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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 07 June 2024

CONTENTS Special Category StatusIndia Seeks WTO Arbitration Against AustraliaSpecial Marriage Act (SMA), 1954Cassini Mission and Milgromian DynamicsImpact of Colour on Contemporary Human LifePraVaHa SoftwareUNESCO State of Ocean Report Special Category Status Context: With the General Elections throwing up a fractured mandate, Nitish Kumar’s Janata Dal (United) and Chandrababu Naidu’s Telugu Desam Party are set to play a key role in government formation at the Centre. Consequently, their past demands for special category status (SCS) for Bihar and Andhra Pradesh, respectively, are back in focus. This development highlights the intricacies of coalition politics and the potential influence of regional parties on national policy-making. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: What is Special Category Status (SCS)?Why Bihar and Andhra Pradesh (AP) Are Demanding SCS and Its Feasibility? What is Special Category Status (SCS)? Criteria for Eligibility: States must meet specific conditions based on the Gadgil formula:Possession of hilly and challenging terrain.Low population density and/or a significant proportion of tribal population.Strategic location along borders with neighboring countries.Economic and infrastructural backwardness.Non-viable state finances. Historical Context: Introduced in 1969 following the recommendations of the Fifth Finance Commission, chaired by Mahavir Tyagi, to support backward states.Initially granted to Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, and Nagaland.Formalized in April 1969 with the approval of the Gadgil formula by the National Development Council (NDC).Subsequently, more states received SCS upon attaining statehood, including:Himachal Pradesh (1970-71), Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura (1971-72), Sikkim (1975-76), Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram (1986-87), Uttarakhand (2001-02).Currently, 11 states hold SCS, including Assam, Nagaland, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Uttarakhand, and Telangana.Telangana, India’s newest state, received SCS due to financial impacts from its separation from Andhra Pradesh.States like Andhra Pradesh and Bihar, along with Odisha, are also demanding SCS. Benefits of SCS: Central assistance of up to 90% in grants and 10% in loans for centrally sponsored schemes.For non-SCS, Central Assistance is 30% grant and 70% loan.Special Plan Assistance for projects of special importance to the state.Unspent funds do not lapse at the end of the financial year.Tax concessions, although many tax benefits are now integrated into the Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime. Why Bihar and Andhra Pradesh (AP) Are Demanding SCS and Its Feasibility? Bihar’s Demand: Bihar has sought SCS since the mineral-rich region of Jharkhand was separated from it in 2000.According to the Centre’s Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) report, Bihar is recognized as the poorest state in India.Nearly 52% of Bihar’s population lacks adequate access to essential health, education, and living standards.Although Bihar meets most of the SCS criteria, it does not satisfy the conditions of having hilly terrain and geographically challenging areas. Andhra Pradesh’s Demand: Following the state’s bifurcation in 2014, the UPA government at the Centre had pledged to grant SCS to AP to offset the loss of revenue and the development hub of Hyderabad.Presently, AP is predominantly an agrarian state with low economic buoyancy, leading to significant revenue challenges.SCS would result in increased grants-in-aid from the Centre. For example, per capita grants to SCS states amount to Rs 5,573 crore per year, whereas AP receives only Rs 3,428 crore. Feasibility and Financial Considerations: The 14th Finance Commission observed that granting SCS was a strain on the Centre’s resources, a reason cited by the central government for not extending SCS to more states.To address the resource gap without granting SCS, tax devolution to states was increased to 42% as recommended by the 14th Finance Commission, and maintained at 41% by the 15th Finance Commission.With the 16th Finance Commission now in place and working on tax devolution formulas for the five-year period beginning April 1, 2026, providing special category status to Bihar and AP could become a more manageable task. -Source: Indian Express India Seeks WTO Arbitration Against Australia Context: India has sought arbitration proceedings under the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules against Australia to resolve an issue concerning the services sector, as it could impact India’s trade in services. Relevance: GS III: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Concerns Raised by India Against AustraliaWTO Dispute Settlement Process OverviewThe Appellate Body Concerns Raised by India Against Australia Joint Statement Initiatives (JSIs): In February 2024, over 70 WTO countries met in Abu Dhabi and agreed to adopt additional obligations under Joint Statement Initiatives (JSIs) as part of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). This aims to facilitate non-goods trade among themselves while offering similar concessions to other WTO members.The GATS agreement, effective since 1995, includes India as a long-standing member.These new obligations are designed to reduce unintended trade barriers related to licensing, qualification requirements, and technical standards.Indian professional companies are expected to benefit from equal access to markets in these 70 countries, provided they meet the required standards.This initiative is projected to reduce services trade costs by 10% for lower-middle-income economies and by 14% for upper-middle-income economies, resulting in total savings of USD 127 billion. Opposition to Joint Statement Initiatives (JSIs): The Abu Dhabi agreement is a plurilateral deal, involving only 72 out of 164 WTO members.India, South Africa, and several other WTO members have not agreed to this deal. India, along with other developing nations, opposes various JSIs as they are not negotiated by all WTO members.Experts caution that integrating JSIs into the WTO could weaken the organization and lead to the adoption of many more such initiatives in areas like investments, MSMEs, gender issues, and e-commerce.Australia’s commitment to its obligations under a JSI is a significant issue in the dispute. The Australia Case: In 2023, Australia informed the WTO of its intention to modify its specific commitments under the GATS to include additional regulations related to services.India, as an “affected member,” has expressed that Australia’s proposed modifications do not meet certain conditions.Despite negotiations between India and Australia, no agreement was reached. WTO Dispute Settlement Process Overview: Initiation of Disputes: Disputes commence with a mandatory dialogue between the complaining and defending parties, aimed at resolving issues amicably.These discussions are time-bound, with the goal of achieving a mutually satisfactory resolution. Formation of Dispute Panels: Should discussions fail, the complainant may escalate the issue by requesting the formation of a dispute settlement panel overseen by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB).The DSB, functioning under the General Council, is empowered to:Establish panels,Direct disputes to arbitration,Formalize panel and arbitration outcomes,Ensure compliance with recommendations,Enforce suspensions of concessions for non-compliance. Panel Process: Panels, comprising neutral experts in trade law, assess the dispute, evaluate both sides’ arguments, and generate a detailed report.This report, outlining facts, legal interpretations, and suggested resolutions, is shared with all WTO members for feedback.Unless unanimously rejected within 60 days, the report is ratified as the DSB’s decision. The Appellate Body: Establishment and Function: Formed in 1995 under DSU Article 17, this permanent body comprises seven members with four-year terms, based in Geneva.It reviews, amends, or overturns panel findings as needed.Its decisions, once ratified by the DSB, are binding on all dispute parties. Implementation and Enforcement: Compliance: Members found in violation are expected to align their practices with WTO standards.Failure to comply allows the aggrieved party to request punitive actions like suspension of concessions. Challenges with the Dispute Mechanism: Operational Hurdles: The U.S. has consistently obstructed the appointment of new members to the Appellate Body, significantly hampering its functionality.In response, developing nations advocate for a revival of the mechanism to its full capacity to ensure effective checks and balances.Options for these countries include participating in the EU-led Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA), adopting a compromised appellate framework, or reinstating the original appellate structure with a selective opt-out feature. -Source: Economic Times Special Marriage Act (SMA), 1954 Context: The Madhya Pradesh High Court’s recent decision regarding the marriage of a Muslim man and a Hindu woman, registered under the Special Marriage Act (SMA), has attracted significant attention. The court dismissed the couple’s petition for protection and assistance in registering their marriage, citing incompatibility with personal laws. A ‘registered marriage’ under the SMA is a civil marriage, solemnized in a registrar’s office without religious rituals. Relevance: GS-II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: What is the Recent Judgement of the MP High Court?About Special Marriage Act, 1954Applicability of the ActThe Section of SMA which is being contested What is the Recent Judgement of the MP High Court? The petitioners contended that they intended to marry under the Special Marriage Act, making the Islamic Nikah ceremony redundant, and wished to retain their respective religions without the Hindu petitioner converting to Islam.However, the High Court noted that according to Mahomedan law, the marriage between a Muslim man and a Hindu woman is invalid. Even if such a marriage is registered under the Special Marriage Act, it remains considered irregular.The court emphasized that personal laws take precedence over the Special Marriage Act in this matter and thus dismissed the couple’s petition. About Special Marriage Act, 1954 The Special Marriage Act, 1954 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to provide a special form of marriage for the people of India and all Indian nationals in foreign countries, irrespective of the religion or faith followed by either party.Marriages solemnized under Special Marriage Act are not governed by personal laws. The Act has 3 major objectives: to provide a special form of marriage in certain cases,to provide for registration of certain marriages and,to provide for divorce. Applicability of the Act Any person, irrespective of religion.Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs, Christians, Parsis, or Jews can also perform marriage under the Special Marriage Act, 1954.Inter-religion marriages are performed under this Act.This Act is applicable to the entire territory of India and extends to intending spouses who are both Indian nationals living abroad.Indian national living abroad. Succession to the property Succession to the property of person married under this Act or customary marriage registered under this Act and that of their children, are governed by Indian Succession Act.However, if the parties to the marriage are Hindu, Buddhist, Sikh or Jain religion, the succession to their property will be governed by Hindu succession Act.The Hindu Marriage Act is pertinent to Hindus, though the Special Marriage Act is appropriate to all residents of India regardless of their religion applicable at Court marriage. The Section of SMA which is being contested Under Sections 5 and 6 of the SMA, the parties wishing to marry are supposed to give a notice for their marriage to the Marriage Officer in an area where one of the spouses has been living for the last 30 days. Then, the marriage officer publishes the notice of marriage in his office.Anyone having any objection to the marriage can file against it within a period of 30 days. If any such objection against the marriage is sustained by the marriage officer, the marriage can be rejected. Differentiation from Personal Laws: Personal laws, such as the Muslim Marriage Act and the Hindu Marriage Act, require religious conversion of either spouse before marriage.The Special Marriage Act allows inter-faith or inter-caste marriages without conversion.However, individuals married under the SMA lose certain rights, such as inheritance rights. Issues Related to SMA: Couples can face objections and harassment in the process of getting married under the SMA.In January 2021, the Allahabad HC ruled that couples can choose not to publish the mandatory 30-day notice of their intention to marry to avoid delays and harassment.The requirement for publication of notices can be a violation of privacy as it discloses personal information about the couple.Inter-caste or inter-religious marriages are still stigmatized in many parts of India, and couples who marry under the SMA may face discrimination from their families and communities. -Source: Indian Express Cassini Mission and Milgromian Dynamics Context: The findings of the Cassini mission, which orbited Saturn from 2004 to 2017, provided an opportunity to test Milgromian dynamics (MOND) – an alternative theory to dark matter. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: What is Dark Matter?MOND Theory: An Alternative to Dark MatterCurrent PerspectiveCassini Spacecraft Overview What is Dark Matter? Dark matter, similar to ordinary matter, occupies space and possesses mass. However, it does not reflect, absorb, or emit light to a degree that we can detect yet.Scientists have estimated that dark matter constitutes about 27% of the universe, but its exact nature remains a mystery.Researchers hypothesize that dark matter forms a vast, web-like structure throughout the cosmos.This structure acts as a gravitational scaffold, attracting most of the ordinary matter in the universe.It is established that dark matter is not made up of known particles, and the quest to identify its components continues. MOND Theory: An Alternative to Dark Matter Background and Proposition: One of the significant puzzles in astrophysics is why galaxies rotate faster than Newton’s laws of gravity predict based on their visible matter.The concept of dark matter was introduced to explain this discrepancy.Despite being a widely accepted theory, dark matter has not been directly observed and does not align perfectly with the Standard Model of particle physics.To address this issue, Israeli physicist Mordehai Milgrom proposed an alternative theory called Milgromian Dynamics (MOND) in 1982. Key Concepts of MOND Theory: MOND suggests that Newton’s laws fail under very weak gravitational fields, such as those at the edges of galaxies.The theory has shown some success in predicting galaxy rotation without invoking dark matter, although many of these successes can also be attributed to dark matter while preserving Newton’s laws.MOND affects gravity at low accelerations rather than specific distances.Consequently, MOND’s effects, typically observed several thousand light years from a galaxy, could also be significant at much shorter distances, like in the outer Solar System. Testing and Evidence Against MOND: The Cassini mission, which orbited Saturn from 2004 to 2017, provided a chance to test MOND.MOND predicts subtle deviations in Saturn’s orbit due to the galaxy’s gravity, given Saturn’s 10 AU orbit around the Sun.Cassini’s measurements of the Earth-Saturn distance using radio pulses showed no anomalies expected by MOND.Newton’s laws remain valid for Saturn, challenging MOND’s credibility. Additional Challenges to MOND: More evidence against MOND comes from wide binary stars.A study demonstrated that MOND’s prediction of faster orbits was highly improbable, akin to flipping heads 190 times consecutively.MOND also fails to explain the specific energy distribution and orbital inclinations of comets in the outer Solar System.Newtonian gravity is more accurate than MOND for distances below a light year.MOND is less effective at larger scales, like galaxy clusters, where it predicts too little central gravity and too much at the outskirts. Newtonian gravity with dark matter aligns better with observed data. Current Perspective: Despite some issues with the standard dark matter model, such as the universe’s expansion rate and cosmic structures, MOND is not considered a viable alternative.Dark matter remains the leading explanation, although its true nature may differ from current models, or gravity might exhibit stronger effects on very large scales. Cassini Spacecraft Overview Mission Background: Cassini-Huygens was a collaborative space mission involving NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Italian Space Agency (ASI) with the goal of exploring Saturn. Launch Date: Launched on October 15, 1997, the Cassini-Huygens mission aimed to provide comprehensive insights into Saturn and its moons. Components: The mission comprised NASA’s Cassini orbiter, marking the first space probe to orbit Saturn, and the ESA’s Huygens probe, which successfully landed on Titan, Saturn’s largest moon. Spacecraft Details: Cassini-Huygens was one of the largest interplanetary spacecraft.The Cassini orbiter, weighing 2,125 kg (4,685 pounds), measured 6.7 meters (22 feet) in length and 4 meters (13 feet) in width.Instruments onboard Cassini included radar for mapping Titan’s cloud-covered surface and a magnetometer for studying Saturn’s magnetic field.The disk-shaped Huygens probe, mounted on Cassini, weighed 349 kg (769 pounds), was 2.7 meters (8.9 feet) across, and carried six instruments for studying Titan’s atmosphere and surface. Mission Highlights: Orbited Saturn from 2004 to 2017, completing 294 orbits around the planet.Provided extensive knowledge about Saturn, including the structure of its atmosphere and rings, and their interactions with the planet’s moons.Discovered six named moons and identified Enceladus and Titan as promising locations to search for extraterrestrial life.Cassini played a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of the Saturnian system and contributed significantly to planetary exploration. -Source: Indian Express Impact of Colour on Contemporary Human Life Context: Colour profoundly shapes contemporary human life by enriching the aesthetic and symbolic aspects of our surroundings, embracing cultural diversity in its interpretation, and deepening our comprehension of the world and our role within it. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Understanding ColourWhat are LEDs? Understanding Colour What is Colour? Colour is a form of information that our eyes interpret based on electromagnetic radiation. Objects themselves don’t inherently possess colour; instead, they appear coloured because they absorb, reflect, and/or scatter certain frequencies of visible light, which our brains then perceive as specific colours. How Do Humans Perceive Colours? The human eye contains rod and cone cells that receive light information.Rod cells are responsible for detecting brightness.Cone cells are responsible for detecting wavelengths, which the brain interprets as colour.Humans have three types of cone cells, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light, allowing for trichromatic vision.The presence of three types of cone cells is why humans are referred to as trichromats.Birds and reptiles often have four types of cone cells, making them tetrachromats.Human vision is limited to wavelengths from 400 nm to 700 nm (visible light), while some insects, like honeybees and mosquitoes, can perceive ultraviolet and infrared light, respectively. Science of Colours: Traditional Colour Theory: Until the late 19th century, this theory focused on how dyes, pigments, and inks could be mixed to create other colours using three primary colours (red, yellow, and blue).Modern Colour Theory: Modern science rejects the notion of three fixed primary colours. Instead, it focuses on the gamut of colours that can be produced by combining any three colours in different ways. Each combination creates a specific colour space, but no colour space can encompass the full range of colours visible to the human eye. Rendering of Colours: Additive Colouring: This method involves mixing light of different wavelengths to create various colours. The RGB colour space (red, green, blue) is a common example, where these three colours are combined in varying intensities to produce other colours.Subtractive Colouring: This method creates colours by subtracting certain wavelengths from white light using dyes, pigments, or inks. For example, when a cloth is dyed, the dye absorbs specific wavelengths of light, leaving the remaining wavelengths to render the perceived colour. Properties of Colour: Hue: Defined as the degree to which a colour can be described as similar to or different from standard colours like red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. Complementary colours combine to produce a grayscale colour.Brightness: Related to an object’s luminance, which is the power emitted per unit area weighted by wavelength. The perceived brightness is how the eye interprets this power.Lightness: Refers to how light or dark a colour appears compared to a well-lit white object.Chromaticity: The quality of a colour regardless of its brightness, focusing on its purity and intensity. What are LEDs? A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. Light is produced when electrons and holes combine within the semiconductor material. What are Blue LEDs? Blue LED light is emitted within the visible light spectrum at wavelengths between 400 to 500 nm, situated between violet and green on the spectrum.Blue LEDs have an active region with InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between GaN cladding layers. Adjusting the In/Ga ratio in the quantum wells can theoretically change the light emission from violet to amber. -Source: The Hindu PraVaHa Software Context: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) recently developed Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software named PraVaHa. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Overview of PraVaHa SoftwareCFD’s Role in Aerospace Overview of PraVaHa Software What is PraVaHa Software? Full Name: Parallel RANS Solver for Aerospace Vehicle Aero-thermo-dynamic Analysis (PraVaHa).Developed By: ISRO’s Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC).Type: Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software.Capabilities: Simulates external and internal flows on launch vehicles, including both winged and non-winged re-entry vehicles. Key Features and Applications: Extensive Use: Utilized in the Gaganyaan program for aerodynamic analysis of human-rated launch vehicles, such as HLVM3, Crew Escape System (CES), and Crew Module (CM).Collaboration: Secure and flexible for collaborative development with academic institutions and government labs.Operational Status: Currently operational for simulating airflow under Perfect Gas and Real Gas conditions.Future Enhancements: Undergoing validations to simulate chemical reactions during air dissociation upon ‘earth re-entry’ and ‘combustion’ in scramjet vehicles.Replacement Potential: Expected to replace most CFD simulations for aero characterisation currently done using commercial software.Educational and Research Utility: Aids academia and other institutions in designing missiles, aircraft, and rockets to solve complex aerodynamic problems. Importance of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD): Design Studies: Initial aerodynamic design studies for launch vehicles require evaluating numerous configurations.Aerodynamic and Aerothermal Loads: Aerospace vehicles during launch or re-entry face severe aerodynamic and aerothermal loads in terms of external pressure and heat flux.Airflow Understanding: Essential to understand airflow around aircraft, rocket bodies, or Crew Modules (CM) during earth re-entry to design the necessary shape, structure, and Thermal Protection System (TPS).Unsteady Aerodynamics: Contributes to significant flow issues around rocket bodies, generating substantial acoustic noise during missions.Predictive Tool: CFD predicts aerodynamic and aerothermal loads by numerically solving the equations of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy, along with the equation of state. Importance and Benefits PraVaHa’s Impact: Advanced Simulations: Enables advanced and accurate simulations crucial for the design and analysis of modern aerospace vehicles.Collaborative Development: Its secure and flexible nature supports collaborative projects between academic and governmental research institutions.Cost-Effective: Potentially reduces dependency on expensive commercial CFD software by providing an in-house alternative. CFD’s Role in Aerospace: Design Optimization: Critical in optimizing the design and safety of aerospace vehicles.Performance Prediction: Helps in predicting vehicle performance under various atmospheric conditions, ensuring mission success.Research and Innovation: Facilitates research and innovation in aerodynamics, contributing to advancements in aerospace technology. -Source: The Hindu UNESCO State of Ocean Report Context: UNESCO’s ‘State of Ocean Report, 2024’ provides crucial insights into the current state of global oceans, emphasising the challenges posed by climate change and human activities. Relevance: Facts for Prelims UNESCO State of Ocean Report Overview Introduction: Initiation: The UNESCO ‘State of the Ocean Report’ was initiated by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC-UNESCO) at the 2022 United Nations Ocean Conference.Purpose: Provides an accessible overview of the current state of the oceans. Support and Objectives: UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030): The report supports this initiative and encourages actions for a sustainable ocean future.Inaugural Edition (2022): Featured insights from over 100 marine science experts on topics like ocean acidification, pollution, and tsunami warning.Annual Editions: Released on World Oceans Day (June 8), aligning with the seven outcomes of the UN Ocean Decade. Key Findings: Ocean Warming: The upper 2,000 meters of the oceans have significantly warmed, with the rate increasing from 0.32 ± 0.03 watt per square meter (W/m²) between 1960 and 2023 to 0.66 ± 0.10 W/m² in the past two decades.Energy Absorption: Oceans are absorbing about 90% of the Earth’s excess energy, leading to increased deoxygenation, which threatens marine ecosystems and human economies.Ocean Acidification: Globally on the rise, particularly in the open ocean, with a noted pH decline since the late 1980s. More comprehensive data from coastal areas is necessary.Rising Sea Levels: Sea levels have consistently risen since 1993, highlighting the need for improved monitoring systems at all scales. Emerging Interests: Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal (mCDR) Technologies: There is growing interest in mCDR technologies, although their ecological impacts and effectiveness are still uncertain. -Source: Down To Earth

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 06 June 2024

CONTENTS Chhatrapati Shivaji Supreme Court of India’s Order on Advertising Chhatrapati Shivaji  Context: To commemorate and celebrate the 350th anniversary of the grand coronation of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the significant day in our nation’s history, an exhibition titled Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj: Celebration of the 350th Anniversary of the Great Coronation is being presented at National Gallery of Modern Art, (NGMA) Jaipur House, New Delhi. Relevance: GS I- History Dimensions of the Article: About Chhatrapati Shivaji Shivaji and the Mughals About Chhatrapati Shivaji  Born on February 19, 1630, at Shivneri Fort in Pune.He was born to Shahaji Bhonsle, a Maratha general who ruled the Bijapur Sultanate’s jagirs of Pune and Supe.  Shivaji’s mother was Jijabai, a devout woman who had a strong religious influence on him.Shivaji’s name was derived from the name of a provincial deity, Goddess Shivai.He created the Maratha Empire by carving out an enclave from the crumbling Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapur.He was formally crowned Chhatrapati (Monarch) of his dominion in Raigad in 1674.Religious tolerance and functional integration of the Brahmans, Marathas, and Prabhus ensured the kingdom’s security.With the support of a disciplined military and well-structured administrative organisations, he constructed a competent and progressive civil rule.He had a ministerial council (Asht Pradhan) to advise him on state problems, but he was not bound by it. He had the authority to appoint or fire them.He pioneered non-conventional methods (guerrilla warfare) and used strategic elements such as terrain, speed, and surprise to innovate military tactics.To defeat his larger and more powerful opponents, he concentrated on pinpoint attacks.Although the courageous warrior died in 1680, he is remembered for his bravery and intelligence. Shivaji and the Mughals Shivaji’s meteoric rise posed challenges to the suzerainty of the Mughals.His first direct encounter with the Mughals was during Aurangzeb’s Deccan campaigns of the 1650s.As Aurangzeb went North to fight for the Mughal throne, Shivaji was able to seize further territory.His tactics against the Mughals were adapted to the specific nature of his force and the flabby Mughal armies. Using swift cavalry attacks, he would raid and pillage Mughal strongholds.While on the rare occasion he would engage in battle to actually capture and hold Mughal positions, most often, he would simply cause much menace, raid the treasury, and leave with the Mughals in terror and disarray.Famously, in 1664, he attacked the port of Surat (now in Gujarat) and plundered one of the richest and busiest commercial towns of Mughal India while the local governor hid in a nearby fort.As the legend of Shivaji and the physical sphere of his influence grew, Aurangzeb sent a 100,000-strong, well-equipped army under Raja Jai Singh I to subdue him in 1665.After putting up a valiant fight, Shivaji was besieged in the Purandar hill fort. Supreme Court of India’s Order on Advertising Context: Recently, the Supreme Court of India has ordered that all advertisers/advertising agencies must submit a ‘Self-Declaration Certificate’ before publishing or broadcasting any advertisement. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Supreme Court’s Order on Advertisements New Requirement Mandate: All advertisers and advertising agencies must submit a ‘Self-Declaration Certificate’ before publishing or broadcasting any advertisement.Effective Date: Applies to all new advertisements from 18th June 2024. Purpose Goals: Ensure transparency, consumer protection, and responsible advertising practices. Compliance and Guidelines Regulatory Compliance: Adherence to relevant regulatory guidelines, including:Rule 7 of the Cable Television Networks (CTN) Rules, 1994. Norms of Journalistic Conduct of the Press Council of India. Rule 7 of CTN: Advertisements must comply with Indian laws and avoid offending the morality, decency, and religious sensitivities of viewers. Submission Process Certificate Submission:For TV/Radio Advertisements: Broadcast Seva Portal.For Print and Digital Media Advertisements: Press Council of India portal. Record Keeping: Advertisers must provide proof of uploading the Self-Declaration Certificate to the relevant broadcaster, printer, publisher, or electronic media platform for their records.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 06 June 2024

CONTENTS NDA Wins Third Term but Requires CoalitionWorld Environment Day and India’s First BiospheresIndira Gandhi Zoological Park’s Wildlife Conservation EffortsDiscovery of Neo Protein in Bacterial Defence MechanismsDiscovery of Ancient Rock Shelter Paintings near Pampa LakeChang’e 6 MissionTmesipteris oblanceolate NDA Wins Third Term but Requires Coalition Context: The NDA has won a historic third term at the Centre, but the BJP fell short of the 272-seat majority, necessitating a coalition government. Previously, the BJP’s majority in the last two Lok Sabhas marked the first time since economic reforms began in 1991 that a single party had a majority mandate, which was expected to positively impact India’s economic reform trajectory Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Coalition Governments and Weak Economic Reforms Since 1991Can a Coalition Government Derail India’s Economic Reforms Trajectory?Notable Reforms Brought by Previous Coalition Governments Coalition Governments and Weak Economic Reforms Since 1991 Historical Context Shift in Economy: Since 1991, India’s transition from a planned to an open economy has seen all governments being coalition-based, with no single party achieving the majority mark of 272.Consensus for Weak Reforms: According to Montek Singh Ahluwalia, former Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission, this led to a “strong consensus for weak reforms.”Divergence on Reforms: Although there was general agreement on the need for economic reforms, coalition parties often diverged on specifics, resulting in diluted measures. Can a Coalition Government Derail India’s Economic Reforms Trajectory? Diverse Interests and Challenges Historical Challenges: Coalition governments in India have historically faced challenges in implementing strong economic reforms due to differing priorities among coalition partners.Varied Agendas: Coalition partners often have varied political and economic agendas, leading to compromises and diluted reforms.Slowing Reforms: This can slow down or alter the trajectory of economic reforms. Consensus and Instability Broader Consensus: While coalition governments can foster broader consensus, the need to appease various factions might lead to weaker reform measures.Complex Issues: Achieving a unified stance on complex economic issues becomes difficult.Policy Instability: Frequent changes in coalition partners or internal disagreements can lead to policy instability, affecting investor confidence and long-term economic planning. Recent Efforts and Challenges Modi Government: The past decade under PM Narendra Modi aimed to resolve coalition government weaknesses, ensuring policy stability and boosting investor confidence.Significant Reforms: Reforms like the Goods and Services Tax (GST) and the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code were introduced.Unachieved Goals: Despite these efforts, certain goals were not fully achieved, such as failing to reform land acquisition and repealing farm reforms after widespread protests.Economic Uncertainty: The demonetization announcement also caused significant economic uncertainty. Conclusion Not a General Truth: The statement that coalition governments will necessarily derail India’s economic reforms trajectory is not generally true.Historical Achievements: Coalition governments since 1991 have undertaken some of the boldest and most visionary reforms, laying the foundation for India’s resurgence.Mitigating Risks: While coalition governments can pose challenges to the economic reform trajectory, effective leadership, clear communication, and strategic compromises can mitigate these risks and maintain reform momentum. Notable Reforms Brought by Previous Coalition Governments P V Narasimha Rao Government: Economic Liberalization Economic Reforms: Initiated major economic reforms, discarding centralized planning, and opening the Indian economy to global competition by removing the license-permit raj.Global Integration: India became a member of the World Trade Organisation during this period. Deve Gowda Government: The “Dream Budget” Tax Reforms: Finance Minister P Chidambaram introduced the “dream budget,” which cut tax rates for personal income tax, corporate taxes, and customs duties, fostering trust among Indian taxpayers. Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government: Fiscal and Infrastructure Reforms Fiscal Responsibility: Implemented the Fiscal Responsibility & Budget Management (FRBM) law to limit government borrowing and promote fiscal discipline.Disinvestment and Infrastructure: Advanced the disinvestment of loss-making PSUs and boosted rural infrastructure through the PM Gram Sadak Yojana.Information Technology Act: The 2000 Act laid the foundation for India’s thriving e-commerce sector. Manmohan Singh Government: Rights-Based Reforms Education Reforms: Built on the Vajpayee-era Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan by enacting the Right to Education Act.Transparency and Welfare: Introduced key reforms such as the Right to Information Act, the Right to Food, and the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MG-NREGA).Economic and Technological Advances: Deregulated fuel prices, initiated direct benefit transfers, and worked on Aadhaar and GST implementation. -Source: Indian Express World Environment Day and India’s First Biospheres Context: World Environment Day is celebrated on 5th June every year to encourage awareness and environmental protection. In a remarkable initiative to combat deforestation and restore biodiversity, two environmentalists have spearheaded the creation of India’s first biospheres within tiger reserve Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Facts About World Environment DayIndia’s First Biosphere in a Tiger Reserve Key Facts About World Environment Day Establishment and Purpose Established by: The United Nations Assembly in 1972.Historical Context: The first day of the Stockholm Conference on the human environment.Annual Celebration: World Environment Day (WED) is celebrated every year with a specific theme and slogan focusing on major environmental issues. Recent Hosts and Themes WED 2024 Host: Saudi Arabia.India’s Role: Hosted the 45th celebration in 2018 under the theme ‘Beat Plastic Pollution’. Key Initiatives UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration: Initiated in 2021, a global mission to revive billions of hectares, including forests, farmlands, mountains, and seas.2024 Theme: Land Restoration, Desertification, and Drought Resilience.Significant Milestone: 2024 marks the 30th anniversary of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). Significance of Land Restoration Combats Environmental Issues: Addresses land degradation, drought, and desertification.Economic Benefits: Each dollar invested can yield up to USD 30 in benefits from healthy ecosystems.Socioeconomic Impact: Creates jobs, reduces poverty, and improves livelihoods.Climate Resilience: Helps communities better withstand extreme weather events.Carbon Storage: Increases carbon storage in soil and slows the pace of warming.Biodiversity Conservation: Restoring just 15% of degraded land could prevent a significant portion of expected species extinction. India’s First Biosphere in a Tiger Reserve Initiative by Environmentalists: Jai Dhar Gupta and Vijay Dhasmana have created India’s first biosphere in a tiger reserve.Name and Location: The Rajaji Raghati Biosphere (RRB) is located within the Rajaji National Park in Uttarakhand. Project Scope: Area: The biosphere covers a 35-acre private forest.Goals: It aims to identify and revive rare and endangered species of native trees while protecting the area from poaching and mining.Previous Land Condition: The land designated for the RRB was previously barren and degraded.Future Development: They are also developing a second biosphere above the Koyna River in the buffer zone of the Sahyadri Tiger Reserve near Pune, Maharashtra, along the Western Ghats. -Source: The Hindu, PIB Indira Gandhi Zoological Park’s Wildlife Conservation Efforts Context: Recently, the Indira Gandhi Zoological Park (IGZP) in Visakhapatnam has been at the forefront of wildlife conservation in India, particularly in the successful breeding and nurturing of Striped hyenas and Asiatic wild dogs (Dhole). Relevance: GS III- Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Conservation Dimensions of this article: Key Points About Indira Gandhi Zoological Park (IGZP)About DholesStriped Hyenas Key Points About Indira Gandhi Zoological Park (IGZP) Establishment and Location: Established in 1977.Located amidst Seethakonda Reserve Forest in the Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh. Geographical Surroundings: Surrounded by the Eastern Ghats on three sides and the Bay of Bengal on the fourth side. Recognition: Recognized as a large category zoo by the Central Zoo Authority. Proximity to Wildlife Sanctuary: Close to Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary, making it home to many free-ranging animals and birds. IGZP has successfully bred several species including: Striped hyenasWild dogsIndian grey wolvesRing-tailed lemursIndian bisonBlue and gold macawsJungle catsEclectus parrots About Dholes It is a wild carnivorous animal and is a member of the family Canidae and the class Mammalia.They are also known as Asian wild dogs.Historically, dholes purportedly occurred throughout southern Russia, all across central Asia, south Asia and southeast Asia.According to recent research and current distribution maps, they are restricted to south and southeast Asia, with the northernmost populations in China.In India, they are found in three clusters across India namely the Western and Eastern Ghats, central Indian landscape and North East India.Karnataka, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh rank high in the conservation of the endangered dhole in India, according to a study (2020).Dholes play an important role as apex predators in forest ecosystems. Conservation Status IUCN List of Threatened Species: EndangeredConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES): Appendix IIWildlife Protection Act, 1972 : Schedule II Reasons for their Population Decreasing Due to deforestation and fragmentation of forest corridors.Ungulates are the main prey of dholes whose population is rapidly decreasing due to excessive hunting and habitat loss.Persecution due to livestock predation and disease transfer from domestic and feral dogs. Striped Hyenas About Species: Striped hyenas (Hyaena hyaena) are one of the three hyena species.Other Hyena Species: Includes Brown hyenas and Spotted hyenas (the largest).Characteristics: Striped hyenas are smaller and less social compared to the more well-known Spotted hyena. Challenges to Conservation Habitat Loss: Reduction in natural habitats due to human activities.Human-Wildlife Conflict: Encounters with humans leading to conflicts.Poaching: Illegal hunting for body parts and other purposes.Illegal Wildlife Trade: Trade of hyenas or their parts in black markets. Protection Status IUCN Status: Near Threatened.Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Listed under Schedule I. -Source: The Hindu Discovery of Neo Protein in Bacterial Defence Mechanisms Context: Recent research has discovered a novel protein, referred to as “Neo,” which plays a critical role in bacterial defence mechanisms against viral infections, particularly bacteriophages. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: About NeoReverse Transcriptase About Neo Discovery and Background Research Team: Led by Stephen Tang and Samuel Sternberg, reported in a 2023 preprint paper on bioRxiv, while studying Klebsiella pneumoniae.Bacterial Defense Mechanism: Bacteria defend against viral infections (bacteriophages) using diverse immune systems that sense and target foreign nucleic acids. One such system is the Defense-associated Reverse Transcriptase (DRT) system. DRT-2 System Mechanism Gene Synthesis: In the DRT-2 system, bacteria undergo de novo gene synthesis via rolling-circle reverse transcription (RT) of non-coding RNA (ncRNA).Synthesis Process:Uninfected Bacterial Cells: ncRNA and RT enzyme lead to the synthesis of a repetitive single-stranded cDNA.Phage Presence: Triggers the second-strand cDNA synthesis, producing long double-stranded DNA.Function of cDNA: Generates messenger RNAs that encode a stop codon-less, never-ending open-reading frame (neo). The translation of the neo protein causes potent growth arrest (cell dormancy) in bacteria, protecting the population from phage spread. Significance in Biotechnology and Medicine Potential Tool: Represents a potential biotechnological tool for controlling viral infections.Evolutionary Insights: Retroelements in the human genome and bacterial reverse transcriptases share a common evolutionary history and functional mechanisms.Precursors: Bacterial reverse transcriptases are believed to be precursors of their eukaryotic counterparts, exhibiting analogous mechanisms. Reverse Transcriptase Function: Enables cells to create DNA copies from RNA, a process called reverse transcription, performed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase.Discovery: Discovered by Howard Temin and David Baltimore in 1970, revolutionizing molecular biology research methods. Applications: Gene Cloning: Used in molecular biology to clone genes.PCR: Performs Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).Genome Analysis: Analyzes genomes.Diagnostics: Detects and quantifies viral loads, such as in SARS-2, aiding in tracking virus spread, surveillance, public healthcare, and vaccine development. -Source: The Hindu Discovery of Ancient Rock Shelter Paintings near Pampa Lake Context: A team from the Karnataka State Department of Archaeology Museums and Heritage has uncovered rock shelter paintings estimated to be around 2,500 years old near Pampa Lake in the Hampi World Heritage Area. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: About Pampa LakeKey Facts about Tungabhadra River About Pampa Lake Location: Situated in Koppal district near Hampi in Karnataka.Located to the south of the Tungabhadra River. Significance in Hindu Mythology: One of the five sacred lakes known as Panch-Sarovar, which include Man Sarovar, Bindu Sarovar, Narayan Sarovar, Pampa Sarovar, and Pushkar Sarovar. Mythological Importance: Regarded as the place where Pampa, a form of Shiva’s consort Parvati, performed penance to show her devotion to Shiva.Mentioned in the Hindu epic, Ramayana, as the place where Shabhari, a devotee of Lord Rama, waited for his arrival. Natural Features: Surrounded by hills and temples.Filled with lotuses. Key Facts about Tungabhadra River Geographical Importance: Major river in the south Indian peninsula.Major tributary of the Krishna River. Origin: Formed by the union of two rivers, Tunga and Bhadra.Both rivers originate on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats.Merge at Koodli in the Shimoga district of Karnataka. Course: Flows northwest before joining the Krishna River at Sangamaleshwaram in Andhra Pradesh.The Krishna River ends in the Bay of Bengal.Total length: 531 km.Catchment area: 28,000 sq. km.Flows through Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Climate Influence: Influenced chiefly by the South-West monsoon. Major Tributaries: Varada River.Hagari (Vedathy) River.Dams and Reservoirs:Tunga Anicut Dam.Bhadra Dam.Hemavathy Dam.Tungabhadra Dam. -Source: The Hindu Chang’e 6 Mission Context: China’s space agency said that China landed an uncrewed spacecraft on the far side of the moon on 2nd of June. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Chang’e 6 Mission: Unveiling Lunar Secrets from the South Pole Objective and Design: A planned lunar lander mission, Chang’e 6 is meticulously crafted to retrieve samples from the lunar south pole, contributing pivotal data for understanding the Moon’s geological intricacies. Sampling Strategy: Aiming to secure samples from the Moon’s far side, the mission is set to collect up to two kilograms of lunar surface material, paralleling the configuration of the successful Chang’e 5 mission. Geological Exploration: Chang’e 6 embarks on the unprecedented task of exploring the far side of the Moon, unraveling geological mysteries through the analysis of collected samples. International Collaboration: Showcasing global cooperation, the mission incorporates payloads from the European Space Agency (ESA) and the French space agency CNES, including instruments for ion testing, radon gas measurement, radar calibration, and the contribution of a CubeSat from Pakistan. Dual Components – Lander and Rover: Chang’e 6 comprises a lander and a rover, with the lander executing a precise touchdown on the lunar surface. Simultaneously, the rover engages in exploration, conducts experiments, and facilitates the meticulous collection of lunar samples. -Source: The Hindu Tmesipteris Oblanceolate Context: New research shows that a fork fern species, called Tmesipteris oblanceolata, has a genome that is 7% larger than that of the previous record-holder, the Japanese flowering plant Paris japonica, and more than 50 times the size of the human genome. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Tmesipteris oblanceolate: Habitat and Distribution: A rare species of fern growing primarily on the ground or atop fallen tree trunks.Found on the island nation of New Caledonia (an overseas French territory in the Southwest Pacific) and neighboring islands such as Vanuatu. Physical Characteristics: A small plant, typically 10-15 centimeters (4-6 inches) in height. Genomic Significance: Holds a record-breaking genome size of 160.45 billion base pairs (Gbp).This is 11 billion more than the previous record holder, the Japanese flowering plant Paris japonica, and 50 times more than the human genome.If stretched out, the DNA in each cell of this fern would extend nearly 350 feet (106 meters), while the human genome would extend only about 6-1/2 feet (2 meters). Evolutionary Background: Tmesipteris is a small genus of ferns whose ancestors evolved about 350 million years ago, well before dinosaurs set foot on Earth. Habitat Characteristics: Distinguished by its mainly epiphytic habit, meaning it grows mainly on the trunks and branches of trees.Has a restricted distribution in Oceania and several Pacific Islands. What are Ferns? General Characteristics: Plants that do not have flowers.Have roots, stems, and leaves similar to flowering plants. Reproduction: Unlike flowering plants, ferns do not have flowers or seeds.They usually reproduce sexually by tiny spores or can sometimes reproduce vegetatively. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 05 June 2024

CONTENTS Phenome India Project Phenome India Project Context: Recently, CSIR concluded the first phase of its longitudinal health monitoring project, Phenome India, and organised a special event, Phenome India Unboxing 1.0. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: About ‘Phenome India’ ProjectAbout the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) About ‘Phenome India’ Project Project Name: Phenome India-CSIR Health Cohort Knowledgebase (PI-CheCK)Initiated by: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)Launch Date: 7th December 2023 Objective Goal: Develop India-specific risk prediction models for cardio-metabolic diseases including diabetes, liver diseases, and cardiac diseases.Scope: The first-ever pan-India longitudinal health monitoring study focused on cardio-metabolic diseases. Participants and Data Collection Participants: Nearly 10,000 participants including CSIR employees, pensioners, and their spouses from 17 states and 24 cities.Data Collected: Clinical questionnaires, lifestyle and dietary habits, anthropometric measurements, imaging/scanning data, and extensive biochemical and molecular data. Importance Significance: Understanding the risk and incidence of cardio-metabolic disorders in the Indian population, considering ethnic diversity and varied lifestyle patterns. Precision Medicine Initiative P4 Healthcare: Promoting Predictive, Personalised, Participatory, and Preventive healthcare tailored specifically to Indian phenotypic and genetic profiles. About the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Establishment and Location Established: September 1942Headquarters: New Delhi Funding and Autonomy Funding: Ministry of Science and TechnologyAutonomous Body: Operates under the Societies Registration Act, of 1860. Objectives Focus Areas: Scientific research and development in fields such as aerospace, biology, chemistry, earth sciences, engineering, and medical sciences. Organisational Structure President: The Prime Minister of India (Ex-officio)Vice President: The Union Minister of Science and Technology (Ex-officio) Governing Body: Head: Director-GeneralEx-officio Member: Finance secretary (expenditures)Term Duration: Members serve terms of three years. CSIR Advisory Board: Composition: 15-member body of prominent experts from various scientific and technological fields.Role: Provide science and technology insights to the governing body, with member terms spanning three years.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 05 June 2024

CONTENTS Persistent Underrepresentation of Women in Indian Corporate LeadershipVote CountingKAZA-TFCA States Renew Withdrawal Calls from CITESICMR Seeks Partners for Hydroxyurea Development for ChildrenPrime Minister’s Visit to Vivekananda Rock MemorialAhilya Bai HolkarBank Clinic Persistent Underrepresentation of Women in Indian Corporate Leadership Context: A recent report titled “Women in Leadership in Corporate India” by a networking platform has highlighted the persistent underrepresentation of women in leadership positions across Indian corporates. The percentage of women in these roles has remained stagnant below 30% for a considerable period. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Report Findings on Women Representation in the WorkforceFactors Contributing to Lower Representation of Women in CorporatesStrategies to Improve Gender Diversity in Corporate LeadershipConclusion Report Findings on Women Representation in the Workforce Overview of Representation Trends Consistently Low Representation: Women hold less than 30% of positions across the workforce and in senior leadership roles, a figure which has been declining since the pandemic.Key Cause: The primary reason for this trend is the reduction in the hiring of women for leadership roles. Industry-Specific Representation Lowest Representation: Construction, Oil, Gas, and Mining, and Utilities: 11%Wholesale and Manufacturing: 12%Accommodation and Food Services: 15% Slightly Better Representation: Wholesale and Manufacturing: 12%Moderate Representation:Technology, Information & Media, Financial Services: 19% Highest Representation: Education: 30%Government Administration: 29% Compliance with Legal Mandates Legislation: The Companies Act, 2013 mandates the inclusion of women directors on company boards.Non-Compliance: Reports indicate that compliance with this law is lax.Penalties: Between April 2018 and December 2023, 507 companies were fined for non-compliance, with 90% of these being listed companies. Factors Contributing to Lower Representation of Women in Corporates Societal and Structural Barriers Societal Biases and Stereotypes: Prevalent biases regarding women’s abilities and leadership styles result in unfair assessments and restricted career advancement opportunities.Reduced Flexible Working Arrangements: The decline in hybrid or work-from-home options has stalled progress, as these arrangements often support women’s participation in the workforce.Domestic and Caregiving Responsibilities: The heavy burden of these responsibilities on women hampers their ability to commit and be as available as their male counterparts. Environmental and Institutional Challenges Migration and Safety Concerns: These concerns restrict women’s access to employment, especially in urban areas where inadequate infrastructure and unsafe public spaces deter women from seeking and retaining jobs.Lack of Mentorship and Sponsorship: Women have fewer influential mentors and sponsors to advocate for their career progression and help them navigate corporate environments.Scarcity of Senior Role Models: The shortage of women in senior leadership roles means fewer role models for aspiring women, making it difficult for them to envision achieving such positions themselves. Strategies to Improve Gender Diversity in Corporate Leadership Work Environment and Policies Flexible or Hybrid Work Policies: Essential for retaining women, particularly at junior and middle management levels, as these stages often require balancing career aspirations with family commitments. Recruitment and Hiring Practices ‘Skills-First’ Hiring Approach: Prioritize hiring based on relevant skills, qualifications, and experience rather than gendered assumptions. This method helps reduce biases and promotes meritocracy. Government Initiatives Promoting Board Diversity: Governments can encourage diversity in senior leadership by raising awareness about board diversity in listed companies.Example: The Japanese Ministry of Economy, in collaboration with the Tokyo Stock Exchange, launched the “Nadeshiko Brands” program, which highlights companies that support women’s empowerment and leadership, making them attractive investment opportunities. Professional Networking and Support Creating Strong Networks: Establishing professional groups for women can foster connections and collaboration, empowering women to navigate the path to leadership.Benefits: These networks allow women to share experiences, learn from each other’s successes and challenges, and build a robust support system.Mentorship and Networking Opportunities: Providing women with mentorship and networking opportunities can aid their navigation up the corporate ladder.Role of Female Leaders: Experienced female leaders can mentor aspiring women, offering insights and strategies for career advancement. Equitable Distribution of Responsibilities Promoting Equitable Caregiving: Policies that promote an equitable distribution of caregiving responsibilities between men and women can help balance professional and personal commitments.Paid Paternity Leave: Implementing paid paternity leave, especially in the private sector, can contribute to a more balanced distribution of caregiving duties. Conclusion The ongoing underrepresentation of women in corporate leadership roles in India is a significant concern that necessitates comprehensive and targeted interventions. By adopting a multifaceted approach, including policy changes, organizational reforms, and cultural shifts, it is possible to enhance gender diversity and unlock the full potential of women in the corporate sector. -Source: The Hindu Vote Counting Context: Over the past six weeks, 642 million voters have participated in the world’s largest democratic exercise. Now, it’s their turn to be heard through the counting of votes. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Counting of VotesPostal Ballots and EVM VotesVVPAT and RecountingResult Declaration Counting of Votes Handbook and Governance Handbook Issued by EC: Guides Returning Officers (ROs) and counting agents on the counting process, highlighting design, operations, and objection protocols.Rule 66A Governance: The counting process follows Rule 66A of the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, as amended in 1992. Responsibilities and Procedures RO Responsibilities: Typically, the District Magistrate is appointed by the Election Commission of India (ECI).Must inform candidates or their agents of the counting schedule and location at least one week before polling.Assistant Returning Officers assist where the RO oversees multiple constituencies.Counting officials appointed by the RO conduct the vote counting at various tables. Appointment of Time and Place: Rule 51 Requirement: RO must appoint the time and place for vote counting at least one week before the poll.The ECI sets a uniform date and time for counting, usually at the RO’s headquarters but possibly outside the constituency.Votes for an Assembly constituency are counted at a single location with each constituency in a separate hall with up to 14 counting tables plus the RO’s table. Counting Process Scheduled Start: The RO must begin counting strictly at the scheduled time, with the entire process documented in-camera and timestamped.EVM Strong Room Procedures:The room must be opened in the presence of observers, ROs/AROs, and candidates or their agents.Continuous CCTV coverage documents the movement of control units, VVPATs, and relevant documents.Counting staff and others must remain at the Counting Centre until official results are announced. Postal Ballots and EVM Votes Postal Ballot Counting: Rule 54A mandates starting with postal ballots.EVM vote counting starts 30 minutes after postal ballots.VVPAT slips are matched with EVM results post counting. EVM Counting Procedures: Organized on tables arranged in rows and numbered sequentially.Control Unit of each EVM determines poll results for each station.Ballot Units remain in a secure strong room.Candidate-wise results from each control unit are recorded in Form 17C part II, signed by the counting supervisor and candidates/polling agents, and countersigned by the RO before preparing the Final Result Sheet in Form 20. VVPAT and Recounting VVPAT Counting: Begins only after all votes from Control Units are counted.Conducted under close supervision in the VVPAT Counting Booth with observers and candidates or their agents present. Recounting: Usually unnecessary due to the validity of each vote recorded by machines.Rule 63 provisions for recount still apply if required. Result Declaration Authorization: RO must obtain authorization from the Observer to declare results.NOC Requirement: RO should seek NOC on Form 20 from the Commission, Observer, and the leading candidate before public announcement. -Source: The Hindu KAZA-TFCA States Renew Withdrawal Calls from CITES Context: At the 2024 Heads of State Summit for the Kavango-Zambezi Trans-Frontier Conservation Area (KAZA-TFCA) in Livingstone, Zambia, member states renewed their calls to withdraw from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This demand stems from repeated denials of permission to sell their abundant ivory and other wildlife products. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Issues Discussed at the 2024 SummitCauses of the Wildlife Product TradeMeasures Needed to Tackle Wildlife Crime Key Issues Discussed at the 2024 Summit The KAZA-TFCA Initiative Geographical Scope: The KAZA-TFCA spans five southern African nations: Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, along the Okavango and Zambezi river basins.Conservation Land: Approximately 70% of KAZA land is under conservation, comprising 103 wildlife management areas and 85 forest reserves.Elephant Population: This region harbors over two-thirds of Africa’s elephant population (approximately 450,000), with Botswana (132,000) and Zimbabwe (100,000) holding significant portions. Ivory Trade and Human-Wildlife Conflicts 2022 Conference of Parties: Southern African countries advocated for legalizing the ivory trade to finance conservation and reduce human-wildlife conflicts, but their proposal was rejected.Rejection Reasons: The proposal was accused of prioritizing anti-trade ideologies over scientific conservation methods. Economic Impact of CITES Restrictions Economic Pitfalls: Delegates emphasized the economic disadvantages of existing CITES restrictions, advocating for the sale of wildlife products to highlight elephant mortality rates and the loss of economic potential from ivory stockpiles.Funding for Conservation: The ban on ivory and wildlife product trade affects conservation funding, as revenue from sales could support wildlife management.Scientific Evidence vs. Political Agendas: Decisions are argued to be based more on populism and political agendas rather than scientific evidence, undermining CITES’ effectiveness in promoting sustainable conservation. Appeals and Responses Exiting CITES: The summit featured renewed appeals to exit CITES, suggesting it could prompt CITES to reconsider or empower KAZA states to manage their wildlife resources autonomously.Trophy Hunting Restrictions: In response to increased restrictions on trophy hunting imports by Western countries, Zimbabwe and other KAZA states are exploring alternative markets, particularly in the East.Trophy Hunting Definition: Trophy hunting involves selectively hunting wild animals, often large mammals, to obtain body parts like antlers or horns, which serve as symbols of achievement or for display. Causes of the Wildlife Product Trade Organized Crime and Illegal Trade Dynamics Criminal Networks: Involves organized crime in remote operations like elephant and tiger poaching, merging with other criminal networks and exploiting power dynamics, illicit weapons, and money laundering channels.Market Scarcity: When legal sales decline, illegal traders find new ways to continue selling products, such as rare animals or endangered species trophies, making illegal markets more attractive to buyers. Socioeconomic and Cultural Factors Economic Pressures: While large criminal groups may dominate some trafficking, many impoverished individuals engage in poaching to make ends meet.Cultural Significance: In some regions, poaching is driven by cultural traditions. For example, in the Chinko reserve in the Central African Republic, elephant hunting symbolizes cultural heritage, courage, and masculinity. Legal Market Complications Legal Market Confusion: Legal markets for certain wildlife products (e.g., Lao PDR permits trade in bear bile) make it difficult to distinguish between legally and illegally sourced products.Major Legal Market: Japan represents the world’s most significant legal ivory market, adding complexity to efforts to curb illegal trade. Corruption and Ineffectiveness of Controls Bribery and Corruption: Wildlife trafficking is facilitated by bribery at inspection points and higher-level influence on permit issuance and legal decisions, undermining anti-trafficking efforts. Measures Needed to Tackle Wildlife Crime Reducing Demand Illegalize Possession and Trade: Make the possession or trading of goods derived from illegally obtained wildlife illegal to reduce demand.Support Anti-Poaching Efforts: Direct funds to agencies that protect wildlife, such as park rangers and anti-poaching teams. Education and Awareness Public Education: Educate people about the consequences of wildlife trafficking and the value of wildlife to lower demand for illegal products. Scientific and Economic Collaboration Scientific Review: Conduct independent scientific reviews to assess the sustainability of potential ivory trade from KAZA countries.Collaborative Efforts: CITES and KAZA countries could collaborate to explore alternative income sources for conservation, such as promoting ecotourism and carbon offset programs. Best Practices and Successful Initiatives TRAFFIC and WWF: TRAFFIC’s technical expertise supported a WWF campaign in Thailand, significantly reforming Thai legislation and nearly eliminating the domestic ivory market.Domestic Ivory Bans: In China, WWF and other NGOs played crucial roles in implementing a domestic ivory ban.Destroying Stockpiles: Gabon, Congo, and the USA have destroyed confiscated ivory stockpiles to prevent their return to the black market and publicly condemn ivory trade and poaching. -Source: Down To Earth ICMR Seeks Partners for Hydroxyurea Development for Children Context: The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) seeks partners for a new project to develop and commercialize a low-dose or children’s version of hydroxyurea, aimed at treating sickle cell disease in India. Eligible organizations are invited to express their interest in this initiative. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Sickle Cell AnaemiaIndian Government Initiatives to reduce Sickle Cell AnaemiaAbout the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission Hydroxyurea for Treating Sickle Cell Disease in Children Overview and Mechanism Hydroxyurea: An oral chemotherapy drug prescribed for sickle cell disease.Helps patients by keeping blood cells round and flexible, facilitating better flow and oxygen delivery.Myelosuppressive Agent: Slows or stops the growth of blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and steroids. Effects on Blood Cells Deoxygenated Sickle Cells: Tend to clump together and form chains or long polymers, becoming stickier and increasing blockage risks in small blood vessels.Fetal Hemoglobin (HbF): Prevents polymer formation, reducing the likelihood of blockages and organ damage.Hydroxyurea’s Role: Increases the amount of HbF in the blood, preventing complications from sickle cell disease. Pharmaceutical Availability and Challenges Current Availability: Hydroxyurea is offered in 500 mg capsules or 200 mg tablets by most pharmaceutical companies in India.Pediatric Treatment Challenges: Lack of a suspension form makes low-dose treatment difficult for children.Service providers must break down high-dose tablets, risking dose accuracy and efficacy.Need for Pediatric Formulation: Considering the high number of sickle cell disease cases and the goal of eliminating the disease in India by 2047, a pediatric formulation of hydroxyurea is essential. Sickle Cell Anaemia Haemoglobin which is tasked with carrying oxygen to all parts of the body, has four protein subunits — two alpha and two beta.In some people, mutations in the gene that creates the beta subunits impact the shape of the blood cell and distorts it to look like a sickle.A round red blood cell can move easily through blood vessels because of its shape but sickle red blood cells end up slowing, and even blocking, the blood flow.Moreover, sickle cells die early, resulting in a shortage of red blood cells that deprive the body of oxygen.These obstructions and shortages may cause chronic anaemia, pain, fatigue, acute chest syndrome, stroke, and a host of other serious health complications.Without treatment, quality of life is compromised and severe cases can become fatal in the initial years of life. Symptoms The symptoms of sickle cell anaemia can vary from person to person, but common symptoms include: Painful episodes (sickle cell crisis)AnaemiaFatigue and weaknessShortness of breathDelays in growth and developmentJoint painfrequent infections Treatment Currently, there is no cure for sickle cell anaemia, but treatments are available to manage the symptoms and prevent complications. Pain managementBlood transfusionsAntibiotics to prevent infectionsHydoxyurea, a medication to reduce the frequency of sickle cell crisesStem cell transplantation in some cases Indian Government Initiatives to reduce Sickle Cell Anaemia The Indian Council of Medical Research and the National Rural Health Mission in different States are undertaking outreach programmes for better management and control of the disease.The Ministry of Tribal Affairs launched a portal wherein people can register themselves if they have the disease or the trait, in order to collate all information related to SCA among tribal groups.In the Budget, the Union Health Minister said the government plans to distribute “special cards” across tribal areas to people below the age of 40.The cards will be divided into different categories based on the screening results.The mission will receive funding under the National Health Mission. National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission: The mission aims to tackle the significant health challenges associated with sickle cell disease (SCD), with a particular focus on the tribal population.It represents a crucial milestone in the Government’s ongoing efforts to eliminate SCD as a public health issue by 2047. Objectives of the Mission: Provision of Affordable and Accessible Care: Ensure that all SCD patients have access to affordable and easily accessible healthcare services.Improve the availability and affordability of SCD treatments and medications. Quality of Care: Enhance the quality of care provided to SCD patients.Implement measures to ensure that healthcare facilities meet the required standards for SCD management. Prevalence Reduction: Implement strategies to reduce the prevalence of SCD in the population.Focus on early detection and prevention methods to minimize the number of new SCD cases. Health Promotion: Raise awareness about SCD through health promotion campaigns.Provide pre-marital genetic counseling to educate individuals about the risks associated with SCD. Prevention: Conduct universal screening programs to identify SCD cases at an early stage.Emphasize the importance of early detection and prompt intervention to prevent complications. Holistic Management & Continuum of Care: Develop a comprehensive management approach for individuals with SCD.Establish coordinated care across primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare levels.Ensure adequate treatment facilities at tertiary healthcare institutions. Patient Support System: Establish a robust support system for SCD patients.Provide guidance, counseling, and emotional support to patients and their families. Community Adoption: Encourage community involvement in SCD prevention and care.Promote the adoption of preventive measures and support systems within local communities. Coverage Targets: The mission aims to reach a total of 7 crore people.Provide screening, counseling, and care services for individuals with SCD within a three-and-a-half-year timeframe. -Source: The Hindu Prime Minister’s Visit to Vivekananda Rock Memorial Context: Recently, the Prime Minister visited and meditated at the Vivekananda Rock Memorial in Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Key Facts Related to Vivekananda Rock MemorialAbout Swami VivekanandaVedantic HumanismHis teachings Key Facts Related to Vivekananda Rock Memorial Historical Significance Swami Vivekananda’s Meditation: In 1892, Swami Vivekananda swam to the rock from the shores of Kanyakumari for meditation, spending three days and nights there, leading to his enlightenment.Core Philosophy Crystallization: Swami Vivekananda’s letter to Swami Ramkrishnananda in 1894 suggests that his core philosophy crystallized after meditating at the Dhyan Mandapam on the rock. Location and Physical Features Geographical Position: The memorial is situated on one of the two rocks located approximately 500 meters off the mainland of Vavathurai, Tamil Nadu.Islet Characteristics: The Vivekananda rock is a small rocky islet, surrounded by the Laccadive Sea, where the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ocean, and the Arabian Sea converge, offering a picturesque view. Structural Details Main Structures: The memorial consists of two primary structures: Vivekananda Mandapam and Shripada Mandapam. Construction and Inauguration Purpose: The memorial was constructed to honor Swami Vivekananda, a prominent Indian spiritual leader.Inauguration: It was formally inaugurated in 1970 by the then-President of India, V V Giri. About Swami Vivekananda The Swami Vivekananda ji’s original name was Narendranath.He was born on 12th January, 1863 at Kolkata , the Swamiji’s Jayanti i.e. birth anniversary is celebrated as the “National Youth Day“. Spiritual primacy is the central theme of Vivekananda’s teachings, through which human beings can succeed in every sphere of their lives.Nevertheless, he urges people, especially the youth, to never let go of reason.Instead, he premises his philosophy, ideas and life work on the premise of reason.The three instruments of knowledge that he propounded are instincts, reason, and inspiration. Vedantic Humanism Swami Vivekananda believed that there is only one Self in the universe. There is only one Existence. He saw the entire universe as a manifestation of the absolute One.On the coexistence of various faiths, he believed religious acceptance, and not tolerance was important. He claimed that tolerance comes out of a superiority complex.For Vivekananda, the most desirable path for self-realisation was the selfless service of man.Some ways through which the essential unity of all human beings can be realised are unconditional love for all, judicious detachment, and expansion of self through service of fellow humans despite any sectarian difference, he believed.He was an exponent of vedantic humanism.He did not propagate a world-negating concept of spirituality, rather he said that each and every chore of your life should be done with divinity.He articulated that external rituals of religion are of secondary importance but the spiritual essence of a religion should be preserved and accepted. His teachings Divinity within ourselves “Infinite power is in the soul of man, whether he knows it or not. Its manifestation is only a question of being conscious of it. With the full consciousness of his infinite power and wisdom, the giant will rise to his feet.”Swami Vivekananda asserted that each soul is potentially divine.The goal of human beings should be to manifest this divinity within, which can be done by controlling nature, external and internal. Karma Yoga Swami Vivekananda, emphasising the importance of work, said that God can be attained through work.He said that in every society there are people whose minds cannot be concentrated on the plane of thought alone.He stressed that a lot of people fritter away a great amount of their energies because they are oblivious to the secret of work. The key to this secret lies in Karma Yoga, as it teaches how to employ to the maximum advantage all our energies in our work.Karma-Yoga teaches how to work for work’s sake, unattached to the results.A Karma Yogin works out of her nature as she feels it is the right thing for her to do and that is the sole objective of her work. “Whatever you do, let that be your worship for the time being,” he said. Bhakti Yoga Bhakti Yoga teaches that love is a vital element of all human beings.It teaches how to love bereft of any ulterior motives. “All love is expansion, all selfishness is contraction. Love is therefore the only law of life. He who loves lives, he who is selfish is dying,” said Swami Vivekananda. Raja Yoga Raja Yoga opens up the psychological way to union with God.This Yoga teaches that in order to acquire knowledge, we’d have to use a method called concentration.Swami Vivekananda, to explain this Yoga, gives an example of a chemist who works in her laboratory, concentrating all the powers of her mind, bringing them into one focus, and throwing them onto the elements; the elements stand analysed and thus her knowledge comes.“The more this power of concentration, the more knowledge is acquired. The stronger the power of concentration, the better will that thing be done.” Faith in oneself He emphasises that the ideal of faith in ourselves is of the greatest help to us as whatever “you think, that you will be. If you think yourselves weak, weak you will be; if you think yourselves strong, strong you will be.”One has to know that all knowledge, power, purity, and freedom are in oneself.Swami Vivekanand also urges people to not shy away from taking responsibility for their actions.“We, as Vedantists, know for certain that there is no power in the universe to injure us unless we first injure ourselves. Let us blame none, let us blame our own karma. The effect is here and the cause is here too. We are to blame. Stand up, be bold, and take the blame on your own shoulders.” -Source: The Hindu Ahilya Bai Holkar Context: The 300th birth anniversary of the Maratha queen Ahilya Bai Holkar — a great administrator and visionary with a spiritual inclination, was recently celebrated. Relevance: GS I: History About Ahilya Bai Holkar Personal Background Full Name: Maharani Ahilyabai HolkarLifespan: 31 May 1725 – 13 August 1795Title: Holkar Queen of the Maratha Malwa Kingdom, IndiaReputation: Known as one of India’s most visionary female rulers, celebrated for her wisdom, courage, and administrative skills. Early Life and Ascension to Power Tragedy: Ahilyabai’s husband, Khanderao Holkar, was killed in the battle of Kumbher in 1754.Further Loss: Twelve years later, her father-in-law, Malhar Rao Holkar, passed away.Coronation: In 1767, a year after her father-in-law’s death, she was crowned the queen of Malwa. She ruled for the next 28 years, bringing justice, wisdom, and knowledge to her governance. Achievements and Contributions Peace and Prosperity: Under her rule, Malwa enjoyed relative peace, prosperity, and stability. Her capital, Maheshwar, became a hub for literary, musical, artistic, and industrial pursuits.Welcoming Scholars: She welcomed notable figures such as Marathi poet Moropant, Shahir Ananta Gandhi, and Sanskrit scholar Khushali Ram into her capital.Promoting Dharma and Industrialization: She played a significant role in spreading the message of dharma and fostering industrialization.Textile Industry: Established a textile industry in Maheshwar, now famous for Maheshwari sarees. Military and Justice Defense: Military Training: Ahilyabai was military-trained and personally led armies into battle.Appointment: She appointed Tukojirao Holkar as the Chief of Army.Justice Administration: Known for her fair and impartial administration of justice, she even sentenced her only son to death for a capital offense. Religious and Social Contributions Temple Construction: A pioneer in building Hindu temples, she constructed hundreds of temples and Dharmashalas across India. Her notable contributions include the renovation and repair of the Kashi Vishwanath Temple in 1780.Landmark Decisions: Implemented significant reforms, such as abolishing the law that confiscated property from childless widows.Public Audiences: Held daily public audiences to address and resolve the common man’s problems. Legacy and Death Philosopher Queen: British historian John Keay honored her with the title ‘The Philosopher Queen’.Death: Ahilyabai passed away on August 13, 1795, at the age of seventy.Succession: Her throne was succeeded by her commander-in-chief and nephew, Tukojirao Holkar. -Source: Indian Express Bank Clinic Context: The All India Bank Employees’ Association (AIBEA) has launched the “Bank Clinic” initiative to assist bank customers with grievance redressal. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy About Bank Clinic Initiative by AIBEA: The All India Bank Employees’ Association (AIBEA) launched Bank Clinic to help bank customers with grievance redressal in line with Reserve Bank of India (RBI) guidelines on retail banking amid rapid technological advancements.Advisory Platform: It serves as a non-resolving advisory platform, providing guidance on remedies available as per RBI guidelines.Additional Channel: Functions alongside the traditional Banking Ombudsman process. How It Works Complaint Registration: Customers can register their complaints on the Bank Clinic website.Response Time: Within five working days, customers receive a reply detailing available remedies and relevant RBI guidelines for their specific issue.Purpose: Ensures timely and effective redressal of customer issues by guiding them on available remedies, though it does not directly resolve queries. Benefits Building Goodwill: Helps build goodwill with customers.Feedback to Banks: Provides valuable feedback to banks, highlighting areas where service deficiencies exist. What is AIBEA? Full Name: All India Bank Employees Association.Representation: A national trade union representing bank employees across India.Foundation: Established on April 20, 1946, in Kolkata. The headquarters is in Chennai.Role: Advocates for the rights, welfare, and interests of bank workers. -Source: Economic Times

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 04 June 2024

CONTENTS World No-Tobacco DayDraft Resolution Approved to Improve Organ Transplantation Availability World No-Tobacco Day Context: Recently, The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (GoI), organized an event today to observe World No Tobacco Day 2024. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: World No-Tobacco DayTobacco Cultivation in India World No-Tobacco Day: Creation and Purpose: World No Tobacco Day was established by the Member States of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1987.A resolution passed in 1988 set the annual observance on May 31st.The day aims to raise awareness about the harmful effects of tobacco use and second-hand smoke, and to discourage tobacco consumption in any form.The theme for the year is “Protecting Children from Tobacco Industry Interference.” Tobacco Cultivation in India: Introduction and History: Tobacco cultivation in India was introduced by the Portuguese in 1605. Area and Production: Major tobacco-growing states in India include Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar.Gujarat contributes 45% of the total area (0.13 million hectares) and 30% of production (0.16 million tonnes). It also boasts the highest productivity, yielding 1700 kg per hectare, followed by Andhra Pradesh. Types of Tobacco: Gujarat: Anand area grows mainly bidi tobacco.Karnataka: Nipani area is known for bidi tobacco.North Bihar and Bengal: Both tabacum and rustica types, used for hookah and limited chewing and snuff varieties.Tamil Nadu: Madurai and Coimbatore regions cultivate cigars, filter, binder, and chewing tobacco. Climate and Soil: Optimal growth occurs at mean temperatures between 20°C and 27°C.As a rainfed crop, tobacco needs at least 500 mm of well-distributed rainfall during the growing season.It is not typically grown in regions where rainfall exceeds 1200 mm during the season. Draft Resolution Approved to Improve Organ Transplantation Availability Context: At the 77th World Health Assembly, member states approved a draft resolution aimed at improving the availability of organ transplantation, including human cells and tissues. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Increasing Availability and Ethical Access to Transplantation: Recent Developments: Member States, led by Spain, approved a resolution to enhance the availability, ethical access, and oversight of human cell, tissue, and organ transplantation. About the Draft Resolution: Member states are encouraged to align with WHO’s Guiding Principles on Human Cell, Tissue, and Organ Transplantation.Emphasis is placed on promoting donation following neurological or circulatory determination of death.The resolution highlights that insufficient access to transplantation fuels human trafficking for organ removal and poses public health risks.It calls for the establishment of an expert committee to help develop and implement a global strategy.The draft resolution also proposes a global strategy for adoption by 2026 and suggests creating a World Donor Day to raise awareness and donations. World Health Assembly (WHA): The World Health Assembly is the decision-making body of the WHO.It includes delegations from all WHO Member States and focuses on a specific health agenda prepared by the Executive Board.Main functions include determining WHO policies, appointing the Director-General, overseeing financial policies, and approving the programme budget.The Assembly meets annually in Geneva, Switzerland.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 04 June 2024

CONTENTS Supreme Court Reaffirms Promotion is Not a Fundamental RightArchaeologists and Sanskrit Scholars Decipher Rigveda for Historical LinksAdani Group Accused of Mislabeling Coal Quality in 2014RudraM-IISarcophagusParaparatrechina neela Supreme Court Reaffirms Promotion is Not a Fundamental Right Context: The Supreme Court of India has recently reiterated that promotion is not a fundamental right for government servants. The judgement emphasized that the Constitution does not prescribe any criteria for filling promotional posts, leaving this matter to the discretion of the legislature and the executive. Relevance: GS-II: Social Justice and Governance (Government Policies and Initiatives, Issues related to Minorities), GS-II: Polity and Constitution (Constitutional Provisions, Important Judgements) Dimensions of the Article: Constitutional Provisions on ReservationReservation not a fundamental RightArguments for applying reservation in promotionsPros and Cons of Reservation in PromotionReservation Related Developments in IndiaWay Forward Constitutional Provisions on Reservation Article 16(4) empowers the state to make any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the state, is not adequately represented in the services under the state.By way of the 77th Amendment Act, a new clause (4A) was added to Article 16, empowering the state to make provisions for reservation in matters of promotion to Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe employees if the state feels they are not adequately represented in services. Reservation not a fundamental Right It is a settled law, time and again reiterated by the Supreme Court, that there is no fundamental right to reservation or promotion under Article 16(4) or Article 16(4 A) of the Constitution.Rather they are enabling provisions for providing reservation, if the circumstances so warrant (Mukesh Kumar and Another vs State of Uttarakhand & Ors. 2020).However, these pronouncements no way understate the constitutional directive under Article 46.Article 46 mandates that the state shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people and in particular SCs and STs.However such provisions resulted in the ever-evolving jurisprudence of affirmative action in public employment. Arguments for applying reservation in promotions As there is a peculiar hierarchical arrangement of caste in India, it is obvious that SCs and STs are poorly represented in higher posts.Denying application of reservation in promotions has kept SCs and STs largely confined to lower cadre jobs.Hence, providing reservation for promotions is even more justified and appropriate to attain equality.This judgment destabilises the very basis of reservation, when there is no direct recruitment in higher posts.This delineation of the scope of reservation as at the entry level and in promotions will only lead to confusion in its implementation.Now, by declaring that reservation cannot be claimed as a fundamental right is a dangerous precedent in the history of social justice. Pros and Cons of Reservation in Promotion >td >Helps address historical discrimination by providing support to overcome entrenched social and economic barriers.Advantages of ReservationDisadvantages of ReservationEnhances representation of historically disadvantaged groups (SC, ST, OBC) in higher positions within services.Raises concerns about potentially bypassing the most qualified candidates for promotion.Fosters a more diverse and inclusive leadership, improving understanding of societal issues.May cause demotivation and frustration among general category candidates who feel overlooked.Provides marginalized communities with opportunities to advance and compete at higher levels.Reservations in promotions can disrupt seniority-based systems, impacting overall efficiency. Reservation Related Developments in India Mandal storm Reservation in employment which was otherwise confined to SC and STs got extended to new section called the Other Backward Classes (OBCs).This was the basis of the recommendations of the Second Backward Class Commission as constituted, headed by B.P. Mandal.The Mandal Commission (1980) provided for 27% reservation to OBC in central services and public sector undertakings.This was over and above the existing 22.5% reservation for SCs and STs, was sought to be implemented by the V.P. Singh Government in 1990.The same was assailed in the Supreme Court resulting in the historic Indra Sawhney Judgment. Indra Sawhney case, 1992 In its landmark 1992 decision in Indra Sawhney vs Union of India, the Supreme Court had held that reservations under Article 16(4) could only be provided at the time of entry into government service but not in matters of promotion.It added that the principle would operate only prospectively and not affect promotions already made and that reservation already provided in promotions shall continue in operation for a period of five years from the date of the judgment.On June 17, 1995, Parliament, acting in its constituent capacity, adopted the seventy-seventh amendment by which clause (4A) was inserted into Article 16 to enable reservation to be made in promotion for SCs and STs. The Constitution (Seventy-seventh Amendment) Act, 1995 In Indra Sawhney Case, the Supreme Court had held that Article 16(4) of the Constitution of India does not authorise reservation in the matter of promotions.However, the judgment was not to affect the promotions already made and hence only prospective in operation, it was ruled.By the Constitution (Seventy-seventh Amendment) Act, 1995, which, Article 16(4-A), was inserted.It aimed to provide the State for making any provision for reservation in matters of promotion to any class or classes of posts in the services under the State.This was to be in favour of the SCs and the STs which, in the opinion of the State, are not adequately represented in the services under the State.Later, two more amendments were brought, one to ensure consequential seniority and another to secure carry forward of unfilled vacancies of a year. M. Nagaraj case, 2006 The constitutional validity of Art 16(4A) was upheld by the Supreme Court in the M. Nagaraj v. Union of India 2006 case; however, State is not bound to make such reservations in promotions.If the states seek to make reservation in promotions, then it must collect quantifiable data on three parametersThe backwardness of the classThe inadequacy of the representation of that class in public employment;The general efficiency of service would not be affected Jarnail Singh vs Lachhmi Narain Gupta case, 2018 In Jarnail Singh vs Lachhmi Narain Gupta case of 2018, the Supreme Court held that reservation in promotions does not require the state to collect quantifiable data on the backwardness of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.The court upheld the argument that once various caste groups were listed as SC/ST, this automatically implied they were backward.That judgment had, while modifying the part of the Nagaraj verdict which required States to show quantifiable data to prove the ‘backwardness’ of a Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe community to provide quota in promotion in public employment, rejected the Centre’s argument that Nagaraj misread the creamy layer concept by applying it to SC/ST. The Constitution (103rd Amendment) Act, 2019 The 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) other SCs, STs and backward classes for government jobs and admission in educational institutions.This is currently under challenge before the Supreme Court which has referred the same to a constitution bench.This was a critical milestone to specifically include economic backwardness without social backwardness as is traditionally seen.  Dr. Jaishri Laxmanrao Patil vs Chief Minister (2021) Despite the Indra Sawhney ruling, there have been attempts on the part of many States to breach the rule by way of expanding the reservation coverage.The Maharashtra Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Act 2018, (Maratha reservation law) came under challenge before the Supreme Court.This case was referred to a bench of five judges to question whether the 1992 judgment needs a relook.Interestingly, the Supreme Court affirmed the Indra Sawhney decision, and struck down Section 4(1)(a) and Section 4(1)(b) of the Act which provided 12% reservation for Marathas in educational institutions and 13% reservation in public employment respectively.This judgment gave out a strong message that some State governments blatantly disregard the stipulated ceiling on electoral gains rather than any exceptional circumstances. Way Forward Assessing Current Representation: It is essential to evaluate the present representation of SC/ST/OBCs at various levels and departments. This data will help set specific targets for fulfilling reservation quotas.Merit and Relaxation System: Advocate for a system that emphasizes merit while providing some relaxation in qualifying marks for SC/ST/OBC candidates in promotions. This ensures that qualified candidates from these communities have a better chance while maintaining acceptable competency standards.Addressing Concerns: Acknowledge the issues related to unqualified candidates being promoted due to reservations.Training and Mentorship: Propose robust training and mentorship programs for promoted SC/ST/OBC employees to bridge any skill gaps and ensure they excel in their new roles.Temporary Measure: Highlight that reservations are a temporary measure aimed at achieving long-term social justice and equal opportunity in promotions.Parallel Initiatives: Advocate for simultaneous initiatives that enhance education and access to resources for these communities, ultimately leading to a scenario where reservations might not be required. -Source: Times of India Archaeologists and Sanskrit Scholars Decipher Rigveda for Historical Links Context: Archaeologists are collaborating with Sanskrit scholars to decipher the Rigveda, conducting research that aims to uncover potential relationships between the people of the Vedic age and the Harappan civilization. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) / Harappa Civilisation (3300 – 1300 BCE)The Vedic Age (1500 – 600 BCE)How Archaeologists are Establishing Relationships Between the Harappan and the Vedic Age?Evidence Supporting the Relationship Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) / Harappa Civilisation (3300 – 1300 BCE) Overview: The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilisation, was a prominent Bronze Age civilisation located in the northwestern regions of South Asia.Historical Significance: The IVC is notable for being one of the three early civilisations of the Near East and South Asia, alongside ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. It was the most extensive of the three.Geographical Spread: Its sites span from present-day northeast Afghanistan, across Pakistan, and into western and northwestern India.Flourishing Areas: It thrived in the basins of the Indus River and along river systems near the seasonal Ghaggar-Hakra river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan.Urban Features: The cities were well-planned with baked brick houses, advanced drainage systems, water supply networks, clusters of large non-residential buildings, new handicraft techniques (such as carnelian products and seal carving), and metallurgical advancements (copper, bronze, lead, and tin).Decline: The civilisation’s urbanisation might have been influenced by the gradual drying of the region’s soil. Eventually, the civilisation declined, and its population moved eastward and southward due to weakened monsoons and reduced water supply. The Vedic Age (1500 – 600 BCE) Historical Context: The Vedic Age marks the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age in Indian history, characterised by the composition of Vedic literature, including the Vedas, in northern India.Timeline Position: This period falls between the end of the urban Indus Valley Civilisation and the beginning of the second urbanisation in the central Indo-Gangetic Plain around 600 BCE.Literary and Cultural Evolution: The Vedic Age is divided into two periods:The Rigvedic Period / Early Vedic Period (1500 – 1000 BCE)The Later Vedic Period (1000 – 600 BCE)Early Vedic Aryans: Initially, the early Vedic Aryans lived in the region known as Sapta-Sindhu, which encompassed areas around present-day Punjab.Later Vedic Migration: During the Later Vedic Period, they gradually expanded eastward, occupying areas in eastern Uttar Pradesh (Kosala) and north Bihar (Videha). How Archaeologists are Establishing Relationships Between the Harappan and the Vedic Age? Recent Findings by NCERT: The NCERT has recently updated the Class 12 History textbook based on DNA evidence from the 4,600-year-old remains of a woman, suggesting that the Harappans were indigenous to the region.However, NCERT has included a disclaimer that further research is required to confirm this relationship.Some historians propose that the Vedas could date back to 2,500 BC (4,500 years ago), aligning them with the Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC). Current Archaeological Research: Archaeologists are exploring the hypothesis that the Harappans and the Vedic people might have been the same.Renowned archaeologist Vasant Shinde emphasizes the importance of understanding references in the Rigveda to correlate them with archaeological discoveries from Harappan sites. Evidence Supporting the Relationship: Rakhigarhi Excavations: Excavations at Rakhigarhi in Haryana revealed ritual platforms and fire altars, which are also mentioned in Rigvedic texts as part of fire worship. Saraswati River: The Rigveda mentions the Saraswati River (modern Ghagghar-Hakra river) at least 71 times.Archaeological excavations have found that many Harappan settlements were located along the banks of this river. Animal Bones in Surkotada: A set of animal bones discovered in Surkotada, Kutch, Gujarat, was studied by archaeo-zoologists.Some researchers believe these bones belong to a domesticated horse, as referenced in Rigvedic texts.Others argue that the bones could be from a wild ass, highlighting the need for further investigation. -Source: The Hindu Adani Group Accused of Mislabeling Coal Quality in 2014 Context: A recent report by the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project alleges that in 2014, the Adani Group falsely labeled low-grade Indonesian coal as high-quality, inflating its value before selling it to Tamil Nadu’s power generation company, TANGEDCO. The reporting project is backed by billionaire hedge fund manager and philanthropist, George Soros. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Status of the Coal Sector in IndiaCoal Quality and GradationWhat is Clean Coal?Challenges Related to Coal for India Status of the Coal Sector in India: Coal, a naturally occurring combustible sedimentary rock, holds significant importance in India’s energy landscape. Geographic Distribution: India’s coal reserves are concentrated in the eastern and central regions, with major coal-producing states being Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and parts of Madhya Pradesh. Types of Coal and Clusters: Anthracite: Carbon content: 80% to 95%Limited quantities, primarily found in Jammu and Kashmir. Bituminous Coal: Carbon content: 60% to 80%Predominantly found in Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh. Lignite: Carbon content: 40% to 55%High moisture levelsFound in Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Jammu & Kashmir. Peat: Carbon content below 40%Represents the earliest stage of the transformation from organic matter into coal. Characteristics of Indian Coal Ash Content and Calorific Value: Indian coal typically has a high ash content and a lower calorific value compared to imported coal.The Gross Calorific Value (GCV) of domestic thermal coal ranges from 3,500 to 4,000 kcal/kg, whereas imported thermal coal has a GCV of over 6,000 kcal/kg. Environmental Impact: The average ash content in Indian coal exceeds 40%, while imported coal has less than 10% ash content.Burning high-ash coal leads to higher emissions of particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide. Government Policies: Since 1954, the Indian government has regulated coal prices to limit the use of high-grade coking coal for power generation.To manage coal production, power needs, and pollution, the government advises using imported coal with lower ash and moisture content.The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) in 2012 suggested blending 10-15% imported coal with Indian coal for power boilers designed for low-quality domestic coal. Coal Quality and Gradation Determining Quality: Coal quality is measured by its Gross Calorific Value (GCV), which indicates the heat or energy released upon combustion.As a fossil fuel, coal is composed of carbon, ash, moisture, and various impurities. Higher carbon content signifies superior quality or grade of coal. Categories: Non-coking coal: Graded by Gross Heat content.Coking coal: Graded based on ash percentage.Semi-coking coal: Graded based on ash and moisture percentages. Grades: Coal quality varies with 17 different grades from grade 1 (highest quality) yielding over 7,000 kcal/kg to the lowest grades yielding 2,200-2,500 kcal/kg. Applications: Non-coking coal: Utilized in thermal power plants, capable of providing adequate heat despite higher ash content.Coking coal: Crucial for steel production, necessitates minimal ash content. What is Clean Coal? Definition: Clean coal technologies aim to mitigate the environmental impact of coal energy production by increasing carbon content and reducing ash content. Technologies: Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Captures CO2 emissions from coal-fired power plants and stores them underground.Coal Washing: Removes impurities before combustion, reducing emissions of ash, sulfur, and other pollutants.Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD): Scrubs sulfur dioxide from exhaust gases.Gasification: Converts coal into synthetic gas (syngas) that burns cleaner than coal.Advanced Combustion Techniques: Enhances combustion efficiency to reduce emissions and boost energy output.Challenges:Coal Washing: Although it removes ash and moisture, the process is expensive and increases production costs.Coal Gasification: Converts coal into gas using IGCC systems, which improve efficiency by generating both steam and syngas. Coal Imports in India: Import Policy:The current import policy allows unrestricted coal imports under an Open General License.Consumer Categories:Steel, power, and cement sectors, along with coal traders, can import coal based on their commercial requirements.Coking Coal in Steel Sector:The steel sector primarily imports coking coal to supplement domestic availability and improve quality.Non-Coking Coal Imports:Other sectors like power and cement, as well as coal traders, import non-coking coal to meet their respective needs. Significance of Coal for India: Energy Source:Accounts for 55% of the country’s energy needs, making it the most important and abundant fossil fuel.Power Generation:70% of India’s power demand is met by thermal power plants, mostly powered by coal.Energy Consumption Trends:Over the past four decades, commercial primary energy consumption in India has increased by approximately 700%.Per Capita Consumption:Current per capita consumption is around 350 kilograms of oil equivalent per year, still lower than developed countries. Challenges Related to Coal for India: Environmental Impact: Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions:Coal mining and combustion contribute to air and water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and habitat destruction, necessitating the management of environmental impacts.Addressing Environmental Impacts:Balancing the need for energy security with addressing environmental impacts remains a significant challenge. Health Risks: Community Health Hazards:Exposure to coal dust, particulate matter, and emissions from coal-fired power plants poses health risks to communities, leading to respiratory diseases and other health issues. Social Challenges: Land Acquisition and Displacement:Acquiring land for coal mining often displaces communities, disrupting livelihoods and posing challenges for proper rehabilitation and resettlement.Socio-economic Hardships:Rehabilitation and resettlement efforts encounter challenges, with affected populations facing social and economic hardships. Technology Adoption: Limited Adoption of Clean Coal Technologies:Despite advancements in technologies like carbon capture and storage (CCS), their widespread adoption in India is limited due to high costs and technical challenges. Transition to Renewable Energy: Balancing Energy Security and Renewable Transition:India’s commitment to transitioning to renewable energy sources and reducing greenhouse gas emissions presents challenges for the coal sector. Finding a Balance: Striking a balance between ensuring energy security and meeting climate change mitigation objectives remains a significant hurdle. -Source: The Hindu RudraM-II Context: Recently, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully flight-tested the Rudra M-II Missile from a Sukhoi-30 MKI fighter jet. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology RudraM-II Missile System: Overview: The RudraM-II is an indigenously developed, solid-propelled air-launched missile designed for air-to-surface operations.It is capable of neutralizing various enemy assets and enhancing India’s air security and defence readiness, acting as a ‘force multiplier.’ Performance Evaluation: Tested with advanced range tracking tools, including electro-optical systems, radar, and telemetry stations. Specifications: Range: 300 kilometresSpeed: Up to Mach 5.5Payload: 200 kilogramsDetection: Capable of identifying enemy radio frequencies and radar signals from over 100 km away.Intended to replace Russia’s Kh-31 missile currently used in India’s Sukhoi fighter jets. -Source: The Hindu Sarcophagus Context: A sarcophagus fragment discovered beneath the floor of a religious center belongs to Ramesses II, one of the best-known ancient Egyptian pharaohs, according to a new study. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Sarcophagi Definition and Purpose: A sarcophagus is a highly decorated coffin or a box-like container that houses a coffin.Originally intended to be displayed above ground, they were sometimes entombed or placed in burial chambers. Historical Usage: Used to hold and protect the remains of important individuals throughout history, dating back to ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Rome, and Greece.The term “sarcophagus” originates from the Greek words “sarx” (flesh) and “phagien” (to eat), literally translating to “eater of flesh.”First used in Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece, the sarcophagus gained popularity across the ancient world.Continued to be used in later European societies, often for high-status members of the clergy, government, or aristocracy. Features: Cultural Variations: Designs and details vary from one culture to another.Material: Typically made of stone, with limestone being the most common. Other materials include granite, sandstone, and marble.Decoration: Elaborately adorned with carvings, images, and inscriptions, often featuring the name of the deceased. Archaeological Significance: Sarcophagi are crucial artifacts for archaeologists and historians, providing insights into the art, culture, and beliefs of the societies that created them.The carvings and inscriptions often contain valuable historical information.Notable Example:The golden sarcophagus of King Tutankhamun is one of the most famous Egyptian sarcophagi. -Source: The Hindu Paraparatrechina Neela Context: Indian researchers recently discovered a new ant species named Paraparatrechina neela from Arunachal Pradesh’s remote Siang Valley. About Paraparatrechina Neela: Discovery: Paraparatrechina neela is a newly discovered ant species found in the Siang Valley of Arunachal Pradesh.It belongs to the rare genus Paraparatrechina and is named “neela” to reflect its unique blue color, as “neela” means blue in many Indian languages. Significance: This discovery marks the first new species of Paraparatrechina in 121 years since the description of the previously known species, P. aseta (Forel, 1902), in the Indian subcontinent. Features: Size: A small ant with a total length of less than 2 mm.Color: Predominantly metallic blue, except for the antennae, mandibles, and legs.Head: Subtriangular with large eyes, and a triangular mandible featuring five teeth.Distinctiveness: The species stands out for its distinct metallic blue color, unlike any other species in its genus. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 03 June 2024

CONTENTS Heatwaves Heatwaves In India Context: PM reviews the situation of ongoing heat wave in the country and preparedness for onset of monsoon. Relevance: GS  III- Environment (Climate change) Dimensions of the Article: About Heat WaveCriteria for Heat WavesHealth Impacts About Heat Wave A heat wave is a period of abnormally high temperatures, more than the normal maximum temperature that occurs during the summer season in the North-Western and South Central parts of India.Heat waves typically occur between March and June, and in some rare cases even extend till July.Higher daily peak temperatures and longer, more intense heat waves are becoming increasingly frequent globally due to climate change. Criteria for Heat Waves The heat wave is considered when the maximum temperature of a station reaches at least 40°C for Plains and at least 30°C for Hilly regions.If the normal maximum temperature of a station is less than or equal to 40°C, then an increase of 5°C to 6°C from the normal temperature is considered to be heat wave condition.Further, an increase of 7°C or more from the normal temperature is considered as severe heat wave condition.If the normal maximum temperature of a station is more than 40°C, then an increase of 4°C to 5°C from the normal temperature is considered to be heat wave condition. Further, an increase of 6°C or more is considered as severe heat wave condition.Additionally, if the actual maximum temperature remains 45°C or more irrespective of normal maximum temperature, a heat wave is declared. Health Impacts The health impacts of Heat Waves typically involve dehydration, heat cramps, heat exhaustion and/or heat stroke.It also causes heat cramps, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps and sweating.The extreme temperatures and resultant atmospheric conditions adversely affect people living in these regions as they cause physiological stress, sometimes resulting in death.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 03 June 2024

CONTENTS India to Resume Wheat Imports and Remove Import TaxRecord Forest Fires in Brazil’s Amazon Rainforest Due to Drought and Climate ChangeDjibouti Launches Pilot Program with GM Mosquitoes to Combat MalariaED Arrests Uttarakhand Resident for International Drug TraffickingIndia Reaffirms Support for Two-State Solution in Israel-Palestine Conflict60th meeting of the Subsidiary BodiesAgnikul Cosmos and the Agnibaan Sub Orbital Technology Demonstrator (SOrTeD) India to Resume Wheat Imports and Remove Import Tax Context: India, the world’s second-largest wheat producer, plans to resume wheat imports after a six-year hiatus to replenish depleted reserves and control rising prices, following three consecutive years of disappointing crops. The country is likely to remove a 40% import tax on wheat, permitting private traders to purchase from countries like Russia, albeit in small quantities. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: WheatReasons for India Resuming Wheat ImportsPotential Implications of the DecisionFood Corporation of India (FCI) Wheat Importance: Second most important cereal crop in India after rice.Main food crop in the north and north-western parts of the country. Type: Wheat is a rabi crop that requires a cool growing season and bright sunshine at the time of ripening. Historical Impact: Success of the Green Revolution significantly contributed to the growth of Rabi crops, especially wheat. Optimal Growing Conditions: Temperature:Sowing: 10-15°CRipening and Harvesting: 21-26°C with bright sunlight.Rainfall: Around 75-100 cm.Soil Type: Well-drained fertile loamy and clayey loamy soils, particularly in the Ganga-Satluj plains and the black soil region of the Deccan. Top Producers: World (2021): China, India, and Russia.India (2021-22): Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Punjab. Indian Wheat Production and Export: India is the world’s second-biggest wheat producer after China.Despite its large production, India accounts for less than 1% of the global wheat trade as a significant portion is kept for domestic use to provide subsidized food for the poor.Top Export Markets: Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. Reasons for India Resuming Wheat Imports Production Decline: India’s wheat output has decreased over the past three years due to adverse weather conditions, resulting in a significant reduction in wheat yield.The government projects this year’s wheat harvest to be 6.25% lower than the 2023 record production of 112 million metric tons. Reduced Stock Levels: By April 2024, government wheat reserves have plummeted to 7.5 million tons, the lowest in 16 years, largely because over 10 million tons were sold to control domestic prices. Procurement Deficit: The government’s wheat procurement target for 2024 was 30-32 million metric tons, but only 26.2 million tons have been acquired so far. Increasing Prices: Domestic wheat prices have remained above the government’s minimum support price (MSP) of 2,275 rupees per 100 kg and have been rising.To address this, the government removed the 40% import duty on wheat, enabling private traders and flour millers to import wheat, mainly from Russia. Potential Implications of the Decision Domestic Market Effects: Removing the import duty is expected to boost wheat supplies in the domestic market, helping to curb price increases.Lower import costs can assist the government in replenishing depleted wheat stocks, enhancing food security by providing a buffer against unexpected disruptions in domestic production. Global Market Effects: Although India’s expected import volume (3-5 million metric tons) is relatively small, it could lead to an increase in global wheat prices due to the current situation of high prices driven by production issues in major exporting countries like Russia.India’s import needs are unlikely to have a significant impact on the global market, as larger exporters will continue to have a more substantial influence on global wheat price trends. Food Corporation of India (FCI) Statutory Basis: The FCI was established under the Food Corporations Act 1964.It operates under the Department of Food & Public Distribution within the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution. Primary Functions: Procurement: Acts as the nodal agency for procuring wheat and paddy at the government-declared Minimum Support Price (MSP) to protect farmers’ interests and encourage agricultural production.Storage: Stores the procured food grains in scientifically managed warehouses across the country to maintain buffer stocks and ensure availability during lean periods.Distribution: Efficiently distributes food grains to state governments for further distribution through the Public Distribution System (PDS), ensuring access to essential food items at subsidised prices for vulnerable sections of society.Price Stabilisation: Helps stabilise food grain prices in the market by regulating procurement and distribution, preventing undue price fluctuations.Monitoring: Closely monitors food grain stocks and their movement throughout the country to identify potential shortages and ensure timely corrective measures. -Source: The Hindu Record Forest Fires in Brazil’s Amazon Rainforest Due to Drought and Climate Change Context: Recently, Brazil’s Amazon rainforest has experienced its largest forest fires on record in the first four months of 2024. These fires have been fueled by a record drought in the Amazon region, driven by the El Nino climate phenomenon and global warming, leading to extremely dry conditions. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Facts About the Amazon RainforestsCauses of Amazon Forest FiresAdvantages of forest firesDisadvantages of forest firesForest Fire Vulnerability in IndiaWays to mitigate the risk of forest fires Key Facts About the Amazon Rainforests Geographical Span: The Amazon rainforests span across 8 countries, covering an area twice the size of India.These rainforests occupy about 40% of Brazil’s total area, bounded by the Guiana Highlands to the north, the Andes Mountains to the west, the Brazilian central plateau to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Characteristics: They are large tropical rainforests covering the drainage basin of the Amazon River and its tributaries in northern South America, encompassing an area of 6,000,000 square km.The region is very wet, receiving more than 200 cm of rainfall annually, either seasonally or throughout the year.Temperatures are uniformly high, ranging between 20°C and 35°C. Global Distribution: Similar tropical rainforests are found in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central America, Mexico, and many Pacific Islands. Biodiversity and Cultural Significance: These rainforests are home to more than 400 different indigenous groups, with around 300 indigenous languages spoken, highlighting significant cultural and linguistic diversity.Despite covering only about 1% of the Earth’s surface, the Amazon rainforest is home to 10% of all wildlife species on Earth. Environmental Importance: The Amazon rainforest plays a crucial role in curbing global warming by absorbing vast amounts of greenhouse gases. Causes of Amazon Forest Fires Human Activities: Slash-and-Burn Techniques: Farmers and ranchers use slash-and-burn methods to clear land for cattle grazing or agriculture. After cutting down trees, they intentionally set fires to remove remaining vegetation and prepare the land, which can spread uncontrollably during dry seasons. Natural and Climatic Factors: El Nino Events: Research indicates a connection between El Nino events (periods of warmer Pacific Ocean temperatures) and increased fire activity in the Amazon. The peak fire season often coincides with El Nino events, such as the severe fires in 2019 and 2023 linked to El Nino-related droughts.Climate Change: Rising global temperatures and altered weather patterns due to climate change increase the risk of fires in the Amazon by creating drier conditions. Accidental Causes: Ignitions: Accidental ignitions from discarded cigarettes, sparks from machinery, or lightning strikes also contribute to forest fires. Economic Factors: Global Demand for Food: Increasing global demand for food, particularly meat, has led to Brazil becoming the world’s largest beef exporter and the second-largest exporter of soybeans, mainly used for livestock feed. This demand drives further deforestation to meet export needs, increasing the risk of fires. Advantages of forest fires: Some species of trees and plants have adapted to thrive in the aftermath of fires. For example, some pine trees rely on fires to open their cones and release seeds.Forest fires can help to clear out dead wood, brush, and other debris, reducing the risk of future fires.Fires can help to promote new growth and biodiversity by creating openings in the forest canopy that allow sunlight to reach the forest floor, stimulating the growth of new vegetation. Disadvantages of forest fires: Forest fires can destroy habitats and negatively impact biodiversity by killing animals and plants that are unable to escape the flames.Smoke from fires can cause respiratory problems and other health issues for humans and animals.Forest fires can damage or destroy homes, buildings, and other infrastructure, and can pose a significant threat to human safety.The release of large amounts of greenhouse gases during forest fires can contribute to climate change. India’s Initiatives to Tackle Forest Fires National Action Plan on Forest Fires (NAPFF) was launched in 2018 to minimise forest fires by informing, enabling and empowering forest fringe communities and incentivising them to work with the State Forest Departments.The Forest Fire Prevention and Management Scheme (FPM) is the only centrally funded program specifically dedicated to assist the states in dealing with forest fires. Forest Fire Vulnerability in India Forest fire season in India is from November to JuneCouncil of Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) report notes a tenfold increase in forest fires over the past two decades in IndiaMore than 62% of Indian states are prone to high-intensity forest fires according to CEEW reportAndhra Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Telangana, and Northeastern states are most prone to forest firesMizoram has the highest incidence of forest fires over the last two decades with 95% of its districts as forest fire hotspotsISFR 2021 estimates over 36% of the country’s forest cover is prone to frequent forest fires, 6% is ‘very highly’ fire-prone, and almost 4% is ‘extremely’ proneAn FSI study found nearly 10.66% area under forests in India is ‘extremely’ to ‘very highly’ fire-prone. Ways to mitigate the risk of forest fires: Prevention: One of the most effective ways to mitigate forest fires is to prevent them from occurring in the first place. This can be done by creating fire breaks, clearing debris, and reducing the amount of flammable material in the forest.Early Detection: Early detection of forest fires can help prevent them from spreading and causing more damage. This can be done by installing fire detection systems, using drones or satellite imagery, and training local communities to report fires quickly.Fire Suppression: Fire suppression is a critical component of forest fire mitigation. This involves using firefighting equipment such as helicopters, water tanks, and fire retardants to put out fires.Forest Management: Proper forest management practices can also help mitigate the risk of forest fires. This includes thinning out dense forests, creating fire-resistant vegetation, and reducing the amount of deadwood and other flammable materials in the forest.Community Education: Educating local communities on the risks of forest fires and how to prevent them can also be effective in mitigating the risk of forest fires. This includes providing information on safe campfire practices, prohibiting the use of fireworks in fire-prone areas, and encouraging the use of fire-resistant building materials in areas at high risk of forest fires. -Source: The Hindu Djibouti Launches Pilot Program with GM Mosquitoes to Combat Malaria Context: Djibouti, an East African nation, is taking a bold step in the fight against malaria by deploying genetically modified (GM) mosquitoes. This pilot program, launched in May 2024, represents a significant milestone in the battle against this deadly disease. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Why Use Genetically Modified (GM) Mosquitoes for Malaria Control?Malaria Why Use Genetically Modified (GM) Mosquitoes for Malaria Control? Purpose and Engineering: GM mosquitoes are developed in laboratories with two specific genes: one that limits female offspring survival to adulthood and a fluorescent marker gene for identification in natural settings.They are designed to decrease the population of female Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes, which are primary vectors of malaria. This strategy aims to disrupt the malaria transmission cycle. Rationale for GM Mosquitoes: Djibouti has seen a significant increase in malaria cases, attributed to an invasive mosquito species, Anopheles stephensi, which has adapted well to urban environments like Djibouti City.Traditional control measures such as insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor spraying are losing effectiveness due to growing mosquito resistance. Mechanism of Action: Only male GM mosquitoes, carrying the self-limiting gene, are released. When they mate with wild female A. stephensi mosquitoes, their female offspring inherit the gene and fail to survive to adulthood.This method aims to reduce the female mosquito population over time, thereby decreasing malaria transmission rates. Environmental Concerns and Challenges: There are concerns about unintended ecological impacts of releasing GM mosquitoes.Potential issues include the evolution of unforeseen survival skills or adaptability, similar to resistance observed in Bt cotton, where GM mosquitoes might develop resistance to gene-editing mechanisms.Mosquitoes play a role in pollination by consuming nectar, and their population decline could affect plants dependent on them.Reducing mosquito populations might disrupt local food webs and biodiversity. Malaria: Malaria is a disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite. Transmission through Mosquito Bites: The Plasmodium parasite is primarily transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.These Anopheles mosquitoes are often referred to as “night-biting” mosquitoes because they are more active and likely to bite between dusk and dawn. Variety of Parasites: While there are many types of Plasmodium parasites, only five of them cause malaria in humans: Plasmodium falciparum: Predominant in Africa, responsible for most malaria-related deaths worldwide.Plasmodium vivax: Mainly found in Asia and South America, causing milder symptoms but capable of remaining dormant in the liver, leading to relapses.Plasmodium ovale: Less common, usually found in West Africa, can stay in the liver for several years without causing symptoms.Plasmodium malariae: Rare and primarily found in Africa.Plasmodium knowlesi: Extremely rare, found in parts of Southeast Asia. Transmission Process: When an infected mosquito bites a person, the Plasmodium parasite enters the bloodstream and eventually travels to the liver.The infection develops in the liver, and then the parasites re-enter the bloodstream and invade red blood cells (RBCs).Within RBCs, the parasites grow and multiply. Periodically, the infected RBCs burst, releasing more parasites into the bloodstream.If another mosquito bites a person already infected with malaria, it can become infected and subsequently spread the parasite to other individuals.Notably, malaria does not transmit directly from person to person. It relies on the mosquito vector for transmission between humans. -Source: The Hindu ED Arrests Uttarakhand Resident for International Drug Trafficking Context: The Enforcement Directorate (ED) has arrested a resident of Uttarakhand for allegedly operating an international drug trafficking group. He has been booked under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act. The accused is said to have managed a global dark web enterprise that distributed fentanyl and other dangerous drugs to communities across America, including all 50 states, as well as Canada, Europe, and the Caribbean. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Dark WebData Governance Provisions in India Dark Web: The dark web comprises unindexed sites accessible only through specialized web browsers, forming a smaller but concealed part of the internet.It requires special software, configurations, or authorization for access, making it intentionally hidden and challenging for average users to reach. Personally Identifiable Information (PII) and Data Breach: PII includes information that can identify an individual, ranging from direct identifiers like passport details to quasi-identifiers.Threat actors on the dark web claimed to possess PII of 815 million Indians, including Aadhaar and passport details, sourced from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). Data Source and Authentication Challenges: The threat actors did not disclose how they obtained the data, posing challenges in identifying the data leak’s source.Claims of a 1.8 terabyte data leak from an unnamed “India internal law enforcement agency” by a threat actor named Lucius are yet to be authenticated. India’s Cybersecurity Landscape: India, a rapidly growing economy, ranked 4th globally in malware detection in H1 2023, exposing the vulnerability of its digital infrastructure.Unrest in West Asia contributed to an increase in cyber attacks, elevating the risk of digital identity theft as threat actors exploit stolen identity information for various cyber-enabled financial crimes. Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 According to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) 2002, Money laundering is concealing or disguising the identity of illegally obtained proceeds so that they appear to have originated from legitimate sources. It is frequently a component of other, much more serious, crimes such as drug trafficking, robbery or extortion.Money laundering is punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a minimum of 3 years and a maximum of 7 years and Fine under the PMLA.The Enforcement Directorate (ED) is responsible for investigating offences under the PMLA.The Financial Intelligence Unit – India (FIU-IND) is the national agency that receives, processes, analyses and disseminates information related to suspect financial transactions.After hearing the application, a special court (designated under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act PMLA, 2002) may declare an individual as a fugitive economic offender and also confiscate properties which are proceeds of crime, Benami properties and any other property, in India or abroad.The authorities under the PMLA, 2002 will exercise powers given to them under the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act.These powers will be similar to those of a civil court, including the search of persons in possession of records or proceeds of crime, the search of premises on the belief that a person is an FEO and seizure of documents. Recent Changes Made Under the PMLA The Indian government has made several changes to the Prevention of Money-Laundering Act (PMLA) to plug loopholes and comply with Financial Action Task Force (FATF) regulations. Some of the key changes are: More disclosures for non-governmental organizations by reporting entities like financial institutions, banking companies, or intermediaries.Definition of “politically exposed persons” (PEPs) as individuals who have been entrusted with prominent public functions by a foreign country, which brings uniformity with a 2008 Reserve Bank of India (RBI) circular for Know Your Customer (KYC) norms and anti-money laundering standards for banks and financial institutions.Inclusion of practicing chartered accountants, company secretaries, and cost and works accountants carrying out financial transactions on behalf of their clients under the ambit of the money laundering law.Widening the list of non-banking reporting entities to allow 22 financial entities like Amazon Pay (India) Pvt. Ltd, Aditya Birla Housing Finance Ltd, and IIFL Finance Ltd. to verify the identity of their customers via Aadhaar under the ambit of the money laundering law. The financial transactions covered under the money laundering law include buying and selling of any immovable property, managing client money, securities, or other assets, management of bank, savings, or securities accounts, organization of contributions for the creation, operation, or management of companies, creation, operation, or management of companies, limited liability partnerships, or trusts, and buying and selling of business entities. -Source: Indian Express India Reaffirms Support for Two-State Solution in Israel-Palestine Conflict Context: Recently, India reiterated that it was one of the first countries to recognize Palestine and has long supported the two-state solution to resolve the Israel-Palestine conflict. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: The Israel-Palestine ConflictEmergence of Hamas and the Oslo AccordsTerritorial Disputes of Israel with Neighboring CountriesEvolution of India’s Relationship with IsraelImpact of Assault on Israel-Saudi Arabia TiesWay Forward About the Two-State Solution: The two-state solution is seen as the most viable path to achieving peace in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.It envisions the creation of an independent Palestinian state alongside the state of Israel, providing both groups with their own sovereign territories. Origins of the Two-State Solution: In 1947, the United Nations proposed a plan to partition Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states, with Jerusalem under international administration. The Jewish leaders accepted the plan, which allocated them 56% of the land.The state of Israel was declared on May 14, 1948. The following day, five Arab states launched an attack. The ensuing war concluded with Israel controlling 77% of the territory.Approximately 700,000 Palestinians were displaced, many fleeing to neighboring countries such as Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria, as well as regions like the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, and East Jerusalem.During the 1967 war, Israel captured the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, from Jordan and took Gaza from Egypt, thereby gaining control over the area from the Mediterranean to the Jordan Valley.Today, Palestinians remain without a state, many living under Israeli occupation or as refugees in adjacent countries. The Israel-Palestine Conflict Origins of Conflict: The conflict traces its roots back to the 1917 Balfour Declaration, where the British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour expressed official support for the establishment of a Jewish “national home” in Palestine. Creation of Palestine: In 1948, Britain, unable to quell Arab-Jewish violence, withdrew its forces from Palestine, leaving the responsibility of resolving competing claims to the newly formed United Nations.The UN proposed a partition plan to establish independent Jewish and Arab states in Palestine, but it was not accepted by most Arab nations. Arab-Israel War (1948): Israel’s declaration of independence in 1948 led to attacks by surrounding Arab states. Israel ended up controlling about 50% more territory than originally envisioned by the UN partition plan. UN Partition Plan: The UN partition plan saw Jordan control the West Bank and Jerusalem’s holy sites, while Egypt controlled the Gaza Strip. However, it didn’t resolve the Palestinian crisis, resulting in the formation of the Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO) in 1964. Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO): Founded with the goal of freeing Palestine from Israeli rule and Jewish dominance, establishing Muslim Brotherhood dominance in the Arab world.The United Nations granted PLO observer status in 1975, recognizing Palestinians’ right to self-determination. Six-Day War (1967): Israeli forces seized the Golan Heights from Syria, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip from Egypt. Camp David Accords (1978): The “Framework for Peace in the Middle East,” brokered by the U.S., laid the groundwork for peace talks between Israel and its neighbors and a resolution to the “Palestinian problem,” although this remained unfulfilled. Emergence of Hamas and the Oslo Accords Founding of Hamas (1987): In 1987, Hamas, a violent offshoot of Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood, was founded. It sought to fulfill its agenda through violent jihad and is regarded as a terrorist organization by the U.S. government.In 2006, Hamas won the Palestinian Authority’s legislative elections, leading to its control of Gaza and the expulsion of Fatah in 2007, resulting in a geographical split in the Palestinian movement. First Intifada (1987): The First Intifada (Palestinian Uprising) began in 1987 as tensions in the occupied territories of the West Bank and Gaza reached a boiling point.This uprising evolved into a small war between Palestinian militants and the Israeli army. Oslo Accords (1993): In 1993, Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) signed the Oslo Accords. The agreements led to both parties officially recognizing each other and renouncing the use of violence.The Oslo Accords also established the Palestinian Authority, which was granted limited autonomy in the Gaza Strip and parts of the West Bank. Israeli Withdrawal from Gaza (2005): In 2005, Israel initiated a unilateral withdrawal of Jewish settlements from Gaza, while maintaining tight control over all border crossings, effectively imposing a blockade on the region. UN Recognition (2012): In 2012, the United Nations upgraded Palestinian representation to that of a “non-member observer state.” Territorial Disputes of Israel with Neighboring Countries West Bank: The West Bank is situated between Israel and Jordan, with its major city being Ramallah, the de facto administrative capital of Palestine.Israel took control of the West Bank during the 1967 war and has since established settlements in the region. Gaza: The Gaza Strip is located between Israel and Egypt.Israel occupied Gaza after the 1967 war but transferred control of Gaza City and day-to-day administration in most of the territory during the Oslo peace process.In 2005, Israel unilaterally removed Jewish settlements from Gaza, although it retains control over international access to the territory. Golan Heights: The Golan Heights is a strategically important plateau captured by Israel from Syria during the 1967 war.Israel effectively annexed the territory in 1981.The USA has officially recognized Jerusalem and the Golan Heights as part of Israel in recent developments. Evolution of India’s Relationship with Israel India’s Stand on the Israel-Palestine Conflict: India initially opposed the UN’s partition plan in 1947, reflecting its own recent experience of independence.India recognized Israel in 1950 but was also the first non-Arab country to recognize the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as the sole representative of the Palestinians.India recognized the statehood of Palestine in 1988.In recent times, India’s policy has shifted toward dehyphenation, maintaining a balancing act between its historical support for Palestine and its friendly ties with Israel.India advocates a Two-State Solution and the right to self-determination for both Israel and Palestine. Impact of Assault on Israel-Saudi Arabia Ties: Hamas’ assault on Israel may have disrupted efforts to bring Saudi Arabia and Israel closer, along with other countries interested in normalizing relations.Hamas emphasized threats to Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, the Israeli blockade on Gaza, and Israeli normalization with regional countries.Dehyphening Saudi Arabia from Israel could promote the Muslim Brotherhood’s agenda and territorial sovereignty in the Arab and Middle East region.The normalization of ties between regional powers and Israel may strengthen Israel’s position regarding Palestinian territories.Ties with UAE, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, etc., could facilitate infrastructure development and create inter-dependence among these countries, affecting the Palestinians. Way Forward: A balanced approach is essential to maintain favorable relations with Arab countries and Israel.Recent normalization agreements, such as the Abraham Accords, are positive steps, and regional powers should work toward peace.India, as a member of multilateral organizations, should cooperate with relevant parties to achieve security and stability in the Middle East and West Asia.India’s role as a mediator in the Israel-Palestine issue should be promoted through platforms like the United Nations Security Council and the Human Rights Council. -Source: Indian Express 60th Meeting of the Subsidiary Bodies Context: As the world prepares for the 29th Conference of Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC later this year, the Delhi-based think tank Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) has urged developed countries to fulfill their financial commitments in combating climate change. Additionally, the 60th meeting of the Subsidiary Bodies (SB60) is scheduled to take place in Bonn, Germany, from June 3-13, 2024. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: About the 60th Meeting of the Subsidiary Bodies (SB60)About the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) About the 60th Meeting of the Subsidiary Bodies (SB60) The mid-year climate conference, known as the 60th meeting of the Subsidiary Bodies (SB60), will gather countries that are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).A significant portion of the approximately 6,000 attendees will consist of national delegates and representatives from civil society.This gathering acts as an important interim event between the 28th Conference of the Parties (CoP) in Dubai and CoP29 in Azerbaijan, setting the groundwork for the next phase of global climate negotiations.The conference will feature the first Annual Global Stock Take (GST) Dialogue, which aims to share effective strategies and lessons learned on how countries are integrating GST outcomes into their NDCs, fostering collaborative learning and progress towards meeting the Paris Agreement’s objectives. Key issues to be addressed include: Climate financeAdvancing the next round of national climate action plans (Nationally Determined Contributions – NDCs)Ensuring timely submission of countries’ plansThe inaugural Biennial Transparency ReportsDeveloping National Adaptation PlansAccelerating climate action through a just transition About the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) is a research organization dedicated to public interest, located in New Delhi.CSE focuses on researching and communicating the urgency of sustainable and equitable development.It functions as a think tank on environment-development issues in India, drawing attention to poor planning, climate changes impacting India’s Sundarbans, and advocating for policy reforms and better implementation of current policies.The Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) has recognized CSE as a “Centre of Excellence” (CoE) for sustainable water management. -Source: Down To Earth Agnikul Cosmos and the Agnibaan Sub Orbital Technology Demonstrator (SOrTeD) Context: Chennai-based start-up Agnikul Cosmos has successfully launched the world’s first rocket powered by a fully 3D-printed engine, named the Agnibaan Sub Orbital Technology Demonstrator (SOrTeD). Relevance: Facts for Prelims Details Objective: The primary goal is to conduct a test flight to showcase the company’s internally developed technologies and collect critical flight data. Significant Achievements: The launch took place from a private pad (Dhanush), marking several firsts for the Indian space ecosystem.It is the first homegrown rocket powered by a semi-cryogenic engine and features the world’s first single-piece 3D-printed engine.Propellant: The rocket uses liquid oxygen and kerosene as propellants.Support: The launch was supported by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe). 3D Printing Definition: 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, involves using materials such as plastics and metals to transform computer-aided designs into real three-dimensional objects.Contrast to Subtractive Manufacturing: Unlike subtractive manufacturing, which involves cutting or hollowing out a piece of material, 3D printing adds material layer by layer to create the final product. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 01 June 2024

CONTENTS Adoption of Treaty on Intellectual Property and Traditional KnowledgeAntarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting  Adoption of Treaty on Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge Context: The Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, and Associated Traditional Knowledge was adopted at the Diplomatic Conference organized by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) at its headquarters in Geneva. Relevance: GS II: International Relations About World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Nature: A specialized agency of the United Nations located in Geneva, Switzerland.Established by the WIPO Convention in 1967. Mission: To lead the development of a balanced and effective international intellectual property (IP) system that fosters innovation and creativity for the benefit of all. Membership: Comprises 193 member states. Functions: Provides a global policy forum where governments, intergovernmental organizations, industry groups, and civil society come together to address evolving IP issues.Regular meetings of member states and observers in various standing committees and working groups to negotiate changes and new rules, ensuring the international IP system keeps pace with the changing world. Key Points about the Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, and Associated Traditional Knowledge Requirements: When a patent application involves genetic resources, the applicant must disclose the country of origin or source.If traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources is involved, the applicant must disclose the Indigenous Peoples or local community that provided it. Genetic Resources: Often utilized in patented inventions, such as medicinal plants and agricultural crops, though the resources themselves cannot be patented. Implementation: The Treaty will establish an international legal framework requiring patent applicants to disclose the origin of genetic resources and the associated traditional knowledge once ratified by 15 contracting parties. Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting Context: India successfully concluded hosting of the 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM-46) and the 26th Committee on Environmental Protection (CEP-26) from May 20th to May 30th, 2024 in Kochi, Kerala. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Understanding the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM): Purpose: The ATCM is an annual gathering of the original 12 parties to the Antarctic Treaty, along with other parties interested in Antarctic research.Antarctic Treaty: Signed in 1959, the treaty designates Antarctica as a region devoted to peaceful activities, scientific collaboration, and environmental preservation.Membership: Currently, 56 countries are party to the Antarctic Treaty, including India, which became a Consultative Party in 1983 and reaffirmed its commitment through the Antarctic Act in 2022.Meeting Frequency: Initially held biennially from 1961 to 1994, the meetings have been annual since 1994.46th ATCM Agenda: The agenda includes discussions on sustainable management of Antarctica, policy, legal matters, biodiversity, inspections, data exchange, research, climate change, tourism, and awareness.India’s Role: As a Consultative Party, India participates in decision-making alongside other Consultative Parties and has been conducting annual scientific expeditions to Antarctica since 1981. Understanding the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP): Establishment: Formed in 1991 under the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (Madrid Protocol).Function: The CEP advises the ATCM on matters related to environmental protection and conservation in Antarctica.Importance: Both the ATCM and CEP play crucial roles in safeguarding Antarctica’s delicate ecosystem and promoting scientific research in the region.Annual Meetings: Convened under the Antarctic Treaty System, these meetings serve as platforms for addressing environmental, scientific, and governance issues in Antarctica.26th CEP Agenda: Focuses on evaluating the Antarctic environment, climate change responses, area protection, marine spatial protection, and biodiversity conservation.

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