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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 14 July 2025

Content : The Changing Landscape of Employment Climate Change and Rural India: A Silent Displacement Crisis India’s Open Ecosystems: Rethinking ‘Wastelands’ India’s Opportunity to Repay Green Revolution Debt How is Mizoram Handling the Refugee Crisis? India’s FGD Rollback: Implications of Exempting 78% of Thermal Power Plants The changing landscape of employment Core Insight: India’s demographic dividend risks turning into a disaster as lakhs of graduates enter the job market without being job-ready, amidst rising automation and a shrinking formal job base. Relevance : GS-3 (Indian Economy) – Issues related to employment, skill development, and job market reforms. Alarming Statistics Indicator Data Youth Share in Unemployment 83% of unemployed are youth – India Employment Report 2024 (ILO + IHD) Formal Workforce (EPFO) >7 crore members; 18–25 age group = 18–22% of new additions Informal Workforce 90% of total employment remains informal Digital Illiteracy Among Youth – 75% can’t send email with attachment – 60% can’t copy-paste files – 90% lack basic spreadsheet skills Job Displacement vs. Creation (2030) – 170M new jobs to be created (14%) – 92M jobs displaced (8%) ➡ Net gain = 78M jobs (7%) – Future of Jobs Report 2025, WEF Core Challenges Unemployability > Unemployment Only 50% of Indian graduates are job-ready – Economic Survey 2023–24 Skill mismatch in digital, professional, and interpersonal domains AI and Automation Threat AI adoption is putting low-to-mid-level IT roles at risk Traditional service jobs in India may not survive next-gen tech transitions Job Quality Crisis Surge in contractual and gig employment without security or benefits Lack of long-term wage growth and poor financial security Skill Infrastructure Deficit Higher education and vocational institutes not aligned with job market needs Few formal linkages between academia and industry Strategic Policy Recommendations Pillar Action Needed Education-Industry Link – Mandatory partnerships for colleges with industry – Accountability for placements, not just degrees Skill-First Curriculum – Universal presence of Idea Labs & Tinker Labs – Compulsory digital + soft skill + foreign language training at all levels Global Skilling Strategy – Design courses aligned with ageing workforce needs in EU, Japan, etc. – Align with initiatives like EU’s Link4Skills, tapping migration corridors Institutional Reform – Create Indian Education Services (IES), equivalent to IAS, to attract top talent into education leadership Open Education Ecosystem – Invite industry professionals to teach/mentor in institutions to bridge theory-practice divide EPFO Data: Formalisation vs. Stability Rise in 18–25 age group enrolments in EPFO indicates push for formal employment. But unclear if these jobs are: Secure Well-paying Long-term Job creation ≠ job quality. The data must be paired with studies on job retention and income growth. The Cost of Inaction Wasted potential: India produces millions of graduates annually, many unemployable. Rising frustration: Educated youth without jobs fuels social unrest, migration, and mental health issues. Lost opportunity: Without global skill alignment, India risks missing out on exporting talent to ageing nations. Vicious cycle: Lack of jobs ➝ underemployment ➝ informal work ➝ no savings ➝ no upward mobility Conclusion India’s employment problem is not just about creating more jobs — it’s about creating relevant, high-quality, future-proof employment. Climate Change and Rural India: A Silent Displacement Crisis Key Observation: Climate change is no longer a future threat — it is actively transforming where and how millions of Indians live, work, and survive. Relevance : GS-1 & GS-3 – Geography (climate impact) and Economy (migration, livelihoods). Bundelkhand: Droughts, Heat, and Exodus Parameter Status Location 13 districts in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh Climate Impact 🔻 Rainfall, 🔺 Temperature (+2 to +3.5°C by 2100) Drought Frequency 9 droughts (Datia, 1998–2009); 8 in Lalitpur, Mahoba Result Massive male-dominated migration to cities like Delhi, Surat, Bengaluru Impacts: Agricultural failure and indebtedness Occupational shift: from farming to mining & construction Family separation and rising vulnerability of women and children Erosion of village social fabric and school dropout rates “Migration in Bundelkhand is not adaptation — it is a form of crisis-induced displacement.” – Dr. S.S. Jatav, BBAU Charpauli, Bangladesh: Floods and Erosion Parameter Status Location Along the Jamuna river Climate Impact 🔺 Floods & erosion due to rising river discharge Riverbank Erosion Left bank: -12m/year; Right bank: -52m/year (1990–2020) Migration Pattern Permanent displacement to Dhaka, nearby towns Impacts: Entire villages vanish annually into the Jamuna Families move first inland, then migrate completely Shift to agriculture in new villages or informal jobs in cities “Migration becomes the last-resort adaptation when resilience fails.” – Jan Freihardt, ETH Zürich Vidarbha & Marathwada: Heat Stress and Debt Cycles Parameter Status Region Rain shadow zone of the Western Ghats Temperature >50°C in peak May months (Satellite data, 2024) Rainfall Erratic: fewer rainy days, intense bursts, long dry gaps Livelihood Impact Seasonal migration to sugar cane farms in Western Maharashtra & Karnataka Cane Cutter Migrant Life: 4–6 month migration, hired as “koita” couples (husband: cutter, wife: stacker) Advance wage: ₹50,000–₹5 lakh (debt cycle begins) Output requirement: ₹50,000 ÷ ₹367/tonne = 136 tonnes sugar cane to cut Live in makeshift plastic tents, with no water, sanitation, or electricity Seniors (70+) now migrate due to labour shortages “Climate change is pushing people into debt bondage and worsening intergenerational precarity.” – Ankita Bhatkhande, Asar Scale of the Crisis Indicator Data Global Climate Migrants (2022) ~20 million/year (Internal migration) – International Refugee Assistance Project India’s Sugarcane Production (2021) 50 crore tonnes, ₹20,000+ crore revenue Protection for Migrants Weak; migrants face wage theft, health crises, and legal invisibility India lacks a dedicated legal framework for climate-induced internal migration. Adaptation or Displacement? Adaptation (Ideal Scenario): Diversified livelihoods Climate-resilient cropping Social security safety nets Displacement (Current Reality): Loss of land + livelihoods = forced migration Women and elderly disproportionately burdened Children drop out of school or face malnutrition “Migration may appear adaptive, but for many in India, it reflects a collapse of resilience.” — Sayantan Datta Policy Recommendations Area Action Needed Legal Framework Recognize climate migrants as a vulnerable group under national policy Housing & Rights Ensure safe shelters, portable social security, and labour protections Livelihood Resilience Invest in climate-smart agriculture, water access, and MGNREGA coverage Data & Planning Real-time climate–migration data to inform policy at district/state levels Interstate Coordination Protect rights of migrants across source and destination states Bottom Line India is living through a rural climate migration crisis — slow, silent, and scattered. Without urgent legal and policy recognition, millions risk falling into permanent precarity. India’s Open Ecosystems: Rethinking ‘Wastelands’ What Are Open Ecosystems? Open ecosystems refer to grasslands, deserts, scrublands, savannas, and open woodlands — landscapes characterized by low tree cover but high ecological and cultural value. These areas naturally support sparse vegetation due to arid climates or seasonal rainfall patterns. Unlike forests, they are not degraded forests, but distinct biomes with unique ecological functions. Relevance : GS-3 – Environment and Ecology; Land degradation, biodiversity, and sustainable land use. The ‘Wasteland’ Misclassification: A Colonial Legacy Official Label Ecological Reality “Wasteland” (as per Wasteland Atlas of India) Functional ecosystems with biodiversity, soil carbon, and pastoralist activity ~55.76 million hectares (16.96% of India’s land) Includes deserts, grasslands, scrub, coastal sand dunes Wastelands = ‘land to be fixed’ Actually = land to be preserved and stewarded Policy contradiction: While private real estate glorifies open green spaces (e.g., “Savana Villas”), India’s natural open landscapes are ignored or targeted for conversion. Why Deserts and Open Lands Matter Global Significance: Deserts cover ~33% of Earth’s land area. Host ancient civilizations (e.g., Indus Valley, Mesopotamia). Enable climate resilience through adapted flora and fauna. India-Specific Examples: Thar Desert (Rajasthan): Indigenous species like the Great Indian Bustard, caracal, desert fox. Banni Grasslands (Gujarat): Among Asia’s largest, now degraded by afforestation and invasive species. Pastoralist Communities: Stewards of Open Lands Community Region Dhangars Maharashtra Rabaris Gujarat Kurubas Karnataka Raikas Rajasthan Over 13 million pastoralists in India depend on open ecosystems for seasonal grazing. Their mobility and grazing cycles contribute to regenerative land use, seed dispersal, and biodiversity conservation. Afforestation on grasslands and fencing off commons disrupts both ecology and livelihoods. Greenwashing Concerns: Tree Planting ≠ Restoration Risks of Monoculture Afforestation: Reduces native biodiversity Alters hydrology and groundwater Converts carbon-rich soil systems into carbon-poor plantation zones Promotes Prosopis juliflora and eucalyptus, which degrade open biomes Instead, Promote: Rotational grazing Natural regeneration Check dams & water harvesting Pastoralist land governance Policy Roadmap: Recognising Open Ecosystems Priority Recommendation Reclassify lands Replace “wasteland” with “open ecosystem” in land-use maps Protect rights Recognize community tenure of pastoralist groups Incentivize carbon Reward soil carbon storage over tree carbon Embrace traditional knowledge Promote indigenous water and land management Reframe global language Change “World Day to Combat Desertification” to “World Day to Combat Land Degradation” Bottom Line “Deserts are not empty — they are alive, thriving, and culturally rich. Preserving them is not anti-development, but a climate-smart, justice-based environmental policy.” India’s Opportunity to Repay Green Revolution Debt From Recipient to Contributor India, once a major beneficiary of foreign agricultural assistance during the 1960s Green Revolution, now possesses the institutional and technological capacity to become a global contributor in agricultural R&D. With self-sufficiency achieved in wheat production, India is in a position to support international efforts—especially in developing countries facing similar challenges. Relevance : GS-2 & GS-3 – International Relations (South-South cooperation) and Agriculture R&D. Leadership in Wheat Innovation Indian agricultural research institutions have developed and scaled multiple high-yielding wheat varieties. Varieties like DBW187, DBW303, HD2967, HD3086 now dominate cultivation across millions of hectares. Research hubs such as IIWBR (Karnal), PAU (Ludhiana), and ICAR institutes play a leading role in this transformation. Strategic Opportunity for India As global funding for agricultural research declines, India has an opportunity to: Strengthen partnerships with international institutions like CIMMYT and IRRI Support research on climate-resilient crops and food security in the Global South Expand its soft power through agri-diplomacy and development cooperation Key Implications Transitioning from aid recipient to knowledge donor improves India’s global development profile. Agricultural assistance programs can be an extension of India’s South-South cooperation model. Investment in global research ensures preparedness against future food and climate crises. Policy Recommendations Create a formal International Agricultural R&D Support Mission led by Indian institutions. Allocate strategic funding to global wheat and rice research, especially in Africa and South Asia. Leverage public-private partnerships to commercialize and share India-developed crop innovations globally. How is Mizoram Handling the Refugee Crisis? Context: Refugee Influx from Myanmar Since February 2021, Myanmar has witnessed a military coup, triggering a civil war and ethnic conflicts. Over 40,000 refugees have crossed into Mizoram, especially from the Chin State of Myanmar, with recent influxes seen in Champhai district. The latest wave (July 2025) brought ~4,000 more refugees due to clashes between two anti-junta armed groups: Chin National Defence Force (CNDF) Chinland Defence Force-Hualngohm (CDF-H) Relevance : GS-2 – Polity and Governance; refugee management, Centre-State relations, and internal security. Why Mizoram? Ethnic Affinity: The refugees (Chins) share ethnic ties with Mizos; culturally and linguistically similar. Geographic Proximity: Chin State borders Mizoram; proximity to the conflict zones enables easier crossing. Humanitarian Tradition: Mizoram has historically sheltered fleeing ethnic groups from Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Manipur (Kuki-Zos). Timeline of Refugee Movements & Policy Evolution 1. Historic Background 1968–2004: Free Movement Regime (FMR) allowed cross-border travel up to 16 km; it was reduced from 40 km in 2004. 2016: FMR regulated; further restrictions imposed. 2024: MHA announced FMR suspension citing security concerns. 2. Post-2021 Influx Massive inflow post-coup; Chin National Army lost ground to pro-democracy forces → civilians fled. As of July 6, 2025: 3,890 Myanmar nationals recorded in Zokhawthar Spread across Zokhawthar, Khawmawi, Saisihnuam Central vs State Dynamics Aspect Mizoram Government Central Government Position Pro-refugee, citing ethnic and humanitarian grounds Restrictive, citing national security Actions Cash, relief camps, housing, refusal to evict refugees 28 crore aid, warning to stop refugee intake Conflict Ignored MHA order to evict refugees Accused Mizoram of altering demographics Civil society and organisations like Young Mizo Association (YMA), Churches, and student bodies have provided significant ground-level support. Refugee management is mostly local, decentralized, and supported by donations and voluntary contributions. Legal and Administrative Framework India is not a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention or its 1967 Protocol. No national refugee law — refugees are treated under the Foreigners Act, 1946. Lack of clear refugee identification and rights creates legal ambiguity. Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) retains control over international migration; states have limited jurisdiction. Ground-Level Realities in Mizoram Displacement hubs: Champhai, Zokhawthar, and border towns have seen the highest numbers. Living conditions: Improvised shelters, local integration, school access (in some cases), but high dependency on aid. Security risks: Intelligence reports warn about armed groups’ presence. Border militarisation may affect India-Myanmar ties. Broader Strategic Implications Domestic Strains Centre-State relations on federal responsibilities in managing cross-border migration. Highlights need for refugee protection law balancing national security and humanitarian obligations. Regional Border policy inconsistency impacts ties with Myanmar, especially with changes in junta control. Rising refugee influx from Bangladesh (Rohingyas), Myanmar (Chins), and Manipur (Kuki-Zos) reflects worsening stability in the Eastern neighborhood. Key Policy Recommendations Codify a National Refugee Law: Define refugee status Lay down rights and responsibilities Establish standard operating procedures Institutional Coordination: Create joint task forces between MHA and northeastern states for managing cross-border flows. Reinstate a Humanitarian FMR-lite: Controlled, tech-monitored travel for cross-border ethnic kin during crises. Leverage International Aid: Coordinate with UNHCR/ASEAN for refugee assistance, without compromising sovereignty Invest in Border State Capacities: Infrastructure, healthcare, digital ID systems for refugees, and local employment schemes. Key Numbers (as of July 2025) Indicator Value Total Refugees (post-2021) ~40,000 Latest influx (July 2025) ~4,000 Myanmar nationals in Zokhawthar (Champhai) 3,890 Government relief fund ₹28 crore Official camps with FGDs Very few – mostly informal, community-led India’s FGD Rollback: Implications of Exempting 78% of Thermal Power Plants Context The Union Environment Ministry has exempted 78% of India’s 600 thermal power plant (TPP) units from installing Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) systems. FGD systems are critical for reducing sulphur dioxide (SO₂) emissions, a precursor to acid rain and particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution. Only about 11% of thermal plants — those in high-density/population areas — are still mandated to install FGD systems. Relevance : GS-3 – Environment and Energy; air pollution, public health, and emission standards. What are FGDs and Why Do They Matter? Feature Description Purpose Reduces SO₂ emissions by up to 95% from coal combustion Mechanism Uses limestone slurry or seawater to scrub sulphur oxides from flue gas Relevance SO₂ contributes to PM2.5 formation, acid rain, respiratory and cardiac diseases Global Practice Mandatory in China, US, EU for all coal-fired plants since early 2000s India’s Thermal Power Pollution Profile Indicator Value Total TPPs ~180 (comprising 600+ units) Share in electricity ~72% of total generation (as of 2025) Share in SO₂ emissions ~51% of all industrial SO₂ Plants with FGD installed Only 8% (mostly NTPC-run) Exempted units post-policy ~468 units (78%) Key Policy Update (July 2025) Category Criteria FGD Mandate Category A Within 10 km of NCR or Tier-1 cities Mandatory Category B Within 10 km of Critically Polluted Areas (CPAs) or Non-Attainment Cities (NACs) Case-by-case Category C All others Exempted Result: Only ~11% (Category A) will remain under FGD norms. Basis for Exemption: What Experts Said The government relied on recommendations of a scientific panel led by Principal Scientific Adviser Ajay Sood: Claimed Indian coal has low sulphur content Found no major SO₂ difference in areas with or without FGDs Argued that sulphates suppress warming, so removing SO₂ may increase net radiative forcing Counterarguments by Public Health & Environmental Experts Argument Response “Indian coal is low in sulphur” But still emits enough SO₂ to drive PM2.5 in hotspots “FGDs don’t improve local air quality” Air quality impact depends on meteorology; long-range transport of SO₂ is well documented “Sulphates cool the planet” True — but co-benefits of SO₂ do not outweigh public health costs (respiratory illness, strokes) “FGDs are costly” Health costs of SO₂ are 5x higher than installation costs (per WHO/ICMR studies) Global Standards vs India’s Position Country FGD Mandate Implementation  China Mandatory since 2005 95%+ compliance  USA Under Clean Air Act Applied to >90% of coal plants  Germany FGD since 1983 Complete compliance  India First mandated in 2015, now diluted in 2025 78% exempted Implications of the Decision Environmental: Higher SO₂ emissions → elevated secondary particulate matter (sulphates) Weakens India’s commitment to air quality improvement under NCAP Potential rise in acid rain impacting crops, soil, monuments Public Health: Risk of increased respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses Higher disease burden in rural areas near exempted plants Economic: Disincentivises green tech investment in the power sector Short-term relief for discoms & thermal producers, but long-term cost-shifting to health sector Global Commitments: May impact India’s COP pledges on emissions intensity Could weaken diplomatic stance on climate finance and clean tech if domestic credibility erodes Way Forward: Balancing Power and Pollution Reprioritise Targeted FGDs: Mandate for plants near dense populations, agricultural belts, and ecological hotspots. Subsidised Technology Deployment: Viability gap funding for older plants; tie to ESG-linked financing. Integrated Emissions Tracking: Mandatory online SO₂, NOx, PM reporting on public dashboard. Health Cost Valuation: Incorporate externalities into tariff-setting by CERC. Accelerate Renewables: Reduce dependence on coal by scaling solar-wind-battery hybrids.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 12 July 2025

Content : World Population Day 2025 Maratha Military Landscapes of India Inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List as India’s 44th Entry World Population Day 2025 Theme: “Empowering young people to create the families they want in a fair and hopeful world.” Demographic context: Over 65% of India’s population is under 35—a critical demographic dividend. Global framing: Reaffirms commitments made at the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD): rights-based family planning, gender equality, and informed reproductive choices. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) ,GS 2(Governance , Social Issues) Census 2027: A Paradigm Shift Scheduled Timeline: Phase 1 – Houselisting & Housing Census: Starts April 2026. Phase 2 – Population Enumeration: Begins March 2027 (Reference date: 1 March 2027; exception: 1 October 2026 for snow-bound areas). Postponed from 2021 due to COVID-19, making it India’s first census after a 16-year gap. Digital-First Features: Fully paperless, digital census. Mobile App & online self-enumeration (a first in Indian census history). Central Census Monitoring & Management Portal. Code Directory to streamline data processing and standardization. 35 lakh+ field functionaries to be trained digitally. Caste Enumeration: A Historic Breakthrough First-time inclusion of caste for all communities since independence. Post-1947 practice: Caste data limited to SC/ST only. SECC 2011 collected caste data but was not officially released; 2027 will integrate caste in main census—addressing concerns over transparency and politicization. Historic Roots of Census in India Ancient References: Arthashastra (321–296 BCE): Kautilya emphasized population count for governance. Ain-e-Akbari (1590s): Abul Fazl chronicled demographic and economic data under Akbar. Modern Census Beginnings: 1865–1872: First attempts, not simultaneous. 1881: First synchronized census—established India’s decadal census tradition. Legal Backbone: Census Act, 1948 & Census Rules, 1990—statutory basis for census operations. Post-Independence Census Highlights (1951–2011) Census Year Key Innovations / Contributions 1951 First post-independence census; pioneered field re-checking to verify data accuracy. 1961 Focused on rural crafts, festivals, introduced mechanical tabulation. 1971 First to capture migration data based on last residence. 1991 Only 45% digitization due to tech limits. 2001–2011 Adopted ICR tech (Intelligent Character Recognition) enabling 100% digitization. Census 2011: Scale, Structure & Data Operational Metrics Enumerators: 2.7 million Geographical units: 35 States/UTs, 640 districts, 5,924 sub-districts 7,933 towns, 6.41 lakh villages Languages: Schedules printed in 16 languages Logistics: 5.4 million instruction manuals 340 million printed forms Key Demographic Findings Total Population: 1.21 billion Males: 623.2 million Females: 587.6 million Decadal growth (2001–11): +182 million (+17.7%) Density: 382 persons per sq. km. Child Sex Ratio: 918 girls per 1000 boys Literacy Rate: 73.0% (M: 80.9%, F: 64.6%) Top states: Kerala (94.0%), Lakshadweep (91.8%), Mizoram (91.3%) SECC 2011: Socio-Economic & Caste Census Conducting Ministries: Rural: Ministry of Rural Development Urban: Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs Purpose: Data for welfare targeting, program design, and beneficiary selection. Tech Leap: Paperless enumeration using 6.4 lakh handheld devices Addressed 1.24 crore grievances with 99.7% resolution Caste Component: Data collected, but caste-wise data not made public Why Census 2027 Matters Policy & Planning: Foundational for resource allocation, electoral boundaries, and welfare schemes. Federal Empowerment: Caste data enables targeted state-level interventions and accurate backward class identification. Global Significance: India may retain its position as world’s most populous country, highlighting its need for granular governance tools. AI & Big Data Integration: Digital census may evolve into a real-time demographic dashboard for India’s planning architecture. India in the Global Census Context World’s largest census exercise involving over 130 crore individuals. Combines scale, complexity, diversity, and now digitization, setting a new global standard for democratic data collection. Other important dimensions Demographic Futures — Expanded Perspectives Comparative Lens: India’s age structure contrasts with ageing societies like Japan (median age: 49) vs. India (~28) — Census 2027 will sharpen India’s long-term demographic edge. Labour Market Integration: Census data can help map NEET (Not in Education, Employment or Training) youth – currently ~27% of youth (CMIE). Skilled vs. Unskilled Divide: Important for recalibrating Skill India strategy and vocational training. AI + Population Analytics: Use of demographic AI models to simulate regional fertility trends and future age pyramids. Urbanization and Migration Realities — Deeper Layers First-Time Urban Count Clarity: Many “census towns” (urban in nature but governed rurally) to be properly identified — critical for urban finance devolution and AMRUT 2.0 targeting. Real Estate and Infrastructure: Housing census data will shape PM Awas Yojana, RERA regulations, and rent-control policy in Tier-2/3 cities. Transport & Commuting Census: Opportunity to map last-mile transport stress and commuting zones, helping shape urban mobility blueprints. Water Stress & Urban Demography: Linking urban population maps with groundwater and surface water usage patterns—crucial for Smart Cities 2.0. Inclusion, Equity & Representation — Additional Insights Intersectional Analysis: Combine data on gender, caste, location, and disability to uncover multi-layered vulnerabilities—key for intersectional policymaking. Invisibility of Nomadic Tribes: Census may finally help enumerate Denotified and Nomadic Tribes who are often excluded from welfare due to lack of fixed residence. Mental Health Enumeration: A missed opportunity in 2011—Census 2027 can integrate self-reported indicators of mental well-being to influence Ayushman Bharat 2.0. Digital Identity vs. Demographic Identity: How will Census data align or contrast with Aadhaar-linked service access? Developmental Planning & SDG Alignment — Advanced Linkages Ecosystem Mapping: Census 2027 can feed into multi-sectoral planning dashboards — combining data from Jal Jeevan Mission, Swachh Bharat, and Ujjwala schemes. Fiscal Federalism Alignment: Could influence the next Finance Commission formula, especially based on population vs. performance debates. Real-Time Policy Simulation: Census-linked analytics could simulate impact of UBI, food subsidy reforms, or reservation quotas on different castes or income groups. Global Benchmarking: India’s Census 2027 will become a model for Global South data governance, especially for low-cost digital enumeration. Conclusion: Census 2027 = Tech + Trust + Truth India’s Census 2027 is more than a demographic count—it is a data democracy revolution. With caste data inclusion, digital tools, and evidence-based design, India is poised to align its developmental vision with the aspirations of its young, diverse, and dynamic population. The exercise will shape 2020s policy, 2030s development, and 2040s India. Maratha Military Landscapes of India Inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List as India’s 44th Entry Cultural and Historical Significance Civilizational Continuity: These 12 forts, built between the 17th–19th centuries, reflect the military ethos of the Maratha Empire, known for its decentralized guerrilla warfare and stronghold-centric defence. Living Heritage: Recognized under UNESCO criteria (iv) & (vi) for showcasing a living cultural tradition and deep-rooted historical associations with regional identity and resistance movements (especially against the Mughals and British). Chronicles of Resilience: Raigad (capital of Chhatrapati Shivaji), Pratapgad (site of Afzal Khan’s defeat), and Shivneri (birthplace of Shivaji) are key historical nodes in the narrative of Indian self-rule and defiance. Spatial Typologies: Hill forts: e.g., Salher, Shivneri — adapted to rugged Sahyadri terrain. Island forts: e.g., Sindhudurg, Suvarnadurg — designed for maritime surveillance and naval defence. Forest/hill-plateau forts: e.g., Pratapgad, Panhala — blending natural camouflage with defence. Relevance : GS 1(Culture , Heritage )                Architectural and Strategic Ingenuity Maratha Military Architecture: Emphasis on geographic advantage over size — unlike Mughal symmetry or Rajput opulence. Use of locally available basalt stone, multi-tiered walls, hidden pathways, and natural elevation for fortification. Decentralized Fort System: These forts weren’t standalone but functioned as a network of strategic outposts for rapid communication and flexible resistance. Maritime Defence Legacy: Island forts like Sindhudurg and Khanderi reflect India’s early naval ambitions and expertise in coastal military architecture. Technological relevance: Some forts had rainwater harvesting systems, granaries, and self-sustaining eco-defence systems, demonstrating early principles of sustainable architecture. Global Heritage & Diplomatic Relevance India’s 44th World Heritage Site: Ranks 6th globally, 2nd in Asia-Pacific, after China. UNESCO recognition elevates India’s cultural diplomacy and soft power on the global stage. UNESCO 47th Session, Paris: 18 of 20 State Parties backed India’s nomination after 59-minute deliberation. Reflects growing global acknowledgment of regional and indigenous heritage systems. India on World Heritage Committee (2021–2025): Strengthens India’s influence in global heritage governance. Follows the 2023 inscription of Moidams of Charaideo (Assam) — showing geographic and thematic diversity. Institutional, Governance, and Policy Dimensions Heritage Governance: Nodal agency: Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Dual protection: Some forts under ASI, others under Maharashtra’s Directorate of Archaeology and Museums — a model for shared federal heritage management. UNESCO Nomination Process: 18-month preparation; includes ICOMOS mission, technical consultations, and stakeholder coordination. Reinforces India’s capacity for global-standard heritage documentation. Tentative List & Future Roadmap: India has 62 sites in the Tentative List — including sites from Odisha, Himachal, Gujarat, etc. Only one nomination per year per country allowed — necessitates strategic cultural prioritization. Environmental and Ecological Resilience Eco-sensitive Engineering: Many Maratha forts (e.g. Raigad, Pratapgad) were built using contour-sensitive construction, avoiding large-scale deforestation or ecological disruption. Sustainable Water Management: Rainwater harvesting tanks, step wells (kunds), and natural aquifers embedded in the forts (e.g. at Lohgad, Rajgad) ensured year-round water without external dependence — aligning with climate-resilient infrastructure principles. Climate-Adaptive Architecture: Forts adapted to high-rainfall Konkan regions, sea-wind exposure, and Sahyadri altitude — demonstrating vernacular green design. Modern Relevance: These forts can serve as case studies for eco-architecture and disaster-resilient planning, especially in hill and coastal zones. Knowledge Systems and Indigenous Technology Military Intelligence Networks: Use of visual signalling towers, hidden tunnels, and watch posts linked the fort network — an early form of strategic communication systems. Construction Science: Mastery in basalt rock-cutting, natural stone masonry without lime cement, and earthquake-resilient techniques. Knowledge Transmission: Passed down via guilds (silpakars) and oral engineering traditions, not formal manuals — a classic example of indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) now recognized under NEP 2020. Weapon Systems & Storage: Strategic placement of granaries, ammunition depots, and war rooms suggest early notions of military logistics. Community Participation and Cultural Ownership Grassroots Custodianship: Many forts are maintained or spiritually revered by local communities — e.g., Shivneri (linked to local deities), Pratapgad (site of jatra/fairs). Folk Memory & Oral Traditions: Ballads like “Powadas” recounting battles, and fort-centric festivals (e.g., Shiv Jayanti) reinforce living heritage. Youth Engagement: Rise of fort trekking communities (e.g., Sahyadri Trek Groups) contributes to citizen-led conservation awareness. Local Livelihoods: Forts generate eco-tourism, guide jobs, local artisan revival — key for cultural economy models. Tech-Enabled Heritage Conservation and Promotion Drone Mapping & 3D Modelling: Ongoing efforts by ASI to create digital inventories and restoration simulations — especially for deteriorating sea forts. Augmented Reality (AR) Integration: Pilot projects for immersive storytelling — allowing virtual walkthroughs of Raigad or Sindhudurg. Blockchain for Heritage Record-Keeping: Potential future use to ensure tamper-proof documentation of repairs, site status, and funds disbursed. Smart Heritage Corridors: Potential to integrate these forts into a Maratha Heritage Circuit under Swadesh Darshan 2.0 with QR-coded info panels and mobile heritage apps. Issuing Authority: UNESCO & the World Heritage Framework What is UNESCO? Full Form: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Established: 1945 Headquarters: Paris, France Mission: To promote global peace and sustainable development through education, science, culture, and communication. What is the World Heritage Convention? Adopted: 1972 (UNESCO General Conference) Title: Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Purpose: To identify and protect cultural and natural heritage sites of Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) to humanity. Members: 195 countries have ratified the convention (called State Parties), including India (joined in 1977). What is the World Heritage Committee? A 21-member intergovernmental body elected by the General Assembly of State Parties. Oversees the implementation of the Convention. Decides which sites get inscribed on the World Heritage List. India is a member for the term 2021–2025. What qualifies as a World Heritage Site? A site must: Possess Outstanding Universal Value (OUV). Meet at least one of 10 selection criteria: Criteria (i)–(vi): Cultural (e.g., architecture, tradition, heritage) Criteria (vii)–(x): Natural (e.g., biodiversity, ecology, landscape) The Maratha Military Landscapes were inscribed under criteria (iv) & (vi).

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 12 July 2025

Content : Mission Without A Mandate View India’s Gender Gap Report Ranking as a Warning Mission Without A Mandate Core Argument: India’s AI Ambitions Lack Democratic Anchoring India has articulated global ambitions in AI, aiming to lead in regulation, deployment, and shaping international norms — especially for the Global South. Despite this, the IndiaAI Mission (₹10,000+ crore, 2023) remains a mission without a mandate — operating without a Cabinet-endorsed national strategy or parliamentary oversight. Governance via a Section 8 company (MeitY-led) lacks democratic accountability, cross-ministry integration, and long-term vision. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) , GS 3(Technology) Practice Question : India’s ambition to become a global leader in Artificial Intelligence (AI) must be backed by democratic legitimacy, institutional coordination, and a Cabinet-endorsed national strategy. Critically examine the gaps in India’s current AI governance framework and suggest reforms to align AI development with constitutional and global democratic values.(15 marks, 250 words) Structural Deficits in India’s AI Ecosystem R&D Weakness: India’s AI PhD pipeline is thin; academic research remains underfunded. Most funding is skewed toward consumer tech, not deep-tech foundational AI research. Deployment Without Innovation: Indian AI adoption is focused on downstream deployment (e.g., chatbots, analytics), not on developing core AI models or platforms. India is viewed globally as a consumer market, not as a deep-tech innovator. Private Sector Gaps: Limited university–industry collaboration. AI start-ups remain underrepresented in global markets and forums. Only ~1% of discussions on AI in Parliament — highlights lack of institutional prioritization. Governance Vacuum & Risks Mission without Mandate: IndiaAI is not backed by legislation or formal political commitment — resulting in uncertain policy direction and fragmented institutional coordination. No Whole-of-Government Integration: The current model lacks alignment across domains: security, public infrastructure, data governance, digital economy, innovation. Example: MeitY-driven but without coordination with ministries like Defence, Education, Law, etc. Undermining Strategic Autonomy: India risks ceding ground to foreign models (US Big Tech or EU’s AI Act) without asserting sovereign AI governance frameworks. Key Recommendations from the Editorial Enact a Cabinet-Endorsed National AI Strategy: Must be tabled in Parliament with bipartisan support. Needs an actionable roadmap, timelines, and clear mandates for research, regulation, and infrastructure. Establish a Coordinating Authority: With whole-of-government mandate and legitimacy to: Align AI R&D with public interest Regulate platforms/data Create rules for AI ethics, security, and transparency Democratic Oversight & Inclusion: Mechanisms for transparency, legislative scrutiny, and public engagement must be embedded. Strengthens domestic and global AI legitimacy. Geopolitical and Strategic Lens India’s democratic legitimacy is its global AI edge (vs. China’s techno-authoritarianism). However, without democratic frameworks, India undermines its leadership of the Global South on platforms like the Global Partnership on AI (GPAI). Strategic autonomy demands AI governance rooted in Indian values, not borrowed Western templates. Takeaways Issue Current Status Editorial Concern Institutional Anchor MeitY & Section 8 company No cabinet/parliamentary mandate Vision ₹10,000 crore AI Mission (2023) No strategy document, no public roadmap Innovation Deployment-focused Poor R&D, no foundational models Regulation Fragmented, executive-driven No legal frameworks, no oversight Global Standing GPAI, BRICS AI forums Risks losing credibility without democratic model Conclusion India’s AI future cannot rest on bureaucratic silos or techno-solutionism. The editorial powerfully argues that democratic legitimacy, bipartisan consensus, and institutional coordination are critical to shaping India’s AI trajectory — not just as a consumer but as a norm-setting, innovation-leading global player. View India’s Gender Gap Report Ranking as a Warning Alarming Findings from the Global Gender Gap Report 2025 India’s Rank: 131 out of 148 countries globally in gender parity. Sub-Index Lows: Economic Participation and Opportunity: India ranks 143rd, one of the lowest. Health and Survival: Persistently poor — sex ratio at birth remains highly skewed, reflecting entrenched son preference. Contrast with Potential: Despite being a global digital economy and home to the world’s largest youth population, India’s gender performance is stagnating. Missed Economic Potential: McKinsey (2015) projected $770 billion GDP boost by 2025 with gender parity. The editorial warns this window has been missed. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) , GS 2(Social Issues) Practice Question : “India’s demographic dividend is at risk without gender parity.” Discuss in the light of recent findings of the Global Gender Gap Report 2025.(250 Words) Structural Neglect in Women’s Health and Autonomy Reproductive and Preventive Health: Chronic underinvestment in women-specific primary care — especially for rural and low-income women. Anaemia Crisis: NFHS-5 shows 57% of women aged 15–49 are anaemic — directly impacting productivity, maternal health, and learning capacity. Health Disparities: For the first time, healthy life expectancy of Indian women is lower than men, indicating systemic healthcare failure. Policy Gap: Health budgets often fail to prioritize women’s reproductive rights, nutrition, and autonomy. Economic Exclusion and the Invisible Care Economy Wage and Work Gaps: Women earn less than 1/3rd of what men do. Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) remains stubbornly low. Unpaid Care Work: Indian women perform 7x more unpaid domestic work than men (Time Use Survey). Yet, this labour is invisible in GDP accounting and largely ignored in public infrastructure planning. Policy Blind Spots: No systemic investment in care infrastructure (e.g., crèches, elderly care, maternity benefits). Women’s economic inactivity is often treated as cultural, not as a systemic outcome of poor support structures. Policy and Institutional Recommendations Make Gender Equality a Cross-Sectoral Priority: Link health, labour, and social protection policies to enable female participation in the economy. Move beyond “beneficiary” lens — treat women as productive economic actors. Care Economy Investment: Develop and fund care infrastructure — childcare, elder care, maternal leave systems. Draw lessons from Uruguay and South Korea, where care economies are integrated into development planning. Recognition in Economic Frameworks: Institutionalize time-use surveys, gender budgeting, and labour statistics inclusive of unpaid work. Recalibrate growth metrics to include women’s contributions beyond formal employment. Inclusive Budgeting and Decision-Making: Ensure women’s voices in policy spaces, budget committees, and local governance. Promote affirmative action in leadership roles and workforce skilling schemes. Gender and Demographic Future Double Burden Ahead: By 2050, 20% of India’s population will be senior citizens — predominantly older women. Simultaneously, fertility rates have fallen below replacement level. Implication: With women excluded from the economy, the dependency ratio will rise — increasing fiscal pressure. The only viable path: healthy, economically active women supporting both ageing parents and the economy. Strategic Framing: Gender parity isn’t just ethical — it’s essential for labour productivity, growth, and intergenerational equity. Key Message Details WEF Rank = Red Flag India’s 131st rank exposes deep structural failings Health = Economic Foundation Anaemia, poor reproductive care block women’s economic inclusion Unpaid Work = Policy Blind Spot Women’s unpaid care work isn’t recognized in budgets or job data Demographic Urgency Rising ageing population + shrinking LFPR = fiscal and social crisis Policy Priority Investment in gender-sensitive health, labour and care systems is non-negotiable Conclusion : “The Global Gender Gap Report is not just a ranking. It is a warning.” Unless India treats gender equality as central to national planning, it risks squandering its demographic dividend and entering a future of care burden, fiscal pressure, and lost productivity.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 12 July 2025

Content : Simultaneous election Bill gives EC unbridled powers; loopholes remain: ex-CJIs Genetic analysis of Assam rhino horn samples initiated Smarter, faster, stronger: how Artificial Intelligence is transforming the manufacturing landscape India marks 4,000% growth in solar capacity over past decade: Union industry minister Once-in-a-billion event: Intense marine heatwave in Mediterranean shocks with 8°C warming Simultaneous election Bill gives EC unbridled powers; loopholes remain: ex-CJIs Legislative Context What is being reviewed? Constitution (129th Amendment) Bill, 2024 – Proposes enabling simultaneous elections (Lok Sabha + State Assemblies). Union Territories Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2024 – Amends UT laws in light of simultaneous polls. Parliamentary Oversight: Under review by a Joint Committee of Parliament led by BJP MP P.P. Chaudhury. Relevance : GS 2(Elections Reforms) Core Concerns Raised by Former CJIs 1. Unfettered Powers to Election Commission (EC) Section 82A(5) gives EC the power to recommend postponing state elections unilaterally, if it believes simultaneous elections aren’t feasible. No oversight or checks — no role for: Parliament Union Council of Ministers Judiciary CJI View: EC’s role must be accountable in a constitutional democracy. Former CJIs D.Y. Chandrachud, J.S. Khehar, and earlier Ranjan Gogoi flagged lack of checks. 2. Ambiguity in “Remaining Period” Clause Current law: If an assembly is dissolved early, elections must still be held for its remaining term. Problem: If the remainder is only a few weeks or months, holding elections becomes: Logistically wasteful Constitutionally incoherent Against the goal of synchronization Recommendation: Parliament should clearly define what constitutes a “meaningful” remainder period (e.g., >6 months). Basic Structure Doctrine and Constitutional Validity All three former CJIs agreed: The Bill does not violate the Basic Structure of the Constitution. But operational clarity, checks and balances, and democratic safeguards are missing. Why Basic Structure remains intact? Free and fair elections, federalism, and parliamentary democracy are untouched in principle. The Bill’s goals relate to administrative efficiency, not fundamental rights or the core architecture of the Constitution. Key Governance and Constitutional Implications Issue Implication EC’s unchecked discretion Risks weakening accountability and violating the principle of separation of powers Unclear “remainder period” Could lead to frequent, fragmented elections, defeating the very idea of “One Nation, One Election” Operational feasibility Without legislative safeguards, implementation may face legal challenges or state resistance Lack of Parliamentary oversight Raises concerns on executive overreach via constitutional bodies Takeaways Checks on EC’s Power: Essential to maintain democratic accountability; EC is a constitutional body, not above scrutiny. Legal Certainty Needed: Ambiguities like “remainder of term” must be legislated to avoid misuse or constitutional crises. Political Federalism at Stake: Simultaneous polls must not become a backdoor method to centralise electoral control. Process vs. Principle: Though the principle is constitutional, the process must uphold federal balance and democratic oversight. 129th Amendment) Bill, 2024 Purpose: Enables simultaneous elections to the Lok Sabha and all State Legislative Assemblies. Key Provision Introduced: Inserts Article 82A, empowering Parliament to make laws for holding simultaneous elections. Constitutional Amendments Involved: Amends Articles 83, 172, and 327 to fix uniform tenure and synchronize terms of legislatures. Fixed Term Mechanism: Proposes a five-year fixed tenure for both Parliament and state assemblies starting from a notified “appointed date.” Mid-Term Polls Provision: If a legislature is dissolved early, elections will be held only for the remainder of the original term, not a fresh 5-year period. Election Commission’s Powers: Empowers the Election Commission to recommend postponement of elections if simultaneous polls are not feasible. Rationale: Aims to reduce frequent election cycles, lower costs, minimize administrative disruptions, and improve governance continuity. Concerns Raised: Potential threat to federalism by aligning state elections with the Centre. Accountability issues due to short mid-term mandates. Absence of oversight mechanisms on EC’s enhanced powers. Current Status: Under examination by a Joint Parliamentary Committee; proposed as part of broader electoral reforms. Genetic analysis of Assam rhino horn samples initiated Context and Background: Assam’s Historic Rhino Horn Destruction Drive In September 2021, the Assam government burnt 2,479 rhino horns — the largest such destruction globally — as a symbolic commitment to wildlife conservation and to debunk myths around the medicinal value of horns. These horns had been stored for decades in treasuries across Assam and were either seized from poachers or collected from natural deaths. Only horns linked to court cases (50) or having scientific or heritage value (94) were spared. Relevance : GS 3(Environmental Governance) Genetic Study: Objectives and Process Why this study? Tiny samples were retained before the horns were burnt — 2,573 horn samples in total — to enable long-term DNA-based profiling of India’s rhino population. Key Objectives: Build a national DNA database under RhODIS-India (Rhino DNA Index System), modelled on South Africa’s RhODIS. Document individual DNA profiles and analyse genetic diversity, population structure, and illegal trade traceability. Detect changes in short tandem repeat (STR) allele frequencies, which are useful for understanding genetic bottlenecks, inbreeding, or population recovery over time. Process: Conducted under the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), Dehradun — India’s apex institution for wildlife genetics. Supervised by Dr. Samrat Mondol, an expert in conservation genetics. Independent experts documented the technical repackaging and transfer process at Kaziranga, between July 3–8, 2025. Policy and Conservation Significance Dimension Impact Wildlife Forensics Helps in forensic tracing of horns in global illegal wildlife trade. Genetic “fingerprints” can match horns seized anywhere globally. Conservation Planning Provides a population-level genetic map to manage health and diversity of Kaziranga’s ~2,800+ rhino population. Anti-Poaching Deterrent against rhino horn trade; allows enforcement agencies to trace horn origin if intercepted. Data Infrastructure Establishes a national-level wildlife genetic archive — useful for other endangered species too. International Model India joins countries like South Africa using RhODIS to link genetics with law enforcement and conservation. Takeaways Ethical Conservation: Assam’s decision to destroy horns rather than monetise or stockpile reflects a paradigm shift in conservation ethics. Science-Policy Synergy: Combines genetic science with state-level governance for effective species management. Kaziranga Model: Reinforces Kaziranga’s role as a global benchmark in rhino conservation — already home to over 70% of India’s one-horned rhinos. Global Messaging: Counters demand for rhino horns by showing India’s commitment to ending myth-driven poaching. Conclusion This genetic analysis will: Strengthen anti-poaching action and wildlife crime prosecution. Enhance population health tracking of Indian rhinos. Help frame data-driven breeding, translocation, and conservation strategies. RhODIS-India may serve as a template for other endangered megafauna (e.g., elephants, tigers) in India. Assam Rhinos : Species: Indian one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), primarily found in Assam’s Kaziranga National Park. IUCN Status: Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List; population recovering but still threatened by poaching and habitat loss. Global Significance: Over 70% of the global population of one-horned rhinos resides in Assam, especially in Kaziranga, Pobitora, Orang, and Manas National Parks. Major Threats: Poaching for horn (linked to traditional medicine myths), habitat fragmentation, annual floods, and invasive species like Mimosa. Conservation Success: From ~200 rhinos in 1905 to over 2,900 in 2023, due to strict protection, translocation, and anti-poaching measures. Kaziranga Model: A UNESCO World Heritage Site, Kaziranga sets global benchmarks in rhino conservation through tech-enabled patrolling and community participation. Smarter, faster, stronger: how Artificial Intelligence is transforming the manufacturing landscape AI in Manufacturing: A Structural Transformation, Not Just an Upgrade Paradigm Shift: AI is now deeply embedded in production processes — from shop floor automation to product design and smart logistics. Machines predict failures (predictive maintenance), robots adapt to tasks (cobots), and decisions are made on real-time data, not instinct. India’s AI Adoption Surge: AI adoption in manufacturing jumped from 8% to 22% in just one year (FY24). Backed by the ₹10,372 crore National AI Mission, focusing on indigenous models, infrastructure, and skilling. Global Context: The AI-in-manufacturing market is projected to rise from $4.1B (2024) to $25B (2029). India is rapidly aligning its digital and manufacturing policies to tap into this global trend. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) , GS 2(Governance) AI Applications Across the Manufacturing Value Chain Area AI Applications Production Predictive maintenance (↓ downtime 30%), AI-powered cobots, defect detection (vision systems), SOP compliance R&D Digital twins, generative AI for faster product design, energy simulations Quality Control Real-time micro-defect detection, AI-based inspection drones Planning & Logistics Demand forecasting, AI-driven scheduling (↑ responsiveness by 20%) Procurement ML-based smart sourcing Safety & Compliance AI-powered CCTVs, centralised safety dashboards Case: Chennai Petroleum Corporation generates 1 TB of daily data — used for predictive maintenance, digital twins, and safety analytics. The Digital Backbone: AI + IoT + Cloud = Industry 4.0 IoT at the Edge: Sensors feed live data from machines, materials, and environments. Edge Computing: Enables instant responses in robotics and safety tasks (real-time control). Cloud Infrastructure: Powers AI model training, digital twin simulations, and coordination across factories. Systems Integration: APIs and hubs link AI to ERP, supply chains, and MES (Manufacturing Execution Systems), enabling enterprise-wide intelligence. Value Creation: From Operational Hygiene to AI-Led Innovation Operational Hygiene Predictive maintenance Automated inspections Stock tracking SOP compliance Results in cost saving, higher compliance — now industry baseline. Innovation & Customisation GenAI accelerates design-to-prototype timelines. Mass customisation enables personalised production at scale. Drones and AI-planning enhance energy efficiency and safety. Embedding AI across R&D to delivery builds agility and future-readiness. Structural Challenges Integration Costs: High upfront investment, especially for MSMEs. Talent Deficit: Need for AI-skilled workforce across design, deployment, and governance. Trust & Transparency: 44% of manufacturing leaders cautious about GenAI (Reuters/Ipsos 2024) — concerns about hallucinations and explainability. Data Governance: Industrial AI must comply with safety, IP, and confidentiality norms. Strategic Outlook: AI as a Growth Catalyst for $5 Trillion Economy AI is not optional — it is central to India’s industrial competitiveness and digital self-reliance. National policies are creating an AI + manufacturing innovation ecosystem through: Public-private collaboration Indigenous R&D Focus on edge-AI, GenAI, and agentic systems The goal: make Indian manufacturing globally competitive, energy efficient, and human-machine collaborative. Key Analytical Takeaways Dimension Insight Policy Backing National AI Mission & digital infrastructure push is enabling rapid AI adoption. Tech Integration AI is being layered across hardware (IoT, cobots) and software (GenAI, twins). Industrial Strategy AI drives both efficiency (cost, quality) and differentiation (customisation, speed). Economic Role Foundational to India’s transition to a high-value, innovation-driven economy. India marks 4,000% growth in solar capacity over past decade: Union industry minister Renewable Energy Progress: Nearing the 50% Milestone Installed Renewable Capacity (as of June 2025): Total power capacity: 476 GW Non-fossil fuel sources: 235.7 GW (≈49%), including: Renewables: 226.9 GW Nuclear: 8.8 GW Target: Achieve 50% of 472 GW by end of 2025; on track as per Power Minister. 10-Year Growth: Solar PV module capacity: ↑ 38-fold Solar PV cell capacity: ↑ 21-fold Installed solar capacity: ↑ 4,000% India among the first G20 countries to meet its Paris Agreement NDCs. Relevance : GS 3(Energy Security ) Roadmap to 2030: National Commitments Target under NDCs: 500 GW of installed non-fossil energy by 2030. Aligned with commitments to the UNFCCC for climate mitigation. Shift from Coal: Coal still dominates energy mix but the trajectory signals gradual phase-out. RE expansion and green hydrogen strategy are key to decarbonization. Energy Storage & Grid Resilience: The Next Frontier Current Energy Storage Status: Battery Energy Storage System (BESS): 205 MW (~506 MWh) Hydro Pumped Storage: 5 GW Future Targets: BESS: 74 GW by 2031–32 Pumped Hydro: 3 GW target for 2025–26 Scale up to 50 GW in 5–6 years Cost Decline: BESS costs down 75% — from ₹10 lakh/MW to ₹2.5 lakh/MW/month in 3–4 years. Reflects technology maturing and improving commercial viability. Green Hydrogen Push: India’s Strategic Bet National Green Hydrogen Mission: Rs 19,744 crore investment Target: 10 million tonnes of green hydrogen Electrolyser capacity: 60–100 GW Goal: Ensure energy independence and reduce import dependence. Complements the larger push for Atmanirbhar Bharat in clean energy value chains. Industrial Self-Reliance & Supply Chain Resilience India’s new RE strategy emphasizes end-to-end supply chain integration: Critical minerals → PV cells → Modules → Storage → Recycling. Focus Areas: Reduce dependence on single-source geographies for rare earths & minerals. Explore alternative global partnerships and new-age technologies (e.g., sodium-ion batteries, flow batteries). Institutional Mechanisms and Collaborations Organiser: Indian Energy Storage Alliance (IESA) Promotes energy storage, e-mobility, and hydrogen ecosystems. Stakeholder Engagement: Convergence of ministries (Power, Commerce, Renewable Energy, etc.). Industry leadership in deployment, innovation, and manufacturing scale-up. Takeaways Dimension Insights Policy Leadership India is on track to meet its intermediate RE goals, with active government push and enabling policy environment. Tech Advancement Decline in energy storage costs, massive solar scale-up, and new electrolyser targets show industrial maturity. Strategic Focus Integration of hydrogen, storage, and minerals into one policy ecosystem strengthens energy self-reliance. Challenges Ahead Huge gap in storage capacity (205 MW vs 74 GW target), storage infra ramp-up remains a bottleneck. Broader Implications “Renewable targets alone are not enough — storage, flexibility, and supply chain sovereignty will define India’s clean energy future.” This marks a systemic shift from just generation targets to energy systems thinking, encompassing: 24×7 RE reliability Domestic manufacturing ecosystem Climate-aligned economic resilience Once-in-a-billion event: Intense marine heatwave in Mediterranean shocks with 8°C warming What Is Happening? | The Event Mediterranean Marine Heatwave (July 2025): A record-breaking marine heatwave is underway in the Mediterranean Sea, with SST (Sea Surface Temperatures) soaring up to +8°C above normal — particularly in the Balearic Sea and Tyrrhenian Sea. Labeled a “1-in-a-billion” climatological anomaly, statistically six standard deviations above normal, making it almost impossible without anthropogenic global warming. Heat Dome Formation: Triggered by a persistent high-pressure system — a “heat dome” — in June 2025, which is trapping heat and reducing wind circulation, causing: Poor vertical mixing of water layers. Continuous build-up of heat in both atmosphere and sea surface. Relevance : GS 1(Geography) ,GS 3( Environment and Ecology) Scientific and Climatological Significance Unprecedented Nature: Not the hottest ever recorded, but the hottest relative to the seasonal average for early July. Reflects climate-forced anomalies, not natural variability. Role of Climate Change: Caused by atmospheric circulation changes and decline in aerosol concentrations (less solar reflection). Findings align with 2024 Nature Communications paper: Marine + atmospheric heatwaves together amplify intensity. Trendline: Aquaculture (2024): Marine heatwaves have tripled in frequency over the last 40 years and last 50% longer. Spanish Mediterranean waters warming at 0.75°C per decade — a sign of irreversible shifts. Ecological Fallout: Oceans Under Siege Mass Mortality Events: Between 2015–2019, five consecutive years of mass die-offs along thousands of km of coastline (per Global Change Biology, 2022). Coral bleaching, fish kill, and death of benthic (bottom-dwelling) organisms like sponges and gorgonians expected Livelihood Disruption: Severe implications for fisherfolk, tourism, and aquaculture industries. Spain, Italy, and France’s coastal economies may see long-term disruptions. Potential Collapse of Marine Biodiversity Hotspots: Disruption in phytoplankton, fish breeding grounds, and food chains, especially for migratory species. Extreme Weather Linkages: From Sea to Sky Heat–Moisture–Storm Feedback Loop: Elevated SST increases evaporation, thus atmospheric moisture — fueling convective storms. Leads to higher dew points, creating explosive rainfall potential. Autumn Storm Threat: Already in July, SSTs match or exceed late summer norms. If high temperatures persist, autumn could see: Flash floods, landslides, and storm clusters. Example: October 29–30, 2024 — over 200 deaths in Spain due to record rainfall in 24 hours. Vulnerable Zones Identified: Coastal Italy, Spain, Alps, and Western Balkans face compound risks of landslides, urban flooding, and river overflows. Global Relevance | Why India Should Care Climate System Interconnectedness: Mediterranean warming affects European monsoons, North African desertification, and possibly jet stream dynamics — all of which can influence Southwest Monsoon variability over India. Parallels with Indian Ocean: Indian Ocean also witnessing frequent marine heatwaves, disrupting monsoon circulation and fisheries (as shown in recent MoES studies). Precedent for Western Indian States: Events like these foreshadow Gujarat–Konkan rainfall anomalies, storm surges, and unexpected urban flood disasters. Key Analytical Takeaways Dimension Insight Scientific Heat dome + climate change = unprecedented marine + atmospheric heatwave. Ecological Mass mortality of marine life, collapse of food chains, disruption of coastal livelihoods. Climatic Increased risk of catastrophic rainfall, flash floods, and convective storms. Policy Urgency Need for marine heatwave monitoring, early warning systems, and climate-resilient infrastructure. Critical Reflection “Marine heatwaves are not isolated oceanic events — they are harbingers of compound disasters in our warming world.” This event is a climate warning bell for nations globally, including India, to: Scale up climate modelling for marine ecosystems. Invest in blue economy resilience. Integrate marine heatwave alerts in disaster preparedness frameworks.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 11 July 2025

Content: Khelo Bharat Niti 2025 Khelo Bharat Niti 2025 Strategic Vision and Integration Aligned with Viksit Bharat 2047, this is a transformative policy integrating sports, education, inclusion, economy, and diplomacy. Anchored in the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 — promotes curricular integration of sports, lifelong fitness habits, and physical education training. Envisions India as a global sporting powerhouse by 2036 (Olympics host + Top-10 nation) and Top-5 by 2047. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance, Welfare Schemes and Inclusion) Budgetary Commitment FY 2025–26 Sports Budget: ₹3,794 crore → 130.9% increase over FY 2014–15. ₹2,191 crore for Central Sector Schemes. ₹1,000 crore for Khelo India Programme alone. Grassroots to Elite: Institutional Mechanisms Khelo India Programme – Flagship Engine Launched: 2016–17, Extended: 2021, Budget till now: ₹3,790.5 crore. Achievements: 326 sports infra projects worth ₹3,124.12 crore. 1,045 Khelo India Centres (KICs), 34 KISCEs, 306 accredited academies. 2,845 Khelo India Athletes (KIAs) supported with training, diet, equipment, stipend, and medical care.   KIRTI: Early Talent Identification Khelo India Rising Talent Identification (KIRTI) for children aged 9–18. Uses 174 Talent Assessment Centres (TACs). Pipeline to global elite training, Olympic medal goals. Annual Games Ecosystem Includes: Khelo India Youth Games (KIYG) – 27 sports by 2025. University Games, Para Games, Winter Games – 17 editions, 50,000+ athletes. Khelo India School Games evolved into KIYG (backed by IOA). 2023 & 2025 Para Games: 1,300+ athletes each. Policy Innovations and Systemic Reforms Holistic athlete support: Nutrition, sports science, psychology, tech, and injury care. National Sports Federations (NSFs): Enhanced governance and accountability. Private Investment: Boost via PPP, CSR, sports startups, and creative finance. Sports Tourism and international event hosting for economic gains. Equity, Empowerment, and Inclusion Women, tribal groups, disabled athletes prioritized. Siddi community success in athletics, boxing, judo with state support. Para-athlete Rohit Kumar highlights equal rewards, policy integration with education. Sports-Education Nexus: A New Ecosystem National Sports University, Imphal (est. 2018): Education in sports sciences, coaching, technology, management. Global collaboration with Canberra & Victoria Universities. Motto: “Sports Excellence through Education, Research and Training.” New Frontiers and Diaspora Engagement 1st Khelo India Water Sports Festival (Aug 2025) at Dal Lake, Srinagar. Features 5 water sports, 400+ athletes. Expands into water sports excellence and regional talent. Engages Indian diaspora via international talent recognition and collaboration. Policy Impact: Cultural Shift in Sports Perception From “extra-curricular” to mainstream career pathway. Sports now seen as a tool for: Nation-building (unity, youth engagement) Health and wellness (institutional fitness indices) Social mobility and pride (rural & marginalized outreach) Outlook: Toward Olympic Glory India’s approach is no longer medal-centric but ecosystem-centric. Khelo Bharat Niti 2025 fosters “Sports for All, Excellence for Few” model. Positioned to host Olympics 2036, powered by: Mass participation + elite excellence Infrastructure + human capital synergy Institutional coherence + societal mindset shift Obesity in India and the Role of Sports Policy Rising Obesity Trends: India faces a dual burden of malnutrition and obesity. NFHS-5 (2019–21) shows 24% of women and 22.9% of men (15–49 yrs) are overweight or obese—up from ~20% in NFHS-4. Urban Youth at Risk: Sedentary lifestyles, screen time, and junk food consumption have led to increased obesity among school and college students, especially in metros. Non-Communicable Disease Burden: Obesity is a major risk factor for NCDs like Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. WHO warns that India may face a 10% NCD increase if youth inactivity persists. Fitness & Khelo India’s Role: Khelo India promotes Fitness Assessment Index in schools, encouraging active lifestyles and early health monitoring of children. Khelo Bharat Niti 2025 – Health Integration: Explicitly aims to embed fitness as a national movement, encouraging daily physical activity and structured sports participation from grassroots level. NEP 2020 Alignment: Sports and physical education are now part of the school curriculum, promoting lifelong fitness habits and reducing childhood obesity risks. Infrastructure & Accessibility: 1,045+ Khelo India Centres and grassroots competitions create local access to physical activity spaces, especially in underserved regions. Behavioral Change through Sports: National campaigns under Khelo Bharat aim to reshape youth attitudes toward fitness, making sports aspirational and habitual. Community-Level Solutions: Initiatives like the Khelo India Fitness App, local tournaments, and school-level sports are geared toward reversing sedentary culture. Long-Term Vision: Tackling obesity aligns with India’s broader public health goals under Ayushman Bharat and National Health Policy, with sports as a preventive tool. Facts & Figures Supporting Khelo Bharat Niti 2025 India’s Youth Demographic India’s population as of April 2025 is around 1.46 billion, with 68% in the working-age group (15–64 years) and 26% aged 10–24. Source: UNFPA State of World Population Report 2025 Fertility Rate and Demographic Transition India’s Total Fertility Rate has declined to 1.9, below the replacement level of 2.1. Source: National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) and UNFPA 2025 Update Union Sports Budget FY 2025–26 ₹3,794.30 crore allocated to the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, a ₹351.98 crore increase over FY 2024–25. Source: Union Budget 2025–26, Ministry of Finance Khelo India Programme Allocation ₹1,000 crore allocated to Khelo India, marking its highest-ever funding. Source: Union Budget 2025–26, Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports NSFs and SAI Funding National Sports Federations received ₹400 crore; Sports Authority of India was allocated ₹830 crore. Source: Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports Budget Highlights 2025 Sports Economy Projections India’s sports industry projected to grow from $52 billion (2024) to $130 billion by 2030 at a 14% CAGR. Source: FICCI–EY India Sports Industry Report 2024 Sports Equipment Sector Growth Indian sports equipment market expected to reach $100 billion by 2027, up from $27 billion in 2020. Source: India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF) and DPIIT Data SAI Talent Development Model SAI supports athletes aged 8–25 under schemes like NSTC, STC, COE, and SAG for grassroots-to-elite progression. Source: Sports Authority of India Annual Report 2024 38th National Games – 2025 Held in Uttarakhand from Jan 28–Feb 14, 2025, with over 10,000 athletes in 35 disciplines. Source: Indian Olympic Association and Ministry of Sports India’s Olympic and Commonwealth Aspirations India formally expressed interest in hosting the 2036 Olympics; Ahmedabad is bidding for the 2030 Commonwealth Games. Source: Indian Olympic Association and International Olympic Committee communication, 2023–24 Conclusion : Strategic Shift: Khelo Bharat Niti 2025 transforms sports from a hobby into a structured, career-oriented, and nation-building tool aligned with NEP 2020 and the Viksit Bharat vision. Inclusive & Aspirational: By focusing on grassroots talent, infrastructure, and equity, it empowers youth, women, and marginalized groups, making sports accessible and aspirational. Global Ambition, Local Action: With robust funding and systemic reforms, the policy positions India to emerge as a global sporting power by 2036, while promoting health, fitness, and social cohesion at the community level.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 11 July 2025

Content : Let the Rivers Talk to Each Other Aiding India’s progress with choice, control and capital Let the Rivers Talk to Each Other India’s rivers, especially the Yamuna and Ganga, are lifelines that sustain ecology, economy, and culture. However, urban pollution, fragmented governance, and lack of basin-scale planning threaten their health. Integrating rejuvenation efforts under a unified, systems-based approach is key to restoring their vitality. Relevance : GS 1 (Geography, Society), GS 2 (Governance, Federalism), GS 3 (Environment, Economy, SDGs) Practice Question : “River rejuvenation in India requires a shift from fragmented interventions to integrated basin-level governance.” Critically examine this statement in the context of Yamuna and Ganga restoration efforts.(250 words) Why Yamuna’s Revival is Nationally Strategic The 22-km Delhi stretch of the Yamuna contributes nearly 76% of the river’s total pollution load, though it comprises only about 2% of the river’s length. As a major tributary of the Ganga, the Yamuna’s health directly affects the broader Ganga river basin ecosystem and must be treated as an integrated hydrological unit. Namami Gange as an Institutional Backbone Namami Gange Programme (NGP), launched in 2014, has received over ₹37,000 crore in allocations and sanctioned 400+ projects across pollution control, biodiversity, and public awareness. It is anchored by the National Ganga Council (NGC), chaired by the Prime Minister, with key ministries and Chief Ministers of basin states as members. Innovations include: Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) for sewage treatment infrastructure District Ganga Committees, real-time pollution monitoring, and Ganga Task Forces for ground-level enforcement. Need for Basin-Scale Integration The current approach to the Yamuna focuses on isolated interventions like STPs or beautification efforts, lacking catchment-wide governance. Pollution inflow from Haryana and Uttar Pradesh remains unchecked due to absence of cross-jurisdictional coordination. Integrating the Yamuna project under NGP would enable systemic planning, pollution budgeting, and shared accountability across basin states. Policy Recommendations for Convergence Treat Yamuna as a pilot urban river node under Namami Gange for testing basin-scale integration. Create Urban River Management Units (URMUs) under the NGC to coordinate city-specific pollution and rejuvenation efforts. Institutionalize river-to-river knowledge transfer, supported by hydrological data sharing and ecological planning frameworks. Promote citizen participation, corporate social responsibility (CSR), and impact investments for decentralized monitoring and community-driven river health programs. International Best Practices to Emulate The Rhine River Basin restoration (Europe) shows success through multi-country catchment cooperation and pollution source elimination. Chicago River (USA) rejuvenation demonstrates the impact of grey-green infrastructure investment and stormwater planning. Lessons from these models point to the need for collaborative governance, transparency, and systems thinking. Reimagining River Rejuvenation in India River restoration must move beyond engineering solutions to include ecological, social, and economic dimensions. Integrating Yamuna rejuvenation into the Namami Gange framework can serve as a template for managing other polluted rivers, especially in urban India. This convergence will help achieve goals of clean water, climate resilience, and healthy ecosystems, aligning with SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities). Broader Dimensions Governance & Federalism Cooperative Federalism: River rejuvenation requires coordination across central ministries, basin states (Delhi, Haryana, UP), and urban local bodies. Institutional Innovation: Namami Gange’s architecture (NGC, DG, State Missions) offers a replicable governance model for other rivers. Mission-mode Governance: Shift from scheme-based to mission-based delivery improves convergence across sectors (urban planning, water, sanitation). Environment & Sustainable Development (GS3) SDG Alignment: SDG 6 – Clean Water and Sanitation SDG 11 – Sustainable Cities SDG 13 & 15 – Climate Action and Life on Land Ecosystem Services: Restored rivers improve biodiversity, recharge aquifers, and act as climate buffers during floods and heatwaves. Water Security & Agriculture Downstream Dependence: Ganga basin supports over 400 million people; polluted tributaries like the Yamuna threaten drinking water, irrigation, and livelihoods. Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Efficient river management optimizes use across competing sectors—urban consumption, agriculture, and industry. Ethics & Intergenerational Equity Environmental Stewardship: Ethical obligation to protect rivers as shared public goods and cultural heritage. Future Generations: Sustainable river governance ensures ecological and resource security for coming generations. Climate Resilience Nature-based Solutions: River rejuvenation using wetland restoration, floodplains, and riparian buffers supports urban resilience against extreme weather. Urban Flooding Mitigation: Healthy rivers with restored natural drainage systems reduce flood risk in cities like Delhi. Yamuna River – Key Facts Origin: Yamunotri Glacier, Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand (Altitude: ~6,387 m) Length: ~1,376 km States Traversed: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh Major Cities Along Course: Yamunotri, Dehradun, Paonta Sahib, Karnal, Delhi, Agra, Mathura, Etawah, Allahabad (Prayagraj) Tributary of: Ganga (joins at Triveni Sangam, Prayagraj, UP) Pollution Hotspot: Delhi stretch (~22 km) accounts for ~76% of total pollution load due to: Untreated sewage (70–80%) Industrial effluents Encroachments and solid waste Yamuna Action Plan (YAP): Initiated in 1993 (Japanese aid) – now in Phase III. Ganga River – Key Facts Origin: Gangotri Glacier (Gaumukh), Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand Main Stream Name Upstream: Bhagirathi Length: ~2,525 km (longest river in India) States Traversed: Uttarakhand, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal Empties into: Bay of Bengal (via the Hooghly–Padma distributaries) River Basin: Covers ~26% of India’s land area Supports ~43% of India’s population (~500 million) World’s most populous river basin Major Tributaries: Left Bank: Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi, Mahananda Right Bank: Yamuna, Son, Tamsa Pollution Challenges: Over 1,000 drains discharge into Ganga; about 50% of pollution from just 10 cities. Namami Gange Programme (2014–ongoing): Integrated mission with ₹37,000+ crore allocation. Conclusion Restoring Yamuna and Ganga through integrated basin-level planning is vital for ensuring water security, ecological health, and sustainable urban development, making river rejuvenation a national development priority. Aiding India’s progress with choice, control and capital With global population exceeding 8 billion, the 2025 World Population Day theme – “Empowering young people to create the families they want in a fair and hopeful world” – rightly centers the discourse on reproductive rights, youth aspirations, and inclusive development. For India, home to the world’s largest youth population, the challenge is not just numbers but ensuring reproductive freedom, economic empowerment, and dignity for all. Relevance: GS 1(Society: Women and youth issues, child marriage) , GS 2 (Governance: Health, education, and welfare policies) Practice Question: “India’s demographic dividend will only yield results if the reproductive aspirations and economic agency of its youth are fulfilled.” Critically examine in the context of declining fertility and persistent gender inequality. (250 Words) India’s Demographic Opportunity 371 million youth (15–29 yrs), per UNICEF – largest globally. World Bank & NITI Aayog project $1 trillion GDP boost by 2030 if investments are made in youth health, education, and employment. However, declining Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (NFHS-5: 2.0) raises questions on future workforce potential. Reproductive Autonomy: A Crisis in Aspiration 36% adults face unintended pregnancies; 30% report unmet fertility goals. 23% experience both, revealing systemic failures in enabling informed reproductive choices. Fertility aspirations are unmet not due to disinterest but due to barriers: poor access to services, stigma, and patriarchal norms. Child Marriage & Early Pregnancy NFHS-5: Child marriage reduced from 47% (2006) to 23.3%, yet remains high. Teenage childbearing among 15–19 years: 7% nationally, >15% in some states. UNICEF: 1 year of secondary education → 6% reduction in child marriage likelihood. Model Interventions Project Udaan (Rajasthan, 2017–22): 30,000 child marriages prevented; 15,000 teenage pregnancies averted through education, scholarships, contraceptive access. Advika (Odisha): 11,000 villages declared child marriage-free; 950 prevented in 2022 alone. Project Manzil (2019–25): Trained 28,000 young women; 16,000 employed – boosted agency, delayed marriage through economic empowerment. Global Fertility Crisis: Misplaced Alarmism UNFPA 2025: 1 in 5 globally can’t realize desired family size. India-specific factors: financial constraints (38%), housing (22%), childcare (18%), unemployment (21%). UN projections: Population will peak at 10.3 billion by 2080s; concerns of “collapse” are premature and politically charged. Policy Lessons from Korea & Others Korea spent $200 billion to raise birth rates (2005–2025) → only a 7.3% birth rebound in Q1 2025. Shows monetary incentives alone fail unless structural barriers (gender roles, employment norms, housing) are addressed. India’s Policy Gaps & the Way Forward Achievements: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, National Adolescent Health Programme, NFHS-5 progress. Gaps: Unequal access to SRH (sexual & reproductive health) services. Low female labour force participation (~25%). Persistent stigma around contraceptives and abortion. Structural Needs: Universal access to contraceptives, safe abortion, maternal care. Removal of societal barriers: gender norms, mobility, childcare. Reforms in workplace policies: flexible hours, maternity protections, remote work options. Strengthened adolescent-centric, rights-based SRH education. Conclusion: India stands at a pivotal juncture. While demographic numbers create headlines, it is the quality of agency, autonomy and access that will determine whether its youth become assets or are left behind. Shifting from fertility control to reproductive choice and from token schemes to structural empowerment is essential. For India’s future to be fair, hopeful, and inclusive, the voice and freedom of every young person—especially every young woman—must be placed at the heart of policy. Data and Facts India’s Youth & Demographics Population (2024): 1.43 billion Youth (15–29 yrs): 371 million (UNICEF) Median age: 28.2 years Dependency ratio: 47.6% (2021) Fertility & Reproductive Trends TFR (NFHS-5): 2.0 (Urban: 1.6; Rural: 2.1) States below replacement TFR: 23/36 Teenage pregnancy (15–19 yrs): 6.8% nationally Unintended pregnancies: 36% Unmet contraceptive need: 9.4% Male sterilization usage: <1% Child Marriage Prevalence (NFHS-5): 23.3% of women (20–24) married before 18 India’s share of global child brides: 1 in 3 (UNICEF) SRH & Health Indicators Modern contraceptive use: 56.5% Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR): 97 per 100,000 (2020–22) Adolescent fertility rate: 24/1,000 women (15–19 yrs) Women’s Autonomy & Work Female LFPR (2022–23): 37% (↑ from 23% in 2017–18) Youth female LFPR (15–24 yrs): ~23% Women involved in health decisions: 74% (NFHS-5) Global Context Global population (2024): 8.2 billion Peak projected: 10.3 billion (2080s, UN WPP 2024) South Korea’s TFR: 0.72; spent $200B on fertility push UNFPA 2025 Report: 40% globally unable to meet fertility aspirations

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 11 July 2025

Content Maharashtra Special Public Security Bill, 2024 Are existing mechanisms effective in preventing custodial violence? The need to safeguard the right to vote Trump threatens 500% tariff on countries importing oil from Russia TB death audits, like maternal mortality model, can aid elimination’ Maharashtra Special Public Security Bill, 2024 Introduction The Maharashtra Assembly has passed the Maharashtra Special Public Security Bill, 2024, aimed at curbing unlawful activities of Left-Wing Extremist (LWE) groups and similar organisations. The Bill will be tabled in the Legislative Council for final passage. Relevance : GS 2 ( Governance & Polity), GS 3 (Internal Security ) Key Features of the Bill Applicable to individuals associated with banned organisations classified as unlawful. Punishment: 2 to 7 years of imprisonment. Offences under the Act: Cognisable and non-bailable. Power to seize and forfeit funds of such organisations. Only those proven to be members of banned groups can be prosecuted. Legislative Process Introduced in December 2024 during the Winter Session. Referred to a Joint Select Committee for detailed examination. Passed in the Assembly after a two-hour discussion by voice vote. Current Context Maharashtra reportedly has 64 frontal organisations associated with extremist groups—among the highest in India. Four other states—Chhattisgarh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha—have similar public security laws. Concerns and Debates Definition Clarity: Some stakeholders have raised concerns about the broad or ambiguous terms in the Bill. Potential Overreach: Questions raised on whether student groups, farmer unions, or peaceful protestors could be affected. Safeguards: Emphasis needed on ensuring that only individuals with proven links to banned organisations are prosecuted. Security vs Rights: A Balanced Lens Merits: Aims to address the organisational and financial infrastructure of unlawful groups. Adds state-level legal backing to act against extremist networks beyond central laws. Cautions: Overbroad definitions may risk misinterpretation or misuse. Strong legal tools require clear accountability mechanisms and judicial oversight. Ensuring protection of peaceful dissent is essential to maintain democratic space. Comparative Insight The Bill aligns with existing models in other states that combat insurgency or extremism. Draws parallels with central legislation like UAPA, though the scope is confined to state jurisdiction. Conclusion The Maharashtra Special Public Security Bill, 2024 reflects a proactive approach to addressing organised extremist threats. However, effective implementation requires a rights-respecting, evidence-based, and transparent framework. Ensuring that the law is used strictly for security threats—not ideological expression—is vital to preserve both safety and civil liberties in a constitutional democracy. Are existing mechanisms effective in preventing custodial violence? Introduction The custodial death of Ajith Kumar (27), a security guard in Sivaganga, Tamil Nadu, has reignited national concern over police torture and custodial deaths. In response, a CBI probe has been ordered and the Madras High Court has directed submission of a report by August 20, 2025. Relevance : GS 2 ( Governance) , GS 3 (Internal Security: Human rights and custodial safeguards) , GS 4 (Ethics: Abuse of power, rule of law, and justice delivery) Custodial Violence in India – Core Issues No stand-alone anti-torture law: India signed but has not ratified the UN Convention Against Torture. Entrenched police culture: Violence is often seen as a tool for quick justice amid slow legal processes. Public perception split: Outrage is selective; celebratory responses to extra-judicial killings highlight societal complicity. Data deficiency: No centralized, credible public database on custodial torture or deaths. Institutional Gaps & Legal Loopholes CCTV directives (SC, 2020): Implementation is patchy; cameras are often non-functional or torture occurs off-camera. Judicial oversight: Magistrates often fail to physically inspect arrestees or question custodial treatment meaningfully. Evidence loophole (Section 27, Indian Evidence Act): Allows admissibility of evidence recovered via custodial confessions, indirectly legitimizing torture. Reform Recommendations Training & Sensitisation: Incorporate human rights, scientific interrogation, and bias-awareness in police training. Decriminalisation of petty offences: Reduces unnecessary custodial detentions and police overreach. Empowering magistracy: Strengthen their role as the first line of custodial rights protection. Reverse burden of proof: Law Commission has recommended shifting onus to police in custodial death cases. Functional Police Complaints Authorities: Supreme Court mandated them in Prakash Singh (2006), but few States comply fully. Structural Factors Hierarchical culture: Rigid command structures may protect erring officers. Social hierarchies: Marginalised communities face disproportionate abuse. Promotional incentives: In some cases, officers accused of excesses receive promotions, not punishment. Community & Civil Society Role Community policing: Can build trust, but requires clarity, training, and monitoring. Civil society & media: Vital in rights awareness, independent scrutiny, and pressure for accountability. Key Court Judgments Prakash Singh v. Union of India (2006): Mandated police complaints authorities. Paramvir Singh Saini v. Baljit Singh (2020): Directed CCTV installation in police stations and gave victims right to access footage. Conclusion Custodial violence in India is not merely a legal or procedural failure—it’s a reflection of deeper institutional, social, and cultural dysfunctions. Addressing it requires more than camera installations or one-time probes. It calls for comprehensive reform, strengthened oversight, and a fundamental shift in policing ethos—from dominance to service, from control to accountability. The need to safeguard the right to vote Introduction On July 10, 2025, the Supreme Court directed the Election Commission of India (ECI) to accept Aadhaar, Voter ID, and Ration Cards during the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in Bihar. The court’s observation — that the right to vote goes to the root of our republic — re-ignites a critical debate on inclusiveness vs vigilance in India’s electoral democracy. Relevance : GS 2 ( Electoral reforms & ECI role ,Statutory vs Fundamental voting rights ), GS 4 (Ethical inclusion & democratic accountability) Right to Vote in India: Status and Jurisprudence Not a Fundamental Right: As per Kuldip Nayar v. Union of India (2006), the right to vote is a statutory right under Section 62 of RPA, 1951. Not a Constitutional Right: Although debated, a larger Bench has not recognised it as a constitutional right. However, courts and civil society treat it as a democratic necessity (a “democratic imperative”). Justice Ajay Rastogi’s dissent (2023): Linked right to vote with Article 19(1)(a) and Article 21, but this remains a minority view.  Supreme Court Intervention in Bihar’s SIR SC directed EC to accept multiple ID documents — Aadhaar, voter ID, ration card — to prevent wrongful exclusions. Next hearing on July 28. Petitions claim that errors and exclusions in SIR are disenfranchising genuine voters.  Electoral Rolls: Legal Framework Governed by: RPA, 1950 – electoral roll preparation, revision, inclusion/exclusion. RPA, 1951 – election conduct, offences, disqualifications. Section 21 of RPA, 1950: Empowers EC to carry out revision of rolls. Section 19: Only “ordinary residents” aged 18+ can be registered. EC’s constitutional power under Article 324 ensures it is the final authority in electoral matters.  What is “Ordinary Residence”? Means genuine, habitual presence in a constituency. Manmohan Singh Case (1991) clarified: Mere casual stay or address doesn’t qualify. Prevents fraudulent voting, ensures real voter-constituency linkage.  Why Roll Accuracy Matters? Mass exclusions violate “one person, one vote”. False inclusions allow impersonation, vote dilution. Courts say: Only substantial and material errors that affect election outcome can invalidate results (Lakshmi Charan Sen v. A.K.M. Hassan Uzzaman, 1985).  Citizenship Verification & Legal Safeguards Lal Babu Hussein v. ERO (1995): EC cannot delete voters on vague suspicion. Due process must be followed: full inquiry, fair hearing, evidence, and quasi-judicial procedure. Md. Rahim Ali (2024) reaffirmed that prior voting history and due process are critical in deletions.  Inclusivity Measures Postal ballots under Rule 18 of Conduct of Election Rules, 1961: For armed forces, government staff abroad, election officials. NRI voters (Section 20A of RPA, 1950): Can vote only in person — no postal/proxy yet.  Historical Comparison – Global Context UK allowed universal suffrage only in 1928 (women). US needed constitutional amendments + civil rights reforms to make voting truly inclusive. India adopted universal adult suffrage from day one (1950) — an exceptional choice globally. Conclusion India’s electoral integrity depends not only on preventing fraud but also on ensuring access for every legitimate voter. The Supreme Court’s directive in the Bihar case reflects this dual imperative — vigilance with inclusion. As the country prepares for future elections, the EC must combine technological tools, due process, and legal safeguards to maintain both the purity and inclusivity of the electoral rolls. Citizens too must be proactive in verifying and updating their data, for democracy’s strength lies in the validity of every single vote. Trump threatens 500% tariff on countries importing oil from Russia The Trigger: U.S. Sanctioning Russia Act, 2025 Proposed by: Bipartisan U.S. Senators (Lindsey Graham & Richard Blumenthal) in April 2025. Provision: Proposes 500% tariff on countries importing Russian oil. Objective: To pressure Russia into good-faith peace negotiations over Ukraine. Status: Endorsed in principle by Donald Trump; described as “optional” and “under review.” Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) , GS 3(Indian Economy)  India’s Rising Dependence on Russian Crude In 2022: < 2% of India’s oil imports came from Russia. In FY25: ~35–40% of India’s total crude imports came from Russia. Discounted prices under the G7/EU $60 per barrel price cap were a major draw.  Economic Implications for India Energy Security Risk: Disruption in supply from Russia (10% of global oil output) may force India to rely on costlier alternatives (e.g., West Asian, African grades). Price Volatility: Oil prices could spike to $120–130 per barrel, per Minister Hardeep Singh Puri. Trade Deficit Impact: Higher import costs → rising Current Account Deficit (CAD). Fiscal Burden: Potential rise in fuel subsidy if global prices soar.  India’s Strategic Response Diplomatic Engagement: EAM S. Jaishankar raised energy concerns with U.S. lawmakers (July 2, 2025). Ministerial Standpoint: Puri reiterated that Indian oil imports are legal, within global price caps, and benefit global markets. Diversification: India may accelerate diversification of crude sources (Middle East, U.S., Latin America).  Global Supply Chain Concerns Russia produces ~9 million barrels/day — around 10% of global oil (97 million bpd). Sudden exclusion could: Tighten global supply. Strain OPEC+ spare capacity. Raise inflationary pressures worldwide.  Geopolitical Stakes India’s balancing act between: Strategic ties with the U.S. and G7. Energy cooperation with Russia, a top supplier. Any unilateral tariff or sanction by the U.S. would test India’s non-alignment diplomacy and energy pragmatism. ‘TB death audits, like maternal mortality model, can aid elimination’  Urgent Focus Areas Short-term Priority: Reduce TB mortality in India (from 22 per 1,00,000 to lower benchmarks). Long-term Goal: Achieve End TB and SDG targets by 2025/2030. India’s current TB death rate: 22 per 1,00,000 (vs. China’s 3 per 1,00,000). 800–900 deaths/day from TB in India — mostly unreported and under-recognised. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Policy ) Key Reforms Proposed District-level TB Death Audits (like maternal death audits): Headed by District Collectors. Non-programme partners (e.g., medical colleges) to conduct independent reviews. Every TB patient to be screened for co-morbidities: diabetes, anaemia, alcoholism, HIV.  Diagnostic Gaps and Innovations Subclinical TB forms 40–50% of total cases → missed in symptom-based screening. Solution: AI-backed portable X-ray devices (WHO/STOP TB/ICMR approved). Molecular Testing: Increased from ~30% to wider coverage under 100-day TB campaign. Household screening: Now feasible with handheld diagnostics.  Nutritional Support as “Natural Vaccine” RATIONS Trial (Jharkhand): Nutritional support prevented 50% of secondary TB cases. Nikshay Poshan Yojana: Monthly DBT doubled from ₹500 to ₹1000. Challenge: Delivery gaps in remote/rural areas, reliance on volunteers.  Best Practice: Tamil Nadu’s TN-KET Model Kasanoi Erappila Thittam (2022) aimed to reduce TB deaths by 30% in public-notified patients. From 14,961 patients: 13% (1,509) identified at high risk of severe illness. 75% of high-risk patients assessed at nodal centers. 4% mortality among admitted severely ill cases. Routine BMI monitoring now institutionalised.  Structural Barriers High TB burden among productive age group (25–55 years). Causes of death include: Late diagnosis, private sector delays, co-morbidities, severe undernutrition. Public health mindset needed: treat TB like COVID or maternal deaths.  Way Forward: Recommendations Universal clinical evaluation for all TB patients. Independent TB death reviews to inform district-level response. Scale up portable diagnostics, nutrition schemes, and community-based care. Ambitious, well-funded National Strategic Plan essential to drive systemic change.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 10 July 2025

Content : Eat Right India: Safe, Healthy and Sustainable Food for All India’s Roadmap to Energy Independence by 2047 Eat Right India: Safe, Healthy and Sustainable Food for All Background: India’s food system transformation began in 2018 with the launch of Eat Right India, a nationwide movement led by FSSAI to ensure food is safe, healthy, and sustainable across the entire supply chain. In response to rising non-communicable diseases and food safety concerns, the initiative blends regulation, innovation, and citizen engagement to reshape how India eats—from streets to campuses to homes. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues , Health , Governance) Key Takeaways : Indicator Numbers Remarks FoSTaC (Training) 25 lakh food handlers trained Capacity building across food value chain Clean Street Food Hubs 249 certified hubs Covers 15 States/UTs Eat Right Stations 284 certified stations Across 23 states RUCO (Used Cooking Oil) 55+ lakh litres collected, 39 lakh litres converted into biodiesel Circular economy & biofuel push Hygiene Ratings 75,300+ applications; 69,700+ completions Enhancing accountability in food business Food Safety Mitras 62,000+ registered Last-mile compliance agents Fortification (F+) 157 products, 114 companies involved Covers 47% of top edible oil & 36.6% of milk industry Objectives & Rationale Combat rising NCDs: Obesity, diabetes, hypertension linked to poor diets. Enhance food safety amid industrialisation and chemical contamination. Address hidden hunger via food fortification. Promote eco-sustainability in food systems. Empower people with informed food choices through behaviour change. Core Strategy: 3-Pillar Framework Pillar Focus Area Key Initiatives Supply-side Reform Hygiene standards in food businesses FoSTaC, Eat Right Campus, Eat Right Station, Clean Street Food Hubs Consumer Awareness Behaviour change communication Eat Right School, “Aaj Se Thoda Kam“, DART Book, Trans Fat-Free India Sustainability Environmentally conscious food systems RUCO, Food Waste Reduction, Sustainable Packaging, Fortification, SNF Behavioural Campaigns with National Impact Campaign Outcome “Trans Fat-Free India by 2022” 34.9 million reached; praised by WHO “Aaj Se Thoda Kam” Industry-wide pledge for reducing salt, sugar, and oil “Stop Obesity” (2025) 10% reduction in salt/oil consumption pushed by Health Ministry Global Recognition Rockefeller Foundation – Visionary winner of 2021 Food Systems Vision Prize. WHO Recognition – Among 44 best practices globally for eliminating trans-fats. SKOCH Platinum Award 2017 – For Indian Food Sharing Alliance (IFSA), enabling 50+ million meals redistributed. Multi-Stakeholder Governance Stakeholder Role Central Ministries MoHFW, WCD, Housing, Education – policy alignment State & Urban Bodies Local certification & audits Private Sector C4ERI platform, reformulation, food safety CSR Academia & Civil Society Curriculum, outreach, grassroots mobilisation Public-Private Labs Food testing via mobile/static labs (e.g., NFL) Alignment with SDGs & National Missions Goal Synergy with Eat Right India SDG 3: Good Health Reduces diet-linked NCDs and food-borne illnesses SDG 2: Zero Hunger Tackles malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency SDG 12: Responsible Consumption Waste reduction, eco-friendly practices SDG 17: Partnerships for Goals Whole-of-Government + society approach Ayushman Bharat Preventive care via healthy food access POSHAN Abhiyaan / Anemia Mukt Bharat Fortified foods and nutrition awareness Swachh Bharat Mission Food hygiene in public places Technology & Innovation FoSCoS – Seamless licensing & compliance portal. Food Safety Connect App – Grievance redressal + inspections. Food Safety Mitra Program – 62,000+ grassroot support agents. Mobile Food Labs (FSW) – Real-time testing in rural areas. Jaivik Bharat Portal – 1.4 million visits for organic food traceability. Industry Collaboration Sector Key Players Committed Food Manufacturing Britannia, ITC, Nestlé, HUL Retail & E-Commerce Amazon, Big Basket, Zomato Oil & Milk Fortification 47% top oil firms, 36.6% milk sector enrolled Conclusion The Eat Right India movement is not merely a food regulation campaign—it is a holistic health and wellness revolution. By integrating policy, public awareness, private partnerships, and tech innovation, it transforms every node of the food supply chain. Its alignment with India’s 2030 Agenda makes it a global benchmark for food system reform, sustainable nutrition, and public health transformation. India’s Roadmap to Energy Independence by 2047 Introduction : India unveiled an ambitious roadmap for energy independence by 2047 at the 9th OPEC International Seminar, positioning itself as a global stabilizer in oil markets. Minister Hardeep Singh Puri outlined sweeping reforms, exploration expansion, and a just energy transition rooted in equity and sustainability. Relevance : GS 3(Energy Security ) , GS 2(Governance) Top Announcements Goal/Target Details Energy Independence Achieve by 2047 (100th year of independence) Net Zero Emissions Achieve by 2070 Global Oil Demand Share India to contribute ~25% of global incremental demand Current Crude Demand ~5.4 million barrels/day (India = 3rd largest global consumer) Ambitious Hydrocarbon Exploration Vision Initiative Scale & Targets OALP Round-10 Opened 2.5 lakh sq km for exploration Future Exploration Goals 0.5 million sq km by 2025, 1.0 million sq km by 2030 Guyana-scale discovery Expected in Andaman Sea No-Go’ Area Reduction 99% cut, freeing 1 million+ sq km Supporting Surveys National Seismic Program, Extended Continental Shelf Project, Andaman Offshore, Mission Anveshan Policy Reforms: Exploration & Beyond Reform Outcome HELP Regime Shifted to Revenue Sharing Model, replacing PSC ORD Act 1948 Amendments Better lease management, safety, and dispute resolution Integration with Renewables Hybridisation of oil/gas blocks with renewable energy Refining & Petrochemical Capacity Goals Parameter Targets Refining Capacity 310 MMTPA by 2028 (from ~254 MMTPA in 2024) Petrochemical Sector Expand to $300 billion industry by 2030 Crude Import Diversification From 27 countries (2014) to 40 countries (2025) Energy Transition & Biofuels Push Focus Area Achievements & Plans Global Biofuels Alliance 29+ countries, 14 international organisations Ethanol Blending Scaled up blending in petrol CBG, SAF & Biodiesel Rapid deployment across transport and aviation sectors Equitable Energy Transition “Development with dignity” for the Global South Ujjwala Moment: LPG & Clean Cooking Leadership Indicator Value LPG Connections (PMUY) 103 million+ provided to women (largest in the world) LPG Coverage From 55% (2014) to near-universal (2025) Subsidised Cylinder Price $6–7 for 14.2 kg vs global price of $10–11 OMC Loss Absorption $4.7 billion absorbed in FY 2024–25 to support affordability India’s Strategic Approach Pillar Key Focus Diversification Imports from 40 countries, LNG terminals, strategic reserves Decarbonization Blended fuels, renewable integration, EV & SAF acceleration Energy Equity Targeted subsidies, LPG for all, CBG in rural grids Stabilising Role Predictable demand anchor in global oil markets Conclusion : With bold targets and global partnerships, India is steering a balanced path toward energy security, sustainability, and equity. Its strategy underscores a future where development and decarbonization go hand in hand.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 10 July 2025

Content: End custodial brutality, begin criminal justice reform Minding the minerals gap End custodial brutality, begin criminal justice reform Source : TH Context : Custodial Deaths Persist Despite Safeguards Between 2020 and 2023, India reported 462 custodial deaths (NHRC data). Tamil Nadu ranks among the top five states in reported incidents, highlighting systemic issues despite constitutional and legal protections (e.g., Article 21, D.K. Basu Guidelines). Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice , Governance, Constitution ) Practice Question : Despite judicial directives and constitutional safeguards, custodial violence remains pervasive in India. Examine the structural and cultural causes behind this persistence. Suggest institutional and legislative reforms to ensure accountability and prevent custodial deaths.(250 Words) Recent Shocking Cases in Tamil Nadu Ajith Kumar (2025): 44 wounds, cigarette burns, and forced narcotics—suggestive of extreme torture. Vignesh (2022): Autopsy revealed multiple injuries. Raja (2024): Dalit man died after being accused of theft. These are not aberrations but indicators of a pattern of impunity and normalisation of excessive force. Budgetary Skew in Police Modernisation Tamil Nadu allocated over ₹9,300 crore for police in FY 2024–25. However, <1% goes to mental health, training, or ethics reform. Majority is spent on vehicles, surveillance, and weapons—a deterrence-heavy model with little investment in human-centric policing. Mental Health Crisis in Policing Indian police work under extreme stress: low officer–population ratio (152/1 lakh people vs. UN norm of 222), long hours, and constant exposure to violence. Yet, India lacks institutionalised mental health support, leading to burnout and brutality. Lack of Accountability and Oversight In 2022–23, out of hundreds of custodial deaths, only 3 resulted in convictions (NCRB). Post-incident suspensions or transfers rarely lead to justice. There’s an urgent need for legally binding accountability mechanisms, not ad-hoc administrative action. Non-functional CCTV Cameras Undermine Reforms Despite Supreme Court orders (Paramvir Singh Saini v. Union of India, 2020), CCTV coverage in police custody areas remains patchy, with poor auditing and high camera downtime, undermining transparency. Outdated Police Training Curriculum Current training focuses on law and order, with little emphasis on ethics, trauma-informed investigation, community policing, or human rights jurisprudence. Modernising the syllabus is essential to align policing with democratic values. Need for a Comprehensive Anti-Custodial Torture Law India is not a signatory to the UN Convention Against Torture, and custodial violence remains under-legislated. A proposed law must include: Time-bound magisterial probe, Mandatory video recording of interrogations, Civilian oversight boards, Strict compensation and penal provisions. Structural Discrimination and Marginalisation Dalits, Adivasis, and poor working-class youth form a disproportionate share of custodial torture victims, reflecting embedded social hierarchies in law enforcement. Justice Must Be Preventive, Not Post-Mortem Ajith Kumar’s last words — “I didn’t steal” — underscore the moral failure of the State. Reform must go beyond symbolism: invest in counselling, real-time monitoring, legislative overhaul, and empathy-driven policing. Data Points on Custodial Violence in India (2025) Conviction Rate Between 2001 and 2020, 1,888 custodial deaths were reported. Only 893 cases were registered against police personnel, and merely 26 resulted in convictions — a conviction rate of just 2.9%. Source: Indian Express, NCRB, Ministry of Home Affairs RTI Data High Incidence in Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu reported 109 custodial deaths in FY 2021–22, a sharp rise from previous years, making it one of the highest in the country. Source: NCRB Prison Statistics 2022 Police-Population Ratio Deficit India’s police-to-population ratio is 152 per lakh population, significantly below the UN-recommended 222 per lakh. Source: Bureau of Police Research & Development, 2023 Skewed Budget Allocation Less than 1% of Tamil Nadu’s ₹9,385 crore police budget is allocated to mental health, ethics training, or officer welfare. Most funds are spent on hardware like vehicles and surveillance. Source: Tamil Nadu Budget Documents 2024–25 Marginalised Communities Overrepresented 41% of custodial violence victims in 2022 were from Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, or OBC communities. Source: NCRB Disaggregated Data 2022 Underreporting of Violence In 2023, NHRC registered only 33 cases of custodial violence, whereas independent civil society estimates suggest the actual numbers are much higher. Source: NHRC, Status of Policing in India Report 2025 CCTV Monitoring Still Weak More than 40% of police stations across India lack functional CCTV systems with real-time recording and secure storage, despite Supreme Court directives (Paramvir Singh Saini vs Union of India, 2020). Source: SC Compliance Reports, 2024 Legal Vacuum on Torture India has not ratified the UN Convention Against Torture (UNCAT) and lacks a standalone anti-torture law, despite repeated recommendations by the Law Commission (2017) and NHRC. Source: Law Commission Report No. 273 (2017) Police Culture and Attitude Issues According to the Status of Policing Report 2025, 20% of officers justify custodial violence as “very important,” and 27% condone mob justice in emotionally charged cases. Source: Common Cause & Lokniti-CSDS Survey Non-Compliance with DK Basu Guidelines Core guidelines on arrest memo countersigning, 48-hour medical examination, and timely magistrate intimation are inconsistently followed across many states. Source: NHRC Reviews, SC Orders (D.K. Basu vs State of West Bengal, 1997 Minding the minerals gap Source : IE Geostrategic Imperative: Avoiding Overdependence India’s rapid clean energy transition (EVs, solar, wind, semiconductors) demands uninterrupted access to lithium, cobalt, nickel, rare earths, and graphite. China currently dominates over 85% of global rare earth refining and 70% of battery mineral processing. India must avoid falling into strategic dependence on either China’s mineral dominance or Western critical mineral cartels. Policy Need: Build autonomous and diversified supply networks without entrenching asymmetrical dependencies. Relevance : GS 3(Mineral Security ), GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : ”India’s critical mineral strategy must strike a balance between strategic autonomy, global collaboration, and equitable development.”Critically examine India’s evolving approach to securing critical mineral supply chains in the context of global energy transition and geoeconomic shifts. (250 words) Upgrading from Refining Hub to Value Chain Leader There’s a structural risk of India becoming just a midstream processor (e.g., refining lithium or cobalt) while raw extraction and high-end manufacturing remain offshored. Extractive activities (e.g., in Africa or Latin America) might remain outside Indian control, limiting strategic leverage. Strategic Response: Invest in vertical integration — from geological surveying → mining → refining → component production → end-product manufacturing (e.g., battery packs, turbines). Critical Mineral Diplomacy & the MSP Platform India is a member of the Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) alongside the US, Japan, Australia, Canada, etc. The MSP enables joint exploration, investment, and ESG-compliant mining in third countries. Leverage Point: India should use MSP access to: Build secure bilateral mineral corridors Finance joint ventures in Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America Negotiate long-term offtake agreements ensuring raw material inflow Domestic Capability Building: R&D, Tech Transfer & IP India lags in rare earth metallurgy, purification technologies, and battery chemistry. Current domestic R&D in mineral sciences is fragmented, with minimal industry-academia collaboration. Policy Gap: There is no large-scale national mission for critical mineral R&D comparable to Semicon India. Solution: Launch a National Critical Minerals Mission with: Public-private partnerships for refining technology Patent incentives Strategic raw material reserves Greenfield pilot plants for mineral separation Diaspora & Historical Linkages as Levers India has influential diaspora networks in mineral-rich regions (e.g., East Africa, Southeast Asia, Caribbean). Unlike China’s state-led model, India can use diaspora-led development models that are less extractive and more politically acceptable. Diplomatic Opportunity: Forge B2B and G2B linkages for mining rights, tech collaboration Use trilateral cooperation (e.g., India-Japan-Africa) for clean mineral supply chains Strategic Geography: Island & Oceanic Assets Island territories (e.g., Chhabha Island) have been identified as having rare earth potential. Maritime presence enables India to tap deep-sea mineral resources and develop trans-shipment hubs. Geoeconomic Advantage: Create coastal Special Economic Zones (SEZs) for critical mineral processing Establish Indian-controlled rare earth refining and export facilities Green and Ethical Supply Chains as USP Western markets are moving towards ESG-compliant sourcing norms (e.g., US Inflation Reduction Act, EU CBAM). Countries with poor mining records face trade barriers. Strategic Differentiator: India can brand itself as a “responsible supplier” of clean-tech minerals by: Ensuring traceability Avoiding child labour and ecological harm Promoting circular economy models Bridging Industry & Foreign Policy Critical minerals policy is currently fragmented across ministries: Mines, Commerce, External Affairs, Heavy Industries. Coordination with private sector is ad hoc. Institutional Fix: Create a National Critical Minerals Authority or inter-ministerial task force Develop a sovereign critical mineral fund to invest in overseas assets Integrate trade, technology, and defence planning around supply chain security Conclusion: Securing Strategic Sovereignty India’s long-term autonomy in clean energy, electronics, and strategic technologies hinges on how well it controls and integrates critical mineral supply chains. The roadmap must go beyond imports or refining to focus on: Exploration partnerships IP creation ESG compliance Regional leadership in the Global South Failure to act decisively now risks replacing oil dependence with mineral dependency, undermining India’s 2047 vision of strategic and economic sovereignty. Relevant data and facts: 100% Import Dependence: India relies entirely on imports for key minerals like lithium, cobalt, nickel, and graphite—critical for EVs, solar, and electronics. Lithium Reserves Found: Geological Survey of India confirmed 5.9 million tonnes of lithium in Reasi, Jammu & Kashmir (2023)—making India the 7th largest holder globally. Rare Earths Strength: India has 6.9 million tonnes of rare earth reserves (3rd largest globally), but only a small fraction is mined or processed domestically. National Critical Minerals Mission (2025): Aims to explore 1,200 new blocks, set up 4 mineral parks, and 3 centres of excellence, and reduce import dependency through R&D and processing. Minerals Security Partnership (MSP): India joined MSP with the US, Japan, Australia, and others to build secure, ESG-compliant supply chains and co-invest in mining projects abroad. Argentina Lithium Deal (2024): India’s KABIL signed agreements to explore 15,703 hectares of lithium blocks—first such overseas strategic mineral acquisition. Strategic Risk – Processing Trap: India may end up as just a refining hub, while extraction remains offshore and high-value tech manufacturing happens in developed countries. Incentives for Rare Earths: Government plans ₹5,000 crore PLI scheme to boost magnet production capacity and reduce overdependence on China (which controls 90% of global supply). Domestic Capability Gap: Institutions like IREL produced only 2,900 tonnes of rare earths in FY2024; India still lacks large-scale magnet, battery, and refining technology. Geoeconomic Leverage: India is tapping diaspora links, historical ties, and MSP partnerships to build long-term access to mineral assets while ensuring fair, non-extractive diplomacy with the Global South.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 10 July 2025

Content : 12 killed as key bridge collapses in Vadodara ASI allows retired T.N. archaeologist to prepare report on Keeladi excavations How can cat bonds plan for a natural disaster? How did Himachal achieve a high rank on the NAS? India’s Inequality Debate IAF Jaguar Jet Crash 12 killed as key bridge collapses in Vadodara The Incident Date & Location: Early morning, July 10, 2025 — Gambhira river bridge near Padra town, Vadodara district, Gujarat. Casualties: At least 12 dead, 9 rescued, 5 hospitalized. Collapse Type: A 15-meter-long concrete slab between two piers gave way. Vehicles Involved: Trucks, vans, and private vehicles tumbled into Mahisagar river. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Bridge Profile Structure Age: ~40 years old, linking Central Gujarat with the Saurashtra region. Type: RCC bridge — likely designed with pre-liberalisation specifications, outdated by modern stress norms. Function: Major economic and passenger artery; collapse disrupts movement of agricultural and industrial goods. Probable Causes Structural Fatigue: Age-related concrete degradation and poor pier maintenance. Monsoon Impact: Heavy rains may have compromised soil or base structures. Lack of Audit: No recent comprehensive structural health monitoring reported. Broader Governance Context 1. Systemic Neglect of Infrastructure Audits CAG & Parliamentary Committees have repeatedly flagged: Lack of periodic audits for aging bridges. Incomplete implementation of Bridge Management Systems (BMS) by States. 2. Absence of Preventive Maintenance Culture Focus remains on post-tragedy repair, compensation, and political blame games. No public database on load capacity, usage frequency, structural stress for old bridges. 3. Urban-Rural Infrastructure Divide Most such collapses occur in semi-urban/rural areas due to: Lower prioritisation. Infrequent inspection cycles. Absence of real-time monitoring sensors. Comparative Insight: Recent Bridge Collapses Location Year Cause Casualties Morbi, Gujarat 2022 Corrosion, overloaded footbridge 135+ dead Bihar (Ganga Bridge) 2024 Under-construction, design flaw 3 dead Mizoram 2023 Railway bridge collapse 26 dead Now: Gambhira, Gujarat 2025 Age + structural neglect 12+ dead Pattern: India sees approx.10–15 major bridge failures annually, many preventable through timely inspection. Policy & Administrative Fallout Expected Probes: PWD/State Infrastructure Department likely to face inquiry. Probable FIRs against bridge maintenance contractors. Governance Signals: Trust deficit in public infrastructure. Pressure on Gujarat government amid upcoming fiscal planning for the 2026 Census preparation phase. Way Forward: A Governance-Driven Infrastructure Agenda Bridge Safety Audit Mandate: Annual certified audits for all bridges 20+ years old. Digital BMS Expansion: Geo-tag, track, and monitor bridges via sensors & satellite imaging. Independent Safety Authority: Bridge safety oversight body independent of State PWDs. Transparent Public Dashboard: Real-time update on bridge health for citizen awareness. Preventive Budgeting: Earmark minimum 1% of GSDP annually for infra-retrofitting. ASI allows retired T.N. archaeologist to prepare report on Keeladi excavations What is Keeladi and Why It Matters Location: Keeladi, Sivaganga district, Tamil Nadu. Findings: Urban settlement traces, brick structures, script inscriptions, pottery, and industrial remains. Significance: Indicates a Sangam-era urban civilisation (circa 6th century BCE – 3rd century CE), suggesting: Continuity of Tamil culture Urban centres along the Vaigai river valley Advanced trade, literacy, and planned habitation pre-dating many north Indian sites. Relevance : GS 1(Culture ,Heritage,History ) Timeline of Excavations Phase Year Lead Agency/Archaeologist Key Findings I–II 2015–2016 K. Amarnath Ramakrishna (ASI) Brick structures, graffiti suggesting urban life III 2017 P.S. Sriraman (ASI) Controversial – no continuity reported in structures IV+ 2018 onwards Tamil Nadu State Archaeology Dept. Continued urban findings; now in 10th phase by 2025 Institutional Conflict 2017: ASI transferred Ramakrishna to Assam post-phase II, despite breakthrough findings. Sriraman Phase (III): Claimed lack of continuity with prior phases → criticized for downplaying significance. 2024–25: ASI permitted Sriraman to complete pending reports for Phase III (Keeladi) and Kodumanal. Meanwhile: ASI asked Ramakrishna to revise his original reports — he refused, defending his conclusions as sound and peer-worthy.  Keeladi vs Kodumanal Kodumanal: Located in Erode district — known for bead-making industry, iron tools, and trade links with the Roman Empire. Sriraman also excavated one season here; report pending. Current Progress 10 Phases completed at Keeladi (State-led). Hundreds of antiquities recovered. Material stored in Chennai, facilitating ongoing study and report writing. Governance Challenges Conflict of Interpretations: Differences in archaeological conclusions reflecting possible ideological or bureaucratic interference. Central vs State Dynamics: Shift of excavation control from ASI to Tamil Nadu State Archaeology Dept. led to more sustained exploration. Report Delays: Highlights need for a time-bound reporting framework in Indian archaeology. Implications for Indian Cultural History Counters Aryan-centric narratives: Keeladi suggests Dravidian urbanism existed independently and early. Sangam Age Reimagined: Reinforces historicity of Sangam literature describing trade, urban governance, literacy, and culture. Decentralised Heritage Management: Tamil Nadu’s persistence led to deeper exploration, setting an example for other States. How can cat bonds plan for a natural disaster? What are Cat Bonds? Definition: A hybrid insurance-cum-debt financial instrument that transforms disaster insurance into tradable securities. Purpose: Transfers pre-defined natural disaster risk (e.g., earthquakes, cyclones) from sovereigns to global investors. Issued via: Financial intermediaries like the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, or reinsurers. Payout Trigger: Based on objective disaster parameters (magnitude, location) — parametric triggers. Relevance : GS 3(Economy, Disaster Management, and Environment ) How Do Cat Bonds Work? Component Role Sponsor Sovereign/state (e.g., India) – pays premium and defines risk scope Issuer Intermediary agency (e.g., World Bank) – issues bonds to investors Investor Pension funds, hedge funds, family offices – provide upfront funds Trigger Event If disaster strikes, part/all of investor principal is used for relief High returns, high risk: If no disaster occurs, investors earn attractive interest. If disaster hits, they lose some/all principal. Why Investors Buy Cat Bonds Portfolio Diversification: Cat risk curves are independent of market risk (low correlation). High Returns: Coupon rates vary (1–2% for earthquakes; higher for hurricanes/cyclones). $180 Billion+ issued globally so far; $50 Billion currently outstanding. Favored by: Large pension funds, seeking low-correlation assets for risk hedging. Why India Should Lead in Cat Bonds Disaster-Prone Profile: India faces recurring floods, cyclones, earthquakes, and forest fires. Example: ₹1.8 lakh crore spent on disaster relief over the past decade (approx). Under-penetration of insurance: Individual homes, livelihoods mostly uninsured → leads to financial vulnerability post-disaster. Fiscal Prudence: Annual Mitigation Budget: ₹1.8 billion allocated since FY21–22 for capacity building. Cat Bonds reduce strain on public finances post-disaster → predictable budgeting. A South Asian Regional Cat Bond – The Big Idea India as Lead Sponsor: Leverage its credit rating, financial depth, and disaster mitigation record. Risk Pooling Benefits: Shared risk lowers individual premiums. Leverages region’s hazard diversity (earthquakes in Nepal/Bhutan, tsunamis in Bay of Bengal, cyclones in Bangladesh & India). Geo-economic Gain: Enhances India’s role as a disaster-resilient regional leader in South Asia. Design Flaws: Challenges to Watch Trigger Mismatch Risk: Example: Earthquake bond designed for 6.6M threshold may not pay out for 6.5M quake that causes major damage. Perception Risk: If no disaster occurs, questions may arise on high upfront costs. Solution: Transparent cost-benefit comparisons with historical relief expenditure. Policy Recommendations Pilot a Cat Bond: Start with one high-impact hazard (e.g., floods in Assam or coastal cyclones). Use World Bank/ADB as Issuer: Tap into established credibility and global investor networks. Layer with Mitigation: Include DRR commitments (e.g., early warning systems) to lower premiums. Build Awareness: Educate policymakers and state disaster management authorities (SDMAs) on financial risk transfer tools. How did Himachal achieve a high rank on the NAS? What is the NAS? Conducted by: Ministry of Education (every 3 years) Coverage: Classes 3, 5, 8, and 10 in govt & aided schools. Subjects Tested: Language, Mathematics, Environmental Science, Science, Social Science. Purpose: Diagnostic tool to assess learning outcomes across States. Relevance : GS 2(Education , Governance) Why Himachal’s Jump is Significant 2021 Rank: 21st 2025 Rank: Top 5 Improvement: Massive 16-rank leap in 4 years — biggest positive swing among all States. Context: Reversal of a two-decade decline in public schooling quality post-liberalisation. Reform Strategies Behind the Success Structural Rationalisation: Over 1,000 under-enrolled schools merged to optimise teacher deployment and infrastructure. Unified school system under a single education directorate (pre-primary to Class 12). Accountability & Ownership: Class 12 focus reintroduced to boost end-stage learning outcomes. Greater autonomy in school-level decision-making. Teachers and high-performing students sent for exposure visits (national & international). Cluster-based School Management: Promoted peer learning, resource sharing, and community participation. Fostered local identity and emotional connection with schools. Political Will: Administration showed strong public commitment to education reform, reversing a legacy of neglect. What NAS Captures — and Misses Captures Misses Language, Maths, Science Socio-emotional well-being, civic awareness Relative academic benchmarks Holistic quality of teacher-student relationships State-level learning gaps Equity dimensions (e.g. rural, marginalised learners’ challenges) Test scores ≠ Education quality. Himachal’s real achievement lies in restoring public trust in government schooling, not just academic scores. Broader Socio-educational Context Historical Strengths: Legacy of Y.S. Parmar’s village-centric education model post-Independence. Decline Phase: Contractual hiring, poor facilities → private school boom even in remote areas. Demographic Challenge: Declining fertility rate (NFHS-5) demanded resource consolidation, not expansion. Way Forward Regularise teacher recruitment to ensure stability and motivation. Expand beyond NAS: Introduce holistic assessments focusing on creativity, emotional intelligence, critical thinking. Equity Focus: Ensure remote, rural, and SC/ST students are not left behind in resource allocation or digital access. Sustain Community Engagement: Strengthen parent-teacher forums and local governance in school management. India’s Inequality Debate: 10 Critical Analytical Insights Inequality and the Gini Debate In July 2025, the Government of India cited a World Bank brief ranking India as the 4th most equal country globally, based on the consumption-based Gini index (Gini: 0.29). However, this ranking masks the ground reality, as income and wealth inequalities in India are among the highest globally, as per the World Inequality Database. As of 2023: Top 1% earned 22.6% of national income and held 40.1% of total wealth. Bottom 50% earned 14.6% of income and held only 6.4% of wealth. The Gini index based on consumption does not capture asset inequality, capital income, or structural disadvantages — leading to misleading claims of equality. This raises critical questions about the validity of India’s equality claims, the limitations of survey-based data, and the need for multidimensional inequality metrics. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy ,Inequality , Gini Co-efficient) Claim vs Reality: Gini Index Interpretation World Bank’s Brief (2024) ranked India as the 4th most equal country based on consumption-based Gini index. India’s Gini index (consumption) was estimated at 0.29, implying low inequality. Issue: This metric ignores income and wealth inequality, which are significantly higher. Income Inequality is Rising Sharply As of 2023: Top 1% income share: 22.6% Top 10% income share: 57.7% Bottom 50% share: just 14.6% Reflects a threefold gap between top 1% and bottom 50% in income control. Source: World Inequality Database Wealth Inequality is Even More Stark In 2023: Top 1% own 40.1% of total personal wealth. Top 10%: 65% Bottom 50%: only 6.4% Indicates extreme concentration of wealth. Historical trend: Wealth inequality has been consistently rising since the 1990s. Limitations of Consumption-Based Gini It underestimates inequality because: Consumption is smoother across households (poor borrow; rich save). Surveys underreport elite consumption. Rural-urban price differences and housing costs are not well-adjusted. Gini fails to capture wealth hoarding, capital gains, inheritance effects. Survey Quality Issues Distort Findings NSSO and NSO surveys suffer from: Non-response bias Under-sampling of top-income households Outdated consumption baskets This results in misleading aggregate equality metrics. India’s Claim Omits Income/Wealth Data World Bank brief did not include income or wealth Gini (India does not officially publish them). Other global rankings using income or wealth inequality place India far lower in equality metrics. Taxation System Does Not Correct Inequality Pre- and post-tax income share of top 10% shows little difference. Indicates that India’s taxation is not redistributive enough. Direct taxes and wealth taxes are limited; subsidies don’t offset wealth concentration. Bigger Picture Missed: Structural Inequality Gini does not account for:Caste-based or gender inequalityEducational or health access gapsIntergenerational mobility blockages These structural issues exacerbate long-term inequality, especially among marginalised communities. Global Comparisons are Misleading Nordic countries (e.g., Denmark) rank equal on both consumption and income metrics. India’s claim of equality collapses when judged on income, asset ownership, or human capital indicators. Suggests cherry-picking one metric to portray a broad narrative. Policy Implications Need for triangulation: Combine consumption, income, and wealth data to assess inequality holistically. Revise tax structures to be more progressive. Improve data transparency: India must release periodic income and wealth Gini estimates. Strengthen social safety nets, asset redistribution schemes, and education/health access to reduce long-term disparities. IAF Jaguar Jet Crash The Crash: Key Facts Incident: A Jaguar fighter aircraft of the Indian Air Force crashed near Churu, Rajasthan on July 9, 2025, during a routine training sortie. Fatalities: Both pilots — Wing Commander R. Takle and Flight Lieutenant A. Dixit — lost their lives. Pattern: This is the third Jaguar crash since March 2025, highlighting a disturbing frequency. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management , Defence) Technical & Operational Concerns   Aging Fleet: Jaguars were inducted into IAF in 1979; many are now over 40 years old. Previous Incidents: March 2024: Jaguar crash post-takeoff from Ambala, pilot ejected safely. March 2025: Pilot died during a similar crash in Rajasthan. Combat Capabilities: Designed for deep penetration strikes and low-altitude flying — operationally challenging roles that stress older airframes. Why It Matters Obsolescence Risk: The Jaguar fleet is no longer being upgraded; IAF has discontinued the DARIN-III upgrade midway. Crash Trend: Out of 160 Jaguars inducted, fewer than 100 remain. Of these, many are at end-of-life. Survivability Issues: Unlike Su-30MKIs and Rafales, Jaguars lack modern ejection systems and sensors, reducing pilot survival chances. Replacement & Modernization Imperatives Future Roadmap: Jaguars to be replaced by HAL Tejas Mk1A, Su-30MKI upgrades, and Rafales under ongoing modernization. HAL’s Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) is a long-term solution — first flight expected by 2030. Gap Risks: Decommissioning Jaguars without rapid replenishment could create operational gaps in deep-strike capabilities. Macro Picture: India’s Combat Aircraft Fleet Aircraft Type Induction Year Status Quantity (approx) Jaguar 1979 Phasing Out ~90 Mirage 2000 1985 Mid-Life Upgrade ~50 Su-30MKI 2002 onwards Backbone Fleet 270 Rafale 2020 onwards Operational 36 Tejas Mk1A 2024 onwards Inducting 83 ordered Strategic Implications Training & Safety Protocols: Routine sorties turning fatal signal need for enhanced flight safety audits and stress testing of aging jets. Global Perception: Frequent crashes may dent IAF’s image in international military aviation, especially in light of export ambitions (e.g., Tejas). Pilot Morale & Safety: High-risk training in outdated platforms could impact combat readiness and morale of younger IAF personnel.

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