outlook: Toward Olympic Glory India’s approach is no longer medal-centric but ecosystem-centric. Khelo Bharat Niti 2025 fosters “Sports for All, Excellence for Few” model. Positioned to host Olympics 2036, powered by: Mass participation + elite excellence Infrastructure + human capital synergy Institutional coherence + societal mindset shift Obesity in India and the Role of Sports Policy Rising Obesity Trends: India faces a dual burden of malnutrition and obesity. NFHS-5 (2019–21) shows 24% of women and 22.9% of men (15–49 yrs) are overweight or obese—up from ~20% in NFHS-4. Urban Youth at Risk: Sedentary lifestyles, screen time, and junk food consumption have led to increased obesity among school and college students, especially in metros. Non-Communicable Disease Burden: Obesity is a major risk factor for NCDs like Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. WHO warns that India may face a 10% NCD increase if youth inactivity persists. Fitness & Khelo India’s Role: Khelo India promotes Fitness Assessment Index in schools, encouraging active lifestyles and early health monitoring of children. Khelo Bharat Niti 2025 – Health Integration: Explicitly aims to embed fitness as a national movement, encouraging daily physical activity and structured sports participation from grassroots level. NEP 2020 Alignment: Sports and physical education are now part of the school curriculum, promoting lifelong fitness habits and reducing childhood obesity risks. Infrastructure & Accessibility: 1,045+ Khelo India Centres and grassroots competitions create local access to physical activity spaces, especially in underserved regions. Behavioral Change through Sports: National campaigns under Khelo Bharat aim to reshape youth attitudes toward fitness, making sports aspirational and habitual. Community-Level Solutions: Initiatives like the Khelo India Fitness App, local tournaments, and school-level sports are geared toward reversing sedentary culture. Long-Term Vision: Tackling obesity aligns with India’s broader public health goals under Ayushman Bharat and National Health Policy, with sports as a preventive tool. Facts & Figures Supporting Khelo Bharat Niti 2025 India’s Youth Demographic India’s population as of April 2025 is around 1.46 billion, with 68% in the working-age group (15–64 years) and 26% aged 10–24. Source: UNFPA State of World Population Report 2025 Fertility Rate and Demographic Transition India’s Total Fertility Rate has declined to 1.9, below the replacement level of 2.1. Source: National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) and UNFPA 2025 Update Union Sports Budget FY 2025–26 ₹3,794.30 crore allocated to the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, a ₹351.98 crore increase over FY 2024–25. Source: Union Budget 2025–26, Ministry of Finance Khelo India Programme Allocation ₹1,000 crore allocated to Khelo India, marking its highest-ever funding. Source: Union Budget 2025–26, Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports NSFs and SAI Funding National Sports Federations received ₹400 crore; Sports Authority of India was allocated ₹830 crore. Source: Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports Budget Highlights 2025 Sports Economy Projections India’s sports industry projected to grow from $52 billion (2024) to $130 billion by 2030 at a 14% CAGR. Source: FICCI–EY India Sports Industry Report 2024 Sports Equipment Sector Growth Indian sports equipment market expected to reach $100 billion by 2027, up from $27 billion in 2020. Source: India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF) and DPIIT Data SAI Talent Development Model SAI supports athletes aged 8–25 under schemes like NSTC, STC, COE, and SAG for grassroots-to-elite progression. Source: Sports Authority of India Annual Report 2024 38th National Games – 2025 Held in Uttarakhand from Jan 28–Feb 14, 2025, with over 10,000 athletes in 35 disciplines. Source: Indian Olympic Association and Ministry of Sports India’s Olympic and Commonwealth Aspirations India formally expressed interest in hosting the 2036 Olympics; Ahmedabad is bidding for the 2030 Commonwealth Games. Source: Indian Olympic Association and International Olympic Committee communication, 2023–24 Conclusion : Strategic Shift: Khelo Bharat Niti 2025 transforms sports from a hobby into a structured, career-oriented, and nation-building tool aligned with NEP 2020 and the Viksit Bharat vision. Inclusive & Aspirational: By focusing on grassroots talent, infrastructure, and equity, it empowers youth, women, and marginalized groups, making sports accessible and aspirational. Global Ambition, Local Action: With robust funding and systemic reforms, the policy positions India to emerge as a global sporting power by 2036, while promoting health, fitness, and social cohesion at the community level.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 11 July 2025

Content : Let the Rivers Talk to Each Other Aiding India’s progress with choice, control and capital Let the Rivers Talk to Each Other India’s rivers, especially the Yamuna and Ganga, are lifelines that sustain ecology, economy, and culture. However, urban pollution, fragmented governance, and lack of basin-scale planning threaten their health. Integrating rejuvenation efforts under a unified, systems-based approach is key to restoring their vitality. Relevance : GS 1 (Geography, Society), GS 2 (Governance, Federalism), GS 3 (Environment, Economy, SDGs) Practice Question : “River rejuvenation in India requires a shift from fragmented interventions to integrated basin-level governance.” Critically examine this statement in the context of Yamuna and Ganga restoration efforts.(250 words) Why Yamuna’s Revival is Nationally Strategic The 22-km Delhi stretch of the Yamuna contributes nearly 76% of the river’s total pollution load, though it comprises only about 2% of the river’s length. As a major tributary of the Ganga, the Yamuna’s health directly affects the broader Ganga river basin ecosystem and must be treated as an integrated hydrological unit. Namami Gange as an Institutional Backbone Namami Gange Programme (NGP), launched in 2014, has received over ₹37,000 crore in allocations and sanctioned 400+ projects across pollution control, biodiversity, and public awareness. It is anchored by the National Ganga Council (NGC), chaired by the Prime Minister, with key ministries and Chief Ministers of basin states as members. Innovations include: Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) for sewage treatment infrastructure District Ganga Committees, real-time pollution monitoring, and Ganga Task Forces for ground-level enforcement. Need for Basin-Scale Integration The current approach to the Yamuna focuses on isolated interventions like STPs or beautification efforts, lacking catchment-wide governance. Pollution inflow from Haryana and Uttar Pradesh remains unchecked due to absence of cross-jurisdictional coordination. Integrating the Yamuna project under NGP would enable systemic planning, pollution budgeting, and shared accountability across basin states. Policy Recommendations for Convergence Treat Yamuna as a pilot urban river node under Namami Gange for testing basin-scale integration. Create Urban River Management Units (URMUs) under the NGC to coordinate city-specific pollution and rejuvenation efforts. Institutionalize river-to-river knowledge transfer, supported by hydrological data sharing and ecological planning frameworks. Promote citizen participation, corporate social responsibility (CSR), and impact investments for decentralized monitoring and community-driven river health programs. International Best Practices to Emulate The Rhine River Basin restoration (Europe) shows success through multi-country catchment cooperation and pollution source elimination. Chicago River (USA) rejuvenation demonstrates the impact of grey-green infrastructure investment and stormwater planning. Lessons from these models point to the need for collaborative governance, transparency, and systems thinking. Reimagining River Rejuvenation in India River restoration must move beyond engineering solutions to include ecological, social, and economic dimensions. Integrating Yamuna rejuvenation into the Namami Gange framework can serve as a template for managing other polluted rivers, especially in urban India. This convergence will help achieve goals of clean water, climate resilience, and healthy ecosystems, aligning with SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities). Broader Dimensions Governance & Federalism Cooperative Federalism: River rejuvenation requires coordination across central ministries, basin states (Delhi, Haryana, UP), and urban local bodies. Institutional Innovation: Namami Gange’s architecture (NGC, DG, State Missions) offers a replicable governance model for other rivers. Mission-mode Governance: Shift from scheme-based to mission-based delivery improves convergence across sectors (urban planning, water, sanitation). Environment & Sustainable Development (GS3) SDG Alignment: SDG 6 – Clean Water and Sanitation SDG 11 – Sustainable Cities SDG 13 & 15 – Climate Action and Life on Land Ecosystem Services: Restored rivers improve biodiversity, recharge aquifers, and act as climate buffers during floods and heatwaves. Water Security & Agriculture Downstream Dependence: Ganga basin supports over 400 million people; polluted tributaries like the Yamuna threaten drinking water, irrigation, and livelihoods. Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Efficient river management optimizes use across competing sectors—urban consumption, agriculture, and industry. Ethics & Intergenerational Equity Environmental Stewardship: Ethical obligation to protect rivers as shared public goods and cultural heritage. Future Generations: Sustainable river governance ensures ecological and resource security for coming generations. Climate Resilience Nature-based Solutions: River rejuvenation using wetland restoration, floodplains, and riparian buffers supports urban resilience against extreme weather. Urban Flooding Mitigation: Healthy rivers with restored natural drainage systems reduce flood risk in cities like Delhi. Yamuna River – Key Facts Origin: Yamunotri Glacier, Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand (Altitude: ~6,387 m) Length: ~1,376 km States Traversed: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh Major Cities Along Course: Yamunotri, Dehradun, Paonta Sahib, Karnal, Delhi, Agra, Mathura, Etawah, Allahabad (Prayagraj) Tributary of: Ganga (joins at Triveni Sangam, Prayagraj, UP) Pollution Hotspot: Delhi stretch (~22 km) accounts for ~76% of total pollution load due to: Untreated sewage (70–80%) Industrial effluents Encroachments and solid waste Yamuna Action Plan (YAP): Initiated in 1993 (Japanese aid) – now in Phase III. Ganga River – Key Facts Origin: Gangotri Glacier (Gaumukh), Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand Main Stream Name Upstream: Bhagirathi Length: ~2,525 km (longest river in India) States Traversed: Uttarakhand, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal Empties into: Bay of Bengal (via the Hooghly–Padma distributaries) River Basin: Covers ~26% of India’s land area Supports ~43% of India’s population (~500 million) World’s most populous river basin Major Tributaries: Left Bank: Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi, Mahananda Right Bank: Yamuna, Son, Tamsa Pollution Challenges: Over 1,000 drains discharge into Ganga; about 50% of pollution from just 10 cities. Namami Gange Programme (2014–ongoing): Integrated mission with ₹37,000+ crore allocation. Conclusion Restoring Yamuna and Ganga through integrated basin-level planning is vital for ensuring water security, ecological health, and sustainable urban development, making river rejuvenation a national development priority. Aiding India’s progress with choice, control and capital With global population exceeding 8 billion, the 2025 World Population Day theme – “Empowering young people to create the families they want in a fair and hopeful world” – rightly centers the discourse on reproductive rights, youth aspirations, and inclusive development. For India, home to the world’s largest youth population, the challenge is not just numbers but ensuring reproductive freedom, economic empowerment, and dignity for all. Relevance: GS 1(Society: Women and youth issues, child marriage) , GS 2 (Governance: Health, education, and welfare policies) Practice Question: “India’s demographic dividend will only yield results if the reproductive aspirations and economic agency of its youth are fulfilled.” Critically examine in the context of declining fertility and persistent gender inequality. (250 Words) India’s Demographic Opportunity 371 million youth (15–29 yrs), per UNICEF – largest globally. World Bank & NITI Aayog project $1 trillion GDP boost by 2030 if investments are made in youth health, education, and employment. However, declining Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (NFHS-5: 2.0) raises questions on future workforce potential. Reproductive Autonomy: A Crisis in Aspiration 36% adults face unintended pregnancies; 30% report unmet fertility goals. 23% experience both, revealing systemic failures in enabling informed reproductive choices. Fertility aspirations are unmet not due to disinterest but due to barriers: poor access to services, stigma, and patriarchal norms. Child Marriage & Early Pregnancy NFHS-5: Child marriage reduced from 47% (2006) to 23.3%, yet remains high. Teenage childbearing among 15–19 years: 7% nationally, >15% in some states. UNICEF: 1 year of secondary education → 6% reduction in child marriage likelihood. Model Interventions Project Udaan (Rajasthan, 2017–22): 30,000 child marriages prevented; 15,000 teenage pregnancies averted through education, scholarships, contraceptive access. Advika (Odisha): 11,000 villages declared child marriage-free; 950 prevented in 2022 alone. Project Manzil (2019–25): Trained 28,000 young women; 16,000 employed – boosted agency, delayed marriage through economic empowerment. Global Fertility Crisis: Misplaced Alarmism UNFPA 2025: 1 in 5 globally can’t realize desired family size. India-specific factors: financial constraints (38%), housing (22%), childcare (18%), unemployment (21%). UN projections: Population will peak at 10.3 billion by 2080s; concerns of “collapse” are premature and politically charged. Policy Lessons from Korea & Others Korea spent $200 billion to raise birth rates (2005–2025) → only a 7.3% birth rebound in Q1 2025. Shows monetary incentives alone fail unless structural barriers (gender roles, employment norms, housing) are addressed. India’s Policy Gaps & the Way Forward Achievements: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, National Adolescent Health Programme, NFHS-5 progress. Gaps: Unequal access to SRH (sexual & reproductive health) services. Low female labour force participation (~25%). Persistent stigma around contraceptives and abortion. Structural Needs: Universal access to contraceptives, safe abortion, maternal care. Removal of societal barriers: gender norms, mobility, childcare. Reforms in workplace policies: flexible hours, maternity protections, remote work options. Strengthened adolescent-centric, rights-based SRH education. Conclusion: India stands at a pivotal juncture. While demographic numbers create headlines, it is the quality of agency, autonomy and access that will determine whether its youth become assets or are left behind. Shifting from fertility control to reproductive choice and from token schemes to structural empowerment is essential. For India’s future to be fair, hopeful, and inclusive, the voice and freedom of every young person—especially every young woman—must be placed at the heart of policy. Data and Facts India’s Youth & Demographics Population (2024): 1.43 billion Youth (15–29 yrs): 371 million (UNICEF) Median age: 28.2 years Dependency ratio: 47.6% (2021) Fertility & Reproductive Trends TFR (NFHS-5): 2.0 (Urban: 1.6; Rural: 2.1) States below replacement TFR: 23/36 Teenage pregnancy (15–19 yrs): 6.8% nationally Unintended pregnancies: 36% Unmet contraceptive need: 9.4% Male sterilization usage: <1% Child Marriage Prevalence (NFHS-5): 23.3% of women (20–24) married before 18 India’s share of global child brides: 1 in 3 (UNICEF) SRH & Health Indicators Modern contraceptive use: 56.5% Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR): 97 per 100,000 (2020–22) Adolescent fertility rate: 24/1,000 women (15–19 yrs) Women’s Autonomy & Work Female LFPR (2022–23): 37% (↑ from 23% in 2017–18) Youth female LFPR (15–24 yrs): ~23% Women involved in health decisions: 74% (NFHS-5) Global Context Global population (2024): 8.2 billion Peak projected: 10.3 billion (2080s, UN WPP 2024) South Korea’s TFR: 0.72; spent $200B on fertility push UNFPA 2025 Report: 40% globally unable to meet fertility aspirations

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 11 July 2025

Content Maharashtra Special Public Security Bill, 2024 Are existing mechanisms effective in preventing custodial violence? The need to safeguard the right to vote Trump threatens 500% tariff on countries importing oil from Russia TB death audits, like maternal mortality model, can aid elimination’ Maharashtra Special Public Security Bill, 2024 Introduction The Maharashtra Assembly has passed the Maharashtra Special Public Security Bill, 2024, aimed at curbing unlawful activities of Left-Wing Extremist (LWE) groups and similar organisations. The Bill will be tabled in the Legislative Council for final passage. Relevance : GS 2 ( Governance & Polity), GS 3 (Internal Security ) Key Features of the Bill Applicable to individuals associated with banned organisations classified as unlawful. Punishment: 2 to 7 years of imprisonment. Offences under the Act: Cognisable and non-bailable. Power to seize and forfeit funds of such organisations. Only those proven to be members of banned groups can be prosecuted. Legislative Process Introduced in December 2024 during the Winter Session. Referred to a Joint Select Committee for detailed examination. Passed in the Assembly after a two-hour discussion by voice vote. Current Context Maharashtra reportedly has 64 frontal organisations associated with extremist groups—among the highest in India. Four other states—Chhattisgarh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha—have similar public security laws. Concerns and Debates Definition Clarity: Some stakeholders have raised concerns about the broad or ambiguous terms in the Bill. Potential Overreach: Questions raised on whether student groups, farmer unions, or peaceful protestors could be affected. Safeguards: Emphasis needed on ensuring that only individuals with proven links to banned organisations are prosecuted. Security vs Rights: A Balanced Lens Merits: Aims to address the organisational and financial infrastructure of unlawful groups. Adds state-level legal backing to act against extremist networks beyond central laws. Cautions: Overbroad definitions may risk misinterpretation or misuse. Strong legal tools require clear accountability mechanisms and judicial oversight. Ensuring protection of peaceful dissent is essential to maintain democratic space. Comparative Insight The Bill aligns with existing models in other states that combat insurgency or extremism. Draws parallels with central legislation like UAPA, though the scope is confined to state jurisdiction. Conclusion The Maharashtra Special Public Security Bill, 2024 reflects a proactive approach to addressing organised extremist threats. However, effective implementation requires a rights-respecting, evidence-based, and transparent framework. Ensuring that the law is used strictly for security threats—not ideological expression—is vital to preserve both safety and civil liberties in a constitutional democracy. Are existing mechanisms effective in preventing custodial violence? Introduction The custodial death of Ajith Kumar (27), a security guard in Sivaganga, Tamil Nadu, has reignited national concern over police torture and custodial deaths. In response, a CBI probe has been ordered and the Madras High Court has directed submission of a report by August 20, 2025. Relevance : GS 2 ( Governance) , GS 3 (Internal Security: Human rights and custodial safeguards) , GS 4 (Ethics: Abuse of power, rule of law, and justice delivery) Custodial Violence in India – Core Issues No stand-alone anti-torture law: India signed but has not ratified the UN Convention Against Torture. Entrenched police culture: Violence is often seen as a tool for quick justice amid slow legal processes. Public perception split: Outrage is selective; celebratory responses to extra-judicial killings highlight societal complicity. Data deficiency: No centralized, credible public database on custodial torture or deaths. Institutional Gaps & Legal Loopholes CCTV directives (SC, 2020): Implementation is patchy; cameras are often non-functional or torture occurs off-camera. Judicial oversight: Magistrates often fail to physically inspect arrestees or question custodial treatment meaningfully. Evidence loophole (Section 27, Indian Evidence Act): Allows admissibility of evidence recovered via custodial confessions, indirectly legitimizing torture. Reform Recommendations Training & Sensitisation: Incorporate human rights, scientific interrogation, and bias-awareness in police training. Decriminalisation of petty offences: Reduces unnecessary custodial detentions and police overreach. Empowering magistracy: Strengthen their role as the first line of custodial rights protection. Reverse burden of proof: Law Commission has recommended shifting onus to police in custodial death cases. Functional Police Complaints Authorities: Supreme Court mandated them in Prakash Singh (2006), but few States comply fully. Structural Factors Hierarchical culture: Rigid command structures may protect erring officers. Social hierarchies: Marginalised communities face disproportionate abuse. Promotional incentives: In some cases, officers accused of excesses receive promotions, not punishment. Community & Civil Society Role Community policing: Can build trust, but requires clarity, training, and monitoring. Civil society & media: Vital in rights awareness, independent scrutiny, and pressure for accountability. Key Court Judgments Prakash Singh v. Union of India (2006): Mandated police complaints authorities. Paramvir Singh Saini v. Baljit Singh (2020): Directed CCTV installation in police stations and gave victims right to access footage. Conclusion Custodial violence in India is not merely a legal or procedural failure—it’s a reflection of deeper institutional, social, and cultural dysfunctions. Addressing it requires more than camera installations or one-time probes. It calls for comprehensive reform, strengthened oversight, and a fundamental shift in policing ethos—from dominance to service, from control to accountability. The need to safeguard the right to vote Introduction On July 10, 2025, the Supreme Court directed the Election Commission of India (ECI) to accept Aadhaar, Voter ID, and Ration Cards during the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in Bihar. The court’s observation — that the right to vote goes to the root of our republic — re-ignites a critical debate on inclusiveness vs vigilance in India’s electoral democracy. Relevance : GS 2 ( Electoral reforms & ECI role ,Statutory vs Fundamental voting rights ), GS 4 (Ethical inclusion & democratic accountability) Right to Vote in India: Status and Jurisprudence Not a Fundamental Right: As per Kuldip Nayar v. Union of India (2006), the right to vote is a statutory right under Section 62 of RPA, 1951. Not a Constitutional Right: Although debated, a larger Bench has not recognised it as a constitutional right. However, courts and civil society treat it as a democratic necessity (a “democratic imperative”). Justice Ajay Rastogi’s dissent (2023): Linked right to vote with Article 19(1)(a) and Article 21, but this remains a minority view.  Supreme Court Intervention in Bihar’s SIR SC directed EC to accept multiple ID documents — Aadhaar, voter ID, ration card — to prevent wrongful exclusions. Next hearing on July 28. Petitions claim that errors and exclusions in SIR are disenfranchising genuine voters.  Electoral Rolls: Legal Framework Governed by: RPA, 1950 – electoral roll preparation, revision, inclusion/exclusion. RPA, 1951 – election conduct, offences, disqualifications. Section 21 of RPA, 1950: Empowers EC to carry out revision of rolls. Section 19: Only “ordinary residents” aged 18+ can be registered. EC’s constitutional power under Article 324 ensures it is the final authority in electoral matters.  What is “Ordinary Residence”? Means genuine, habitual presence in a constituency. Manmohan Singh Case (1991) clarified: Mere casual stay or address doesn’t qualify. Prevents fraudulent voting, ensures real voter-constituency linkage.  Why Roll Accuracy Matters? Mass exclusions violate “one person, one vote”. False inclusions allow impersonation, vote dilution. Courts say: Only substantial and material errors that affect election outcome can invalidate results (Lakshmi Charan Sen v. A.K.M. Hassan Uzzaman, 1985).  Citizenship Verification & Legal Safeguards Lal Babu Hussein v. ERO (1995): EC cannot delete voters on vague suspicion. Due process must be followed: full inquiry, fair hearing, evidence, and quasi-judicial procedure. Md. Rahim Ali (2024) reaffirmed that prior voting history and due process are critical in deletions.  Inclusivity Measures Postal ballots under Rule 18 of Conduct of Election Rules, 1961: For armed forces, government staff abroad, election officials. NRI voters (Section 20A of RPA, 1950): Can vote only in person — no postal/proxy yet.  Historical Comparison – Global Context UK allowed universal suffrage only in 1928 (women). US needed constitutional amendments + civil rights reforms to make voting truly inclusive. India adopted universal adult suffrage from day one (1950) — an exceptional choice globally. Conclusion India’s electoral integrity depends not only on preventing fraud but also on ensuring access for every legitimate voter. The Supreme Court’s directive in the Bihar case reflects this dual imperative — vigilance with inclusion. As the country prepares for future elections, the EC must combine technological tools, due process, and legal safeguards to maintain both the purity and inclusivity of the electoral rolls. Citizens too must be proactive in verifying and updating their data, for democracy’s strength lies in the validity of every single vote. Trump threatens 500% tariff on countries importing oil from Russia The Trigger: U.S. Sanctioning Russia Act, 2025 Proposed by: Bipartisan U.S. Senators (Lindsey Graham & Richard Blumenthal) in April 2025. Provision: Proposes 500% tariff on countries importing Russian oil. Objective: To pressure Russia into good-faith peace negotiations over Ukraine. Status: Endorsed in principle by Donald Trump; described as “optional” and “under review.” Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) , GS 3(Indian Economy)  India’s Rising Dependence on Russian Crude In 2022: < 2% of India’s oil imports came from Russia. In FY25: ~35–40% of India’s total crude imports came from Russia. Discounted prices under the G7/EU $60 per barrel price cap were a major draw.  Economic Implications for India Energy Security Risk: Disruption in supply from Russia (10% of global oil output) may force India to rely on costlier alternatives (e.g., West Asian, African grades). Price Volatility: Oil prices could spike to $120–130 per barrel, per Minister Hardeep Singh Puri. Trade Deficit Impact: Higher import costs → rising Current Account Deficit (CAD). Fiscal Burden: Potential rise in fuel subsidy if global prices soar.  India’s Strategic Response Diplomatic Engagement: EAM S. Jaishankar raised energy concerns with U.S. lawmakers (July 2, 2025). Ministerial Standpoint: Puri reiterated that Indian oil imports are legal, within global price caps, and benefit global markets. Diversification: India may accelerate diversification of crude sources (Middle East, U.S., Latin America).  Global Supply Chain Concerns Russia produces ~9 million barrels/day — around 10% of global oil (97 million bpd). Sudden exclusion could: Tighten global supply. Strain OPEC+ spare capacity. Raise inflationary pressures worldwide.  Geopolitical Stakes India’s balancing act between: Strategic ties with the U.S. and G7. Energy cooperation with Russia, a top supplier. Any unilateral tariff or sanction by the U.S. would test India’s non-alignment diplomacy and energy pragmatism. ‘TB death audits, like maternal mortality model, can aid elimination’  Urgent Focus Areas Short-term Priority: Reduce TB mortality in India (from 22 per 1,00,000 to lower benchmarks). Long-term Goal: Achieve End TB and SDG targets by 2025/2030. India’s current TB death rate: 22 per 1,00,000 (vs. China’s 3 per 1,00,000). 800–900 deaths/day from TB in India — mostly unreported and under-recognised. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Policy ) Key Reforms Proposed District-level TB Death Audits (like maternal death audits): Headed by District Collectors. Non-programme partners (e.g., medical colleges) to conduct independent reviews. Every TB patient to be screened for co-morbidities: diabetes, anaemia, alcoholism, HIV.  Diagnostic Gaps and Innovations Subclinical TB forms 40–50% of total cases → missed in symptom-based screening. Solution: AI-backed portable X-ray devices (WHO/STOP TB/ICMR approved). Molecular Testing: Increased from ~30% to wider coverage under 100-day TB campaign. Household screening: Now feasible with handheld diagnostics.  Nutritional Support as “Natural Vaccine” RATIONS Trial (Jharkhand): Nutritional support prevented 50% of secondary TB cases. Nikshay Poshan Yojana: Monthly DBT doubled from ₹500 to ₹1000. Challenge: Delivery gaps in remote/rural areas, reliance on volunteers.  Best Practice: Tamil Nadu’s TN-KET Model Kasanoi Erappila Thittam (2022) aimed to reduce TB deaths by 30% in public-notified patients. From 14,961 patients: 13% (1,509) identified at high risk of severe illness. 75% of high-risk patients assessed at nodal centers. 4% mortality among admitted severely ill cases. Routine BMI monitoring now institutionalised.  Structural Barriers High TB burden among productive age group (25–55 years). Causes of death include: Late diagnosis, private sector delays, co-morbidities, severe undernutrition. Public health mindset needed: treat TB like COVID or maternal deaths.  Way Forward: Recommendations Universal clinical evaluation for all TB patients. Independent TB death reviews to inform district-level response. Scale up portable diagnostics, nutrition schemes, and community-based care. Ambitious, well-funded National Strategic Plan essential to drive systemic change.

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