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Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 18 February 2025

Content: Lighten the pollution burden of thermal power States Mela and melee Lighten the pollution burden of thermal power States Context: India’s Climate Commitments and Thermal Power Dependency India updated its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement in 2022: Reduce GDP emissions intensity by 45% (from 2005 levels) by 2030. Achieve 50% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030. However, thermal power still remains dominant in India’s electricity generation mix. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Practice Question : The thermal power-producing States in India bear a disproportionate pollution burden while supplying electricity to consuming States. Discuss the challenges faced by these States and suggest a viable compensation mechanism. (250 words) Contribution of Thermal Power to Pollution Thermal power plants are the largest contributors to carbon emissions. Power-producing States bear the pollution burden while consuming States benefit. Key statistics (as of April 1, 2023): India’s total installed power capacity: 4,56,757 MW. Thermal power capacity: 2,37,268.91 MW (~52% of total capacity). Central sector: 75,377.91 MW (31.77%). State sector: 75,991.905 MW (32.03%). Private sector: 85,899.095 MW (36.20%). Coal-based electricity share: 73.08%. India’s carbon emission from electricity generation: 20,794.36 kg. Unequal Distribution of Pollution and Electricity Consumption Top thermal power-producing States (by non-renewable installed capacity, 2022-23): Maharashtra (31,510.08 MW) Uttar Pradesh (26,729.374 MW) Gujarat (26,073.41 MW) However, these States do not consume all the electricity they generate. NTPC thermal electricity consumption share (within generating States): Uttar Pradesh: 40% Odisha: 38.43% Chhattisgarh: 29.92% Gujarat (a major importer) consumes 4,612 MW but generates only 17.7 MW under NTPC. States Bearing the Highest Pollution Burden States with the highest thermal power share in electricity generation: Tripura (96.96%) Bihar (95.57%) Chhattisgarh (94.35%) Jharkhand (92.69%) Delhi (87.96%) West Bengal (87.72%) Uttar Pradesh (81.84%) Chhattisgarh is the highest net seller of electricity (535.29 MW), followed by: Madhya Pradesh (379.19 MW) Himachal Pradesh (153.43 MW) Rajasthan (135.14 MW) Odisha (95.40 MW) Major importers of electricity (2022-23): Gujarat (528.17 MW) Haryana (212.63 MW) Maharashtra (187.50 MW) Delhi (162.97 MW) Punjab (160.82 MW) Lack of Compensation for Pollution-Bearing States Electricity regulation issue: Electricity is a Concurrent subject (Entry 38, List III, Seventh Schedule). States cannot levy taxes on electricity generation but can tax consumption and sale. The Ministry of Power (October 2023) prohibited additional taxes on electricity generation. Electricity is exempt from GST, so producing States do not get tax revenue. Coal-rich producing States (Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha) have low per capita electricity consumption. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) spending by power companies is insufficient for environmental damage. National Clean Energy and Environment Fund is meant for renewable energy promotion, not direct compensation. Need for a Compensation Mechanism Negative externality problem: Pollution burden is concentrated in producer States while consumer States benefit. Possible solutions: Taxation mechanism: Allow producer States to levy a tax on thermal power generation. Alternatively, the Union government collects the tax and redistributes it. Finance Commission allocation:The 16th Finance Commission should create a fiscal roadmap considering climate commitments.Previous Finance Commissions have recommended fund transfers for environmental concerns Mela and melee Introduction: The Maha Kumbh Mela in Prayagraj is the largest religious gathering in the world, attracting millions of pilgrims. Despite large-scale planning and expenditure, crowd mismanagement led to fatalities, raising concerns over people’s safety vs. political aspirations. The recent stampede at the New Delhi railway station exposed systemic gaps in crowd control and public safety measures. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Practice Question : Large-scale religious gatherings pose significant challenges to public safety and infrastructure. Critically analyze the recent crowd management failures at the Maha Kumbh Mela and suggest measures to prevent such tragedies in the future. (250 words) Key Issues and Concerns: A. Inadequate Infrastructure and Planning ₹7,500 crore allocated for special infrastructure, yet gaps in on-ground execution remain. Temporary arrangements, such as AI surveillance, water filters, and special trains, failed to address core safety challenges. Overburdened transport hubs and lack of last-mile connectivity led to congestion. B. Crowd Management Failures Stampede at New Delhi Railway Station (Feb 15): Over-selling of tickets (2,600 extra) and miscommunication about train arrival led to chaos. January 29 Incident at Maha Kumbh: Failure to control footfall and ensure proper exits contributed to crowd crush. Lack of restricted ticketing, multilingual announcements, and clear evacuation routes exacerbated risks. C. Safety vs. Aspirations Push for spiritual tourism and record-breaking footfall numbers overlooks practical limitations of infrastructure. Unrealistic claims of hosting 45 crore people risk compromising basic safety measures. Lessons for Public Safety and Governance A. Need for Long-Term Infrastructure Upgrades Permanent expansion of railway stations at major pilgrimage hubs. Advance digital monitoring for real-time crowd control. Improved connectivity through dedicated transport corridors. B. Proactive Crowd Control Mechanisms Restricted ticketing and pre-registration systems for controlled entry. Deployment of trained personnel for ground-level crowd regulation. Use of AI and predictive analytics to assess crowd density and risks. C. Clear, Multilingual Public Communication Pre-scheduled departure points for trains to avoid mass confusion. Digital signages and real-time alerts in multiple languages. Public announcements clarifying train movements and routes. D. Accountability and Emergency Preparedness Holding officials accountable for lapses in safety measures. Mock drills and contingency planning for large events. Setting up independent audits for assessing safety at large gatherings.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 February 2025

Content: SC Puts Off Cases Challenging Places of Worship Act Amid Centre’s Delay Parambikulam Reserve Adds 15 New Species to Its Biodiversity Checklist Delhi Rocked by Second Strongest Earthquake in Three Decades How Did a DDoS Attack Cripple Kaveri 2.0? Constitutional Morality: The Origins and Nuances of the Concept SC puts off cases challenging Places of Worship Act with Centre yet to file a response Case Background The Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991 preserves the religious character of places of worship as they existed on August 15, 1947. The law prohibits the conversion of religious sites and bars litigation over their ownership, with the Babri Masjid-Ram Janmabhoomi dispute being the only exception. Several petitions have challenged the validity of the Act, arguing that it denies Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, and Sikhs the right to reclaim religious sites allegedly forcibly converted in the past. The case has been pending for over four years, with the Centre yet to file a response. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary ,Polity) Supreme Court Proceedings & Delays The case was scheduled for hearing on February 12, 2024, but the SC adjourned it to April 2024 due to the Centre’s failure to submit a counter-affidavit. The SC has previously issued eight orders (October 2022–December 2024) directing the Centre to respond. The court dismissed fresh writ petitions where notices had not been issued but allowed applications raising new legal grounds. Legal Issues Raised (A) Arguments Supporting the Act The 1991 Act is described as a constitutional safeguard against communal disputes and retrogression. Petitioners argue that recent civil court orders mandating mosque surveys violate Section 3 (prohibits religious conversion) and Section 4 (mandates maintaining religious character as of 1947). (B) Arguments Challenging the Act Opponents argue that the Act denies Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, and Sikhs the right to reclaim religious sites allegedly encroached upon by “fundamentalist invaders.” They claim the Act is unconstitutional for restricting the right to legal recourse under Article 14 (Right to Equality) and Article 25 (Freedom of Religion). On December 12, 2023, the SC barred lower courts from registering fresh suits aimed at reclaiming temples destroyed by Mughal rulers in the 16th century. Constitutional & Judicial Implications The case involves fundamental constitutional questions on religious rights, historical claims, and judicial intervention. The Centre’s silence raises questions about its stance on balancing historical grievances with constitutional secularism. SC’s handling of the case may set a precedent for future disputes over religious sites and communal harmony. Key Takeaways The Centre’s delay in filing a response has prolonged legal uncertainty. The SC is cautious about flooding of petitions and has streamlined its approach by focusing only on new legal grounds. The verdict in this case could have far-reaching socio-political and legal consequences. Next Steps The Supreme Court will resume hearings in April 2024. The Centre is expected to finally submit its counter-affidavit, clarifying its legal position. The case could lead to judicial review of the 1991 Act’s constitutionality and influence future litigation over religious sites in India. Parambikulam Reserve adds 15 new species to its biodiversity checklist Overview of the Survey Conducted by: Parambikulam Tiger Conservation Foundation Travancore Nature History Society Other non-governmental organisations Duration: February 6–9, 2025 Location: Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, Palakkad district, Kerala Coverage: 11 base camps across diverse habitats of the reserve Objective: Document biodiversity and update the species checklist Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Key Findings Avian Biodiversity: 7 New Bird Species Identified Notable bird sightings: Great Indian hornbill (Vulnerable species) Ceylon frogmouth (Endemic to the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka) Lesser fish eagle (Near Threatened) Shaheen falcon (Indian subspecies of peregrine falcon) Butterfly Diversity: 5 New Species Recorded Other notable butterfly species observed: Five-bar swordtail Spot swordtail Southern birdwing (India’s largest butterfly) Malabar banded swallowtail (Western Ghats endemic) Sahyadri grass yellow Nilgiri tiger Southern blue oakleaf Kanara swift Black angle Odonates (Dragonflies and Damselflies): 3 New Species Documented Total odonate species in the reserve now: 69 Newly identified species: Brown darner (Gynacantha dravida Lieftinck, 1960) Parakeet darner (Gynacantha millardi Fraser, 1920) Vestalis submontana Fraser, 1934 Significance of Findings Indicator of Rich Biodiversity The addition of 15 new species highlights the ecological richness of the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve. Recording new species during the dry season suggests strong habitat resilience and environmental stability. Conservation Implications The presence of species like the Great Indian hornbill, lion-tailed macaques, and Malabar banded swallowtail emphasizes the reserve’s role in protecting endemic and endangered species. The discovery of new odonates and butterflies underlines the need for microhabitat conservation within the reserve. Strengthening Ecotourism & Research The survey’s findings can enhance ecotourism potential by showcasing the rich avifauna and butterfly diversity. Provides new avenues for ecological research, including pollinator studies and habitat management strategies. Delhi rocked by second strongest earthquake in three decades Magnitude & Impact: A 4.0-magnitude earthquake struck Delhi early Monday. Strongest since the 4.6-magnitude earthquake in 2007. Epicenter: Jheel Park, Dhaula Kuan. Affected areas: Delhi-NCR, including Noida, Ghaziabad, and Gurugram. The shallow depth (5 km) intensified surface impact. Relevance : GS 1(Geography ), GS 3(Disaster Management) Seismic Activity in Delhi: From 1993-2025, 446 earthquakes (magnitude 1.1 to 4.6) have been recorded within a 50-km radius. The strongest quake (M 4.6) was on November 25, 2007, around 6 km northwest of Monday’s quake. Geological Factors & Causes: Normal faulting due to hydro-fracturing of underground rock formations. Delhi has underground aquifers, ancient rivers, and rivulets, which erode rock layers over time, triggering fractures and seismic activity. Key regional faults: Mahendranagar fault, Sohana fault. Future Earthquake Risks: Highly unlikely to exceed magnitude 6, due to limited fault capacity. Shallow quakes (like this one) do not cause serious structural damage. Emphasis on earthquake-resistant buildings and retrofitting old structures to mitigate future risks. How did a DDoS attack cripple Kaveri 2.0? What Happened? Kaveri 2.0, Karnataka’s property registration portal, faced severe server outages in December 2024 – January 2025. Investigation revealed it was a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack, not a technical glitch. Attackers flooded the system with fake database entries and excessive requests, disrupting services. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security , Cyber Safety) Impact of the Attack 62 email accounts from 14 IP addresses were involved. In January 2025, 6.2 lakh requests were sent in two hours, overwhelming the system. Registrations dropped sharply on February 1 and 4. Portal was restored on February 5, but the incident exposed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. What is a DDoS Attack? A DDoS attack overwhelms a target (server/network) with massive internet traffic, making it inaccessible. Unlike a DoS attack (single-source), DDoS uses multiple compromised systems (botnet). It doesn’t steal data but disrupts services, causing financial and reputational damage. Attackers often use it as a distraction for bigger cyber threats. How Can Such Attacks Be Prevented? Traffic Filtering: Differentiating real users from malicious bots. Monitoring Tools: Identifying unusual traffic spikes in real-time. Rate Limiting: Restricting excessive user requests. Bot Detection: Using CAPTCHA and behavioral analysis. Cybersecurity Collaboration: Working with security agencies to track attackers. User Awareness: Preventing phishing-based account compromises. Other Major DDoS Attacks X (formerly Twitter) Attack (August 2024): Elon Musk reported a massive DDoS attack that caused disruptions before his conversation with Donald Trump. GitHub Attack (2015): China-based botnet targeted censorship circumvention tools on GitHub using malicious JavaScript injections. Takeaway The Kaveri 2.0 attack highlights the urgent need for robust cybersecurity measures, especially for government digital infrastructure. Constitutional morality: the origins and nuances of the concept Introduction Constitutional morality refers to a civic culture that respects constitutional forms, offices, and principles. It balances adherence to the Constitution with critique and reform. The concept has been increasingly invoked in judicial interpretations, particularly in landmark Supreme Court cases. Judicial Usage in India The Supreme Court has used constitutional morality to interpret laws and adjudicate their constitutional validity. Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018) – Decriminalization of homosexuality under Section 377 IPC. Joseph Shine v. Union of India (2018) – Decriminalization of adultery under Section 497 IPC. The concept is viewed as a counter to fluctuating public morality but also as a potentially “dangerous weapon.” Origins of the Concept Coined by British historian George Grote in his work A History of Greece. Defined as a “paramount reverence for the forms of the constitution.” Emphasized adherence to constitutional processes, self-restraint, and civic culture. Highlighted that well-drafted constitutional rules alone cannot ensure the longevity of democracy. Ambedkar’s Perspective Dr. B.R. Ambedkar invoked Grote’s idea in his speech on November 4, 1948. Stressed that constitutional morality is not an innate sentiment and must be cultivated. Warned that constitutional perversion is possible without altering its form, merely by changing administrative practices. Advocated self-restraint as essential for democratic stability. Key Features of Constitutional Morality Non-transactional adherence: Respect for the Constitution should not be conditional on favorable outcomes. Commitment with critique: Encourages reform within the constitutional framework rather than blind adherence. Balances reverence and reform: Ensures stability while allowing space for constitutional evolution. Contrast with Constitutional Patriotism (Jürgen Habermas): Constitutional morality focuses on procedure and process. Constitutional patriotism emphasizes solidarity based on constitutional values. Contemporary Relevance Essential in debates on free speech, civil liberties, women’s rights, and national security. Prevents democratic processes from being overtaken by populism or majoritarianism. Ensures that constitutional commitment does not lead to rigidity but allows for democratic adaptation.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 17 February 2025

Content: Casting Nets, Catching Success India and Sri Lanka Strengthen Ties in Critical Minerals, Exploration, and Mining Casting Nets, Catching Success Introduction India ranks as the second-largest fish producer globally, contributing 8% to world fish production. The fisheries sector has grown significantly from 2004 to 2024, marked by technological advancements and policy reforms. The Union Budget 2025-26 allocated ₹2,703.67 crores, the highest ever, underscoring the sector’s importance. Highlights of the Union Budget 2025-26 Financial inclusion: Focus on reducing farmers‘ financial burden and increasing credit access. Marine Fisheries Development: Sustainable exploration of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) & High Seas in Lakshadweep and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Limit Raised: From ₹3 lakh to ₹5 lakh, boosting financial accessibility for fishers, processors, and other stakeholders. Growth in Fisheries Over Two Decades Increase in Fish Production: 2023-24: 184.02 lakh tons 2013-14: 95.79 lakh tons 2003-04: 63.99 lakh tons Increase (2014-24): 88.23 lakh tons vs. 31.80 lakh tons (2004-14) Inland and Aquaculture Production Growth: 2014-24: 77.71 lakh tons increase vs. 26.78 lakh tons (2004-14) Marine Fish Production: Doubled from 5.02 lakh tons (2014-24) to 10.52 lakh tons (2004-14). Seafood Exports (MPEDA Data, 2023-24): 17.81 lakh MT exported, worth ₹60,523.89 crores, a significant jump from ₹609.95 crores in 2003-04. Policy Initiatives and Schemes 1. Blue Revolution (2015-16) First step towards enhancing fisheries productivity. Budget: ₹3,000 crores (5 years) for modernizing aquaculture. 2. Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) (2020-25) Investment of ₹20,050 crores for fisheries development, targeting: Inland fisheries & aquaculture Socio-economic welfare of fishers 3. Key Initiatives Under PMMSY Fish Farmers Producer Organisations (FFPOs) 2195 FFPOs approved at ₹544.85 crores to empower fishers. KCC extended to fisheries (4.5 lakh KCC cards sanctioned). Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF) ₹7,522.48 crores fund, supporting 136 projects across states/UTs. Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PMMKSSY) (2024-27) ₹6,000 crores outlay for financial and technological reforms. Integrated Aqua Parks 11 aqua parks sanctioned at ₹682.6 crores to develop aquaculture. Artificial Reefs Deployment 937 artificial reefs installed at ₹291.37 crores across coastal states. Nucleus Breeding Centres (NBCs) Focus on genetic improvement of shrimp & aquaculture species. Technological Advancements Satellite Technology for Fisheries Vessel Communication System, Oceansat & PFZ mapping for fishing zones. GIS-Based Resource Mapping Helps in tracking marine fish landing centers & fishing grounds. ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE) A leading institute training 4,000+ fisheries professionals. Sustainable Fishing Policies & Regulations 1. National Policy on Marine Fisheries (NPMF, 2017) Emphasizes sustainability & conservation of marine resources. 2. Conservation Measures Uniform Fishing Ban (61 days in monsoon for fish stock replenishment). Bans on Destructive Fishing (pair trawling, bull trawling, LED light use). Sustainable Practices: Sea ranching, artificial reefs, mariculture (seaweed cultivation, etc.). State-Level Regulations: Gear-mesh size rules, zonation of fishing areas, legal size restrictions. Conclusion India’s fisheries sector has experienced transformative growth (2004-2024). Government initiatives, policy reforms, and technological advancements have made India a global leader in aquaculture and seafood exports. Sustainability & innovation will be key to maintaining this upward trajectory. India and Sri Lanka Strengthen Ties in Critical Minerals, Exploration, and Mining Context & Significance India and Sri Lanka are strengthening bilateral ties in critical minerals, exploration, and mining. Critical minerals like lithium, graphite, cobalt, and nickel are vital for renewable energy, electric vehicles (EVs), and high-tech industries. Sri Lanka has rich deposits of graphite and beach sand minerals, crucial for battery technology and clean energy transition.  Discussions & Agreements Mining & Exploration Opportunities: India seeks investment opportunities for Indian companies in Sri Lanka’s mineral sector. Geological Survey of India (GSI) has shown interest in mineral assessments in Sri Lanka. Government-to-Government (G2G) cooperation was discussed for smoother exploration and mining ventures. National Critical Mineral Mission: India is aiming to secure a steady supply of essential raw materials for energy security. Focus on international partnerships and overseas mineral asset acquisition. Encouraging Indian companies to expand operations in mineral-rich countries. Memorandum of Understanding (MoU): MoU on Cooperation in Geology and Mineral Resources is in progress. It aims at capacity building, knowledge sharing, and technological collaboration. India to support Sri Lanka in modernizing its mining sector through financial & technological aid. Economic & Strategic Implications For India: Ensures supply chain security for critical minerals essential for EVs and renewable energy. Reduces dependency on China and other mineral-exporting nations. Strengthens India’s role in regional economic cooperation & strategic mineral diplomacy. For Sri Lanka: Attracts Indian investment in mining and processing. Enhances mining sector efficiency through advanced technologies. Economic boost through resource monetization & industrial growth. Geopolitical Relevance Strategic Cooperation: Strengthening economic ties aligns with India’s “Neighborhood First” policy. Countering Chinese Influence: Reducing Sri Lanka’s reliance on China’s mineral investments. Supply Chain Resilience: Diversifying sources of critical minerals to avoid monopolization risks. Way Forward Fast-track MoU finalization for structured collaboration. Encourage Indian firms to participate in Sri Lanka’s mineral sector. Leverage advanced mining technologies for efficient resource extraction. Expand cooperation in rare earth minerals essential for future technologies.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 17 February 2025

Content: The panchayati raj movement is in distress The silent crisis of rat-hole mining The panchayati raj movement is in distress Introduction The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act (1992) institutionalized the Panchayati Raj System in India, marking a shift towards decentralized governance. However, the momentum towards deepening local governance has stalled due to various structural, fiscal, and administrative challenges. Big shifts in technology, society, and governance threaten the relevance of panchayats unless their role is redefined. Relevance : GS2 – Governance, Decentralization, and Local Government Practice Question : Examine the factors leading to the decline of the Panchayati Raj movement in India. Suggest measures to strengthen decentralized governance. (250 words) Successes of Panchayati Raj  Electoral Participation: Panchayat elections are keenly contested across India, ensuring grassroots political engagement. Women’s representation has significantly increased—nearly 14 lakh elected women representatives in local bodies.  Implementation of Social Sector Schemes: Various welfare and development schemes are now implemented through panchayats. State Finance Commissions (SFCs) were mandated to ensure financial devolution to local governments. Challenges & Reasons for the Decline  Administrative Decentralization Has Stagnated States have not fully devolved administrative powers to local governments. Only 20% of states have transferred all 29 subjects listed in the Eleventh Schedule (Ministry of Panchayati Raj, 2022). Lack of staff and bureaucratic control over functions weaken panchayat autonomy. Fiscal Dependency & Loss of Autonomy Reduction in untied grants: 13th Finance Commission (2010-15): 85% untied grants. 15th Finance Commission (2021-26): Reduced to 60%. Increase in direct transfers (₹1.45 lakh crore → ₹2.36 lakh crore) has strengthened central control over funds. Marginalization of state governments through conditional grants reduces local decision-making power. Welfare State Model & Cash Transfers Rise of Direct Benefit Transfers (DBTs) using the Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile (JAM) trinity bypasses panchayats. Example: PM-KISAN Scheme (₹6,000 per farmer annually) operates without panchayat involvement, reducing local accountability and grievance redressal. Urbanization & Shifting Policy Focus Rural population declined from 75% (1990) to ~60% (present), shifting focus to urban governance. Increased municipal reforms & urban financing lead to neglect of rural governance structures. Ways to Revive the Panchayati Raj System Strengthening Decentralization: States must fully implement the Eleventh Schedule, ensuring true devolution of power. Increase untied grants for local decision-making autonomy. Reintegrating Panchayats in Welfare Delivery: Make panchayats accountable for DBTs & grievance redressal in schemes like PM-KISAN. Leverage digital tools to improve participation in planning & governance. Expanding the Role of Panchayats: Water conservation, renewable energy, and disaster risk management can be decentralized to panchayats. Support for internal migration through rural-urban connectivity mechanisms. New Vision for Panchayati Raj: Redefine panchayats’ role in a changing governance model to ensure continued rural empowerment. The silent crisis of rat-hole mining Background Incident: The Gauhati High Court took suo motu cognisance of the mining tragedy in Umrangso, Assam (January 6, 2024). Casualties: Nine labourers trapped, at least four dead. Recurrent Issue: Similar tragedies in Meghalaya (30 miners dead in five years). Core Issue: Weak enforcement of laws and unchecked operations by influential individuals. Relevance : GS 3(Mining , Disastser Management ) Practice Question : Discuss the challenges associated with rat-hole mining in India and suggest policy measures to tackle them. (250 words) Why Illegal Mining Persists? Historical Context 1980s Expansion: Driven by industrial demand from West Bengal & Bangladesh. Terrain Challenge: Mechanized mining is difficult, leading to reliance on rat-hole mining. Rat-Hole Mining Methods Side-cutting: Coal seams extracted along hill slopes. Box-cutting: Deep pits (up to 400 feet) with horizontal tunnels. Hazards Safety Risks: Narrow tunnels prone to collapse & flooding. Labour Exploitation: Migrant labourers trapped in debt cycles. Children trafficked for mining due to their ability to navigate tunnels. Environmental Degradation: Unclosed mine openings (~26,000), soil erosion, groundwater contamination. Legal and Policy Aspects Regulatory Actions NGT Ban (2014): Prohibited rat-hole mining due to safety & environmental concerns. Supreme Court (2019): Upheld the ban in State of Meghalaya v. All Dimasa Students Union. Weak Enforcement Influence of Bureaucrats & Coal Mafias: Illegal mines continue under their protection. Threats to Whistleblowers: Activists & officials face intimidation. Regulatory Loopholes & State Non-Compliance Meghalaya: Attempted exemption under Schedule 6, Paragraph 12A(b) to bypass MMDR Act (1957). Passed a resolution for exemption but remains unapproved. Section 23C of MMDR Act mandates prevention of illegal mining—yet no State law enforcement. Assam: Persistent illegal rat-hole mining despite NGT ban & Supreme Court directives. No stringent State-level regulations to curb the practice. Potential Central Intervention: As seen in Bellary, Karnataka (2011), where the Centre imposed a mining ban under Section 30 of MMDR Act. Way Forward: A Multi-Faceted Approach 1. Stronger Legal Framework Amend MMDR Act to criminalize rat-hole mining explicitly. Stricter Penalties: Enhance punishment under Section 21 for violations. Establish monitoring & accountability mechanisms. 2. State-Specific Reforms Empower State Governments under Section 23C of MMDR Act to regulate mining effectively. Ensure enforcement of NGT ban by closing loopholes. 3. Alternative Livelihoods Promote eco-tourism, agroforestry, and rural industries to reduce mining dependency. 4. Technological Surveillance Satellite-Based Monitoring to track illegal mining activities. Mining Surveillance System (MSS) by the Ministry of Mines can strengthen enforcement (as seen in Karnataka). 5. Community Participation Strengthen Forest Rights Act, 2006 to involve local communities in decision-making. Mandate local consent before granting mining approvals.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 17 February 2025

Content: Confusion over Trains ‘Caused Stampede’ Over 29,500 Registered Drones in India, Most in National Capital Will U.S.’s F-35 Stealth Fighter Jets Fit into IAF’s Future Plans? AI-Enabled Cameras in Similipal Tiger Reserve Send Poaching Plummeting How Does a President’s Rule Function? Under Stress Again, Microfinance is in Need of Reforms Sharavati Valley Project: Meeting Growing Power Demand vs. Keeping Forests Pristine Confusion over trains ‘caused stampede’ Incident Overview: A stampede occurred at New Delhi Railway Station on Saturday night, resulting in 18 deaths and 15 injuries. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management ) Cause of Stampede: Confusion over two trains headed to Prayagraj (one express and one special train for Maha Kumbh pilgrims) triggered the stampede. Platform Overcrowding: Around 2,600 additional unreserved tickets were sold, leading to overcrowding on platforms. Platform 14 swelled with passengers awaiting the Prayagraj Express. Triggering Event: Announcement for the Subedaarganj Special for Kumbh pilgrims on Platform 12 caused confusion, as passengers mistakenly thought it was the Prayagraj Express, resulting in a sudden rush. Press at Foot Overbridge: The surge was most intense at the steps leading to the foot overbridge between platforms, where passengers were crushed. Investigations: Indian Railways and Delhi Police are conducting inquiries into the incident, with a focus on the flaws in the train announcement system. Railway Response: Special trains for Prayagraj will now depart from Platform 16 to avoid further confusion. Casualties: The victims include 4 children, 11 women, and 3 men. Injury Details: 15 people were injured, with 3 in serious condition. Railway Official Statement: Railways acknowledged the large number of devotees for the Maha Kumbh and assured the operation of additional special trains for passenger ease. ‘Over 29,500 registered drones in India, most in national capital’ Total Drones Registered: Over 29,500 drones have been registered across India as per official data. Relevance : GS 3(Technology ) Top Regions with Registered Drones: National Capital (Delhi): 4,882 drones, the highest number in the country. Tamil Nadu: 4,588 drones, ranking second. Maharashtra: 4,132 drones, third in the list. Government’s Role: Minister of State for Civil Aviation, Murlidhar Mohol, shared the data and emphasized the government’s focus on promoting drone technology in various sectors. Government Initiatives: The Centre has undertaken several initiatives to boost the adoption of drones, such as regulatory frameworks, drone policy reforms, and support for industries like agriculture, infrastructure, healthcare, and logistics. Drone Usage: Sectoral Adoption: Drones are being increasingly used in surveillance, monitoring, agriculture (for crop spraying and mapping), urban planning, delivery services, and disaster management. Impact on Economy and Innovation: Drones are seen as a driver of innovation, with a potential to contribute significantly to sectors like e-commerce, agriculture, and public safety. Economic Growth: The drone industry is expected to expand, creating new business models and job opportunities. Regulatory Efforts: The government has developed standard operating procedures (SOPs) for drone operations to ensure safety and security. Drone Rules 2021: These aim to make the airspace more accessible for drones while ensuring compliance with safety standards, particularly in crowded urban environments. Security Concerns: The rising use of drones has sparked debates over security concerns, particularly in terms of surveillance and their potential use for nefarious purposes (e.g., smuggling, espionage). The government has been working on addressing these issues through the development of anti-drone technologies. Future Outlook: As drone technology evolves, it is likely that the regulatory framework will also adapt, offering more opportunities for innovation while managing potential risks effectively. Increased drone usage in remote and underserved areas may enhance government services and infrastructure development. Will U.S.’s F-35 stealth fighter jets fit into IAF’s future plans? Event Overview: At the Aero India airshow in Bengaluru, both the U.S. F-35 and Russia’s Su-57 fifth-generation fighter jets were showcased. U.S. President Trump, alongside PM Modi, announced plans to increase U.S. military sales to India, including potential F-35 deliveries. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) , GS 3(Technology) Current Status of F-35 Proposal: The official military procurement process has not yet started, according to Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri. India faces a significant gap in fighter jet induction and modernisation, prompting interest in the F-35. F-35 Features: The F-35 is a versatile, tri-service, single-engine fighter with three variants: F-35A (Air Force), F-35B (Marine Corps), and F-35C (Navy and Marine Corps). Expected to remain in service until the 2080s. Challenges for India: Integration with India’s existing military architecture, which includes diverse systems from India, Russia, France, and Israel. Despite a decade-long delay and a budget overshoot of $209 billion, the F-35 programme has delivered over 990 units worldwide. The F-35 is a single-seater, contrasting with the IAF’s preference for twin-seater jets, a factor that previously led to dropping the Russian FGFA co-development due to cost. Indigenous Fighter Programmes: The LCA-Mk1A project, with 83 jets ordered and 97 more in the pipeline, faces delays due to developmental and engine issues. The LCA-Mk2, a larger and more capable aircraft, is set for its first flight in 2026. The Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA), India’s own FGFA, is planned for induction by 2034-35. Other Considerations: The MRFA tender, for acquiring 114 foreign jets, is still in progress. The introduction of F-35 may challenge India’s commitment to indigenous fighter development and could face obstacles due to strict U.S. regulations and oversight. AI-enabled cameras in Similipal Tiger Reserve send poaching plummeting Technology Overview: Similipal Tiger Reserve in Odisha uses AI-powered TrailGuard cameras to combat poaching. These cameras capture images when movement is detected and analyze objects (animals, humans, vehicles) using an onboard chip. Images are transmitted to authorities within 40 seconds for swift response. Relevance : GS 3(Environment , Technology) Impact on Poaching: In 10 months, 96 poachers arrested and over 86 country-made guns seized. December 2024 saw over 40 poacher arrests. Proactive house raids based on photo identification have been highly effective. Operational Features: Cameras operate in low-power mode, switching to high-power when detecting movement. AI performs edge inference, classifying objects in images and autonomously sending alerts to a control room. Alerts are shared with field staff through WhatsApp groups and VHF radios for rapid response. TrailGuard Camera Design: Developed by Nightjar Technologies, the cameras are compact, with separate units for battery and communication. Battery life lasts 6 months to 1 year, reducing maintenance visits. Cameras cost ₹50,000-53,000 per unit. Community and Wildlife Concerns: Surveillance is affecting local tribal communities who traditionally rely on forest resources. The forest department is working with villagers to find safer ways for them to access the forest without being mistaken for poachers. Broader Applications: TrailGuard cameras are deployed in 14+ sites across 5 states, including Kanha and Dudhwa Tiger Reserves. Technology has potential for broader wildlife monitoring and anti-poaching efforts. Future Outlook: Continued reduction in poaching is expected with an 80% decrease as per current trends. The success of AI-based surveillance is paving the way for its wider adoption in wildlife protection. How does a President’s rule function? Context: On February 13, President’s Rule was imposed in Manipur following the resignation of Chief Minister N. Biren Singh after political instability and ongoing violence between Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities since May 2023. The conflict has led to over 250 deaths and displaced 60,000+ people. Relevance : GS 3(Polity , Internal Security) Reason for Imposition: The resignation of the Chief Minister and a political crisis, compounded by the inability to form a new government, led to the President’s Rule under Article 356 of the Indian Constitution. Constitutional Provisions: Article 356: Allows imposition of President’s Rule (or State Emergency) if a state’s constitutional machinery fails. Article 355: The Union government must ensure that State governments operate as per the Constitution and safeguard against internal disturbances. Article 365: Allows declaration of Constitutional Emergency if a state fails to comply with Union directions. Process and Approval: The proclamation must be laid before Parliament and needs approval within two months. It lasts for six months with the option of further extensions, up to three years, under specific conditions. The State’s executive functions are transferred to the Centre, and legislative functions to Parliament. Comparison with National Emergency: A National Emergency is invoked for threats to India’s security, like war or armed rebellion (Article 352), and has no time limit, unlike a state emergency which can last up to three years. National Emergency requires a special majority in Parliament, while President’s Rule requires a simple majority. National Emergency can suspend fundamental rights (except Articles 20 and 21), whereas President’s Rule does not affect them. Impact on Fundamental Rights: Under President’s Rule, citizens’ fundamental rights remain intact. National Emergency suspends fundamental rights under Article 19 and can allow the suspension of other rights. Historical Use and Misuse: President’s Rule has been imposed 134 times across 29 states and UTs, often for political reasons, despite its constitutional aim to manage crises. Manipur has seen 11 instances of President’s Rule, the highest among states. Judicial Review and Safeguards: The S.R. Bommai vs. Union of India (1994) case clarified that the imposition of President’s Rule is not absolute and can be reviewed by the judiciary. The Sarkaria Commission recommended that President’s Rule should be used only as a last resort. Key Takeaways: President’s Rule is a constitutional measure to address state-level governance crises but has been subject to misuse for political purposes. The Supreme Court set guidelines to ensure that it is invoked only in genuine cases of constitutional breakdown and not for political gain. Under stress again, microfinance is in need of reforms Microfinance Growth and Evolution: The microfinance sector started in the mid-1990s with SHGs linked to banks and specialized microfinance institutions (MFIs) to provide credit to poor households. Currently serves 12-14 crore households with an outstanding loan of about ₹7 lakh crore. The sector recorded almost 50% growth in the last two years. Relevance : GS 3(Economic Development ) Challenges Faced by Microfinance: In 2007, borrower stress in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka led to collection issues and over-leverage, affecting the sector’s stability. In 2010, Andhra Pradesh imposed restrictions on MFIs, severely impacting the sector. The Supreme Court overturned these restrictions in 2023. Other disruptions included demonetization (2016), GST implementation, and the IL&FS–DHFL financial crises. The COVID pandemic was the most significant challenge, but the sector showed resilience by adopting innovations in practices and policies. Post-COVID Recovery and Regulatory Changes: Post-COVID, the sector experienced increased credit demand and a more favorable lending environment, supported by a new regulatory framework. Adoption of practices like credit bureaus for microfinance, fund transfers via bank accounts, and digital documentation helped stabilize the sector. Current Stress and Household Liabilities: The sector faces stress due to pent-up credit demand and an increase in the number of players, leading to an oversupply of credit. The Reserve Bank of India’sregulatoryframework focuses on household income and liability assessments, but challenges exist due to: Difficulty in assessing household income due to lack of documentary proof. Delayed or incomplete data uploads affecting liability assessments. Need for Data Reforms: Lack of accurate assessment of household income and liabilities must be addressed. Proposes amendments to credit bureau rules to include all institutional lenders, with more frequent data uploads (weekly or more). Suggests mandating Aadhaar as a common identification for KYC to streamline credit underwriting and avoid data duplication. Conclusion: Reforms in data management, including real-time data uploads and uniform KYC processes, are crucial to improving credit assessment and stability in the microfinance sector. Sharavati valley project: Meeting growing power demand vs. keeping forests pristine Objective: Karnataka Power Corporation Ltd. (KPCL) aims to utilize the Sharavati valley’s pumped storage potential to generate an additional 2,000 MW of power. The project intends to address increasing peak power demand, projected to reach 23,058 MW by 2031-32. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology ) Environmental Concerns: The project site lies in the ecologically sensitive Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot, leading to protests from environmentalists. Lion-Tailed Macaque Sanctuary Impact: Habitat fragmentation and tree canopy destruction could threaten the endangered lion-tailed macaque population. Flora and Fauna Threats: The region is home to diverse species such as leopards, wild dogs, pangolins, and sloth bears. Tree Cutting: 16,041 trees identified for cutting, with opposition to any tree removal. The Karnataka State Wildlife Board has demanded a reduction in tree felling (to 7,000–8,000 trees). Project Plan and Implementation: Infrastructure: The project will involve connecting Gerusoppa and Talakalale reservoirs through a 7-km tunnel. Construction of a power station with 8 units, each 250 MW capacity. Majority of construction will take place underground to minimize forest disruption. Land Requirement: 142.764 hectares of land required, including 54.155 hectares of forest. Energy and Cost Considerations: Estimated project cost: ₹8,644 crore, with a cost of ₹5.12 crore per MW. Energy produced via hydroelectric methods is cheaper than thermal, solar, or wind. However, critics argue that the energy consumed to pump water exceeds the energy generated, leading to a 24% energy loss.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 15 February 2025

Content: Kashi Tamil Sangamam 3.0 Conserving the Immortal Marks of Archaeological Sites Kashi Tamil Sangamam 3.0 Introduction The Kashi Tamil Sangamam (KTS) 3.0 is scheduled from February 15-24, 2025, in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. Organized by the Ministry of Education in collaboration with other ministries and the Government of Uttar Pradesh. Aims to celebrate and strengthen civilizational ties between Tamil Nadu and Kashi (Varanasi). Aligns with NEP 2020, emphasizing the integration of Indian Knowledge Systems with modern education. Participants include scholars, students, artisans, traders, artists, and professionals from Tamil Nadu and Kashi. Relevance : GS 1(Culture and Heritage) Significance of KTS 3.0 Special Highlights in 2025: Participants will witness the Mahakumbh in Prayagraj and visit the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya. Expansion of youth participation, with an additional 200 Tamil-origin students from Central Universities. Aims to foster cultural awareness, knowledge-sharing, and academic discourse. Delegates & Categories 1000 Delegates from Tamil Nadu will be invited under five categories: Students, Teachers, and Writers Farmers and Artisans (Vishwakarma Categories) Professionals and Small Entrepreneurs Women Self-Help Groups (SHGs), Mudra Loan beneficiaries, DBHPS Pracharaks Startups, Innovation, Edu-Tech, and Research Honoring Sage Agasthyar’s Legacy Key theme for KTS 3.0: Contributions of Sage Agasthyar. Significant Contributions: Siddha Medicine (Bharatiya Chikitsa) Classical Tamil Literature Philosophy, Science, Linguistics, Polity, and Art Agasthyar is revered as the first grammarian of Tamil and is worshipped in Java and Sumatra. Exhibition on Sage Agasthyar at KTS 3.0, highlighting his scholarly achievements. Bridging Tradition and Contemporary Discourse Aims and Objectives: Strengthening literary, spiritual, and artistic ties between Tamil Nadu and Kashi. Promoting academic and research-based interactions. Showcasing traditional art forms, crafts, and cuisine. Encouraging Tamil students to explore the historical significance of Kashi. Kashi Tamil Sangamam: Evolution Over the Years KTS 1.0 (2022): Held from November 16 to December 16, 2022. 2500 delegates from Tamil Nadu visited Varanasi, Prayagraj, and Ayodhya. KTS 2.0 (2023): Held from December 17-30, 2023, at Namo Ghat, Varanasi. Hon’ble PM Narendra Modi inaugurated the event on December 17, 2023. Real-time app-based translation of PM’s speech into Tamil for delegates. Conclusion KTS 3.0 continues the legacy of fostering cultural and intellectual ties. Strengthens the Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat initiative by celebrating India’s linguistic and spiritual unity. Encourages cross-cultural exchanges, youth participation, and knowledge integration. Conserving the Immortal Marks of Archaeological Sites Introduction India’s cultural and archaeological heritage is vast, spanning from ancient temples to historic ruins. These sites represent India’s rich history, traditions, and architectural brilliance. Climate change and environmental degradation pose significant threats to these heritage sites. The Government of India, through the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and other bodies, is actively working on conservation and protection efforts. Relevance : GS 1(Culture Heritage) , GS 2(Governance) Role of ASI in Monument Protection Established in 1861, ASI is responsible for 3,698 monuments and archaeological sites of national importance. Governed under the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act (1904) and the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (1958). ASI’s conservation programs focus on minimal intervention to maintain authenticity. Factors contributing to monument decay: Climate change Encroachments and pollution Structural instability Quarrying and natural disasters ASI operates through 37 Circle offices and 1 Mini Circle for conservation and environmental development. Increased Funding for Conservation Budget allocation for ASI increased by 70% from ₹260.90 crores (2020–21) to ₹443.53 crores (2023–24). Funds are used for: Conservation projects Climate resilience strategies Security enhancements Monitoring and research initiatives Measures to Counter Environmental Threats Regular Monitoring: Heritage sites are continuously monitored to assess climate change impacts. Climate-Resilient Solutions: Adoption of scientific treatments for monument preservation. Automated Weather Stations (AWS): Set up in collaboration with ISRO to monitor weather patterns affecting monuments. Air Pollution Monitoring: Air Pollution Laboratories at sites like the Taj Mahal and Bibi Ka Maqbara. Inter-Agency Coordination: ASI collaborates with other government agencies to ensure cohesive heritage conservation. International Collaboration: Participation in global workshops on “Disaster Management of Cultural Heritage Sites” with NDMA and UNESCO. Disaster Management Guidelines: National Disaster Management Guidelines include risk assessment and recovery plans. Legal and Security Measures for Heritage Protection Legal Protection: Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 ensures legal safeguards. Encroachment Control: Superintending Archaeologists authorized to issue eviction notices under the Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorised Occupants) Act, 1971. Security Measures: Deployment of CISF and private security personnel for protection. Conservation Policy: National Conservation Policy (2014) guides ASI’s efforts. Penalties for Damage: Section 30 of the 1958 Act imposes fines and legal action for damage to protected sites. Conclusion The preservation of India’s cultural heritage is a multi-faceted effort requiring sustained funding, strategic planning, and climate resilience. ASI’s proactive approach, in collaboration with other agencies, ensures the protection of India’s historical legacy. With legal frameworks, monitoring, and conservation efforts, India’s heritage will remain safeguarded for future generations

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 15 February 2025

Content: The Teesta dam and the long shadow of climate change Dealing with China’s weaponisation of e-supply chains Peace imperatives The Teesta dam and the long shadow of climate change Background: Teesta-3 Dam and GLOF Impact Event: On October 4, 2023, a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) from the South Lhonak lake destroyed the Teesta-3 hydroelectric dam in Sikkim. Damage: Over 100 people died; 80,000 affected across four districts. The dam’s debris acted as a battering ram, intensifying downstream destruction. Triggered landslides 30-40 km downstream. Cause: Moraine slope failure led to rockfall into the lake, causing a strong wave that breached the outlet, releasing ~50 billion liters of water. Relevance : GS (Disaster Management , Climate Change) Practice Question :  The Teesta-3 dam’s destruction in 2023 highlights the challenges of climate change-induced disasters. Critically examine the risks associated with rebuilding the dam and suggest alternative approaches to managing hydropower projects in ecologically fragile regions. (250 words) Climate Change as a Risk Multiplier Glacial Melt Acceleration: Rising temperatures & black carbon (soot) deposition accelerate glacier melting. Smaller glaciers melt faster due to inverse volume-melting rate relationship. Increasing Glacial Lakes & Flood Risks: 2011-2024: Number of Himalayan glacial lakes increased by 10.8%. Their combined surface area expanded by 33.7%. South Lhonak lake itself expanded from 167 hectares (2023) due to glacial retreat. Geological Instability: Glacial retreat weakens natural formations → increases landslide risks. New transient landscape features emerge → difficult to predict flood dynamics. Concerns Over Rebuilding Teesta-3 Dam Expert Panel’s Justification: Commercial viability & largely intact equipment post-GLOF. New design includes: Concrete-only construction (previously concrete + rocks). Larger spillway (3x capacity). Early-warning system. Based on worst-case scenario rainfall modeling (IMD projection for next 100 years). Key Issues: Rainfall-Centric Model Insufficient: Experts doubt 2023 GLOF was caused by heavy rain (local stations recorded moderate rainfall). Existing GLOF models fail to capture: Sediment transport & erosion. Riverbank collapses & landslides. Bed elevation changes altering water levels. Climate Change = UnpredictabilityA stronger or different flood type could make Teesta-3 2.0 even more destructive.Unpredictable landslides + sediment deposition → new flood pathways. Social & Economic Costs Ignored:Loss of life, property, and livelihood far outweigh commercial benefits.Local populations need improved social security & disaster preparedness. Broader Perspective: Sustainable Disaster Management Lessons from Global Disaster Research: Engineering solutions have limitations in the face of climate risks. Professor Brian Stone Jr.: “We cannot engineer our way out of climate change; retreat is inevitable.” The cost of climate adaptation must be internalized (e.g., hydroelectric tariffs covering risk mitigation). Alternative Framework for Decision-Making: Risk determination matrix: Identify ‘unacceptable risk’ thresholds. Prioritize human safety over commercial gains. Integrated environmental and economic costing to assess project feasibility. Dealing with China’s weaponisation of e-supply chains Understanding the Issue China has imposed travel restrictions on its citizens working in Foxconn’s India facilities and recalled existing engineers and technicians. It has also restricted exports of specialized manufacturing equipment, which is critical for India’s electronics sector. The move impacts Apple-Foxconn’s operations in India and hinders India’s goal of becoming a global manufacturing hub. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(SupplyChain) Practice Question: China’s weaponisation of e-supply chains poses a significant challenge to India’s manufacturing ambitions. Analyze the issue and suggest measures to mitigate its impact. (250 words) Strategic Intent Behind China’s Actions Supply Chain Domination: China holds a strategic position in the global electronics supply chain, particularly in advanced machinery and trained workforce. Knowledge Retention: By curbing the presence of Chinese technicians in India, China prevents tacit knowledge transfer. Geopolitical Leverage: The disruption puts China in a stronger negotiating position against India. Reminder to Global Corporations: It signals that China remains indispensable in the electronics manufacturing ecosystem. India’s Growing Electronics Sector & China’s Countermoves India has been a key player in the China Plus One strategy, attracting companies looking to diversify beyond China. The Indian government has actively promoted Apple-Foxconn investments, leading to local iPhone assembly in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Apple’s contract manufacturers in India assembled $14 billion worth of iPhones (FY 2024), with further expansion planned. The Indian government awarded Foxconn Chairman Young Liu the Padma Bhushan, showing the strategic importance of Apple-Foxconn ties. The Role of ‘Make in India’ and PLI Scheme Electronics manufacturing is a core pillar of Make in India. The Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme, launched in 2020, has received increasing government support: ₹8,885 crore ($1.02 billion) allocated in the 2025 Union Budget. ₹6,600 crore ($0.76 billion) already disbursed to Apple’s contract manufacturers. The 2025 Budget also removed import duties on mobile phone components, showing India’s commitment to electronics self-sufficiency. Economic Dependence and Geopolitical Tensions India remains dependent on China for components and high-tech machinery, despite military tensions and trade disputes. The timing of China’s actions, soon after the October 2024 India-China patrolling agreement in Ladakh, suggests economic leverage remains key in their bilateral relations. Steps India Must Take for Future-Proofing Negotiation & Diplomatic Strategy: India should involve Apple and Foxconn to pressurize China to relax restrictions. Engage with international forums to highlight supply chain coercion. Building Indigenous Capabilities: Expand local production of specialized components (e.g., semiconductor chips, precision machinery). Strengthen ancillary industries to reduce reliance on imports. Human Resource & Skill Development: Develop specialized training programs to replace lost expertise from Chinese technicians. Encourage knowledge transfer within India’s industrial ecosystem. Encouraging Private Investment & R&D: Increase financial incentives for Indian contract manufacturers to develop domestic capabilities. Support technology clusters for knowledge-sharing and innovation. Conclusion India’s rapid expansion in electronics manufacturing has put it at odds with China, leading to supply chain disruptions. While short-term solutions may involve negotiations, long-term self-reliance in technology, skilled labor, and manufacturing infrastructure is crucial. New Delhi must accelerate its future-proofing efforts to counter economic coercion and solidify its role as a global manufacturing hub. Peace Imperatives Context : Persistent ethnic strife since May 2023 had led to a law-and-order crisis, with the Union Home Ministry already in control. The imposition of President’s Rule provides an opportunity to stabilize governance and address key challenges. Relevance:GS 2 (Governance, Indian Polity) Practice Question :Critically analyze the impact of President’s Rule in Manipur on conflict resolution and governance. What measures should the Union government take to ensure long-term peace in the region? (250 words) Challenges Under President’s Rule a) Law and Order Breakdown Despite central forces’ deployment, violence continues between Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities. Armed civilian groups, known as “village volunteers,” have escalated conflict by looting arms from police stations. Insurgents from both within Manipur and Myanmar’s civil war have exacerbated the situation. b) Humanitarian Crisis Over 60,000 people remain displaced, suffering from trauma, loss of livelihood, and inadequate relief measures. Restoration of housing, infrastructure, and economic stability is critical. Long-term reconciliation is needed to prevent further ethnic divisions. c) Political and Administrative Paralysis The Manipur legislature failed to function due to deep ethnic divisions. Biases within the previous government fueled distrust, particularly regarding the stigmatization of the Kuki-Zo community. President’s Rule allows for a neutral administration to rebuild trust and facilitate negotiations. Opportunities Under President’s Rule a) Conflict Resolution and Reconciliation The central government can initiate direct talks between Meitei and Kuki-Zo representatives who seek peace. Political parties and civil society groups must be engaged to create a sustainable peace framework. b) Disarmament and Demilitarization A coordinated effort between security forces, intelligence agencies, and local leaders is needed to retrieve looted arms. Incentives for voluntary surrender of weapons can be coupled with strict enforcement measures. Insurgency containment strategies must address external influences, including Myanmar-based militant activities. c) Restoring Civil Administration Bureaucratic neutrality under central rule can help address governance gaps. Immediate rehabilitation of displaced persons through housing, economic aid, and trauma counseling is essential. Restoring local governance mechanisms at the village and district levels can ensure lasting stability. d) Creating Preconditions for Elections Free and fair elections require a violence-free environment and restoration of democratic trust. Political actors from both communities should be given space for dialogue before electoral processes resume. Reforms in law enforcement and judiciary can ensure accountability for past violence and prevent future outbreaks. The Way Forward Short-Term: Focus on security measures, humanitarian aid, and confidence-building among communities. Medium-Term: Institutionalize conflict resolution mechanisms and strengthen civil administration. Long-Term: Establish electoral processes and ensure inclusive governance to prevent further ethnic polarization.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 15 February 2025

Content: India, U.S. to double bilateral trade by 2030 Empowering people to choose end-of-life medical care A.P. tribal hamlets celebrate ‘freedom from darkness’, 78 years after Independence Almost half of world population potentially exposed to risks of zoonotic diseases, poorer countries most vulnerable: Study Rural Indians suffer from a ‘hidden hunger’; despite availability and affordability, their diets are protein-poor: ICRISAT India, U.S. to double bilateral trade by 2030 Trade Expansion: India-U.S. bilateral trade to reach $500 billion by 2030 under ‘Mission 500’. Energy Trade Growth: India to increase energy imports from the U.S. from $15 billion to $25 billion in the near future. Small Modular Reactors: Both countries to collaborate on nuclear technology and co-develop Small Modular Reactors. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Defence & Technology Cooperation General Electric F-414 Engine Deal: Not explicitly mentioned in the joint statement. White House confirms U.S. is looking forward to concluding the deal with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement: Both sides agreed to fully operationalize the 123 Civil Nuclear Agreement. Plans to jointly build U.S.-designed nuclear reactors in India. TRUST Initiative (Transforming the Relationship Utilizing Strategic Technology): A new tech framework replacing the ICET agreement. Enhances cooperation in space, energy, biotechnology, and semiconductors. Includes U.S. investments in semiconductor fabs in India. Multilateral Cooperation Reaffirmation of QUAD: Trump to visit India later this year for the Quad Summit. IMEC & I2U2 Partnerships: India and the U.S. to convene members within six months to announce new initiatives. India’s Full Membership in IEA: U.S. affirms strong support for India to join the International Energy Agency (IEA). Immigration & Illegal Migration Legal Mobility Streamlining: India-U.S. to facilitate student, professional, business, and tourist visas. Crackdown on Illegal Migration: Modi emphasized that illegal migrants have no right to be in another country. India is prepared to take back any verified Indian illegal migrants in the U.S. Calls for stronger action against human trafficking networks. Strategic & Economic Implications Trade Deficit Reduction: India’s increased energy purchases help address U.S. concerns. Potential increase in U.S. exports and technology transfers. Strengthening Defence and Energy Security: Expansion of nuclear and defence cooperation boosts India’s strategic capabilities. Geopolitical Positioning: Strengthened India-U.S. ties impact relations with China, Russia, and West Asia. QUAD reaffirmation signals greater Indo-Pacific security cooperation. Challenges & Road Ahead Trade Tariffs & Negotiations: Will the U.S. impose reciprocal tariffs despite trade talks? Execution of TRUST Initiative: Success depends on effective collaboration in high-tech sectors. Political Changes: U.S. elections could impact policy continuity on India-U.S. trade and defence. Conclusion The India-U.S. partnership is set for major expansion in trade, defence, energy, and technology, with an emphasis on strategic cooperation and economic integration. The coming years will be crucial in translating agreements into concrete outcomes Empowering people to choose end-of-life medical care Context : India’s First Living Will Information Counter Government Medical College Hospital (GMCH), Kollam, set up the first-ever ‘Living Will Information Counter’ in India. Aim: To spread awareness and assist people in drafting their living wills. Hundreds of people have obtained soft copies of their living wills within three months. Relevance : GS 2(Health ) , Facts for Prelims. Understanding a Living Will A legal document that specifies a person’s healthcare preferences in case they become incapacitated due to a terminal illness or life-threatening condition. Ensures that medical treatment aligns with the patient’s personal choices. Legal & Medical Process Requires: Two or more healthcare attorneys (can be family or friends). Certification by a gazetted officer or notary in the presence of two witnesses. Before execution: Two medical boards must certify that the patient has zero chance of survival. Both government and private hospitals are obligated to follow this procedure. Clarifications & Misconceptions Not Euthanasia: Euthanasia is illegal in India. A living will does not mandate withdrawal of life support—it only documents patient preferences. Patient Autonomy: Some individuals may prefer ventilator support, while others opt for palliative care. Impact on Families & Healthcare Reduces emotional & financial burden on families by clarifying patient wishes. Enables patients to choose between: CPR, ventilator support, ICU care, or Palliative care with loved ones. Encourages informed decision-making and ethical medical practices. Future Implications Rising Awareness: Increased adoption may lead to more hospitals setting up similar counters. Need for Legal Simplification: Streamlining the process could enhance accessibility. Ethical & Cultural Acceptance: Public discussions needed to address social perceptions and misconceptions. Conclusion The Living Will initiative at GMCH, Kollam, is a progressive step in patient rights and end-of-life care in India. Expanding this initiative nationwide could empower more people to make informed healthcare choices while alleviating the burden on families and medical professionals. A.P. tribal hamlets celebrate ‘freedom from darkness’, 78 years after Independence Context : Electrification of Buriga and China Konela: Two remote tribal hamlets in Rompelli panchayat, Anantagiri mandal, ASR district, Andhra Pradesh received electricity for the first time in 78 years. Streetlights installed, and homes electrified, marking a historic milestone. Tribal residents rejoiced with the traditional ‘Dhimsa’ dance, celebrating their long-awaited access to electricity. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) , GS 3(Infrastructure) Challenges Faced Due to Lack of Electricity Fear of wild animals: Villagers stayed indoors at night due to wild boars and bears. Difficulties in night-time events: Festivals and weddings were celebrated using large piles of firewood. Lack of modern amenities: Education, healthcare, and daily life were affected. Significance of Electrification Improves quality of life: Safer night-time mobility. Easier conduct of festivals and social gatherings. Boosts education and healthcare: Students can study after dark. Health centers can function better. Strengthens rural infrastructure: Encourages further development and connectivity. Future Implications Government’s Role: More tribal and remote villages may now receive priority electrification. Sustainable Development: Need for renewable energy solutions in hard-to-reach areas. Policy Focus: Expanding rural electrification programs. Ensuring long-term maintenance and grid stability. Rural Indians suffer from a ‘hidden hunger’; despite availability and affordability, their diets are protein-poor: ICRISAT Study Conducted by: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Center for Economic and Social Studies (CESS) Survey Covered: Six states and nine districts across rural India. Primary Finding: Many rural Indians suffer from protein deficiency despite having access to protein-rich foods and the financial means to afford them. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Reasons for Protein Deficiency Cereal-Dominated Diets: 60-75% of daily protein intake in rural areas comes from rice and wheat. These cereals lack essential amino acids for a balanced diet. Cultural Food Preferences: Dietary habits favor cereals over protein-rich foods like pulses, dairy, eggs, and meat. Limited Nutritional Awareness: Many rural populations do not recognize the importance of protein in their diet. Role of Public Distribution System (PDS): The PDS mainly provides subsidized grains (rice & wheat), reinforcing an imbalanced diet. Lack of protein-rich options in PDS contributes to malnutrition. Significance of Education & Gender Factor Women’s Education & Household Nutrition: Households where women had higher education levels showed a better dietary balance. This reinforces the need for female education and empowerment as a nutrition-improving strategy. Policy Recommendations Diversification of Government Food Schemes: Include more pulses, millets, dairy, and eggs in the PDS and midday meal schemes. Nutrition Education: Integrate nutrition awareness into public health programs and school curricula. Women’s Empowerment: Strengthen initiatives promoting education and decision-making power for women in households. Region-Specific Approaches: Protein consumption varies across districts, so customized strategies are needed for different regions. Encouraging Farmers to Grow Diverse Crops: Shift focus towards nutrient-dense crops beyond cereals, including pulses and millets. Almost half of world population potentially exposed to risks of zoonotic diseases, poorer countries most vulnerable: Study Key Findings of the Study Nearly 44% of the global population (3.5 billion people) is potentially exposed to zoonotic diseases. 20% of humans living near wildlife with high zoonotic potential share habitats with over 20 host species. The study highlights wildland-urban interfaces (WUI) as high-risk zones for zoonotic spillovers. Factors contributing to disease transmission: Human activities like hunting, firewood collection, and land-use changes. Peri-urban agriculture, where livestock act as intermediaries in pathogen transfer. First study to examine how rapid urbanization in WUIs increases zoonotic spillover risks. Relevance : GS 2(Health ) , GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Geographical Insights High host species richness in: South America (Amazon Basin) Equatorial & Southern Africa Southeast Asia Pockets of high host richness in: Southern India Southwest China Moderate zoonotic potential in India & China, but high population density (275 million people) at risk. High urban zoonotic risk in: West-Central Europe (53% of population in WUIs) Northeastern North America Major Zoonotic Hosts & Diseases Identified Common host species: Rodents (rats, mice) Bats Primates (monkeys, apes) Carnivores (foxes, wild dogs) Ungulates (deer, livestock) Most prevalent zoonotic diseases: Rabies Leptospirosis Plague Toxoplasmosis Leishmaniasis (visceral & cutaneous) Vulnerability of Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) 73% of high-risk WUI populations (520 million people) live in LMICs, particularly in: Africa (Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe) West Africa (Nigeria, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire) Southeast Asia (175 million exposed) South America (47 million in Brazil’s urban centers like Rio & São Paulo) Central America & Caribbean (31 million in high-risk zones) Urban poverty, poor healthcare, and inadequate housing amplify risks in LMICs. Implications & Recommendations Need for better understanding of zoonotic epidemiology due to global pandemics like COVID-19. Improve surveillance & risk assessment in WUI regions. Reduce human–wildlife interactions through better urban planning. Integrate zoonotic risk management into public health policies. Target interventions for LMICs, focusing on: Strengthening healthcare systems. Improving sanitation & hygiene in informal settlements. Promoting sustainable land-use practices. Address zoonotic risks in highly urbanized regions despite lower species richness.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 14 February 2025

Content: Specific plans/projects in North Eastern Region Project Asiatic Lion Specific plans/projects in North Eastern Region Budgetary Allocations under 10% GBS (Gross Budgetary Support) The Government of India mandates that 10% of the budget of Central Ministries/Departments be allocated to the development of the North Eastern Region (NER). Since 2014-15, a total expenditure of ₹5.74 lakh crores has been incurred under this provision. The year-wise budget estimate (BE), revised estimate (RE), and actual expenditure (AE) indicate a steady rise in allocations and spending. The highest expenditure was in 2023-24, reaching ₹1,02,749 crores. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Infrastructure) Role of the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (MDoNER) The Ministry of DoNER oversees various schemes aimed at the socio-economic development of NER. Projects are implemented based on state government proposals and central ministry initiatives. The execution timeline varies due to sectoral, geographical, and financial factors. Key Schemes under MDoNER (a) PM-DevINE (Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for North Eastern Region) Total Outlay: ₹6,600 crores (till 31st March 2026). Focus Areas: Agriculture & Allied Sectors Livelihood Development Education & Healthcare Irrigation & Flood Control Tourism & Culture Science & Technology Industries & Power Telecommunication & Civil Aviation Infrastructure Sports Development (b) NESIDS (North East Special Infrastructure Development Scheme) Divided into two components: NESIDS (Roads) – Focus on road connectivity (₹2,718 crores). NESIDS (OTRI – Other Than Road Infrastructure) – Covers education, healthcare, industries, power, water supply, civil aviation, and telecommunication (₹3,795.91 crores). (c) Schemes of NEC (North Eastern Council) Budget: ₹1,978.77 crores. Covers agriculture, higher education, healthcare, watershed management, tourism, and culture. (d) Special Packages Budget: ₹1,250 crores. Implemented as per Government of India’s agreements with Territorial Councils. Key Observations Increasing Allocation: Budget for NER has significantly increased over the years, reaching ₹1,00,893 crores in 2024-25. Sectoral Focus: Strong emphasis on infrastructure, connectivity, healthcare, and agriculture. Utilization Trends: Actual expenditure has consistently been high, indicating effective fund absorption. Flexibility in Implementation: Projects are tailored to state-specific needs, ensuring better regional development. PROJECT ASIATIC LION Introduction Project Lion is a conservation initiative focused on the Asiatic Lion (Panthera leo persica), primarily found in the Gir landscape, Gujarat. It follows a landscape ecology-based approach to conservation, integrating eco-development efforts. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Objectives of Project Lion Habitat Conservation: Securing and restoring lion habitats to support the species’ growing population. Community Engagement: Enhancing local livelihood opportunities and encouraging participation in conservation efforts. Scientific Advancements: Establishing India as a global knowledge hub for big cat disease diagnostics and treatment. Inclusive Biodiversity Conservation: Integrating the Project Lion initiative with broader biodiversity conservation efforts. Population Trends of Asiatic Lions Conservation efforts have led to a steady increase in the lion population: 2010: 411 2015: 523 2020: 674 The species was upgraded from ‘Critically Endangered’ (2008) to ‘Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List due to effective conservation strategies. Financial Allocation for Conservation The Gujarat government has progressively increased funding for lion conservation: 2021-22: ₹91.03 crore 2022-23: ₹129.16 crore 2023-24: ₹155.53 crore These funds support habitat protection, monitoring, disease control, and local community engagement initiatives. Key Conservation Measures Protected Areas & Buffer Zones: Expansion of Gir National Park and surrounding sanctuaries. Wildlife Corridors: Development of wildlife corridors to facilitate genetic diversity and reduce human-wildlife conflict. Disease Management: Strengthening disease surveillance and veterinary care for lions. Community Involvement: Eco-tourism promotion and sustainable livelihood programs to reduce dependence on forest resources. Challenges & Future Considerations Limited Habitat: Asiatic Lions are restricted to Gujarat, making them vulnerable to epidemics and natural disasters. Human-Wildlife Conflict: Increasing encounters between humans and lions due to habitat encroachment. Genetic Bottleneck: A single population poses a risk of inbreeding and reduced genetic variability. Need for Translocation: Plans for establishing a second habitat in Kuno National Park, Madhya Pradesh, remain unimplemented due to political and ecological concerns. Conclusion Project Lion has successfully increased the Asiatic Lion population and improved conservation measures. Future efforts should focus on habitat expansion, genetic diversity, disease management, and community-driven conservation strategies. A multi-state conservation approach, including translocation, could further strengthen the long-term survival of Asiatic Lions. Additional Information : Asiatic v/s African Lion: Asiatic lions are slightly smaller than African lions and have shorter, sparser manes. Asiatic lions also have a longitudinal fold of skin that runs along their belly, which is absent in African lions.   Asiatic lion African lion Size Slightly smaller than African lions Larger than Asiatic lions Mane Shorter, sparser, and darker than African lions Fuller than Asiatic lions Belly Longitudinal fold of skin that runs along the belly No longitudinal fold of skin along the belly Asiatic lions are found in the Gir Forest, India, while African lions are found in sub-Saharan Africa

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 14 February 2025

Content: Shared understandingProject Asiatic Lion The problematic globalisation of medical education China’s dam project opens the floodgates of concern Shared understanding Context : Strengthening Bilateral Relations between France and India . Frequent Engagement: Sixth visit by PM Modi to France; Macron has visited India thrice, indicating strong diplomatic engagement. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Examine the strategic significance of India-France relations in the current geopolitical landscape. How does their partnership balance relations with major global powers? (250 words) Defence Cooperation: Deals on missiles, helicopters, and jet engines reviewed. India offered Indian-made rocket launchers to France. Nuclear Cooperation: Agreement to develop small modular reactors post-amendments to India’s nuclear liability laws. Progress on long-stalled civil nuclear deal. Trade and Investment: AI Action Summit co-chaired to enhance tech collaboration. Visit to a thermonuclear reactor project and a shipping company reflects economic and industrial synergy. Geopolitical Significance and Strategic Positioning Multilateral Engagements: Discussion on global conflicts (Ukraine and Gaza) and regional stability. Commitment to the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), emphasizing connectivity and economic integration. India-France as Independent Powers: Macron referred to both as “two great powers” with strategic autonomy. Both seek stronger ties with the U.S. and China but aim to avoid overdependence. France’s Critique of U.S. Policies: Macron criticized U.S. policy on Gaza, calling for a humanitarian approach instead of a “real-estate operation”. Discontent with Trump’s unilateralism, especially in dealing with Russia and China. Global Implications and Future Trajectory AI and Climate Change: Discussions on regulating AI risks and addressing climate-related trade disruptions. Navigating U.S. Relations: Both leaders cautious about Trump’s unpredictability regarding tariffs and foreign policies. Potential for deeper Indo-French dialogue on countering unilateral U.S. actions. India-France Convergence: Increasing alignment in multilateral order and global governance. Likely expansion of defence and economic partnerships. The problematic globalisation of medical education Overview of Global Medical Education Trends Medical education is experiencing a paradox—there is a global shortage of doctors, yet many barriers exist to expanding access to medical studies. Governments and medical professionals in many countries resist increasing admissions despite the growing demand. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance , International Relations) Practice Question : Examine the factors driving the international mobility of medical students. Discuss the challenges and policy concerns associated with the globalisation of medical education. (250 words) This has led to a rise in international mobility, with students from various economic backgrounds seeking medical education abroad. While once globally interconnected, medical education is now nationally regulated yet increasingly internationalized. Scale of International Medical Education No precise global data exists, but estimates suggest over 2,00,000 students are studying medicine outside their home countries. Many of these students enroll in institutions with questionable quality standards. Ukraine (pre-war) had 24,000 international medical students, largely from India.  The India Crisis: A Case Study High Demand and Intense Competition India faces a severe shortage of doctors but has limited medical seats. 2.3 million students take the national entrance exam annually, with only 1 in 22 gaining admission. This intense competition forces students to look for affordable alternatives abroad.  Preferred Destinations for Indian Students Indian students study in Russia, Ukraine (pre–war), Kazakhstan, China, the Philippines, Mauritius, and Nepal. Some foreign institutions are even owned by Indian education groups, e.g.: Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Nepal (run by Manipal Education & Medical Group). American University of Antigua (AUA), Caribbean (a division of Manipal).  Challenges Faced by Indian Students Abroad Graduates from foreign institutions must pass the national licensing exam to practice in India. A mandatory internship is required upon return. Many Indian doctors also seek opportunities abroad, facing additional licensing hurdles in those countries. Government Response and Recent Initiatives : Union Budget 2025: 1.1 lakh additional medical seats introduced in the past decade (130% increase). 10,000 more seats to be added in 2026. Aims to add 75,000 seats over five years to address the demand for doctors. The Global Nature of the Issue Not Limited to the Global South Medical education shortages exist in Western nations as well. Students from France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway study in Romania, Hungary, and Poland due to lack of seats at home. U.S. students pursue medical education in Poland, Hungary, Ireland, the Caribbean, and the UK.  Unregulated Expansion of Medical Schools Private, for-profit institutions cater largely to international students. Many schools in Central & Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and the Caribbean offer English-medium medical degrees. Some governments, like Norway, fund scholarships for students to study abroad. Challenges and Policy Concerns Balancing Demand and Quality Expansion of medical education is costly and faces resistance from medical establishments. There is a global lack of quality control in foreign medical education. Medical professionals fear that deregulation may reduce elite status and privileges. The Way Forward Governments need to focus on expanding domestic medical education infrastructure. Stricter regulations and accreditation of international medical institutions are necessary. Harmonization of licensing exams across countries can ease mobility for doctors while maintaining quality. China’s dam project opens the floodgates of concern Context : China is planning a massive hydroelectric dam on the lower section of the upper stream of Yarlung Zangbo in Tibet. Relevance : GS 2 (International Relations ) Practice Question : Analyze the implications of China’s hydroelectric dam on the Yarlung Zangbo for India, focusing on environmental, legal, and geopolitical concerns. Suggest measures India can take to safeguard its water security. (250 words) The river, called Brahmaputra in India, is a crucial water source for northeastern India and Bangladesh. The project is part of China’s 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) to transition to renewable energy and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. However, large-scale hydroelectric projects pose risks related to water security, ecology, and geopolitics. Legal Issues and India’s Vulnerability UN Watercourses Convention (1997) mandates equitable use, prevention of harm, and cooperation, but India and China are not signatories. China claims to follow four principles: International cooperation People orientation Shared rights and obligations Equal focus on development and protection However, lower riparian states (India, Bangladesh) suspect China of using water as a strategic tool. India depends on Tibet-origin rivers for one-third of its freshwater supply, making it vulnerable to China’s unilateral actions. MoUs on Sutlej and Brahmaputra water-sharing have expired, but diplomatic engagements could lead to their renewal. Environmental Risks Tibet is seismically active – past earthquakes (e.g., January 2025, Tibet) caused major casualties. Dams disrupt ecosystems by: Altering sediment flow, affecting agriculture and fisheries downstream. Threatening biodiversity and aquatic species. Increasing riverbank erosion, worsening flood risks. Bangladesh, though affected, has not opposed the project due to political tensions with India after the fall of Sheikh Hasina’s government (August 2024) and growing ties with China. Regional Challenges in Water Diplomacy Other lower riparian states (Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan) are also impacted. Lack of a regional water alliance makes negotiation difficult. South Asia lacks a strong regional body for managing transboundary rivers. Political relations between India and its neighbors are volatile, hindering collective action. Way Forward: Diplomacy & Regional Cooperation The Expert Level Mechanism (ELM) provides a structured dialogue platform for India and China. Renewing expired MoUs on water-sharing can enhance trust and transparency. China reassures India that the dam will not reduce water flow, but India remains skeptical. A regional water negotiation framework is necessary to mitigate risks and promote fair water-sharing.