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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 20 March 2025

Content: A delimitation red flag — the lessons from J&K, Assam Telecom tribunal reforms to handle data protection pleas A delimitation red flag — the lessons from J&K, Assam Context : Delimitation is the process of redrawing boundaries of electoral constituencies based on changes in population. The upcoming 2026 Delimitation Commission is expected to redistribute parliamentary and assembly seats, potentially shifting political power towards more populous states. Concerns arise regarding population-based seat allocation, as southern states argue that it penalizes them for successful population control measures. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Governance, Federalism) Practice Question : Delimitation is a crucial exercise in ensuring fair political representation, but it also carries risks of demographic and communal manipulation. Analyze the recent delimitation exercises in Jammu & Kashmir and Assam, highlighting the challenges they pose for the upcoming 2026 delimitation process. Suggest measures to uphold the principles of federalism and electoral integrity. (250 words) Democratic and Federal Concerns Freezing Parliamentary Seats but Expanding Assembly Seats Suggested as a middle ground to maintain democratic representation while addressing state-level governance needs. MLAs serve as the first point of contact for citizens, while MPs represent national interests. Rajya Sabha Redistribution Proposal Equal distribution of Rajya Sabha seats among the five geographic zones to balance power between high and low-population states. Existing Zonal Councils and the Inter-State Council could be revived to strengthen federal coordination. Case Study: Jammu & Kashmir Delimitation (2022) Disproportionate Seat Allocation Jammu gained six new seats, while only one was added to the Valley, despite population differences. This resulted in a vote weight of 1.2 for Jammu against 1 for the Valley, skewing representation. Geographical and Administrative Challenges The merger of Jammu’s Poonch and Rajouri with Kashmir’s Anantnag Lok Sabha seat defied topographical and administrative logic. These regions belong to separate ecological and cultural zones—Pir Panjal (Jammu) and Jhelum Valley (Kashmir). Communal Redrawing of Constituencies Several newly created constituencies, such as Jasrota, Ramgarh, Ramnagar, and Vaishno Devi, have undergone demographic shifts due to restructuring. Kishtwar constituency was restructured by merging areas from Inderwal, altering its voter composition. Significant variations in electorate sizes exist, with some constituencies having around 50,000 voters while others have up to 1.92 lakh voters, raising concerns about voter parity and representation balance.  Case Study: Assam Delimitation (2023) Preemptive District Mergers in Assam The Assam government merged four districts before delimitation, reducing the total number from 35 to 31. This restructuring led to the removal or reconfiguration of multiple constituencies, including South Salmara, Barpeta, and Karimganj. Broader Implications for the 2026 Delimitation Challenges in Electoral Demarcation Recent experiences in Jammu & Kashmir and Assam indicate that delimitation can significantly impact political representation. Ensuring balanced constituency formation is critical to preventing regional and demographic disparities. Electoral Representation and Federal Balance Redrawing of constituencies has led to shifts in voting patterns, raising concerns about political polarization. Delimitation based purely on population figures may reduce the relative influence of southern and developed states, impacting federal representation. Maintaining a balance in representation is essential to uphold the principles of pluralism and cooperative federalism. Ensuring Fair and Transparent Delimitation Independent and Transparent Process Establishing non-partisan, scientifically driven criteria for constituency boundaries. Enhancing institutional autonomy in the delimitation exercise. Strengthening Federal Mechanisms Reviving the Inter-State Council and Zonal Councils to address regional concerns. Avoiding central overreach in electoral mapping. Balanced Representation Framework Freezing the total number of Lok Sabha seats while expanding State Assemblies to accommodate demographic shifts. Redistributing Rajya Sabha seats to ensure equitable regional representation. Upholding Electoral Integrity Preventing gerrymandering to ensure fair representation for all communities. Ensuring equal electorate sizes across constituencies to uphold the principle of “one person, one vote.” Telecom tribunal reforms to handle data protection pleas Background and Context The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP Act) aims to regulate the processing of personal data in India. The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) released draft Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025. The Data Protection Board (DPB) is the designated adjudicatory body for data protection violations, with appeals directed to the Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT). Relevance : GS 2(Tribunals ,Governance, Data Protection) Practice Question : Critically analyze the feasibility of the Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT) as an appellate body for data protection disputes. Suggest reforms to enhance its efficiency and accountability. (15 marks) Concerns with the Current Tribunal System Lack of independence: The executive has control over appointments to the DPB, raising concerns over separation of powers. Questionable feasibility: The TDSAT, traditionally handling telecom disputes, may lack the expertise and capacity to handle data protection cases. Required Reforms for TDSAT to Handle Data Protection Appeals A. Appointment of a Technical Member with Data Protection Expertise Current Structure: As per Section 14C of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) Act, 1997, a TDSAT member must have expertise in technology, telecom, industry, commerce, or administration. Challenges: Data protection involves legal principles of consent, storage, processing, and privacy, distinct from telecom regulations. Telecom laws focus on infrastructure, spectrum allocation, and service providers, whereas data protection concerns individual rights and privacy safeguards. Solution: Amend Section 14C of the TRAI Act to mandate a technical member specializing in data protection and privacy laws. B. Addressing TDSAT’s Case Burden and Capacity Constraints Rising Caseload: 3,448 pending cases (Feb 2020–Feb 2025). The newly enacted Telecommunications Act, 2023 will further increase workload. Appeals under DPDP Act must be disposed of within six months, which may be less realistic given current case backlogs. Structural Issues: Only one technical member (no judicial member) on the bench in January 2025, violating Supreme Court guidelines on tribunal composition. Solutions: Increased budgetary allocation to expand the number of benches and recruit judicial members. Setting up dedicated benches for data protection cases to avoid further backlog. C. Upgrading Digital Infrastructure for Efficient Case Management Existing Issues: The TDSAT website is not user-friendly, affecting accessibility and digital filing efficiency. Digital filing of appeals is mandated, but current technological infrastructure is inadequate. Solution: Upgrade TDSAT’s digital platform to improve ease of access, track case status, and enable real-time updates. The Legal Cases Management System implemented by TRAI (2023) must be assessed for effectiveness and improved accordingly. D. Ensuring Transparency and Accountability Lack of reporting on TDSAT’s case disposal rates raises concerns about efficiency. Solution: TDSAT should publish annual reports with: Number of data protection appeals filed, resolved, and pending. Average disposal time for cases. Key legal issues addressed in appeals. Conclusion TDSAT needs institutional, structural, and technological reforms to effectively function as the appellate body for data protection cases. The reforms must ensure expertise, efficiency, digital readiness, and transparency to uphold the rule of law and individual privacy rights.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 20 March 2025

Content: V-P calls for debate on freebies, policy on efficient use of public investments A regional divide in blue-collar worker migration from India What are the different risks and rewards of using UAVs? Per capita income claims by States contradict high BPL population: SC U.S., U.K. replace Gulf nations as top source of remittances’ NASA astronauts stranded in space for nine months back on earth with a splashdown El Niño or La Niña? Murky pattern of temperature keeps confusion alive V-P calls for debate on freebies, policy on efficient use of public investments Context:Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar’s Call for Debate: Criticized the culture of “freebies” and called for a structured national policy on government investments. Emphasized that capital expenditure (capex) is crucial for economic growth, and electoral allurements can burden future governments. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Subsidies & Global Comparison: Stressed that subsidies should be direct, transparent, and without intermediaries, as practiced in developed nations like the U.S. Cited the example of U.S. farm subsidies, where direct transfers ensure that farm household incomes exceed general household incomes. Context of the Debate: Came in response to Samajwadi Party MP Ramgopal Yadav’s demand to increase MPLADS funds from ₹5 crore to ₹20 crore per year due to rising construction costs. Yadav highlighted that MLAs in Uttar Pradesh get ₹5 crore, while Delhi MLAs have ₹10 crore for constituency development. Fiscal & Policy Implications: The demand for higher MPLADS funds reflects the need to adjust for inflation and rising project costs. The proposal to exempt MPLADS funds from GST suggests concerns over effective utilization of funds for development. The broader issue of freebies vs. targeted welfare remains a critical fiscal and governance challenge. Relevance Economic Perspective : Freebies can strain public finances, affecting long-term growth. Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT) align with fiscal prudence and targeted welfare. Governance & Policy: Need for a structured national policy to regulate government investments and avoid unsustainable populism. Parliamentary discussion could shape future fiscal policy and subsidy reforms. Electoral & Political Considerations: Freebies often serve as electoral incentives, impacting fiscal discipline. Governments face challenges in balancing welfare with economic sustainability. A regional divide in blue-collar worker migration from India Context : Declining Migration from Southern & Western States: Historically high migrant-sending States like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Punjab have seen a sharpdrop in the number of workers emigrating to Gulf nations. Example: Kerala’s emigration fell from 82,000 (2014-16) to 60,000 (2021-24); Tamil Nadu’s from 1.3 lakh to 78,000. Punjab, a major contributor, also saw a decline from 94,000 to 39,000. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice) Sustained Migration from Northern & Eastern States: Uttar Pradesh and Bihar continue to send a high volume of blue-collar workers to the Gulf, despite falling remittances. U.P. workers exceeded 4 lakh in both periods, while Bihar’s remained over 2 lakh. West Bengal and Rajasthan also saw moderate declines but still contribute significantly. Changing Remittance Patterns: Gulf’s Declining Share in India’s Remittances: The share of remittances from UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait has significantly dropped. UAE fell from 26.9% (2016-17) to 19.2% (2023-24), Saudi Arabia from 11.6% to 6.7%, and Kuwait from 6.5% to 3.9%. Rise in Remittances from Advanced Economies: Inward remittances have increased from the U.S., U.K., Singapore, and Canada, suggesting a shift in migrant destinations. U.S. share rose from 22.9% to 27.7%, U.K. from 3.4% to 10.8%. State-wise Trends in Remittances: States with declining Gulf migration are receiving higher remittances. Maharashtra (16.7% to 20.5%), Kerala (19% to 19.7%), Tamil Nadu (8% to 10.4%) have seen growth. Bihar, U.P., West Bengal, and Rajasthan continue to receive a minimal share (1%-3%), despite sending more workers. Migration Trends & Economic Implications: Possible Shift in Migration Destinations: Declining remittances from Gulf countries indicate that workers from Southern and Western States may be moving to advanced economies for better financial returns. Higher remittances from the U.S., U.K., and Singapore suggest a preference for white-collar jobs and skilled migration. Persistent Outflow from U.P. & Bihar Despite Low Wages: Limited employment opportunities in North and Eastern India may be forcing workers to migrate to Gulf nations despite stagnant or declining wages. Gulf migration remains a livelihood necessity rather than a choice for these workers. Electorate vs. Migration Skew: U.P. forms 15.8% of India’s electorate but accounted for 34% of ECs issued (2021-24). Bihar has 7.9% of the electorate but accounted for 17.4% of ECs issued. This indicates a disproportionately high dependence on Gulf migration for employment in these States. Policy & Governance Concerns: Need for Skill Development & Diversified Job Creation: Enhancing skilled migration opportunities to advanced economies can improve remittance flows. Investments in domestic manufacturing and services are needed to reduce Gulf dependency. Reforms in Migration Policy & Worker Protections: Ensuring higher wages and better working conditions for Gulf migrants is crucial. Streamlining bilateral agreements with Gulf nations for better job security. Regional Economic Disparities: Southern and Western States are transitioning to a higher-remittance economy, while North and East India remain reliant on low-wage Gulf migration. A national strategy is needed to bridge this divide and create sustainable employment avenues. What are the different risks and rewards of using UAVs? Why are UAVs seen as less of a threat? UAVs are generally perceived as less dangerous than piloted fighter jets. Even weaponized UAVs have lower firepower compared to fighter aircraft. A significant proportion of UAVs are used for surveillance and reconnaissance rather than combat. The absence of a pilot reduces the perception of direct state aggression. UAV missions pose lower financial and human risks, making them a more viable option for intelligence gathering. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Internal Security ,Technology) Recent Examples of UAV Usage and Responses Iran-U.S. incident (2019): Iran shot down an American drone over the Strait of Hormuz. The U.S. claimed it was over international waters, but refrained from military retaliation. Russia-U.S. incident (2023): Russia downed an American MQ-9 Reaper UAV. The U.S. did not escalate militarily. Pattern of Response: Countries tend to react less aggressively to UAV incidents compared to fighter jet incursions. This enables states to use UAVs more frequently in foreign airspace, leading to potential risk-taking behavior. Implications for India Challenges with Pakistan: Pakistan-based UAVs often transport arms and drugs across the border. India has used expensive air-to-air missiles (e.g., Su-30 interception in 2019) to neutralize them, raising cost-effectiveness concerns. Need for cost-efficient counter-UAV solutions. Bangladesh’s UAV deployment: Turkish Bayraktar TB-2 UAVs are used near the Indian border for surveillance. India must decide how to respond without escalating tensions. Strategic Considerations for India: As UAVs become integral to modern warfare, India must adapt its military strategy. Development of counter-UAV technology (e.g., jammers, directed energy weapons) is crucial. Policy decisions should weigh security risks, economic costs, and diplomatic repercussions. Conclusion UAVs present both opportunities and challenges in modern warfare. They offer low-risk intelligence gathering, but also encourage bold and frequent incursions. Per capita income claims by States contradict high BPL population: SC Context :Supreme Court’s Observations The Supreme Court (SC) questioned how some States claim high per capita income while having up to 70% of their population Below Poverty Line (BPL). This contradiction raises doubts about the actual distribution of economic progress and wealth. The SC questioned whether subsidized ration schemes are genuine welfare measures or merely political popularity tactics. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ,Social Justice) Petitioners’ Arguments Advocates Prashant Bhushan and Cheryl D’Souza highlighted growing economic inequality as a major issue. A small percentage of the population holds immense wealth, while a vast majority struggle on ₹30-₹40 per day. They emphasized the need for an inclusive and equitable Public Distribution System (PDS). Concerns Over Public Distribution System (PDS) Justice Surya Kant noted that political considerations might influence ration card distribution, affecting genuine beneficiaries. Corruption and mismanagement at various levels delay or disrupt food supply to the poor. Despite these flaws, the SC asserted that PDS should not be discouraged, as it plays a vital role in food security. Centre’s Stand on Food Security Additional Solicitor-General Aishwarya Bhati reaffirmed the Centre’s commitment under the National Food Security Act (NFSA). Current Coverage: NFSA covers 81.35% of the population. 11 crore people are additionally covered under the Anganwadi scheme. Another 22 crore people receive food security benefits through other programs. Key Takeaways Economic growth claims vs. poverty statistics highlight a gap in development benefits. Ration distribution efficiency needs scrutiny to ensure food reaches the deserving poor. Inequality concerns must be addressed to ensure wealth distribution aligns with per capita income growth. Strengthening and depoliticizing PDS is crucial for effective food security in India. ‘U.S., U.K. replace Gulf nations as top source of remittances’ Context : Key Findings from RBI’s Report A shift in remittance sources has been observed in the past four years. Developed economies (U.S. & U.K.) have replaced Gulf nations as the top contributors of remittances to India. RBI’s Sixth Round of India’s Remittances Survey (March 2024) highlights this transformation. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Remittance) Rise of the U.S. & U.K. Share of U.S. & U.K. remittances increased from 26% in FY17 to 40% in FY24. The U.S. alone contributed nearly 28% in FY24, up from 23.4% in FY21. The U.K.’s share surged from 3% in FY17 to 10.8% in FY24. The shift is attributed to the rising share of Indian professionals and skilled workers in these countries. Decline in Gulf Contributions UAE’s share dropped from 27% (FY17) to 19.2% (FY24). Saudi Arabia’s contribution nearly halved, falling from 11.6% (FY17) to 6.7% (FY24). This decline suggests stagnation in remittances from traditional sources like the Gulf. Reasons Behind the Shift Increased migration of Indian professionals to high-paying sectors in developed economies. Slower wage growth & economic shifts in Gulf nations affecting remittance flows. More Indians in white-collar jobs abroad leading to higher per capita remittances. Key Takeaways The remittance pattern highlights India’s changing migration trends. Developed nations now drive remittance growth, reducing dependence on Gulf economies. This trend may impact India’s foreign exchange inflows & economic planning in the long run. NASA astronauts stranded in space for nine months back on earth with a splashdown Context : NASA astronauts Butch Wilmore and Sunita Williams, along with Nick Hague (USA) and Aleksandr Gorbunov (Russia), returned to Earth after an unexpected nine-month stay in space. The SpaceX Crew Dragon capsule “Freedom” splashed down safely in the Gulf of Mexico off Florida at 5:57 p.m. (0327 IST) on Tuesday. Relevance : GS 3(Space) Mission Overview Wilmore and Williams originally launched in June 2023 on Boeing’s Starliner, intended as a short-duration test mission. The Starliner developed propulsion issues, leading to its return without crew, leaving them stranded in space. They were reassigned to NASA’s SpaceX Crew-9 mission, which arrived at the International Space Station (ISS) in September 2023. Return to Earth The crew left the ISS 17 hours before splashdown, after farewells with fellow astronauts. The capsule endured 2,000°C temperatures during re-entry before deploying parachutes for a safe ocean landing. They were retrieved and flown to Houston for a 45-day rehabilitation program. Record-Breaking Stay Wilmore and Williams spent 286 days in space, exceeding the standard six-month ISS rotation. However, their stay ranks sixth in U.S. spaceflight records. Frank Rubio holds the U.S. record (371 days, 2023), while Valeri Polyakov (Russia) holds the global record (437 days, Mir station). Significance & Impact Highlights technical challenges in space missions, especially with new spacecraft like Boeing’s Starliner. Demonstrates the resilience of astronauts and adaptability of NASA’s mission planning. Reinforces SpaceX’s growing role in human spaceflight amid Boeing’s Starliner setbacks. Serves as a reminder of risks in long-duration space missions and the need for robust contingency planning. El Niño or La Niña? Murky pattern of temperature keeps confusion alive The ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) cycle plays a crucial role in shaping global weather patterns, particularly the Indian monsoon. However, recent anomalies in sea surface temperatures (SST) and wind patterns in the Pacific Ocean have created uncertainty regarding whether 2025-26 will be an El Niño or La Niña year. This ambiguity raises concerns about the reliability of monsoon forecasts, which are critical for India’s agriculture and economy. Relevance : GS 1(Geography ) Confusion in ENSO State: Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies in the Pacific are not following typical El Niño or La Niña patterns. Unusual cold SST anomalies in central-western Pacific and warm SST anomalies in far eastern Pacific. Historically, La Niña is associated with cold SST in the eastern Pacific, but this pattern is unclear. Implications for India’s Monsoon (2025-26): ENSO impacts only about 60% of monsoon deficit/surplus years. Uncertainty in 2025 monsoon forecasts due to mixed signals from SST and wind patterns. Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) may counteract the ENSO effect, as seen in 2023. Forecasting Challenges: February 2025 forecasts give conflicting signals—some models predict La Niña by fall, others indicate normal conditions, and one suggests an El Niño. The ENSO transition mode (ETM) in the Southern Hemisphere may have prevented the strong La Niña initially expected for 2024. Impact of Climate Change: Global warming is altering typical El Niño and La Niña behavior. Mid-latitude temperature changes, influenced by shifting jet streams, are affecting monsoons and pre-monsoon cyclones. Early heat waves in 2025 add another layer of uncertainty. Policy and Preparedness: India’s agricultural sector remains vulnerable to unpredictable monsoon patterns. Governments and meteorological agencies must improve forecast reliability. Need for adaptive strategies to manage climate risks, including droughts and extreme weather. Conclusion: The ENSO state remains uncertain, making monsoon forecasts challenging. While researchers continue to analyze trends, policymakers and farmers must brace for any outcome.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 19 March 2025

Content: FARM DISTRESS INDEX PROMOTION OF PM-DAKSH SCHEME FARM DISTRESS INDEX Overview Farmers’ Distress Index (FDI): A multidimensional tool designed to forewarn and mitigate agrarian distress Pilot Study Conducted: Regions: Telangana and Andhra Pradesh Period: 2020-21 & 2021-22 Objective: Assess distress factors affecting farmers and integrate findings with PM Fasal Bima Yojana. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues ,Governance ), GS 3(Agriculture) Key Focus Areas: Climate variability: Droughts, floods, pest infestations. Price volatility: Market fluctuations impacting income stability. Low risk-bearing capacity: Financial and structural constraints. Objectives of FDI Early Warning System: Provides alerts three months in advance to assist policymakers. Structured Assessment: Identifies distress at sub-district levels. Seven key parameters used for analysis. Policy Framework: Scalable model for nationwide implementation. Helps in prioritizing government interventions. Ensures timely response to regions at higher distress levels. Seven Key Indicators of FDI Exposure to Risk: Loss due to pests, diseases, floods, droughts. Adaptive Capacity: Education level of household head. Total land owned & leased-in land. Sensitivity: Percentage of irrigated land. Level of indebtedness. Social vulnerability (SC/ST population, family size). Mitigation & Adaptation Strategies: Non-farm income dependency. Access to government schemes. Household savings. Triggers: Reliance on informal credit. Loan repayment pressure. Immediate cash constraints. Psychological Factors: Social isolation. Inability to meet family obligations. Substance addiction (e.g., alcohol). Impact Assessment: Rising indebtedness. Increased reliance on MGNREGA & public works. Reduction in food consumption. Benefits of FDI Implementation Predictive Tool: Enables authorities to proactively address farmer distress rather than reactive measures. Region-Specific Solutions: Helps in designing customized distress management plans. Encourages localized solutions instead of generic nationwide policies. Government Policy Support: Assists in effective allocation of resources to high-distress areas. Strengthens integration of existing schemes like PM Fasal Bima Yojana. Challenges & Recommendations Lack of National-Level Implementation: Urgent need to scale the pilot study to a national framework. Data Collection & Validation: Require better real-time data monitoring systems. Integration with Other Schemes: Link FDI indicators with welfare programs such as PM-KISAN, crop insurance, and rural credit policies. Farmer Awareness & Participation: Conduct awareness campaigns to educate farmers on distress mitigation strategies. Conclusion Farmers’ Distress Index (FDI) is a transformative tool that can help predict and alleviate agrarian distress. Early warning mechanisms provide an opportunity for policymakers to intervene before crises escalate. A nationwide rollout, backed by real-time data integration, can improve resilience in the agriculture sector. Institutional support and community engagement are key to ensuring the long-term success of FDI. PROMOTION OF PM-DAKSH SCHEME Overview PM-DAKSH Scheme: A Central Sector Scheme initiated in 2020-21. Objective: Provides skill development training to marginalized communities including Scheduled Castes (SCs), Other Backward Classes (OBCs), Economically Weaker Sections (EWS), De-Notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (DNTs), Safai Karamcharis, and Waste Pickers. Implementation: Conducted through empanelled training institutes. Employment Outcome: 56.40% of trained individuals secured employment or started enterprises (till 2022-23). Training Categories: Up-skilling/Re-skilling: Enhancing existing skills for better job opportunities. Short-Term Training: Industry-aligned courses for fresh job seekers. Entrepreneurship Development Programs (EDP): Encouraging self-employment through business skills training. Long-Term Training: Advanced skilling for specialized professions. Relevance : GS 1(Society) , GS 2(Social Justice) Implementing Agencies Department of Social Justice and Empowerment oversees the implementation. Three Corporations under the department: National Scheduled Castes Finance and Development Corporation (NSFDC) National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation (NBCFDC) National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development Corporation (NSKFDC) Responsible for grievance redressal and taking remedial measures. Promotion & Awareness Publicity through: Print & Social Media campaigns on a Pan-India basis. Awareness camps organized by training institutes targeting specific communities. Community outreach programs to educate potential beneficiaries. Training Institute Empanelment Process Project Appraisal Committee (PAC) evaluates training institutes based on predefined parameters. Empanelment of Institutes: Institutes must be affiliated with the Skill India Digital Hub (SIDH) of the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE). Ensures compliance with skilling standards and infrastructure requirements. Currently, no training institutes are empanelled under the scheme. Regular monitoring and evaluation of training quality and placement outcomes. Skilling, Assessment & Certification Trainees undergo assessment and certification by respective Sector Skill Councils (SSC) or Assessment Bodies. Certification ensures industry recognition and enhances employability. Placement opportunities provided post-certification in wage-employment or self-employment. Industry Linkages & Placement Training institutes are responsible for industrial tie-ups to facilitate proper placement. Final installment of funds is released to institutes only after submitting placement details of trained candidates. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) ensures stipend disbursal to trainees meeting attendance criteria. Entrepreneurship support: Trained individuals are encouraged to start small businesses with financial assistance from the Corporations. Key Challenges & Recommendations Lack of empanelled training institutes: Need for greater participation of quality institutes. Placement constraints: Strengthening industry collaborations to improve job opportunities. Awareness gaps: Expanding community outreach and leveraging digital platforms for better scheme visibility. Monitoring & Evaluation: Regular impact assessment to ensure quality outcomes. Conclusion PM-DAKSH aims to bridge skill gaps among marginalized communities through structured training programs. Effective promotion and expansion of empanelled training institutes can enhance the scheme’s impact. Ensuring quality skilling and industry tie-ups is critical for increasing employment outcomes. Greater industry collaboration, financial support for entrepreneurs, and streamlined execution can further improve scheme efficiency.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 19 March 2025

Content: High base effect The dystopian side of Insta-commerce High Base Effect Overview of India’s Trade Performance (February 2024) Exports fell by 10.9% to $36.91 billion. Imports dropped by 16.3% to $50.96 billion. Trade deficit narrowed to $14 billion, the lowest in 42 months. The decline in both exports and imports signals economic distress, rather than a positive trade balance shift. Relevance : GS 3(Economy ,Trade and Commerce) Practice Question :Analyze the recent decline in India’s trade performance in February 2024. To what extent can the high base effect explain this trend? Suggest policy measures to mitigate structural trade issues. (250 words, 15 marks) High Base Effect & Its Role in the Decline February 2024 was a leap year, leading to higher exports ($41.4 billion) and imports ($60.92 billion). The base effect makes this year’s decline appear more pronounced. However, structural trade issues persist beyond just statistical comparisons. U.S. Trade Policy & Its Impact on Exports U.S. importers delaying orders due to upcoming reciprocal tariffs (effective April 2) announced by Donald Trump on February 13. The U.S. accounts for $118.3 billion in total trade with India and is the only major trading partner with which India has a trade surplus. Ongoing Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) negotiations between India and the U.S. have not yielded immediate solutions. Declining Imports: Gold & Oil as Major Contributors Gold imports plunged by 62% due to domestic gold prices soaring to ₹87,886 per 10 grams, reducing consumer demand. Oil imports fell nearly 30%, driven by: U.S. sanctions on Russian oil (January 2024). India’s diversification of crude suppliers post-Ukraine war. Russia’s share in India’s crude imports rose from <1% (2022) to >40% (2023) but faces uncertainties due to fresh U.S. actions. Potential Consequences of U.S. Trade Policy Changes If the U.S. neutralizes its trade deficit with India: India’s overall trade deficit could widen by 15%, based on last year’s $241 billion shortfall. This underscores the vulnerability of India’s trade dependence on the U.S.. Need for Trade Diversification China & U.K. as alternative markets: China accounts for nearly a third of India’s trade deficit for over five years. Trade imbalance with the U.K. is much smaller (<3% of India’s deficit). FTA negotiations with the U.K. present an opportunity for India to reduce trade imbalances and increase exports. Strategic Takeaways The shrinking trade deficit is not a positive sign as it stems from a drop in both exports and imports. High base effect explains part of the decline, but external factors like U.S. tariff policies, oil sanctions, and gold price surges have played a major role. India must reduce trade reliance on the U.S. and expand markets in the U.K. and China while ensuring a more sustainable trade balance. The dystopian side of Insta-commerce Context :The Digital Replication of Labour Exploitation The traditional mazdoor mandi (labour market) has been replicated in the digital world. Just as middlemen (thekedaars) auction labour at the lowest possible price in physical markets, gig platforms have digitized this exploitation. Workers are isolated, preventing collective bargaining, making them more vulnerable. Algorithms ensure maximum profit extraction, leaving workers with no negotiating power. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) , GS 3(Trade and Commerce , Economy) Practice Question :Insta-commerce represents the digital replication of labour exploitation in the gig economy. Discuss the ethical and economic challenges posed by this trend. What steps should the government take to ensure fair wages and worker security in platform-based employment? (250 words, 15 marks) Insta-commerce: A New Low in Labour Exploitation The gig economy, originally marketed as a flexible and empowering model, has now been further degraded with services like “Insta Maids”. House help for ₹49 an hour is symbolic of modern digital slavery, where workers are reduced to mere commodities. The rating system adds to the indignity, forcing workers to seek approval instead of fair wages. Consumer convenience blinds society to the real costs borne by workers—long hours, no benefits, and degrading conditions. Legislative Attempts and Corporate Pushback Rajasthan passed progressive legislation for gig workers, aiming to provide: Social security framework for piece-rate workers. Access to real–time data on their earnings. Independent grievance redressal mechanisms. However, powerful corporate lobbies—NASSCOM, CII, and startup founders—oppose these rights. The Karnataka government has stalled similar legislation, bowing to business interests despite earlier promises. The Double Standard of Platform Economy Leaders Startups publicly claim to “empower workers”, while privately lobbying against protective laws. Example: Urban Company’s founder supported anti-worker policies while promoting “financial security and dignity” on LinkedIn. The gig economy has moved beyond exploitation to institutionalized modern slavery, where companies maximize profits while externalizing all worker welfare costs. The Need for Stronger Worker Protections The fightback has begun, with workers demanding: Rights over ratings (“Rating nahi, haq chahiye!”) Dignity over exploitation (“Insaan hai hum, ghulaam nahi!”) Governments must listen to workers, not just corporations, and implement: Legally enforceable minimum wages for gig workers. Transparent algorithms that do not manipulate earnings. Job security measures, including protection from arbitrary de-platforming. Conclusion Insta-commerce is a dangerous evolution of the gig economy, prioritizing profits over worker dignity. Without urgent legislative intervention, digital platforms will continue to undermine labour rights under the guise of technological progress. The struggle for fair wages, security, and dignity in the gig economy must continue to prevent the digital economy from becoming a modern-day sweatshop.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 19 March 2025

Content: EC relents, to hear pleas to upload booth-wise turnout Supreme Court to see if Lokpal has powers over judges What factors influence women’s political participation? EC sets ball rolling on linking voter ID cards with Aadhaar India takes 24th spot in free speech survey Chandrayaan-3 data says water ice easier to find on moon than believed EC relents, to hear pleas to upload booth-wise turnout Background The Supreme Court directed the Election Commission (EC) to consider a plea for uploading authenticated, booth-wise voter turnout data. The demand is for scanned, legible copies of Form 17C (account of votes recorded) to be uploaded after each phase of polling. Relevance : GS 2(Election Reforms ,Judiciary ) Election Commission’s Earlier Position In May 2024, the EC had refused to publicly disclose turnout data, citing no legal mandate. The EC maintained that such data was only for candidates and polling agents. This position was upheld under the previous Chief Election Commissioner but seems to be changing under the new CEC, Gyanesh Kumar. Significance of Form 17C Form 17C records the votes polled at each booth and is crucial for transparency. Uploading scanned copies could ensure greater electoral integrity and reduce concerns over discrepancies. Potential Implications Transparency & Trust: Could enhance public confidence in electoral processes. Legal & Policy Reforms: May lead to changes in election regulations regarding data disclosure. Political Reactions: Different parties may interpret the move based on their interests and concerns about electoral fairness. Way Forward The EC’s decision post-hearing will be critical in shaping the discourse on electoral transparency. If the plea is accepted, it may set a precedent for future elections. If rejected, the petitioners may explore legal alternatives or push for legislative changes. Supreme Court to see if Lokpal has powers over judges Background The Supreme Court has decided to assess whether judges of constitutional courts (High Courts and Supreme Court) fall under the jurisdiction of Lokpal. The case was taken up suo motu after the Lokpal issued an order on January 27, 2024, claiming authority to investigate complaints against serving High Court judges. Relevance : GS 2(Governance, Judiciary) Key Legal Issues Definition of Public Functionary: Lokpal Act, 2013, covers the Prime Minister, Union Ministers, MPs, and central government officials, but its applicability to judges is unclear. Judicial Independence vs. Accountability: The examination will weigh the need for judicial independence against transparency and accountability. Separation of Powers: The judiciary is an independent organ under the Constitution. The case will test whether external oversight by Lokpal violates this principle. Supreme Court’s Position A Bench led by Justice B.R. Gavai will conduct a detailed examination of the issue. Justice Gavai acknowledged that the court will “consider the issue of the jurisdiction of the Lokpal.” Lokpal’s Interpretation Lokpal classified High Court judges as public servants under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013. It equated them with Ministers and government officials, asserting that complaints against them fall within its purview. Potential Implications Impact on Judicial Independence If Lokpal gains jurisdiction, judges could be investigated by an external body, potentially affecting their autonomy. This may raise concerns about executive influence over the judiciary. Enhancing Judicial Accountability If upheld, this could set a precedent for greater scrutiny of judicial conduct. It could strengthen anti-corruption mechanisms in higher judiciary. Possible Constitutional Challenge The Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 and Articles 124 & 217 provide specific mechanisms for judicial discipline. Any overlap with Lokpal’s jurisdiction may lead to a constitutional conflict. Way Forward The Supreme Court’s ruling will have far-reaching consequences on judicial oversight. If judges are brought under Lokpal’s jurisdiction, it could necessitate legislative changes. The final decision will likely shape future debates on judicial accountability and the scope of Lokpal’s authority. What factors influence women’s political participation? Context : Increasing Women’s Voter Turnout Women’s political participation in India has improved, but their role beyond voting remains limited. Unlike Western democracies, where the gender gap in political engagement narrowed in the 1990s, India saw this shift only in the 2010s. A significant increase in women’s voter turnout has been observed in recent elections, attributed to targeted welfare policies and efforts by the Election Commission. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues ,Elections ) Role of Welfare Schemes in Shaping Women’s Voting Behavior Political parties view women voters as a distinct constituency, often framing them as passive beneficiaries rather than active political agents. Welfare schemes such as Ujjwala Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana, Ladli Behna Yojana, and Ladli Laxmi Yojana have played a crucial role in influencing voting patterns. However, high voter turnout among women does not necessarily translate into real political empowerment or independent political agency. Women’s Political Participation Beyond Voting Women’s involvement in political activities beyond voting—such as participation in rallies, campaigns, and political discussions—remains lower than that of men. Only 14% of women report seeking advice from their spouses for voting decisions, showing some degree of independence, but this is still significantly higher than men. Social norms and structural barriers continue to limit women’s engagement in political processes. Factors Influencing Women’s Increased Voter Turnout Self-empowerment hypothesis suggests that rising literacy and employment opportunities have encouraged women to vote independently. However, contradictions exist: Female workforce participation remains low, weakening the argument that economic independence is the primary driver. Women’s voter registration still lags behind men’s, despite Election Commission efforts. Male migration (especially in economically weaker states) has resulted in higher female voter turnout, as more women are left to vote independently. Intersectionality: Caste, Class, and Regional Variations Women’s voting behavior is shaped by caste, class, and regional identities, not just gender. State-specific political contexts play a crucial role: In Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and West Bengal, regional political movements shape women’s voting preferences rather than a unified national gender-based trend. Women from marginalized communities may prioritize caste and economic concerns over gender solidarity when voting. Key Takeaways Women’s voter turnout has increased significantly, but deeper political engagement remains limited. Women’s political preferences are not solely based on gender but are shaped by caste, class, and regional identities. The idea of a unified “women’s constituency” in Indian elections remains premature, as their electoral choices are driven by broader socio-political factors. EC sets ball rolling on linking voter ID cards with Aadhaar Background & Decision The Election Commission (EC) has initiated steps to link Aadhaar with the Elector Photo Identity Card (EPIC). The decision was taken during a high-level meeting led by Chief Election Commissioner Gyanesh Kumar. The EC announced plans for technical consultations with the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) to facilitate this linkage. Relevance : GS 2(Election Reforms ) Legal & Constitutional Framework Article 326 of the Constitution: Ensures voting rights only to citizens, clarifying that Aadhaar is an identity proof, not proof of citizenship. Representation of the People Act, 1950: Section 23(4), 23(5), 23(6): Specifies legal provisions regarding voter registration and verification. Supreme Court Judgment (WP Civil No. 177/2023): Forms the basis for linking Aadhaar with EPIC, ensuring that submission remains voluntary. Concerns Raised Voluntariness vs. Coercion: EC maintains that linkage will be voluntary, but past instances (such as welfare scheme enrollments) raise concerns about potential coercion. Data Security & Privacy Risks: Potential for misuse of voter data, linking political choices with personal identity records. Past Aadhaar-related data leaks raise alarms about data security vulnerabilities. Potential Benefits Reducing Electoral Fraud: Aims to eliminate bogus voters, duplicate voter IDs, and impersonation. Strengthens the integrity of electoral rolls by ensuring a single identity per voter. Improved Electoral Process: Streamlining voter registration and verification. Facilitates easier electoral roll maintenance and migration tracking (voters moving across constituencies). Enhancing Electoral Participation: Could help ensure migrant workers and marginalized communities retain their voting rights. Challenges & Criticism Disenfranchisement Risks: Past reports indicate exclusion of genuine voters due to Aadhaar mismatches or unavailability. Rural, elderly, and economically disadvantaged citizens may face difficulties in linking Aadhaar with EPIC. Privacy & Surveillance Concerns: Critics argue this could lead to mass surveillance and profiling of voters. Potential for misuse by political entities in targeted campaigning and electoral manipulation. Implementation Hurdles: Technical challenges in linking Aadhaar to voter ID, ensuring error-free mapping. Ensuring voluntary participation while avoiding indirect coercion. India takes 24th spot in free speech survey Context : Survey Overview & Key Findings Conducted by: Future of Free Speech, a U.S.-based independent think tank. Title of Report: Who in the World Supports Free Speech? Period: October 2024. Countries Surveyed: 33. India’s Rank: 24th out of 33, with a score of 62.6. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations, Democratic Rights) Global Trends in Free Speech Erosion of Commitment: While support for free speech remains strong in principle, its practical application is weakening globally. Decline in Democracies: Since 2021, more countries have seen a decline rather than an improvement in free speech protection. Democratic nations like the U.S., Israel, and Japan witnessed some of the biggest drops. Top Performers: Norway (87.9) and Denmark (87.0) ranked highest in the Future of Free Speech Index. Biggest Improvements: Indonesia (56.8), Malaysia (55.4), and Pakistan (57.0) improved the most but still remained at the lower end of the ranking. Authoritarian-Led Anomalies: Nations like Hungary (85.5) and Venezuela (81.8) ranked high, despite government-imposed restrictions, showing a disconnect between government policies and public sentiment. India’s Performance & Key Insights Score & Rank: India ranked 24th out of 33, with a score of 62.6. Positioned between South Africa (66.9) and Lebanon (61.8). Public Support vs. Government Restrictions: Majority of Indians believe free speech is important, but support for government criticism is below the global average. 37% of Indian respondents supported restricting criticism of government policies, the highest among all surveyed nations. In contrast: U.K.: Only 5% supported government-imposed restrictions. Denmark: Just 3% supported such restrictions. Disconnect Between Public Sentiment & Reality Inconsistent Free Speech Protection: Nations that rank high in support for free speech generally have strong legal protections for free expression. However, India, Hungary, and Venezuela are exceptions, with low free speech protection despite high public support. The report identifies this as a sign of democratic backsliding. Perception vs. Observed Reality: Indians believe free speech has improved, but external observers and rankings indicate a decline. Similar trends observed in South Africa, where public perception differs from ground realities. Implications for India Democratic Backsliding: The survey’s findings align with broader concerns of deteriorating democratic values in India. The high percentage (37%) of Indians favoring government control over speech may indicate a shift towards acceptance of restrictive policies. Legal & Policy Implications: Potential for increased government regulation over digital platforms, press freedom, and political expression. Concerns on laws like sedition, UAPA (Unlawful Activities Prevention Act), and IT Rules . Media & Civil Society Challenges: Affects journalistic independence, whistleblower protections, and freedom of academic discourse. Risks self-censorship among public intellectuals, activists, and media houses. Chandrayaan-3 data says water ice easier to find on moon than believed Chandrayaan-3’s data reveals that water ice on the Moon is more accessible than previously thought, with potential stability even in non-polar regions. Temperature variations at Shiv Shakti Point highlight extreme lunar conditions, influencing water ice distribution and its viability for future human missions. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Temperature Variations: Surface temperature at Shiv Shakti Point recorded at 82°C. Just a meter away, temperature dropped to 58°C, highlighting micro-scale thermal variations. Nighttime temperature plummeted to -181°C, showcasing extreme lunar conditions. Implications for Water Ice Stability: Previously, water ice was thought to be stable only at polar regions. New data suggests higher latitude regions could also support water ice at shallow depths. Slopes facing away from the Sun with an inclination greater than 14° maintain lower temperatures, allowing ice to stabilize beneath the surface. Significance for Lunar Exploration and Human Missions Water as a Crucial Lunar Resource: Essential for drinking and sanitation for astronauts. Potential source of rocket fuel via electrolysis to separate hydrogen and oxygen. Reduces dependence on Earth-based supply missions, making long-term lunar habitation feasible. Advancements in Lunar Thermophysics Understanding: First-ever in-situ temperature measurements in a high-latitude lunar region. Challenges previous remote-sensing estimates from NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). Helps in refining 3D thermophysical models to predict water ice migration and stability. Strategic Importance for India and Global Lunar Missions India’s Lunar Science Leadership: Enhances ISRO’s credibility in space exploration. Positions India as a key contributor to international lunar resource utilization efforts. Support for Future Moon Bases: Identifying water-rich zones eases site selection for permanent lunar habitats. Facilitates fuel depots for deep-space missions (e.g., Mars exploration). Collaborations & Future Missions: Findings can guide Artemis Accords nations (NASA-led coalition) and other global lunar projects. India could leverage this data for Chandrayaan-4 and potential manned lunar missions. Conclusion Chandrayaan-3’s findings expand the scope of lunar water availability, challenging existing assumptions. The discovery of temperature fluctuations and ice stability at non-polar locations enhances lunar resource planning for long-term human presence. Future studies on lunar thermophysics will further refine water ice mapping, aiding sustainable moon colonization efforts.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 18 March 2025

Content: Carbon Emissions in Mining Operations National Quantum Mission: India’s Quantum Leap  Carbon Emissions in Mining Operations India’s Ministry of Coal is actively promoting sustainable coal mining practices to reduce carbon footprints and align with global and national climate goals. The initiatives focus on environmental reclamation, energy efficiency, mechanization, renewable energy adoption, and compliance with environmental regulations. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Greening Initiatives – Bio-Reclamation & Plantation Coal/Lignite PSUs (Public Sector Undertakings) are engaged in afforestation and land reclamation in and around mining areas. Efforts are aimed at reducing the environmental impact of coal extraction by restoring mined-out land. This contributes to carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and ecosystem restoration. Energy Efficiency Measures Coal/Lignite PSUs are implementing multiple energy conservation strategies to reduce carbon intensity: Lighting: Replacement of conventional bulbs with LED lights to reduce electricity consumption. Cooling & Ventilation: Installation of energy-efficient air conditioners, super fans, and efficient water heaters. Electrification: Deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) in mining areas to reduce diesel dependence. Pumping & Street Lighting: Use of energy-efficient motors for pumps, auto-timers for streetlights, and smart grid integration. These measures collectively enhance operational efficiency and reduce emissions from coal mining operations. Green Credit Programme Coal PSUs are participating in the Green Credit Programme launched by the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEF&CC). Encourages afforestation efforts by linking them to carbon credit mechanisms. Provides incentives for sustainable land use and tree plantation in mining areas. First Mile Connectivity (FMC) Projects FMC projects aim to modernize and mechanize coal transportation from mines to dispatch points. Key benefits include: Reduction in diesel-based transport, thereby lowering carbon emissions. Increased reliance on conveyors, silos, and railway sidings for coal movement. Minimization of air pollution caused by road-based coal transportation. These projects contribute to achieving low-carbon logistics and cleaner supply chains. Deployment of Blast-Free Technology in Coal Mining Traditional coal mining involves drilling, blasting, and crushing, leading to dust, noise, and air pollution. To address this, Coal PSUs are adopting modern mining equipment with eco-friendly features: Surface Miner & Continuous Miner: Eliminates the need for blasting and reduces dust emissions. Highwall Mining & Longwall Mining: Enables extraction with minimal surface disruption. Ripplers: Used for overburden removal without blasting, reducing environmental hazards. These technologies enhance worker safety while minimizing ecological disturbances. Renewable Energy & Clean Coal Initiatives Coal PSUs are diversifying energy production by integrating renewable energy projects: Solar power plants in de-coaled areas. Wind energy projects in coal belt regions. Clean coal technologies being promoted include: Coal Gasification: Converts coal into syngas for cleaner industrial use. Coal Bed Methane (CBM) Extraction: Harnesses methane trapped in coal seams to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These initiatives align with India’s transition towards low-emission coal utilization. Environmental Compliance & Carbon Footprint Reduction Sustainable coal production is ensured through strict adherence to environmental regulations: Environmental Clearance (EC) & Forest Clearance (FC) for new mining projects. Consent to Operate (CTO) & Consent to Establish (CTE) from pollution control boards. Steps taken to mitigate environmental impact: Use of Surface Miners, Continuous Miners, and Highwall Mining to minimize land degradation. Expansion of First Mile Connectivity (FMC) to reduce emissions from coal transport. Rehabilitation of mined-out lands through reclamation, eco-restoration, and afforestation. Mine Tourism & Eco-Parks: Promoting sustainable reuse of mined-out lands for ecological and community benefits. Repurposing of de-coaled areas for renewable energy installations and agriculture. Gaps & Challenges in Environmental Monitoring Lack of specific guidelines for reviewing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) reports with respect to carbon emissions. No mandatory frequency set for coal companies to assess their carbon footprint and update mitigation strategies. Need for continuous monitoring and independent audits to evaluate emission reduction progress. Conclusion The Ministry of Coal’s initiatives reflect India’s commitment to sustainable coal mining while balancing energy security and environmental responsibility. However, more structured guidelines for carbon footprint assessment and impact monitoring are required. Expanding green coal technologies and strict enforcement of compliance measures will be crucial in achieving India’s Panchamrit & NDC goals. National Quantum Mission: India’s Quantum Leap Quantum technology leverages the principles of quantum mechanics, such as superposition and entanglement, to revolutionize computing, cryptography, and sensing. It has the potential to enhance secure communication, ultra-fast computations, and precision measurements across various industries. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Strategic Significance of NQM Technological Leap: Aims to position India as a global leader in quantum technologies, competing with nations like the USA, China, and EU countries. National Security: Enhances cybersecurity through quantum-safe encryption, crucial for defense, banking, and data protection. Economic Impact: Drives innovation in industries like telecommunications, healthcare, and finance, fostering new job opportunities. Key Features of NQM Budget & Duration: ₹6,003.65 crore allocated for 2023-2031, reflecting long-term commitment. Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs): Four hubs in IISc Bengaluru, IIT Madras, IIT Bombay, and IIT Delhi focusing on different quantum domains. Quantum Computing Roadmap: Targets development of quantum computers with increasing qubits over 3, 5, and 8 years. Quantum-Secured Communication: Plans for satellite-based quantum communication over 2000 km and inter-city QKD networks. Quantum Materials & Devices: Focus on superconductors, novel semiconductors, and topological materials to advance computing and sensing applications. Implementation Strategy Hub-Spoke-Spike Model: Encourages collaboration among research institutions, industry, and startups to accelerate innovation. Government & Institutional Support: Led by PMSTIAC, with involvement from DRDO, C-DOT, and SETS for quantum security applications. Women in STEM: Actively promotes the participation of women scientists in quantum research. Global Competitiveness & Strategic Impact Quantum Race: Strengthens India’s position in the global quantum landscape alongside USA, China, and Europe. Sectoral Impact: Enhances drug discovery, climate modeling, secure financial transactions, and military communications. Alignment with National Programs: Supports initiatives like Digital India, Make in India, Skill India, and Atmanirbhar Bharat. Challenges & Way Forward Skilled Workforce Requirement: Need for specialized training programs to build expertise in quantum physics, computing, and cryptography. Infrastructure Development: High-cost investments required for quantum labs, computing infrastructure, and secure communication networks. Industry Collaboration: Stronger partnerships with startups, global firms, and academia needed for commercialization of quantum technologies. Global Cooperation: India must engage in international collaborations for knowledge exchange and access to advanced quantum research. Conclusion The National Quantum Mission is a transformative initiative that will shape India’s technological future. With a structured approach, strategic investments, and industry-academia collaboration, India has the potential to emerge as a quantum technology powerhouse. However, addressing infrastructure and talent gaps will be crucial for its successful implementation

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 18 March 2025

Content: A Land Where Ambition Grows Minus an Outbound Ticket New Delhi’s Perilous Recalibration with the Taliban A Jab in Time A land where ambition grows minus an outbound ticket Context : Recent detention of illegal immigrants by U.S. Large-scale deportation of undocumented Indian migrants from the U.S. raises concerns. Migrants were handcuffed and transported in military aircraft, evoking public outrage. Migration is not only a policy issue but a human story of ambition and survival. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , International Relations) Practice Question : The increasing trend of illegal migration from India reflects deeper socio-economic issues within the country. Discuss the factors driving this migration and suggest measures to make India a land of opportunity rather than a land of migration. (250 words) Growing migration tendency in india India has the highest number of emigrants globally. Indian migrants excel abroad, leading Fortune 500 companies like Google and Microsoft. Migration has historically been a force multiplier, benefiting both migrants and host nations. Twin story of Growth and Unemployment While India’s economy is growing, unemployment remains high. Many educated Indians still seek opportunities abroad. Remittances to India crossed $120 billion in 2023, showing migration’s economic impact. Migration reasons Economic disparity, lack of dignified work, and social instability push migration. Human traffickers exploit aspirants with promises of Western riches. States like Gujarat and Punjab see high emigration despite economic growth. Some migrants pay up to₹1 crore to illegal agents, reflects aspirations and desperation at the same time. The American Dream and its reality Many undocumented migrants live in fear of deportation . Migrants earnings also limited despiteexploitative work conditions. The American Dream is turning into an illusion for many. Migrants often face racism, hate and harsh deportation policies. Ethical violations during Deportation Practices The U.S. deports thousands of Indians, but the process lacks dignity. Handcuffing and inhumane treatment for migrants violates human rights. Colombia and Mexico have protested similar treatment of their citizens. Diplomacy should ensure Indians abroad are treated with respect and dignity. Why India should retain its talents India must offer better economic opportunities to prevent brain drain. A strong economy should ensure careers and growth at home, not just jobs. Migrants should return by choice, not force, bringing back skills and investments. Path Forward India must prioritize inclusive growth, education, infrastructure, and entrepreneurship. Migration should be a choice, not a necessity for survival. India must evolve from a talent exporter to a talent magnet. Facts and Figures : As of May 2024, the total number of overseas Indians worldwide is approximately 35.42 million, which includes about 15.85 million non-resident Indians (NRIs) and nearly 19.57 million individuals of Indian origin (PIOs), according to India’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs. New Delhi’s perilous recalibration with the Taliban Background : India has been gradually strengthening its engagement with the Taliban since its takeover of Afghanistan in August 2021. In January 2024, India’s Foreign Secretary met Taliban’s acting ‘Foreign Minister’ in Dubai, indicating deeper political and economic connections. The latest reports suggest India might allow a Taliban-appointed envoy to take charge of the Afghan embassy in New Delhi. This move would amount to de facto recognition of the Taliban regime, despite global condemnation of its human rights violations. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question :Critically analyze India’s recent engagement with the Taliban in Afghanistan. Discuss the strategic advantages and potential risks involved in this recalibration of foreign policy. (250 words) Possible Reasons for India’s Engagement Countering Chinese Influence in Afghanistan China was the first country to accept a Taliban envoy and is funding infrastructure projects. Afghanistan is being considered for inclusion in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), increasing Beijing’s strategic clout. India’s engagement may be aimed at balancing China’s growing influence in Kabul. Taliban-Pakistan Rift Pakistan, once the Taliban’s key supporter, has seen its influence wane as the Taliban seeks independence from Islamabad. The Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), an ally of the Afghan Taliban, has turned against Pakistan, leading to border clashes and military tensions. India might see an opportunity to weaken Pakistan’s strategic depth by improving ties with the Taliban. Protecting India’s Strategic Interests in Afghanistan Afghanistan has historically been crucial for India’s regional security and connectivity plans (e.g., Chabahar port, INSTC). Engaging with the Taliban could help protect India’s investments and influence in the region. Humanitarian aid to Afghanistan allows India to maintain goodwill among Afghan citizens. Security Risks & Challenges of Taliban Engagement Rise of Terrorism & IS Threat The Taliban’s rule has not stabilized Afghanistan; instead, terrorist activities have surged. Islamic State Khorasan Province (ISKP) has repeatedly targeted Taliban officials, foreign interests, and embassies. IS claimed an attack on India’s consulate in Jalalabad, while the UN reported ISKP’s attempts to recruit ‘lone actors’ for attacks in India. Russia and China have already suffered IS-linked attacks, showing the risks of engaging with an unstable Taliban regime. Taliban’s Links with Terror Groups in Pakistan The Taliban has been accused of harboring and supporting TTP, which has escalated attacks inside Pakistan. Pakistan launched airstrikes against terror camps in Afghanistan after suffering 147 attacks in February 2024 alone. Taliban’s ties with other extremist groups could lead to security blowback for India, including possible infiltration into Kashmir. Human Rights & Legitimacy Concerns The Taliban has been accused of gender apartheid, with bans on girls’ education, employment, and public life. Most countries, including India’s traditional allies (U.S., EU), refuse to recognize the Taliban regime due to its regressive policies. India’s support might alienate its Western partners, affecting diplomatic relations. Lessons from China & Pakistan: A Warning for India? China’s Experience Despite early engagement, China has faced security threats, including the IS attack on a Kabul hotel popular with Chinese nationals. The Chinese embassy in Kabul was threatened by ISKP in 2023, showing how foreign investments are not shielded from Afghanistan’s instability. Pakistan’s Experience Pakistan miscalculated Taliban loyalty, assuming it would serve Islamabad’s strategic interests. Instead, Taliban’s support for TTP led to increased terror attacks in Pakistan, forcing retaliatory airstrikes. This deterioration of ties suggests that Taliban engagements can be unpredictable and counterproductive. Way Forward: India’s Cautious Approach Avoid Hastened Recognition Allowing a Taliban envoy would be a de facto recognition of the regime, which may not align with India’s long-term interests. Instead, India should maintain non-official channels of engagement without formal diplomatic endorsement. Conditional Engagement on Counter-Terrorism India must insist that the Taliban take concrete steps to curb ISKP and TTP activities before deepening ties. This includes verifiable actions against terror networks operating from Afghan soil. Focus on Humanitarian & Economic Engagement India can continue aid and economic projects without legitimizing the Taliban politically. Protecting India’s investments in infrastructure, trade routes, and Afghan human capital remains crucial. Rising Influenza Cases in India Context : Rising Influenza Cases in India Recent increase in seasonal influenza cases in Delhi-NCR highlights the need for proactive measures. Predominant strains identified: Influenza A and Influenza B. Seasonal peaks in India occur twice a year: January–March August–October (post-monsoon) Relevance : GS 2(Health) Practice Question : Despite the availability of influenza vaccines, adult immunization remains a neglected aspect of public health in India. Discuss the challenges associated with adult vaccination and suggest measures to enhance vaccine coverage, especially among high-risk groups. (250 words) Influenza vs. Common Cold Similar Symptoms: Cough, sore throat, fever, muscle pain, headaches, fatigue, nasal congestion. Key Differences: Influenza is more severe, requiring hospitalisation in some cases. Delayed treatment can lead to fatalities, particularly among vulnerable groups. Existing Surveillance and Preparedness Real-time monitoring of Influenza-like Illness (ILI) and Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (SARI). Nationwide network of diagnostic laboratories strengthened post-COVID-19. Surveillance helps track circulating strains and align vaccinations accordingly. High-Risk Groups Needing Urgent Attention Children and senior citizens (most vulnerable). People with chronic respiratory conditions (e.g., asthma, COPD). Lack of awareness and access to vaccines for adults, especially the elderly. Importance of Adult Vaccination Underutilization of flu vaccines among adults despite their availability. Currently, vaccination focus is mainly on children; adult immunisation is neglected. Inconsistent policies across Indian states lead to unequal access to flu shots. The Role of Government and Public Health Initiatives Challenges: Vaccine hesitancy and misinformation. Limited awareness about the benefits of flu shots for adults. Financial and logistical barriers in vaccine distribution. Recommendations: Targeted awareness campaigns stressing the importance of flu vaccines. Incorporate adult vaccination programs into national healthcare strategies. Subsidised or free flu vaccines for the elderly and high-risk groups. Strengthen surveillance systems to ensure timely vaccine updates based on emerging strains.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 March 2025

Content: India’s goods trade deficit at 42-month low following dip in gold, crude imports The barriers faced by construction workers Why are electoral reforms necessary? SC to examine petition on CAG appointment process How climate change is affecting India’s wheat production cycle India’s goods trade deficit at 42-month low following dip in gold, crude imports Context : Trade Deficit Decline: India’s goods trade deficit fell to $14.05 billion in February 2025, marking a 42-month low. The trade deficit was $22.9 billion in January 2025 and $19.5 billion in February 2024. Relevance : GS 3(Economy) Import Trends: Gold & Silver Imports: Dropped to $2.7 billion, the lowest since June 2024 ($2.5 billion). Crude & Petroleum Imports:Declined to $11.89 billion, the lowest since July 2023 ($11.81 billion). Overall Imports:Fell to $50.9 billion, the lowest in 22 months.YoY contraction: -16.3% compared to February 2024. Export Trends: Total Exports: $36.9 billion in February 2025. YoY Decline: -10.84% compared to February 2024. Reason for Decline: Base year effect due to leap month, as per ICRA’s Chief Economist Aditi Nayar. Macroeconomic Perspective: The trade deficit in February 2025 was significantly lower than the FY2025 average (over $23 billion in the first 10 months). Implications Lower gold, silver, and crude imports contributed to reducing the trade deficit. Weaker global demand and domestic slowdown might have impacted exports. A narrowing trade deficit could ease pressure on India’s current account balance. The barriers faced by construction workers Sector Overview Construction industry contributes 9% to India’s GDP, projected to reach $1.4 trillion by 2025. Workforce expected to grow to 3 crore by 2030. Labour shortages raised as a concern by Larsen & Toubro CMD N. Subrahmanyan. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Challenges Faced by Construction Workers Fragmented employment: Frequent relocations, job insecurity, inconsistent welfare access. Legal framework issues: BOCW Act, 1996 provides for worker welfare, but implementation is weak. ₹70,000 crore construction cess collected, but 75% remains unutilised. Barriers to Welfare Access: Lack of documentation (ID proof, residence proof, birth certificates). Employment certificate (90-day work validation) often denied by employers. State-wise variations in verification protocols create confusion. Inefficiencies in welfare disbursement: Digital infrastructure gaps lead to delays in benefit transfers. Seasonal employment disruptions (e.g., heat waves, pollution bans) worsen financial insecurity. No inter-State portability—workers lose benefits when relocating. Proposed Solutions Unified National Labour Identification System: Similar to One Nation One Ration Card for inter-State benefit portability. Linking BOCW registrations with UAN on e-Shram to ensure access across States. Digital Public Infrastructure: Open-source centralized welfare portal with standard workflows. Aadhaar-linked verification to reduce administrative delays. Simplifying Documentation Requirements: Accepting alternative proofs to ease registration. Conducting on-site bulk registrations for large construction projects. Skill Development and Workplace Standards: Training programs to address labour shortages. Ensuring safe and dignified work conditions to improve retention. Why are electoral reforms necessary? Context : Legal Provisions and Evolution of Voting Process Article 324: Empowers the Election Commission (EC) to supervise and control elections in India. Representation of the People Act, 1950 & Registration of Electors Rules, 1960: Governs electoral rolls and voter registration. Evolution of Voting: 1952 & 1957: Separate ballot boxes for each candidate. 1962: Introduction of ballot papers with names and symbols. 2004: EVMs used in all constituencies. 2019: VVPAT slips introduced for transparency. Relevance : GS 2(Election System) Key Issues in Electoral Process EVM & VVPAT Controversy: Supreme Court rejected a PIL demanding a return to paper ballots. Matching of 100% VVPAT slips with EVM count denied; currently, only 5 EVMs per constituency are verified. Court allowed second/third-placed candidates to request verification of 5% of EVMs within 7 days of results. Electoral Roll Manipulation Allegations: Accusations of fake voters added to electoral rolls, especially in Maharashtra & Delhi elections. Identical EPIC numbers in different states (West Bengal, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab) raised concerns. EC explained that duplication arose due to earlier decentralised EPIC allocation before ERONET integration. Issues in Election Campaigns Abusive Campaigning: ‘Star Campaigners’ often violate the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) with communal rhetoric and defamatory remarks. Election Expenditure Violations: Candidates exceed spending limits, but no cap exists for political parties. 2024 Lok Sabha elections estimated at₹1,00,000 crore. High expenditure fuels corruption and the quid pro quo system. Criminalization of Politics: 46% of MPs (251 out of 543) in 2024 have criminal cases. 31% (170 MPs) face serious charges like murder, rape, and kidnapping. Required Electoral Reforms EVM & VVPAT Reforms: Scientific determination of VVPAT verification sample size, ensuring one error leads to full VVPAT count in that region. Introduction of ‘Totaliser’ machines (recommended by EC in 2016) to aggregate votes from 14 EVMs to prevent booth-level voter targeting. Electoral Roll Integrity: Consider linking Aadhaar with EPIC after thorough stakeholder discussions. Ensure unique EPIC numbers across states to eliminate duplications. Campaign Finance & Conduct: EC should have the power to revoke ‘Star Campaigner’ status for MCC violations. Amend laws to include party funding to candidates within spending limits. Impose ceilings on party expenditure during elections. Addressing Criminalization: Enforce SC-mandated publicity of criminal records of candidates three times before elections via newspapers and electronic media. SC to examine petition on CAG appointment process Context : The Supreme Court has agreed to hear a petition challenging the Centre’s exclusive control over the appointment of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG). The plea argues that the CAG’s independence is compromised when the Executive alone controls its appointment. The petitioner suggests a more transparent and non-partisan selection process. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary , Constitutional Bodies) Key Legal Provisions Involved Article 148(1) of the Constitution: States that the CAG is appointed by the President of India. However, it does not prescribe a detailed appointment procedure. CAG’s removal process is similar to that of a Supreme Court judge. Current Appointment Process: The Executive (Union government) has sole discretion in appointing the CAG. There is no formal consultation with other stakeholders, unlike in the appointment of Election Commissioners or CBI Directors. Petitioner’s Arguments Threat to Independence: CAG is a watchdog of financial accountability, overseeing Union, State, and Panchayati Raj institutions. A politically influenced appointment process undermines the impartiality of audits. Need for a Selection Committee: The petitioner suggests forming a non-partisan selection committee consisting of: The Prime Minister The Leader of the Opposition The Chief Justice of India This would prevent political bias in CAG appointments. Recent Concerns with CAG’s Functioning: The petition refers to declining audits of the Union government. Raises concerns about the “pause” in Maharashtra audits and selective reporting of financial irregularities. Supreme Court’s Observations Justice Surya Kant raised a constitutional concern: Would judicial intervention amount to rewriting Article 148? The Constitution does not specify an appointment process, leaving it to the Executive. The Bench also noted that institutions should be trusted but agreed to examine the petition. Broader Implications Judicial Precedents on Institutional Independence: The Supreme Court has previously intervened in Election Commission appointments (2023) and CBI Director selection to ensure independence. A similar move in the CAG’s case could set a precedent for reforms in other constitutional appointments. Potential for Reforms: If the Court rules in favor of the petitioner, it could lead to: A structured appointment mechanism with transparency. Greater accountability and trust in the auditing process. Separation of Powers Concern: Critics may argue that judicial intervention in executive appointments could violate the doctrine of separation of powers. A delicate balance must be struck between judicial oversight and executive prerogative. Way Forward The case could lead to a landmark judgment affecting financial accountability in governance. If the Court recommends reforms, Parliament may need to legislate a new appointment process. Regardless of the outcome, the debate highlights the urgent need for strengthening the independence of constitutional bodies. How climate change is affecting India’s wheat production cycle Wheat Production in India Geographical Spread: Primarily grown in Indo-Gangetic plains—Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, and Madhya Pradesh. Rabi Crop: Sown between October and December; harvested between February and April. Procurement Targets: 2025-26: 30 million tonnes. 2024-25: 26.6 million tonnes (below 34.15 million tonne target). Export Restrictions: May 2022: Wheat exports banned post-Russia-Ukraine war due to global price hikes and food security concerns. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture ,Environment ) Rising Temperatures and Impact on Wheat Growth Record Heat: February 2025: Warmest in 124 years. March 2025: Expected above-normal temperatures and heat waves. Heat Stress on Wheat: Accelerates flowering and ripening → reduces grain-filling period. Lowers starch accumulation → smaller, lighter grains with lower yield. Increases protein content but reduces milling quality → market price drops. Scientific Insights into Heat Stress on Wheat Physiological Impact: Alters photosynthesis, respiration, water-nutrient absorption. Affects biomass, grain count, and size. Critical Growth Stages Susceptible to Heat: Emergence: Seed sprouts and first leaf appears. Growth Stage 1: Shoots develop, plant begins flower formation. Growth Stage 2 (Most Vulnerable): Transition from vegetative to reproductive stage. Growth Stage 3: Grain-filling and maturity phase—high temperatures can severely impact yield. Role of Indian Ocean Warming & Monsoon Shift Warming Trends: Indian Ocean heating at an accelerated rate. By 2100: Expected to remain in a “near-permanent heat wave state.” Heat wave frequency may rise from 20 days/year to 220-250 days/year. Monsoon Impact: Kharif season (summer crops) is delayed → pushes Rabi sowing later. Delayed wheat sowing → overlaps with early heat waves, affecting yield. Secondary Effects of Heat Stress on Wheat Farming Overuse of Fertilizers & Chemicals: Farmers compensate for low yield by excessive pesticide and fertilizer use. Leads to inefficient resource utilization and soil degradation. Supply Chain and Market Impact: Lower quality wheat faces price cuts. Losses in domestic food security and procurement shortfalls. Adaptation & Mitigation Strategies Short-Term Measures: Compensation: Financial aid for farmers facing heat-stress losses. Crop Insurance & Subsidies: To ensure stability despite climatic risks. Long-Term Strategies: Climate-Resilient Wheat Varieties: Research and distribution of heat-resistant crops. Policy Changes: Adjust sowing dates to avoid heat wave overlap. Promote early sowing in regions prone to early temperature rise. Tech-Based Interventions: Weather monitoring systems and advisory services for farmers. Improved agricultural management with precision farming techniques. Holistic Approach Needed: Not just wheat but entire food systems require climate adaptation. Balancing food security, yield stability, and resource conservation is key.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 17 March 2025

Content: Inflation and Economic Trends in India India – New Zealand announce launch of FTA negotiations Inflation and Economic Trends in India India’s inflation moderates to 3.6% amid falling food prices, while industrial growth and corporate earnings strengthen, supported by expected RBI rate cuts.These are major findings of the SBI Ecowrap report, published by the State Bank of India’s Economic Research Department. Relevance : GS 3(Economy) CPI Inflation Trends Headline CPI inflation fell to 3.6% in February 2025, a 7-month low, primarily due to a sharp drop in vegetable prices. Food & Beverages inflation declined by 185 basis points (m-o-m) to 3.84%. Vegetable prices saw the steepest fall, with CPI turning negative (-1.07%) for the first time in 20 months. Major contributors: Garlic, potatoes, and tomatoes. Garlic prices declined significantly, possibly due to dietary changes during the Maha Kumbh (shift away from non-vegetarian food). Fruit inflation surged to 14.8%, a 10-year high, due to increased demand during religious fasting periods. Fuel and Light inflation remained in deflation for 18 consecutive months. Core inflation (which excludes food and fuel) crossed 4% for the first time in 14 months, reaching 4.08%. This suggests a stable underlying inflation trend, driven by services and non-food manufacturing. Future CPI Inflation Projections Expected to moderate further to 3.9% in Q4 FY25 and average 4.7% for FY25. Projected range for FY26: 4.0-4.2% (headline CPI) and 4.2-4.4% (core inflation). Monetary policy response: RBI likely to cut rates by at least 75 basis points (bps) in 2025, with reductions expected in April and August. A pause is expected post-August before the next cycle of rate cuts in October 2025. State-wise Inflation Rural inflation remains higher than urban inflation, driven by food price trends and larger food baskets in rural areas (54.2% vs. 36.3% in urban). Highest inflation recorded in: Kerala (7.3%) – Rural: 8.0%, Urban: 4.5%. Chhattisgarh (4.9%) – Rural: 5.6%, Urban: 3.3%. Lowest inflation recorded in: Telangana (1.3%) – Rural: 0.5%, Urban: 1.3%. Delhi (1.5%) – Rural: 2.6%, Urban: 3.5%. Rural inflation continues to outpace urban inflation due to higher food dependency. Rising Imported Inflation Share of imported inflation surged from 1.3% in June 2024 to 31.1% in February 2025. Key drivers: Precious metals, oils, and fats – global price rise impacting domestic inflation. Chemical products – higher import costs passed onto consumers. Energy inflation contribution remained negative, indicating a decline in global oil prices or increased domestic production. Industrial Growth and IIP Expansion Index of Industrial Production (IIP) expanded by 5.0% in January 2025, the highest in 8 months. Growth drivers: Manufacturing: 5.5% Mining: 4.4% Primary goods: 5.5% Consumer Durables (long-term goods): 7.2% – reflecting demand recovery. Intermediate goods: 5.23% – indicating expansion in industrial supply chains. Consumer Non-Durables (-0.2%) – slight contraction, suggesting weak demand for FMCG goods. Corporate Performance (Q3 FY25) Revenue growth: 6.2% (y-o-y). EBITDA growth: 11% – improved margins. Profit After Tax (PAT) growth: 12% – strong financial performance. Interest Coverage Ratio improved by 20 bps, indicating lower financial stress. Sectoral Trends: Capital Goods, Consumer Durables, FMCG, Healthcare, and Pharmaceuticals saw strong growth. More than 4000 listed corporates reported improved earnings. Corporate Ex-BFSI (more than 3400 entities) showed revenue growth of 5% and PAT growth of 9%, recovering from previous quarters’ negative growth. Monetary Policy and Corporate Capex Cycle Favorable conditions for a new capital expenditure (capex) cycle due to: Stronger corporate balance sheets. Lower borrowing costs from expected RBI rate cuts. Liquidity improvement and rising investment confidence. EBITDA margins expanded by 44 bps in Q3 FY25, reaching 14.84% (vs. 14.4% in Q2 FY25). Conclusion India’s economic landscape in February 2025 indicates: Moderation in inflation (particularly in food & beverages). Improved industrial production and IIP growth. Strong corporate earnings and balance sheet strength. India – New Zealand announce launch of FTA negotiations Background of India-New Zealand Relations Democratic values & people-to-people ties: Both countries share strong democratic institutions and historical cultural exchanges, including the Indian diaspora in New Zealand. Economic complementarities: India’s large consumer market and New Zealand’s expertise in agriculture and dairy present mutual opportunities. Bilateral trade history: The two nations have engaged in trade and investment discussions previously, but no formal FTA has been signed. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Highlights of the Announcement FTA negotiations launched on March 16, 2025, during a bilateral meeting between Indian PM Narendra Modi and New Zealand PM Christopher Luxon. Objective: Establishing a comprehensive and mutually beneficial FTA to strengthen economic cooperation. Expected Economic & Trade Benefits Market access: Reduction of tariffs and trade barriers to facilitate smoother flow of goods and services. Supply chain integration: Improving trade logistics and connectivity for key industries. Diverse sectoral impact: Agriculture & dairy: New Zealand’s strengths in dairy, meat, and horticulture could find a wider market in India. IT & Services: India’s robust IT and service sectors could benefit from increased New Zealand market access. Education: Potential boost in student exchanges and collaboration in skill development. Tourism: Strengthened economic ties may lead to enhanced tourism flows between the two nations. Challenges & Concerns Agricultural sensitivities: India’s domestic dairy industry may face challenges due to competition from New Zealand’s dairy exports. Tariff asymmetry: Negotiations must address differences in tariff structures to ensure balanced benefits. Regulatory differences: Compliance and standardization of trade rules will be crucial for seamless execution. Geopolitical considerations: Both countries must align trade strategies with broader geopolitical and Indo-Pacific security interests. Strategic & Geopolitical Implications Indo-Pacific engagement: Strengthening economic ties aligns with India’s Act East Policy and New Zealand’s interest in the Indo-Pacific. Diversifying trade partnerships: India seeks to reduce trade dependence on specific countries, while New Zealand aims to expand markets beyond China. Multilateral trade dynamics: The FTA could complement India’s participation in regional economic forums like RCEP and CPTPP. Way Forward Balanced negotiations: Ensuring equitable trade benefits for both nations. Sectoral consultations: Engaging stakeholders from agriculture, services, and technology sectors to address concerns. Regulatory harmonization: Establishing frameworks for dispute resolution, quality standards, and investment protection. Timeline & Implementation: Negotiating a phased implementation to ease the transition for key industries

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 17 March 2025

CONTENT: The Challenges of Public Health Education in India From Insurance-Driven Private Health Care to Equity Rare success The Challenges of Public Health Education in India Public health plays a crucial role in shaping healthcare delivery, as recognized by Article 47 of the Indian Constitution. However, public health education in India faces a crisis due to a mismatch between supply and demand, lack of standardization, and insufficient job opportunities. The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the need for a robust public health workforce, yet systemic issues persist. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance) Practice Question : The challenges of public health education in India stem from systemic gaps in regulation, employment opportunities, and institutional capacity.Discuss the key issues and suggest policy measures to address them. (250 words) Historical & Contemporary Context Colonial Legacy: Public health education in India traces back to British rule, with early efforts confined to medical institutions. Post-Independence: The All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health (1932) and community medicine specializations laid the foundation, but opportunities remained limited. Expansion Phase (2000–2020s): The number of MPH programs surged from one (2000) to over 100 today, largely driven by the National Rural Health Mission (2005). However, job creation has not kept pace, leading to underemployment of public health graduates. Challenges Mismatch Between Supply & Demand More graduates than available jobs; high competition for limited entry-level positions. Public health roles in government shrinking despite increasing disease burden. Private sector prioritizing hospital/business management over public health professionals. Lack of Standardization & Regulation No mandatory regulation by NMC or UGC. Varied curricula and low admission standards due to intense competition. Faculty shortages and inadequate practical training opportunities. Regional Disparities States like Bihar, Jharkhand, and Assam lack adequate public health institutions. Over-concentration of institutions in select urban areas. Funding & Institutional Constraints Development sector and research bodies reliant on foreign grants, which are declining. Limited national health research funding. Policy Implications & Actionable Insights Creation of Public Health Jobs Establish a public health cadre within state governments. Integrate public health professionals into primary and preventive care. Regulatory Reforms A dedicated Public Health Education Council within NMC/UGC to standardize curricula. Mandatory accreditation for MPH programs. Strengthening Practical Training & Institutional Growth Increase public health fieldwork and system integration. Expand public health schools in underserved states. Diversification of Funding Sources Increase domestic funding for public health research. Encourage public-private partnerships for sustainable workforce development. Future Outlook The public health education crisis in India demands urgent structural reforms. Without a balanced approach that integrates regulatory oversight, job creation, and sustainable funding, India risks a surplus of underutilized professionals. The emerging global health landscape necessitates self-reliance, emphasizing local capacity-building over dependence on international aid. From Insurance-Driven Private Health Care to Equity India’s health care system is undergoing a critical transformation with increasing dependence on insurance-driven models like the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY). While the scheme aims to reduce out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) and improve financial protection, it sidelines primary health care (PHC), which is the cornerstone of Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance) Practice Question: Critically analyze the impact of an insurance-driven private healthcare model on universal health coverage (UHC) in India. How can policy reforms ensure equitable access to quality healthcare, particularly for marginalized communities? (250 words Historical and Contemporary Context Evolution of India’s Health Care Approach Bhore Committee (1946): Advocated for a strong PHC foundation with a pyramid-shaped health system focused on preventive care. National Health Policy (1983, 2002, 2017): Emphasized PHC, but funding and implementation gaps led to increased OOPE. Launch of AB-PMJAY (2018): Aimed at providing health insurance for low-income families, covering hospitalisation expenses but shifting focus away from PHC. Current Scenario and Budget Allocations 2025 Budget for AB-PMJAY: ₹9,406 crore, up by ₹2,000 crore, signaling increasing privatisation and insurance dependence. National Health Mission (NHM) Fund Decline: Weakens grassroots health services, affecting rural and informal workforce health coverage. FDI Increase in Insurance (74% to 100%): Encourages private sector growth but raises concerns about affordability and regulatory gaps. Arguments: Strengthening Private Health Care and Financial Protection Reduction in OOPE: Insurance-driven models like AB-PMJAY reduce catastrophic health expenses for the poor. Increased Access to Advanced Treatments: Tertiary care coverage ensures life-saving procedures for low-income groups. Boost to Medical Infrastructure: Private hospitals expand to accommodate insured patients, improving overall health care capacity. Foreign Investment Benefits: Higher FDI in insurance expands the market, increasing competition and coverage rates. Weakening of Public Health Care and Rising Inequality (Critics’ View) Neglect of PHC: Insurance-based funding diverts resources from preventive and community health care. Market-Driven Pricing: Insurance models incentivise private players to increase costs, leading to inflated medical expenses. Exclusion of Informal Sector and Migrants: Many lack awareness or access to insurance, remaining dependent on high-cost private care. Regulatory Deficiencies: Weak consumer protections allow claim denials, high deductibles, and profit-driven health care practices. Policy Implications Impact on Health Care Access and Equity Marginalised Groups Left Behind: The informal workforce, daily wage laborers, and rural populations struggle with access due to digital and insurance illiteracy. Gender Disparities in Coverage: Women, particularly homemakers, often lack individual health insurance, worsening gender health gaps. Outdated Population Data: Lack of an updated Census (since 2011) affects policy planning and benefit distribution accuracy. Lessons from Global Health Models U.S. Experience: Private insurance dominance led to skyrocketing health costs, disparities in coverage, and profit-driven medical practices. Thailand’s Universal Coverage Scheme: Tax-funded model ensures free PHC, reducing OOPE and improving long-term health outcomes. Costa Rica’s Social Security System: Mandatory insurance with strong public investment ensures equity in health services. Way Forward Strengthening Public Health Care Systems Increase PHC Investment: Redirect funds toward preventive care and community health centers. Expand NHM Funding: Revitalize public hospitals and ensure affordable services. Regulate Private Insurance: Set cost-control mechanisms to prevent excessive pricing. Addressing Vulnerable Populations’ Needs Universal Coverage for Informal Workers: Develop a simplified enrollment system for insurance access. Education and Awareness Programs: Improve insurance literacy to ensure informed choices. Climate-Resilient Health Policies: Address emerging health risks due to climate change. Comprehensive Reform for Sustainable Health Care Hybrid Model of Financing: Balance public funding with private sector participation while ensuring equity. Cost Transparency in Insurance: Prevent hidden charges and exclusions that burden patients. Data-Driven Policy Making: Conduct updated Census and Labour Force Surveys to target schemes effectively. Rare success The recent arrest of former Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte by the International Criminal Court (ICC) is a landmark event in global justice. It underscores the ICC’s continuing efforts to hold political leaders accountable for crimes against humanity, despite its structural weaknesses and reliance on state cooperation. However, this arrest remains an exception rather than the norm, highlighting the court’s dependence on political alignments and national interests. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Critically analyze the role of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in ensuring global justice. Discuss the challenges it faces in executing its mandate and suggest measures to enhance its effectiveness. (250 words) Historical and Contemporary Context Origins of the ICC Established by the Rome Statute in 1998, the ICC was envisioned as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. It emerged in response to limitations of ad hoc tribunals, such as those for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia. Challenges in Execution of Arrest Warrants Since its inception, the ICC has struggled to execute arrest warrants, largely due to the lack of enforcement power. Many high-profile figures, such as Sudan’s Omar al-Bashir and Russia’s Vladimir Putin, have evaded arrest due to political protection. Duterte’s Case and the ‘War on Drugs’ Duterte’s presidency (2016-2022) saw thousands of extrajudicial killings as part of his ‘war on drugs.’ The ICC is investigating crimes from 2011 to 2019, during which the Philippines was a member of the ICC. Despite the country’s withdrawal from the ICC in 2019, the Pre-Trial Chamber upheld jurisdiction over crimes committed while it was a party. Arguments from Multiple Perspectives The ICC’s Role in Global Justice Supporters’ View: The ICC plays a critical role in delivering justice when national systems fail. Its jurisdiction over Duterte despite the Philippines’ withdrawal reinforces international accountability. Past successes, such as the conviction of Congolese warlord Thomas Lubanga, prove its effectiveness. Critics’ View: The ICC disproportionately targets African and weaker states, raising concerns of selective justice. The court lacks enforcement powers, making its judgments largely symbolic. Powerful nations like the U.S. have actively undermined the ICC, limiting its influence. Political Influence and Selective Justice The ICC’s actions are often influenced by geopolitical considerations: Examples: Arrest warrants for Putin (Ukraine war) and Netanyahu (Gaza conflict) remain unexecuted due to global power dynamics. Countries like the U.S. and Israel have refused to recognize ICC jurisdiction, creating a double standard in international justice. In Duterte’s case, his arrest may have been politically motivated, given the tensions between the Marcos Jr. administration and his daughter, Vice-President Sara Duterte. State Cooperation and Enforcement Issues Cases of Non-Cooperation: Sudan’s Omar al-Bashir traveled freely to ICC member states without being arrested. Several European countries have hesitated to act on ICC warrants for fear of diplomatic repercussions. Cases of Successful Cooperation: The arrest of Slobodan Milošević (former Yugoslav President) by Serbia in 2001, under international pressure, demonstrated the ICC’s potential when state cooperation exists. Duterte’s case was made possible by the willingness of the Marcos Jr. government to execute the warrant. Policy Implications and Future Outlook Strengthening ICC’s Enforcement Mechanisms The ICC needs a structured enforcement mechanism, possibly via a UN mandate or regional partnerships. Greater integration with Interpol and international agencies could enhance its operational capacity. Addressing Perceived Bias and Selective Targeting Expanding investigations beyond Africa and weaker nations will improve ICC’s legitimacy. Ensuring uniform application of justice, including cases involving powerful nations, is crucial for credibility. Enhancing State Cooperation Diplomatic incentives for states to execute ICC warrants (e.g., conditional aid, trade agreements) could improve compliance. Encouraging domestic judicial reforms may reduce reliance on international courts. Conclusion The arrest of Rodrigo Duterte represents a rare but significant victory for the ICC. However, its dependency on political alignments and state cooperation remains a fundamental weakness. Unless the ICC addresses its enforcement challenges, strengthens global cooperation, and eliminates selective prosecution, it risks remaining a court of limited influence rather than a true pillar of international justice.

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