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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 01 June 2024

CONTENTS Tobacco Epidemic in IndiaSevere Turbulence Incidents Highlight Growing ConcernsIndian Peacekeeper to Receive Posthumous Dag Hammarskjold MedalAsian Development BankRecombinant ProteinsIndia to Use Food Irradiation to Mitigate Onion Shortages Amid Declining OutputPre-packaged Insolvency Resolution Process  Tobacco Epidemic in India Context: Tobacco is the most widely recognized preventable cause of disease and death globally. India has the world’s second-highest number of tobacco consumers, following China, with nearly 26 crore (260 million) people using tobacco products. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Reports on Tobacco Consumption in IndiaWHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)Government InitiativesHidden Costs of Tobacco Beyond Health RisksChallenges to Effective Tobacco Control in IndiaWay Forward for Tobacco Control in India Reports on Tobacco Consumption in India Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS): Indicates a general decline in tobacco use among people aged above 15 years, except for an increase among women between 2015-2016 and 2019-2021. Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS): Shows a reduction in tobacco use among students aged 13-15 years. National Family Health Survey (NFHS): Aligns with GATS findings, showing a decrease in tobacco use among individuals above 15 years, with the exception of an increase among women. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) Overview: The FCTC is an international treaty adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2003 and is legally binding.Countries that ratify the treaty are required to implement the measures within their national jurisdictions.The treaty addresses global health risks related to tobacco use and provides a framework for effective tobacco control policies and strategies. Government Initiatives Regulations: Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) 2003: Regulates advertisement, promotion, and sponsorship of tobacco products, prohibits smoking in public places, mandates pictorial health warnings on tobacco packaging, and sets rules for selling tobacco products to minors.Media Awareness: India is the first country to implement warnings on OTT platform content when actors are seen using tobacco products.Product Awareness: Implementation of prominent and graphic pictorial health warnings on tobacco packaging. Hidden Costs of Tobacco Beyond Health Risks Environmental Impact: Tobacco cultivation rapidly depletes soil nutrients, requiring more fertilizers, which further degrade soil quality.Tobacco production contributes to deforestation; processing 1 kg of tobacco requires up to 5.4 kg of wood.The production and consumption of tobacco generate massive waste, amounting to 1.7 lakh tonnes annually in India. Economic and Health Costs: Tobacco use leads to significant healthcare costs, with an estimated loss of Rs. 1.7 lakh crore in India (2017-18), surpassing the national health budget of Rs. 48,000 crore.Over 6 million people working in the tobacco industry are at risk of health issues due to tobacco absorption through the skin.Cleaning up tobacco waste incurs substantial additional costs, estimated at Rs. 6,367 crore annually in India. Challenges to Effective Tobacco Control in India Regulatory Challenges: Smokeless tobacco (e.g., gutkha) and smuggled products often evade Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) regulations, complicating control over their production, sale, and marketing.Fines for COTPA violations are low (maximum of Rs. 5,000 for first-time violations) and have not been updated since 2003, providing inadequate deterrence. Advertising and Promotion: Surrogate Advertising: Tobacco companies use advertisements for other products (e.g., elaichi) to indirectly promote their brands, making regulation difficult. The ICC Men’s Cricket World Cup 2023 featured surrogate advertisements for at least two tobacco brands. Policy and Implementation Issues: The Indian government has not passed proposed amendments to strengthen COTPA in 2015 and 2020, which could have addressed existing regulatory gaps.The National Tobacco Control Programme (NTCP) lacks the necessary staff, resources, and monitoring systems to fully implement COTPA across the country. Industry Influence and Governance: Effective lobbying by the tobacco industry impacts policy-making and regulation enforcement.Despite the ban, issues with enforcing the policy on e-cigarettes persist.Tax breaks for small tobacco companies result in unequal taxation, making harmful products more affordable.The government’s 7.8% stake in ITC Ltd., India’s largest tobacco company, raises concerns about conflicts of interest and commitment to tobacco control. Way Forward for Tobacco Control in India Update Legislation:India’s Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) and the National Tobacco Control Programme (NTCP) need revisions to enhance tobacco control efforts.Increase Taxes:Current taxes on tobacco products, particularly bidis and smokeless tobacco, fall short of the WHO-recommended target of 75%. Raising these taxes would reduce consumption and generate revenue for public health initiatives.Enhance Monitoring:Regular monitoring is essential to track tobacco use trends, identify violations of COTPA, and evaluate the effectiveness of anti-tobacco campaigns.Support for Farmers:Implement public programs to assist tobacco farmers in transitioning to alternative crops, minimizing economic hardship due to reduced tobacco cultivation.Data Collection:Timely collection of data on tobacco use patterns is crucial to understand changes and identify new strategies employed by the tobacco industry. This data is vital for formulating effective tobacco control policies. -Source: The Hindu Severe Turbulence Incidents Highlight Growing Concerns Context: Recent incidents of severe turbulence affecting a Singapore Airlines flight over Myanmar and a Qatar Airways flight over Turkey underscore the increasing impact of rapid air traffic growth and climate change. While turbulence is a common occurrence on flights worldwide, episodes resulting in serious injuries are rare, pointing to emerging challenges in aviation safety due to these factors. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Understanding Flight-Turbulence: Causes and TypesImpact of Climate Change on Flight-Turbulence Understanding Flight-Turbulence: Causes and Types Definition of Flight-Turbulence: Turbulence refers to the irregular motion of air caused by eddies and vertical currents.It can range from minor bumps to severe conditions that may throw an airplane out of control or cause structural damage.Turbulence is often associated with weather fronts, wind shear, thunderstorms, and other atmospheric phenomena. Effects of Flight-Turbulence: Turbulence can affect the smoothness of a flight, causing varying levels of disruption to the aircraft’s altitude and attitude. Types of Flight-Turbulence: Light Turbulence: Causes slight, momentary changes in altitude, resulting in minor bumpiness.Moderate Turbulence: Leads to more noticeable changes in altitude and attitude, but the aircraft remains well-controlled.Severe Turbulence: Involves significant and sudden changes in altitude and attitude, potentially causing the aircraft to momentarily go out of control.Extreme Turbulence: The aircraft is violently tossed and becomes practically uncontrollable. Causes of Flight-Turbulence: Mechanical Turbulence: Results from friction between the air and the ground, including irregular terrain and man-made obstacles, leading to the formation of eddies.Convective or Thermal Turbulence: Occurs when hot air from certain ground surfaces rises rapidly while cooler air descends, creating convective air currents.Frontal Turbulence: Caused by the friction between two opposing air masses and the lifting of warm air by a sloping frontal surface, commonly near thunderstorms.Wind Shear: Involves changes in wind direction or speed over a specific horizontal or vertical distance, often near jet streams or in temperature inversion areas.Clear Air Turbulence (CAT): A type of wind shear turbulence that can be sudden, severe, and difficult to forecast or see. Impact of Climate Change on Flight-Turbulence: Increasing Frequency and Severity: Studies suggest that climate change may increase the frequency and severity of turbulence.Jet Streams: Climate change strengthens jet streams, which contribute to turbulence.Clear Air Turbulence (CAT): There has been a significant increase in CAT between 1979 and 2020, especially at mid and aircraft cruising altitudes.North Atlantic: Severe CAT durations over the North Atlantic have increased by more than 55% during this period. Broader Impact: The frequency of severe turbulence is expected to rise more than that of light or moderate turbulence.Other types of turbulence, such as mountain wave turbulence and near-cloud turbulence, will also intensify due to climate change. -Source: Indian Express Indian Peacekeeper to Receive Posthumous Dag Hammarskjold Medal Context: Indian peacekeeper Naik Dhananjay Kumar Singh, who served with the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO), will be posthumously awarded the prestigious Dag Hammarskjold medal for his service and sacrifice. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Service of Naik Dhananjay Kumar Singh and MONUSCOInternational Day of UN PeacekeepersUN Peacekeeping Forces Service of Naik Dhananjay Kumar Singh and MONUSCO Service and Sacrifice: Naik Dhananjay Kumar Singh served under the United Nations (UN) flag as part of MONUSCO.He lost his life in the line of duty, exemplifying an unwavering commitment to peacekeeping efforts. Role of MONUSCO: MONUSCO took over from a previous U.N. peacekeeping mission in the African country in 2010.Its mission is to protect civilians, humanitarian personnel, and human rights defenders from imminent threats of physical violence.It supports the government of the country in stabilization and peace consolidation efforts. The Dag Hammarskjöld Medal Purpose: Established in December 2000, the Dag Hammarskjöld Medal is a posthumous award to members of peacekeeping operations who lost their lives during service under the operational control of the United Nations. Namesake: Named after former UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld, who died in a plane crash while on a peacekeeping mission in 1961. Award Ceremony: Held annually on Peacekeeper’s Day (29th May), the medal is awarded to any Member State that has lost one or more military or police peacekeepers. International Day of UN Peacekeepers Establishment: The International Day of UN Peacekeepers was established by the UN General Assembly in 2002.It honors all men and women serving in peacekeeping and commemorates those who have lost their lives in the cause of peace. 2024 Theme: “Fit for the future, building better together” emphasizes the evolution and adaptability of UN Peacekeeping to address future conflicts. UN Peacekeeping Forces UN Peacekeeping is a joint effort which deploys troops and police from around the world, integrating them with civilian peacekeepers to address a range of mandates set by the UN Security Council (UNSC) and the General Assembly.This joint effort between the Department of Peace Operations and the Department of Operational Support helps countries navigate the difficult path from conflict to peace.According to the UN Charter, every Member State is legally obligated to pay their respective share for peacekeeping.Since 1948, UN Peacekeepers have undertaken 71 Field Missions.There are approximately 81,820 personnel serving on 13 peace operations led by UNDPO, in four continents currently.This represents a nine-fold increase since 1999.A total of 119 countries have contributed military and police personnel to UN peacekeeping.Currently, 72,930 of those serving are troops and military observers, and about 8,890 are police personnel. India’s contribution to UN Peacekeeping India has a long history of service in UN Peacekeeping, having contributed more personnel than any other country.To date, more than 2,53,000 Indians have served in 49 of the 71 UN Peacekeeping missions established around the world since 1948.Currently, there are around 5,500 troops and police from India who have been deployed to UN Peacekeeping missions, the fifth highest amongst troop-contributing countries.India has also provided, and continues to provide, eminent Force Commanders for UN Missions.India is the fifth largest troop contributor (TCC) with 5,323 personnel deployed in 8 out of 13 active UN Peacekeeping Missions, of which 166 are police personnel.India’s contribution to UN Peacekeeping began with its participation in the UN operation in Korea in the 1950s, where India’s mediatory role in resolving the stalemate over prisoners of war in Korea led to the signing of the armistice that ended the Korean War. India chaired the five-member Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, while the Indian Custodian Force supervised the process of interviews and repatriation that followed.The UN entrusted the Indian armed forces with subsequent peace missions in the Middle East, Cyprus, and the Congo (since 1971, Zaire).India also served as Chair of the three international commissions for supervision and control for Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos established by the 1954 Geneva Accords on Indochina. Role of women in Indian Peacekeeping India has been sending women personnel on UN Peacekeeping Missions.In 2007, India became the first country to deploy an all-women contingent to a UN Peacekeeping Mission.The Formed Police Unit in Liberia provided 24-hour guard duty and conducted night patrols in the capital Monrovia, and helped to build the capacity of the Liberian police.These women officers not only played a role in restoring security in the West African nation but also contributed to an increase in the number of women in Liberia’s security sector. Medical care as part of India’s Missions In addition to their security role, the members of the Indian Formed Police Unit also organised medical camps for Liberians, many of whom have limited access to health care services.Medical care is among the many services Indian Peacekeepers provide to the communities in which they serve on behalf of the Organization. They also perform specialised tasks such as veterinary support and engineering services.Indian veterinarians serving with the UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS), stepped up to help cattle herders who were losing much of their stock to malnutrition and disease in the war-torn nation.The Indian contingent in South Sudan has provided vocational training and life-saving medical assistance, as well as carrying out significant road repair work.In September 2020, based on an urgent request received from the UN Secretariat, India deployed two medical teams of 15 medical personnel each at Goma (DRC) and Juba (South Sudan).The Hospital by India in Goma, operational since January 2005, has 90 Indian nationals including 18 specialists. -Source: The Hindu Asian Development Bank Context: The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has made a significant commitment of USD 2.6 billion in sovereign lending (important source of financing for countries around the world) to India in 2023, focusing on various development projects and initiatives. Relevance: GS II- Inter Groupings Dimensions of the Article: About Asian Development Bank (ADB) About Asian Development Bank (ADB): The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank established on 19 December 1966 to promote social and economic development in Asia.It is headquartered in the city of Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines.The ADB was modelled closely on the World Bank and an official United Nations Observer.Japan holds the largest proportion of shares in ADB followed by the USA, and it has a weighted voting system where votes are distributed in proportion with members’ capital subscriptions (just like the World Bank).The bank admits the members of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP, formerly the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East or ECAFE) and non-regional developed countries.ADB defines itself as a social development organization that is dedicated to reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration.ADB aids in reducing poverty through investments in the form of loans, grants and information sharing (in infrastructure, health care services, financial and public administration systems), helping nations prepare for the impact of climate change or better manage their natural resources, as well as other areas. -Source: The Economic Times Recombinant Proteins Context: Researchers at the Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, have developed a novel method for the production of recombinant proteins. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Recombinant Proteins: Definition: These are proteins encoded by recombinant DNA that has been cloned into an expression vector, supporting gene expression and translation of messenger RNA.Gene Modification: Recombinant DNA technology can modify genes, leading to the expression of mutant proteins.Manipulation: These proteins are manipulated forms of native proteins, generated to increase production, modify gene sequences, and create useful commercial products.Creation: They are created by fusing sequences not normally present in an organism.Production: Examples include vaccine antigens, insulin, and monoclonal antibodies. These are mass-produced by growing modified bacterial, viral, or mammalian cells in large bioreactors. The most widely used organism is the yeast Pichia pastoris (now Komagataella phaffii). Application of Recombinant Proteins: Biomedical Research: Used to understand health and disease.Biotherapeutics: Used in treatments.Drug Delivery and Disease Treatment: Produce protein-based polymers, antibodies, and enzymes, and protein scaffolds for tissue engineering. What is Protein? Role: Proteins are the workhorse in biological systems, facilitating most biological processes in a cell, including gene expression, cell growth, proliferation, nutrient uptake, intercellular communication, and apoptosis.Synthesis: The blueprint for protein synthesis is stored in DNA, which serves as a template for highly regulated transcriptional processes to produce messenger RNA (mRNA). -Source: The Hindu India to Use Food Irradiation to Mitigate Onion Shortages Amid Declining Output Context: To prevent shortages and price hikes, the Indian government plans to utilize radiation processing (food irradiation) to extend the shelf life of a 100,000 tonne onion buffer stock. This initiative comes as India, a major onion exporter, faces a 16% decline in onion output for the 2023-24 season, reducing production to an estimated 25.47 million tonnes. Relevance: Facts for Prelims What is Food Irradiation? Definition: Food irradiation is the process of exposing food and food products to ionising radiation such as gamma rays, electron beams, or X-rays.Purpose: It is used in food processing to help ensure food safety. Causes of Food Waste: Seasonal Overstocking and Long Transport Times: Lead to significant food waste.Climate Factors: India’s hot and humid climate is a breeding ground for spoilage-causing insects and microbes.Post-Harvest Losses: In India, these losses amount to about 40-50% in food and food grains, mostly caused by insect infestation, microbiological contamination, sprouting, ripening, and poor shelf life.Seafood, Meat, and Poultry: These can harbor harmful bacteria and parasites that make people sick. Applications of Food Irradiation: Prevention of Spoilage: Helps in preventing spoilage and extending the shelf life of food.Germ Elimination: Kills germs and harmful microorganisms.Pest Control: Eliminates bugs in stored food.Delaying Sprouting: Helps in delaying the sprouting of certain foods. Regulatory Framework: In India, irradiated food is regulated in accordance with the Atomic Energy (Control of Irradiation of Food) Rules, 1996. -Source: The Hindu Pre-packaged Insolvency Resolution Process Context: The Pre-packaged Insolvency Resolution Process (PPIRP) has resulted in the full settlement of operational creditors’ claims in five cases. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy About Pre-packaged Insolvency Resolution Process: Introduction: Launched in April 2021 in response to the Covid pandemic to alleviate stress on small and mid-sized companies.Aimed at addressing the unique needs of distressed MSMEs. Purpose: Offers an alternative and faster resolution mechanism for micro, medium, and small enterprises in financial distress. Process: Negotiation: The debtor and creditors negotiate and agree on a resolution plan before formally starting the insolvency process.Approval: The agreed resolution plan is submitted to the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) for approval, resembling an out-of-court settlement.Drafting: Debtor and creditors draft a resolution plan before formal initiation.Final Submission: The finalised plan, once approved by the required majority of creditors, is submitted to NCLT. Initiation: The pre-packaged insolvency process is voluntarily initiated by the debtor. Significance: The pre-negotiated and finalised resolution plan before NCLT filing significantly reduces resolution time compared to the corporate insolvency resolution process, minimizing disruptions. -Source: The Economic Times

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 31 May 2024

CONTENTS eMigrate projectRudraM-II Missile eMigrate project Context: Recently, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) is entered into between Ministry External Affairs (MEA), Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) and Common Service Centre eGovernance Services India Limited to create a synergy between CSC SPV & MEA to provide the eMigrate services through CSCs in the country. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Overview of the eMigrate Project Purpose: The eMigrate project is designed to primarily assist blue-collar workers heading to Emigration Check Required (ECR) countries. Objectives: Address the challenges faced by migrant workers by making the emigration process seamless and online.Integrate foreign employers, registered recruitment agents, and insurance companies onto a single platform to promote safe and legal migration. Implementation: MoU with CSCs: The eMigrate Portal of the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) will be integrated with the Common Service Centres (CSC) portal to offer various services:Registration of applicants on the eMigrate portal via CSCs.Assistance with uploading and processing required documents through CSCs.Support for booking medical and other necessary services for migrant workers or applicants registered on the eMigrate portal.Raising awareness about eMigrate services among citizens across India. Key Facts About Common Service Centres (CSCs) Role and Importance: CSCs are a crucial component of the Digital India mission.They serve as frontline service delivery points for digital services, particularly in rural and remote areas. Contributions: CSCs help fulfill the vision of Digital India and the government’s goal for a digitally and financially inclusive society.They provide essential government and public utility services and a wide range of other services, including:Social welfare schemesFinancial servicesEducational coursesSkill development programsHealthcare servicesAgricultural supportDigital literacy programs RudraM-II Missile Context: Recently, the Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully flight-tested the RudraM-II from Su-30 MK-I platform of the Indian Air Force (IAF) off the coast of Odisha. Relevance: GS III: Defence Overview of RudraM-II Missile Key Features: Development: Indigenously developed solid-propelled air-launched missile system.Purpose: Designed for an Air-to-Surface role to neutralize various enemy assets.Range: Capable of striking targets up to 350 km away, launched from a Sukhoi-30MKI fighter jet of the Indian Air Force (IAF).Technology: Incorporates advanced indigenous technologies developed by various DRDO laboratories. RudraM Series Missiles Development and Purpose: Developer: Developed by DRDO as next-generation anti-radiation missiles (NGARMs).Function: Target and destroy enemy surveillance, communication systems, radars, and command and control centers on the ground. RudraM-I Missile: Range: 150 km.Navigation: Uses INS-GPS navigation with a passive homing head for the final attack.Testing: First tested in October 2020. Role in Air Defence: SEAD: Designed for the suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) from long stand-off ranges, allowing IAF strike aircraft to conduct bombing missions without interference. Anti-Radiation Missiles Functionality: Purpose: Detect, track, and neutralize adversary radar, communication assets, and other radio frequency sources, typically part of air defense systems. Navigation System: Inertial Navigation System (INS): A computerized mechanism that uses changes in the missile’s own position, enhanced with GPS (satellite-based).Passive Homing Head: Capable of detecting, classifying, and engaging targets (radio frequency sources) across a wide range of frequencies as programmed.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 31 May 2024

CONTENTS Neglect of Menstrual Hygiene for Female Prisoners in IndiaIUCN Report Warns of Global Mangrove Ecosystem CollapseIMD Investigates Record Temperature Reading at Mungeshpur Weather StationCyclone Remal Triggers Fatal Incidents and Landslides in Northeast IndiaMicrocephalyFirst GPS-Tagged Eurasian Whimbrel Spotted in ChhattisgarhRBI Launches Three Major Initiatives Neglect of Menstrual Hygiene for Female Prisoners in India Context: Despite significant progress in menstrual hygiene management, with around 80% of young women aged 15-24 using safe menstrual products according to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS 2019-2020), women in Indian prisons remain neglected. Improvements have been seen in urban areas and among certain groups, but societal biases against female prisoners, who are often denied basic rights, exacerbate their suffering. This neglect leads to the overlooking of fundamental needs, such as menstrual hygiene, for incarcerated women. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Understanding Menstrual HygieneMenstrual Hygiene in Indian PrisonsGovernment Efforts to Enhance Menstrual HygieneFuture Directions Understanding Menstrual Hygiene Definition and Importance: Menstrual Health and Hygiene (MHH) is crucial for the well-being and empowerment of women and adolescent girls.On any given day, more than 300 million women worldwide are menstruating.Approximately 500 million women lack access to menstrual products and adequate facilities for menstrual hygiene management (MHM). Requirements for Effective Menstrual Management: Access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities.Affordable and suitable menstrual hygiene materials.Information on good practices.A supportive environment to manage menstruation without embarrassment or stigma. Menstrual Hygiene in Indian Prisons Current Status: There are 23,772 women in Indian prisons, with 77% in the reproductive age group and likely to menstruate regularly.The availability and quality of sanitary napkins in prisons are inconsistent and often inadequate. Challenges Faced: Despite the 2016 Model Prison Manual’s recommendations, many states have not provided sufficient water and washroom facilities for female prisoners.Overcrowding and poor conditions hinder access to essentials like water, sanitary napkins, detergent, and soap during menstruation.A 2023 study in a Maharashtra prison revealed inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities, forcing women to store water and share limited toilets, leading to higher instances of urinary infections and difficulties in maintaining menstrual hygiene.Prisons often rely on NGOs for sanitary napkin donations, which can result in substandard products. In one instance, only one pair of reusable napkins was provided per woman, which was impractical due to limited access to water and detergent. Government Efforts to Enhance Menstrual Hygiene Implemented Initiatives: India has been actively working to improve menstrual hygiene accessibility, particularly for young women, through programs like the Menstrual Hygiene Scheme, which offers free or subsidized sanitary napkins.Low-cost Suraksha Suvidha Napkins are available at Jan Aushadhi Kendras for ₹1 each.In 2023, the government introduced the National Menstrual Hygiene Policy, which recognizes menstruation as a natural process needing more attention and promotes equity in safe and dignified menstrual hygiene management for everyone, regardless of their socioeconomic status or location.The policy acknowledges that prisoners face limited access to menstrual hygiene.However, it lacks a concrete action plan to tackle this issue and does not involve the Ministry of Home Affairs, which is essential for matters related to prisons. Future Directions Steps Forward: The Indian government must ensure that basic menstrual hygiene standards are met for women in prisons.The uneven implementation of the Model Prison Manual 2016 across states requires urgent action, with all states needing to follow its guidelines.Addressing menstrual hygiene in prisons should be approached as a public health issue, integral to the fight against ‘period poverty.’Collaboration between public health authorities and prison administrators is necessary to develop a comprehensive strategy for providing adequate menstrual hygiene products and facilities, ensuring the health and dignity of incarcerated women.Additionally, research is needed to understand the current state of menstrual hygiene in prisons better. -Source: The Hindu IUCN Report Warns of Global Mangrove Ecosystem Collapse Context: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has released a new report indicating that half of the world’s mangrove ecosystems are at risk of collapsing. This is the IUCN’s first comprehensive global assessment of mangroves. The report, titled “Red List of Mangrove Ecosystems,” was unveiled on International Day for Biodiversity (22nd May). Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Findings of the Mangrove Ecosystem StudyMangrove Forests: Presence and Significance Key Findings of the Mangrove Ecosystem Study Study Overview: The study analyzed the world’s mangrove ecosystems across 36 regions, referred to as provinces, to assess the threats and risk of collapse in each area. Major Findings: Risk of Collapse: Over 50% of the world’s mangrove ecosystems are at risk of collapse, classified as either vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered. Nearly 1 in 5 is facing severe risk. Impact of Sea-Level Rise: One-third of the world’s mangrove ecosystem provinces will be severely affected by rising sea levels, with 25% of the global mangrove area predicted to be submerged within the next 50 years. Regional Classifications: The mangrove ecosystem in South India, shared with Sri Lanka and the Maldives, is categorized as “critically endangered.”In contrast, mangrove ecosystems in the Bay of Bengal region (shared with Bangladesh) and the western coast (shared with Pakistan) are classified as “least concerned.” Climate Change Threat: Globally, climate change is the primary threat to mangrove ecosystems, affecting 33% of mangroves.Other significant threats include deforestation, development, pollution, and dam construction. Extreme Weather Events: The increased frequency and intensity of cyclones, typhoons, hurricanes, and tropical storms are impacting mangroves along certain coastlines. Significantly Impacted Areas: Coasts along the Northwest Atlantic, North Indian Ocean, Red Sea, South China Sea, and Gulf of Aden are expected to be significantly affected. Need for Conservation: Without enhanced conservation efforts, approximately 7,065 square kilometers (5%) of additional mangrove areas could be lost, and 23,672 square kilometers (16%) could be submerged by 2050. Mangrove Forests: Presence and Significance Mangrove forests comprise the interface between wetlands and sea grass meadows along a vast expanse of tropical shorelines all over the world.They also occur along bays, estuaries or mouths of rivers by these shores.Mangroves are present worldwide on various shorelines between approximately 25°N and 25°S latitude.Mangrove forests are one of the greatest sources of biodiversity on this planet.They have a rich underwater component, a surface component and an aerial component.Mangrove communities include fish, insects, shellfish, birds of many species, saltwater crocodiles, monkeys, algae and fungi.Many organisms, especially fish, spend their early years in the protection of the mangroves and their intricate below and above-ground root systems. How are Mangrove Forests Useful? Mangroves, along with sea grasses and wetlands, comprise the ‘blue carbon’ ecosystem of stored carbon in sediments along many tropical and subtropical coastal zones.Their complex aerial and submerged root systems moderate current flows and the canopies moderate wind flow — they are the interface between the wetlands and sea grass communities for the continental flow of water and solutes into the ecosystem.Mangroves also supply fuelwood and other forest products, like food and medicine, for people.And, in addition to the nutrition they give us, mangroves protect us — along with other trees and forests, mangroves sequester a sizeable amount of carbon to offset greenhouse gas emissions created by human activities.When mangrove trees die of natural causes, they generally fall into the sea and the carbon may be stored in the sediment on the sea floor for long periods of time. Types of Mangrove Trees The term ‘mangrove’ is used to refer to a whole community of trees and shrubs, which are not closely related.The Mangrove trees have all adapted to harsh coastal environments of saline, brackish waters and low oxygen conditions.There are over 100 species of trees and shrubs designated as mangroves.However, there are three classic groups of mangroves — the red mangroves (Rhizophoraceae), the black mangroves (Acanthaceae) and the white mangroves (Combretaceae). -Source: Indian Express IMD Investigates Record Temperature Reading at Mungeshpur Weather Station Context: The Mungeshpur weather station in Delhi recorded a maximum temperature of 52.9 degrees Celsius, setting an all-time record for any location in India. However, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) later clarified that the record-breaking temperature was likely due to a sensor error or local factor. The IMD is currently investigating the data and sensors to verify the accuracy of the recorded temperature. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Temperature Anomaly in DelhiWhy Do Temperatures Vary Within the Same City?Global Temperature RecordsTemperature Trends in India Temperature Anomaly in Delhi Temperature Variation: The maximum temperature across Delhi NCR ranged from 45.2°C to 49.1°C in different parts of the city.The IMD operates 20 weather stations in Delhi, 15 of which are automatic weather stations (AWS), including one in Mungeshpur.AWS record and transmit weather data without human intervention.Mungeshpur recorded an outlier temperature of 52.9°C compared to other stations.The IMD suggested that this anomaly could be due to a sensor error or specific local factors. Factors Contributing to High Temperatures: Rain deficit has contributed to heat accumulation.Clear skies and westerly winds from Rajasthan, where temperatures have reached 50°C, have influenced the heat in Delhi-NCR.This period typically experiences intense heating across northwest India, including Delhi-NCR. Predicted Relief from Heatwave: The IMD forecasts a reduction in heatwave conditions over the next 2-3 days due to:Gradual temperature decrease associated with an approaching western disturbance.Rainfall and thunderstorms.Southwesterly winds blowing from the Arabian Sea to northwest India. Why Do Temperatures Vary Within the Same City? Influence of Weather and Anthropogenic Factors: Weather primarily governs the temperature of a region, but human activities significantly impact urban areas like Delhi. Impact of Urban Infrastructure: Concentration of pavements, buildings, roads, and parking lots:Hard and dry surfaces offer less shade and moisture, leading to higher temperatures. Building materials: Areas with concrete pavements and buildings experience warmer temperatures.Concrete can store nearly 2,000 times more heat than an equivalent volume of air. Building geometry and spacing: Densely populated buildings act as large thermal masses, retaining heat.Narrow streets and tall buildings hinder natural wind flows that help cool the area. Effect of Air Conditioners: Heavy use of air conditioners in commercial and residential areas leads to localized higher temperatures as ACs expel significant heat outdoors. Formation of Urban Heat Islands: Factors leading to urban heat islands:Urban areas with fewer trees, vegetation, and water bodies are more likely to become heat islands.Natural landscapes help reduce temperatures through shading and the cooling effects of transpiration and evaporation. Global Temperature Records Recent Statistics Worldwide: In July 2022, the United Kingdom experienced temperatures exceeding 40°C for the first time.Last year, a town in northwest China recorded its highest temperature ever at 52°C.Sicily, Italy, reached 48.8°C in 2021, marking the highest temperature ever recorded in Europe.The highest temperature ever recorded on Earth is 56.7°C in Death Valley, California, USA, in 1913. Carbon Brief Study Findings: A study by Carbon Brief revealed that nearly 40% of the Earth recorded its highest-ever daily temperatures between 2013 and 2023.This includes some regions in Antarctica. Global Warming Trends: 2024 was predicted to be extremely warm, following the trend of last year, which was the warmest on record globally. Temperature Trends in India Warming in India: The rise in temperatures in India is less pronounced compared to global averages.Since 1900, annual mean temperatures in India have increased by approximately 0.7°C.This is lower than the global average rise of 1.59°C for land temperatures.Including ocean temperatures, the current global rise is at least 1.1°C above pre-industrial levels. Heatwaves in India: Despite the lower overall rise in temperatures, heatwaves in India have become significantly more intense.In 2023, heatwave conditions were observed as early as February, a winter month typically not associated with heatwaves. -Source: Indian Express Cyclone Remal Triggers Fatal Incidents and Landslides in Northeast India Context: Cyclone Remal recently struck the West Bengal coastline, leading to the deaths of six people in related incidents. In the Northeast, heavy rainfall caused by the cyclone triggered landslides in Meghalaya, Mizoram, Assam, and Nagaland, resulting in at least 30 fatalities. The entire region, including Sikkim and northern West Bengal, is prone to landslides. This isn’t the first time such events have occurred; Cyclone Aila also caused landslides in the Northeastern states in May 2009. Relevance: GS III- Disaster Management Dimensions of the Article: What are Landslides?Two Primary varieties of Landslides in IndiaWhy are Landslides more frequent in the Himalayas than in the Western Ghats? What are Landslides? Landslides are physical mass movement of soil, rocks and debris down the mountain slope because of heavy rainfall, earthquake, gravity and other factors. Why do Landslides Occur? Base of the huge mountains eroded by rivers or due to mining activities or erosion agents resulting in steep slopes.Increased industrialisation leading to climate change and weather disturbances.Change in river flow due to construction of dams, barriers, etc.Loose soil cover and sloping terrain. Two Primary varieties of Landslides in India I- Himalayas India has the highest mountain chain on earth, the Himalayas, which are formed due to collision of Indian and Eurasian plate, the northward movement of the Indian plate towards China causes continuous stress on the rocks rendering them friable, weak and prone to landslides and earthquakes.The Northeastern region is badly affected by landslide problems causing recurring economic losses worth billions of rupees. II- Western Ghats A different variety of landslides, characterized by a lateritic cap (Laterite is a soil and rock type rich in iron and aluminium , and is commonly considered to have formed in hot and wet tropical areas), pose constant threat to the Western Ghats in the South, along the steep slopes overlooking the Konkan coast besides Nilgiris, which is highly landslide prone.The problem needs to be tackled for mitigation and management for which hazard zones have to be identified and specific slides to be stabilized and managed in addition to monitoring and early warning systems to be placed at selected sites. Zone Map Himalayas of Northwest and Northeast India and the Western Ghats are two regions of high vulnerability and are landslide prone. Why are Landslides more frequent in the Himalayas than in the Western Ghats? In the Himalayas, Landslides are very frequent because: Heavy snowfall in winter and melting in summer induces debris flow, which is carried in large quantity by numerous streams and rivers – which results in increases chances of Landslides.Himalayas are made of sedimentary rocks which can easily be eroded – hence, erosions contribute to more landslides.Drifting of Indian plate causes frequent earthquakes and resultant instability in the region.Man-made activities like grazing, construction and cultivation abet soil erosion and risks of landslides.Himalayas not yet reached its isostatic equilibrium which destabilizes the slopes causing landslides.Diurnal changes of temperature are much more in northern India than in southern slopes – weakening the rocks and increasing mass wasting and erosion. In the Wester Ghats, Landslides are comparatively less frequent because: Western Ghats are eroded, denuded, aged, mature, worn out by exogenic forces and have a much lower height – hence, occurrence of Landslides is lesser.The Western Ghats are on more stable part of Indian plate, hence, there is a lesser occurrence of earthquakes and landslides.While steep slope on western side with high rainfall creates idea condition for landslide but gentle eastern slope with low rainfall and rivers in senile stage, counters the condition.Moving of Indian plates doesn’t affect the Western Ghats much (as they are old block mountains), hence the reduced number of landslides.Small & swift flowing streams of western side and big matured rivers on eastern side (like Krishna, Godavari, etc) cannot carry large amount of debris. -Source: The Hindu Microcephaly Context: Recently, a study revealed that a gene called SASS6 and its variants have been implicated in a developmental process that causes microcephaly. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Overview of Microcephaly Definition and Detection: Microcephaly is a rare neurological condition where an infant’s head is significantly smaller compared to other children of the same age and sex.It can be identified at birth or develop when there is an issue with brain development in the womb or when brain growth stops after birth. Causes: Microcephaly can result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors, often leading to developmental problems. Common causes include: Infections during pregnancy: Conditions like toxoplasmosis (from undercooked meat), Campylobacter pylori, rubella, herpes, syphilis, cytomegalovirus, HIV, and Zika.Exposure to toxic substances: Maternal exposure to heavy metals (arsenic, mercury), alcohol, radiation, and smoking.Pre- and perinatal brain injuries: Such as hypoxia-ischemia (lack of oxygen), trauma.Genetic abnormalities: Including conditions like Down syndrome and severe malnutrition during fetal development. Symptoms: Children with microcephaly typically have a small brain, poor motor skills, poor speech, abnormal facial features, and intellectual disabilities.While some infants may not show symptoms at birth, they can later develop issues like epilepsy, cerebral palsy, learning disabilities, hearing loss, and vision problems. Treatment: Currently, there is no specific treatment for microcephaly. -Source: The Hindu First GPS-Tagged Eurasian Whimbrel Spotted in Chhattisgarh Context: For the first time, a long-distance migratory bird, the Eurasian or common whimbrel, tagged with a Global Positioning System (GPS) transmitter, was captured on camera in the state of Chhattisgarh. Relevance: GS III: Species in News About the Eurasian Whimbrel Type: Wading birdFamily: ScolopacidaeScientific Name: Numenius phaeopus Distribution: The Eurasian Whimbrel has a widespread range covering five continents: North America, South America, Asia, Africa, and Europe.Breeding Grounds: Subarctic regions of Siberia and Alaska during summer.Wintering Grounds: Migrates south to southern USA, Central America, South America, Africa, and South Asia, including Nepal. Habitat: Winters primarily along coastlines, coastal wetlands, mangroves, marshes, and larger rivers. Physical Features: Size: Fairly large greyish-brown bird.Bill: Long, decurved bill with a kink.Head Pattern: Distinct with dark eye-stripes and crown-sides.Plumage: Mottled dark brown above, pale below, with significant brown streaking on the throat and breast. Behavior: Generally solitary during nesting but tends to be gregarious outside the breeding season.Known for a high-pitched call that consists of a repetitive series of seven notes. Conservation Status: IUCN Red List: Least Concern -Source: The Hindu RBI Launches Three Major Initiatives Context: Recently, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has launched three major initiatives. Relevance: Facts for Prelims RBI’s Digital Initiatives PRAVAAH Portal: Definition: PRAVAAH (Platform for Regulatory Application, VAlidation, and AutHorisation) is a secure and centralized online platform (web-based portal) for individuals and entities to apply for various regulatory approvals from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).Purpose: Streamlines the approval process by providing a single point of contact, enhancing the efficiency of RBI’s regulatory procedures. Retail Direct Mobile App: Function: Offers retail investors easy access to the Retail Direct platform, allowing for convenient investment in government securities (G-Secs) directly from their smartphones. FinTech Repository: Description: A web-based database that contains comprehensive data on Indian FinTech firms. It aids in better understanding the FinTech landscape for regulatory purposes. EmTech Repository: Focus: Launched by the RBI, this repository emphasizes the adoption of emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Cloud Computing by RBI-regulated entities, including banks and NBFCs.Management: Both the FinTech and EmTech repositories are secure web applications managed by the Reserve Bank Innovation Hub (RBIH). -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 30 May 2024

CONTENTS PRAGATI-2024Tele-MANAS PRAGATI-2024 Context: The Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS) has launched a groundbreaking initiative called “PRAGATI-2024” (Pharma Research in AyurGyan And Techno Innovation) to foster collaborative research and innovation in the field of Ayurveda. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: PRAGATI-2024 and CCRASAbout Traditional Medicine PRAGATI-2024 and CCRAS PRAGATI-2024 Initiative: PRAGATI-2024 is an initiative aimed at exploring research opportunities and fostering collaboration between the Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS) and the Ayurveda drug industry. Role of CCRAS: The CCRAS is an autonomous body under the Ministry of AYUSH, which oversees Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy.It serves as the apex body in India for the formulation, coordination, development, and promotion of research based on scientific principles in the Ayurveda and Sowa-Rigpa systems of medicine. About Traditional Medicine: The traditional Indian system of medicine comprises of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy (AYUSH), is a perennially neglected alternative medicine sector. Ayurveda: The word Ayurveda means ‘Science of Life’ and employs treatment modalities, such as purification, palliation, prescription of various diets, exercises and the avoidance of disease causing factors and it evolved nearly 5000 years ago.The Ayurvedic medicine, though practiced for a wide range of health needs, is more commonly used for preventive and health and immunity boosting activities. Yoga & Naturopathy: Practices of Yoga are reported to have originated in India and is now being adapted to correct lifestyle by cultivating a rational, positive and spiritual attitude towards all life situations. 21st June is designated as ‘International Yoga Day’.Naturopathy or the naturopathic medicine is a drugless’ non- invasive system of medicine imparting treatments with natural elements based on the theories of vitality, toxemia and the self-healing capacity of the body, as well as the principles of healthy living.The common naturopathy modalities include counselling, diet and fasting therapy, mud therapy, hydrotherapy, massage therapy, acupressure, acupuncture, magnet therapy and yoga therapy. Unani Medicine: It was originated in the Arab world, though over a period of time it imbibed some concepts from other contemporary systems of medicines in Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Persia, India, China and other Middle East Countries.Unani medicine treats a patient with diet, pharmacotherapy, exercise, massages and surgery. Siddha: Originated in India and is amongst the oldest systems of medicine in the country.It takes into account the patient, his/her surroundings, age, sex, race, habitat, diet, appetite, physical condition etc. to arrive at the diagnosis.Siddha System uses minerals, metals and alloys and drugs and inorganic compounds to treat the patients.Unlike most T&CM;, this system is largely therapeutic in nature.Siddha literature is in Tamil and it is practiced largely in Tamil speaking part of India. Homeopathy: The word ‘Homeopathy’ is derived from the Greek words, ‘Homois’ meaning ‘similar’ and ‘pathos’ means ‘suffering’.It originated in Germany and was introduced in India around 1810-1839.It uses highly individualized remedies selected to address specific symptoms or symptom profiles.It is practiced in many countries and in India, where it is the second most popular system of medicine. Sowa-Rigpa: The word combination means the ‘science of healing’ and is considered one of the oldest living and well-documented medical traditions of the world.It originated from Tibet and is widely practiced in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Mongolia and Russia. Tele-MANAS Context: The National Tele-Mental Health Programme in India has reached a significant milestone, receiving over 10 lakh calls on its Tele-MANAS toll-free number, averaging 3,500 calls per day. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance About Tele-MANAS: Tele-MANAS will be organised in two tier system; Tier 1 comprises of state Tele-MANAS cells which include trained counsellors and mental health specialists.Tier 2 will comprise of specialists at District Mental Health Programme (DMHP)/Medical College resources for physical consultation and/or e-Sanjeevani for audio visual consultation. About MANAS: It is a comprehensive, scalable, and national digital wellbeing platform and an app developed to augment mental well-being of Indian citizens.It integrates the health and wellness efforts of various government ministries, scientifically validated indigenous tools with gamified interfaces developed/researched by various national bodies and research institutions.It is based on life skills and core psychological processes, with universal accessibility, delivering age-appropriate methods and promoting positive attitude focusing on wellness.Developed by National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS) Bengaluru, Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC) Pune and Centre for Development of Advanced Computing(C-DAC) Bengaluru.Catering to the overall wellbeing of people of all age groups, the initial version of MANAS focuses on promoting positive mental health in the age group of 15-35 years. Aim: To build a healthier and happier community, to empower it to nurture its innate potential for building a Swasth and Atmanirbhar Bharat.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 30 May 2024

CONTENTS Increasing Political Influence on Indian Higher EducationRecent Fire Tragedies Highlight Need for Enhanced Fire Safety RegulationsCCI Chairperson Highlights Monopolistic Tendencies in Digital MarketsAmritpal Singh to Contest Lok Sabha Elections Despite Being in JailEnvironmental Concerns Over Sky Lantern Festival Near Olive Ridley Turtle Nesting SiteHimalayan serowGolden Rice  Increasing Political Influence on Indian Higher Education Context: Indian higher education has a long history of intertwining with political agendas. This trend has intensified in recent years, affecting various aspects of academic life and compromising institutional integrity. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Higher Education in IndiaInfluence of Politics on Indian Higher EducationConsequences of Hyperpoliticisation of EducationMitigating Political Interference in Higher Education Higher Education in India Overview: Higher education in India is provided after 12 years of schooling.India has the world’s second-largest higher education system with over 58,000 institutions.Currently, 43.3 million students are enrolled in higher education, with 79% in undergraduate courses, 12% at the postgraduate level, and 0.5% pursuing PhDs. The remaining are in sub-degree diploma programs. Popular Subject Areas: Undergraduate: Arts (34%), Science (15%), Commerce (13%), Engineering & Technology (12%).Postgraduate: Social Science (21%), Science (15%), Management (14%).PhD: Engineering & Technology (25%), Science (21%). Participation Rate: The Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) has increased to 28.4%, up by 1.1% from 2020-21.Top regions with highest GER include Chandigarh, Puducherry, Delhi, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala, and Telangana.Around 46,000 foreign students were enrolled in Indian institutions in 2021-22. Influence of Politics on Indian Higher Education Political Influence: Higher education institutions have been influenced by political agendas, with politicians founding colleges to boost their careers.Institutions were often created to meet socio-cultural demands, reflecting India’s diverse and complex society.Governments placed institutions in politically advantageous locations to cater to socio-cultural demands. Renaming and Appointments: The naming and renaming of universities, particularly by state governments, are often driven by political motives (e.g., Uttar Pradesh Technical University, now renamed multiple times).Academic appointments and promotions are sometimes influenced more by political considerations than by candidates’ qualifications and merits. Autonomy and Freedom: Several states show dissent over the appointment of state governors as chancellors for state universities.While academic freedom norms have not always been strictly followed, especially in undergraduate colleges, universities have generally adhered to international norms.Self-censorship is becoming prevalent, especially in social sciences and humanities, with academics facing repercussions for publishing controversial material. Consequences of Hyperpoliticisation of Education Undermining Academic Freedom: Political influence may compromise academic freedom, pressuring faculty and students to align with political ideologies.Example: Liz Magill, President of the University of Pennsylvania, resigned under pressure from wealthy donors and alumni after testifying about antisemitism. Deterrent to Talent: A politicized academic environment can deter talented students and faculty, hindering India’s efforts to become a global leader in higher education. Stifling of Open Debate: Dominance of political agendas in academia can stifle open debate and discourage the exploration of alternative viewpoints. Increased Student Activism: Politicisation can lead to increased student activism aligned with political parties. While positive in some aspects, it can disrupt academic life if overly politicised. Erosion of Public Trust: When universities are seen as pawns in political games, public trust in academic research erodes, weakening the legitimacy of academic expertise in shaping public policy. Impact on Research and Innovation: Politicians with short-term agendas may be less likely to invest in long-term research projects, stifling innovation and hindering India’s global competitiveness. Reduced Workforce Readiness: Employers value skills like critical thinking, problem-solving, and adaptability. A politicized education system that prioritizes ideology over these skills leaves graduates less prepared for the workforce. Mitigating Political Interference in Higher Education Strengthening Institutional Autonomy: Encourage universities to diversify funding sources to reduce dependence on government funds.Uphold academic freedom as a non-negotiable principle, ensuring free discourse and research. Establishing Autonomous University Boards: Establish boards to lead to higher research quality, especially in politically susceptible disciplines.Strive for autonomous status to design innovative curriculums, seek diverse funding sources, and gain recognition as Institutions of Eminence under the UGC Act 2017. Implementing Recommendations: Follow recommendations from the National Knowledge Commission (NKC) 2005 and Yash Pal Committee 2009 to grant greater autonomy to higher education institutions.Reform existing universities: update curricula every three years, use internal assessments, adopt a course credit system, and attract talented faculty. Creating Independent Regulatory Bodies: Establish an Independent Regulatory Authority for Higher Education (IRAHE) independent of stakeholders.Implement an independent selection process for key academic positions based on merit and experience to reduce political influence. Adopting the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: NEP 2020 recommends motivating, energizing, and building faculty capacity through transparent recruitment, freedom to design curricula, incentivizing excellence, and institutional leadership accountability. Protecting Academic Freedom: Ensure faculty have the right to engage in research and express views without fear of retaliation or censorship.Implement clear policies and safeguards to protect academic freedom. Autonomous Student Unions: Ensure university student unions remain autonomous, elected by students without political party or authority interference. Independent Ombudsman Mechanism: Establish an independent ombudsman to investigate and address complaints of political interference, academic freedom violations, or politically motivated harassment. -Source: The Hindu Recent Fire Tragedies Highlight Need for Enhanced Fire Safety Regulations Context: Recent fire incidents at a gaming zone in Rajkot, Gujarat, and a children’s hospital in Delhi have resulted in at least 40 fatalities within 24 hours. These tragedies have brought attention to the need for stricter fire safety regulations and enforcement, especially in buildings prone to man-made disasters. According to the latest Accidental Deaths and Suicides in India (ADSI) Report by the National Crimes Records Bureau (NCRB), 7,435 people were killed in over 7,500 fire accidents in 2022. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Fire Safety Regulations in IndiaChallenges Associated with Fire Safety in IndiaAbout the National Building Code Fire Safety Regulations in India The National Building Code (NBC), established in 1970 and last updated in 2016, serves as India’s primary standard for fire safety.It offers comprehensive guidelines on construction, maintenance, and fire safety for buildings.State governments are mandated to integrate NBC recommendations into their local building bylaws, given that fire services fall under state jurisdiction.The ‘Model Building Bye Laws 2016’ assists states and urban regions in formulating their building bylaws.Additionally, the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) issues guidelines on fire safety in residential, educational, and healthcare settings. Challenges Associated with Fire Safety in India Despite the existence of fire safety rules across all states, including the NBC, they are frequently disregarded due to the lack of uniform safety legislation and the NBC’s status as a “recommendatory document.”Mandatory certifications are often neglected, and fire safety audits are not regularly conducted or enforced by local bodies.Staff shortages aggravate the situation, leading to severe fire incidents like the Rajkot game zone and Delhi hospital fires. The National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) underscores the importance of community resilience and adherence to safety norms. About the National Building Code The NBC prescribes achievable fire safety measures.It designates fire zones, such as residential and educational areas, to prevent the coexistence of hazardous and non-hazardous structures.Buildings are categorized into nine groups based on occupancy, including hotels, hospitals, and assembly buildings.Emphasizes the use of non-combustible materials and a minimum 120-minute fire resistance for internal walls in staircases.Specifies standards for maximum building height, floor area ratio, open spaces, and fire-resistant openings.Highlights the necessity of flame-retardant electrical installations, with separate shafts for medium and low voltage wiring and false ceilings.Requires all metallic items to be bonded to the earthing system.Recommends an emergency power-supplying distribution system for critical needs, covering exit signage, lighting, fire alarms, and public address systems.Advocates for fire protection technologies, such as automatic fire detection systems, down-comer pipelines, sprinklers, fireman’s lifts, fire barriers, and escape routes. -Source: The Hindu CCI Chairperson Highlights Monopolistic Tendencies in Digital Markets Context: Recently, during the 15th annual day celebrations of the Competition Commission of India (CCI), the Chairperson emphasized the tendency of digital markets to concentrate, leading to monopolistic practices. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: What is a Digital Market?Key Highlights of the EventChallenges with the Competition in Digital MarketsSolutions to Monitor the Digital Markets Competition What is a Digital Market? Digital markets, often referred to as online markets, are virtual spaces where businesses and consumers interact and conduct transactions through digital technologies. Examples: E-commerce Marketplaces: These are platforms where businesses directly sell products to consumers (B2C). Prominent examples include Amazon and eBay.Digital Advertising: This involves placing advertisements on websites, social media platforms, or search engines. Notable examples are Google Ads and Facebook Ads.Social Media Marketing: This strategy uses social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter to engage with customers, build brand awareness, and promote products or services.Search Engine Optimization (SEO): This practice involves optimizing website content and structure to achieve higher rankings in search engine results pages (SERPs), thereby increasing organic traffic. Digital markets often exhibit certain characteristics that can result in monopolistic tendencies. These include low variable costs, high fixed costs, and significant network effects, which together can lead to a few firms dominating large market shares. Key Highlights of the Event Control of Digital Platforms: The CCI Chairperson noted that control of digital platforms over large datasets can create barriers to entry for new players, compromise platform neutrality, and lead to algorithmic collusion. Monopoly Concerns: The Attorney-General for India highlighted the monopoly of e-commerce platforms over user data as an area for scrutiny, emphasizing the need for new ideas to balance free market and social benefits through legal innovation. Future of the Digital Economy: The digital economy presents immense opportunities for innovation, growth, and consumer benefit but challenges traditional competition law frameworks worldwide. Importance of Behavioural Economics: The event underscored the significance of using behavioural economics to understand human preferences in the context of digital markets. Challenges with the Competition in Digital Markets Anti-competitive Practices: Market Dominance: A few powerful players can control a large market share, stifle innovation, and limit consumer choice.Self-Prioritisation: Platforms may prioritise their own products or services over competitors in search results or promotions.Example: Google allegedly favouring its own shopping results over other platforms.Bundling Products: Forcing users to purchase unwanted products or services alongside desired ones.Example: iPhones offer a smooth user experience when paired with other Apple products, potentially limiting user options with other brands.Exclusive Agreements: Locking suppliers or distributors into exclusive agreements, hindering competition.Example: Streaming platforms like Hotstar and Jio Cinema securing exclusive rights to shows, limiting viewer options.Network Effects: The value of a platform increases as more users join, creating a snowball effect that makes it difficult for new entrants to compete.Example: Social media platforms like WhatsApp and Instagram become more valuable with more users. User Data and Privacy: Vast Data Collection: Digital companies collect vast amounts of user data, giving them an advantage in personalisation, targeted advertising, and product development.Opaque Data Practices: The method through which user data is collected, stored, and used can be opaque, leading to privacy violations.Barriers for New Entrants: New entrants may struggle to compete with established players who have a rich data set to leverage. Regulatory Challenges: Fast-Paced Nature: The fast-paced nature of digital markets can make existing regulations ineffective.Defining Anti-competitive Behaviour: Proving anti-competitive behaviour in complex digital ecosystems can be difficult.Identifying Dominant Firms: Determining a dominant firm is a substantial challenge. Solutions to Monitor the Digital Markets Competition Regulatory Designation and Actions: Designation of Systemically Important Digital Intermediaries (SIDIs): Identify dominant players with significant market power and subject them to stricter regulations.Ban Self-Preferencing and Exclusive Dealing: Explicitly ban practices that stifle competition.Example: A platform can’t prioritise its own products over competitors in search results.Mandate Data Sharing or Interoperability: Allow users to move data or services between platforms more easily.Example: Allow users to transfer their online shopping cart from one platform to another. Strengthening Regulatory Bodies: Provide Additional Powers to CCI: Equip the Competition Commission of India (CCI) with more powers, resources, and personnel to effectively monitor digital markets and investigate potential anti-competitive practices.Example: The 53rd Parliamentary Standing Committee Report recommended strengthening the CCI. Framework for Startups and Data Protection: Establish a Regulatory Framework for Startups: Enable testing of innovative products and services in a controlled environment with reduced regulatory burdens.Enforce Transparent Data Collection Practices: Frame detailed regulations requiring platforms to be transparent about data collection practices and provide users with meaningful control over their data.Example: The Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023 aims to empower users with greater control over their personal data. -Source: Indian Express Amritpal Singh to Contest Lok Sabha Elections Despite Being in Jail Context: Amritpal Singh, the imprisoned leader of the pro-Khalistan group Waris Punjab De, announced his candidacy for the Lok Sabha elections from Punjab’s Khadoor Sahib constituency on June 1. Despite facing criminal charges, he is eligible to run for office unless convicted. However, like other inmates in Indian prisons, he will be prohibited from voting in the upcoming elections. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Legal Framework of Voting Rights and CandidacyDisqualification Due to Criminal Convictions and Related ChallengesRestriction on Voting Rights for Confined Individuals Legal Framework of Voting Rights and Candidacy Nature of Voting and Election Rights: Statutory Status: Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975): The Supreme Court affirmed that free and fair elections are integral to the Constitution’s basic structure, nullifying any laws contravening this principle.Kuldip Nayar v. Union of India (2006): The Supreme Court determined that voting is a statutory right, not a fundamental one, and subject to regulation by parliamentary laws. This ruling also applies to the right to be elected. Disqualification Due to Criminal Convictions and Related Challenges Prohibition on Candidacy Post-Conviction: Representation of People Act, 1951 (RP Act): Section 8, titled “Disqualification on conviction for specific offences.”Individuals convicted of certain offences are barred from contesting elections to Parliament or state legislatures from the date of their conviction.They face a six-year disqualification period starting from their release date.Disqualification is applicable only upon conviction, not merely by being charged. Issues and Legal Challenges: Challenges to Section 8 of the RP Act in the Supreme Court: 2011 Petition: Filed by the Public Interest Foundation, arguing for disqualification of individuals with criminal charges or false affidavits. The Supreme Court ruled that only the legislature could amend the RP Act.2016 Petition: Sought permanent disqualification of convicted individuals; the case is ongoing. Delays in Criminal Proceedings Against MPs and MLAs: November 2023: The Supreme Court highlighted delays in criminal cases involving MPs and MLAs, directing Chief Justices to ensure prompt and effective resolution through a suo motu case titled “In Re: Designated Courts for MPs/MLAs.”April 2024 Report: Indicated that 4,472 such cases were still pending. Exceptions to Disqualification: Election Commission of India (ECI) Authority to Alter Disqualification Period:2019: The ECI used its power under Section 11 of the RP Act to reduce the disqualification period for Sikkim Chief Minister Prem Singh Tamang, who had been released after a one-year prison term for misappropriation of funds and subsequently won a bye-election.Section 11 empowers the ECI to remove or reduce disqualification, except under Section 8A. Supreme Court Rulings on Stayed Convictions: Disqualified MPs or MLAs can contest if their conviction is stayed on appeal.In 2019, the Supreme Court ruled that staying a conviction removes the associated disqualification. Restriction on Voting Rights for Confined Individuals Prohibition Under Section 62 of the RP Act: General Restriction: Section 62 of the RP Act stipulates that individuals confined in prison or police custody are not permitted to vote, with the exception of those under preventive detention. Exclusion Based on Criminal Charges: Voting Bar: Section 62 of the RP Act also prevents individuals facing criminal charges from voting unless they are released on bail or acquitted.1997 Supreme Court Ruling: In the case of Anukul Chandra Pradhan v. Union of India, the Supreme Court upheld this provision, rejecting arguments that it violated the right to equality by discriminating against undertrials and those unable to post bail. Judicial Reasoning: Statutory Nature of Voting Rights: The court reaffirmed that voting is a statutory right, subject to statutory limitations.Resource Constraints: The court acknowledged that providing infrastructure and deploying police resources would be challenging.Conduct-Based Incarceration: The court ruled that individuals in prison due to their conduct cannot claim the same freedoms of movement, speech, and expression.Reasonableness of Restrictions: The court concluded that restrictions on prisoners’ voting rights are reasonable and linked to keeping individuals with criminal backgrounds out of the election process. -Source: Indian Express Environmental Concerns Over Sky Lantern Festival Near Olive Ridley Turtle Nesting Site Context: Recently, the traditional Chinese sky lantern festival has ignited outrage among environmentalists and wildlife conservationists due to its proximity to a nesting site of the endangered Olive Ridley turtles. According to environmentalists, the bamboo or metal wire frames of these lanterns take months to decompose and pose a significant threat by trapping wildlife, including fish, dolphins, birds, and turtles. Relevance: Prelims, GS-III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Olive Ridley Sea TurtleBreeding Grounds of the Olive Ridley Sea Turtle in IndiaThreats to the Olive Ridley Sea TurtleTurtles and Turtle conservation in India Olive Ridley Sea Turtle The olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea), also known commonly as the Pacific ridley sea turtle, is a species of turtle in the family Cheloniidae.The species is the second smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles found in the world.This turtle and the related Kemps ridley turtle are best known for their unique mass nesting called arribada, where thousands of females come together on the same beach to lay eggs.The species is listed as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List, Appendix 1 in CITES, and Schedule 1 in Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.Olive-ridleys face serious threats across their migratory route, habitat and nesting beaches, due to human activities such as unfriendly turtle fishing practices, development, and exploitation of nesting beaches for ports, and tourist centres. Breeding Grounds of the Olive Ridley Sea Turtle in India The Gahirmatha Beach in Kendrapara district of Odisha (India), which is now a part of the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, is the largest breeding ground for these turtles.The Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary, which bounds the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary to the east, was created in September 1997, and encompasses Gahirmatha Beach and an adjacent portion of the Bay of Bengal.Bhitarkanika mangroves were designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance in 2002. It is the world’s largest known rookery of olive ridley sea turtles.Apart from Gahirmatha rookery, two other mass nesting beaches have been located, which are on the mouth of rivers Rushikulya and Devi.The spectacular site of mass congregation of olive ridley sea turtles for mating and nesting enthralls both the scientists and the nature lovers throughout the world. Threats to the Olive Ridley Sea Turtle Known predators of olive ridley eggs include raccoons, coyotes, feral dogs and pigs, opossums, coatimundi, caimans, ghost crabs, and the sunbeam snake.Hatchlings are preyed upon as they travel across the beach to the water by vultures, frigate birds, crabs, raccoons, coyotes, iguanas, and snakes. In the water, hatchling predators most likely include oceanic fishes, sharks, and crocodiles.Adults have relatively few known predators, other than sharks, and killer whales are responsible for occasional attacks. On land, nesting females may be attacked by jaguars. Notably, the jaguar is the only cat with a strong enough bite to penetrate a sea turtle’s shell, thought to be an evolutionary adaption from the Holocene extinction event.In recent years, increased predation on turtles by jaguars has been noted, perhaps due to habitat loss and fewer alternative food sources. Sea turtles are comparatively defenseless in this situation, as they cannot pull their heads into their shells like freshwater and terrestrial turtles.Humans are still listed as the leading threat to L. olivacea, responsible for unsustainable egg collection, slaughtering nesting females on the beach, and direct harvesting adults at sea for commercial sale of both the meat and hides. Turtles and Turtle conservation in India There are five turtle species in Indian waters — Leatherback, Loggerhead, Hawksbill, Green and Olive Ridley.In India sea turtles are protected under the Indian Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, under the Schedule I Part II.Every year, thousands of sea turtles are accidentally captured, injured or killed by mechanised boats, trawl nets and gill nets operated and used by comercial fishermen.The turtle breeding season is usually between November and December. In Tamil Nadu, for example, the Olive Ridley nests between December and April along the Chennai-Kancheepuram coastline.Sea turtles, especially the leatherback, keep jellyfish under control, thereby helping to maintain healthy fish stocks in the oceans.The Green turtle feeds on sea grass beds and by cropping the grass provide a nursery for numerous species of fish, shellfish and crustaceans. -Source: The Hindu Himalayan serow Context: Recently, a Himalayan serow was spotted in the central part of Nameri National Park and Tiger Reserve. Relevance: GS III: Species in News Dimensions of the Article: Himalayan SerowKey Facts About Nameri Tiger Reserve Himalayan Serow Physical Description: The Himalayan serow resembles a mix between a goat, donkey, cow, and pig. Species Variants: There are several species of serows, all native to Asia.The Himalayan serow (Capricornis sumatraensis thar) is exclusive to the Himalayan region and is a subspecies of the mainland serow (Capricornis sumatraensis). Dietary Habits: Himalayan serows are herbivores. Habitat and Distribution: Typically found at altitudes ranging from 2,000 to 4,000 meters (6,500 to 13,000 feet).They inhabit the eastern, central, and western Himalayas but are absent from the Trans-Himalayan region. Conservation Status: Listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.Included in Appendix I of CITES.Protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Key Facts About Nameri Tiger Reserve Location: Situated in the northern part of the Sonitpur district of Assam, along the foothills of Arunachal Pradesh. Geographical Boundaries: Nameri National Park forms the core of the reserve, bordered by the Jia-Bhoreli River to the west and the Bor-Dikorai River to the east.The Pakke Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh lies to the north, creating a contiguous habitat. Flora: The reserve is characterized by tropical evergreen, semi-evergreen, and moist deciduous forests, interspersed with cane brakes and narrow grassland strips along rivers. Fauna: Notable for the presence of the white-winged wood duck.Hosts a variety of species including the leopard cat, common otter, black giant squirrel, Indian mongoose, large-clawed shrew, Indian flying fox, slow loris, Assamese macaque, and rhesus macaque. -Source: The Hindu Golden Rice Context: Recently, a court in the Philippines recently revoked biosafety permits for commercial propagation of genetically modified golden rice and Bt eggplant. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Golden Rice Introduction: Golden Rice is a genetically engineered variety of rice that contains beta carotene (provitamin A), a plant pigment that the body converts into vitamin A as needed. This pigment gives the rice its distinctive yellow-orange or golden color. Development: It is created through genetic engineering.While ordinary rice does produce beta carotene, it is not present in the grain. Scientists used genetic engineering to introduce beta carotene into the grain, enhancing its nutritional value.The beta carotene in Golden Rice, enabled by the addition of two new enzymes, is the same as that found in green leafy vegetables, yellow-colored vegetables, orange-colored fruits, and many vitamin supplements and food ingredients. Cultivation: Similar to regular rice, Golden Rice does not require any special cultivation practices and typically achieves the same yield and agronomic performance. Economic and Nutritional Impact: Golden Rice is expected to be comparable in cost and taste to regular rice. Its enhanced beta carotene content makes it a crucial tool in combating Vitamin A deficiency (VAD).Vitamin A is vital for growth, development, and maintaining the health of the visual and immune systems.VAD impairs the body’s resistance to diseases and infections, leads to blindness, and can be fatal if left untreated. -Source: Down To Earth

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 29 May 2024

CONTENTS High Inflation in Pulses Strains Consumers and Impacts Self-Sufficiency GoalsINS Kiltan  High Inflation in Pulses Strains Consumers and Impacts Self-Sufficiency Goals Context: Pulses recorded an annual retail inflation of 16.84% in April 2024, exacerbating consumer hardship, especially since pulses are seldom distributed through the public distribution system (PDS). Food inflation pressures, driven by an El Niño event and an election year, have reversed the nation’s progress towards achieving near self-sufficiency in pulse production. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Pulses Production in IndiaCause and Effect of the Inflation in PulsesSign of Relief and Challenges Ahead Pulses Production in India Major Protein Sources: Pulses are crucial protein sources in the diet, grown in all three seasons in India. Kharif: Arhar, Urad, MoongRabi: Gram, Lentil, PeaSummer: Greengram, Blackgram, Cowpea Leading Producer: India has over 35 Mha of pulses cultivation area, making it the largest pulses producing country globally.Ranks first in area (37%) and production (29%). Increased Productivity: Productivity in 2021-22 was 932 kg/ha, showing significant growth over the last five years. Government Initiatives: National Food Security Mission (NFSM)-Pulses: Implemented by the Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare.###li Research and Development: ICAR is conducting basic and strategic research to enhance the productivity potential of pulses. PM Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA): Ensures remunerative prices for farmers.Includes Price Support Scheme (PSS), Price Deficiency Payment Scheme (PDPS), and Private Procurement Stockist Scheme (PPSS).Guarantees Minimum Support Price (MSP) for notified oilseeds, pulses, and copra. The Current Prices of Pulses as per the Department of Consumer Affairs Chana (Chickpea): Cheapest available pulse.Average all-India modal price: Rs 85 per kg (May 23), up from Rs 70 a year ago. Arhar/Tur (Pigeon Pea): Price increased from Rs 120 to Rs 160 per kg. Urad (Black Gram) and Moong (Green Gram): Prices rose from Rs 110 to Rs 120 per kg. Masoor (Red Lentil): Only pulse with a decreased modal retail price, from Rs 95 to Rs 90 per kg. Cause and Effect of the Inflation in Pulses Cause – Decline in Domestic Pulses Production Decrease in Production: Production fell from 27.30 million tonnes (mt) in 2021-22 and 26.06 mt in 2022-23 to 23.44 mt in 2023-24.Causes include irregular/deficient monsoon caused by El Niño and winter rain. Impact on Farmers: Farmers in Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana planted less area due to irregular/deficient rainfall.Chana and arhar pulses saw the highest inflation due to sharp output falls. Effect – Surge in Imports Government Measures: Central government phased out tariffs and quantitative restrictions (QR) on most pulse imports due to food inflation pressures. Import Statistics: India’s pulses imports valued at $3.75 billion in 2023-24, highest since 2015-16 and 2016-17.Import of major pulses totaled 4.54 mt in 2023-24, up from 2.37 mt and 2.52 mt in the preceding two fiscals. Effect – Reversal of Relative Self-Sufficiency Increased Production: Domestic pulses production rose from 16.32 mt to 27.30 mt between 2015-16 and 2021-22 due to government incentives.Policy measures included MSP-based procurement and levying duties on imports. Short-Duration Varieties: Development of short-duration (50-75 day) chana and moong varieties increased production.Allowed planting of up to four crops a year: kharif (post-monsoon), rabi (winter), spring, and summer. Sign of Relief and Challenges Ahead La Niña Climate Projections:El Niño expected to shift into a neutral phase next month, with a chance of La Niña, linked to abundant rainfall in the subcontinent. Unstable Domestic Supply Government Procurement:Government agencies have procured very little chana from this year’s crop compared to 2.13 mt in 2023 and 2.11 mt in 2022.Duty-free imports of urad, masoor, desi chana, and arhar/tur approved till March 31, 2025. Import of Cheaper Substitutes Alternatives to Chana:Yellow/white peas can be imported for between Rs 40 and Rs 41 per kg as a less expensive alternative to chana.Replacing Arhar/Tur:Masoor dal is increasingly used instead of arhar or tur in many eateries for making sambar.Increased Imports:Anticipated increase in imports of pulses from Russia, Australia, and Canada, as well as urad and arhar/tur from East Africa and Myanmar. INS Kiltan Context: Indian Naval Ship Kiltan arrived at Muara, Brunei and was accorded a warm welcome by the Royal Brunei Navy. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Overview of INS Kiltan Type: Indigenously-built anti-submarine warfare stealth corvette.Class: Third of four Kamorta-class corvettes constructed under Project 28.Name Origin: Named after one of the islands in the Aminidivi group, part of the strategically important Lakshadweep and Minicoy group of islands.Design & Construction: Designed by the Indian Navy’s Directorate of Naval Design and built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE) in Kolkata. Key Features: Innovative Superstructure: Material: First major Indian warship to use carbon fibre composite material.Benefits: Improved stealth capabilities, reduced top weight, and lower maintenance costs. Advanced Weaponry & Sensors: Armaments: Heavyweight torpedoes.Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) rockets.76 mm caliber Medium Range gun.Two multi-barrel 30 mm Close-In-Weapon Systems (CIWS) with dedicated fire control systems.Defense Systems: Missile decoy rockets (Chaff), advanced Electronic Support Measure (ESM) system.Surveillance: Equipped with the most advanced bow-mounted sonar and air surveillance radar.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 29 May 2024

CONTENTS Reflecting on the 1991 Indian General Elections Amid 2024 PreparationsStudy Highlights Worsening Heat Stress in India’s MegacitiesNASA Launches Climate Satellite to Study Polar Heat EmissionsNew Research Proposes Renaming the Stone Age to the ‘Wood Age’International Solar AllianceOedocladium sahyadricumAstronomical transients Reflecting on the 1991 Indian General Elections Amid 2024 Preparations Context: As India prepares for the 2024 general election, it is crucial to reflect on the pivotal 1991 Indian general elections, which marked a significant turning point in the country’s history. These elections brought about profound political and economic changes, driven by the leadership of PV Narasimha Rao and the impactful electoral reforms led by T N Seshan. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Key Electoral Reforms Introduced by T. N. SeshanPolitical Context of the 1991 ElectionsLPG Reforms (Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization) Key Electoral Reforms Introduced by T. N. Seshan Background Tirunellai Narayana Iyer Seshan served as the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) from 1990 to 1996.He initiated significant reforms that transformed the Indian electoral process. Major Reforms EPIC (Electors Photo Identity Card):Introduced to prevent impersonation and bogus voting.Model Code of Conduct (MCC):Established in 1960, outlines guidelines for political parties during elections.Seshan strictly enforced it, preventing the misuse of power and unfair advantages.Election Commission Practices:Identified and listed 150 electoral malpractices.Cracked down on vote buying, bribery, voter intimidation, booth capturing, and the use of muscle power.Banned excessive campaign spending and public displays.Ensured the deployment of central police forces to maintain order and prevent violence.Advocated for autonomous status for the Election Commission. Impact on Elections 1991 Elections: Conducted with unprecedented integrity and transparency.Set new standards for future elections.Achieved a turnout of 56.73%, reflecting genuine participation compared to previous elections marred by irregularities. Transformation and Legacy Role of Election Commission: Transformed from a passive observer to an active enforcer of electoral laws.Strengthened the autonomy and integrity of the Election Commission, ensuring free and fair elections. Recognition: Awarded the prestigious Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1996 for his contributions to electoral reforms and global standards of electoral integrity. Political Context of the 1991 Elections: Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi: In May 1991, Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by a suicide bomber from the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), creating a politically charged environment.PV Narasimha Rao’s Appointment: Following Rajiv Gandhi’s death, PV Narasimha Rao was sworn in as Prime Minister on 21st June 1991. Economic Reforms Under Rao’s Government: Economic Crisis: India faced a potential sovereign default due to depleted foreign exchange reserves, worsened by the Gulf War (1991) which increased oil prices and reduced remittances.Fiscal Deficit: The fiscal deficit reached 8% of GDP, with a current account deficit of 2.5%. Inflation rates were in double digits.Foreign Exchange Reserves: Reserves fell below USD 6 billion, barely covering two weeks of imports. Immediate Measures to Mitigate the Crisis: Rupee Devaluation: On 1st July 1991, the rupee was devalued by 9% against major currencies, followed by an additional 11% devaluation.Phased Devaluation: Rao chose phased devaluation to manage political and economic shocks.Gold Pledging: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) pledged gold with the Bank of England in July 1991, raising around USD 400 million.Gold Sales: In May 1991, 20 tonnes of gold were sold to the Union Bank of Switzerland, raising approximately USD 200 million.Emergency Loans: The government secured about USD 2 billion in emergency loans from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). LPG Reforms (Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization): Liberalisation: Licensing Process: Revamped to boost exports and link non-essential imports to exports.Export Subsidies Removal: Introduced tradeable exim scrips for exporters.End of Monopoly: Ended state-owned firms’ monopoly over imports, allowing private sector imports.Licence Raj Dismantling: Relaxed Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act provisions to facilitate business restructuring and mergers.Industrial Licensing Abolished: Except for 18 industries, irrespective of investment levels. Privatisation: FDI Approval: Automatic approval for foreign direct investment (FDI) up to 51%.Public Sector Monopoly Restricted: To sectors critical for national security. Globalisation: Integration with Global Market: Encouraged international trade and investment.Competitiveness of Exports: Indian exports became more competitive globally due to the massive devaluation of the rupee and new trade policies. Impact of LPG Reforms: Economic Growth: GDP increased from USD 270 billion in 1991 to USD 2.9 trillion in 2020.FDI Inflows: Increased significantly, reaching USD 82 billion in 2020-21 from USD 97 million in 1991.Industrial Growth: Promoted growth in IT, telecom, and automobile sectors.Job Quality and Income Inequality: Concerns remained despite job creation and poverty reduction.Global Integration: Increased trade and investment flows, with India’s share in global trade rising from 0.5% in 1991 to around 2% in 2022. -Source: Indian Express Study Highlights Worsening Heat Stress in India’s Megacities Context: A study by the Delhi-based Centre for Science and Environment reveals that India’s major cities—Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bengaluru, Kolkata, and Hyderabad—are facing increasing heat stress. This is attributed to rising relative humidity over the past two decades. Additionally, the study indicates that these cities are experiencing warmer nights due to the urban heat island effect. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the StudyWhat is Heat Stress?What is an urban heat island? Key Highlights of the Study Increasing Heat Stress in Megacities: Cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bengaluru, Kolkata, and Hyderabad are facing worsening heat stress.This is attributed to a trend of rising relative humidity over the past two decades.Except for Bengaluru, all other metros have experienced a 5-10% increase in average relative humidity during summer. Impact of High Heat and Humidity: High heat and humidity compromise the body’s cooling mechanism, sweating.Sweat evaporation cools the body, but higher humidity levels inhibit this natural process.This combination can make people sick and, in severe cases, be fatal, even at lower ambient temperatures. Warmer Nights and Urban Heat Island Effect: These cities are experiencing warmer nights due to land surface temperatures not cooling as much as a decade ago.This is blamed on the urban heat island effect.Hot nights are as dangerous as peak daytime temperatures, with little chance for recovery if nighttime temperatures remain high. Rising Heat Index: The combination of rising air and land surface temperatures and high humidity increases the heat index and heat stress in these cities.The heat index measures discomfort due to high heat and humidity. Monsoon Temperature Changes: The monsoon period has become hotter in Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.In Chennai, the marginal cooling effect during monsoon has disappeared.Bengaluru and Hyderabad experienced slightly cooler monsoon temperatures compared to the pre-monsoon period. Importance of the Study Comprehensive Heat Management: Assessing heat trends is crucial for developing a comprehensive heat management plan for urban centers. Emergency Measures: This study will aid in implementing emergency measures during heatwaves to protect public health. Long-Term Strategies: It will also help develop long-term strategies to mitigate heat by:Increasing green areas and waterbodies.Improving thermal comfort in buildings.Reducing waste heat from vehicles, air conditioners, and industries. What is Heat Stress? Definition: Heat stress occurs when the body cannot dissipate excess heat, leading to an increase in core temperature and heart rate. It represents the physiological strain experienced in high-temperature environments. Causes: High ambient temperaturesHigh humidity levels reducing the body’s cooling efficiency through sweatingPhysical exertion, particularly in hot conditionsInadequate hydrationPoor ventilation in workspaces or living environments Symptoms: Initial signs include difficulty concentrating, irritability, sickness, and loss of the desire to drink.If the body continues to store heat, it can lead to fainting and, in severe cases, death if not addressed. What is an urban heat island? An urban heat island is a local and temporary phenomenon experienced when certain pockets within a city experience higher heat load than surrounding or neighbouring areas on the same day.The variations are mainly due to heat remaining trapped within locations that often resemble concrete jungles.The temperature variation can range between 3 to 5 degrees Celsius. Why are cities hotter than rural areas? Larger green cover: Rural areas have relatively larger green cover in the form of plantations, farmlands, forests and trees as compared to urban spaces. This green cover plays a major role in regulating heat in its surroundings.Transpiration : It is a natural way of heat regulation. This is the scientific process of roots absorbing water from the soil, storing it in the leaves and stems of plants, before processing it and releasing it in the form of water vapour.Highrise buildings, roads in Urban areas: Urban areas lack sufficient green cover or gardens and are often developed with highrise buildings, roads, parking spaces, pavements and transit routes for public transport. As a result, heat regulation is either completely absent or man-made.Heat absorption: Cities usually have buildings constructed with glass, bricks, cement and concrete — all of which are dark-coloured materials, meaning they attract and absorb higher heat content.This forms temporary islands within cities where the heat remains trapped. How can urban heat islands be reduced? The main way to cut heat load within urban areas is increasing the green cover; filling open spaces with trees and plants.Other ways of heat mitigation include appropriate choice of construction materials, promoting terrace and kitchen gardens, and painting white or light colours on terraces wherever possible to reflect heat. -Source: The Hindu NASA Launches Climate Satellite to Study Polar Heat Emissions Context: Recently, NASA launched the first of two climate satellites aimed at studying heat emissions at Earth’s poles. The second satellite is set to be launched in the coming days. This mission, named PREFIRE (Polar Radiant Energy in the Far-InfraRed Experiment), focuses on understanding polar heat emissions. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Significance of Measuring Heat Emissions at Earth’s PolesThe PREFIRE Polar Mission Explained Significance of Measuring Heat Emissions at Earth’s Poles: Understanding Earth’s Energy Budget: Definition: Earth’s energy budget is the balance between incoming heat from the Sun and outgoing heat from Earth into space.Climate Impact: The difference between these two determines the planet’s temperature and climate. Heat Emission Details: Arctic and Antarctic Emissions: A significant amount of heat from these regions is emitted as far-infrared radiation.Far-Infrared Radiation: Wavelengths range from 3 μm to 1,000 μm within the infrared spectrum. Current Knowledge Gap: Measurement Limitations: There is currently no method to measure far-infrared radiation, creating a gap in understanding the planet’s energy budget. CubeSats: Basic Definition: Design: Miniature satellites with a 10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm cube structure, known as “one unit” or “1U.”Weight: Each unit weighs no more than 1.33 kg.Size Configurations: Depending on the mission, CubeSats can be configured in sizes like 1.5, 2, 3, 6, and 12U. Development and Purpose: Origin: Developed in 1999 by California Polytechnic State University at San Luis Obispo and Stanford University as educational tools.Advantages: Low cost and reduced mass compared to traditional satellites, making them suitable for technology demonstrations, scientific research, and commercial uses. PREFIRE Mission CubeSats: Specifications: Each PREFIRE satellite is a 6U CubeSat, about 90 cm in height and 120 cm in width with deployed solar panels.Function: The solar panels provide necessary power for satellite operations. Difference from SmallSats: SmallSats Definition: Spacecraft with a mass less than 180 kilograms, roughly the size of a large kitchen fridge. Variety in Size and Mass: Minisatellite: 100-180 kilogramsMicrosatellite: 10-100 kilogramsNanosatellite: 1-10 kilogramsPicosatellite: 0.01-1 kilogramsFemtosatellite: 0.001-0.01 kilograms The PREFIRE Polar Mission Explained: Overview: The PREFIRE (Polar Radiant Energy in the Far-InfraRed Experiment) polar mission comprises twin satellites, each equipped with an instrument, tasked with measuring the poles approximately six hours apart. Objective: The primary goal of the mission is to unveil the complete spectrum of heat loss from Earth’s polar regions, thereby enhancing the accuracy of climate models. Aim: The PREFIRE mission aims to fill knowledge gaps and furnish data to refine predictions related to climate change and sea level rise.It seeks to offer fresh insights into how Earth’s atmosphere and ice impact the radiation of heat from the Arctic and Antarctic into space. Satellite Operation: Cube satellites, akin to the size of a shoebox, will be launched aboard an Electron launch vehicle.Equipped with Mars-tested technology, these satellites will measure an underexplored portion of Earth’s radiant energy.Twin satellites housing a thermal infrared spectrometer will orbit near-polar asynchronously, covering overlapping areas near the poles every few hours.Weighing less than 6 pounds (3 kilograms) each, the instruments will employ thermocouples, similar to those found in household thermostats, for data collection. Mission Objectives: Understand the disproportionate warming of the Arctic compared to the rest of the planet since the 1970s.Gain insights into the efficiency of far-infrared heat emission by substances like snow and sea ice, and the influence of clouds on far-infrared radiation escaping to space.Enable researchers to forecast changes in heat exchange between Earth and space, and their repercussions on phenomena such as ice sheet melting, atmospheric temperatures, and global weather patterns. -Source: Indian Express New Research Proposes Renaming the Stone Age to the ‘Wood Age’ Context: Recently, research has challenged the conventional understanding of the Stone Age, suggesting it might be better described as the ‘Wood Age’. This new perspective is based on the discovery and analysis of wooden artifacts dating back 300,000 to 400,000 years in Schöningen, Germany. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Prehistoric Woodworking SkillsStone Age Overview Prehistoric Woodworking Skills Challenges to Traditional Perceptions: Diverse Techniques: Artifacts show a variety of woodworking methods beyond basic sharpened sticks. Strategic Hunting and Planning: Ancient hunting tools suggest prehistoric humans had strategic hunting, planning skills, and technological adaptability through tool repair and reuse. Bias in Archaeology: Archaeological research tends to favor stone preservation over organic materials, potentially distorting the understanding of wood’s significance in prehistoric times. Despite this, well-preserved wooden artifacts underscore its crucial role. Stone Age Overview Definition and Duration: Began around 3.4 million years ago (mya) with the first use of stone tools by hominids in modern-day Ethiopia.Spanned until about 6,000-4,000 BP (Before Present), encompassing 99% of human history. Stone Age in India: India’s varied landscape enabled widespread habitation during the Stone Age, except in the Himalayas and the Indo-Gangetic plains. Indian Palaeolithic is categorized into three stages: Lower Palaeolithic (600,000 BP to 150,000 BP): Use of large pebbles or flakes for tools like choppers, hand axes, and cleavers. Cultural Traditions: Soanian pebble-tool tradition.Peninsular Indian handaxe-cleaver tradition. Middle Palaeolithic (165,000 BP to 31,000 BP): Creation of various flakes struck from cores to prepare scrapers, points, borers, and other tools. Upper Palaeolithic (40,000 BP to 12,000 BP): Development of tools such as blunted blades, penknife blades, and arrow points from long, parallel-sided blades using a punch technique. Mesolithic Culture: Semi-permanent and temporary settlements.Utilized caves and open areas.Practiced burial rituals.Demonstrated artistic abilities and maintained cultural continuity.Used microlithic tools for hunting smaller prey. Neolithic Period: Marked the beginning of agriculture and animal domestication.Early Neolithic culture evidence found in regions like the Fertile Crescent (Egypt and Mesopotamia), the Indus region, the Ganges Valley of India, and China. -Source: Indian Express International Solar Alliance Context: Spain has become the 99th member of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) following Panama, by handing over the Instrument of Ratification. Relevance: GS II: International Relations About International Solar Alliance (ISA) The International Solar Alliance is an alliance of 121 countries initiated by India, most of them being sunshine countries, which lie either completely or partly between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.The primary objective of the alliance is to work for efficient consumption of solar energy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels.The initiative was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the India Africa Summit, and a meeting of member countries ahead of the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris in November 2015.The Headquarters of ISA is in Gurugram, Haryana, India.The Purpose of ISA is Bring together a group of nations to endorse clean energy, sustainable environment, public transport and climateThe membership of ISA is applicable to all UN Members.The alliance is a treaty-based inter-governmental organization.Countries that do not fall within the Tropics can join the alliance and enjoy all benefits as other members, with the exception of voting rights.After the United Nations, it is the largest grouping of states world-wide. Signatories: Currently, 119 countries have signed the ISA Framework Agreement.The 119th country to sign is Malta.Out of these, 98 countries have submitted the necessary instruments of ratification to become full members of the ISA. -Source: Times of India Oedocladium Sahyadricum Context: A group of phycologists from the Department of Botany at Catholicate College in Pathanamthitta has discovered a new algal species in the Western Ghats. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Oedocladium sahyadricum: An Overview Introduction: New Algal Species: Oedocladium sahyadricum.Name Origin: ‘Sahyadricum’ refers to the Western Ghats, also known as Sahyadri, known for its rich plant diversity and ideal conditions for terrestrial microalgae growth. Features: Dioecious and Terrestrial: Morphology: Superior operculum, ellipsoid oogonium, and oospore. Appearance: Found as thin mats of elongated strands on damp soil.Velvety green, turning yellowish-green as it matures.Likely thrives in rainy weather.Significance: First species in the Oedocladium category recorded in Kerala. Practical Applications: Medicine and Agriculture: Natural Pigment Production: Astaxanthin, known for unique biological activities and health benefits. Ecosystem Role: Economic Importance: High-value products and wastewater treatment. -Source: The Hindu Astronomical Transients Context: Recently, the Indian-American astronomer Shrinivas Kulkarni was awarded the Shaw Prize for Astronomy in 2024 for his work on the physics of astronomical transients. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Astronomical Transients Definition: Astronomical Transients: Celestial objects whose brightness changes over short periods. Significance: Nature of Transients: All astronomical transients involve some degree of violent phenomena.Purpose of Study: Understanding transients helps astronomers learn about the origins of their violence and provides insights into non-transient events. Examples of Transients: Supernovae: Mechanism: The outer layers of massive stars explode while their cores collapse due to exhaustion of nuclear fuel.Brightness: Can emit light more intensely than the combined light of all stars in their host galaxy. Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN): Components: Host supermassive black holes at the centers of massive galaxies.Behavior: These black holes consume surrounding matter, causing the matter to gain energy and emit varying levels of brightness. Fast Radio Bursts (FRB): Discovery: First identified in 2007.Energy Emission: Can release more than ten times the energy of the Sun within a few milliseconds. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 28 May 2024

CONTENTS CSIR and DSIR Unveil Electric Tiller to Support Small FarmersCyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative CSIR and DSIR Unveil Electric Tiller to Support Small Farmers Context: In a bid to empower small and marginal farmers, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) have introduced the CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute’s Electric Tiller. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Electric Tiller for Small to Marginal Farmers###li Electric Tiller for Small to Marginal Farmers Target Users Small to Marginal Farmers: Designed for farmers with land holdings of less than 2 hectares, who represent over 80% of India’s farming community. Features and Benefits Enhanced Performance: Torque and Field Efficiency: Offers superior torque and efficiency in the field, making it a reliable agricultural tool. User and Environmental Focus: Comfort and Sustainability: Features reduced hand-arm vibration, quiet operation, and zero exhaust emissions, ensuring user comfort and environmental sustainability. Cost Reduction: Operational Costs: Can reduce operational costs by up to 85%, providing significant financial benefits to farmers. Versatility and Convenience: User-Friendly Design: Supports battery pack swapping and multiple charging options, including AC and Solar DC charging. About  CSIR The Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), known for its cutting edge R&D; knowledge base in diverse S&T; areas, is a contemporary R&D; organization.CSIR has a dynamic network of 37 national laboratories, 39 outreach centres, 3 Innovation Complexes, and five units with a pan-India presence. CSIR is funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology and it operates as an autonomous body through the Societies Registration Act, 1860.CSIR covers a wide spectrum of science and technology – from oceanography, geophysics, chemicals, drugs, genomics, biotechnology and nanotechnology to mining, aeronautics, instrumentation, environmental engineering and information technology. It provides significant technological intervention in many areas concerning societal efforts, which include environment, health, drinking water, food, housing, energy, farm and non-farm sectors. Further, CSIR’s role in S&T; human resource development is noteworthy.It provides significant technological intervention in many areas with regard to societal efforts which include the environment, health, drinking water, food, housing, energy, farm and non-farm sectors.Established: September 1942Headquarters: New Delhi Structure of the Organisation President: Prime Minister of India (Ex-officio)Vice President: Union Minister of Science and Technology (Ex-officio)Governing Body: The Director-General is the head of the governing body.The other ex-officio member is the finance secretary (expenditures).Other members’ terms are of three years. Objectives Promotion, guidance and coordination of scientific and industrial research in India including the institution and the financing of specific researchers.Establishment and assistance to special institutions or departments of existing institutions for the scientific study of problems affecting particular industries and trade.Establishment and award of research studentships and fellowships.Utilization of the results of the research conducted under the auspices of the Council towards the development of industries in the country.Payment of a share of royalties arising out of the development of the results of research to those who are considered as having contributed towards the pursuit of such research.Establishment, maintenance and management of laboratories, workshops, institutes and organisations to further scientific and industrial research.Collection and dissemination of information in regard not only to research but to industrial matters generally.Publication of scientific papers and a journal of industrial research and development. Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative Context: The National e-Governance Division (NeGD) recently organised the 44th Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs) Deep-Dive training programme under the Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative Overview Initiative Launch Spearheaded by MeitY, this initiative aims to enhance cybersecurity across Indian government sectors.A collaborative effort with NeGD and major IT corporations, marking a novel public-private partnership. Goals and Partnerships Strives to raise cybercrime awareness and strengthen the expertise of CISOs and IT personnel.Key IT companies like Intel and Microsoft are among the collaborators. Operational Framework Founded on three tenets: education, awareness, and enablement.Features programs promoting cybersecurity significance. Educational and Training Components Workshops on best practices and cybersecurity health tool kits for threat mitigation.Nationwide training for CISOs and IT staff from various governmental and defense sectors. Specialized Training Programme Deep-Dive program concentrates on educating about cyber threats and modern protective technologies.Emphasizes legal understanding for policy development and crisis management in cybersecurity.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 28 May 2024

CONTENTS MicroplasticsIndia’s Trade Deficit with Major Trading Partners in FY 2023-24Decline in India’s Agricultural Trade Highlights Need for Balanced PolicyBIMSTECDD Kisan Introduces AI Anchors for Modernized Channel PresentationKumaon HimalayasStellaria mcclintockiae Microplastics Context: Recently, a study revealed the widespread occurrence of microplastics in the testicles of both humans and canines, potentially associated with decreased sperm count, with polyethene emerging as the predominant microplastic followed by PVC. Relevance: GS III- Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: What are microplastics?Health hazard of microplasticsHow did they reach Antarctica?Effect of microplastics on Environment: What are Microplastics? Microplastics are tiny plastic debris that are smaller than 5 mm in length, tinier than even a grain of rice. There are two types of microplastics: Primary microplastics are tiny particles that are purposely designed as such for commercial use, like in cosmetics, nurdles-plastic pellets used in industrial manufacturing and in fibres from synthetic textiles like nylon.Secondary microplastics are formed through the degradation of larger plastic items like bottles, fishing nets and plastic bags. This occurs through exposure to the environment, like radiation from the sun, wind and ocean waves. Health hazard of microplastics It is not yet clear if these microplastics can cross over from the blood stream to deposit in organs and cause diseases.The report point out that the human placenta has shown to be permeable to tiny particles of polystyrene ( 50, 80 and 24 nanometre beads).Experiments on rats where its lungs were exposed to polystryrene spheres (20 nanometre) led to translocation of the nanoparticles to the placental and fetal tissue.Oral administration of microplastics in rats led to accumulation of these in the liver, kidney and gut.Further studies have to be carried out to really assess the impact of plastics on humans. Effect of Microplastics on Environment: While microplastics have been found across the world, from the world’s deepest ocean floors to the peak of Mount Everest, researchers say that this is the first time that they have been found in freshly fallen snow in Antarctica.It shows that the spread of microplastics is so widespread, that even the remotest and least habitable places in the world are now infested by these particles.The presence of these particles can pose a huge threat to Antarctica’s distinctive ecosystem.Microplastics are not biodegradable and once they are found in the environment, they begin to accumulate.They can be toxic for plants and animals.The report claims that ingestion of microplastics by various life forms in the region, from microorganisms like zooplankton to larger predators like king penguins can disrupt their usual biological processes and negatively impact the entire Antarctic food chain.The presence of microplastics in Antarctica can also worsen the impact of climate change.Ice sheets and glaciers are already rapidly melting, and the report suggests that the microplastics deposited in ice and snow can accelerate the melting of the cryosphere — regions where water is in solid form, like the planet’s North and South Poles.Dark-coloured microplastics, which constituted 55% of the samples collected in Aves’ study, are even more harmful than lighter colours, as they are better at absorbing sunlight and retain more heat. -Source: Down To Earth India’s Trade Deficit with Major Trading Partners in FY 2023-24 Context: According to the latest data from the Ministry of Commerce & Industry, India has recorded a trade deficit with 9 of its top 10 trading partners in the fiscal year (FY) 2023-24. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: India’s Foreign TradeLatest TrendsIndia’s Trade Deficit with its Major Trading Partners India’s Foreign Trade: General Overview: Significance: Foreign trade in India includes all (merchandise + services) imports and exports to and from India, accounting for 48.8% of India’s GDP in 2018.Administration: At the Central Government level, trade is administered by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.Global Ranking (2022): India was number 15 in total exports and number 8 in total imports. Trading Partners: Historical Trends: China was India’s top trading partner from 2013-14 till 2017-18 and again in 2020-21.UAE was the largest trading partner before China.The US was the largest partner in 2021-22 and 2022-23. Exports (Merchandise): Top Exports: Refined Petroleum: $86.2BDiamonds: $25.9BPackaged Medicaments: $19.5BJewellery: $12.6BRice: $11.1B Top Destinations: United States: $82.9BUnited Arab Emirates: $31.6BNetherlands: $17.6BChina: $15.3BBangladesh: $13.8BGlobal Standing (2022): India was the world’s biggest exporter of Diamonds and Rice. Imports (Merchandise): Top Imports: Crude Petroleum: $170BCoal Briquettes: $58.7BGold: $35.8BPetroleum Gas: $32BDiamonds: $26.1B Top Sources: China: $110BUAE: $51BUnited States: $48.5BSaudi Arabia: $46.2BRussia: $40.4BGlobal Standing (2022): India was the world’s biggest importer of Coal Briquettes, Diamonds, Palm Oil, Mixed Mineral or Chemical Fertilizers, and Nitrogenous Fertilizers. Latest Trends: FY 2023-24 Data: China overtook the US as India’s largest trading partner with a total two-way commerce of $118.4 billion.India’s exports to China rose by 8.7% to $16.67 billion, while imports increased by 3.24% to $101.7 billion.Exports to the US dipped slightly to $77.5 billion, and imports decreased by about 20% to $40.8 billion (total two-way commerce stood at $118.3 billion).The UAE was the third-largest trading partner of India with $83.6 billion, followed by Russia ($65.7 billion), Saudi Arabia ($43.4 billion), and Singapore ($35.6 billion). India’s Trade Deficit with its Major Trading Partners: China: Trade deficit rose to $85 billion in 2023-24 from $83.2 billion in 2022-23.Russia: Trade deficit increased to $57.2 billion in 2023-24 from $43 billion in 2022-23.Korea: Trade deficit rose to $14.71 billion in 2023-24 from $14.57 billion in 2022-23.Hong Kong: Trade deficit increased to $12.2 billion in 2023-24 from $8.38 billion in 2022-23.United States: India has a trade surplus of $36.74 billion with the U.S. in 2023-24. The U.S. is one of the few countries with which India has a trade surplus, along with the U.K., Belgium, Italy, France, and Bangladesh.Total Trade Deficit: India’s total trade deficit in the last fiscal narrowed to $238.3 billion from $264.9 billion in the previous fiscal. Analysis of Trends: Positive Aspect of Imports: Imports can be beneficial if a country is importing raw materials or intermediary products to boost manufacturing and exports.Currency Depreciation: Increased imports can cause the country’s currency to depreciate due to higher demand for foreign currency.Economic Impact: Depreciation makes imports more expensive, worsening the trade deficit and increasing external debt.Foreign Exchange Reserves: Depletion of foreign exchange reserves can signal economic instability to investors, leading to reduced foreign investment. Strategies to Reduce Trade Deficit: Boosting Exports: Focus on enhancing the export capacity of domestic industries.Reducing Unnecessary Imports: Implement measures to limit the import of non-essential goods.Developing Domestic Industries: Strengthen local industries to reduce dependence on imported goods.Managing Currency and Debt: Implement policies to stabilize the currency and effectively manage external debt levels. -Source: Times of India Decline in India’s Agricultural Trade Highlights Need for Balanced Policy Context: Recently, data from the Department of Commerce revealed that India’s agricultural exports decreased by 8.2% in 2023-24, mainly due to government restrictions on various commodities. At the same time, agricultural imports fell by 7.9% due to lower edible oil prices. These trends highlight the necessity for a balanced agriculture export-import policy to stabilize the agricultural sector, ensuring both domestic availability and market growth. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Current State of Indian Agricultural Exports and ImportsKey Factors Influencing India’s Agricultural Exports and ImportsAgricultural Export Policy Current State of Indian Agricultural Exports and Imports Agricultural Exports: Decline in Exports: India’s agricultural exports fell by 8.2% in the fiscal year 2023-24, totaling USD 48.82 billion, down from USD 53.15 billion in 2022-23.Sugar Exports: Banned from October 2023, reducing exports to USD 2.82 billion from USD 5.77 billion the previous year.Rice Exports: Ban on all white non-basmati rice exports from July 2023 due to domestic availability and food inflation concerns. Only parboiled grain shipments are allowed with a 20% duty, leading to a decline in non-basmati exports from USD 6.36 billion to USD 4.57 billion.Wheat Exports: Stopped in May 2022, falling to USD 56.74 million in 2023-24 from USD 2.12 billion in 2021-22.Onion Exports: Ban lifted in May 2024, with a floor price of USD 550 per tonne and a 40% duty. Exports fell to 17.08 lakh tonnes (USD 467.83 million) from 25.25 lakh tonnes (USD 561.38 million).Growth in Other Commodities: Basmati rice exports reached USD 5.84 billion. Spices exports crossed the USD 4 billion mark. Marine products, castor oil, and other cereals (mainly maize) also saw growth. Agricultural Imports: Decline in Imports: India’s agricultural imports dropped by 7.9% in 2023-24, due to global market conditions and domestic demand.Edible Oils: Major factor in the decline. Imports of vegetable fats were USD 20 billion in 2022-23, influenced by the Russia-Ukraine war. In 2023-24, the FAO vegetable oil sub-index eased to 123.4 points, reducing the import bill below USD 15 billion.Pulses: Imports nearly doubled to USD 3.75 billion, the highest since 2015-16 and 2016-17 levels, showing continued dependence on foreign sources to meet domestic demand. Analysis: Export Restrictions: Measures like bans on sugar and rice exports were taken to ensure domestic availability and control food inflation, but they significantly impacted overall export figures.Import Dependence: The reliance on imports for essential commodities like edible oils and pulses indicates a need to boost domestic production to reduce vulnerability to global market fluctuations.Policy Implications: Effective management of trade policies, enhancing domestic production capabilities, and strategic export-import regulations are crucial to balancing domestic needs and international trade dynamics Key Factors Influencing India’s Agricultural Exports and Imports: Export Restrictions: Government-imposed curbs on rice, wheat, sugar, and onion exports due to concerns over domestic availability and food inflation.These restrictions significantly declined the exports of these commodities. Global Price Movements: The UN FAO food price index (base: 2014-16=100) tracks global agri-commodity prices.FAO food price index dropped from an average of 119.1 points in 2013-14 to 96.5 points between 2013-14 and 2019-20, reflecting a global price crash.Post-COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine war, the index soared to 140.8 points in 2022-23.In 2023-24, the average FAO index eased to 121.6 points, leading to a decline in India’s edible oil import bill. Government Policies: Low or zero import duties on pulses and edible oils contradict the goal of boosting domestic production.This policy favors imports over domestic cultivation, potentially discouraging crop diversification and undermining long-term agricultural development. Agricultural Export Policy: About: An agricultural export policy comprises government rules, actions, and encouragements aimed at regulating and boosting agricultural goods exports.The policy includes export subsidies, tariff reductions, quality standards, market access agreements, financial incentives, and trade promotion initiatives. India’s Agriculture Export Policy, 2018: Implemented to leverage India’s agricultural export potential, establish India as a leading force in global agriculture, and increase farmers’ incomes.Objective: Doubling agricultural exports from USD 30+ billion to over USD 60 billion by 2022.Focus on promoting ethnic, organic, traditional, and non-traditional agri-products exports.Establish a monitoring framework for implementation. Elements: Strategic: Policy measures, infrastructure, logistics, and supporting a holistic approach to boost exports with greater state government involvement.Operational: Focus on clusters, promoting value-added exports, marketing and promoting “Brand India,” attracting private investments, and establishing a strong quality regime and research & development. Challenges to the Agri-Export Policy: Frequent changes in export policies disrupt market stability and long-term trade relationships.Reduced import duties on pulses and low tariffs on edible oils aim to ensure consumer affordability but conflict with promoting domestic crop diversification.Populist measures during election seasons undermine fiscal discipline and agricultural sector financial health.Insufficient investment in agricultural R&D;, currently around 0.5% of agricultural GDP, needs to be increased for substantial growth.Ensuring consistent quality and compliance with international sanitary and phytosanitary standards is challenging due to pests and diseases.Competition in pricing and quality and exchange rate fluctuations influence the competitiveness of Indian agricultural exports. -Source: Indian Express BIMSTEC Context: Recently, Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) has recently achieved an important milestone with the charter of the grouping coming into force on 20th May 2024. Relevance: GS-II: International Relations (Foreign Policies affecting India’s Interests, Important International groupings), Prelims Dimensions of the Article: About BIMSTECHistory of Formation of the BIMSTECSignificance of BIMSTEC About BIMSTEC The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organisation of seven nations of South Asia and Southeast Asia:BangladeshBhutanIndiaNepalSri LankaMyanmar (South-east Asia)Thailand (South-east Asia)Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand are the member states dependent on the Bay of Bengal.Its members lie in the littoral and adjacent areas of the Bay of Bengal constituting a contiguous regional unity. BIMSTEC not only connects South and Southeast Asia, but also the ecologies of the Great Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal.Fourteen priority sectors of cooperation have been identified and several BIMSTEC centres have been established to focus on those sectors.The permanent secretariat of the BIMSTEC is in Dhaka, Bangladesh.The BIMSTEC uses the alphabetical order for the Chairmanship which has been taken in rotation commencing with Bangladesh (1997–1999). History of Formation of the BIMSTEC In 1997, a new sub-regional grouping was formed in Bangkok under the name BIST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand Economic Cooperation).Following the inclusion of Myanmar on 22 December 1997 during a special Ministerial Meeting in Bangkok, the Group was renamed ‘BIMST-EC’ (Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand Economic Cooperation).In 2004, at the first Summit the grouping was renamed as BIMSTEC or the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation. Significance of BIMSTEC BIMSTEC acts as a platform for intra-regional cooperation between SAARC and ASEAN members.Around one-fourth of the world’s traded goods cross the Bay of Bengal every year.Important Connectivity Projects related to BIMSTECKaladan Multimodal Project – links India and Myanmar.Asian Trilateral Highway – connecting India and Thailand through Myanmar.Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) Motor Vehicles Agreement – for seamless flow of passenger and cargo traffic. Strategic Significance for India BIMSTEC Enables India to pursue three core policies:Neighbourhood First- primacy to the country’s immediate periphery;Act East- connect India with Southeast Asia; andEconomic development of India’s North Eastern states- by linking them to the Bay of Bengal region via Bangladesh and Myanmar.India has moved from Look East Policy to Act East Policy and Indo Pacific cooperation through its diaspora, culture and connectivity. This has led to India’s goodwill in the region.Allows India to counter China’s creeping influence in countries around the Bay of Bengal due to the spread of its Belt and Road Initiative.Physical connectivity with BIMSTEC would also help India integrate itself with ASEAN’s Master Plan of Connectivity 2025.A new platform for India to engage with its neighbours with South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) becoming dysfunctional because of differences between India and Pakistan.BIMSTEC suddenly received special attention as New Delhi chose to treat it as a more practical instrument for regional cooperation over a faltering SAARC. -Source: The Hindu DD Kisan Introduces AI Anchors for Modernized Channel Presentation Context: Recently, DD Kisan introduced two Artificial Intelligence anchors as part of its initiative to revamp the television channel’s presentation. Relevance: Facts for Prelims AI Anchors: AI Krish and AI Bhoomi Overview: Names: AI Krish and AI Bhoomi.Languages: Capable of speaking 50 Indian and foreign languages.Functionality: These AI anchors work continuously, providing news updates 24/7 without stopping or getting tired.Accessibility: Farmer viewers across all states can access these anchors. Information Provided: Agricultural research updates (national and global).Trends in agriculture mandis.Weather changes.Information on government schemes. Key Facts about DD Kisan: Overview: Establishment: The only TV channel in India dedicated to farmers, established by the Government of India on May 26, 2015.Objective: To keep farmers informed about weather changes, global and local market conditions, enabling them to make timely and appropriate decisions. Functions and Goals: Progressive Farming: Showcases efforts of progressive farmers to inspire and educate the agricultural and rural community.Holistic Development: Aims to create an environment of holistic development for farmers by providing them with necessary information and education.Three-Dimensional Agriculture Concept: Focuses on balanced farming, animal husbandry, and plantation to strengthen agricultural practices. -Source: The Hindu Kumaon Himalayas Context: Recently, the Supreme Court halted the 90 acres project in ecologically fragile and seismic-prone lower Himalayan ranges in the Kumaon hills of Uttarakhand. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Kumaon Himalayas Geographic Location Region: West-central section of the Himalayas in northern India.Boundaries: Extends between the Sutlej River in the west and the Kali River in the east.Composition: Encompasses parts of the Siwalik Range in the south and the Great Himalayas in the north, primarily within Uttarakhand, northwest of Nepal. Major Peaks and Lakes Highest Peaks: Nanda Devi and Kamet.Prominent Lakes: Naini Lake, Sattal, Bhimtal, Naukuchiya Tal. Key Hill Stations Notable Hill Stations: Nainital, Ranikhet, Almora. Cultural Significance Indigenous Tribes: Home to Tharus, Bhutiyas, Jaunsaris, Buksas, and Rajiswhose. Environmental Concerns Fragility: Recognized as an ecologically fragile and seismic-prone region. Shiwalik Range Overview Location: Sub-Himalayan Mountain Range stretching 1,600 km from the Teesta River, through Sikkim, Nepal, and India, into northern Pakistan.Alignment: Runs parallel to the Himalayan system from Haridwar on the Ganges to the Beas River. Elevation and Composition Height: Average elevation ranges from 900 to 1,200 meters.Geology: Primarily composed of low sandstone and conglomerate hills, with solidified and up-heaved detritus from the greater Himalayan range, featuring an intermediate valley lying between the outer hills and Mussoorie. -Source: The Hindu Stellaria Mcclintockiae Context: Recently, a new plant species found on the high, muddy slopes of the Nelliyampathy hills in Kerala’s Palakkad district has been named as Stellaria mcclintockiae. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Stellaria mcclintockiae: A New Species ClassificationGenus: StellariaFamily: Caryophyllaceae Features Growth Habit: Annual herb reaching up to 15 cm in height.Habitat: Found exclusively in the Nelliyampathy hills, at elevations between 1,250 and 1,400 meters. Unique Characteristics: Differentiated by its petals, pollen morphology, bracts, sepals, and seed architecture.First reported species of the genus Stellaria from South India. Conservation Status Recommendation: Researchers suggest that Stellaria mcclintockiae should be classified as critically endangered according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 27 May 2024

CONTENTS Cyclone Remal Cyclone Remal Context: Prime Minister chaired a meeting to review the preparedness for cyclone “Remal” over North Bay of Bengal. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: About Cyclone RemalWhat are Tropical Cyclones?Conditions for cyclone formation:How are Tropical Cyclones Formed?Why tropical cyclones don’t form in the eastern tropical oceans?Names of Tropical CyclonesStructure of the tropical cycloneLandfall, what happens when a Cyclone reaches land from the ocean?Cyclone Management in India About Cyclone Remal Overview: Name Origin: ‘Remal’ given by Oman, meaning ‘sand’ in Arabic.Significance: First cyclone to hit the region in the 2024 pre-monsoon season.Origin: Bay of Bengal (BoB). Factors Contributing to the Formation: Depression: Formation over the central Bay of Bengal characterized by low pressure, circulating winds, and atmospheric instability.Warm Water: The Bay of Bengal has water temperatures 2–3°C warmer than average, providing the necessary energy for cyclones to form and intensify.Madden Julian Oscillation: A band of clouds moving eastward, influencing cyclone formation due to rotational effects. Potential Impact: Sundarbans Region: If the cyclone makes landfall on the Indian coast, it could coincide with high tide, leading to partial damage to the fragile ecosystem.Geographical Factors: Shallow bathymetry and funnel-shaped geography of the northern Bay of Bengal can amplify cyclone intensity, increasing storm surge and flooding risks. What are Tropical Cyclones? The Tropical Cyclones are violent storms that originate over oceans in tropical areas and move over to coastal areas bringing about large-scale destruction caused by violent winds, very heavy rainfall and storm surges.These are low pressure weather systems in which winds equal or exceed speeds of 62kmph.Winds circulate around in anti-clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and in clockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere.“Tropical” refers to the geographical origin of these systems, which form almost exclusively over tropical seas.“Cyclone” refers to their winds moving in a circle, whirling round their central clear eye, with their winds blowing counter clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.The opposite direction of circulation is due to the Coriolis effect. Tropical Cyclones in India Tropical cyclones striking India generally originate in the eastern side of India.Bay of Bengal is more prone to cyclone than Arabian Sea because it gets high sea surface temperature, low vertical shear winds and has enough moisture in middle layers of its atmosphere.The frequency of cyclones in this region is bi-modal, i.e., Cyclones occur in the months of May–June and October–November. Conditions for cyclone formation: A warm sea surface (temperature in excess of 26o –27o C) and associated warming extending up to a depth of 60m with abundant water vapour.High relative humidity in the atmosphere up to a height of about 5,000 metres.Atmospheric instability that encourages the formation of cumulus clouds.Low vertical wind between the lower and higher levels of the atmosphere that do not allow the heat generated and released by the clouds to get transported from the area.The presence of cyclonic vorticity (rate of rotation of air) that initiates and favours rotation of the air cyclonically.Location over the ocean, at least 4–5 o latitude away from the equator. How are Tropical Cyclones Formed? Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water. Warm water > Evaporation > Rising up of air > Low Pressure area.They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface, which ultimately re-condenses into clouds and rain when moist air rises and cools to saturation.Water takes up heat from the atmosphere to change into vapour.When water vapour changes back to liquid form as raindrops, this heat is released to the atmosphere.The heat released to the atmosphere warms the air around.The air tends to rise and causes a drop in the pressure.More air rushes to the centre of the storm.This cycle is repeated. Why tropical cyclones don’t form in the eastern tropical oceans? The depth of warm water (26-27°C) should extend for 60-70 m from surface of the ocean/sea, so that deep convection currents within the water do not churn and mix the cooler water below with the warmer water near the surface.The above condition occurs only in western tropical oceans because of warm ocean currents (easterly trade winds pushes ocean waters towards west) that flow from east towards west forming a thick layer of water with temperatures greater than 27°C. This supplies enough moisture to the storm.The cold currents lower the surface temperatures of the eastern parts of the tropical oceans making them unfit for the breeding of cyclonic storms.ONE EXCEPTION: During strong El Nino years, strong hurricanes occur in the eastern Pacific. This is due to the accumulation of warm waters in the eastern Pacific due to weak Walker Cell. Names of Tropical Cyclones Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is referred to by different names: Cyclones in the Indian OceanHurricanes in the AtlanticTyphoons in the Western Pacific and the South China SeaWilly-willies in Western Australia Structure of the tropical cyclone Tropical cyclones are compact, circular storms, generally some 320 km (200 miles) in diameter, whose winds swirl around a central region of low atmospheric pressure. The winds are driven by this low-pressure core and by the rotation of Earth, which deflects the path of the wind through a phenomenon known as the Coriolis force. As a result, tropical cyclones rotate in a counter clockwise (or cyclonic) direction in the Northern Hemisphere and in a clockwise (or anticyclonic) direction in the Southern Hemisphere. The Eye: A characteristic feature of tropical cyclones is the eye, a central region of clear skies, warm temperatures, and low atmospheric pressure. Typically, atmospheric pressure at the surface of Earth is about 1,000 millibars.The Eyewall: The most dangerous and destructive part of a tropical cyclone is the eyewall. Here winds are strongest, rainfall is heaviest, and deep convective clouds rise from close to Earth’s surface to a height of 15,000 metres.Rainbands: These bands, commonly called rainbands, spiral into the centre of the storm. In some cases the rainbands are stationary relative to the centre of the moving storm, and in other cases they seem to rotate around the centre. Landfall, what happens when a Cyclone reaches land from the ocean? Tropical cyclones dissipate when they can no longer extract sufficient energy from warm ocean water.A storm that moves over land will abruptly lose its fuel source and quickly lose intensity.A tropical cyclone can contribute to its own demise by stirring up deeper, cooler ocean waters. tropical cyclone can contribute to its own demise by stirring up deeper, cooler ocean waters. Cyclone Management in India India is highly vulnerable to natural disasters especially cyclones, earthquakes, floods, landslides, and drought. Natural disasters cause a loss of 2% of GDP every year in India. According to the Home ministry, 8% of total area in India is prone to cyclones. India has a coastline of 7,516 km, of which 5,700 km are prone to cyclones of various degrees. Loss due to cyclones: Loss of lives, livelihood opportunities, damage to public and private property and severe damage to infrastructure are the resultant consequences, which can disrupt the process of developmentIndian Meteorological Department (IMD) is the nodal agency for early warning of cyclones and floods.Natural Disaster Management Authority is mandated to deal with the disaster management in India. It has prepared National Guidelines on Management of Cyclone.National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) was launched by Home ministry to upgrade the forecasting, tracking and warning about cyclones in states.National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) has done a commendable performance in rescuing and managing relief work.National Disaster Response Reserve (NDRR)– a fund of 250 crores operated by NDRF for maintaining inventory for an emergency situation.In 2016, a blueprint of National Disaster Management Plan was unveiled to tackle disaster. It provides a framework to deal with prevention, mitigation, response and recovery during a disaster. According to the plan, Ministry of earth science will be responsible for disaster management of cyclone. By this plan, India joined the list of countries which follow the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.Due to increased awareness and tracking of Cyclone, the death toll has been reduced substantially. For example, Very severe cyclone Hudhud and Phailin claimed lives of around 138 and 45 people respectively, which might have been more. It was reduced due to the early warning and relocation of the population from the cyclone-hit areas. Very severe cyclone Ockhi claimed many lives of people in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. This was due to the unprecedented change in the direction of the cyclone.But the destruction of infrastructure due to cyclonic hit is not been reduced which leads to increase in poverty due to the economic weakening of the affected population.

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