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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 24 July 2025

Content : In Odisha, Crimes Against Women Mount as Courts and Police Falter Can Presidential Reference Change a Judgment? Is the Plastic Industry Trying to Influence Green Policies? Vitamin D Deficiency Linked to Neurodevelopmental Issues Paika Rebellion of 1817 AfaDixVax: India’s New Weapon Against Malaria In Odisha, crimes against women mount as courts and police falter  Alarming Recent Incidents 15-year-old girl in Puri abducted, assaulted, and set ablaze in broad daylight; now critical. 20-year-old college student in Balasore died by suicide after alleging sexual harassment and institutional inaction. Nepali student died by suicide after similar harassment, triggering a diplomatic fallout with Nepal. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) , GS 2(Social Justice) High Crime Rate, But Justice Elusive Odisha recorded 51 cases of crimes against women per 1 lakh population in 2022 — among the highest in India. India’s average stood at 33 cases per lakh — Odisha far exceeds this. Chargesheeting in Decline Chargesheeting rate fell from 91.2% in 2017 to 71.4% in 2022. Indicates weakening police efficiency in taking cases forward for trial. Consistent decline despite a higher-than-average crime rate. Conviction Rates Among the Lowest Only ~9% of women-related cases sent for trial in 2022 resulted in conviction. Odisha had the second-highest number of such cases sent for trial, yet ranks near the bottom in conviction outcomes. Reflects investigation gaps, prosecutorial weakness, and judicial delay. Trial Pendency at Crisis Levels Over 95% of rape cases in Odisha were pending trial in 2022 — highest in India. Massive backlog points to a choked judiciary and absence of fast-track mechanisms. The Triple Crisis Odisha is marked by a dangerous combination: High incidence of crimes against women Falling chargesheeting rates Low conviction outcomes This “high crime–low justice” paradox creates a culture of impunity and public distrust. Systemic & Institutional Apathy Colleges failed to act on complaints; grievance redressal mechanisms remain non-functional. State response marred by administrative inertia and political silence. Policy Imperatives Strengthen fast-track courts and judicial infrastructure. Enhance police-investigation and forensic capacity. Make college and workplace grievance mechanisms legally accountable. Expand victim support services, including mental health and legal aid. Enforce time-bound chargesheeting and trial timelines for gender-based crimes. Can Presidential Reference change a judgment? Context & Trigger On July 22, 2025, the Supreme Court issued notices to the Union and States on a Presidential Reference seeking clarity on the powers and timelines for the President and Governors in assenting to State Bills. Triggered by the Supreme Court’s April 8 judgment which ruled Governor R.N. Ravi’s delay in assenting to 10 Tamil Nadu Bills as illegal and unconstitutional. The April ruling imposed judicially enforceable timelines for constitutional authorities to act on State Bills—a first in Indian constitutional jurisprudence. Relevance : GS 2(Polity and Constitution ) Core Constitutional Question Can the President or Governor be judicially compelled to act within a prescribed timeframe on Bills passed by State legislatures? Does such judicial compulsion violate the discretionary space constitutionally granted to these authorities? Role of Article 143(1) Provides advisory jurisdiction to the Supreme Court when the President refers questions of law or fact of public importance. Such questions need no ongoing litigation, and the court may accept or decline the Reference. The Supreme Court is not bound to answer; it has discretion (e.g., declined Ayodhya Reference in 1993 for violating secularism). Scope & Limits of Advisory Opinions The court’s opinion must remain within the scope of the Reference—it cannot enlarge or rewrite the issues referred. While not binding precedents, advisory opinions carry high persuasive value (as seen in R.K. Garg case). Still, Article 141 binds courts only to decisions arising from the court’s adjudicatory (not advisory) jurisdiction. Can Advisory Opinions Overturn Judicial Rulings? No. As per precedent (e.g., Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal case), Article 143 cannot be used to reverse settled judgments. The April 8 decision, passed under Article 141, remains binding unless altered via review or curative petition. However, the court may clarify or refine its legal interpretation under advisory jurisdiction without overturning the earlier verdict (e.g., Natural Resources Allocation case, 2012). Key Precedents in Use of Presidential References 1998 Collegium Reform Reference: Court refined judicial appointments process while upholding core judgment of 1993. Ayodhya Reference (1993): Declined on constitutional and secularism grounds. Special Courts Bill (1978): Clarified opinions are not binding but can influence future rulings. Governance Implications The Reference has arisen due to increasing friction between State governments and Governors, often politically appointed. Clarification may set clear timelines and processes to ensure federal balance and legislative autonomy of States. Could reinforce judicial oversight over executive inaction, while preserving constitutional boundaries. What Lies Ahead A Constitution Bench led by CJI Gavai will begin detailed hearings by mid-August. The Reference will test the delicate balance between constitutional morality, federalism, and judicial review. Outcome may redefine how constitutional functionaries are held accountable for delays that stall governance. Is the plastic industry trying to influence green policies? The Backbone of India’s Plastic Recycling Over 70% of plastic recycled in India is collected and processed by informal workers — ragpickers, sorters, grassroots recyclers. These workers operate without protective gear, legal recognition, or social security, facing toxic exposure and deep vulnerability. Despite their critical role, they remain excluded from policy frameworks and municipal contracts. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Steps Toward Formal Integration National Action for Mechanised Sanitation Ecosystem (NAMASTE) Scheme (2024): Seeks to integrate waste-pickers and sanitation workers into formal systems. Offers health insurance (Ayushman Bharat), safety equipment, and access to social security schemes. As of May 2025, over 80,000 workers profiled under the scheme by the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment. Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 (Amended 2022): Enforces Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) — obligates manufacturers to manage and recover plastic waste. Pushes for inclusive models that recognize the role of informal workers in collection and segregation. Challenges Persist Implementation gaps remain in integrating informal workers into city-level contracts and supply chains. Lack of identity documents and low digital literacy prevent full access to formal entitlements. Many workers continue to operate under unsafe, exploitative conditions, without union protection or labour rights. Global Industry Tactics: Parallels with Tobacco Plastic industry, like tobacco, shifts blame to consumers while downplaying systemic harms. Promoted recycling from the 1980s despite knowing it’s economically impractical at scale. Funded misleading campaigns to divert scrutiny from corporate responsibility. Greenwashing through fake labels (“biodegradable,” “compostable”) misleads consumers and weakens regulation. Exploits weaker regulations in Global South as Global North tightens plastic laws. Vulnerability of the Global South Plastic consumption in Asia projected to triple by 2060, compared to just 15% growth in Europe (OECD, 2022). Low- and middle-income countries like India face the double burden of rising plastic imports and poor waste infrastructure. Informal sector workers bear the brunt of this unsustainable growth without adequate safeguards. The Way Forward Recognize and register waste pickers under urban local bodies and waste management policies. Promote worker-owned cooperatives and micro-enterprises in formal waste contracts. Strengthen social protection, workplace safety, and income security. Hold producers accountable through strict enforcement of EPR norms and transparent plastic reporting. Vitamin D deficiency linked to neurodevelopmental issues From Bones to Brains: Expanding the Role of Vitamin D Long recognized for its role in bone health and immunity, vitamin D is now being linked to brain development and mental health. A major Danish study (The Lancet Psychiatry) shows compelling associations between neonatal vitamin D levels and reduced risk of schizophrenia, ADHD, and autism. Relevance : GS 2(Health ) Key Findings from the Danish Study Sample: Over 88,000 newborns (1981–2005) from Denmark’s neonatal biobank. Higher neonatal vitamin D levels correlated with: 18% lower risk of schizophrenia 11% lower risk of ADHD 7% lower risk of autism Public health modeling suggests: if all babies had top 60% vitamin D levels, up to 15% of schizophrenia and 9% of ADHD cases could have been prevented. Biological Mechanism and Genetic Insights Researchers used polygenic risk scores (PRS) and Mendelian randomisation to reduce bias and test causal relationships. Findings suggest inherited capacity to produce and bind vitamin D may protect against neurodevelopmental disorders. Limitations remain: possibility of pleiotropy (genes influencing multiple traits) and timing sensitivity not fully resolved. Indian Context: Sunlight-Rich, Yet Vitamin D–Poor Despite abundant sunlight, India has alarming rates of deficiency: 85.5% of pregnant women and 74% of infants deficient (AIIMS Rishikesh study). 92.1% of newborns in Bengaluru found deficient. Factors include limited sun exposure, indoor lifestyles, cultural clothing, and poor dietary intake. Pregnancy and the Biological Inheritance of Deficiency During late pregnancy, the mother’s body: Doubles active vitamin D production Increases calcium absorption for fetal skeletal growth Yet, maternal vitamin D doesn’t rise without proper diet or sunlight. Deficiency in the mother directly affects the fetus, making it a biological legacy passed across generations. Clinical Practice in India: Slow But Emerging Response High-dose supplementation (60,000 IU/week) during the third trimester shows benefits: Improved infant growth, immunity, and vitamin D levels Reduced risk of severe neonatal deficiency by six months Still, routine vitamin D screening in pregnancy is rare, especially in rural and semi-urban settings. Policy & Public Health Implications Recognize vitamin D deficiency as a developmental and neurological risk factor, not just nutritional. Integrate vitamin D screening and supplementation into antenatal care protocols. Launch awareness campaigns to tackle persistent myths (e.g., sunlight is always enough). Prioritize early, preventive intervention starting in the first or second trimester. Balanced Perspective Vitamin D is not a magic bullet, but part of a larger neurodevelopmental puzzle. The goal is caution, not alarm — acknowledging that early nutrition can shape mental health trajectories. With growing global and Indian data, preventive supplementation is emerging as a low-cost, high-impact intervention. Paika Rebellion of 1817 Background: Paikas of Odisha Paikas were traditional foot soldiers recruited by Gajapati rulers since the 16th century. They held rent-free land (nish-kar jagirs) in return for military service. By the 19th century, discontent grew across rural India due to East India Company’s expansion, affecting agrarian and tribal communities. Relevance : GS 1(Modern History ) British Annexation of Odisha (1803) Colonel Harcourt led the East India Company’s forces into Odisha. Mukunda Deva II, the last Khurda king, was defeated. In return for surrendering forts and parganas, the king was promised Rs. 1 lakh but later betrayed. Four key parganas were withheld; King Rajguru and Jayee Rajaguru resisted. Rajaguru was captured and executed in 1806; the king was exiled to Puri. Economic and Social Discontent Loss of political patronage and jagir lands post-British annexation disempowered Paikas. Revenue and land reforms displaced Paikas; Odia landlords were replaced by Bengali ones. Shift from cowrie-based to rupee-based taxation hurt tribal economies. Salt monopoly and coastal raids by British added to rural distress. The 1817 Paika Rebellion Led by Bakshi Jagabandhu, over 400 Kondh tribals joined Paikas in revolt. Attacked police station at Banpur, killed British officers, looted treasury, and marched to Khurda. Over months, several clashes occurred, but the rebellion was suppressed. Jagabandhu went underground and remained at large till 1825. Legacy and Historical Debate Seen in Odisha as a symbol of early resistance to colonialism. In 2017, Odisha government demanded it be called the “first war of independence”—predating 1857. Cultural Minister in 2021 announced NCERT inclusion, calling it a major uprising. Paika Memorial and Paika Academy initiatives launched to commemorate the event. Key Takeaways Not merely a military revolt—rooted in agrarian distress, displacement, and cultural alienation. Demonstrated early signs of organized anti-colonial resistance. Its omission from early NCERT history textbooks triggered backlash in Odisha. AfaDixVax: India’s New Weapon Against Malaria Malaria Burden and New Hope Malaria kills ~400,000 globally per year, with India contributing significantly despite sharp recent declines. ICMR announces a promising candidate vaccine (AfaDixVax) for Plasmodium falciparum, to be co-developed with private players for commercial use. Though P. falciparum is more lethal, India’s cases are largely due to P. vivax, against which AfaDixVax is ineffective. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance ) Declining Trend in India (1995–2022) Reported malaria cases dropped from 2.93 million (1995) to just 0.18 million (2022). Deaths fell drastically from 1,151 (1995) to just 83 (2022). These improvements are due to enhanced surveillance by NVBDCP and WHO support, though real numbers may be underreported. What is AfaDixVax and Why it Matters Targets two P. falciparum proteins (PfCSP and Pf34/Pf48.5) using the PfCo6 protein strategy to prevent liver-stage infection. Demonstrated 90%+ protection in mice for over three months—translating to nearly a decade in humans, per ICMR. Early animal studies show robust, longer-lasting immunity, better than other vaccines. Adjuvant & Safety Advantage Contains alum as adjuvant—widely used in childhood vaccines, safe and avoids chronic inflammation risks. Compared to WHO-approved RTS,S and R21, AfaDixVax: Does not rely on CSP protein, reducing breakthrough infection risk. Induces stronger protection in pre-clinical models. Can be stored at room temperature for months, potentially solving cold chain challenges. Production, IP, and Commercial Path ICMR will develop and test the vaccine, and partner with industry for manufacturing and commercial rollout. IP rights will be jointly held by ICMR and the partner, but ICMR retains all data and rights for non-commercial use. Global Context & India’s Role Malaria is most endemic in Africa, but India’s innovation may help global fight, especially with scalable, heat-stable vaccines. AfaDixVax adds to India’s growing role in global health innovation, vaccine self-reliance, and public-private partnership models.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 23 July 2025

Content : PM JUGA – India’s Largest Tribal Village Development Scheme AI & Drone-Based Agricultural Transformation in India PM JUGA – India’s Largest Tribal Village Development Scheme Context & Significance Launched: October 2, 2024, from Hazaribagh, Jharkhand. Objective: All-round, all-inclusive development of over 63,000 tribal-majority villages, covering ~5 crore tribal people (≈50% of India’s ST population). Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Tribal Affairs, in convergence with 17 line ministries. Total Budget: ₹79,156 crore – Centre: ₹56,333 cr | States: ₹22,823 cr Geographic Reach: 549 districts (~71% of Indian districts). Relevance : GS 1(Society ), GS 2(Social Justice) Coverage Criteria Villages with: ≥500 population with ≥50% tribal residents Villages in Aspirational Districts with ≥50 tribal residents Targets: Address critical gaps in housing, health, education, livelihood, connectivity, and governance. Sectoral Interventions – Converging Flagship Schemes Sector Target Scheme Housing 20 lakh pucca houses PM Awas Yojana – Gramin Roads 25,000 km rural roads PM Gram Sadak Yojana Healthcare 1,000 mobile units Ayushman Bharat Health Infra Mission Electricity 2.35 lakh households Revamped Distribution Sector Scheme LPG 25 lakh connections PM Ujjwala Yojana Water Piped water to all households Jal Jeevan Mission Education 1,000 hostels, upgrade Ashrams Samagra Shiksha Digital Services 5,000 villages BharatNet, Digital India Agriculture & FRA Promote farming for title holders DoAFW schemes Skill Training 1,000 VDVKs, 8,500 livestock groups Jan Shikshan Sansthan, National Livestock Mission Tourism 1,000 tribal homestays Swadesh Darshan Nutrition 8,000 Anganwadis, 700 Poshan Vatikas Poshan Abhiyaan, National AYUSH Mission Fisheries 10,000 SHGs PM Matsya Sampada Yojana Health Insurance All eligible ST households PM Jan Arogya Yojana Forest Rights Expedited FRA implementation Capacity building via Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Alignment with SDGs SDG 3: Mobile health units, Anganwadis, Poshan Vatikas SDG 4: Hostels, tribal schools, Ashram school upgrades SDG 8: Tribal marketing centres, tourism, pisciculture SDG 9: Roads, housing, digital infra, electricity, LPG, tap water Case Study: Bairlutygudem, Andhra Pradesh Issue: Chronic water scarcity; dangerous treks through wildlife zones. Solution: Tap water via Jal Jeevan Mission. Outcome: Village Water & Sanitation Committee (all women-led) now maintains systems. Community ownership model replicated in other tribal hamlets. Comparison: PM JUGA vs PM JANMAN Aspect PM JANMAN PM JUGA Focus PVTGs (~28 lakh people) Broader ST population (~5 crore) Villages ~22,000 ~63,000 Start Nov 2023 Oct 2024 Approach Targeted to most vulnerable Comprehensive tribal development Decade of Tribal Welfare: Key Achievements Parameter Progress (till 2025) FRA Titles 23.88 lakh issued Scholarships 1.02 cr Post-Matric, 54.41 lakh Pre-Matric EMRS Schools 346 operational; 1.38 lakh enrolled NGO Projects 310 projects, 9.35 lakh beneficiaries VDVKs 4,465 sanctioned; 2,507 operational TRIFED Expansion 118 outlets; 3,069 empaneled suppliers NSTFDC Loans ₹383.18 cr sanctioned for 93,609 beneficiaries Budget Rise ₹4,296 cr (2013–14) → ₹14,926 cr (2025–26): +248% Cultural Empowerment Janjatiya Gaurav Divas: Nov 15 (Birsa Munda’s birthday) 2024: 150th anniversary; 1+ crore participation 46,000 events across India 11 Tribal Freedom Fighter Museums sanctioned TRIs: 9 new Tribal Research Institutes set up post-2014 Governance & Monitoring Framework Gram Sabha Empowerment: FRA claim processing Capacity-building of PRI members MIS & Dashboard: Real-time tracking of scheme implementation across ministries Convergence Model: PM JUGA as template for tribal mainstreaming in national programs Critical Analysis Strengths Gaps/Challenges  Largest integrated tribal development scheme in India’s history ✘ Risk of implementation lag due to inter-ministerial coordination issues  Strong SDG alignment & outcome-based approach ✘ Last-mile delivery in difficult terrains  Community ownership (e.g., water committees) ✘ Continued vulnerability of PVTGs beyond infrastructure access  Convergence boosts cost-efficiency & accountability ✘ Monitoring & audit transparency yet to be fully institutionalized  Combines economic, social, and ecological goals ✘ Digitisation & e-services gaps in no-internet zones Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) 1. Who are PVTGs? Subset of Scheduled Tribes, most vulnerable and marginalized. Identified based on: Pre-agricultural level of technology Stagnant/declining population Extremely low literacy Subsistence-level economy 2. Key Facts Indicator Value Number of PVTGs in India 75 Total STs in India ~10.45 crore (Census 2011) Estimated PVTG population ~28 lakh States with highest PVTG presence Odisha (13), Andhra Pradesh (12), Madhya Pradesh (7), Maharashtra (3), Jharkhand (8) Ministry Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) PVTG-specific Scheme PM-JANMAN (2023) Forest Rights Act, 2006 (Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act) Purpose Corrects historical injustice to forest-dwelling communities by recognizing their rights over forest land and resources. Types of Rights Under FRA Right Type Description Individual Forest Rights (IFR) Cultivation rights for STs on forest land Community Forest Rights (CFR) Rights to use and manage forest resources collectively Community Forest Resource Rights (CFRR) Governance rights over traditional forest territories Habitat Rights (Section 3(1)(e)) For PVTGs and nomadic tribes Conclusion PM JUGA represents a paradigm shift in tribal development, leveraging convergence, data-driven planning, and culturally sensitive implementation. Backed by a decade of scaled-up investment, the scheme positions India as a global leader in inclusive, tribal-centric development. AI & Drone-Based Agricultural Transformation in India Policy Context & Relevance India is harnessing Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and drone technologies to revolutionize agriculture. The focus is on: Boosting crop productivity Enhancing resilience to climate change Empowering small/marginal farmers Ensuring precision farming and resource optimization Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture , Technology) Key AI-Driven Government Initiatives (i) Kisan e-Mitra AI-powered voice chatbot for real-time farmer assistance. Handles >20,000 farmer queries per day; answered 95 lakh+ queries to date. Supports 11 regional languages. Initially focused on PM-Kisan, now scaling to cover other schemes. (ii) National Pest Surveillance System Uses AI + ML + image recognition to detect 400+ pests across 61 crops. Helps farmers upload pest images for identification → promotes timely intervention. Utilized by 10,000+ extension workers, mitigating climate-linked crop loss. (iii) Satellite-Based Crop Mapping Uses field photos + satellite data for crop-weather matching. Enables real-time monitoring of sown areas and crop health. Drone Promotion: Financial Architecture under SMAM – Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM) Objective: Encourage drone adoption via targeted subsidies for: Demonstration Individual ownership Custom Hiring Centres (CHCs) Beneficiary Subsidy Rate Max Limit ICAR/KVKs/SAUs/PSUs 100% ₹10 lakhs FPOs (for demo) 75% – CHCs – Cooperatives, FPOs, Entrepreneurs 40% ₹4 lakhs CHCs – Agri Graduates 50% ₹5 lakhs Individual Ownership (SC/ST/Women/NE) 50% ₹5 lakhs Other Farmers 40% ₹4 lakhs Namo Drone Didi: Women Empowerment via Drones Feature Detail Scheme Type Central Sector Time Frame 2023–24 to 2025–26 Budget ₹1,261 crore Target 15,000 drones to Women SHGs Subsidy 80% (up to ₹8 lakhs); SHGs cover 20% (via AIF loans with 3% interest subvention) Drones Distributed (2023–24) 1,094 total (500 under Namo Drone Didi) Aim Enhance women-led agri-services, reduce operational costs, and provide livelihood alternatives State-Wise Drone Distribution (As of July 2025) State SMAM Namo Drone Didi Total Andhra Pradesh 1475 96 1571 Madhya Pradesh 300 34 334 Karnataka 24 82 106 Telangana 0 72 72 Uttar Pradesh 158 32 190 Maharashtra 25 30 55 Tamil Nadu 10 17 27 Punjab 0 23 23 Gujarat 0 18 18 Total 2,122 500 2,622 Top States: AP, MP, UP, Karnataka, Telangana Lagging States: Bihar (10), Assam (9), Nagaland (2), Manipur (4) Critical Evaluation Strengths Challenges  Multi-channel AI interventions ✘ Limited AI literacy among farmers  Gender-focussed drone policy ✘ Dependency on state-level implementation capacity  Real-time pest/crop health monitoring ✘ Patchy broadband/internet connectivity in rural areas  Use of SHGs, FPOs, CHCs ensures decentralized access ✘ Data privacy and misuse concerns from image/voice-based systems Conclusion India’s push to integrate AI and drone tech in agriculture is a transformative leap toward precision farming, climate resilience, and inclusive agri-growth. From Kisan e-Mitra to Namo Drone Didi, these initiatives symbolize a convergence of Digital India, Skill India, and Atmanirbhar Bharat in the agri-sector.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 23 July 2025

Content China, India and the conflict over Buddhism Realities behind the global experiment of ‘remote work’ China, India and the conflict over Buddhism The Real Frontline: Not Maritime, But Monastic While headlines focus on the Indo-Pacific naval competition, the Himalayas are the actual geopolitical frontier. The contest is centered on Buddhist spiritual leadership, identity politics, and cultural influence — not conventional military tools. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) Practice Question : “The future of Himalayan geopolitics may be decided not by military confrontation, but by monastic allegiance.”Critically examine this statement in light of the Sino-Indian contest over Buddhist soft power and the Dalai Lama succession.(250 Words) Buddhism as Statecraft: China’s Long Game Since 1950s, China has used Buddhism as a tool of internal control and external influence. Key strategies: Asserting state control over reincarnation of lamas (2007 law mandates govt approval). Maintaining a database of approved lamas; co-opting monasteries. Launching Buddhist diplomacy: funding shrines, inviting monks to China, building infrastructure near sacred sites. Goal: Spiritual legitimacy = Political sovereignty. India’s Response: Moral Clout, Late Strategy Hosted Dalai Lama since 1959, but tactical engagement began only recently. Actions: Promoting India as Buddha’s birthplace. Developing Buddhist circuits in Bihar, UP, and Northeast. Limitation: India’s approach is fragmented and reactive, unlike China’s centralized soft power model. The Succession Dilemma: Two Dalai Lamas? Dalai Lama (90) plans reincarnation outside Chinese territory, likely India. China insists on selecting next Dalai Lama via Golden Urn tradition. Potential outcome: Two rival Dalai Lamas: India-backed: With Tibetan diaspora & global Buddhist support. China-backed: Installed in Lhasa under surveillance. Impact: Will polarize Buddhist populations across Ladakh, Arunachal, Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal. Flashpoints of the Spiritual Struggle Tawang (Arunachal Pradesh): China claims it using cultural logic — birthplace of 6th Dalai Lama. Lumbini (Nepal): China invests heavily around Buddha’s birthplace. Bhutan: China courts monasteries subtly, despite Bhutanese state control over religion. Internal Buddhist Schisms as Strategic Tools Karmapa schism: Two rival claimants — one aligned with India, another with China. Dorje Shugden sect: Rejected by Dalai Lama, but supported by China to undermine exile legitimacy. These disputes are spiritually symbolic but politically consequential. Why It Matters: Monasteries = Influence In remote Himalayan areas, soft power = hard power. Monasteries shape: Local loyalties Political preferences Cultural identity A shift in monastic allegiance can tip strategic control of entire valleys or districts. Global Implications of Succession The Dalai Lama’s reincarnation will be a global event: Countries like Mongolia, Sri Lanka, Bhutan may be forced to choose sides. For India: Opportunity: Reinforce soft power and leadership in Buddhist world. Challenge: Manage Chinese retaliation, protect border regions from ideological drift. Strategic Summary for UPSC Use Dimension India China Approach Buddhist diplomacy Buddhist statecraft Tactics Pilgrimage circuits, diaspora engagement Monastery funding, lama control Soft Power Base Dalai Lama’s moral authority Government-controlled monastic institutions Goal Preserve cultural-spiritual ties Dominate religious legitimacy to assert territorial claims Value Addition : China’s Use of Confucian-Buddhist Synthesis: Beijing blends Confucian hierarchy with Buddhist institutions to build a uniquely Chinese Buddhist model, diluting Tibetan influence. Artificial Monastic Infrastructure: China is constructing “theme–park style” Buddhist towns (e.g., in Sichuan) to attract pilgrims, redefining Buddhist spaces outside traditional Tibetan lines. Control via Religious Surveillance: China deploys facial recognition and digital surveillance in monasteries, especially in Tibet and Inner Mongolia, to preempt dissent under spiritual guise. India’s Missed Diaspora Linkages: India underutilizes its leverage over large Theravāda and Mahāyāna communities in Southeast Asia, despite shared reverence for Nalanda and Bodh Gaya. China–Myanmar–Lumbini Axis: Beijing builds strategic Buddhist corridors linking Tibet to Nepal and Myanmar, aiming to flank India’s sphere of influence from both east and west. Decline of Tibetan Language Promotion in India: China supports Sinicized Tibetan education, while India has not institutionalized preservation of Tibetan language and script among exiles. India’s Buddhist Diplomacy and QUAD: Tokyo and Washington have shown interest in Buddhist heritage cooperation — an untapped soft power plank for India within the Indo-Pacific narrative. China’s Leverage over Buddhist Aid NGOs: China funds “Buddhist development NGOs” in Nepal and Mongolia, allowing ideological penetration under the garb of aid and heritage preservation. Cyber Buddhism and Narrative Warfare: Beijing funds online Buddhist influencers, WeChat sermons, and YouTube channels to dominate Buddhist discourse digitally, sidelining Tibetan voices. India’s Constitutional Dilemma: While India constitutionally upholds secularism, China’s state-sponsored Buddhism paradoxically gives it structural power in religious diplomacy. Conclusion: Beyond monasteries and reincarnations, China’s digital, linguistic, and transnational Buddhist strategies reflect a full-spectrum contest. India must evolve beyond symbolic gestures to strategic institutional responses in the Himalayan cultural frontier. Realities behind the global experiment of ‘remote work’ Key Themes: Cultural & infrastructural resistance to remote work in India/Asia Gendered dimensions of work-from-home (WFH) Health risks & employer unease Policy & technological gaps The hybrid model as a middle path Relevance : GS 2(Governance ,Social Issues) , GS 3(Economy) Practice Question : “Work-from-home is no longer a temporary adjustment, but a structural inflection point in how societies define labour, equity, and well-being.” Critically examine this statement in the Indian context, highlighting the socio-economic, gender, and governance dimensions of the remote work transition. (250 words) Global Trends vs. Indian Realities Aspect Global Trend India/Asia Ideal WFH Days 2.6/week (avg.) ~2.3 (expressed) Actual WFH Days 1.27/week (2024) ↓ 1.1/week Workplace Norms Flexible, innovation-driven Presenteeism persists Infrastructure Better broadband, home-office ergonomics Cramped housing, unreliable internet Policy Response Broadband stipends, ergonomic standards emerging Lagging regulatory response The Presenteeism Paradox Cultural inertia: In India, Japan, China – presence in office = loyalty, discipline. Managerial mindset: Remote work seen as risky, unproductive. Reality: COVID-19 proved productivity can thrive remotely. Gendered Aspirations Survey Finding: Mothers seek 2.66 remote days/week vs. 2.53 for childless women, and fewer for fathers. Dilemma: Is WFH a tool of empowerment or accommodation of unequal care burdens? Europe’s contrast: Men report slightly more remote work than women—indicative of cultural flexibility. Health: The Hidden Cost Statista 2023: Remote workers face more physical ailments (backaches, eye strain) and psychological issues (isolation, burnout). Office-centric designs vs. home setup: Ergonomic risks are greater at home. Blurred work-life boundaries fuel chronic stress. The Retreat of WFH Reasons: Falling team spirit, oversight issues. Lack of sector-specific remote tools. Resistance to shifting deeply ingrained office norms. Health risks and legal ambiguities. Gender Inequality: Reinforced or Redefined? Dual roles for women: Employee + caregiver, often without institutional support. Remote work becoming necessity rather than liberation. Men’s preference: Driven by freedom and personal development, not family duties. Policy Gaps & Recommendations For Governments: Universal broadband access as a basic right. Home-office ergonomics: Enforce minimum standards. Subsidies or tax credits for home workspace upgrades. Formal inclusion of WFH in labour codes (India’s 4 Labour Codes silent on remote rights). For Employers: Hybrid models tailored to roles (not one-size-fits-all). Digital boundaries and structured breaks to prevent burnout. Mental health support and virtual team-building. Gender audits on remote work policies to prevent new biases. India-Specific Relevance Digital divide: Still stark across rural-urban, gender, and socio-economic lines. Smart Cities Mission & PM-WANI can support WFH ecosystem via digital infrastructure. Startups/IT-BPM sector: Early adopters but now pulling back. Gig economy rise: Shows potential for remote, flexible, decentralized work. Future Outlook: A Mirror of Deeper Shifts Work-from-home is not just about flexibility. It’s a litmus test for inclusion, adaptability, and trust. The shift is not just technical or logistical—but social and psychological, demanding rethinking of: Labour laws Gender norms Urban housing Digital governance

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 23 July 2025

Content Redeeming India’s nuclear power promise How different constitutional drafts imagined India MiG-21: End of an Era Apache AH-64E Induction: A Major Leap for Indian Army Systemic Failure in Ensuring Safety of Sewer Workers Urban India 2030–2050: A Call for Action Redeeming India’s nuclear power promise India’s Nuclear Energy Pivot: Budget 2025–26 at a Glance Focus Area Budget Announcements Installed Capacity Target of 100 GW by 2047 (from 8.18 GW today) Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) ₹20,000 crore allocated to develop 5 indigenous SMRs by 2033 Private Sector Entry Legislative reforms to allow private and foreign investment Legal Reforms Pending Amendments to Atomic Energy Act, 1962 and CLNDA, 2010 Relevance: GS 3(Nuclear Energy) The Historical Trajectory: From Vision to Isolation to Reengagement Milestone Details 1956 Apsara, Asia’s first research reactor commissioned 1963 Work begins at Tarapore (first nuclear power reactors in Asia) 1974 Peaceful Nuclear Explosion → Global isolation 1998 Pokhran-II → Strategic negotiations begin 2008 NSG waiver allows India to re-enter the global nuclear market 2010 CLNDA introduced — slowed foreign participation due to supplier liability clause 2025 Shift toward private sector and international partnerships for scaling up nuclear power Why Nuclear Now? Rationale Behind the Shift Strategic Goal Role of Nuclear Power Energy Security Provides stable baseload power unlike intermittent renewables Decarbonisation Low-carbon option to meet Net Zero by 2070 Economic Growth Powering GDP rise from $4 trillion to $35 trillion by 2047 Urbanisation & Development India’s per capita power consumption (1,208 kWh) lags far behind China (4,600) and the U.S. (12,500) Renewable energy (solar, wind, hydro) accounts for ~50% of capacity but only ~20–25% of actual energy generation due to intermittency. Reforms on the Horizon: Legal, Regulatory, and Financial Atomic Energy Act, 1962 – Proposed Changes Issue Reform Needed Monopoly of NPCIL Allow private ownership & operation under safeguards Fuel Supply & Waste Responsibility Clear allocation between operator and supplier Foreign Investment FDI up to 49%, with safeguards on Indian control CLNDA, 2010 – Proposed Amendments Clause Problem Reform Section 17(b) Makes suppliers liable for accidents—deterring foreign partners Limit or re-interpret supplier liability to enable partnerships Tariff & Commercial Disputes  Current Model – Under Atomic Energy Act — Tariff notified by govt  Dispute Example  – NPCIL vs Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam led to conflicting verdicts  Reform Direction – Move to Electricity Act framework with levelised cost model under CERC Regulatory Framework Body Current Status AERB Technically autonomous, but under DAE and not a legal entity Reform Need Establish an independent, statutory regulator (Bill lapsed in 2011) Institutional Strategy: Three-Track Expansion Plan Track Objective  Standardised SMRs Use 220 MW PHWR design for scalable, indigenous Small Modular Reactors Accelerate 700 MW PHWRs Fast-track land acquisition, licensing, and local supply chains  Revive Global Partnerships Restart stalled talks with France (EDF) and U.S. (Westinghouse, GE-Hitachi) Financing & Incentivising Nuclear Power Challenge Details High capital costs ~$2M/MW for nuclear vs <$1M/MW for coal Lifecycle costs Nuclear plants last 50–60 years but need funds for decommissioning and waste Classification Not yet considered “renewable”, hence not eligible for green finance Green financing classification Long-term Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) Viability Gap Funding (VGF) Special tax incentives for nuclear infrastructure Private Sector Involvement: Opportunities and Roadblocks Company Potential Role Tata, Adani, Reliance, Vedanta Build, operate, or co-finance new reactors NTPC-NPCIL JV Four 700 MW units at Mahi Banswara, Rajasthan REC JV New financial partnership to support nuclear infrastructure JVs with public sector units already underway — but scaling to 100 GW will require private and foreign players. Global Momentum in Nuclear Energy Event Significance COP28 (Dubai, 2023) Declaration to triple global nuclear energy IAEA–World Bank 2024 Agreement Nuclear backed as key for developing economies Ajay Banga (World Bank President) Called nuclear essential for base-load power in modern economies Conclusion: What India Must Now Do India’s nuclear renaissance must be decisive, comprehensive, and inclusive. The key pillars: Legislative reform to allow private participation while ensuring safety, accountability, and public trust Global partnerships based on updated liability and financing frameworks Institutional overhaul with an independent nuclear regulator Green classification and incentives for nuclear as low-carbon energy Fast-tracked projects combining scale (700 MW) with modular innovation (SMRs) Nuclear power is India’s best shot at clean, reliable base-load electricity, essential for a high-growth, low-carbon future. How different constitutional drafts imagined India Context: India’s Constitutional Journey Before 1950 Between 1895 and 1948, at least five major constitutional drafts were proposed by diverse political actors—liberals, radicals, socialists, and cultural nationalists. These drafts reflected competing visions of sovereignty, democracy, federalism, economic justice, and identity. Relevance : GS 2(Constitution and Polity) The Five Key Drafts: Origins & Philosophical Anchors Year Draft Author/Group Ideological Leaning 1895 Constitution of India Bill Early nationalists (e.g., B.G. Tilak) Liberal constitutionalism 1944 Constitution of Free India M.N. Roy, Radical Democratic Party Radical humanist, participatory democracy 1944 Hindusthan Free State Act Hindu Mahasabha (right-wing nationalists) Cultural nationalism + liberal guarantees 1946 Gandhian Constitution for Free India Shriman Narayan Agarwal (foreword by Gandhi) Village-centric decentralism, moral republicanism 1948 Socialist Party Draft Jayaprakash Narayan Democratic socialism Comparative Thematic Analysis 1. Democracy & Sovereignty 1895 Bill: Emphasised civil liberties and representative democracy but within British dominion. Roy’s Draft (1944): Participatory democracy with right to revolt and citizens’ committees—an anti-elitist model. Hindusthan Free State: Asserted unitary sovereignty but with democratic elements like elections and judicial review. Gandhian Draft: Sovereignty vested in self-sufficient villages, led by moral authority. Socialist Draft: Unicameral legislature based on class representation (workers, peasants, intellectuals)—radical departure from liberal democracy. 2.  Civil Liberties & Rights Draft Civil Liberties Socio-Economic Rights 1895 Bill Strong (speech, property, equality) Absent Roy (1944) Strong + Right to revolt Binding, justiciable socio-economic rights Hindusthan Free State Strong religious freedoms, anti-discrimination Minimal economic guarantees Gandhian (1946) Focus on duties/community over formal rights Rural economic self-reliance, minimal state role Socialist (1948) Civil liberties secondary Core focus: Economic democracy & equality Roy’s draft uniquely made socio-economic rights enforceable, unlike the 1950 Constitution’s non-justiciable Directive Principles. 3. Centralisation vs Decentralisation Roy & Gandhi: Advocated decentralisation but differed: Roy: Federalism + institutional oversight. Gandhi: Gram swaraj (village autonomy) rooted in moral norms. Socialists & Hindusthan Draft: Supported centralised control for economic restructuring or national cohesion. 1895: Silent on federal structure, assuming British-style parliamentary setup. The tension between unity and local autonomy was central to these early debates. 4. Economic Vision Draft Economic Model Gandhian Minimalist, rural self-reliance, trusteeship Roy Democratic economic planning, mixed economy Socialist Party State socialism, nationalisation, planning commission Hindusthan Draft Silent on redistribution, strong on cohesion 1895 Bill No mention of economic justice or planning These drafts represent the full spectrum from agrarian minimalism to radical socialism, anticipating later debates on India’s economic model. 5. Cultural Identity & Secularism Roy & Socialist drafts: Strongly pluralistic and secular. Hindusthan Free State: Advocated one culture/one law, but included explicit religious freedom, no state religion, and caste equality—an ideologically hybrid document. Gandhian: Rooted in Indian traditions, emphasised communal harmony over majoritarianism. 1895 Bill: Avoided identity politics, sticking to a neutral liberal template. 6. Unique & Surprising Features Draft Unique Element Roy Right to revolt, participatory oversight via citizens’ committees Gandhian Right to bear arms despite ahimsa orientation Hindusthan Right of secession, blending cultural nationalism with formal secularism Socialist Class-based legislature, gender equality before independence 1895 Early model of liberal rights under imperial framework Contradictions (e.g., Gandhi’s right to arms) reflect realism amid idealism—showing the complexity of state-building ideologies. Legacy & Influence on the 1950 Constitution Draft Legacy in Final Constitution 1895 Bill Civil liberties, parliamentary form, separation of powers Roy’s Draft Bill of Rights, decentralisation, participatory federalism Gandhian Idea of Panchayati Raj, trusteeship philosophy (Directive Principles) Socialist Draft Economic justice, land reform, welfare state ideas (Directive Principles) Hindusthan Free State National cohesion + formal secularism; not adopted but influenced debates on identity The 1950 Constitution synthesized diverse ideas — liberal rights, economic justice, decentralisation, and cultural pluralism — though not always in their fullest or radical form. Conclusion: The Prehistory of the Republic India’s road to constitutional democracy was not linear. These early drafts: Captured ideological ferment and competing futures Anticipated modern debates on federalism, rights, secularism, and state power Reflected a rich democratic imagination even under colonialism Though not adopted wholesale, these documents deeply influenced the spirit and substance of India’s final Constitution—testament to the pluralistic and contested origins of Indian republicanism. MiG-21: End of an Era Historical Significance India procured over 700 MiG-21 fighter aircraft since the 1960s. Originally from the Soviet Union, many units were domestically produced by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). Served as the backbone of the IAF’s combat fleet for over 5 decades. Relevance : GS 3(Defence , Internal Security) Operational Use & Combat Record Participated in multiple wars: 1971 India-Pakistan War Kargil Conflict (1999) Balakot Airstrikes (2019) – then Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman shot down a Pakistani F-16 using a MiG-21 Bison, before being shot down himself. Accidents & Safety Concerns Metric Value Total MiG-21 variants inducted 700 Pilots killed in crashes 170 Civilians killed in accidents 40 Common nickname “Flying Coffin” due to high crash rate  The MiG-21’s prolonged service and aging design made it a liability despite mid-life upgrades. Current Status Two squadrons remain (36 aircraft): 23 Squadron “Panthers” No. 3 Squadron “Cobras” Both stationed at Nal Airbase, Rajasthan. Future Impact After phasing out MiG-21, IAF’s squadron strength will drop to 29 (against the sanctioned strength of 42). This could affect IAF’s full-spectrum deterrence unless new aircraft are inducted swiftly (e.g., Tejas Mk-1A, Rafale, or future AMCA). Apache AH-64E Induction: A Major Leap for Indian Army Recent Induction On July 23, 2025, Indian Army received first batch of 3 Apache AH-64E helicopters from the U.S. at Hindon Airbase. Induction conducted under Joint Receipt Inspection Protocol before final deployment. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security , Defence ) Deployment Plans Will be deployed by Army Aviation Corps in Jodhpur. Focus on Western Front (Pakistan border) and high-altitude warfare (e.g., Ladakh, Siachen). Strategic Advantages Capability Details Firepower Equipped with Hellfire missiles, Hydra rockets, and 30mm M230 chain gun Avionics Advanced sensors, radar, night-vision, and electronic warfare capabilities Terrain Versatility Optimised for high-altitude and all-weather combat operations AI/ISR Integration Supports network-centric warfare and real-time battlefield visibility The Apache is a combat-proven platform, extensively used in Iraq, Afghanistan, and global theatres. Modernisation Push India signed a deal in 2020 for 6 Apache helicopters exclusively for the Army (separate from IAF’s 22 Apaches). Apache marks the first heavy-attack helicopter induction for Indian Army aviation. Strategic Context Boosts independent offensive strike capability for Army, especially in: Anti-armor operations Close air support Border skirmishes with China and Pakistan Comparative Force Modernisation Feature MiG-21 Apache AH-64E Entry into Service 1963 2025 (Indian Army) Role Supersonic fighter aircraft Heavy attack helicopter Manufacturer Mikoyan-Gurevich (USSR), HAL Boeing (USA) Retirement Status Phasing out Just inducted Technological Status Obsolete State-of-the-art Strategic Implications for India IAF Combat Readiness Challenges Squadron strength shrinking to 29 vs. required 42. Urgency to expedite Tejas Mk-1A and Rafale deliveries. Risks during a two-front conflict scenario. Army Air Power Autonomy Apache enhances Army’s strike power without relying on IAF. Boosts capability in mountain warfare and border conflicts. Strengthens India’s response posture in Western and Northern theatres. Indigenisation vs. Imports While Apaches are imported, Indian push for Atmanirbhar Bharat continues with HAL’s Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) and Rudra. Balanced approach needed: Strategic imports + indigenous development. Conclusion The MiG-21 phase-out and Apache induction together represent a generational shift in Indian military aviation: A legacy platform exits after decades of both glory and tragedy. A modern, lethal system enters, enabling new operational doctrines for the Army. These developments reflect India’s broader military modernisation drive — but also highlight critical gaps (especially in IAF’s force levels) that must be addressed swiftly to maintain credible deterrence. Systemic Failure in Ensuring Safety of Sewer Workers Over 90% of sewer-related deaths in India (2022–23) occurred without the use of any safety gear, reflecting a grim failure of institutional safeguards and persistent hazardous manual cleaning practices despite legal bans on manual scavenging. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice) Data Snapshot: Scale of the Problem Metric Value Total hazardous cleaning deaths analysed 54 deaths Time Period Covered 2022–2023 Districts Covered 17 districts States/UTs Covered 8 Total deaths (govt. data) 150 deaths Deaths without any safety gear 49 out of 54 (90.7%) Deaths with minimal PPE (gloves/gumboots) 5 cases Deaths where mechanical cleaning gear was used 2 cases only Deaths with safety training prior to work 1 case only Consent not taken before work 27 cases Consent taken but without counselling 18 cases   Structural & Legal Context Legal Provisions Manual Scavenging is outlawed under: Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013 Hazardous cleaning without safety gear is illegal under: Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers Rules, 2013 The MS Rules, 2013 require: Protective equipment Mechanised tools Safety training Consent and risk communication Institutional Lapses: Social Audit Insights 1. PPE Availability & Equipment Readiness In 47 of 54 deaths, no mechanized equipment or safety gear was available. Only two instances reported presence of safety equipment. Only one case showed safety training was provided. In 45 cases, concerned agencies had no equipment readiness. Reflects administrative negligence and token compliance with safety norms. 2. Consent & Worker Awareness No consent in 27 cases. In 18 cases where written consent was taken, no counselling on risks was provided. Indicates uninformed and coerced participation in hazardous work. 3. Hiring Patterns: Exploitative Structures Hiring Type No. of Cases Personally/Individually contracted 38 Government agency employed 5 Public Sector Unit but subcontracted to private 3 Shows rampant outsourcing and informalisation, diluting accountability. 4. Post-Death Response: Poor Awareness Efforts Awareness drives conducted only in 7 deaths (Chennai, Kancheepuram, Satara). Indicates reactive rather than preventive approach by authorities. Policy Update: The NAMASTE Scheme (2023) Objective: Eliminate hazardous sewer/septic tank cleaning and ensure dignity and safety for sanitation workers. Progress (as of July 2025): Metric Value Workers identified under NAMASTE 84,902 States/UTs covered 36 Provided with PPE kits/safety gear ~42,000 (just over 50%) Positive start but coverage is still halfway, training and mechanisation lag behind. Declarations vs. Ground Reality Govt. claim: Manual scavenging is eliminated. Reality: The same deaths due to manual cleaning of sewers without safety gear indicate persistence of de facto manual scavenging. Mismatch between legal abolition and lived experiences. Recommendations Legal & Administrative Reforms Enforce penal liability on contractors and officials under the MS Rules, 2013. Mandate third-party safety audits of all urban local bodies. Institutional Accountability Make mechanisation mandatory across all ULBs (urban local bodies). Maintain publicly accessible real-time dashboards for death tracking and equipment readiness. Worker-Centric Reforms Ensure full coverage of PPE kits + training under NAMASTE by 2026. Provide life insurance, health cover, and legal aid to families of victims. Broader Implications Social Justice Deficit: Marginalised communities, especially Dalits, continue to bear the brunt of sewer deaths. Policy-Implementation Gap: Repeated declarations of ending manual scavenging ring hollow unless backed by institutional transformation and mechanisation. India’s Urban Shame: In a Smart Cities and Swachh Bharat era, manual sewer deaths are a stark contradiction to urban development claims. Conclusion Despite strong laws and public schemes like NAMASTE, manual sewer cleaning remains deadly due to: Institutional apathy Informalisation of labour Weak enforcement of safety protocols Poor state capacity in local bodies The way forward lies not just in legal bans, but in mechanisation, accountability, and dignity for sanitation workers. Until then, the phrase “manual scavenging has been eliminated” will remain a bureaucratic illusion. Urban India 2030–2050: A Call for Action Key Highlights of the Report Prepared by: World Bank in collaboration with Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA). Title: Towards Resilient and Prosperous Cities in India. Main Forecasts: By 2050, India’s urban population to reach 951 million. By 2030, cities to generate 70% of all new employment. Estimated investment needed: $2.4 trillion by 2050 to make cities climate-resilient. If cities don’t adapt, annual flood-related losses may reach: $5 billion by 2030 $30 billion by 2050 Relevance : GS 1(Society ) , GS 2(Social Issues) Urban Resilience Challenges 1. Rising Urban Climate Risks Urban India faces two major shocks: Flooding Extreme heat Study of 10 major Indian cities (1983–2016) shows: 71% increase in dangerous heat events. Urban Heat Island Effect: Cities get hotter at night due to concrete and asphalt trapping heat. 2. Concrete Urbanization Worsens Flooding Increased construction limits rainwater absorption. Cities growing in flood-prone areas without risk adaptation. Heat-related deaths may exceed 3 lakh per year by 2050 if unaddressed. Governance & 74th Constitutional Amendment Issues 74th Amendment (1992): Provided autonomy to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). Problem: Many states have not fully implemented it. Cities with greater decision-making autonomy have: Mobilized more resources. Monetized assets better. Shown higher accountability. World Bank recommends devolution of power to local governments for better urban resilience. Key Recommendations from the Report National & State-Level Reforms: Improve risk assessments. Mobilize private investments. Set urban resilience standards. Create a financing roadmap. Local Interventions: Urban greening, cool roofs, early/late work shifts to beat heat. Resilient infrastructure, particularly in high-risk flood zones. Financial Needs: $150 billion needed for flood resilience in next 15 years alone. Policy Implications for India Cities are economic growth engines but increasingly vulnerable. Climate adaptation must be mainstreamed in urban planning, especially in Tier-1 and Tier-2 cities. Implementation of the 74th Amendment is key to empower cities. Urban resilience needs to be viewed as an investment, not a cost.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 22 July 2025

Content : Efforts to Reduce Coal Import Dependency SASCI Scheme of the Ministry of Tourism Efforts to Reduce Coal Import Dependency Despite being the world’s second-largest coal producer, India imported 243.62 MT coal in FY 2024–25—highlighting strategic and sectoral gaps in domestic supply, especially for coking coal and coastal power plants. To reduce this dependency, the Government has launched policy reforms, production-linked incentives, and infrastructure upgrades, aiming for a 1.5 BT domestic production target by FY 2029–30 and significant foreign exchange savings. Relevance : GS 2(Governance),GS 3(Infrastructure – Energy Sector) Policy-Level Measures to Reduce Coal Import Dependency Enhanced Annual Contracted Quantity (ACQ): ACQ raised to 100% of normative requirement (from 90% for non-coastal & 70% for coastal plants), increasing domestic supply and reducing import dependence. Full PPA Fulfilment via Domestic Linkages (2022): Coal companies mandated to meet full Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) needs of existing linkage holders, irrespective of ACQ/trigger level—ensures steady domestic coal for power plants. Non-Regulated Sector (NRS) Linkage Reform (2020): Coking coal linkage tenure extended to 30 years under NRS linkage auction—boosts domestic usage and import substitution. Import Regulation via CIMS (2020): Import category revised from “Free” to “Free with compulsory registration” under the Coal Import Monitoring System (CIMS)—enables import tracking and policy response. Import Substitution Strategy (2020 onwards): Inter-Ministerial Committee constituted; Strategy Paper on Coal Import Substitution released—focus on replacing substitutable imports through domestic supply. Sector-Specific Interventions Steel Sector – New Coking Coal Policy (2024): Sub-sector created: “Steel using Coking Coal through WDO Route” under NRS auctions. Enhances washed coking coal availability; promotes domestic coking coal consumption. Coking Coal Mission: Launched to enhance domestic supply for steel sector—focus on exploration, production, washing infrastructure. Imported Coal-Based (ICB) Power Plants – SHAKTI Policy 2025: ICB plants now eligible for coal under Revised SHAKTI Policy, reducing import reliance. Also allows existing FSA holders to procure coal beyond ACQ under same policy—ensures domestic supply elasticity. Coal Production Boost: Strategic & Legal Reforms Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2021: Captive coal mine owners (non-atomic) allowed to sell up to 50% of their production in open market after end-use needs are met. Commercial Coal Mining (2020 onwards): Revenue-sharing model with rebates for early production (50%) Rebates also for coal gasification/liquefaction 100% FDI allowed via automatic route Transparent bidding & liberal terms (no usage restriction, low upfront fees) Single Window Clearance + Project Management Unit (PMU): Fast-tracks environmental and statutory approvals for operationalizing coal blocks. Company-Level Steps to Enhance Domestic Production Coal India Ltd (CIL): Tech Adoption in UG mines: Continuous Miners (CMs), Longwall (LW), Highwall (HW) OC mines: High-capacity HEMM, Surface Miners, Excavators, Dumpers Digital Mining Pilots in 7 mega mines Singareni Collieries Co. Ltd (SCCL): Focus on permissions & infrastructure (CHPs, Crushers, Weigh Bins) for faster production & evacuation. Impact Assessment Import Reduction (FY24–25): Coal Imports: FY 2023–24: 264.53 MT FY 2024–25: 243.62 MT Reduction: 20.91 MT Forex Savings: ₹60,681.67 Crores in FY 2024–25 Current Import Share: Most coal demand met indigenously; imports limited to non-substitutable or essential grades (e.g., low ash coking coal). Future Vision & Infrastructure Coal Logistic Plan & Policy (Feb 2024): Focus: Build infrastructure for efficient coal evacuation. Goal: Handle projected 1.5 Billion Tonnes domestic production target by FY 2029–30 Conclusion: A Shift Toward Coal Aatmanirbharta India is executing a multi-pronged strategy: Policy flexibility (ACQ/PPA/auction reforms) Technological modernization (UG/OC mines) Legal enablement (MMDR 2021, SHAKTI 2025) Infrastructure alignment (evacuation planning) Target: Minimize non-essential coal imports and maximize self-reliance by FY 2030. SASCI Scheme of the Ministry of Tourism Objective & Strategic Vision Purpose: Transform iconic Indian tourist destinations into globally competitive tourism hubs by supporting capital investment projects by State Governments. Core Goal: Enhance end-to-end tourist experience, enable sustainable development, and drive brand India tourism internationally. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) , GS 3(Tourism – Economic Development) Key Features of the SASCI Scheme Funding & Implementation: Central financial support under SASCI scheme until 31st March 2026. Implementation responsibility lies with State Governments. Projects must be completed within 2 years of sanction. Selection Criteria for Projects: Evaluated on parameters like: Connectivity Tourism ecosystem Carrying capacity Sustainability (ecological + operational) Marketing plans Impact & value creation Value Chain Approach: Strengthening all stages—from infrastructure, tourist experience, capacity building to branding and maintenance. Promotional Strategy Ministry actively promotes SASCI projects and Indian tourism destinations: Through social media, web platforms, global expos, and domestic outreach. Data Snapshot: FY 2024–25 SASCI Sanctions Total Projects Sanctioned: 36 Total Sanctioned Cost: ₹3,295.76 crore Project Range: From eco-tourism and spiritual circuits to MICE infrastructure, underwater museums, and urban heritage redevelopment. State-Wise Notable Projects (Examples) State Iconic Project Sanctioned Cost (₹ Cr) Uttarakhand Rishikesh Rafting Base Station 100.00 Tamil Nadu Nandavanam Heritage Park, Mammallapuram 99.67 Karnataka Roerich & Devika Rani Cultural Hub, Bengaluru 99.17 Maharashtra INS-Guldar Underwater Museum, Sindhudurg 46.91 Odisha Development of Hirakund and Satkosia (2 projects) 199.89 (Combined) Assam Assam State Zoo & Rang Ghar, Sivasagar 191.88 (Combined) Sikkim Bhaleydhunga Skywalk & Nathula Border Experience 165.56 (Combined) Goa Shivaji Museum, Ponda & Townsquare, Porvorim 188.20 (Combined) Madhya Pradesh Orchha Medieval Splendour & Bhopal MICE Centre 199.30 (Combined) Telangana Ramappa Circuit & Somasilla Spiritual Retreat 141.84 (Combined) Thematic Clusters (Across India) Eco-Tourism & Lakes: Ashtamudi (Kerala), Umiam Lake (Meghalaya), Tilaiyya (Jharkhand), Loktak (Manipur) Spiritual & Cultural Tourism: Bateshwar (UP), Shrawasti (Buddhist Circuit, UP), Bhaghat Singh Heritage Street (Punjab) Adventure & Nature: Pasighat (Arunachal), Nathula Border (Sikkim), Garden of Flowers (TN) MICE & Convention Hubs: Bhopal, Mawkhanu (Meghalaya), Dhordo (Gujarat), Raipur (Chhattisgarh) Heritage Conservation: Gandikota (AP), Jalmahal & Amber (Rajasthan), Rang Ghar (Assam) Strategic Outcomes Expected Tourism-led job creation in Tier-2/3 cities and rural belts. Improved global competitiveness of India’s tourism offering. Strengthened State-Centre tourism federalism. Increased tourist footfall, domestic and international. Boost to India’s cultural diplomacy and soft power. Looking Ahead: Targets & Alignment Timeline Alignment: Schemes align with India’s Vision @2047 tourism goals & G20 heritage tourism push. Convergence Potential: SASCI could align with: Swadesh Darshan 2.0 Dekho Apna Desh PM Gati Shakti (for connectivity support)

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 22 July 2025

Content : The threat to India’s ‘great power’ status At FTA’s heart, the promise of Global Capacity Centres The threat to India’s ‘great power’ status Core Argument India’s rise as a great power depends on a multipolar world order. U.S.-Israel confrontation with Iran risks cementing U.S.-led unipolarity in West Asia, undermining India’s strategic autonomy, energy security, and regional influence. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : How does India’s commitment to a multipolar world shape its responses to U.S. foreign policy in West Asia? Analyse with reference to Iran. (250 words) Key Themes and Arguments 1. Multipolarity vs Unipolarity India champions multipolarity, viewing U.S.-led unipolarity as antithetical to its great power ambitions. Delhi aligns with Russia and China on this foundational goal, even as it partners with the U.S. on other fronts. U.S. regime-change operations (e.g., in Iran or Syria) reinforce unipolar dominance, harming India’s strategic flexibility. 2. Geopolitical Risks of an Iran War A U.S.-Israel war against Iran may: Trigger regime change or Balkanisation of Iran. Leave no significant non-U.S.-aligned state in West Asia. Increase India’s energy vulnerability, as supplies would be solely from U.S.-dependent Gulf monarchies. Shrink India’s negotiating space with Gulf, Israel, and alternate powers. 3. Strategic Autonomy Eroded India’s balanced diplomacy — engaging Iran, Syria, Russia — will weaken if Iran is overthrown. Post-Assad Syria has already reduced India’s influence; Iran’s fall would worsen it. 4. Growing Tensions with the West Trump sanctions (e.g., 100% secondary sanctions on Russian oil buyers) show Western impatience with India’s autonomy. U.K. media branding India an “enemy” over defence ties with Russia signals deeper ideological discord. 5. India’s Options India must use its leverage to urge restraint on Iran from U.S.: Highlight how instability harms U.S. Indo-Pacific strategy (India weakened vs China). Offer quid pro quo via influence on Russia/Ukraine stance. Urge the U.S. to accept multipolarity as a more stable alternative than endless great power wars. India’s Dilemma Strategic alignment with U.S. (countering China) vs ideological commitment to multipolarity. India’s continued refusal to isolate Russia and engagement with Iran shows its resistance to bloc politics. Additional Dimensions: Energy Security & Strategic Autonomy Iran has historically been a vital component of India’s crude oil diversification strategy. Post-2019 U.S. sanctions forced India to halt Iranian imports, increasing reliance on Gulf allies under U.S. influence. Strategic autonomy in energy policy is threatened if all suppliers fall under one power bloc. Chabahar Port & INSTC Implications Destabilization in Iran would derail India’s investment and strategic access via Chabahar Port, a critical node in the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC). Weakening Iran undermines connectivity to Central Asia and Russia — vital for India’s Eurasian strategy. Balancing West Asian Power Blocs India’s unique diplomatic capital in West Asia stems from engaging all regional powers — Israel, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE. Removal of Iran would eliminate that balance, pushing India into narrower strategic options and loss of leverage. Defense & Technology Partnerships Indian defense diversification (e.g. S-400s from Russia, naval platforms from Iran) is a hedge against dependency on U.S./Western tech. A West Asia fully aligned with U.S. could impact India’s space, missile, and cyber cooperation with non-Western partners. Global South Leadership Role Championing multipolarity enhances India’s credibility among Global South nations wary of U.S. dominance. Taking a principled stand on Iran and resisting bloc alignment signals India’s independent leadership in shaping equitable global governance. Conclusion: India’s vision of multipolarity is fundamentally at odds with U.S.-led unipolarity, making its alignment with Western bloc interests on Iran or West Asia increasingly unlikely. Preserving regional balance and engaging diverse partners like Iran is not just economic strategy but a core component of India’s rise as an independent global pole. At FTA’s heart, the promise of Global Capacity Centres Context & Significance India–U.K. FTA is nearing finalisation, with Global Capability Centres (GCCs) identified as a key pillar. GCCs are evolving from back-office hubs to strategic centres for innovation, analytics, R&D, cybersecurity, and emerging tech. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : “Global Capability Centres (GCCs) represent a new frontier in India–U.K. economic relations.” Discuss the role of the proposed India-U.K. Free Trade Agreement in unlocking the full potential of GCCs. (250 words) India’s GCC Advantage 1,500+ GCCs in India employ ~1.9 million people. India is the global leader in GCC expansion, offering cost efficiency, digital talent, and scalability. Government (MeitY-led panel) and states (e.g., U.P. GCC conclave) actively promoting a National GCC Framework. U.K.’s Strategic Interests Seeks post-Brexit economic diversification via services trade. British firms increasingly view India as a tech & innovation partner. U.K. gains access to one of the fastest-growing digital economies through the FTA. FTA as a Catalyst for GCC Growth Can help remove double taxation, data localisation, and standards misalignment. Enables cross-border mobility of professionals, IP protection, and digital governance harmonisation. Strengthens innovation corridors and co-development of next-gen tech. Institutional & Knowledge Partnerships UKIBC consultations identified governance reforms and global best practices to shape India’s GCC trajectory. National vs State GCC policies debate raised: Coordination vs healthy competition. Highlighted need for talent diversity and managing functional diversity of GCCs (finance, legal, analytics, etc.). Economic Diplomacy & GCCs GCCs as a soft power tool of India’s economic diplomacy. FTA-linked diplomacy can help India: Climb the global value chain Improve R&D inflows and outsourcing sophistication Position itself as a high-value service economy Additional Dimensions : 1. Skill Development & Education Alignment Role of National Education Policy (NEP) and Skill India in aligning talent for GCCs. UK–India higher education partnerships (e.g., Twinning programmes, AI research) can supply talent. 2. ESG & DEI (Diversity, Equity, Inclusion) GCCs increasingly adopt global ESG and DEI norms—UK partnership could accelerate social standards. 3. Cybersecurity and Data Sovereignty GCCs in India are handling sensitive financial & tech data—FTA must address mutual data governance trust. 4. Start-up and SME integration Scope for linking UK tech start-ups with Indian GCCs for R&D scaling and piloting innovations. Conclusion The India–U.K. FTA presents a historic opportunity to redefine bilateral economic ties by strengthening the GCC ecosystem — the nerve centre of services trade, innovation, and talent. A well-calibrated agreement, addressing regulatory frictions and mobility barriers, can transform GCCs into the foundation of a resilient, knowledge-based corridor between two global service powerhouses.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 22 July 2025

Content Dhankhar Submits His Resignation to President What is the Legal Status of Right to Vote? What Have Courts Ruled with Respect to AI and Copyright? NISAR Mission Water, Energy Demand Spotlights Risk of Human-Induced Quakes ICMR Pushes Diagnostics Decentralisation Across States Dhankhar submits his resignation to President Basic Constitutional Context Date of Resignation: July 22, 2025 Reason: Health concerns Constitutional Provision Used: Article 67(a) – resignation by writing addressed to the President Remaining Term: Approximately 2 years (elected in August 2022) Relevance : GS 2(Polity and Constitution ) Constitutional Role and Powers of the Vice-President Article 63: There shall be a Vice-President of India Article 64: Vice-President acts as the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha Presiding Functions: Maintains order, decides points of order, allows interventions, and refers bills to committees Tie-Breaking Role: Has a casting vote in case of tie in Rajya Sabha No executive powers, unlike the President Election, Term, and Resignation Provisions Article 66: Elected by members of both Houses of Parliament through single transferable vote, secret ballot Term: 5 years (but eligible for re-election) Article 67(a): Resignation addressed to the President Article 68(1): Election to fill vacancy must be held within 6 months Newly elected VP gets full 5-year term, not remainder Implications for Rajya Sabha Functioning Temporary vacuum in presiding leadership of Rajya Sabha Deputy Chairman (under Article 90) or senior member may preside during this interim Impacts proceedings, especially during contentious debates or legislative deadlocks Vice-President plays a crucial role in managing disruptions, procedural motions, and parliamentary etiquette What is the legal status of right to vote? Types of Rights in Indian Constitutional Scheme Natural Rights: Inherent, inalienable; not codified E.g., Right to life and liberty May be interpreted into Fundamental Rights, but not directly enforceable Fundamental Rights (Part III): Guaranteed under the Constitution (Articles 12–35) Enforceable via Article 32 (Supreme Court) and Article 226 (High Courts) State cannot violate them through ordinary legislation Constitutional Rights: Found outside Part III, but still part of the Constitution E.g., Right to property (Article 300A), right to vote (under Article 326), right to free trade (Article 301) Enforced through enabling statutes and Article 226 Not on par with fundamental rights in protection Statutory Rights: Provided through ordinary legislation Can be created, limited, or taken away by Parliament or State legislatures E.g., Right to work (MGNREGA), right to food (NFSA), right to vote (currently) Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Constitution ) What Does Article 326 Say? Article 326 of the Constitution: Provides for universal adult suffrage in Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections Right to vote given to every citizen above 18 years, not otherwise disqualified Actual implementation is through statutory laws — primarily the Representation of the People Act, 1951 What is Section 62 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951? Section 62(1): Every person whose name is in the electoral roll is entitled to vote Section 62(2): No person shall vote in more than one constituency Section 62(5): Disqualifies a person from voting if in prison, except under preventive detention This section has been controversial for denying voting rights to undertrial prisoners What Have Courts Said on Right to Vote? Case Year Court’s View N.P. Ponnuswami 1952 Right to vote is a statutory right Jyoti Basu 1982 Not a fundamental or common law right — purely statutory PUCL v. Union of India 2003 Right to vote is at least a constitutional right (Justice Reddy’s opinion) Kuldip Nayar 2006 Constitution Bench reaffirms statutory nature of voting Raj Bala case 2015 Division Bench calls it a constitutional right (based on PUCL) Anoop Baranwal case 2023 Majority reiterates: right to vote is only a statutory right Justice Ajay Rastogi’s Partial Dissent (Anoop Baranwal, 2023) Asserted that: Right to vote expresses political choice, which is part of Article 19(1)(a) – freedom of expression Voting is intrinsic to free and fair elections, part of Basic Structure Though operationalized by statutes, the right originates from Article 326 Conclusion: Supreme Court should consider elevating right to vote to a constitutional right in spirit, if not form What have courts ruled with respect to AI and copyright? Can AI Models Use Copyrighted Content for Training? Training AI models involves large-scale ingestion of data from across the internet, including: Public domain content (free to use) Copyrighted material, which raises legal and ethical concerns The key legal question: Does using copyrighted data for training constitute copyright infringement? Fair use doctrine (U.S.) and text and data mining exceptions (EU, U.K.) are invoked to justify such use But unauthorised data scraping or pirated content remains a grey area with potential liability Relevance : GS 3(IPR , AI Technology) Key U.S. Court Judgments (2025) Thomson Reuters v. Ross Intelligence Ruled that AI training can be transformative and qualify for fair use Recognised the right to learn from copyrighted works as part of AI development Bartz v. Anthropic Judge William Alsup ruled: Training using copyrighted works was transformative (like human learning) BUT, use of pirated content requires trial – fair use does not cover illegal sourcing Kadrey v. Meta Judge Vince Chhabria ruled in Meta’s favour: Plaintiffs failed to prove market harm Considered Meta’s AI use of copyrighted works under fair use Monetization of AI models was acknowledged but not penalised under current law Legal Distinction: Public Domain vs Copyrighted Content Criteria Public Domain Copyrighted Material Usage by AI Freely allowed Needs permission or fair use defence Ownership Issues No ownership Owned by author/creator Legal Risks None Possible infringement, market dilution Fair Use Defence Needed? No Yes, if used without licence Implications for India’s IP Framework Copyright Act, 1957: Section 14: Grants exclusive rights to reproduce, adapt, and communicate work Section 52: Lists “fair dealing” exceptions (not identical to U.S. “fair use”) No AI-specific copyright provisions, but courts may interpret existing law to cover AI training India recognises legal persons (e.g. companies) as authors in certain IP cases, but AI-generated content’s authorship remains unclear Enforcement includes civil and criminal remedies for infringement, including digital piracy ANI vs OpenAI case may shape India’s policy stance on AI and copyright soon Global Regulatory Ambiguity No harmonised international framework yet on AI and IP Differences in interpretation across jurisdictions (U.S., EU, India, U.K.) Key issues lacking clarity: Who owns AI-generated content? Can data mining for AI be exempt from infringement? Does AI output qualify as “original work” under IP law? NISAR Mission What is NISAR? NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) is the first dual-frequency Earth Observation satellite jointly developed by NASA and ISRO. Mass: 2,392 kg | Orbit: 743 km Sun-synchronous | Inclination: 98.4° Launch Vehicle: GSLV-F16 | Launch Site: Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota | Launch Date: July 30, 2025, at 5:40 p.m. Relevance : GS 3(Space , Science and Technology) Key Technological Features Dual-Frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR): NASA’s L-band + ISRO’s S-band — a global first. Unfoldable Mesh Antenna: 12-meter NASA-built antenna deployed on ISRO’s I3K bus. High Spatial Resolution & Wide Swathe: 242 km wide swathe using SweepSAR technology. All-weather, Day-Night Imaging with 12-day repeat cycles. Applications of NISAR Geophysical Monitoring: Detects subtle ground deformation (earthquakes, landslides, volcanoes). Ice sheet dynamics (Himalayas, Arctic, Antarctic). EnvironmentalStudies: Vegetation structure and biomass mapping. Soil moisture dynamics, forest degradation. Disaster Management: Real-time support for floods, cyclones, earthquakes. Supports NDMA and UN-SPIDER frameworks. Strategic Monitoring: Ship movement, sea ice classification, shoreline erosion. India–US Space Collaboration Milestone Institutional Partners: NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and ISRO. Marks over a decade of scientific collaboration — a major component of India–US strategic tech partnership. Supports Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) goals for disaster resilience and space domain awareness in Indo-Pacific. Linkages with National Missions and Goals Supports: National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP). National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) — via glacier and water resource monitoring. Digital India (geospatial mapping). PM Gati Shakti and Natural Resource Management using satellite data. Strategic & Policy Significance Positions India as a key player in global Earth observation infrastructure. Enhances India’s soft power in global science diplomacy. Reinforces India’s role in international climate action monitoring (e.g. under Paris Agreement, Global Methane Pledge). Forward Outlook Data Sharing & Utilization Framework must be defined: Between ISRO, Indian ministries (MoEFCC, Jal Shakti, Agriculture), and international partners. Integration with public systems: Crop insurance, early warning systems, urban planning. Could shape future joint missions in deep space, asteroid mining, and lunar exploration under Artemis framework. Water, energy demand spotlights risk of human-induced quakes What Are Human-Induced Earthquakes? Definition: Seismic activity caused directly or indirectly by human interventions in Earth’s crust. Global Trend: Over 700 human-induced earthquakes have been recorded in the last 150 years (Seismological Research Letters, 2017). Increasing frequency due to growing infrastructural and energy activities. Relevance : GS 1(Geography),GS 3(Infrastructure) Causes of Human-Induced Earthquakes A. Resource Extraction Groundwater Extraction: Alters subsurface pressure and mass balance. Delhi-NCR: Correlation between declining water tables (2003–2012) and rise in seismic activity (Scientific Reports, 2021). Mining and Oil/Gas Extraction: Induces stress release and subsurface shifts. Fracking (Hydraulic Fracturing): Injecting fluids deep underground can induce tremors. India has 56 fracking sites across six States. B. Infrastructure Projects Large Dams: Change in surface water load can modulate crustal stresses. Koyna (1967): 6.3 magnitude quake linked to dam-induced seismicity. Mullaperiyar (Kerala): Elevated seismic activity recorded. Tall Buildings/Coastal Structures: Add static pressure on local faults, especially in seismically active regions. Earthquake-Prone Zones in India Delhi-NCR: Located in Seismic Zone IV; vulnerable due to multiple fault lines and high groundwater stress. Gangetic Plains: Fast-depleting water tables and soft alluvial soil amplify seismic vulnerability. Himalayan Belt: Prone to natural and induced quakes due to tectonic activity. Western Ghats (Sahyadri): Seismicity triggered by heavy rainfall altering surface load. Role of Climate Change Melting Glaciers: Alters crustal equilibrium (e.g., Antarctica, Greenland). Rainfall Pattern Shifts: Sudden heavy rainfall increases crustal stress. Longer droughts can reactivate old faultlines (e.g., California, 2014). Regulatory and Scientific Measures Current Issues in India: Lack of regulation for dam loading/unloading compared to U.S. standards. Minimal seismic evaluation prior to large hydropower projects. Weak seismic instrumentation networks in rural and high-risk zones. Recommended Steps: Regulate dam operations in seismic zones. Scientific groundwater extraction linked to recharge capacity. Strengthen real-time seismic monitoring in stress zones (e.g., Palghar, NCR). Integrate seismic risk into urban and energy planning. Policy and Planning Disaster Management Plans (NDMA): Must account for induced seismicity from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Energy Policy: Shift towards low-impact renewables (solar/wind) to reduce seismic risks from hydropower and fossil extraction. Urban Policy: Enforce seismic zoning and structural audits for buildings in Zones III–V. Climate Adaptation Strategies: Include geological risk assessments for water and agriculture planning. Key Takeaways Human activities do not cause earthquakes independently, but they can modulate or accelerate tectonic processes, especially in fault-prone or deforming zones. Earthquake risk is multi-dimensional, tied to hydrology, infrastructure, climate, and energy demand. Need for multi-agency coordination, scientific regulation, and climate-informed development planning. ICMR Pushes Diagnostics Decentralisation Across States Strengthening Health Federalism through Decentralised Diagnostics Empowers sub-centres and PHCs, the lowest tier in health infrastructure. Aligns with Entry 6, State List (health as a State Subject). Reflects cooperative federalism, promoting uniform standards via central guidance and state-level execution. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Social Issues , Governance) Advancing the Right to Health (Article 21) Improved diagnostics uphold the Right to Life, as interpreted by the Supreme Court. Supports early detection and treatment, especially in rural areas. Reinforces Paschim Banga Khet Mazdoor Samity v. State of West Bengal (1996)—State duty to provide timely medical care. Directive Principles in Action Implements Articles 39(e), 42 & 47: State’s duty to ensure health and well-being. Focus on preventive healthcare (e.g., early detection of TB, thalassemia, sickle cell). Prioritises tribal and underserved populations, fulfilling social justice objectives. Science-Led Policy via Public Institutions ICMR’s role shows institutionalised, evidence-driven decision-making. Reflects synergy between scientific advice and policy execution, ensuring relevance and credibility. Enhances democratic governance by bridging research and service delivery. Centre-State Executive Coordination Aligns central disease-control missions (e.g., TB Elimination Program) with state-run PHCs. Demands effective resource-sharing and decentralised planning. A case of executive federalism functioning in practice. Governance Reform & Local Accountability Testing at local level reduces delays and strengthens bottom-up accountability. Improves transparency and service delivery metrics. Enables community-based monitoring, key to democratic deepening at grassroots. Reducing the Urban–Rural Health Divide Expands diagnostic equity, narrowing urban–rural healthcare gaps. Serves as a step toward universal health coverage, aligned with SDG 3 and constitutional equality principles. Promotes inclusive governance, especially for tribal districts.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 July 2025

Content India’s UPI Revolution PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana India’s UPI Revolution What is UPI? Unified Payments Interface (UPI) launched in 2016 by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). Integrates multiple bank accounts into a single mobile interface. Enables instant fund transfers, merchant payments, utility bill payments, and peer-to-peer transfers. Designed as an open, real-time, low-cost and interoperable system accessible to all. Relevance : GS 3(Economy -Banking , Digital Infrastructure) India: Global Leader in Fast Payments As per IMF’s July 2025 report, India is the world’s foremost country in fast digital payments. India accounts for nearly 50 percent of global real-time payment transactions. UPI has overtaken global giants like Visa in daily transaction volume: UPI: 640+ million transactions per day. Visa: 639 million transactions per day. UPI in Figures (June 2025) Total Transactions: 18.39 billion (32 percent YoY growth). Transaction Value: ₹24.03 lakh crore. Share in India’s digital transactions: 85 percent. Share in global real-time digital transactions: nearly 50 percent. Number of users: 491 million individuals. Number of merchants onboarded: 65 million. Number of integrated banks: 675. UPI’s Global Expansion UPI is live in seven countries: UAE, Singapore, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, France, Mauritius. France marks UPI’s entry into Europe, enabling seamless transactions for Indian travelers. India is pushing for UPI standardization within the expanded BRICS bloc to enhance cross-border remittances and financial inclusion. UPI and Interoperability UPI introduced true interoperability in digital payments—users can transact across different apps and banks. Pre-UPI systems were closed-loop (e.g., limited to a single wallet or bank). UPI’s open architecture allowed third–party apps (like PhonePe, Google Pay, Paytm) to thrive on a common backbone. Benefits of interoperability: Freedom of choice for users. Competitive innovation among service providers. Seamless, frictionless experience. Impact on Daily Life Instant 24×7 payments from mobile phones—no need for cash or bank visits. One app can manage multiple bank accounts. Payments secured via two-factor authentication without disclosing sensitive details. UPI ID ensures privacy, reducing data vulnerability. QR code-based payments at street vendors, kirana stores, delivery points. Replaces cash-on-delivery hassles in online commerce. Utility bills, donations, mobile recharges—all accessible via one platform. In-app grievance redressal mechanisms offer faster resolution. Foundational Drivers of UPI’s Success 1. Jan Dhan Yojana Launched in 2014 to promote financial inclusion. As of July 2025, 55.83 crore accounts opened. Enabled direct benefit transfers (DBTs) and formal savings. 2. Aadhaar and Digital Identity Aadhaar offers biometric-based unique identification. Over 142 crore Aadhaar cards issued by June 2025. Integral for KYC, subsidy delivery, and authentication for UPI accounts. 3. Connectivity and Digital Infrastructure Rapid 5G rollout with 4.74 lakh base stations (2025). Mobile subscriber base reached 116 crore. Drastic fall in data cost from ₹308/GB (2014) to ₹9.34/GB (2022). Affordable smartphones and internet access catalyzed digital adoption. Why UPI is a Global Model Developed as a part of India’s public digital infrastructure (India Stack). Open-source, scalable, and innovation-friendly. Contrasts with private-dominated payment systems in the West. Demonstrates how state-led digital architecture can enable inclusion, competition, and efficiency. Conclusion UPI has transformed India from a cash-heavy to a digital-first economy within a decade. It is not merely a payment tool but a model of digital public good. Built on financial inclusion (Jan Dhan), identity (Aadhaar), and connectivity (mobile+data). Its global expansion signifies India’s emergence as a leader in fintech diplomacy. UPI has set the global standard for secure, real-time, inclusive digital payment systems. PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana Overview Approved: 16 July 2025 by Union Cabinet Duration: FY 2025–26 to FY 2030–31 (6 years) Annual Outlay: ₹24,000 crore Coverage: 100 low-performing agri-districts Target Beneficiaries: 1.7 crore farmers Nature: Not a new scheme, but convergence of existing 36 Central schemes across 11 Ministries, supplemented by State schemes and private partnerships. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture ),GS 2(Schemes) Objectives Increase agricultural productivity through targeted interventions. Promote crop diversification and sustainable practices. Expand irrigation infrastructure to improve water security. Enhance storage capacities at the panchayat/block level. Facilitate access to credit, both short and long-term, for farmers. District Selection Criteria Parameters: Low productivity, low cropping intensity, weak agri-credit disbursement. Geographic Equity: Minimum one district per state/UT. Proportional Distribution: Based on share in Net Cropped Area and operational holdings.   Design and Governance Framework District-Level Implementation District Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (DDKY) Samiti chaired by District Collector. Involves progressive farmers, agriculture officers, panchayats, and local stakeholders. Each district to prepare a District Agriculture & Allied Activities Plan, guided by: Agro-ecological conditions Local cropping patterns Sustainability priorities (e.g., organic farming, soil health, water use) Three-Tier Institutional Structure Level Role & Mechanism District DDKY Samitis for planning and coordination State State Steering Committees for inter-departmental synergy National Oversight teams under Union Ministers and Secretaries Central Nodal Officers: Assigned to each district for field monitoring and feedback. Knowledge and Technical Support NITI Aayog: Capacity building Performance tracking Strategic guidance Digital dashboard oversight Agricultural Universities: Technical support for district plans Farmer advisories and extension services Research-backed interventions Digital Infrastructure and Monitoring Mobile App for farmers: Multilingual Crop advisory, scheme details, grievance redressal Monitoring Dashboard: Tracks 117 Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) Provides real-time updates to Centre, States, and Districts District Ranking System: Encourages competitive federalism Rewards timely, efficient, inclusive implementation Convergence Model: A Replicable Strategy Inspired by Aspirational District Programme (ADP) model of targeted, data-driven convergence. Leverages existing schemes like: PM-KISAN, PMFBY, e-NAM, ATMA, RKVY, PMKSY, etc. Avoids fragmentation, reduces overlap, and enhances impact at the ground level. Focus Areas (Beyond Traditional Cropping) Fruits, vegetables, and horticulture Fisheries and aquaculture Beekeeping and honey clusters Animal husbandry and dairy Agroforestry and natural farming Expected Outcomes Improved yield and productivity across targeted regions. Enhanced local value chains and agri-processing opportunities. Resilient and climate-smart farming systems. Higher income and job creation in rural economy. Increased domestic agri-output, supporting Atmanirbhar Bharat. Timeline and Next Steps July 2025: Districts and nodal officers finalized. August 2025: Training and onboarding of implementing teams. October 2025 (Rabi Season): Ground rollout of district plans and convergence activities. Conclusion The PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana represents a bold systemic reform to revitalise Indian agriculture in lagging districts. With its emphasis on convergence, decentralised planning, institutional partnerships, and real-time monitoring, it has the potential to drive a second Green Revolution—this time led by equity, efficiency, and ecological sustainability. It is a clear step toward fulfilling the vision of “Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas” in the agricultural sector, and bridging regional disparities in rural prosperity

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 21 July 2025

Content India can reframe the Artificial Intelligence debate Temples of social justice The Soil of a Nation India can reframe the Artificial Intelligence debate Key Issues Raised Geopolitical AI fragmentation: US-UK rejected the 2025 Paris AI Declaration, while China supported it. Governments lag behind Big Tech in regulating and steering AI responsibly. Global South’s under-representation in key AI forums. Relevance : GS2 (International Relations) & GS3 (Science & Tech) – AI diplomacy, global governance, India’s digital leadership. Practice Question: India is uniquely positioned to democratise global AI governance. Discuss with reference to the upcoming AI Impact Summit and India’s digital public infrastructure model. (250 words) India’s Strategic Leverage Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): Aadhaar, UPI as inclusive tech models Democratic consultative edge: MyGov platform crowdsourced summit agenda Bridging power: India’s credibility with both Western and developing nations Five Actionable Ideas from India’s Experience Pledges + Scoreboard: Each stakeholder commits 1 AI goal (e.g. AI in rural education, health translation tools). Public tracking ensures accountability beyond optics. Front-row Seat for Global South: Push for inclusive participation in leadership photos and policy decisions. Propose “AI for Billions” Fund: Cloud credits, fellowships, multilingual data support. Global AI Safety Collaborative: Develop shared checklists, stress tests, and incident logs across nations. India’s institute can lead with an open-access evaluation kit. Middle Path on Regulation: Avoid extremes of US deregulation, EU rigidity, China’s state control. Draft a voluntary Frontier AI Code: red-team disclosure, compute transparency, accident hotline. Prevent AI Forum Fragmentation: Promote broad-based, non-aligned agenda. Bridge tensions between tech blocs (US-China) with constructive diplomacy. Value Addition: India’s Comparative Advantage Digital Public Goods Champion: Endorsed at G20, DPI model scalable to other nations Neutral Diplomatic Actor: Trusted by both the West and Global South Technological Depth + Political Will: IndiaStack, Bhashini, and National AI Mission already in play Possible Prelims Angle AI Safety Summit 2023 – hosted at Bletchley Park, UK MyGov platform – public engagement tool by MeitY Seoul Pledge – international commitment on safe frontier AI Temples of social justice Context Controversy in Tamil Nadu over use of temple surplus funds for building colleges. Raises key issues of religion, law, and social justice, particularly in South India. Relevance : GS1 (Indian Society) & GS2 (Governance, Polity) – Religion and law, temple reforms, social justice in South India. Practice Question: Temples have historically served both spiritual and social roles. Analyse how modern state regulation of temples in Tamil Nadu reflects a continuity of this tradition in advancing social justice. (250 words) Historical Legislative Framework 1817: Religious Endowments and Escheats Regulation by East India Company – first attempt to regulate temple funds. 1858: Queen Victoria’s Proclamation promised non-interference in religious practices post-1857 Mutiny. British Approach: No interference in core religious rituals. Regulation allowed over secular aspects like land, administration of endowments. Justice Party & Hindu Religious Endowments 1922: Justice Party introduces Bill No. 12 to regulate Hindu temple funds. 1925: Law enacted despite opposition—allowed diversion of surplus temple funds for secular welfare. Legacy Law: Tamil Nadu Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959: Section 36: Surplus temple funds can be diverted with Commissioner’s approval. Section 66: Funds can support universities/colleges teaching Hindu religion or temple architecture. Temples as Socio-Cultural Institutions Historically (e.g. Chola & Vijayanagara periods), temples were: Centres of learning and culture. Recipients of royal land and resource endowments. Inscriptions confirm their use for education and welfare purposes. Constitutional Validity The 1959 Act and its provisions have been upheld by courts. Use of surplus for education is legal and aligned with the original historical intent of temple use. Social Justice and Temple Reform Self-Respect Movement → pushed for state regulation of temples to: Fight casteism. Enable temple entry laws (1936, 1947). Enable appointment of non-Brahmin priests (e.g. TN, Kerala). State oversight is crucial to uphold: Anti-caste justice. Equitable use of public religious resources. Current Relevance As elections approach, political rhetoric may distort facts. Clarity on the legal-historical-social framework can prevent voter polarisation. Value Additions 1. Constitutional Backing Article 25(2)(a) empowers the State to regulate secular activities of religious institutions for reform and welfare. Justifies using temple funds for education, health, and social uplift within Hindu community. 2. Judicial Precedent Shirur Mutt Case (1954): Supreme Court drew a distinction between religious and secular activities. Held that management of temple funds falls under secular domain, allowing state regulation. 3. Historical Continuity Chola and Pandya eras: Temples ran Vedic schools, libraries, hospitals, and granaries. Shows continuity of using temple resources for both religious and secular welfare. 4. Colonial and Pre-Independence Roots 1817 Religious Endowment Act (British): First state entry into temple finance. 1922 & 1925 reforms: Enabled use of surplus temple income for Hindu education and welfare — long before 1959 Act. 5. HR&CE Act, 1959 Legal basis for current practice in Tamil Nadu. Allows use of surplus funds for: Hindu schools and hostels Orphanages, maternity centres, and annadanam Educational scholarships, pilgrimage aid 6. Social Justice Impact in Tamil Nadu Enabled temple entry for Dalits (1939 Madurai; 1947 across Tamil Nadu). Facilitated non-Brahmin priest appointments and inclusive temple administration. Funded hostels, Veda Pathashalas, and scholarships for Hindu SCs and OBCs. The Soil of a Nation Source : TIE Central Argument India needs a paradigm shift in agricultural policy — from indiscriminate use of fertilisers to tailored, science-based soil nutrition management — to enhance both crop yield and human nutrition. Context India has achieved food surplus status, becoming the world’s largest rice exporter in FY25 (202 MT). Despite this, malnutrition and undernutrition remain significant due to poor micronutrient content in crops. Current practices focus on caloric sufficiency, but not nutrient density, especially micronutrients like zinc, iron, and sulfur. Relevance: GS3 (Agriculture, Environment, Health) – Soil health, fertiliser reform, nutrition-sensitive farming. Practice Question: Despite food surplus, India suffers from hidden hunger due to poor soil health. Examine how a soil-first agricultural strategy can ensure nutritional security in India. (250 words) Core Issues Highlighted 1. Soil Nutrient Deficiency Crisis (2024 Status) Based on Soil Health Card Scheme (2024) data: Nutrient % Soils Low/Deficient Nitrogen (N) 25.2% Phosphorus (P) 45.5% Potassium (K) 11% Sulphur (S) 25.4% Zinc (Zn) 53.5% Boron (B) 41.5% Organic Carbon 71.1% soils insufficient (as SOC) Zinc deficiency in soil translates into zinc-poor cereals, leading to cognitive issues, stunting, and child malnutrition. The deficiency of SOC (Soil Organic Carbon) implies poor soil structure, low water retention, and low microbial activity. 2. Misuse and Imbalance of Fertilisers Overuse of Urea (Nitrogen): 54% excess use in states like Telangana. Underuse of P & K: Phosphorus short by 8% Potassium short by 89% This imbalanced fertilisation leads to: Declining soil health and crop nutrition. Nutrient mining: Continuous depletion of specific nutrients. Environmental harm: Nitrogen leaching, water contamination, greenhouse gas emissions. 3. Health Implications Nutrient-deficient soils = Nutrient-deficient crops = Malnourished humans. The poor nutrition of crops leads to: Stunting Reduced immunity Cognitive delays Lower workforce productivity Key Recommendations A. Reform Fertiliser Use Move from blanket subsidy-based fertiliser policies to: Customised fertiliser recommendations based on soil test data. Nutrient-based subsidy reform. Balanced application of N-P-K-S-Zn-B. B. Revamp Soil Health Card Scheme Make it dynamic, digital, and location-specific. Link with real-time nutrient dashboards and farmer advisory apps. Track micronutrient status and recommend crop rotations. C. Promote Organic Carbon and Bio-inputs Use of: Crop residues Green manure Biofertilisers Agroforestry D. Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture Focus on nutrient-rich crops like millets, pulses, biofortified grains. Integrate public health goals into agri-policy. Institutional Response ICRIER & OCP Nutricrops are piloting: Data-driven, soil-specific interventions. Internationally benchmarked soil health solutions. Technology-based diagnostics for farmers. Conclusion “We must start by healing Mother Earth. Only then can we walk as a healthy nation.” The article advocates a shift in India’s agri-policy thinking — from a “calorie-sufficiency mindset” to a soil-first, nutrition-sensitive strategy. Only through data-driven, region-specific soil nutrition management can India secure agricultural resilience and national health outcomes.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 July 2025

Content Human-Wildlife Conflict in Chandrapur EU’s Age Verification Plan for Minors Impact of Screens on Children Relaxation of SO₂ Norms for Coal Plants Alien Plant Species Invading Indian Forests Human-Wildlife Conflict in Chandrapur: A Crisis of Coexistence Introduction Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) refers to interactions between humans and wildlife that result in negative impacts on livelihoods, safety, or animal conservation. The Chandrapur tiger attacks (2024–25) highlight the intensifying nature of such conflicts amid rising tiger populations and shrinking natural habitats. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Dimensions of the Conflict 1. Ecological Dimension Shrinking habitats and fragmented corridors due to mining, roads, and agriculture. Breach of carrying capacity in tiger reserves (e.g., Tadoba has ~3X optimal density). Depletion of prey base forces predators to seek cattle or humans. 2. Socio-Economic Dimension Local dependence on forest for firewood, fodder, and non-timber forest produce. Death or injury causes income shock and mental trauma. Cultural tolerance in regions like Chandrapur: Tiger viewed as a deity, death accepted as fate. 3. Governance & Policy Dimension Poor conflict-prevention infrastructure (fencing, trenching). Delayed or inadequate compensation under state schemes. CAMPA funds underutilised for mitigation, mostly spent on afforestation. 4. Legal Framework Limitations Wildlife Protection Act (1972) prioritises species protection over human safety. No statutory conflict-management body exists. Tourism models often ignore ecological stress and proximity to human settlements. 5. Technological & Administrative Interventions Chandrapur Forest Division: 982 camera traps, AI alerts, 181 Rapid Response Teams. Drones used for night-time surveillance. Awareness campaigns in villages; forest patrolling during peak conflict months. 6. Ethical and Cultural Dimension Cultural acceptance vs. policy expectations – villagers worship tigers but seek protection. Raises debate: Ecocentric vs. Anthropocentric approaches to conservation. Case Studies Chandrapur, Maharashtra (2024–25) Over 25 deaths in 5 months. Tiger density far exceeds sustainable levels. Forest dept. launched awareness drives, patrolling, and AI tracking. Sundarbans, West Bengal Use of traditional mask method on the back of head to reduce tiger attacks. Rising sea levels and cyclones (e.g., Amphan) increased tiger movement inland. Pilibhit Tiger Reserve, Uttar Pradesh Won TX2 Award for doubling tigers while minimizing conflict via village relocation and buffer development. Wayanad, Kerala Farmer protests demanding declaration of wild boar as vermin to protect crops. Way Forward Institutional Reforms: Set up Human-Wildlife Conflict Management Authority under MoEFCC. Decentralised Response: Empower Gram Panchayats and Forest Rights Committees for quick mitigation. Community Incentives: Eco-tourism revenue sharing; insurance for crops/livestock. Data-Driven Tracking: AI-based early warning systems + real-time alerts. Compensation Reforms: Timely and adequate monetary relief via DBT. Corridor Restoration: Link fragmented habitats and avoid infrastructure through wildlife zones. Useful Data Points 35% of world’s tigers in India; only 3% of global tiger habitat. 1,000+ human deaths due to wildlife (2018–2022) – MoEFCC. Over 60% of India’s forests are inhabited by forest-dependent people – FSI. European Commission’s Age Verification Plan: Balancing Child Safety and Digital Privacy Context and Purpose The European Commission is piloting a digital age verification app under the Digital Services Act (DSA) to prevent children from accessing harmful online content. The system is designed to maintain user privacy while ensuring platforms (especially adult content providers) comply with EU safety standards. Relevance : GS 2(Rights ,Social Issues ) Why This Move? Children face multiple online threats: Exposure to pornography and violence Unwanted contact, grooming, cyberbullying Addictive design features of social media Lack of default privacy settings The EU’s approach mandates that platforms tailor content and settings based on the user’s verified age—especially on high-risk sites. Key Features of the Plan Based on the EU Digital Identity Wallet (eID) framework. Claims to use zero-knowledge proof (ZKP): lets users prove they’re 18+ without revealing personal data. No data on browsing history, age, or identity is stored or traceable. Countries like France, Spain, Denmark, and Greece are early adopters of the system. Will be open-source and interoperable across EU platforms. Criticism & Concerns Privacy risks: Despite technical safeguards, critics fear centralised age verification could create data honeypots. Censorship risks: Could lead to blanket restrictions on borderline content (e.g. sexual health, art, satire). Bypassing effect: Users might migrate to less regulated or illegal sites, weakening the original goal. Implementation flaws: Most adult content companies argue that device-level verification (by Apple/Google) is more effective than website-level enforcement. Global Comparisons Country Approach Status UK Age Verification in Online Safety Act (2023); similar goals but criticised for weak privacy protections. Mandatory for porn sites US No federal standard; state-level patchwork laws (e.g., Utah, Louisiana require ID for adult site access). Controversial, under challenge France Attempted Pornhub access ban without age checks in June 2024. Overturned, but top court upheld age verification as legal Ethical Dimensions Children’s Rights vs. Adult Privacy: Striking a balance is key. Right to Information vs. Right to Protection: Should children be denied access to certain educational content due to overblocking? Digital Autonomy: Should companies or states decide what users can see? What Critics Propose Instead Device-level protections activated by default (age-restricted devices). Parental controls with improved digital literacy for guardians. Platform-based algorithms to flag and restrict content using AI rather than hard gates. Independent oversight bodies to audit enforcement and data protection. Conclusion The EU’s age verification plan is a bold attempt to make the internet safer for children, especially in light of increasing online harms. However, unless privacy safeguards are watertight and implementation is inclusive and technically sound, it risks alienating users and failing in its core mission. Global cooperation, transparent standards, and public trust will be essential to its success. Slipping grades, social withdrawal, aggression: How screens affect children Introduction: Context & Concern Digital addiction among children has become a serious issue post-COVID, with screen time increasing for education, entertainment, and socialization. It is now manifesting in academic decline, emotional instability, aggressive behaviour, and physical health disorders. Mental health professionals and schools are reporting an alarming rise in screen-induced psychological issues. Relevance : GS 1(Society) , GS 2(Social Issues , Education) Psychological and Behavioural Impact Children’s behaviour changes include irritability, violent outbursts, and refusal to attend school. Emotional dysregulation seen in cases where screen time is restricted. Anxiety, depression, and even hallucinations in some extreme cases. Screen addiction linked to poor impulse control, especially among adolescents. Academic and Social Decline Teachers observe students being less attentive in class, struggling with concentration and memory. Decline in grades, increased absenteeism, and withdrawal from peer activities reported widely. Excessive screen use leads to detachment from real-life relationships and preference for virtual interactions. Physical Health Repercussions Digital addiction causing sleep disorders, fatigue, and obesity due to sedentary lifestyle. Cases of children delaying bladder control due to long gaming sessions—one 19-year-old needed bladder surgery. Insomnia and headaches common, often due to late-night screen use and blue light exposure. Evidence from Studies JAMA Study (2024): Screen time linked to mental distress, particularly among 4,000+ teenagers. NIH, USA: High screen usage reduced brain connectivity and cognitive-emotional resilience. Studies show that children who use screens excessively perform worse on language and social interaction tests. Institutional Alarms & Cases Sir Ganga Ram Hospital (Delhi): 2–3 new screen addiction cases weekly. Manipal Hospital (Bengaluru): Sees 5–6 new digital addiction cases every week. A 12-year-old became socially isolated and physically weak due to mobile gaming. Children from Class 3 onwards increasingly show signs of aggressive behaviour if devices are taken away. School and Policy Response Some private schools like Springdales, Delhi and Heritage School have banned mobile phones on campus. Schools introduce offline etiquette programs and digital hygiene awareness. CBSE launched “PLANN” campaign to promote safe online practices and prevent cyberbullying. Legal and Judicial Interventions Delhi HC (2023): Advised regulatory framework for smartphone use in schools. PIL in SC (2024): Filed to mandate a national policy to curb screen addiction in children. Expert Pavan Duggal warns current cyber laws lack specificity in dealing with child digital addiction. Parental and Societal Role Parental awareness often delayed; action taken only at advanced stages of addiction. Experts recommend parent-child screen contracts, scheduled digital detox, and encouraging offline activities. Parents urged to set device-free zones and lead by example in reducing screen dependence. Conclusion & Way Forward Issue requires multi-level intervention—legal, educational, parental, and technological. Urgent need for a National Digital Wellness Policy with child-centric protections. Screen time must be balanced with offline learning, physical activity, and interpersonal relationships to ensure holistic development. Why 78% coal plants won’t need to add anti-pollution devices Context The Environment Ministry has exempted 78% of India’s coal-based thermal power plants from installing Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) systems that control Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) emissions. These systems were earlier mandated in 2015 to control SO2, which contributes significantly to air pollution. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Why are SO2 emissions from coal plants a concern? SO2 reacts with ammonia (NH3) to form ammonium sulfate, which contributes to PM2.5 pollution—affecting lungs and cardiovascular health. PM2.5 exposure is linked to asthma, bronchitis, heart attacks, and premature deaths. CREA data: 52% of SO2 emissions in India come from coal plants; in 2023, SO2 levels rose compared to 2019, especially near coal-dense regions. Original plan for pollution control 2015: Centre introduced emission norms for SO2 and other pollutants from coal plants; FGD installation was required by 2017. Deadline extended four times due to: High costs of FGD devices Risk of electricity shortages due to plant shutdowns for retrofitting Current classification of plants Power plants divided into 3 categories (2021 update): Category A: Within 10 km of the National Capital Region or non-attainment cities → deadline: Dec 2022 Category B: Located in populous areas with frequent air violations → deadline: Dec 2023 Category C: Other remaining plants → deadline: Dec 2024 78% of all coal plants fall under Category C and are now exempted from installing FGDs. Why this relaxation now? Based on studies by: IIT-Delhi IIT-Madras NEERI These studies argue: SO2 emissions from most plants are within permissible limits Focus should be on overall particulate matter pollution, not just SO2 Economic argument FGDs are expensive and energy-intensive. Fears that retrofitting would increase power tariffs, affecting electricity affordability. Plants shutting down for installation could create power supply disruptions. Criticism & Counterviews CREA and CSE question validity of studies: Studies don’t track downwind SO2 dispersal. SO2 plumes can travel 300+ km, converting to secondary pollutants mid-air. NEERI’s findings were reportedly commissioned by NITI Aayog, raising concerns of bias. Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) says: Real-world atmospheric SO2 remains high around plants. FGDs are necessary to prevent long-term cumulative exposure. Implications Environment: Signals diluted commitment to clean air goals under NCAP. Health: May undermine public health protection, especially in coal belt regions. Governance: Reflects tension between environment regulation and power sector realities. SDGs: Potential setback to SDG 3 (Health), SDG 7 (Clean Energy), and SDG 13 (Climate Action). Alien plant species taking over native ecosystems: Study Context & Key Findings A study published in Nature Reviews Biodiversity shows rapid spread of alien plant species, especially in tropical regions. These alien species are outcompeting and replacing native flora, leading to irreversible ecosystem changes. Human activities and climate change are key drivers accelerating the invasion. What are Alien Plant Species? Non-native plants introduced intentionally or accidentally by humans into new regions. Often lack natural predators in the new ecosystem, allowing unchecked proliferation. Examples: Prosopis juliflora, Lantana camara, Chromolaena odorata, Ziziphus mauritiana, Vachellia nilotica. Impact on Tropical Ecosystems Focus is on the Greater Tropics (tropics + subtropics) — 60% of Earth’s land area and home to the majority of biodiversity. Over 9,831 alien plant species are now established in the Greater Tropics. 26% of islands globally now have more alien than native flora. E.g., Tahiti (73.8%), Guam (66.5%), Hawaii, Madagascar. Environmental Impacts Alien plants are altering fire regimes (increasing fire frequency/intensity). Increase in atmospheric CO₂ → higher plant biomass → more invasive woody growth. Example: Brachiaria decumbens in Amazon fuels intense fires → forest degradation → feedback loop for more invasions. Impacts in India Around 66% of India’s natural systems (~750,000 km²) already affected by alien plant invasions. Land use change (agriculture, settlements) has modified fire and herbivory regimes, making conditions ripe for invasions. Example: Prosopis juliflora provides food for blackbuck, which unknowingly disperses alien seeds, harming native plants. Forest thickening by alien plants leads to higher wildfire risk in savannas and open forests. Global Trends & Projections Since 1950s: exponential rise in invasions; 13,939–18,543 alien species already outside native ranges. By 2050, new invasions expected to rise: 21% in South America 12% in Africa 10% in tropical Asia Predicts growing ecosystem homogenization, leading to biodiversity loss. Drivers of Invasion Climate change: Hotter days, extreme heat, droughts, forest diebacks. Anthropogenic factors: Agriculture, urban expansion, historical plantations, poor regulation of plant imports. Weakening biotic resistance and rising CO₂ levels are creating ideal conditions for invasions. Policy & Economic Challenges Alien species control in India would require US $13.5 billion — 36× its current environmental budget. Current responses are fragmented and lack long-term planning. Way Forward: Recommendations Urgent interdisciplinary studies across the Greater Tropics. Strengthened regulation, monitoring, and early detection. Ecosystem restoration and community awareness, especially in the Global South. Emphasis on understanding native invaders and interactions with local fauna

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