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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 03 February 2025

Content: 260 Myanmar refugees take shelter in Manipur Livestock census: enumerators flock to villages as country counts its cows, camels, and quail How much in subsidies do fossil fuels receive? On live-in relationships in Uttarakhand The various challenges associated with AI-driven genetic testing U.K. to introduce laws against AI tools used to generate sexual abuse images 260 Myanmar refugees take shelter in Manipur Context & Background Myanmar has been experiencing a civil war following the military coup in 2021, leading to intensified clashes between the military junta and resistance groups. Ethnic communities, particularly in regions bordering India, are deeply affected, leading to an influx of refugees into Indian states like Manipur and Mizoram. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security ) Recent Developments New Refugee Influx: Since January 27, approximately 260 Myanmar refugees have entered India via the Moreh border in Manipur. The influx follows intensified fighting and airstrikes by the Myanmar military. Earlier, around 100 refugees had sought temporary shelter but returned once the bombings subsided. Verification of Manipuri Youth’s Death: Security agencies are investigating reports about the death of a Manipuri youth in Myanmar. Officials suspect the reports might be exaggerated as propaganda to glorify insurgent groups. There are also unconfirmed reports of Kuki-Zo tribal people being killed in Myanmar. Impact on Manipur’s Ethnic Strife: Manipur has already been facing ethnic tensions between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities. The arrival of refugees, particularly from ethnic groups involved in Manipur’s conflict, could further complicate the fragile security situation. Insurgent Groups & Security Concerns People’s Liberation Army (PLA): A banned Meitei insurgent group advocating Manipur’s secession from India. The Indian government extended the ban on eight insurgent groups, including PLA’s political wing, Revolutionary People’s Front, for another five years (2024-2029). A recent funeral for a PLA cadre killed in Myanmar witnessed significant local participation, reflecting ongoing support for insurgent groups. Strategic & Security Implications Border Security Challenges: The continued influx of refugees raises concerns about illegal migration, potential infiltration by insurgents, and humanitarian issues. The Indian government may have to tighten border surveillance while ensuring humanitarian assistance. Geopolitical Concerns: India has maintained a policy of non-interference in Myanmar’s internal affairs but remains concerned about instability along the border. The conflict has spillover effects on India’s Northeast, particularly with the ethnic overlap between Manipur’s Kuki-Zo people and Myanmar’s Chin community. Way Forward Humanitarian Assistance: Temporary shelter and aid need to be provided to genuine refugees while preventing the misuse of refugee status by insurgents. Stronger Border Control: Intelligence monitoring and border security must be strengthened to prevent cross-border militant activities. Diplomatic Engagement: India needs to engage diplomatically with Myanmar’s military and opposition groups to ensure regional stability. Livestock census: enumerators flock to villages as country counts its cows, camels, and quail Context & Importance India has initiated its 21st Livestock Census (Oct 2024 – July 2025). Encompasses 16 species and 219 breeds of livestock. Cost:₹419 crore; Involves 1 lakh enumerators & 17,000 supervisors. Crucial for policy-making in disease control, breed improvement, and rural livelihoods. Relevance : GS 3 ( Economy, Agriculture, and Rural Development ) Key Findings from Past Census (20th Census Trends) Declining populations: Camels (-37.1%), pigs (-12.03%), horses/ponies (-45.2%), donkeys (-61.2%), mules (-57.1%). Rising poultry sector: Increased by 16.08%. Enumeration Process Data recorded via 21st Livestock Census app. Information collected: Household details, breed, age, milch/non-milch status, tagging of animals. Metal tags used for identification. Stray animals: Recorded separately by verifying ownership with locals. Challenges Faced by Farmers Lumpy Skin Disease (2022) caused cattle deaths. High cost of livestock: A buffalo costs ₹1.5 lakh, subsidy limited to₹70,000. Lack of infrastructure: Villages lack milk collection centers or dairies. Expensive medicines & fodder: Grassland erosion forces farmers to buy fodder. Women in Livestock Farming First-time enumeration of women livestock farmers. Over 70% of animal rearers are women. Case Studies: Poonam & Neelam Chaudhary: Dairy farming since 2015, managing 12 buffaloes. Milan Sharma: From German project manager to cattle farmer; built a self-sustained dairy. Emerging Trends & Policy Implications Impact of Cow Protection Laws: Haryana’s cattle population has increased due to slaughter bans. Pet ownership rise: Increase in exotic dog breeds in Haryana homes. Need for Policy Reforms: Increased subsidies for cattle. Expansion of healthcare & medicine support. Grazing land restoration to reduce fodder dependency. More milk collection centers in rural areas. Way Forward Census data will guide sustainable livestock policies. Digitized livestock records can streamline animal healthcare. Enhanced financial support for small dairy farmers and women entrepreneurs. Strengthening disease control mechanisms to prevent outbreaks like Lumpy Skin Disease. How much in subsidies do fossil fuels receive? Understanding Fossil Fuel Subsidies Fossil fuel subsidies lower costs for either producers or consumers, reducing incentives for a shift to renewable energy. Estimates of total subsidies vary widely, from less than $1 trillion to $7 trillion, based on definitions. Relevance : GS 3(Economy , Environment) Explicit Subsidies (Direct Government Payments) Global explicit subsidies in 2022: $1.5 trillion (comparable to Russia or Australia’s GDP). Breakdown: 80% went to consumers (lowering fuel prices). 20% went to producers (reducing extraction/refining costs). Reasons for the 2022 surge: Russia-Ukraine war caused energy price spikes (gas prices rose up to 400%). Governments implemented price caps on gas and electricity to support households. Consumption subsidies doubled from 2021 to 2022, then normalized in 2023. Country-Wise Variations in Subsidies (2021 Data) Highest per capita subsidies: Fossil fuel-rich countries like Saudi Arabia, Turkmenistan, Libya, Algeria (>$500 per person, sometimes over $1,000). Subsidies as % of GDP: Exceeded 10% in some major oil-producing countries. Lower subsidies per capita: Europe, North & South America, East Asia: <$100 per person. Africa & South Asia: <$20 per person (sometimes near zero). India: $3 per person in 2021 (down from $9 in 2015). Implicit Subsidies (Unaccounted Societal Costs of Fossil Fuels) The $7 trillion figure includes external costs of fossil fuel use: Explicit subsidies (18%): Consumption (14%), Production (4%), VAT exemptions (5%). Implicit subsidies (77%): Air pollution costs (30%) Climate change impact (30%) Road use impacts (17%) Policy Approaches to Reducing Fossil Fuel Subsidies Direct measures: Cutting producer/consumer subsidies. Market-based solutions: Carbon pricing, pollution taxes, congestion charges. Transition strategies: Investing in low-cost renewable alternatives before subsidy removal to prevent fuel poverty. Key Takeaways Fossil fuel subsidies distort market incentives, delaying the transition to clean energy. Explicit subsidies surged in 2022 due to geopolitical energy crises. Implicit costs are far greater, highlighting the need for structural reforms in energy policies. Phasing out subsidies must be coupled with renewable investments to avoid socio-economic disruptions. On live-in relationships in Uttarakhand Context : Mandatory Registration & Documentation The Uttarakhand UCC mandates registration of live-in relationships at both commencement and termination. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Applicability: Not just to Uttarakhand residents but also to individuals residing elsewhere in India. Process: Registration can be done online or offline (requires a 16-page form). Documents needed: PAN card, Aadhaar linked to phone number, proof of residence/domicile. If aged between 18-21, Aadhaar-linked details of parents/guardians must be provided. Parents/guardians must be notified in case one or both partners are aged 18-21. Relationship Criteria & Background Disclosure Only unmarried, heterosexual couples are allowed to register. Prohibited Relationships: If falling under “degrees of prohibited relationships” (as per Hindu Marriage Act, 1955), religious/community approval is required. Disclosure of Relationship History: Applicants must declare their current marital status (single, married, divorced, widowed, etc.). If previously in a live-in relationship, proof of termination must be furnished. Housing & Landlord’s Role If already cohabiting: Must provide shared household proof (electricity/water bill). If renting: Landlord details, contact number, and rent agreement must be submitted. The registrar must contact the landlord for verification. Landlords must ensure tenants possess a provisional or final live-in registration certificate. Failure to comply results in penalties for landlords. If not cohabiting yet: A provisional certificate is issued, valid for 30 days (+15 days extension). Couples must secure accommodation and apply for final registration within this timeframe. Penalties for Non-Compliance Failure to register within a month: Civil & criminal penalties: Up to 3 months jail, ₹10,000 fine, or both. False information or concealment: Stricter penalty: Up to 3 months jail, ₹25,000 fine, or both. Non-registration complaint: Registrar can issue a compliance notice. False complaints attract fines, with repeat offenses facing higher penalties. Concerns & Criticism Right to Privacy Violation (Article 21): Experts argue mandatory registration infringes upon informational privacy & decisional autonomy. Contradicts Justice K.S. Puttaswamy case (2017), which upheld the fundamental right to privacy. Social Surveillance & Data Security Risks: Third-party disclosures lack safeguards, leading to potential misuse. No penalties for data leaks, raising concerns over risks to interfaith/inter-caste couples. State Overreach: The law equates live-in relationships with marriage, imposing excessive formalities and legal oversight. Conclusion Uttarakhand’s live-in relationship registration law introduces strict regulations, documentation mandates, and penalties, raising serious privacy, surveillance, and legal overreach concerns. The various challenges associated with AI-driven genetic testing Context : Rapid Advancements in AI and Genomics AI accelerates genetic data processing, enabling faster and more comprehensive analysis. AI-driven discoveries, like the identification of “junk DNA” associated with tumors, enhance medical research and diagnostics. Companies like Gene Box use AI to detect genetic predispositions and provide personalized healthcare insights. Relevance : GS 3 (Science , Technology) Ethical and Accuracy Concerns Genetic tests are not definitive; they predict risks rather than confirm diseases. Conditions like Alzheimer’s have genetic links, but non-genetic factors (lifestyle, environment) also play a role. “Variations of unknown significance” complicate genetic interpretations, requiring additional family testing. Predicting traits like intelligence or success is unreliable, as genetics contributes only about 30% to outcomes. Data Security and Privacy Risks Companies storing vast amounts of genetic data are vulnerable to cyberattacks. Case Study: 23andMe Data Breach (2023) Hackers accessed personal genetic data of 6.9 million users, selling it on the dark web. The company faced lawsuits, a $30 million fine, and massive layoffs. Users struggled to delete their data, raising concerns over long-term data security. Regulatory and Legal Challenges Many genetic testing firms operate outside HIPAA regulations, leaving user data unprotected. Lack of clear global regulations on AI-driven genetic data usage and ownership. Ethical dilemma: Should users be informed of genetic risks they didn’t seek testing for? Commercialization and Investor Influence AI-driven genetic startups, like Nucleus, attract significant VC funding (e.g., backed by PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel). Startups claim they can analyze complex traits (extroversion, longevity) with genetic testing, raising scientific concerns. The push for monetization may lead to overpromising and potential misuse of genetic data. The Future of AI in Genomics Increasing integration of AI in personalized healthcare despite ethical and security concerns. Need for stringent regulations to balance innovation with data protection. Users must remain cautious about sharing genetic data with companies lacking strong security frameworks. Conclusion While AI-driven genetic testing offers revolutionary possibilities in medicine, it also brings significant challenges, particularly in data security, ethical implications, and regulatory oversight. U.K. to introduce laws against AI tools used to generate sexual abuse images Context : The U.K. will be the first country to introduce laws against AI tools used to generate child sexual abuse images. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , International Relations) The new legislation will criminalize the possession, creation, or distribution of AI tools designed for such content. Punishments: Up to 5 years in prison for creating/distributing AI-generated sexualized child images. Up to 3 years in prison for possessing AI-generated “paedophile manuals.” Up to 10 years in prison for operating websites that facilitate child abuse content sharing or grooming techniques. Rationale Behind the Move AI is being misused to accelerate grooming, manipulate images, and blackmail victims. The rise of AI-powered child abuse materials has amplified online sexual exploitation. The law aims to curb AI’s role in enabling these crimes and prevent perpetrators from exploiting loopholes. Ministerial Statements Yvette Cooper (Interior Minister): AI is being used to groom and manipulate children at an unprecedented scale. The legislation sets a global precedent and calls for other countries to follow. Global Implications First-of-its-kind legislation tackling AI-generated child exploitation content. May influence other nations to introduce similar AI-specific child protection laws. Raises concerns about AI regulation, digital ethics, and law enforcement capabilities to monitor AI-driven abuse. Challenges & Future Considerations Enforcement mechanisms: Identifying and policing AI-generated content will require advanced tracking tools. AI & digital rights debate: Ensuring AI regulations do not overreach into ethical AI research and development. International collaboration: Need for cross-border legal frameworks to tackle AI-based child abuse globally.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 31 January 2025

Content: India Lights Up India Gate to Mark World Neglected Tropical Diseases Day 2025 Devi Ahilyabai Holkar: A Visionary Leader Who Embodied Strength and Compassion – Prof. Uma Vaidya India Lights Up India Gate to Mark World Neglected Tropical Diseases Day 2025 Context India illuminated the India Gate in purple and orange to mark World Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) Day 2025. The event, led by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), is part of a global initiative to raise awareness about NTDs. The focus was on Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) and Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), two major NTDs affecting India. Relevance : GS 2 (Health ) Significance of the Initiative Symbolism: Lighting up India Gate aligns with the global movement to highlight the urgency of tackling NTDs. Commitment: It reaffirms India’s dedication to eliminating NTDs through policy measures, community engagement, and medical interventions. Public Awareness: The event included a nukkad natak (street play) to engage the public and encourage participation in health programs like Mass Drug Administration (MDA). Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) in Focus Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) Also known as elephantiasis, LF is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease. Threat in India: Affects 404 million people. Impact: Causes chronic disability, stigma, and economic burden. Intervention: Triple-drug therapy (IDA – Ivermectin, DEC, Albendazole) under the National Filaria Control Programme (NFCP). Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) – Kala-Azar A fatal disease caused by the parasite Leishmania donovani, transmitted by sandflies. Current Status in India: At the verge of elimination, but still poses a challenge in endemic states. Impact: Causes severe debility, malnutrition, and economic loss. Intervention: Kala-Azar Elimination Programme, strengthened vector control and early case detection. Policy Measures and Achievements National Health Mission (NHM): Strengthens access to treatment and prevention of NTDs. Mass Drug Administration (MDA): Key strategy for LF elimination. Vector Control Measures: Essential in combating both LF and VL. Community Mobilization: Engaging local populations in health programs. Global Collaboration: Aligning with WHO’s 2030 Roadmap for NTDs. Challenges in NTD Elimination Low Awareness & Stigma: Many affected individuals do not seek timely treatment due to social stigma. Healthcare Access: Rural populations may lack access to treatment and prevention programs. Vector Control: Managing mosquito and sandfly populations is a continuous challenge. Compliance with MDA Programs: Ensuring full participation in mass drug administration rounds. Way Forward Sustained Public Engagement: Events like nukkad natak help educate communities. Strengthening Primary Healthcare: Expanding outreach to vulnerable populations. Surveillance & Rapid Response: Strengthening early detection and treatment networks. Multi-Sectoral Approach: Collaboration with NGOs, research institutions, and international agencies. Monitoring Progress: Using data-driven approaches to track elimination efforts. Devi Ahilyabai Holkar: A Visionary Leader Who Embodied Strength and Compassion – Prof. Uma Vaidya Context The Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA), in collaboration with the Lokmata Ahilyabai Trishatabdi Samaroh Samiti, organized a special lecture titled ‘Devi Ahilya – Empress Renunciate’ to commemorate the 300th birth anniversary of Devi Ahilyabai Holkar. Relevance : GS 1(History ), GS 4(Leadership ) Significance of Devi Ahilyabai Holkar’s Leadership Political and Administrative Vision Strategic Leadership: Ahilyabai governed Malwa (Holkar dynasty, 1767–1795) with wisdom, diplomacy, and military acumen, ensuring stability during a turbulent period. Resistance to External Threats: When Raghoba (Raghunathrao, Peshwa faction leader) attempted to seize Indore, she displayed foresight and military strategy, safeguarding her kingdom. Decentralized Administration: Focused on local governance, empowered administrators, and ensured justice delivery at the grassroots level. Economic Reforms Prosperous Agrarian Economy: Encouraged irrigation projects, land reforms, and fair taxation policies, supporting farmers and artisans. Trade and Commerce: Promoted trade routes and markets, strengthening Malwa’s economy. Public Infrastructure: Built ghats, wells, roads, and dharamshalas, promoting trade and ease of living. Social and Cultural Renaissance Empowerment of Women: Stood against Sati, encouraged women’s education, and supported widows. Temple Reconstruction Movement: Revived several Hindu temples, including Kashi Vishwanath (Varanasi), Somnath (Gujarat), and Mahakaleshwar (Ujjain), despite opposition from external forces. Syncretic Approach: Respected all faiths, ensuring religious harmony. Spiritual and Ethical Leadership Renunciate Empress: Unlike rulers who pursued power for personal gain, Ahilyabai practiced renunciation (tyaga) while governing for the people’s welfare. Title of ‘Lokmata’ (Mother of the People): Her maternal governance earned her the love and respect of her people. Balance of Dharma and Rajdharma: Ruling with compassion and righteousness, setting an example for ethical leadership. Key Takeaways : Devi Ahilyabai’s name (‘Ahalya’) symbolizes purity and strength, resonating with her leadership style. Her legacy transcends time, inspiring leaders in governance, gender empowerment, and nation-building. The 300th birth anniversary celebrations highlight her contributions to Indian civilization and public administration. Challenges During Her Reign Challenges Faced Political instability due to Maratha conflicts and external invasions. Patriarchal resistance to a female ruler in a male-dominated society. Religious intolerance and destruction of temples, which she sought to rebuild. Relevance Today Women in Leadership: She remains a role model for women empowerment in governance. Good Governance Model: Her ethical, decentralized, and welfare-driven governance is an inspiration for modern public administration. Cultural Preservation: Her efforts in temple restoration and cultural revival underscore the importance of heritage conservation. Conclusion Devi Ahilyabai Holkar’s rule exemplifies the perfect blend of power, humility, and service. Her administrative model, social reforms, and spiritual leadership remain highly relevant in contemporary governance.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 31 January 2025

Content: More and better The science is clear, crowd disasters are preventable More and better Context : Supreme Court’s Ruling & Constitutional Mandate The Supreme Court ruled against residence-based reservations in PG medical admissions, emphasizing the constitutional principle of equality before law (Article 14). The judgment reinforces that India has a single domicile and that students should have the right to seek admissions anywhere in the country. Relevance : GS2 (Governance & Social Justice ) ,GS3 (Health) Practice Question : The Supreme Court ruling against residential-based quotas in PG medical admissions is in line with the constitutional principle of equality but raises concerns over regional healthcare planning.Discussc.(250 Words)  Institutional Preference vs. Residential Quotas Institutional Preference: Permitted for students completing UG courses from the same institution, as it ensures continuity in specialized medical training. Residential Quotas: Allowed in UG medical courses to ensure that local students, familiar with regional health challenges, serve their home state post-graduation. Not allowed in PG medical courses, as merit is considered paramount in advanced medical education. Impact on States & Medical Services Current Practice: Many States fill up PG seats in government and private medical colleges with local candidates, ensuring a stable workforce for government hospitals. Challenge Posed by the Verdict: Affects States’ control over PG admissions and their ability to retain doctors within state-run hospitals. Southern states, which have heavily invested in medical colleges, may struggle to sustain their local healthcare services. Future Implications & Centralization of Admissions States may seek a review petition to challenge the ruling. The ruling could lead to greater centralization of medical admissions, limiting States’ autonomy in workforce planning. Raises concerns over similar centralization in UG medical admissions, which may weaken regional healthcare priorities. Need for Better Educational Infrastructure Across Districts The fundamental solution lies in strengthening medical education infrastructure across India, ensuring: Uniform quality of education across districts, reducing disparities in healthcare services. Equitable distribution of medical professionals, minimizing the urban-rural gap. Less dependence on residential quotas, as merit-based admissions can function effectively with nationwide opportunities. The science is clear, crowd disasters are preventable Understanding Crowd Crushes: A Preventable Disaster Scientific Basis: Crowd crushes occur when crowd density exceeds safe limits (≥5 persons/sq.m → injuries; ≥7 persons/sq.m → high fatality risk). Predictable & Preventable: Modern studies offer clear insights, yet such disasters persist due to negligence from planners and local authorities. Recent Incidents: Examples include Maha Kumbh (India, 2024), Itaewon (South Korea, 2022), Houston concert (U.S., 2021), Sanaa charity event (Yemen, 2023), and Nigeria religious festival (2024). Relevance : GS3 (Disaster Management , Science & Tech ) Practice Question : Crowd crushes are predictable, preventable, and scientifically understood, yet they continue to occur. Examine the role of governance and event management in ensuring public safety during mass gatherings. Suggest measures to prevent such tragedies.(250 Words) Flawed Narratives: Crowds Are Not “Out of Control” Common Misconception: Victims are often blamed for stampedes, but scientific studies refute this. Reality: Individuals cannot control crowd movements once densities become critical. Breathing can become impossible in extreme cases. The Role of Governments & Event Organizers Who Can Prevent Crowd Crushes? Only planners, local governments, and event promoters have the power to regulate densities. Proven Preventive Measures: Multiple entry & exit points to disperse crowd buildup. Staggered entry times to prevent sudden surges. Clear passageways, removing bottlenecking obstacles. Crowd segmentation (e.g., Times Square’s 100-person sections on New Year’s Eve). Low Cost, High Impact: These solutions are inexpensive but require enforcement through laws and planning. Economic Interests vs. Public Safety Lack of Regulations: Most nations lack laws mandating safety protocols, leaving event organizers unaccountable. Profit Over Safety: Event organizers maximize crowd density to increase revenue from tickets, food, and merchandise.  The Way Forward: Policy & Legal Reforms Need for Regulatory Frameworks: Governments must introduce mandatory crowd management laws requiring event planners to implement safety protocols. Risk of Inaction: Without intervention, more lives will be lost due to preventable crowd disasters.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 31 January 2025

Content: As number of births falls in Tamil Nadu, concerns rise about the elderly population Extreme climate events impacting rain in southwest coast, says study What WHO’s recommendation for low sodium salt means for India EU tracks bird flu virus variants over rising threat to humans INSV Tarini crosses most remote part of earth Natural farming in Solan is a journey towards sustainable agriculture and rural prosperity Guillain-Barré outbreak in Pune ‘human-made epidemic’, more than 5,000 cases expected: Experts As number of births falls in Tamil Nadu, concerns rise about the elderly population Tamil Nadu’s live birth count dropped by 6.6% in 2024, falling below 9 lakh for the first time in at least five years. 2024 births: 8,42,412 vs. 2023 births: 9,02,306. The birth rate declined from 11.7 (2023) to 10.9 (2024). The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is 1.4, much below the replacement level of 2.1. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance) Reasons for Declining Birth Rate Development indicators (e.g., education, healthcare, economic growth). Economic and social factors discouraging larger families. Successful government interventions in population control over the past decades. Major Concerns Aging Population & Dependency Ratio: Increasing elderly population requiring greater healthcare and social support. Shrinking workforce, affecting economic growth and productivity. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR): MMR decline may slow down due to a lower number of births. Expert Views Dr. T.S. Selvavinayagam (Director, Public Health & Preventive Medicine): Tamil Nadu is experiencing a trend similar to developed nations with falling birth rates. Policy focus should shift towards higher-order births and addressing infertility issues. Dr. Jacob John (CMC, Vellore): Tamil Nadu and Kerala have overshot their demographic transition, leading to below-replacement fertility. The decline is not due to health issues but rather economic and social factors. Way Forward Policy recalibration to encourage population stabilization at the replacement level. Support mechanisms for the aging population, including healthcare, pensions, and social security. Address economic disincentives to childbirth, such as high living costs and career constraints for parents. Encouraging balanced demographic transition while ensuring sustainable economic and social development. Extreme climate events impacting rain in southwest coast, says study Key Findings of the Study Increase in Extreme Rainfall Events: The southwest coast is experiencing a rise in extreme rainfall events at a rate of 0.23 mm per season. This suggests a long-term pattern of intensifying precipitation in the region. Relevance : GS 3(Environment) Study Details: Conducted by CUSAT, EUMETSAT, and the UK Met Office. Published in the International Journal of Climatology. Primary Driver: Moisture Flux & Warming Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) Increased extreme rainfall events are linked to changes in moisture flux, particularly its thermodynamic component. Southeast Arabian Sea SSTs have been rising, exceeding 28°C since 2014, which enhances moisture transport and rainfall. Scientific Basis Moisture Flux & Monsoon Intensification: Moisture flux plays a crucial role in determining monsoon rainfall variability. Warming SSTs lead to higher evaporation rates, increasing atmospheric moisture. This intensified moisture transport contributes to more extreme rainfall over the west coast. Implications of Extreme Rainfall Events Increased Flooding Risks: More frequent and intense rain spells raise the risk of flash floods and urban flooding in states like Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, and Maharashtra. Higher flood incidents could impact agriculture, infrastructure, and livelihoods. Impact on Coastal Ecosystems & Marine Life: Rising SSTs may disrupt marine biodiversity, affecting fishing industries and coastal b. Increased coastal erosion due to heavy rainfall can damage mangroves and wetlands. Climate Change & Monsoon Variability: Persistent warming could alter monsoon patterns, making rainfall more erratic and unpredictable. This could lead to water management challenges for both agriculture and urban planning. Policy & Adaptation Measures Early Warning & Disaster Preparedness: Strengthening flood forecasting systems and climate-resilient infrastructure. Sustainable Water Management: Implementing rainwater harvesting and enhancing groundwater recharge to mitigate water scarcity during dry periods. Coastal Protection Strategies: Promoting mangrove restoration and coastal afforestation to reduce the impact of extreme weather. Climate Mitigation Efforts: Reducing carbon emissions to limit further SST rise. Expanding research on regional climate models for better forecasting. What WHO’s recommendation for low sodium salt means for India Context : WHO has issued new guidelines recommending low-sodium salt substitutes (LSSS). Relevance : GS 2(Health) Key Recommendations by WHO These substitutes reduce sodium chloride (NaCl) content and incorporate potassium chloride (KCl). Aim: To bring daily sodium intake below 2g per person, reducing risks of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Recommendations target household salt consumption but do not apply to packaged foods or restaurant-cooked meals. Excludes pregnant women, children, and individuals with kidney disease, as high potassium levels (hyperkalemia) may be harmful. Why Salt is Again a Public Health Focus Salt Fortification Success in India: Iodized salt (introduced in the 1950s) successfully tackled iodine deficiency and related diseases like hypothyroidism. Salt’s Role in the Human Body: Sodium increases water retention in blood vessels, raising blood volume and blood pressure. High sodium intake is linked to hypertension, stroke, and cardiovascular diseases. Potassium helps improve vascular function, countering some of sodium’s negative effects. Health Risks of Excessive Sodium Consumption Hypertension and Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs): Major risk factor for atherosclerosis, leading to blocked arteries, heart attacks, and strokes. Vascular stiffness: Excess sodium makes blood vessels less flexible, increasing the burden on the heart. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): High salt intake strains kidney function. Excess sodium also increases protein leakage in urine, worsening kidney disease. Other Health Impacts: Gastric cancer risk is linked to excessive salt intake. Bone health deterioration due to calcium loss caused by excess sodium. WHO states 1.9 million deaths annually are attributed to high sodium intake. Indian Context: High Salt Consumption & Public Health Concerns Cultural dietary habits in India promote high salt consumption (added to cooked food, pickles, snacks). Studies show Indians consume far more sodium than WHO’s recommended 2g/day. 2013 British Medical Journal study: Cutting sodium intake by 4.4g/day for 4 weeks reduced systolic BP by 4mmHg and diastolic BP by 2mmHg. Challenges in Implementing Low-Sodium Salt Substitutes (LSSS) Affordability & Market Access: Low-sodium salt substitutes are costlier than regular table salt. Prof. Vivekanand Jha (George Institute for Global Health) suggests government intervention to reduce prices and increase availability. Consumer Awareness & Behavioral Change: Majority of Indian households lack awareness of salt-related health risks. The Sapiens Health Foundation has launched initiatives to train 300 physicians nationwide to spread awareness. Policy & Regulation Issues: Signal labeling on food products could help consumers make healthier choices. WHO recommends government-led initiatives to promote LSSS usage. Health Risks of Potassium Intake: Potassium-rich salt substitutes are not suitable for people with kidney disease. Large sections of the population remain undiagnosed for kidney ailments, increasing the risk of hyperkalemia. Potential Solutions & Policy Recommendations Subsidizing Low-Sodium Salt: Government intervention can lower costs and increase adoption. Public Awareness Campaigns: Similar to iodized salt campaigns, public messaging can educate consumers on the dangers of excess sodium. Stronger Food Labeling Laws: Mandatory “high sodium” warning labels on packaged foods. Promoting Home-Based Salt Reduction Strategies: Encouraging gradual reduction of table salt usage. Substituting salt with herbs and spices to maintain flavor. EU tracks bird flu virus variants over rising threat to humans Context : The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the European Food Safety Authority are monitoring bird flu virus variants. Relevance : GS 2(Health ) Concern: The virus could adapt to spread between humans, potentially causing future pandemics. Key findings: ECDC identified 34 genetic mutations that might increase the virus’s ability to infect humans. Recommendations: Based on genetic analysis and human case studies, the agencies outlined current risks and precautionary measures. Menstruation Disrupts Daily Activities for 20% of South Asian Women Study published in The Lancet Global Health found that 1 in 5 South Asian women avoid regular activities during menstruation. Age group most affected: 15-19 years. Concerns: Impacts quality of life and exacerbates gender inequalities. Suggests menstrual symptoms like pain or heavy bleeding hinder participation in daily life. Findings: Contraceptive use, especially hormonal methods, reduces menstrual-related absences across all age groups. Policy Implication: The study provides new evidence for menstrual health research and interventions. Climate Change Increases Salmonella Outbreak Risk University of Surrey research finds a strong link between weather conditions and Salmonella outbreaks. Salmonella: A bacteria causing food poisoning, commonly found in poor sanitation areas. Key Weather Factors Increasing Risk: Warmer temperatures (above 10°C). High humidity & dew point (7-10°C). Longer daylight hours (12-15 hours). Significance: Highlights climate change’s role in foodborne diseases. Helps predict future outbreaks and design preventive strategies. INSV Tarini crosses most remote part of earth Mission Overview Navika Sagar Parikrama-II: Second edition of the all-women circumnavigation mission by the Indian Navy. Crew Members: Lieutenant Commander Dilna K. and Lieutenant Commander Roopa A. Route: Sailing from Lyttelton Port, New Zealand, to Port Stanley, Falkland Islands. Vessel: INSV Tarini, an Indian Navy sailing vessel designed for oceanic expeditions. Significance of Point Nemo Definition: The Oceanic Pole of Inaccessibility, the farthest point from any landmass. Location: South Pacific Ocean, approximately 2,688 km away from the nearest land. Extreme Isolation: Closest human presence is the International Space Station (ISS), orbiting at 400 km above Earth. Scientific Interest: A convergence zone for ocean currents, making it vital for studying marine pollution. Acts as a “spacecraft cemetery”, where decommissioned satellites and space debris are often directed. Scientific Research Contribution Collection of Water Samples: Samples taken from Point Nemo for analysis by the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO). Study of marine biodiversity, including rare microorganisms and deep-sea life. Chemical analysis to detect pollutants, microplastics, and ocean acidification trends. Contribution to global oceanographic studies on climate change and ocean health. Strategic and Technological Implications Naval and Maritime Capabilities: Strengthens India’s blue-water naval ambitions and oceanic expertise. Demonstrates endurance and skill in handling long-haul maritime expeditions. Enhances India’s soft power by highlighting women’s leadership in naval missions. Oceanic Surveillance & Research: Potential insights for marine navigation, weather patterns, and deep-sea mining prospects. Enhances India’s participation in international oceanographic collaborations. Challenges and Risks Harsh Environmental Conditions: Rough seas, unpredictable weather, and strong oceanic currents. Extreme isolation means emergency assistance is difficult. Psychological and Physical Demands: Small crew managing long-duration isolation and navigation challenges. Maintaining vessel efficiency in extreme maritime conditions. Broader Impact on India’s Maritime Goals Women Empowerment in Defence: Showcases the increasing role of women in India’s naval operations. Encourages gender inclusivity in India’s armed forces. Geostrategic Significance: Strengthens India’s presence in global maritime expeditions. Contributes to India’s commitment to marine conservation and scientific research. Guillain-Barré outbreak in Pune ‘human-made epidemic’, more than 5,000 cases expected: Experts Overview of the Outbreak More than 100 confirmed cases of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). Two deaths reported, and 17 patients are on ventilators. Experts estimate over 5,000 cases of Campylobacter infection in the region. The outbreak is linked to contaminated water supply, carrying E. coli and Campylobacter jejuni bacteria. Relevance : GS 2(Health ) Understanding Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) Autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system. Causes muscle weakness, numbness, and potential paralysis. Often triggered by bacterial infections, most commonly Campylobacter jejuni. Infection sources include contaminated food and water, poultry, and livestock waste. Causes and Transmission Route Contaminated Water Supply: Water samples indicate high E. coli levels, pointing to contamination from human/animal feces. Acts as the primary transmission medium for Campylobacter infection. Food Contamination Hypothesis: Experts suggest infected individuals may have consumed contaminated chicken or meat. However, this alone cannot explain the large-scale outbreak. Waterborne transmission remains the most probable cause. Public Health and Government Failure Delayed Response: Local authorities failed to act after detecting the first Campylobacter cases. Clean water should have been immediately supplied, but contamination persisted. Weak Public Health Infrastructure: In western nations, even three GBS cases would trigger an immediate outbreak response. In India, government hospitals focus on treatment, lacking proactive infection tracing. Comparison to COVID-19 Crisis: During COVID-19, NDMA (National Disaster Management Agency) handled outbreak control. Experts question why NDMA is absent in managing the Pune crisis. Medical and Economic Challenges Late Diagnosis and Treatment Impact: Early intervention (within 2 weeks) improves recovery chances. Delays can lead to lung complications and death. Treatment Methods & Costs: IVIG (Intravenous Immunoglobulin) therapy (₹10,000-₹12,000 per injection for five days). Plasmapheresis (blood purification) is another alternative. Diagnosis requires bacterial tests and nerve conduction studies. Broader Implications and Future Risks Rising Immune-Related Disorders: Post-COVID, there was a rise in immune-triggered diseases, though unrelated to the Pune outbreak. Seasonal infections (monsoon/winter) often act as GBS triggers. Urbanization and Hygiene Concerns: Increased dining at crowded, unhygienic restaurants raises infection risks. Despite improved sanitation, poor drinking water management remains a threat. Lessons for Public Health Policy: Strengthening water safety monitoring and early disease detection is critical. A scientific, independent public health system is needed to prevent future outbreaks. Natural farming in Solan is a journey towards sustainable agriculture and rural prosperity Overview of Natural Farming in Solan Location: Solan district, Himachal Pradesh, lies in two agro-climatic zones—sub-tropical low hills and sub-temperate mid hills. Current Agricultural Practices: Farmers rely on hybrid seeds, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides to maximize returns, but these methods degrade soil health and increase production costs. Challenges: The current practices are vulnerable to climate change-induced variability and contribute to environmental degradation. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture) Transition to Natural Farming Definition: A low-input, climate-resilient farming approach that eliminates artificial fertilizers and pesticides, promoting sustainability and ecological balance. Key Benefits: Reduced Costs: Farmers can minimize expenses by using locally sourced, cost-effective inputs. Soil Carbon Sequestration: The method enhances soil carbon storage, which helps mitigate climate change. Water Conservation: Practices like mulching and crop rotation promote sustainable water management. Biodiversity: Natural pest control methods and crop diversification foster biodiversity. Core Principles of Natural Farming Jeevamrit: A cow dung and urine-based fertilizer that improves soil fertility and enhances microbial activity. Beejamrit: Natural seed treatment to prevent diseases. Ghanjeevamrit: A concentrated form of jeevamrit used in large-scale applications. Aachhadan: Mulching to protect the soil and conserve moisture. Whapsa: A method to restore the natural balance in the soil. Minimum Tillage: Ensuring soil structure remains intact to foster long-term productivity. Impact of Natural Farming on Soil and Crops Soil Health: Natural farming practices improve soil structure, increase beneficial microbes, and reduce the prevalence of soil-borne diseases. Pest Control: By avoiding synthetic pesticides, farmers encourage the presence of natural predators, reducing pest populations. Crop Yields: While initial skepticism existed, evidence shows that natural farming leads to higher crop equivalent yields due to intercropping. Farmers’ Adoption and Success Stories KVK Solan’s Role: Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) Solan, in collaboration with YS Parmar University of Horticulture and ICAR-ATARI, has been instrumental in promoting natural farming. KVK has set up demonstration models showcasing the effectiveness of natural farming in horticulture crops. Over 12,000 farmers in Solan have adopted natural farming across 1,936 hectares. Environmental and Economic Benefits Soil Fertility: By incorporating nitrogen-fixing crops and practicing crop rotation, natural farming increases soil nutrient levels, ensuring long-term productivity. Sustainability: Reduces the need for chemical inputs, which lowers costs and enhances self-sustainability in farming systems. Carbon Sequestration: Enhances soil carbon storage, helping reduce atmospheric CO2 and mitigating climate change. Supporting Government Initiatives Pradhan Mantri Kushhal Kisan Yojna (PK3Y): Launched in 2018-19 by the Himachal Pradesh government, this scheme supports the transition to natural farming. KVK Solan’s Demonstrations: Through hands-on models and training, KVK Solan has provided farmers with a platform to experience the benefits of natural farming before adoption. Challenges and Way Forward Skepticism: Initially, farmers were hesitant to adopt natural farming due to concerns over yield loss and lack of knowledge. However, successful examples have increased adoption. Training and Support: The continued role of KVK and other agricultural institutions is crucial in training farmers and showcasing practical results. Scaling Up: As the success of natural farming spreads, there is a need to scale up efforts to increase awareness, provide market access for organic produce, and ensure financial support for farmers transitioning to sustainable practices.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 30 January 2025

Content: ISRO’s 100th Launch Marks a Quantum Leap in India’s Space journey National Critical Mineral Mission ISRO’s 100th Launch Marks a Quantum Leap in India’s Space journey Background : 100th successful launch from Sriharikota: ISRO’s GSLV-F15/NVS-02 mission marks a historic milestone. Rapid infrastructure expansion: A third launch pad in Sriharikota and a new launch site in Tamil Nadu’s Tuticorin. Private sector boom: Growth from single-digit startups in 2021 to nearly 300 today. Economic impact: India’s space economy projected to reach $44 billion by 2035. Global leadership in satellite launches: ISRO handles 90% of foreign satellite launches. Relevance : GS 3(Space) ISRO’s Evolution: From Slow Beginnings to a Rapid Growth Phase Foundation (1969–1993): Established under Vikram Sarabhai’s leadership. Took over two decades for the first launch pad (1993). Gradual Expansion (1993–2014): Second launch pad established in 2004, a decade after the first. Transformational Growth (2014–2024): Accelerated infrastructure and investment. Upcoming third launch pad in Sriharikota. New spaceport in Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu. Implication: Faster development in the last decade indicates strong government push, policy reforms, and increased international collaborations. Private Sector Revolution in Space 2014–2020: ISRO solely led India’s space advancements. Post-2020: Government reforms unlocked the space sector for private players. Number of space startups surged from single digits in 2021 to nearly 300 in 2025. Rs 1,000 crore investment in the sector in 2023 alone. International collaborations and private satellite launches increased significantly. Significance: India is positioning itself as a major global hub for space entrepreneurship. India’s Space Economy: A Growing Powerhouse Current valuation: $8 billion. Projected by 2035: $44 billion. Foreign satellite launches: ISRO now accounts for 90% of all global foreign satellite launches. India’s global positioning: Rising as a key player in commercial space launches and satellite-based services. Economic Implication: Increased foreign investments, technology transfers, and global collaborations in the coming years. Strategic Infrastructure Expansion Sriharikota Expansion: Third launch pad under development. New Launch Site in Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu: Diversifying launch capabilities. Advantage of Tuticorin: Closer to the equator → More efficient satellite launches. Less congested air and sea routes compared to Sriharikota. Strategic Benefit: Strengthens India’s launch capacity, reduces dependency on a single site, and enhances global competitiveness. Global Leadership in Space Missions India’s Strengths: Cost-effective, reliable launch services. Track record of successful interplanetary missions (Mars, Moon). Expanding space applications (earth observation, navigation, communication). Future Prospects: Gaganyaan (Human Spaceflight). Chandrayaan-4, Mars Orbiter-2, Venus Mission (Shukrayaan-1). Strengthening collaborations with NASA, ESA, and emerging space nations. Strategic Implication: Strengthens India’s geopolitical standing and economic influence in space technology. Conclusion: Marks a transition from slow growth to rapid expansion. Private sector integration and policy reforms fueling innovation. India emerging as a dominant player in global space commerce. Infrastructure growth paving the way for deep-space missions and human spaceflight. National Critical Mineral Mission Context: The approval of the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) is a significant step in India’s strategy to secure critical mineral resources essential for high-tech industries, green energy, and defense. Aligns with Atmanirbhar Bharat, ensuring self-reliance in securing key minerals that are vital for electric vehicles (EVs), semiconductors, batteries, and renewable energy technologies. Given geopolitical vulnerabilities and supply chain disruptions, this initiative is crucial to reducing import dependence on countries like China for minerals such as lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements. Relevance : GS 3(Economic Developments ,Minerals ) Features of the Mission Comprehensive Value Chain Approach Covers exploration, mining, beneficiation, processing, and recycling of critical minerals. Supports recovery of critical minerals from overburden and tailings (waste materials left after ore processing). Encourages stockpiling of critical minerals to manage supply fluctuations. Boost to Domestic Exploration & Mining Fast-tracked regulatory approvals for mining projects. Strengthened role of Geological Survey of India (GSI), with 195 projects in FS 2024–25 and 227 planned for 2025-26. Auction of 24 strategic mineral blocks under the amended Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957. Global Mineral Acquisition & Trade Diversification Indian PSUs and private firms encouraged to acquire mineral assets abroad. Example: KABIL (Khanij Bidesh India Ltd.)’s lithium exploration project in Argentina (15,703 Ha in Catamarca province). Enhances critical mineral trade with resource-rich nations, reducing dependence on any single country. Incentives & Infrastructure Development Financial incentives for mineral exploration. Establishment of mineral processing parks to encourage domestic refining capacity. Promotion of recycling technologies to enhance circular economy in the critical minerals sector. R&D and Innovation Setting up of a Centre of Excellence on Critical Minerals. S&T PRISM Program (2023) to support startups & MSMEs in mineral research and technology commercialization. Policy & Fiscal Support Customs duties on most critical minerals eliminated in Union Budget 2024-25, making mineral imports cheaper. Whole-of-Government approach ensuring coordination among ministries, research institutions, and industries. Strategic Implications Economic & Industrial Impact Strengthens domestic supply chains for EV batteries, solar panels, wind turbines, and semiconductors. Encourages private sector participation in mineral exploration and processing. Reduces trade deficits caused by high-value mineral imports. Energy Security & Green Transition Ensures a steady supply of critical minerals needed for India’s renewable energy goals. Supports India’s net-zero emissions commitment by facilitating domestic clean technology manufacturing. Geopolitical & Strategic Autonomy Reduces reliance on China, which dominates global rare earth and lithium markets. Strengthens India’s role in global mineral supply chains by collaborating with Australia, Argentina, and African nations. Enhances national security by securing minerals vital for defense and strategic technologies. Challenges & Way Forward Challenges Environmental concerns from large-scale mining. Regulatory hurdles & land acquisition issues. High capital investment needed for mineral processing and refining infrastructure. Technological dependency on foreign firms for processing rare earth elements. Way Forward Strengthen partnerships with like-minded nations (e.g., Australia-India Critical Minerals Partnership). Encourage private investments in mineral processing through policy incentives. Develop domestic R&D capabilities for advanced mineral processing and recycling technologies. Ensure sustainable mining practices to balance economic growth with environmental protection

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 30 January 2025

Content: Broken Promises in a Warming World Bridge the Milk Divide for a Nutritionally Secure India Stifling Demand Broken promises in a warming world Context : U.S. Withdrawal from the Paris Agreement The U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement under Trump was a significant blow to global climate action. The U.S., responsible for over one-fifth of cumulative CO₂ emissions since the pre-industrial era, has consistently failed to meet its climate obligations. Under the UNFCCC, the U.S. was expected to lead in climate action, providing financial and technological support to developing countries. Relevance: GS 2(international Relations) Practice Question : The U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement exemplifies the larger issue of developed countries evading their climate responsibilities. Discuss the implications of such actions for developing nations and suggest strategic responses. (250 words) History of U.S. Climate Commitments: Kyoto Protocol (1997): The U.S. Congress (bipartisan) ensured non-participation. 2005-2015 Emissions Trends: U.S. emissions declined, but at a slow pace, failing to meet global needs. Copenhagen Summit (2009) & Paris Agreement (2015): Shifted from binding commitments to voluntary pledges to accommodate U.S. politics. Biden Administration’s Record: Became the largest crude oil producer. Failed to push ambitious climate finance ($300 billion from COP29 was minimal). Emissions target (60% reduction below 2005 levels by 2035) was insufficient. Consequences of U.S. Withdrawal For Developed Countries: Weak commitments continue, creating a “burden-shifting” model. For Developing Countries: Increased pressure for early decarbonization, leading to economic hardships. For Global Climate Policy: Setbacks in securing adequate climate finance, technology transfers, and support for adaptation strategies. Market-Based Approach: A Failure U.S. and EU still rely on fossil fuels (80% and 70% of energy use, respectively), indicating market mechanisms have failed. Private sector-led climate solutions have resulted in weak commitments and lack of accountability. Developed nations’ public sector has little role, unlike developing countries where state-driven policies ensure accountability. The Myth of Sub-National Climate Action Some argue that U.S. states, corporations, and local communities will offset national inaction. Reality: University of Colorado study (2024) found most U.S. states and local governments adopt “emissions inaction” policies. IPCC reports have largely ignored climate denialism in the U.S., showing a lack of accountability. Implications for Developing Nations Strategic Response Required: Recognize that developing countries cannot bridge the emissions gap left by U.S. withdrawal. Expect rhetoric rather than substantive action from other developed nations. Avoid Falling for Unfair Climate Burdens: The Paris Agreement’s rulebook was finalized under Trump’s first term, subtly shifting responsibility to the Global South. The U.S. may still remain in negotiations, demanding greater commitments from the Global South. Multilateralism is Key: Developing nations should not abandon multilateral platforms despite U.S. withdrawal. The fight for climate justice must continue while prioritizing adaptation and development. The Path Forward A just, equitable, and effective climate action framework requires: Political will from all nations. Pressure on the U.S. to commit to meaningful climate action. Strengthening of South-South cooperation in climate adaptation and mitigation. Bridge the milk divide for a nutritionally secure India Introduction India is the world’s largest milk producer due to the White Revolution initiated by Verghese Kurien. Despite this, milk consumption remains highly unequal across income, regional, and social groups. Addressing these disparities is critical for improving health and nutrition, particularly for vulnerable populations. Relevance:  GS Paper 2 (Governance, Health), GS Paper 3 ( Agriculture, Economy) Practice Question :India has achieved self-sufficiency in milk production, yet undernutrition persists among marginalized communities. Analyze the reasons behind this paradox and suggest targeted interventions. (15 marks, 250 words) Consumption Disparities Income Divide: Top-income households consume 3-4 times more milk per capita than the lowest-income households. The poorest 30% of households consume only 18% of India’s total milk. Urban-Rural Divide: Urban households consume ~30% more milk per capita than rural ones. Most milk is produced in rural India, but consumption is lower due to affordability issues. Social & Regional Disparities: Scheduled Tribes consume 4 litres less milk per capita than general category households. High-consumption states: Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana (333g-421g per capita daily). Low-consumption states: Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West Bengal (75g-171g per capita daily). Focus on Vulnerable Groups Affordability Issue: Recommended intake: 300g per capita daily. Achieving this requires 70% of households to spend 10%-30% of their monthly income on milk. Health Concerns: Affluent groups overconsume milk-based high-fat, high-sugar products (ice cream, sweets), leading to obesity and lifestyle diseases. Undernutrition in vulnerable groups contrasts with overnutrition in wealthier segments. Policy Recommendations Enhancing Milk Provision for Vulnerable Groups Expand POSHAN Abhiyaan, ICDS meals, and take-home rations to include milk. Financial boost for these schemes via: Social bonds, CSR funds, and cess on unhealthy foods. State examples: Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Telangana provide milk but in inadequate amounts. Chhattisgarh discontinued provisions due to financial constraints. Milk Coupons & Market Access Implement milk coupon systems in areas with strong dairy networks. Benefits: Lower distribution costs Boost local dairy markets Nutrition Awareness & Behavioural Change Target women via Anganwadi centres, doctors, self-help groups, civil society. Maharashtra, Bihar lead in grassroots nutrition awareness (e.g., Poshan Maah 2024). Research: Better maternal nutrition awareness improves household dietary diversity. Regulating Overconsumption Among the Affluent Promote balanced diets through partnerships with doctors, influencers, and media. Learn from the UK’s Change4Life Sugar Swaps campaign: Reduce high-fat, high-sugar dairy consumption. Ensure better milk affordability for lower-income groups. Conclusion Equitable milk access is essential for nutrition security and public health. Addressing undernutrition in the poor and overconsumption in the affluent aligns with Verghese Kurien’s vision of a nutritionally secure India. Stifling demand Introduction MGNREGS, a demand-driven rural employment scheme, has been a lifeline for rural workers for nearly 20 years. It has thrived across political regimes, proving its utility and popularity despite facing funding challenges. Recent budgetary cuts and delayed wage payments threaten its effectiveness and impact. Relevance : GS Paper 2 (Governance), GS Paper 3 ( Economy) Practice Question : Critically evaluate the impact of declining budget allocations and wage delays on the implementation of MGNREGS. Suggest reforms to improve the scheme’s effectiveness. (15 marks, 250 words) Funding Constraints & Artificial Demand Suppression Declining Budget Allocation: MGNREGS budget shrunk from 3.2% of GDP (FY21) to 1.78% (FY25 BE). No additional allocation in FY25, despite past trends of increased funding when demand rises. Wage Delays & Financial Liabilities: Rural Development Ministry short of ₹4,315 crore for wages. Centre’s ₹5,715 crore liability for material component remains unpaid. Delayed payments suppress demand artificially, as workers hesitate to enroll. Key Challenges in Implementation Wages Not Adjusted for Inflation: Real wages are declining due to rising costs of living. Need for inflation-indexed wage revision. Aadhaar-Based Payment Issues: Job card seeding with Aadhaar has led to exclusion errors. Connectivity and verification issues hinder timely wage disbursal. Impact on Rural Livelihoods: MGNREGS helps stabilize incomes during agricultural off-seasons. Creates village assets like irrigation canals, rural roads, and water conservation structures. Boosts rural disposable income, stimulating local economies. Policy Recommendations Increase Budget Allocation: Fund the scheme in line with actual demand to prevent wage delays. Ensure timely additional funding when demand surges. Wage & Payment Reforms: Implement inflation-linked wage hikes. Fix Aadhaar-based payment glitches to avoid exclusion of workers. Strengthening Transparency & Accountability: Real-time monitoring of fund releases and payments. Empower local governance for better implementation. Conclusion MGNREGS remains crucial for rural employment and poverty alleviation. The government must prioritize funding and eliminate delays to uphold its effectiveness.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 30 January 2025

Content: ISRO’s 100th launch lifts NavIC satellite into orbit M23 rebels seize most of Goma in mineral-rich eastern Congo as Rwanda leader calls for truce SC orders complete stop to practice of manual scavenging in six metros Rooftop solar installation scheme reaches 8.5% of 1-crore house target Retinal diseases: RNA therapeutics show promise but is India ready? How can the Budget arrest growth decline? Only a radical policy shift can lift farmers from widespread distress ISRO’s 100th launch lifts NavIC satellite into orbit Historic Milestone: ISRO successfully conducted its 100th launch from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. Relevance : GS 3(Space) Launch Details: Rocket: GSLV-F15 with an indigenous cryogenic stage. Satellite: NVS-02, part of India’s NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation) system. Orbit Placement: Successful deployment into intended orbit. Significance of the Launch: ISRO’s Achievement: Over 100 launches, ISRO has lifted 548 satellites into orbit, including 120 tonnes of payload (23 tonnes for 433 foreign satellites). NavIC Enhancement: NVS-02 is the second satellite in the second-generation NavIC series. NavIC provides accurate Position, Velocity, and Timing (PVT) services to India and regions up to 1,500 km beyond the Indian landmass. Service Types: Standard Positioning Service (SPS): Accuracy better than 20 metres. Restricted Service (RS): Used for secure, strategic applications. Future Plans & Indigenous Development: NavIC Expansion: Five second-generation satellites planned to augment NavIC capabilities. NVS-01 (first in the series) was launched aboard GSLV-F12 on May 29, 2023. Indigenous Atomic Clock: First flown on NVS–01 and now on NVS–02. Critical for accurate time synchronisation in navigation applications. NavIC Applications: Strategic uses (defense, security). Tracking shipping vessels. Railway tracking & safety alerts. Time synchronisation for networks & financial systems. M23 rebels seize most of Goma in mineral rich eastern Congo as Rwanda leader calls for truce Context : M23 Rebels’ Advance The Rwanda-backed M23 rebels have seized most of Goma, the largest city in mineral-rich eastern Congo. Rebels have captured the airport after intense clashes with government forces. UN warns of law and order breakdown due to proliferation of weapons. Relevance : GS 2(international Relations) Humanitarian Crisis: Missiles overhead, bodies on streets—widespread violence has led to mass displacement. Hospitals overwhelmed with injured civilians. Thousands of displaced people are fleeing once again, exacerbating an ongoing refugee crisis. Geopolitical Developments: Rwandan President Paul Kagame called for a ceasefire in talks with U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio. Rwanda denies backing M23, but UN reports estimate 4,000 Rwandan forces are operating in Congo. Congo accuses Rwanda of supporting the rebels, while Rwanda accuses Congo of backing Hutu rebels linked to the 1994 Rwandan genocide. The East African Community (EAC) is holding a meeting on the crisis, but Congolese President Félix Tshisekedi will not attend. M23 Rebels & Their Intentions: M23 consists mainly of ethnic Tutsis and claims to be setting up an administration in Goma. Rebels say they want normalcy for civilians and return of displaced people. Analysts believe M23 is emboldened by Rwandan support, making a withdrawal less likely than in 2012, when the group briefly captured Goma but later retreated. International Response: Pope Francis called for an immediate ceasefire and protection of civilians. UN warns of escalating instability and humanitarian disaster in the region. Key Minerals of the DRC Critical Minerals for Global Supply Chains Cobalt (~70% global supply): Essential for EV batteries, smartphones, and laptops; key to green energy transition. Coltan (~60-70% global supply): Used in electronic capacitors; fuels conflict due to armed group control. Lithium: Crucial for EV batteries; positions DRC as a future lithium export leader.  Precious Metals and Industrial Minerals Gold: Funds armed groups; major mines include Kibali and Twangiza. Diamonds: High illegal mining and smuggling despite DRC being a top producer. Copper & Zinc: DRC is a key copper producer for electrical and industrial use. Tin & Tungsten: Tin used in electronics; tungsten vital for industry and defense. SC orders complete stop to practice of manual scavenging in six metros Context : Supreme Court Order: The SC directed a complete halt to manual scavenging and hazardous manual sewer cleaning in Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, and Hyderabad. The decision was based on a petition filed by Dr. Balram Singh. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary , Social Justice) Centre’s Report: The Centre reported that 465 out of 775 districts in India have not reported any manual scavenging. However, Amicus Curiae K. Parameshar questioned the accuracy of state data, pointing out the lack of monitoring committees in many districts. Court’s Concern: The SC referenced its October 2023 judgment, which highlighted that manual scavenging is an inhumane practice that continues despite legal bans. The SC emphasized that forced labor in sewers undermines the nation’s ideals of equality, fraternity, and dignity. The court stressed its determination to enforce its ruling, stating it will ensure compliance by any means. Deadline for Affidavits: The State officials from the six metros are required to file affidavits by February 13, 2025, detailing when and how manual scavenging and sewer cleaning ceased in their cities. The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013 was introduced to eliminate manual scavenging, but it continues, often leading to fatalities. Rooftop solar installation scheme reaches 8.5% of 1-crore house target Relevance : GS 2(Schemes) . PM Surya Ghar Scheme Overview: Launched on February 15, 2024, with a budget of ₹75,000 crore, aiming to install rooftop solar systems in 1 crore households across India. 8.5 lakh households have successfully installed rooftop solar connections within a year. Progress & Targets: The scheme is expected to reach the 1 crore target within the next 2-3 years, according to Union Minister Pralhad Joshi. Challenges: The Parliamentary Standing Committee raised concerns about the slow pace of installations, with only 5 lakh installations completed out of 20 lakh applications by October 2024. Delays were attributed to rain-related factors, but the Ministry plans to cover 12 lakh households in FY 2024-25. Increased Pace: The number of daily installations has increased from 3,000 to 9,000. Subsidy Structure: 60% subsidy for systems up to 2 kW capacity and 40% subsidy for systems between 2 kW and 3 kW, capped at 3 kW. Subsidy examples: ₹30,000 for 1 kW system ₹60,000 for 2 kW system ₹78,000 for 3 kW system or higher Minister’s Remarks on India’s Renewable Energy Growth: India’s renewable capacity has increased by 200% in the last decade, from 75.52 GW in 2014 to 220 GW today. India aims to add 50 GW of new renewable capacity annually in the coming years. The tariff for grid-connected solar power has decreased by 80%, from ₹10.95 per unit in 2010-11 to ₹2.15 per unit today, making India a leader in affordable renewable energy. Retinal diseases: RNA therapeutics show promise but is India ready? Prevalence of Inherited Retinal Diseases (IRDs): 5.5 million people globally suffer from IRDs, with a higher prevalence in India: 1 in 372 in rural South India. 1 in 930 in urban South India. 1 in 750 in rural Central India. Relevance : GS 2(Health ) Gene Therapy Breakthrough: In 2017, the FDA approved the first gene therapy for blindness caused by RPE65 gene mutations. Over 50 clinical trials are exploring gene therapy for other genetic eye disorders, offering hope for IRD patients. RNA-based Therapies: RNA-based therapies are emerging as safer alternatives to DNA-based treatments, offering temporary genetic changes. Antisense Oligonucleotides (ASOs) have shown success in treating conditions like spinal muscular atrophy and Duchenne muscular dystrophy and are now being tested for retinal conditions such as Stargardt disease and Leber congenital amaurosis. Advanced therapies like RNA editing and suppressor tRNAs are showing promise for correcting mutations in IRD patients. India’s Gap in Research: There is a lack of large cohort studies in India to identify common genetic mutations responsible for IRDs. India has no study involving 500+ patients to map the mutation spectrum of IRDs, making targeted therapies challenging. Challenges for RNA-based Therapies in India: Genetic diversity: India’s large, diverse population requires extensive research to identify common mutations across communities. Barriers: Limited genetic counselling, inadequate research funding, and restricted diagnostic infrastructure in rural areas. Lack of awareness: Many clinicians are unaware of RNA-based therapies and their potential applications. Collaboration and Awareness: Research collaboration between global pharmaceutical companies and local Indian institutions (e.g., CSIR-Institute of Genomics and L.V. Prasad Eye Institute) has led to the development of precision therapies. Raising awareness among clinicians and researchers about RNA-based advancements will be key to ensuring the availability and effectiveness of these treatments in India. How can the Budget arrest growth decline? Introduction : Economic Slowdown: The Indian economy is facing a growth slowdown, with provisional GDP estimates lower than expected. Despite rising capital expenditure in recent budgets, private consumption and investment remain sluggish. Relevance  : GS 3(Economy ) High Growth Period (2004-2011): From 2004 to 2011, India experienced sustained high growth rates and a reduction in absolute poverty. During this period, the consumption share of the richest 20% fell, while the bottom 80% saw a significant rise in consumption. State intervention through welfare schemes (e.g., NREGA, rural development) played a key role in improving incomes for the working class. Private Consumption and State Spending: Those at the lower end of the income spectrum have a higher propensity to consume, meaning that spending focused on these groups creates a larger income and employment multiplier effect. A hypothetical comparison shows that spending on income transfers (e.g., NREGA wages) has a larger multiplier effect than spending on capital expenditure (e.g., large-scale infrastructure projects), which might also result in higher imports. Impact of Fiscal Expenditure Composition: From 2004 to 2011, there was a sharp rise in social services and development expenditure, which boosted consumption among the bottom 80% of the population. This shift in fiscal spending helped reduce consumption inequality by ensuring the working class had higher disposable income. Government’s Current Response: The government’s focus has been on capital expenditure (choice A) in recent years, expecting it to crowd-in private investment. However, private investment has not responded, as businesses are hesitant to invest in the absence of demand growth, regardless of tax cuts or access to cheap credit. Need for Revenue Expenditure: The key to reviving growth lies in increasing revenue expenditure, particularly in the social sector (e.g., welfare programs, direct transfers). This would create a virtuous cycle, increasing income for workers, leading to higher demand and investment. In addition to revenue expenditure, capital expenditure should focus on labour-intensive projects, which offer better employment and income multipliers. Proposed Strategy: The government should increase fiscal expenditure as a share of GDP, with a shift in focus towards revenue expenditure. This requires a reversal of the current trend, where capital expenditure dominates, and more emphasis on social and welfare spending to stimulate demand and reverse the economic slowdown. Only a radical policy shift can lift farmers from widespread distress Agrarian Crisis: 1,00,474 farmers and agricultural workers committed suicide between 2015 and 2022 (according to NCRB data). India ranks 105th out of 127 countries on the Global Hunger Index 2024, highlighting the severity of the agrarian crisis. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) , GS 3(Agriculture) . Union Budget Treatment of Agriculture: Agricultural allocations have decreased from 5.44% in 2019 to 3.15% in 2024. Significant cuts in subsidies: ₹7,082 crore in food subsidies and ₹24,894 crore in fertilizer subsidies. Allocations for the MGNREGA job guarantee scheme were lower than previous years. Farmers’ Primary Concerns: Minimum Support Price (MSP): The MSP needs to be set at C2+50%, as recommended by the M.S. Swaminathan Commission. The government’s failure to implement this has led to indebtedness, suicides, and distressed land sales. The BJP’s 2014 manifesto promised MSP implementation but it remains unfulfilled. Rising Input Costs: Costs of fertilizers, seeds, diesel, water, and electricity have been rising, exacerbating the financial burden on farmers. The government must control input costs through public sector production (fertilizers, seeds, and insecticides) and raise subsidies for these inputs. Comprehensive Loan Waiver: A one-time loan waiver for farmers is critical to prevent farm suicides. The government has written off ₹14.46 lakh crore in corporate loans, suggesting that farm loan waivers are financially feasible. Implementation of MSP and Cost Reductions: To address 70% of the agrarian crisis, the government must: Implement MSP at C2+50% Reduce the cost of production through input subsidies and public sector control Offer a loan waiver to farmers Climate Change and Crop Insurance: Increasing frequency of droughts, floods, and unseasonal rains requires a comprehensive crop insurance scheme. The current Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) is deemed ineffective and is not favorable to farmers. States have started opting out. Public Investment in Irrigation and Power: Public sector investment in irrigation and power must be ramped up to ensure steady water and electricity supply for farmers. Many irrigation projects remain incomplete; completing these would increase agricultural yields and create jobs. Expansion of MGNREGA: The 100-day rural job guarantee scheme (MGNREGA) must be expanded, with wages raised to ₹600 and workdays increased to 200. The scheme is vital for increasing purchasing power in rural areas, where most farmers and workers reside. Funding for Reforms: The government can fund these reforms by imposing a wealth tax and inheritance tax on the wealthy, as well as restoring corporate taxes. The government has cut corporate taxes, leading to a loss of ₹1.45 lakh crore annually in revenue. There is a need to raise direct taxes while reducing indirect taxes and cracking down on tax evasion.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 29 January 2025

Content: Lala Lajpat Rai Future Ready: India’s Digital Economy to Contribute One-Fifth of National Income by 2029-30 Lala Lajpat Rai Context : Prime Minister pays tributes to Punjab Kesari Lala Lajpat Rai on his birth anniversary. Relevance : GS 1(Modern History ), GS 4(Ethics ), Facts for Prelims . Early Life and Education Born on 28 January 1865 in Dhudike, Punjab. Father: Munshi Radha Krishan Azad, a scholar of Persian and Urdu. Mother: Gulab Devi, deeply religious and influenced his early thinking. Studied at Government College, Lahore . Inspired by Swami Dayananda Saraswati and the Arya Samaj movement. Role in the Freedom Struggle Political Affiliations: Associated with the Indian National Congress (INC). Part of the Lal-Bal-Pal trio (Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Bipin Chandra Pal) advocating extremist nationalism. Protested against partition of Bengal (1905) and promoted Swadeshi. Led protests against the Rowlatt Act (1919) and Jallianwala Bagh massacre. Founded the Servants of the People Society (1921) to promote social work and national education. Contribution to Nationalism A strong proponent of Swadeshi movement and boycott of foreign goods. Advocated for economic self-reliance and indigenous industry development. Called for Hindu-Muslim unity. Supported education reforms and worked for Dalit upliftment. Simon Commission Protest (1928) Opposed the Simon Commission as it had no Indian members. Led a peaceful protest in Lahore against the Commission on 30 October 1928. Famous words: “Every blow on my body will prove a nail in the coffin of British rule in India.” Died on 17 November 1928 due to injuries sustained due to lathi charge by British police under James A. Scott. His death led to Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev’s revenge killing of J.P. Saunders. Social Reforms Worked to eradicate untouchability and caste discrimination. Promoted education among Indians, especially through Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (DAV) institutions. Supported women’s education and widow remarriage. Literary Contributions Prolific writer; authored books on history, nationalism, and social issues. Key works: “The Story of My Deportation” – Account of his exile to Burma (Myanmar). “Young India” – Critique of British rule. “Unhappy India” – Response to Katherine Mayo’s book Mother India. “England’s Debt to India” – Highlighted India’s contribution to Britain’s economy. Legacy Known as “Punjab Kesari” (Lion of Punjab) for his fearless patriotism. Inspired revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, and Subhas Chandra Bose. Several institutions named after him: Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (Haryana). Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College (Meerut). Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Engineering & Technology (Punjab). Statue at Parliament House, New Delhi honors his contribution. Quotes by Lala Lajpat Rai “The shots that hit me are the last nails to the coffin of British rule in India.” “Defeat and failure are sometimes necessary steps of victory.” “A person should be courageous and honest in worshiping the truth, without being concerned about receiving worldly benefits.” Future Ready: India’s Digital Economy to Contribute One-Fifth of National Income by 2029-30 The recent report “State of India’s Digital Economy 2024” highlights that India is the third-largest digitalized economy globally and ranks 12th among G20 nations in terms of individual digitalization. By 2029-30, the digital economy is projected to contribute nearly one-fifth of India’s national income, surpassing the share of agriculture and manufacturing. Relevance : GS 3(Digital Economy) Size and Growth of India’s Digital Economy The digital economy contributed 11.74% of GDP (INR 31.64 lakh crore or USD 402 billion) in 2022-23. It employed 14.67 million workers, accounting for 2.55% of the workforce. The sector is five times more productive than the rest of the economy. The digitally enabling industries (ICT services, electronic components, and communication equipment) contributed 7.83% of Gross Value Added (GVA). Digital platforms and intermediaries added 2% of GVA, while digitalization of traditional sectors (BFSI, retail, education) contributed another 2% of GVA. By 2029-30, the digital economy’s share is projected to grow to 20% of GVA, overtaking agriculture and manufacturing. Sectoral Impact of Digitalization Banking & Financial Services (BFSI): Over 95% of payment transactions are digital. Revenue-generating activities like loans and investments remain largely offline. Retail: Increasing adoption of omni-channel models with e-commerce firms opening physical stores. AI-powered inventory management and chatbot-driven customer service are improving efficiency. Education: Shift towards hybrid learning models (offline and online integration). Hospitality & Logistics: Use of AI, metaverse, and digital management tools in large firms. Smaller enterprises lag behind in digital adoption. Growth Drivers Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Cloud Services: AI-driven solutions are streamlining operations across industries. Global Capability Centers (GCCs): India hosts 55% of the world’s GCCs, strengthening its digital workforce. Digital Intermediaries & Platforms: Rapid growth expected, with digital platforms anticipated to expand at 30% CAGR. Government Initiatives: Programs like Digital India, PM Gati Shakti, and ONDC are enabling seamless integration of technology in various sectors. Employment Trends and Gender Inclusion The digital economy accounts for 2.55% of India’s workforce. 58.07% of jobs in the digital economy are in digital-enabling industries. Increased opportunities for women: Digital platforms have facilitated female workforce participation in sectors where mobility was a challenge. Challenges & Road Ahead Challenges Digital Divide: Unequal access to digital resources in rural vs. urban areas. Cybersecurity Risks: Rising digital transactions increase vulnerability to cyber threats. Skill Gap: Workforce needs upskilling in AI, cloud computing, and cybersecurity. Regulatory Challenges: Ensuring a balanced regulatory framework for digital platforms and AI governance. Future Prospects By 2030, India’s digital economy will outpace traditional sectors, contributing one-fifth of the national income. Digital transformation in BFSI, retail, education, and logistics will drive economic resilience. Focus on AI, cloud services, and GCC expansion will be crucial for sustained growth.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 29 January 2025

Content: A question of hygiene Mining politics The Budget pipeline and India’s foreign policy ambitions A question of hygiene Overview of the GBS Outbreak in Pune Over 100 suspected cases of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) recorded. Linked to Campylobacter jejuni, a bacteria found in contaminated food and water. Patients reported gastroenteritis, vomiting, diarrhoea, and nausea before onset. One reported death linked to GBS. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Practice Question : The recent outbreak of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) in Pune highlights the vulnerabilities in India’s urban health infrastructure. Discuss the causes, health implications, and policy measures required to prevent such outbreaks in the future. (250 words) Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) GBS is an autoimmune neurological disorder affecting the peripheral nervous system. The immune system attacks nerve cells, leading to: Tingling sensations, muscle weakness, and numbness. Paralysis in arms and legs (resembles acute flaccid paralysis in polio). Caused by bacterial or viral infections triggering immune response. Global incidence: 1-2 cases per 1,00,000 population (more common in adult males). India’s Epidemiological Data on GBS Lack of large-scale epidemiological studies due to testing constraints. WHO report (1993): 138 cases seen annually in seven major teaching hospitals in India. 75% of cases occur in adults. Seasonal variation: GBS cases rise during weather changes. Possible largest recorded outbreak in India’s history.  Treatment and Urgency Treatment options: Plasma exchange (plasmapheresis). Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy. Early treatment is critical: Most effective if started within two weeks of symptom onset. Recovery prospects: Many recover with timely treatment. Delay leads to prolonged disability or fatality in severe cases. Government and Health Response Rapid response teams deployed in Pune. Water sample collection and community surveillance initiated. Central government team sent to affected areas. Need for local and state government accountability in: Ensuring clean drinking water supply. Strengthening food hygiene regulations. Enhancing public awareness on safe consumption practices. Broader Implications: Fragility of Urban Systems Urban hygiene infrastructure under strain—inadequate water safety measures. Breakdown in sanitation and public health surveillance enables disease spread. GBS outbreak highlights systemic failures: Lapses in water treatment and food safety monitoring. Poor early disease detection and response mechanisms. Policy Recommendations Strengthening disease surveillance: Improved tracking of waterborne infections. Rapid identification of bacterial outbreaks before escalation. Urban sanitation reform: Regular water quality testing and early warning systems. Strict food safety regulations in urban food supply chains. Public health awareness: Large-scale campaigns on hand hygiene and food safety. Use of digital health alerts for real-time information. Mining Politics Background: Nayakkarpatti Tungsten Block Auction The Union Government annulled the auction of the Nayakkarpatti tungsten block in Madurai, Tamil Nadu. The decision followed protests citing environmental and cultural concerns. Initially, the block was part of eight strategic mineral auctions initiated in February 2023 by the Mines Ministry. Vedanta’s Hindustan Zinc Limited won the bid for mining across 2,015.51 hectares. Relevance : GS3 – Economy & Environment Practice Question : Critically analyze the challenges associated with mining strategic minerals in India, with special reference to tungsten. (250 Words ) Environmental and Cultural Concerns The presence of Arittapatti, Tamil Nadu’s first Biodiversity Heritage Site, raised concerns. concerns included: Threats to biodiversity: Arittapatti is a habitat for rare species. Historical and cultural risks: Mining could endanger cave temples, Jain symbols, Tamil Brahmi inscriptions. The Tamil Nadu Assembly passed a resolution opposing mining near the site. The Centre initially suggested excluding the 1.93 sq. km area within Arittapatti and Meenakshipuram from mining operations. The Geological Survey of India (GSI) was tasked with redefining boundaries, but before it could act, the auction was annulled. Strategic Importance of Tungsten Tungsten (Wolfram) Properties: A dense, lustrous metal with high melting points. Crucial for defence, aerospace, electronics, and high-tech industries. No effective substitutes, making it strategically vital. Global Scenario: Countries stockpile tungsten due to its scarcity. China dominates global tungsten production. India’s Tungsten Reserves: Only 5% of India’s tungsten resources are in Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal. The majority is found in Karnataka, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra. Way Forward Lack of stakeholder engagement. A more balanced approach could have included: Scientific assessment by the GSI before any decision. Boundary adjustments to protect the biodiversity site while allowing mining in other areas. Transparent communication with state and local stakeholders to prevent political conflicts. Future auctions of critical minerals should ensure a balance between resource security and environmental sustainability. The Budget pipeline and India’s foreign policy ambitions Context: Annual Budget Focus: Public attention often revolves around sectors like taxation, infrastructure, and defence, but the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) also demands scrutiny due to its significance in India’s foreign policy. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question:  Examine the role of the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) in India’s foreign policy framework and assess the implications of its underfunding on India’s global ambitions. Suggest measures to enhance MEA’s institutional capacity and resources in light of India’s growing international stature.(250 Words) Budget Growth: The MEA’s budget saw a rare 23% spike in the 2024-25 budget, up from a modest 4% annual increase from 2017 to 2023. Despite this, the MEA remains one of India’s least-funded ministries, with its allocation constituting only 0.4% of the total national budget. Efficiency: The MEA is efficient in utilizing its budget, exceeding 96% of revised estimates, but its current financial capacity is insufficient to fulfill India’s expanding global ambitions. Foreign Policy Ambitions and Global Leadership India’s Global Vision (Viksit Bharat 2047): To achieve the vision of becoming a “Viksit Bharat” by 2047, India requires strong, sustained global partnerships. India is positioning itself as a leader of the Global South, strengthening relationships with ASEAN, Quad countries (India, Australia, Japan, the U.S.), and leading initiatives such as the International Solar Alliance and the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure. Impact of Limited Budget: Partner countries expect greater diplomatic engagement, financial support, and timely project delivery, but the current MEA budget is inadequate to meet these rising expectations. Recommendations for Budgetary Increase Parliamentary Committee Suggestion: In 2022, the Parliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs recommended raising the MEA’s budget to 1% of the total Union Budget. A more gradual increase to 0.6%-0.8% could signal India’s commitment to global leadership. Focus Areas for Funding:Economic Tools for Regional Integration: Increased funds are necessary for strengthening regional cooperation and for advancing connectivity initiatives in South Asia, particularly as China’s influence grows. Institutional Capacity: The MEA’s diplomatic strength relies heavily on bolstering its human resources, research capabilities, and institutional infrastructure. Expanding India’s diplomatic corps and providing research expertise are crucial. Foreign Aid Shifts Decline in Aid and Rise in Loans: India’s foreign aid budget dropped by 10% in 2024-25, while loans to foreign countries increased by 29%. This shift towards Lines of Credit (LoCs) enables sustainable infrastructure financing but also demands effective oversight. Neighbourhood Focus: A significant portion (45%) of LoCs is directed towards India’s neighbourhood, with Bangladesh being the largest recipient. This reflects the strategic importance of India’s immediate neighbours. Aid to Neighbourhood Countries: Bhutan remains the largest recipient of India’s aid, followed by Sri Lanka, which saw a 63% increase in funding for the current year. Institutional Capacity and Research Increased Training Budget: The MEA’s training budget for the Indian Foreign Service (IFS) grew by 30%, but capacity-building efforts are still insufficient. The IFS remains understaffed, which limits India’s diplomatic engagement potential. Research and Think Tanks: Cuts to funding for academic institutions like Nalanda University and South Asian University (both experiencing 20-22% budget reductions) pose a challenge to India’s long-term diplomatic strategy. Investment in policy-relevant, evidence-based research is essential to back foreign policy decisions. Need for Declassification and Digitisation Historical Documentation: The External Affairs Minister, S. Jaishankar, emphasized the need for the MEA to lead in digitising and declassifying its records. Such initiatives would enhance public access to India’s diplomatic history, enabling scholars to better understand past successes and failures. Track 1 vs. Track 2 Diplomacy: By accelerating these efforts, the MEA could make its decision-making process more transparent, thereby fostering better understanding and learning within India’s foreign policy apparatus.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 29 January 2025

Content: China’s DeepSeek jolts tech world with a lean, mean AI model Avadi Ordnance clothing unit sends its first defence export to Suriname Choice of secular inheritance law should apply to all faiths, says CJI Women’s groups seek Budget that will boost inclusive workforce ISRO set for a historic 100th launch from Sriharikota OpenAI, maker of ChatGPT, questions jurisdiction of Indian courts in copyright case The impact of classifying denotified tribes Union Budget: understanding its formulation and implications China’s DeepSeek jolts tech world with a lean, mean AI model DeepSeek, a Chinese start-up founded in 2023 by Liang Wenfeng, has caused a stir in the global AI industry with its new models, particularly DeepSeek-R1 and DeepSeek-v3. The company claims that its AI technology rivals those of leading U.S. tech giants, including OpenAI and Nvidia, but at a fraction of the cost. DeepSeek’s emergence challenges the narrative that Chinese AI models are inferior to American counterparts, highlighting the shifting dynamics of the international AI market. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ), Facts for Prelims. Key Developments Cost Efficiency and Competitive Edge: DeepSeek-v3: The AI model’s training costs were reported to be under $6 million, a stark contrast to the billions spent by American firms like OpenAI for similar technologies. This cost efficiency has drawn attention to DeepSeek’s ability to operate on a significantly smaller budget. DeepSeek-R1: This new model is reportedly 50 times cheaper to operate than OpenAI’s GPT-4 for specific tasks, further solidifying its value proposition for cost-conscious enterprises. AI App Success: DeepSeek’s AI Assistant: The flagship product, powered by the DeepSeek-v3 model, has surpassed OpenAI’s ChatGPT as the highest-rated free app on the Apple App Store, marking a significant milestone in the competition between U.S. and Chinese AI firms. Market Impact: Stock Market Reaction: DeepSeek’s disruptive cost advantage led to a significant market correction, with AI chipmaker Nvidia’s market value plunging by half a trillion dollars. This is the largest single-session loss in history, demonstrating the market’s sensitivity to AI advancements and shifting global dynamics. The broader impact extended to global tech stocks, which saw significant declines, highlighting the weight of DeepSeek’s potential as a new force in the AI industry. Strategic Shifts in the Global AI Race U.S.-China AI Competition: U.S. Perspective: U.S. President Donald Trump characterized DeepSeek’s rise as a “wake-up call,” urging American industries to become more competitive. The underlying message is clear: the U.S. must maintain its technological leadership in AI to avoid being outpaced by cheaper, more efficient Chinese alternatives. China’s Strategic Gains: DeepSeek’s models challenge the traditional notion that China’s AI capabilities are lagging behind Silicon Valley. Unlike earlier Chinese attempts, such as Baidu’s Ernie bot, DeepSeek’s products have made significant strides in terms of quality and affordability. China’s AI Ecosystem: Government and Regulatory Oversight: China’s stringent data control laws and regulatory environment are pivotal in shaping the operations of companies like DeepSeek. This has led to questions around cybersecurity and the potential risks associated with engaging with Chinese AI companies, which operate in a more controlled environment than their Western counterparts. Access to Technology: DeepSeek’s success is partly due to its access to high-end AI chips, particularly Nvidia’s H800 chips. However, some analysts have raised concerns about whether DeepSeek’s access to these chips, which are restricted for sale to Chinese firms under U.S. export controls, is legitimate. Speculation exists that DeepSeek may have up to 50,000 Nvidia H100 chips, fueling debates around the tech industry’s regulatory frameworks and the potential for sanctions enforcement. Potential Risks and Skepticism Financial Transparency and Costs: While DeepSeek’s claimed training costs appear remarkably low, some analysts have questioned the true expenses behind its AI models, particularly regarding the $5.58 million cited for the v3 model. Without full transparency on funding sources and development processes, there are concerns about the sustainability of DeepSeek’s cost model. Cybersecurity Concerns: As with other Chinese tech companies, there are concerns regarding the security and privacy implications of using DeepSeek’s technology. The Chinese government’s influence over domestic companies, particularly in areas like data handling and cybersecurity, raises red flags for international users. Geopolitical Tensions: The growing competition between China and the U.S. in AI mirrors broader geopolitical tensions, which could impact future collaboration or market entry in countries wary of Chinese tech. This is particularly relevant as AI becomes a critical component in national security and economic competitiveness. Avadi Ordnance clothing unit sends its first defence export to Suriname Context: OCF, Avadi, executed India’s first defence export order to Suriname, signaling India’s growing presence in global defence markets. Relevance : GS 3(Exports, Internal Security,Defence) Product Details: The shipment includes 4,500 military uniforms worth ₹1.71 crore, aimed at strengthening diplomatic ties between India and Suriname. Diplomatic Significance: This export is part of India’s strategy to enhance diplomatic and economic relations with Suriname and other nations. Shipping Timeline: The uniforms are expected to reach Suriname in 60-70 days, with OCF anticipating future orders worth ₹5 crore. Quality Assurance: The uniforms are made-in-India, tested-in-India, highlighting their high-quality standards, which enhances India’s global defence reputation. Broader Goals: This export aligns with India’s target to achieve ₹50,000 crore in defence exports by 2029, with OCF Avadi playing a significant role. Manufacturing Expertise: OCF Avadi produces a variety of defence products like bullet-resistant jackets, helmets, and bomb suppression blankets, receiving positive feedback from Indian states and agencies. Expansion Opportunities: Suriname’s order could pave the way for larger contracts, expanding India’s market share in global defence exports. Global Market Challenges: India faces competition from established suppliers, but the quality and affordability of its products offer an edge in emerging markets. Strategic Outlook: This export order strengthens India’s role as a global defence exporter, opening doors for future deals and further strengthening international ties. Choice of secular inheritance law should apply to all faiths, says CJI Chief Justice’s Observation: CJI Sanjiv Khanna stated that the freedom to renounce faith and choose secular inheritance laws should apply to all religions, not just one. Relevance : GS 2(Constitution , Polity ) Petitioner’s Case: The petition was filed by Safiya P.M., a woman from Kerala, who, born a Muslim, now identifies as a non-believer and seeks to be governed by the secular Indian Succession Act rather than Sharia law. Equality Across Faiths: CJI emphasized that secular inheritance laws should be applicable universally, irrespective of faith, noting that if one religion is governed by secular laws, all religions must follow the same principle. Hindu Succession Act Issue: CJI pointed out that under the Hindu Succession Act, converting from Hinduism results in losing inheritance rights, which Safiya argued should not apply to someone who renounces their faith. Will as a Solution: Solicitor-General Tushar Mehta argued that inheritance through a Will is still possible, despite restrictions in the Hindu Succession Act. Intestate Succession Consideration: The CJI highlighted issues with intestate successions (without a Will) and the complexities of joint Hindu family property, which may complicate the inheritance process. Union’s Response: The Union Government was asked to file a counter-affidavit in response to the petition, as the issue raised was significant and required careful consideration. Religion in Official Forms: CJI suggested that if the petition succeeds, there should be an option to not mention religion on official forms, offering an individual’s right to waive or omit religion as a private matter. Advocate’s Argument: Advocate Prashant Padmanabhan argued that Safiya, as a non-believer, should not face any disqualification in inheritance rights or other civil rights due to her religious choice, invoking secularism under the Constitution. Inheritance Under Muslim Law: Safiya argued that under Muslim law, she would inherit only one-third of her father’s property, while also caring for her autistic brother. This limitation, combined with her renunciation of faith, further complicates her inheritance. Legal Vacuum: Safiya’s petition highlighted a legal vacuum, where even if she obtained a “no-religion, no-caste” certificate, she still faced barriers to inheriting her parental property, violating her fundamental right to belief under Article 25 of the Indian Constitution. Women’s groups seek Budget that will boost inclusive workforce Focus on Female Workforce Participation: Women’s groups stress the need for policies to increase female workforce participation. Key strategies include employment-linked incentives, flexible work hours, and supportive infrastructure (e.g., work site crèches). Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice) ,GS 3(Economic Development) Praise for Increased Gender Budget: Previous budget’s increase in the gender budget (₹3 lakh crore for FY25) was appreciated. Special schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana and Namo Drone Didi aimed at women’s financial empowerment were recognized. Addressing Unique Needs of Women: Organizations emphasize the importance of addressing the unique needs of women and girls, especially in skilling and livelihoods. A strong focus on investments in the care economy is highlighted. Call for Better Support Infrastructure: Proposals include developing workplace crèches, improving public transport, and ensuring equal pay initiatives to help women thrive in the workforce. Female Labour Force Participation Rate: As of 2023, India’s female labour force participation rate stands at 32.7% (percentage of women aged 15+ who are economically active). Quality of Jobs for Women: Experts urge the 2025-26 budget to focus on job quality, ensuring women have access to decent, dignified employment. There’s a call for investments in the care economy to boost job opportunities for women. Optimism for Policy Changes: Neera Nundy (Dasra India) expresses hope for favorable policies and enhanced tax incentives to unlock more capital for women-led initiatives from families, individuals, and corporates. ISRO set for a historic 100th launch from Sriharikota Historic Milestone: ISRO will oversee its 100th launch from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota, with the GSLV-F15 mission. This launch will place the NVS-02 navigation satellite into a geosynchronous transfer orbit. Relevance : GS 3(Space) First Launch & Early Struggles: The first ISRO launch took place on August 10, 1979, with SLV-3 E10 carrying the Rohini Technology Payload, which was only partially successful. The mission was directed by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (then Director at ISRO), and recovery from the setback led to the success of SLV-3E2 in 1980, placing the Rohini satellite (RS-1) in orbit. Mission Evolution: ISRO has successfully launched a variety of missions since, including: 2 SLV missions 4 Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) missions 62 PSLV missions (workhorse of ISRO) 16 GSLV missions 7 LMV3 missions 3 SSLV missions 1 Reusable Launch Vehicle mission 1 Test Vehicle Abort Mission 1 Pad Abort Test (PAT) as part of the Gaganyaan program. Strategic Location of Sriharikota: The SDSC was chosen for its ideal features: Launch azimuth corridor for diverse missions. Proximity to the equator, aiding eastward launches. Large uninhabited safety zones. Landmark Missions: Chandrayaan-1 (2008): India’s first lunar mission. Chandrayaan-2 (2019): India’s second lunar mission, with the GSLV-Mk III – M1. Chandrayaan-3 (2023): India’s successful mission to land on the moon’s polar region. Mars Orbiter Mission (2013): India’s first interplanetary mission. Aditya-L1 (2023): India’s first mission to study the Sun. Record-Breaking Launch: The PSLV-C37 (2017) mission set a record by launching 104 satellites in a single flight, a feat later surpassed by SpaceX Falcon 9 in 2021 (launching 143 satellites). Setbacks and Failures: ISRO has faced failures in several launches, including: GSLV-F02/INSAT-4C (2006) GSLV-D3/GSAT-4 (2010) GSLV-F06/GSAT-5P (2010) GSLV-F10/EOS-03 (2021). OpenAI, maker of ChatGPT, questions jurisdiction of Indian courts in copyright case Court Hearing on Copyright Case: The Delhi High Court is hearing a copyright infringement case filed by Asian News International (ANI) against OpenAI for allegedly using publicly available content to train ChatGPT. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary), GS 3(Technology) OpenAI’s Jurisdiction Argument: OpenAI argues that it cannot besuedinIndiancourts for copyright infringement. The company’s terms of use stipulate that disputes must be resolved either through arbitration or legal action in California courts, governed by California law. Industry Bodies Intervene: Federation of Indian Publishers (FIP) and the Digital News Publishers Association (DNPA) have intervened in the case, joining ANI’s allegations. Court’s Approach: Justice Amit Bansal indicated that the court will address the jurisdiction question alongside other aspects of the case, allowing the hearings to proceed. The court has issued a notice to OpenAI regarding the interventions by DNPA and FIP, with a response due in two weeks to determine if their involvement in the case will be admitted. Legal Assistance for the Court: The court has appointed two friends-of-the-court: Arul George Scaria (Professor at National Law School of India University (NLSIU)). Adarsh Ramanujan (Advocate in Delhi and Chennai). These experts will assist the court in outlining the legal issues in the case. Broader Implications: Dr. Scaria stated that the litigation could have significant implications for the future of AI research, development, and deployment in India, with long-term consequences for the industry. Accusations Against OpenAI: ANI, along with FIP and DNPA, accuses OpenAI of unlawfully using their publicly available content to train its AI models, which they argue constitutes copyright infringement. The impact of classifying denotified tribes Context :Official Recognition Members of the Adi tribe in Siang, Arunachal Pradesh, were officially recognized on January 28. The classification ensures that their socio-economic challenges are acknowledged. Relevance :GS 1(Society ), GS 2(Governance) Social Empowerment: Denotified tribes often face marginalization, and the recognition can empower them socially. Recognition allows access to affirmative action, including reservations in education and employment. Economic Benefits: The classification may open up avenues for financial support under various welfare schemes designed for marginalized tribes. Improved access to government resources and infrastructure development. Cultural Preservation: Official recognition can aid in preserving the cultural heritage and traditions of the Adi tribe, safeguarding their identity. It may foster increased participation in governance, ensuring their voices are heard in policy formulation. Legal Protection: Denotified tribes often struggle with legal rights and access to justice. Recognition provides a legal framework for the protection of their rights. It helps prevent the exploitation and discrimination that some members face. Challenges in Implementation: Though recognition is crucial, there might be delays or lack of effective implementation in ensuring benefits reach the intended community. There could be resistance from local power structures or stakeholders who may feel threatened by the inclusion of these groups. Historical Context: Denotified tribes were once labeled as “criminal tribes” under colonial rule, which stigmatized them. Recognition attempts to undo this historical injustice. This move also contributes to the broader discourse on tribal welfare and rights in India. Union Budget: understanding its formulation and implications Relevance : GS 3(Economy ) Components of the Budget: Expenditure: Divided into capital expenditure (creating long-term assets) and revenue expenditure (ongoing costs like wages, subsidies). Capital expenditure includes infrastructure projects (e.g., new schools or hospitals). Revenue expenditure involves costs that do not create assets, like interest payments or subsidies. Receipts: Categorized into revenue receipts, non-debt capital receipts, and debt-creating capital receipts. Revenue receipts include tax and non-tax revenue that do not increase liabilities. Non-debt capital receipts (e.g., loan recovery, disinvestment) do not create future liabilities. Debt-creating receipts involve loans and borrowings, increasing liabilities. Deficit Indicators: Fiscal Deficit: Difference between total expenditure and the sum of revenue receipts + non-debt receipts. Primary Deficit: Fiscal deficit minus interest payments. Revenue Deficit: Difference between fiscal deficit and capital expenditure. Implications of the Budget on the Economy: Aggregate Demand: Government expenditure boosts aggregate demand, while taxes and non-tax revenue reduce private sector income, thus lowering private demand. Economic Trends: Expenditure and revenue typically rise with GDP, and are analyzed in relation to GDP or growth rates (after inflation adjustment). Fiscal Deficit Analysis: A reduction in fiscal deficit-GDP ratio signals a government policy to reduce aggregate demand. Income Distribution: Budget decisions, such as spending on welfare (e.g., food subsidies, employment schemes) or corporate tax cuts, can have varying impacts on income distribution. Welfare measures may benefit poorer sections, while tax cuts may favor corporations. Fiscal Rules and Policy Impact: Fiscal Rules: India’s fiscal policy is guided by the N.K. Singh Committee Report, which sets targets for the debt-GDP ratio, fiscal deficit-GDP ratio, and revenue deficit-GDP ratio. Adjusting Expenditure: To meet these fiscal targets, expenditure may be adjusted, even if it contradicts the need for economic expansion (e.g., during recessions or high unemployment). Limitations of Current Rules: The existing fiscal framework may limit the government’s ability to address issues like unemployment or low output growth by capping expenditure. Re-examining Fiscal Policy: In light of contemporary economic challenges, there may be a need to re-evaluate India’s fiscal rules to allow more flexibility in responding to economic needs

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