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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 22 March 2025

Content: 1.There is progress on GM food crops, says official 2.Do not publish NIRF ranking for 2025: HC to Education Ministry 3.AAIB to conduct in-depth probe into all tail strikes involving IndiGo aircraft 4.In push for made-in-India browser, a mandate to trust govt. encryption 5.As temperatures rise, water level in India’s major reservoirs drops to 45% There is progress on GM food crops, says official Context: Supreme Court to hear petitions on GM mustard approval from April 15. Relevance: GS 3 ( Ecology) Supreme Court Hearing on GM Mustard The Supreme Court is set to hear petitions against GM mustard approval from April 15, 2025. The case challenges the Environment Ministry’s 2022 decision permitting the commercial cultivation of GM mustard (Dhara Mustard Hybrid-11 or DMH-11). A three-judge bench will oversee the case, and all parties must submit written arguments within a week. Earlier, in July 2024, a two-judge bench had delivered a split verdict and instructed the Centre to develop a national policy on GM crops. Government’s Stance on GM Crops The Department of Biotechnology (DBT), under the Ministry of Science and Technology, confirmed “progress” on GM crops but stated that the issue remains sub judice. DBT Secretary Rajesh Gokhale reiterated that GM mustard discussions are being revived. Science Minister Jitendra Singh emphasized that biotechnology is evolving rapidly, suggesting that policies should not be based on outdated views. Current Status of GM Crops in India Bt Cotton (approved in 2002) is the only GM crop legally cultivated in India. GM Mustard received conditional approval from the Environment Ministry in 2022, but legal and activist challenges halted its implementation. The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC), under the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEFCC), granted this approval. Concerns & Opposition to GM Mustard GM Mustard was developed using public funds and was the first transgenic food crop cleared for cultivation. Activist groups and environmentalists raised biosafety concerns, leading to court challenges. Critics argue that GM crops may harm biodiversity, impact pollinators, and increase dependence on herbicides. The Government’s BioE3 Policy & Future of GM Crops The government is promoting biotechnology through the BioE3 policy, which focuses on: Genetic engineering in agriculture Pharmaceutical advancements Development of new enzymes and precision farming technologies Bio-agriculture contributes 8.1% to India’s $165.7 billion bio–economy, valued at $13.5 billion. The DBT report highlights that genetically modified crops like Bt Cotton improve agricultural productivity and resilience. Do Not Publish NIRF Ranking for 2025: HC to Education Ministry Context: Recently, the Madras High Court has barred the Education Ministry from publishing the NIRF report. Relevance: GS 2 (Education) Court Order The Madurai Bench of the Madras High Court has barred the Education Ministry and the National Board of Accreditation (NBA) from publishing the NIRF 2025 rankings. Petitioner’s Arguments NIRF rankings are based on self-reported data from institutions without independent verification. The ranking process lacks credibility and misleads students. Unlike the NAAC accreditation process, which involves audits and expert reviews, NIRF relies solely on unaudited institutional data. NIRF Ranking Process Launched by NBA under the Education Ministry to evaluate higher education institutions. Institutions are ranked based on five categories: Teaching, learning, and resources Research and professional practice Graduation outcomes Outreach and inclusivity Perception Institutions upload data on student and staff strength, salaries, placements, and research funds, but no external verification is conducted. Comparison with NAAC Accreditation NAAC’s Annual Quality Assurance Report (AQAR) undergoes auditing and expert review, making it more reliable. The petitioner demanded that NIRF rankings should be verified against government records before publication. Court’s Decision & Next Steps A Division Bench of Justices J. Nisha Banu and S. Srimathy has restrained the authorities from releasing the rankings. The court has sought a counter affidavit from the authorities. The next hearing is scheduled for April 24, 2025. AAIB to Conduct In-Depth Probe into All Tail Strikes Involving IndiGo Aircraft Context: AAIB is conducting a thorough investigation into IndiGo’s repeated tail strike incidents to identify potential systemic issues. Relevance: GS 3 (Aerospace, Technology) Comprehensive Probe The Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) will conduct an in-depth investigation into all IndiGo tail strike incidents. The decision was taken due to the criticality and frequency of such incidents involving IndiGo aircraft. Recent Tail Strike Incident On March 8, 2025, an IndiGo A321 Neo (VT-IBI) suffered a tail strike while landing in Chennai. A tail strike occurs when the tail of an aircraft touches or scrapes the runway during takeoff or landing, usually due to excessive nose-up pitch. The same aircraft had a previous tail strike on September 9, 2024, leading to a five-month grounding before returning to service in February 2025. 190 flights were completed before the latest tail strike. Pilot Experience & Flight Details The incident occurred during an annual proficiency check flight for a captain, supervised by a trainer. At the time of landing, the trainer was in command of the aircraft. Investigation by DGCA & AAIB DGCA initially conducted the preliminary investigation. Due to significant internal damage, the incident was classified as “serious”, and the probe was transferred to AAIB. The investigation includes: Training procedures Aircrew profiling Potential procedural lapses Ongoing Investigations & Airbus Inputs The September 9, 2024, tail strike investigation is still ongoing. Airbus has submitted its inputs to the probe agency. AAIB is analyzing all past tail strike cases to identify patterns or systemic issues in IndiGo’s operations. In Push for Made-in-India Browser, a Mandate to Trust Govt. Encryption Context: The Indian government awarded a ₹1 crore prize to Zoho Corporation (Tenkasi-based) as part of a web browser development challenge. Relevance: GS 3 (Technology) Purpose of the Browser Ensure a fully operational web browser within India, independent of global Internet access. Strengthen cybersecurity and establish an indigenous authentication mechanism. Award Ceremony Zoho Corporation received the first prize from Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw. The prize, initially announced in 2023, incentivized the creation of a browser compatible with India’s latest root certificate. Root Certifying Authority Context Definition: Root certifying authorities are 100+ global organizations that validate firms issuing Secure Socket Layer (SSL) certificates (seen as “https” with a green lock icon). India’s Authority: The Controller of Certifying Authorities (CCA), under the Ministry of Electronics and IT, has developed an Indian root certificate. Historical Challenge (2014): A security breach at the National Informatics Centre (NIC) led to fake SSL certificates for sites like Google and Yahoo. In response, major browsers excluded CCA certificates from their trusted repositories. Current Status: Only one Indian entity, eMudhra’s emSign, is globally recognized as a trusted root certifying authority by mainstream browsers. Strategic Motivation Contingency Planning: Ensures browser functionality even if India faces a global Internet cutoff due to security scenarios. Digital Sovereignty: By mandating trust in India’s root certificate, the government aims to reduce reliance on foreign tech and bolster national control over Internet security protocols. Implications Technological Self-Reliance: The development of Ulaa marks a major step toward India’s digital autonomy. Security Enhancement: Addresses past vulnerabilities in the CCA certification system. Global Influence: Positions India to assert greater influence in Internet governance discussions. As temperatures rise, water level in India’s major reservoirs drops to 45% Current Status of Reservoir Storage Overall Water Storage: India’s 155 major reservoirs have 45% of their total capacity (80.7 BCM out of 180.8 BCM). IMD Prediction: Above-normal heatwave days expected between March-May, worsening the situation before the monsoon in June. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Regional Water Storage Status Northern Region (11 reservoirs in Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan) Water level at 25% of capacity (lowest among all regions). Himachal Pradesh & Punjab saw 36% and 45% below normal storage respectively. Southern Region (43 reservoirs in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala) Second lowest storage at 41% of total capacity. Western, Central, and Eastern Regions Western: 55% storage Central: 49% storage Eastern: 44% storage State-wise Reservoir Deficit Compared to Last Year Lower than last year: Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Jharkhand, Odisha, Nagaland, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and Uttarakhand. River Basin Water Storage Levels 20 river basins recorded, 14 had below 50% storage. Ganga Basin: 50% storage. Other Major Basins: Godavari: 48% Narmada: 47% Krishna: 34% Implications of Low Water Levels Agriculture Impact: Low water availability may reduce summer crop yields before Kharif sowing. Heatwave Impact: Rising temperatures could further deplete reservoirs and increase water demand. Socio-Economic Impact: Affects irrigation, drinking water, power generation, and overall livelihoods. Hydropower Generation: Reservoir-dependent power plants may face reduced generation capacity. Conclusion Immediate water conservation measures needed to manage supply until monsoon. Potential impact on food security due to reduced irrigation and crop production. Government intervention required for efficient water management and distribution.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 March 2025

Content: Use of AI in Supreme Court Case Management Prashad Scheme  Use of AI in Supreme Court Case Management AI in Case Transcription AI and Machine Learning (ML) tools are being deployed for transcribing oral arguments in Constitution Bench matters. Transcribed arguments are accessible on the Supreme Court website. Authorities are considering expanding transcription to regular hearing days (Thursdays). Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Judiciary ) ,GS 3(Technology) AI in Judgment Translation AI-powered translation tools are used for translating judgments from English to 18 Indian languages. The initiative is in collaboration with the National Informatics Centre (NIC). Translated judgments are available on the eSCR portal of the Supreme Court. AI in E-Filing and Defect Identification AI-based tools, developed with IIT Madras, are integrated with the electronic filing system. These tools identify defects in filings, enhancing efficiency and reducing human intervention. A prototype has been provided to 200 Advocates-on-Record for testing and feedback. AI in Metadata Extraction and Case Management AI is being tested for curing defects and extracting data and metadata. The tools are planned to be integrated into the Integrated Case Management & Information System (ICMIS). The aim is to streamline document management and improve accessibility. SUPACE: AI for Legal Research The Supreme Court Portal Assistance in Court Efficiency (SUPACE) is in its experimental stage. SUPACE is designed for: Understanding factual matrices of cases. Conducting intelligent searches for legal precedents. Identifying relevant cases efficiently. Deployment depends on procuring advanced processing units like GPUs and TPUs. AI Not Used in Judicial Decision-Making The Supreme Court has clarified that AI tools are not involved in decision-making. Their role is limited to support functions like transcription, translation, e-filing, and legal research. Facts and Figures 18 languages supported for AI-based translation. 200 advocates testing the defect-identification prototype. AI transcription currently limited to Constitution Bench hearings but may expand. SUPACE is in the experimental phase, awaiting further technological upgrades. Prashad Scheme Overview of PRASHAD Scheme Full Form: Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual, Heritage Augmentation Drive (PRASHAD). Objective: Development of pilgrimage tourism infrastructure in an inclusive, integrated, and sustainable manner. Key Focus Areas: Infrastructure improvement – Tourist facilitation centres, multi-level parking, dedicated parking, ghats. Sustainability measures – Solid waste management, solar panels, CCTV surveillance. Employment generation – Enhancing local skills and fostering economic opportunities. Service enhancement – Cleanliness, security, accessibility. Relevance : GS 1(Culture ,Heritage) , GS 2(Governance ,Schemes )  Financial Assistance and Scope Ministry of Tourism provides funds to State Governments and UT Administrations. Sanctioned Projects: 48 projects across 27 States/UTs. Development of tourism infrastructure in iconic pilgrimage destinations. Key Outcomes of PRASHAD Scheme Improved pilgrim experience – Upgraded amenities and modern infrastructure. Sustainability focus – Use of renewable energy, better waste management, and eco-friendly solutions. Enhanced local economy – More employment and tourism-related income. Cultural preservation – Strengthening India’s religious and spiritual heritage. Special Assistance for Capital Investment (SASCI) Scheme Objective: Develop iconic tourist centres to a global standard. Scope: 40 projects across 23 states, ₹3,295.76 Crore allocated. Focus: Branding and marketing of Indian pilgrimage sites internationally. Infrastructure development with a focus on sustainability. Boosting local economies through tourism-related activities. PRASHAD Scheme’s Contribution to Sustainable Tourism Integrated approach combining tourism with economic development. Holistic focus on livelihood, accessibility, and security. Eco-conscious tourism – Encouraging responsible travel practices. Notable State-wise Projects and Progress Uttar Pradesh – Varanasi (Phase I & II), Mathura-Vrindavan Mega Circuit. Madhya Pradesh – Omkareshwar, Amarkantak. Gujarat – Somnath, Dwarka, Ambaji Temple. Andhra Pradesh – Amaravati, Srisailam, Annavaram Temple Town. Tamil Nadu – Kanchipuram, Velankanni. Kerala – Guruvayur Temple. Bihar – Patna Sahib, Vishnupad Temple. Jammu & Kashmir – Hazratbal Shrine. Challenges and Way Forward Challenges: Delays in fund utilization – Several projects have low financial progress. Coordination issues between Centre and States. Balancing infrastructure with environmental concerns. Way Forward: Faster execution of projects with real-time monitoring. Better inter–agency coordination to improve implementation. Greater private sector participation in tourism infrastructure. Conclusion PRASHAD and SASCI are key initiatives for transforming India’s pilgrimage tourism. Holistic development is ensuring infrastructure, sustainability, and employment generation. Further reforms needed to enhance project execution efficiency and global tourism branding.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 21 March 2025

Content : Free and fair The assault on multilateralism and international law The challenge of policing digital giants Free and fair Context: The ECI’s Stand on Disclosing Booth-Wise Vote Data The Election Commission of India (ECI) has historically been reluctant to disclose absolute numbers of booth-wise votes cast in elections. In the 2024 general elections, it took the position that Form 17-C (part one) could only be accessed by candidates and polling agents, citing a lack of legal mandate for wider disclosure. The demand for greater transparency resurfaced in court, pushing for the public disclosure of scanned and authenticated copies of Form 17-C. Relevance : GS 2(Elections , Polity , Governance) Practice Question : The Election Commission of India (ECI) must view calls for greater transparency as a means to strengthen electoral integrity rather than as an attempt to undermine it. Discuss the significance of electoral transparency in a democracy and suggest measures to enhance trust in the electoral process. (250 words) Recent Shift in ECI’s Approach The new Chief Election Commissioner (CEC), Gyanesh Kumar, has shown openness to engaging with stakeholders advocating for greater transparency. The Supreme Court has directed the petitioners to submit a formal representation to the ECI. While this does not guarantee immediate public access to absolute numbers, it indicates a possible shift toward a more transparent disclosure mechanism, including turnout figures in both percentage and absolute terms. Issue of Voter Turnout Discrepancies A major concern in the 2024 elections was the significant variation (5-6 percentage points) between initial and revised voter turnout figures. ECI attributed this to logistical delays in collecting data from remote booths, but critics argue that since Form 17-C is available at the booth level, scanning and uploading within 48 hours is feasible. The absence of absolute vote numbers raises doubts, leading to speculation and mistrust in the electoral process. Arguments in Favor of Greater Transparency Building Trust in the Electoral Process: Transparency in turnout numbers and vote counts strengthens public confidence in elections. Preventing Speculation and Misinformation: Delays and discrepancies in voter turnout data lead to unnecessary doubts and allegations of malpractice. Technological Feasibility: Given advances in digital governance, scanning and uploading Form 17-C within a short time frame is practically achievable. Global Best Practices: Many democracies ensure high levels of electoral transparency to maintain credibility and accountability. The Need for Institutional Flexibility ECI’s willingness to discuss the issue is a positive step, but there should be a continuous reassessment of existing election procedures. A rigid stance against transparency reforms may be counterproductive, creating an impression of opacity and resistance to scrutiny. Implementing systematic improvements—such as real-time data collation and prompt publication—can enhance credibility without compromising security. The Way Forward Institutionalizing the Publication of Form 17-C: A legally backed mandate for uploading scanned copies would remove ambiguity. Standardizing Data Disclosure Timelines: Ensuring that turnout data, both in percentage and absolute terms, is published consistently. Engaging Stakeholders: Regular consultations with political parties, civil society, and independent election monitors to address concerns proactively. Strengthening Electoral Data Management: Deploying technology for real-time transmission of turnout figures to minimize discrepancies. Conclusion The ECI must recognize that demands for transparency are not challenges to its authority but efforts to reinforce trust in India’s democratic process. It is essential to move beyond a defensive approach and proactively enhance electoral credibility through procedural improvements. Transparency should be seen as a means to strengthen electoral integrity, not as an attack on it. The assault on multilateralism and international law The U.S.’s shift towards unilateralism under the “America First” policy threatens the foundations of multilateral cooperation and international law, leading to global geopolitical and economic repercussions. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question:“The retreat of the United States from multilateral institutions signals a shift towards unilateralism, impacting global governance and international law.” Discuss the implications of this shift and analyze the role of emerging powers like India in sustaining multilateralism. (250 words) U.S. Shift Towards Political and Economic Isolationism The Trump administration’s “America First” policy has led to systematic disengagement from multilateral institutions. The DEFUND Act, introduced by Senator Mike Lee, proposes U.S. withdrawal from the United Nations (UN), repealing key legislations such as: United Nations Participation Act of 1945 United Nations Headquarters Agreement of 1947 Potential consequences of the DEFUND Act: Loss of financial support to the UN, crippling key programs like peacekeeping and human rights monitoring. Revocation of UN officials’ immunity, obstructing diplomatic activities within the U.S. Undermining the legitimacy of multilateralism, which has been the cornerstone of the post-WWII international order. Attack on the International Criminal Court (ICC) February 6 Executive Order imposed sanctions on the ICC and its officials. The U.S. accuses the ICC of: Engaging in “illegitimate and baseless actions” against the U.S. and Israel. Overstepping its jurisdiction, despite the U.S. never ratifying the Rome Statute (1998). Contradiction in U.S. policy: The U.S. played a pivotal role in the Nuremberg Trials, establishing accountability for crimes against humanity. Robert H. Jackson’s principle at Nuremberg: Rule of law must triumph over power. The move weakens international law enforcement, increasing impunity for war crimes and human rights violations. Trade Protectionism and Economic Nationalism The Trump administration’s aggressive tariffs in the name of national security parallel historical protectionist policies: Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930) worsened the Great Depression, contributing to WWII. Similar trade barriers today risk destabilizing the global economy. U.S. has blocked appointments to the WTO Appellate Body, rendering the dispute resolution mechanism ineffective. The looming threat of U.S. withdrawal from the WTO endangers the global rules-based trading system. Implications of U.S. Unilateralism on Global Governance Weakening of international institutions that govern climate change, human rights, public health, and economic stability. Rise of unilateralism, where powerful states bypass global norms for national interests. Increased geopolitical tensions, as other nations might retaliate against U.S. policies. Diminishing credibility of the U.S., as allies and partners may seek alternative global leadership. Opportunity for Non-Western Nations, Especially India India’s advocacy for multilateralism positions it as a key player in global governance. At the G-20 Foreign Ministers’ Meeting (February 2025),S. Jaishankar emphasized: The need for inclusive multilateralism in addressing global challenges. The importance of upholding international law and peaceful conflict resolution. India’s long-standing call for UN Security Council (UNSC) reforms gains traction amid the shifting global order. A multipolar world order may emerge, with India and other non-Western nations assuming leadership roles. Conclusion The U.S.’s retreat from multilateralism jeopardizes global cooperation but also creates leadership opportunities for emerging powers. The success of ‘Make America Great Again’ (MAGA) is unlikely without multilateral collaboration. The international community must resist unilateralism and prioritize cooperative global governance for sustainable development. The challenge of policing digital giants Context : The Meta Case and CCI’s Order The Competition Commission of India (CCI) imposed a fine of ₹213.14 crore on Meta and banned sharing of WhatsApp user data with Facebook and Instagram for five years. The NCLAT granted a stay on this order, allowing Meta to continue data sharing, subject to a 50% penalty deposit. Key concern: The 2021 WhatsApp privacy policy update was seen as an abuse of dominant position, forcing users into a “take-it-or-leave-it” data-sharing agreement. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ,Privacy Rights) Practice Question : “In the digital economy, data is both the source and enabler of dominance. Discuss the challenges posed by data-centric monopolies in digital markets and suggest measures to strengthen India’s regulatory framework to address them.” (250 words) The Role of Data in Digital Market Dominance Data is the new oil but unlike oil, it is limitless, reusable, and self-reinforcing. Platforms like Meta and Google use data pools to refine algorithms, create hyper-targeted advertising, and lock users into their ecosystems. Network effects: More users generate more data, increasing platform dominance and making market entry harder for competitors. Global Regulatory Challenges and Precedents U.S.: The U.S. District Court found Google violating the Sherman Act for monopolistic agreements in search and advertising. Meta faces antitrust litigation over acquisitions of Instagram and WhatsApp. Europe: The Bundeskartellamt (Germany) found Meta violating EU competition law by aggregating user data without consent. EU has fined Google over €8 billion for anti-competitive practices. Australia: Implemented reforms to curb tech giant dominance in digital advertising and data use. India’s Legal Framework and Gaps Competition Act, 2002 lacks provisions for data-centric monopolies; it focuses on price-based dominance. Proposed changes: Define “data monopolization” as a parameter for market dominance. Introduce interoperability mandates and data-sharing requirements to prevent monopolistic control. Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023: Can complement competition law but lacks coordination with the CCI, reducing its effectiveness. Lessons from EU: India could integrate competition law with Digital Markets Act (DMA) and GDPR to regulate data exploitation. Broader Implications and Way Forward The Economic Survey 2024-25 emphasizes AI and digital transformation, highlighting the need for future-proof regulations. India needs a proactive approach to competition law, not just reactive penalties. Future regulations should anticipate technological advancements to ensure fair competition, innovation, and consumer protection. Conclusion: The Meta case is a critical milestone in India’s digital regulatory landscape, but it underscores the need for comprehensive, forward-looking competition laws to tackle emerging challenges in the digital economy.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 March 2025

Content: X Corp. challenges content blocking orders, opposes Centre’s ‘censorship portal’ How do habitual offender laws discriminate? ‘Land acquired for public purpose can’t be returned to owner through private deal’ Should immigrants have the same right to protest as citizens? The TB crisis and women: why gender issues matters more than ever Engaged communities are key to ending TB X Corp. challenges content blocking orders, opposes Centre’s ‘censorship portal’ Context : X Corp has challenged the Indian government’s content blocking orders and the Sahyog portal, raising concerns over digital censorship, legal overreach, and freedom of speech.  Relevance : GS-2 (Governance, Constitution, Polity & Social Justice ) X Corp’s Legal Challenge: X Corp (formerly Twitter) has filed a petition in the Karnataka High Court against the Indian government’s content blocking orders. The company is opposing the Centre’s newly introduced Sahyog portal, calling it a “censorship portal”. X Corp argues that the portal allows excessive government control over content removal by enabling all government agencies, including local police, to issue blocking orders. Legal Provisions in Question: Section 69A of the IT Act, 2000: Allows the Union government to block public access to content for reasons like sovereignty, security, public order, or preventing incitement. Supreme Court’s Shreya Singhal vs Union of India (2015) judgment laid down procedural safeguards to prevent misuse. Section 79(3)(b) of the IT Act, 2000: States that intermediaries (like social media platforms) lose protection from liability if they fail to remove unlawful content when notified by the government. X Corp argues that this does not grant the government the power to issue blocking orders. X Corp’s Concerns: The Union Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) misused Section 79(3)(b) by allowing various government agencies to issue blocking orders. The Sahyog portal was created to enforce such orders without the procedural safeguards required under Section 69A. X Corp fears coercive action if it does not comply with orders issued via Sahyog or fails to appoint a nodal officer for coordination. Government’s Standpoint: Officials claim that Section 79 orders do not mandate blocking, but merely notify intermediaries about illegal content. The government insists that the Sahyog portal is not a censorship tool, but a mechanism to ensure faster compliance. Legal and Expert Opinions: Prasanth Sugathan (Software Freedom Law Centre, India): Expressed concerns over the Sahyog portal allowing mass complaints without procedural safeguards. Government’s Argument in Court: The Additional Solicitor-General argued that no interim relief was required as there was no immediate action against X Corp. Next Steps: Karnataka High Court hearing scheduled for March 27 to determine the legal standing of Sahyog and the government’s blocking mechanism. How do habitual offender laws discriminate? Context : Supreme Court’s Stand on Habitual Offender Laws SC questioned the constitutional validity of these laws in Oct 2023, calling them “constitutionally suspect.” Observed that such laws target Denotified Tribes (DNTs) and reinforce historical discrimination. Urged states to review the necessity of these laws. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) , GS 2(Governance , Polity) Origin of the ‘Habitual Offender’ Concept Colonial Beginnings: Started with Regulation XXII of 1793, allowing imprisonment of communities based on suspicion. Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) 1871: Marked entire tribes as “criminal” by birth. Repeal in 1952: CTA was repealed, and affected communities were classified as Denotified, Nomadic, and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (DNTs, NTs, SNTs). Post-Independence Continuation: States enacted new “habitual offender” laws, shifting from community-based classification to individual-based classification. Discriminatory Application of the Laws Despite repealing CTA, states continued surveillance of DNT communities under habitual offender laws. Crimes listed under these laws include vague terms like “being a thug,” “lurking,” and “belonging to a gang of dacoits.” Rajasthan’s prison manuals explicitly allowed DNT community members to be labeled habitual offenders. Historical and Contemporary Backlash 1998 Case of Budhan Sabar: A custodial death that sparked outrage over the misuse of these laws. Formation of DNT-RAG (Denotified and Nomadic Tribes Rights Action Group): Advocacy led by Mahasweta Devi and G.N. Devy. UN Committee on Racial Discrimination (2007): Called for repeal of such laws. Virginius Xaxa Committee (2014): Noted persistent stigma due to habitual offender laws. Current Status in States Repealed or Discontinued: Punjab, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha (not implemented in 5+ years). States Defending the Law: Gujarat: Claims “intent” is not to harass DNTs. Goa: Argues no DNTs exist in the state, so misuse is not possible. Telangana: Calls it a preventive measure. Uttar Pradesh: States it is covered under the Goondas Act. Data on Habitual Offenders NCRB 2022 Data: 1.9% of India’s 1.29 lakh convict population classified as habitual offenders. Delhi: Highest proportion, with 21.5% of convicts labeled as habitual offenders. Key Concerns and the Way Forward Structural Discrimination: Continues targeting marginalized DNT communities. Legal Ambiguity: Vague definitions allow arbitrary application. Need for Repeal: SC and international bodies advocate for abolition to prevent abuse. State Accountability: Ensuring legal reforms align with constitutional principles and human rights. ‘Land acquired for public purpose can’t be returned to owner through private deal’ The Supreme Court ruled that land acquired for public purposes cannot be returned to the original owner through private deals, calling it a fraud on the state’s power of eminent domain. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Constitution ) Judgment Highlights The Supreme Court ruled that land acquired for public purposes cannot be returned to the original owner through a private deal. The judgment emphasized that such transactions amount to fraud on the state’s power of eminent domain. The case involved the Delhi Agricultural Marketing Board, which had agreed to return half of the acquired land to the original owner after acquisition. The court stated that this violates the principle of eminent domain, which justifies compulsory acquisition for public benefit. Legal and Constitutional Aspects Eminent Domain Principle: The state has the power to acquire private land for public use, but it must be used strictly for the intended purpose. Land Acquisition Act, 1894: The land was acquired under this Act for a grain market in Narela, Delhi. Fraudulent Use of Sovereign Power: The SC held that allowing such private transactions would undermine public interest and state authority. Implications of the Judgment Prevention of Misuse: The ruling curbs potential misuse of land acquisition laws by statutory bodies. Transparency in Land Acquisition: Reinforces the need for accountability and adherence to public purpose in government land acquisitions. Future Precedent: Strengthens legal safeguards against arbitrary transfers of acquired land, ensuring it is not misused for private gain. Conclusion The SC’s judgment reinforces constitutional morality in land acquisition, ensuring that public interest is upheld and preventing the misuse of state power for private benefit. Should immigrants have the same right to protest as citizens? The debate over whether immigrants should have the same right to protest as citizens gains prominence amid recent U.S. crackdowns on foreign student activists. Relevance : GS 2(Rights , Governance , International Relations) Legal Basis Under International Law Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) guarantees freedom of expression for both citizens and immigrants. However, restrictions can be imposed for national security or public order reasons. Some countries enforce stricter regulations, while liberal democracies are more permissive. National Security and Foreign Policy Constraints Governments often prioritize security over free speech when it comes to non-citizens. U.S. legal tradition supports free speech, but non-citizens may not have equal protection. The legal status of the individual (citizen, green card holder, or visa holder) determines their rights. First Amendment Rights and U.S. Law First Amendment protects non-citizens in criminal cases, but deportation cases are different. The Immigration and Nationality Act, 1952 allows the deportation of non-citizens for supporting designated terrorist organizations. Past precedents (e.g., Cold War deportations) show that legal aliens can face action for ideological affiliations. Impact on International Students & U.S. Soft Power Visa revocations and funding cuts to universities may deter international students in the long run. The U.S. risks losing credibility on free speech advocacy if it selectively suppresses dissent. Such actions could legitimize authoritarian measures globally, weakening democratic norms. Executive Control Over Immigration Judges Immigration judges in the U.S. operate under the Department of Justice, making them vulnerable to executive influence. While the judicial system provides checks and balances, the process can feel politically motivated for immigrants. Controversy Over Section 212(a)(3)(C) of the 1952 Act This provision allows deportation if an immigrant’s actions “adversely affect foreign policy”. It is criticized as vague and susceptible to misuse. Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project (2010) upheld free speech protections unless material support for terrorism is proven. Broader Implications If the U.S. weaponizes its immigration laws to silence dissent, it risks undermining its own global influence. The current legal battles over student activists will be a test of U.S. constitutional principles. Indian Perspective India’s Legal Framework: ICCPR protects free speech, but the Foreigners Act, 1946, allows restrictions on foreign protesters. Visa Regulations: Foreigners in India, especially on student/work visas, are generally barred from political protests. Past Incidents: German IIT student deported (2020) for anti-CAA protests; Bangladeshi national faced similar action. National Security: India strictly controls protests linked to China, Pakistan, and insurgencies. Impact on Indians Abroad: U.S. crackdown may set a precedent affecting Indian students. Diplomatic Response: India may raise concerns if Indian students face action abroad while restricting protests domestically. Conclusion While international law supports equal rights to protest, domestic legal frameworks often limit non-citizens’ rights based on national security concerns. The balance between free speech and security remains a key legal and ethical debate. The TB crisis and women: why gender issues matters more than ever Context : Gender Disparities in TB Burden Women face unique challenges in TB diagnosis and treatment due to social and economic barriers. The India TB Report 2023 states men are more affected due to smoking, drug use, and occupational exposure, but women face under-diagnosis and delayed care. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues , Health ) Stigma and Discrimination Women with TB often face social isolation, loss of employment, and abandonment by families. Post-treatment challenges include skin discoloration, physical weakness, and mental health struggles. Cultural norms discourage open discussion of TB, leading to hidden cases and late-stage detection. Barriers to Accessing Treatment Financial dependence makes it difficult for women to afford treatment and nutritious food. Caregiver burden forces many women to prioritize family duties over their health. Lack of awareness and healthcare-seeking behavior leads to untreated TB cases. Government Initiatives and Shortcomings Nikshay Poshan Yojana provides ₹1,000/month for TB patients, but access remains inconsistent. Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan mobilizes community support for nutritional assistance. The National TB Elimination Program (NTEP) targets 2025 for TB elimination, but challenges in implementation persist. India’s TB Burden: The Bigger Picture India accounts for 27% of global TB cases; 331,000 deaths occurred in 2022. Drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) is rising, with 2.5% of new cases and 13% of treated cases affected. HIV-TB co-infection complicates treatment for around 2% of TB patients. The Way Forward Strengthen gender-sensitive healthcare policies to ensure early diagnosis and support. Improve financial and social assistance programs to prevent treatment abandonment. Enhance community awareness campaigns to reduce stigma and misinformation. Ensure robust implementation of benefit schemes with active monitoring and accountability. Engaged communities are key to ending TB Despite being preventable and treatable, tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health challenge, disproportionately affecting marginalized communities and requiring a community-driven approach for effective eradication. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues , Health) Global TB Burden Prevalence: TB remains a major global health challenge, disproportionately affecting marginalized communities. Statistics: WHO Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 states: 10.8 million people developed active TB in 2023. 1.25 million deaths globally. Contradiction: Despite being preventable and treatable, TB continues to cause high mortality. The Role of Community Engagement Beyond medical treatment – TB exists in a social context; families and communities are crucial in the fight. Key aspects of community participation: Co-designing care models. Shaping awareness campaigns. Creating treatment support programs that address medical, social, and economic barriers. Impact of lived experiences: Helps identify challenges and gaps in TB care. Ensures culturally relevant support systems. Strengthens treatment adherence through survivor-led initiatives. Addressing TB-Related Stigma Stigma discourages diagnosis & treatment: Fear of discrimination leads to delays in seeking medical help. Community-driven solutions: Survivor-led advocacy raises awareness and changes public perceptions. Family and community narratives help normalize conversations about TB. Policymaking gaps: Those affected by TB are excluded from advocacy and communication efforts. Medicalised, top-down approach limits community participation. Tokenistic engagement reduces the effectiveness of TB programs. Challenges in Community Engagement Lack of institutional support: Community participation is often symbolic rather than meaningful. Grassroots organizations struggle with funding constraints. Rigid, expert-led structures: National TB programs fail to fully integrate community voices. Policies are created without grassroots input, leading to weak implementation. Successful Community-Driven Models India – Survivors Against TB (SATB): First survivor-led advocacy movement. Focus on patient rights, policy changes, nutritional & mental health support. South Africa – Desmond Tutu TB Centre: Integrates research, community participation, and policy advocacy. “Kick TB” campaign uses soccer to educate schoolchildren about TB. Key takeaway: Community leadership drives sustainable change. The Way Forward: Rethinking TB Care Shift from tokenism to substantive engagement. Prioritize affected communities over numerical targets. Holistic TB response: Integrate medical, social, and psychological support. Empathy & equity in TB care – A person-centered approach is essential for elimination

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 20 March 2025

Content: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN S &T Coal Gasification Initiative RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN S &T Government-led R&D initiatives in academic institutions foster innovation, strengthen industry-academia collaboration, and enhance India’s global research competitiveness. Relevance : GS-3 ( Science & Technology, Innovation) Significance of R&D Measures in Academic Institutions Bridging Theory and Practice: Exposure to R&D enables students to apply theoretical knowledge to real-world problems. Fostering Innovation & Critical Thinking: Encourages creativity and problem-solving abilities through hands-on research. Academia-Industry Collaboration: Strengthens the linkage between academic institutions and industries, facilitating technology transfer. Enhancing Global Competitiveness: Provides students with opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration and international research exposure. Preparation for Knowledge-Driven Economy: Trains students to meet the demands of an evolving economy driven by research, technology, and innovation. Impact of Government-Led R&D Initiatives on Student Exposure Ph.D. Enrollment Growth: Increased by 81.2% from 1.17 lakh (2015-16) to 2.13 lakh (2021-22). Rise in Female Participation: Female Ph.D. enrollment doubled from 48,000 (2014-15) to 99,000 (2021-22), enhancing gender representation. Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) in Higher Education: Overall GER increased from 23.7% (2014-15) to 28.4% (2021-22) for ages 18-23 years. Female GER rose from 22.9% (2014-15) to 28.5% (2021-22). STEM Enrollment: 25.6% of total enrollments (98.49 lakh students in 2021-22) were in STEM fields at UG, PG, and Ph.D. levels. Key R&D Initiatives by the Government A. Department of Biotechnology (DBT) Initiatives Fellowship Programs: DBT-JRF, DBT-RA, Ramalingaswami Re-entry Fellowship, BioCARe Fellowship, and M K Bhan Fellowship provide research opportunities. Research Infrastructure Support (RRSFP Programme): DBT-BUILDER: Strengthened 177 departments in 45 universities/institutes (Central, State, and Private). DBT-SAHAJ: Created a national research resource-sharing platform for academia and industry collaboration. Star College Programme (2008): Focuses on hands-on experimental science at UG level to encourage students toward research careers. DBT-BIRAC Amrit Team Grant: Supports collaborative research between academia, clinical institutions, and startups. B. Department of Scientific & Industrial Research (DSIR) Initiatives CSIR Doctoral & Postdoctoral Fellowships: Provides fellowships for young researchers, with over 650 academic and R&D institutions benefiting. Support for Research Projects: Financial assistance for frontier scientific research, contributing to scientific publications, patents, and technology development. India’s Global Research Standing: Ranked 3rd globally in publishing Science and Engineering research articles. Increased researchers per million population from 215 (2015) to 260 (2020). C. Department of Science and Technology (DST) Initiatives INSPIRE (Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research): INSPIRE Internship: Science camps for top 1% Class X students. Scholarship for Higher Education (SHE): 12,000 annual scholarships for UG-level students in science. INSPIRE Fellowship: 1,000 fellowships annually for Ph.D. students. INSPIRE Faculty Fellowship: 100 fellowships annually for young researchers (27-32 years). FIST (Fund for Improvement of S&T Infrastructure): Supports basic infrastructure and emerging research facilities. Benefitted 3,072 departments & PG colleges, with a ₹3,130.82 crore budget. SATHI Centres (Sophisticated Analytical and Technical Help Institutes): Provides high-end research equipment and training for researchers, MSMEs, and startups. PURSE (Promotion of University Research and Scientific Excellence): Strengthens university R&D ecosystems and capabilities. WISE-KIRAN (Women in Science & Engineering): Provides targeted programs for women scientists to improve participation in S&T research. Conclusion: Increased Research Output: Higher Ph.D. enrollments and research projects contribute to India’s scientific advancements. Stronger Academia-Industry Linkages: Facilitates technology transfer and innovation in industries. Greater Global Competitiveness: Empowers students for international research collaborations and cutting-edge technological advancements. Coal Gasification Initiative Coal gasification is a strategic initiative that converts coal into syngas, facilitating cleaner energy production and reducing import dependence on fossil fuels. The government’s ₹8,500 crore incentive and policy reforms aim to promote sustainable industrial growth and align with India’s Vision 2047 for a developed economy. Relevance : GS-3 (Infrastructure, Energy Security, Environment & Economy) Financial Incentive for Coal Gasification Projects Outlay of ₹8,500 crore: Approved on January 24, 2024, to promote coal/lignite gasification. Covers both PSUs and private sector: Aims to encourage widespread adoption of gasification technology. Investment by Coal India Limited (CIL) in Joint Ventures CIL-BHEL and CIL-GAIL Joint Ventures: Established for coal gasification projects. Strategic partnerships: Aim to enhance technological capabilities and execution efficiency. Creation of a New Sub-Sector for Syngas Production (2022) “Production of Syngas leading to coal gasification” added under NRS linkage auctions policy. Support through auction mechanisms: Floor price set at the notified price of the regulated sector. Applicable to projects commissioned within seven years. Incentives for Coal Gasification in Commercial Coal Block Auctions 50% rebate on revenue share for coal used in gasification. Condition: At least 10% of total coal production from the block must be used for gasification. Strategic Importance of Coal Gasification Alternative use of coal: Converts coal into syngas (synthetic gas). Key downstream products: Methanol – Used in chemicals and fuels. Ammonium Nitrate – Essential for fertilizers and explosives. Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) – Alternative to conventional natural gas. Fertilizers – Reducing dependence on imported fertilizers. Supports environmental sustainability by reducing direct coal combustion emissions. Aligns with India’s Vision 2047 of achieving a developed, self-reliant economy. Impact Assessment Status No specific impact assessment of the financial incentive scheme has been conducted yet. CIL’s Expansion into Critical Minerals Acquisition of Khattali Chhoti Graphite Block (Madhya Pradesh) through e-auction. Global partnerships: Signed Non-Disclosure Agreements (NDAs) with companies from Argentina and Australia. Focus on acquiring lithium assets in Argentina. Reducing Import Dependency on Critical Minerals Exclusive auction rights to Central Government for 24 critical minerals. Critical Mineral Mission (Union Budget 2024-25): Focus areas: Domestic production Recycling Overseas acquisitions Research & Development (R&D) Aims to ensure self-sufficiency and supply chain resilience in critical minerals. Conclusion The coal gasification initiative is a major step toward energy security and reducing environmental impact. Financial and policy incentives aim to boost private and public sector participation. CIL’s expansion into critical minerals aligns with India’s efforts to reduce import dependency.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 20 March 2025

Content: A delimitation red flag — the lessons from J&K, Assam Telecom tribunal reforms to handle data protection pleas A delimitation red flag — the lessons from J&K, Assam Context : Delimitation is the process of redrawing boundaries of electoral constituencies based on changes in population. The upcoming 2026 Delimitation Commission is expected to redistribute parliamentary and assembly seats, potentially shifting political power towards more populous states. Concerns arise regarding population-based seat allocation, as southern states argue that it penalizes them for successful population control measures. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Governance, Federalism) Practice Question : Delimitation is a crucial exercise in ensuring fair political representation, but it also carries risks of demographic and communal manipulation. Analyze the recent delimitation exercises in Jammu & Kashmir and Assam, highlighting the challenges they pose for the upcoming 2026 delimitation process. Suggest measures to uphold the principles of federalism and electoral integrity. (250 words) Democratic and Federal Concerns Freezing Parliamentary Seats but Expanding Assembly Seats Suggested as a middle ground to maintain democratic representation while addressing state-level governance needs. MLAs serve as the first point of contact for citizens, while MPs represent national interests. Rajya Sabha Redistribution Proposal Equal distribution of Rajya Sabha seats among the five geographic zones to balance power between high and low-population states. Existing Zonal Councils and the Inter-State Council could be revived to strengthen federal coordination. Case Study: Jammu & Kashmir Delimitation (2022) Disproportionate Seat Allocation Jammu gained six new seats, while only one was added to the Valley, despite population differences. This resulted in a vote weight of 1.2 for Jammu against 1 for the Valley, skewing representation. Geographical and Administrative Challenges The merger of Jammu’s Poonch and Rajouri with Kashmir’s Anantnag Lok Sabha seat defied topographical and administrative logic. These regions belong to separate ecological and cultural zones—Pir Panjal (Jammu) and Jhelum Valley (Kashmir). Communal Redrawing of Constituencies Several newly created constituencies, such as Jasrota, Ramgarh, Ramnagar, and Vaishno Devi, have undergone demographic shifts due to restructuring. Kishtwar constituency was restructured by merging areas from Inderwal, altering its voter composition. Significant variations in electorate sizes exist, with some constituencies having around 50,000 voters while others have up to 1.92 lakh voters, raising concerns about voter parity and representation balance.  Case Study: Assam Delimitation (2023) Preemptive District Mergers in Assam The Assam government merged four districts before delimitation, reducing the total number from 35 to 31. This restructuring led to the removal or reconfiguration of multiple constituencies, including South Salmara, Barpeta, and Karimganj. Broader Implications for the 2026 Delimitation Challenges in Electoral Demarcation Recent experiences in Jammu & Kashmir and Assam indicate that delimitation can significantly impact political representation. Ensuring balanced constituency formation is critical to preventing regional and demographic disparities. Electoral Representation and Federal Balance Redrawing of constituencies has led to shifts in voting patterns, raising concerns about political polarization. Delimitation based purely on population figures may reduce the relative influence of southern and developed states, impacting federal representation. Maintaining a balance in representation is essential to uphold the principles of pluralism and cooperative federalism. Ensuring Fair and Transparent Delimitation Independent and Transparent Process Establishing non-partisan, scientifically driven criteria for constituency boundaries. Enhancing institutional autonomy in the delimitation exercise. Strengthening Federal Mechanisms Reviving the Inter-State Council and Zonal Councils to address regional concerns. Avoiding central overreach in electoral mapping. Balanced Representation Framework Freezing the total number of Lok Sabha seats while expanding State Assemblies to accommodate demographic shifts. Redistributing Rajya Sabha seats to ensure equitable regional representation. Upholding Electoral Integrity Preventing gerrymandering to ensure fair representation for all communities. Ensuring equal electorate sizes across constituencies to uphold the principle of “one person, one vote.” Telecom tribunal reforms to handle data protection pleas Background and Context The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP Act) aims to regulate the processing of personal data in India. The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) released draft Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025. The Data Protection Board (DPB) is the designated adjudicatory body for data protection violations, with appeals directed to the Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT). Relevance : GS 2(Tribunals ,Governance, Data Protection) Practice Question : Critically analyze the feasibility of the Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT) as an appellate body for data protection disputes. Suggest reforms to enhance its efficiency and accountability. (15 marks) Concerns with the Current Tribunal System Lack of independence: The executive has control over appointments to the DPB, raising concerns over separation of powers. Questionable feasibility: The TDSAT, traditionally handling telecom disputes, may lack the expertise and capacity to handle data protection cases. Required Reforms for TDSAT to Handle Data Protection Appeals A. Appointment of a Technical Member with Data Protection Expertise Current Structure: As per Section 14C of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) Act, 1997, a TDSAT member must have expertise in technology, telecom, industry, commerce, or administration. Challenges: Data protection involves legal principles of consent, storage, processing, and privacy, distinct from telecom regulations. Telecom laws focus on infrastructure, spectrum allocation, and service providers, whereas data protection concerns individual rights and privacy safeguards. Solution: Amend Section 14C of the TRAI Act to mandate a technical member specializing in data protection and privacy laws. B. Addressing TDSAT’s Case Burden and Capacity Constraints Rising Caseload: 3,448 pending cases (Feb 2020–Feb 2025). The newly enacted Telecommunications Act, 2023 will further increase workload. Appeals under DPDP Act must be disposed of within six months, which may be less realistic given current case backlogs. Structural Issues: Only one technical member (no judicial member) on the bench in January 2025, violating Supreme Court guidelines on tribunal composition. Solutions: Increased budgetary allocation to expand the number of benches and recruit judicial members. Setting up dedicated benches for data protection cases to avoid further backlog. C. Upgrading Digital Infrastructure for Efficient Case Management Existing Issues: The TDSAT website is not user-friendly, affecting accessibility and digital filing efficiency. Digital filing of appeals is mandated, but current technological infrastructure is inadequate. Solution: Upgrade TDSAT’s digital platform to improve ease of access, track case status, and enable real-time updates. The Legal Cases Management System implemented by TRAI (2023) must be assessed for effectiveness and improved accordingly. D. Ensuring Transparency and Accountability Lack of reporting on TDSAT’s case disposal rates raises concerns about efficiency. Solution: TDSAT should publish annual reports with: Number of data protection appeals filed, resolved, and pending. Average disposal time for cases. Key legal issues addressed in appeals. Conclusion TDSAT needs institutional, structural, and technological reforms to effectively function as the appellate body for data protection cases. The reforms must ensure expertise, efficiency, digital readiness, and transparency to uphold the rule of law and individual privacy rights.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 20 March 2025

Content: V-P calls for debate on freebies, policy on efficient use of public investments A regional divide in blue-collar worker migration from India What are the different risks and rewards of using UAVs? Per capita income claims by States contradict high BPL population: SC U.S., U.K. replace Gulf nations as top source of remittances’ NASA astronauts stranded in space for nine months back on earth with a splashdown El Niño or La Niña? Murky pattern of temperature keeps confusion alive V-P calls for debate on freebies, policy on efficient use of public investments Context:Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar’s Call for Debate: Criticized the culture of “freebies” and called for a structured national policy on government investments. Emphasized that capital expenditure (capex) is crucial for economic growth, and electoral allurements can burden future governments. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Subsidies & Global Comparison: Stressed that subsidies should be direct, transparent, and without intermediaries, as practiced in developed nations like the U.S. Cited the example of U.S. farm subsidies, where direct transfers ensure that farm household incomes exceed general household incomes. Context of the Debate: Came in response to Samajwadi Party MP Ramgopal Yadav’s demand to increase MPLADS funds from ₹5 crore to ₹20 crore per year due to rising construction costs. Yadav highlighted that MLAs in Uttar Pradesh get ₹5 crore, while Delhi MLAs have ₹10 crore for constituency development. Fiscal & Policy Implications: The demand for higher MPLADS funds reflects the need to adjust for inflation and rising project costs. The proposal to exempt MPLADS funds from GST suggests concerns over effective utilization of funds for development. The broader issue of freebies vs. targeted welfare remains a critical fiscal and governance challenge. Relevance Economic Perspective : Freebies can strain public finances, affecting long-term growth. Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT) align with fiscal prudence and targeted welfare. Governance & Policy: Need for a structured national policy to regulate government investments and avoid unsustainable populism. Parliamentary discussion could shape future fiscal policy and subsidy reforms. Electoral & Political Considerations: Freebies often serve as electoral incentives, impacting fiscal discipline. Governments face challenges in balancing welfare with economic sustainability. A regional divide in blue-collar worker migration from India Context : Declining Migration from Southern & Western States: Historically high migrant-sending States like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Punjab have seen a sharpdrop in the number of workers emigrating to Gulf nations. Example: Kerala’s emigration fell from 82,000 (2014-16) to 60,000 (2021-24); Tamil Nadu’s from 1.3 lakh to 78,000. Punjab, a major contributor, also saw a decline from 94,000 to 39,000. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice) Sustained Migration from Northern & Eastern States: Uttar Pradesh and Bihar continue to send a high volume of blue-collar workers to the Gulf, despite falling remittances. U.P. workers exceeded 4 lakh in both periods, while Bihar’s remained over 2 lakh. West Bengal and Rajasthan also saw moderate declines but still contribute significantly. Changing Remittance Patterns: Gulf’s Declining Share in India’s Remittances: The share of remittances from UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait has significantly dropped. UAE fell from 26.9% (2016-17) to 19.2% (2023-24), Saudi Arabia from 11.6% to 6.7%, and Kuwait from 6.5% to 3.9%. Rise in Remittances from Advanced Economies: Inward remittances have increased from the U.S., U.K., Singapore, and Canada, suggesting a shift in migrant destinations. U.S. share rose from 22.9% to 27.7%, U.K. from 3.4% to 10.8%. State-wise Trends in Remittances: States with declining Gulf migration are receiving higher remittances. Maharashtra (16.7% to 20.5%), Kerala (19% to 19.7%), Tamil Nadu (8% to 10.4%) have seen growth. Bihar, U.P., West Bengal, and Rajasthan continue to receive a minimal share (1%-3%), despite sending more workers. Migration Trends & Economic Implications: Possible Shift in Migration Destinations: Declining remittances from Gulf countries indicate that workers from Southern and Western States may be moving to advanced economies for better financial returns. Higher remittances from the U.S., U.K., and Singapore suggest a preference for white-collar jobs and skilled migration. Persistent Outflow from U.P. & Bihar Despite Low Wages: Limited employment opportunities in North and Eastern India may be forcing workers to migrate to Gulf nations despite stagnant or declining wages. Gulf migration remains a livelihood necessity rather than a choice for these workers. Electorate vs. Migration Skew: U.P. forms 15.8% of India’s electorate but accounted for 34% of ECs issued (2021-24). Bihar has 7.9% of the electorate but accounted for 17.4% of ECs issued. This indicates a disproportionately high dependence on Gulf migration for employment in these States. Policy & Governance Concerns: Need for Skill Development & Diversified Job Creation: Enhancing skilled migration opportunities to advanced economies can improve remittance flows. Investments in domestic manufacturing and services are needed to reduce Gulf dependency. Reforms in Migration Policy & Worker Protections: Ensuring higher wages and better working conditions for Gulf migrants is crucial. Streamlining bilateral agreements with Gulf nations for better job security. Regional Economic Disparities: Southern and Western States are transitioning to a higher-remittance economy, while North and East India remain reliant on low-wage Gulf migration. A national strategy is needed to bridge this divide and create sustainable employment avenues. What are the different risks and rewards of using UAVs? Why are UAVs seen as less of a threat? UAVs are generally perceived as less dangerous than piloted fighter jets. Even weaponized UAVs have lower firepower compared to fighter aircraft. A significant proportion of UAVs are used for surveillance and reconnaissance rather than combat. The absence of a pilot reduces the perception of direct state aggression. UAV missions pose lower financial and human risks, making them a more viable option for intelligence gathering. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Internal Security ,Technology) Recent Examples of UAV Usage and Responses Iran-U.S. incident (2019): Iran shot down an American drone over the Strait of Hormuz. The U.S. claimed it was over international waters, but refrained from military retaliation. Russia-U.S. incident (2023): Russia downed an American MQ-9 Reaper UAV. The U.S. did not escalate militarily. Pattern of Response: Countries tend to react less aggressively to UAV incidents compared to fighter jet incursions. This enables states to use UAVs more frequently in foreign airspace, leading to potential risk-taking behavior. Implications for India Challenges with Pakistan: Pakistan-based UAVs often transport arms and drugs across the border. India has used expensive air-to-air missiles (e.g., Su-30 interception in 2019) to neutralize them, raising cost-effectiveness concerns. Need for cost-efficient counter-UAV solutions. Bangladesh’s UAV deployment: Turkish Bayraktar TB-2 UAVs are used near the Indian border for surveillance. India must decide how to respond without escalating tensions. Strategic Considerations for India: As UAVs become integral to modern warfare, India must adapt its military strategy. Development of counter-UAV technology (e.g., jammers, directed energy weapons) is crucial. Policy decisions should weigh security risks, economic costs, and diplomatic repercussions. Conclusion UAVs present both opportunities and challenges in modern warfare. They offer low-risk intelligence gathering, but also encourage bold and frequent incursions. Per capita income claims by States contradict high BPL population: SC Context :Supreme Court’s Observations The Supreme Court (SC) questioned how some States claim high per capita income while having up to 70% of their population Below Poverty Line (BPL). This contradiction raises doubts about the actual distribution of economic progress and wealth. The SC questioned whether subsidized ration schemes are genuine welfare measures or merely political popularity tactics. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ,Social Justice) Petitioners’ Arguments Advocates Prashant Bhushan and Cheryl D’Souza highlighted growing economic inequality as a major issue. A small percentage of the population holds immense wealth, while a vast majority struggle on ₹30-₹40 per day. They emphasized the need for an inclusive and equitable Public Distribution System (PDS). Concerns Over Public Distribution System (PDS) Justice Surya Kant noted that political considerations might influence ration card distribution, affecting genuine beneficiaries. Corruption and mismanagement at various levels delay or disrupt food supply to the poor. Despite these flaws, the SC asserted that PDS should not be discouraged, as it plays a vital role in food security. Centre’s Stand on Food Security Additional Solicitor-General Aishwarya Bhati reaffirmed the Centre’s commitment under the National Food Security Act (NFSA). Current Coverage: NFSA covers 81.35% of the population. 11 crore people are additionally covered under the Anganwadi scheme. Another 22 crore people receive food security benefits through other programs. Key Takeaways Economic growth claims vs. poverty statistics highlight a gap in development benefits. Ration distribution efficiency needs scrutiny to ensure food reaches the deserving poor. Inequality concerns must be addressed to ensure wealth distribution aligns with per capita income growth. Strengthening and depoliticizing PDS is crucial for effective food security in India. ‘U.S., U.K. replace Gulf nations as top source of remittances’ Context : Key Findings from RBI’s Report A shift in remittance sources has been observed in the past four years. Developed economies (U.S. & U.K.) have replaced Gulf nations as the top contributors of remittances to India. RBI’s Sixth Round of India’s Remittances Survey (March 2024) highlights this transformation. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Remittance) Rise of the U.S. & U.K. Share of U.S. & U.K. remittances increased from 26% in FY17 to 40% in FY24. The U.S. alone contributed nearly 28% in FY24, up from 23.4% in FY21. The U.K.’s share surged from 3% in FY17 to 10.8% in FY24. The shift is attributed to the rising share of Indian professionals and skilled workers in these countries. Decline in Gulf Contributions UAE’s share dropped from 27% (FY17) to 19.2% (FY24). Saudi Arabia’s contribution nearly halved, falling from 11.6% (FY17) to 6.7% (FY24). This decline suggests stagnation in remittances from traditional sources like the Gulf. Reasons Behind the Shift Increased migration of Indian professionals to high-paying sectors in developed economies. Slower wage growth & economic shifts in Gulf nations affecting remittance flows. More Indians in white-collar jobs abroad leading to higher per capita remittances. Key Takeaways The remittance pattern highlights India’s changing migration trends. Developed nations now drive remittance growth, reducing dependence on Gulf economies. This trend may impact India’s foreign exchange inflows & economic planning in the long run. NASA astronauts stranded in space for nine months back on earth with a splashdown Context : NASA astronauts Butch Wilmore and Sunita Williams, along with Nick Hague (USA) and Aleksandr Gorbunov (Russia), returned to Earth after an unexpected nine-month stay in space. The SpaceX Crew Dragon capsule “Freedom” splashed down safely in the Gulf of Mexico off Florida at 5:57 p.m. (0327 IST) on Tuesday. Relevance : GS 3(Space) Mission Overview Wilmore and Williams originally launched in June 2023 on Boeing’s Starliner, intended as a short-duration test mission. The Starliner developed propulsion issues, leading to its return without crew, leaving them stranded in space. They were reassigned to NASA’s SpaceX Crew-9 mission, which arrived at the International Space Station (ISS) in September 2023. Return to Earth The crew left the ISS 17 hours before splashdown, after farewells with fellow astronauts. The capsule endured 2,000°C temperatures during re-entry before deploying parachutes for a safe ocean landing. They were retrieved and flown to Houston for a 45-day rehabilitation program. Record-Breaking Stay Wilmore and Williams spent 286 days in space, exceeding the standard six-month ISS rotation. However, their stay ranks sixth in U.S. spaceflight records. Frank Rubio holds the U.S. record (371 days, 2023), while Valeri Polyakov (Russia) holds the global record (437 days, Mir station). Significance & Impact Highlights technical challenges in space missions, especially with new spacecraft like Boeing’s Starliner. Demonstrates the resilience of astronauts and adaptability of NASA’s mission planning. Reinforces SpaceX’s growing role in human spaceflight amid Boeing’s Starliner setbacks. Serves as a reminder of risks in long-duration space missions and the need for robust contingency planning. El Niño or La Niña? Murky pattern of temperature keeps confusion alive The ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) cycle plays a crucial role in shaping global weather patterns, particularly the Indian monsoon. However, recent anomalies in sea surface temperatures (SST) and wind patterns in the Pacific Ocean have created uncertainty regarding whether 2025-26 will be an El Niño or La Niña year. This ambiguity raises concerns about the reliability of monsoon forecasts, which are critical for India’s agriculture and economy. Relevance : GS 1(Geography ) Confusion in ENSO State: Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies in the Pacific are not following typical El Niño or La Niña patterns. Unusual cold SST anomalies in central-western Pacific and warm SST anomalies in far eastern Pacific. Historically, La Niña is associated with cold SST in the eastern Pacific, but this pattern is unclear. Implications for India’s Monsoon (2025-26): ENSO impacts only about 60% of monsoon deficit/surplus years. Uncertainty in 2025 monsoon forecasts due to mixed signals from SST and wind patterns. Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) may counteract the ENSO effect, as seen in 2023. Forecasting Challenges: February 2025 forecasts give conflicting signals—some models predict La Niña by fall, others indicate normal conditions, and one suggests an El Niño. The ENSO transition mode (ETM) in the Southern Hemisphere may have prevented the strong La Niña initially expected for 2024. Impact of Climate Change: Global warming is altering typical El Niño and La Niña behavior. Mid-latitude temperature changes, influenced by shifting jet streams, are affecting monsoons and pre-monsoon cyclones. Early heat waves in 2025 add another layer of uncertainty. Policy and Preparedness: India’s agricultural sector remains vulnerable to unpredictable monsoon patterns. Governments and meteorological agencies must improve forecast reliability. Need for adaptive strategies to manage climate risks, including droughts and extreme weather. Conclusion: The ENSO state remains uncertain, making monsoon forecasts challenging. While researchers continue to analyze trends, policymakers and farmers must brace for any outcome.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 19 March 2025

Content: FARM DISTRESS INDEX PROMOTION OF PM-DAKSH SCHEME FARM DISTRESS INDEX Overview Farmers’ Distress Index (FDI): A multidimensional tool designed to forewarn and mitigate agrarian distress Pilot Study Conducted: Regions: Telangana and Andhra Pradesh Period: 2020-21 & 2021-22 Objective: Assess distress factors affecting farmers and integrate findings with PM Fasal Bima Yojana. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues ,Governance ), GS 3(Agriculture) Key Focus Areas: Climate variability: Droughts, floods, pest infestations. Price volatility: Market fluctuations impacting income stability. Low risk-bearing capacity: Financial and structural constraints. Objectives of FDI Early Warning System: Provides alerts three months in advance to assist policymakers. Structured Assessment: Identifies distress at sub-district levels. Seven key parameters used for analysis. Policy Framework: Scalable model for nationwide implementation. Helps in prioritizing government interventions. Ensures timely response to regions at higher distress levels. Seven Key Indicators of FDI Exposure to Risk: Loss due to pests, diseases, floods, droughts. Adaptive Capacity: Education level of household head. Total land owned & leased-in land. Sensitivity: Percentage of irrigated land. Level of indebtedness. Social vulnerability (SC/ST population, family size). Mitigation & Adaptation Strategies: Non-farm income dependency. Access to government schemes. Household savings. Triggers: Reliance on informal credit. Loan repayment pressure. Immediate cash constraints. Psychological Factors: Social isolation. Inability to meet family obligations. Substance addiction (e.g., alcohol). Impact Assessment: Rising indebtedness. Increased reliance on MGNREGA & public works. Reduction in food consumption. Benefits of FDI Implementation Predictive Tool: Enables authorities to proactively address farmer distress rather than reactive measures. Region-Specific Solutions: Helps in designing customized distress management plans. Encourages localized solutions instead of generic nationwide policies. Government Policy Support: Assists in effective allocation of resources to high-distress areas. Strengthens integration of existing schemes like PM Fasal Bima Yojana. Challenges & Recommendations Lack of National-Level Implementation: Urgent need to scale the pilot study to a national framework. Data Collection & Validation: Require better real-time data monitoring systems. Integration with Other Schemes: Link FDI indicators with welfare programs such as PM-KISAN, crop insurance, and rural credit policies. Farmer Awareness & Participation: Conduct awareness campaigns to educate farmers on distress mitigation strategies. Conclusion Farmers’ Distress Index (FDI) is a transformative tool that can help predict and alleviate agrarian distress. Early warning mechanisms provide an opportunity for policymakers to intervene before crises escalate. A nationwide rollout, backed by real-time data integration, can improve resilience in the agriculture sector. Institutional support and community engagement are key to ensuring the long-term success of FDI. PROMOTION OF PM-DAKSH SCHEME Overview PM-DAKSH Scheme: A Central Sector Scheme initiated in 2020-21. Objective: Provides skill development training to marginalized communities including Scheduled Castes (SCs), Other Backward Classes (OBCs), Economically Weaker Sections (EWS), De-Notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (DNTs), Safai Karamcharis, and Waste Pickers. Implementation: Conducted through empanelled training institutes. Employment Outcome: 56.40% of trained individuals secured employment or started enterprises (till 2022-23). Training Categories: Up-skilling/Re-skilling: Enhancing existing skills for better job opportunities. Short-Term Training: Industry-aligned courses for fresh job seekers. Entrepreneurship Development Programs (EDP): Encouraging self-employment through business skills training. Long-Term Training: Advanced skilling for specialized professions. Relevance : GS 1(Society) , GS 2(Social Justice) Implementing Agencies Department of Social Justice and Empowerment oversees the implementation. Three Corporations under the department: National Scheduled Castes Finance and Development Corporation (NSFDC) National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation (NBCFDC) National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development Corporation (NSKFDC) Responsible for grievance redressal and taking remedial measures. Promotion & Awareness Publicity through: Print & Social Media campaigns on a Pan-India basis. Awareness camps organized by training institutes targeting specific communities. Community outreach programs to educate potential beneficiaries. Training Institute Empanelment Process Project Appraisal Committee (PAC) evaluates training institutes based on predefined parameters. Empanelment of Institutes: Institutes must be affiliated with the Skill India Digital Hub (SIDH) of the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE). Ensures compliance with skilling standards and infrastructure requirements. Currently, no training institutes are empanelled under the scheme. Regular monitoring and evaluation of training quality and placement outcomes. Skilling, Assessment & Certification Trainees undergo assessment and certification by respective Sector Skill Councils (SSC) or Assessment Bodies. Certification ensures industry recognition and enhances employability. Placement opportunities provided post-certification in wage-employment or self-employment. Industry Linkages & Placement Training institutes are responsible for industrial tie-ups to facilitate proper placement. Final installment of funds is released to institutes only after submitting placement details of trained candidates. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) ensures stipend disbursal to trainees meeting attendance criteria. Entrepreneurship support: Trained individuals are encouraged to start small businesses with financial assistance from the Corporations. Key Challenges & Recommendations Lack of empanelled training institutes: Need for greater participation of quality institutes. Placement constraints: Strengthening industry collaborations to improve job opportunities. Awareness gaps: Expanding community outreach and leveraging digital platforms for better scheme visibility. Monitoring & Evaluation: Regular impact assessment to ensure quality outcomes. Conclusion PM-DAKSH aims to bridge skill gaps among marginalized communities through structured training programs. Effective promotion and expansion of empanelled training institutes can enhance the scheme’s impact. Ensuring quality skilling and industry tie-ups is critical for increasing employment outcomes. Greater industry collaboration, financial support for entrepreneurs, and streamlined execution can further improve scheme efficiency.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 19 March 2025

Content: High base effect The dystopian side of Insta-commerce High Base Effect Overview of India’s Trade Performance (February 2024) Exports fell by 10.9% to $36.91 billion. Imports dropped by 16.3% to $50.96 billion. Trade deficit narrowed to $14 billion, the lowest in 42 months. The decline in both exports and imports signals economic distress, rather than a positive trade balance shift. Relevance : GS 3(Economy ,Trade and Commerce) Practice Question :Analyze the recent decline in India’s trade performance in February 2024. To what extent can the high base effect explain this trend? Suggest policy measures to mitigate structural trade issues. (250 words, 15 marks) High Base Effect & Its Role in the Decline February 2024 was a leap year, leading to higher exports ($41.4 billion) and imports ($60.92 billion). The base effect makes this year’s decline appear more pronounced. However, structural trade issues persist beyond just statistical comparisons. U.S. Trade Policy & Its Impact on Exports U.S. importers delaying orders due to upcoming reciprocal tariffs (effective April 2) announced by Donald Trump on February 13. The U.S. accounts for $118.3 billion in total trade with India and is the only major trading partner with which India has a trade surplus. Ongoing Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) negotiations between India and the U.S. have not yielded immediate solutions. Declining Imports: Gold & Oil as Major Contributors Gold imports plunged by 62% due to domestic gold prices soaring to ₹87,886 per 10 grams, reducing consumer demand. Oil imports fell nearly 30%, driven by: U.S. sanctions on Russian oil (January 2024). India’s diversification of crude suppliers post-Ukraine war. Russia’s share in India’s crude imports rose from <1% (2022) to >40% (2023) but faces uncertainties due to fresh U.S. actions. Potential Consequences of U.S. Trade Policy Changes If the U.S. neutralizes its trade deficit with India: India’s overall trade deficit could widen by 15%, based on last year’s $241 billion shortfall. This underscores the vulnerability of India’s trade dependence on the U.S.. Need for Trade Diversification China & U.K. as alternative markets: China accounts for nearly a third of India’s trade deficit for over five years. Trade imbalance with the U.K. is much smaller (<3% of India’s deficit). FTA negotiations with the U.K. present an opportunity for India to reduce trade imbalances and increase exports. Strategic Takeaways The shrinking trade deficit is not a positive sign as it stems from a drop in both exports and imports. High base effect explains part of the decline, but external factors like U.S. tariff policies, oil sanctions, and gold price surges have played a major role. India must reduce trade reliance on the U.S. and expand markets in the U.K. and China while ensuring a more sustainable trade balance. The dystopian side of Insta-commerce Context :The Digital Replication of Labour Exploitation The traditional mazdoor mandi (labour market) has been replicated in the digital world. Just as middlemen (thekedaars) auction labour at the lowest possible price in physical markets, gig platforms have digitized this exploitation. Workers are isolated, preventing collective bargaining, making them more vulnerable. Algorithms ensure maximum profit extraction, leaving workers with no negotiating power. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) , GS 3(Trade and Commerce , Economy) Practice Question :Insta-commerce represents the digital replication of labour exploitation in the gig economy. Discuss the ethical and economic challenges posed by this trend. What steps should the government take to ensure fair wages and worker security in platform-based employment? (250 words, 15 marks) Insta-commerce: A New Low in Labour Exploitation The gig economy, originally marketed as a flexible and empowering model, has now been further degraded with services like “Insta Maids”. House help for ₹49 an hour is symbolic of modern digital slavery, where workers are reduced to mere commodities. The rating system adds to the indignity, forcing workers to seek approval instead of fair wages. Consumer convenience blinds society to the real costs borne by workers—long hours, no benefits, and degrading conditions. Legislative Attempts and Corporate Pushback Rajasthan passed progressive legislation for gig workers, aiming to provide: Social security framework for piece-rate workers. Access to real–time data on their earnings. Independent grievance redressal mechanisms. However, powerful corporate lobbies—NASSCOM, CII, and startup founders—oppose these rights. The Karnataka government has stalled similar legislation, bowing to business interests despite earlier promises. The Double Standard of Platform Economy Leaders Startups publicly claim to “empower workers”, while privately lobbying against protective laws. Example: Urban Company’s founder supported anti-worker policies while promoting “financial security and dignity” on LinkedIn. The gig economy has moved beyond exploitation to institutionalized modern slavery, where companies maximize profits while externalizing all worker welfare costs. The Need for Stronger Worker Protections The fightback has begun, with workers demanding: Rights over ratings (“Rating nahi, haq chahiye!”) Dignity over exploitation (“Insaan hai hum, ghulaam nahi!”) Governments must listen to workers, not just corporations, and implement: Legally enforceable minimum wages for gig workers. Transparent algorithms that do not manipulate earnings. Job security measures, including protection from arbitrary de-platforming. Conclusion Insta-commerce is a dangerous evolution of the gig economy, prioritizing profits over worker dignity. Without urgent legislative intervention, digital platforms will continue to undermine labour rights under the guise of technological progress. The struggle for fair wages, security, and dignity in the gig economy must continue to prevent the digital economy from becoming a modern-day sweatshop.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 19 March 2025

Content: EC relents, to hear pleas to upload booth-wise turnout Supreme Court to see if Lokpal has powers over judges What factors influence women’s political participation? EC sets ball rolling on linking voter ID cards with Aadhaar India takes 24th spot in free speech survey Chandrayaan-3 data says water ice easier to find on moon than believed EC relents, to hear pleas to upload booth-wise turnout Background The Supreme Court directed the Election Commission (EC) to consider a plea for uploading authenticated, booth-wise voter turnout data. The demand is for scanned, legible copies of Form 17C (account of votes recorded) to be uploaded after each phase of polling. Relevance : GS 2(Election Reforms ,Judiciary ) Election Commission’s Earlier Position In May 2024, the EC had refused to publicly disclose turnout data, citing no legal mandate. The EC maintained that such data was only for candidates and polling agents. This position was upheld under the previous Chief Election Commissioner but seems to be changing under the new CEC, Gyanesh Kumar. Significance of Form 17C Form 17C records the votes polled at each booth and is crucial for transparency. Uploading scanned copies could ensure greater electoral integrity and reduce concerns over discrepancies. Potential Implications Transparency & Trust: Could enhance public confidence in electoral processes. Legal & Policy Reforms: May lead to changes in election regulations regarding data disclosure. Political Reactions: Different parties may interpret the move based on their interests and concerns about electoral fairness. Way Forward The EC’s decision post-hearing will be critical in shaping the discourse on electoral transparency. If the plea is accepted, it may set a precedent for future elections. If rejected, the petitioners may explore legal alternatives or push for legislative changes. Supreme Court to see if Lokpal has powers over judges Background The Supreme Court has decided to assess whether judges of constitutional courts (High Courts and Supreme Court) fall under the jurisdiction of Lokpal. The case was taken up suo motu after the Lokpal issued an order on January 27, 2024, claiming authority to investigate complaints against serving High Court judges. Relevance : GS 2(Governance, Judiciary) Key Legal Issues Definition of Public Functionary: Lokpal Act, 2013, covers the Prime Minister, Union Ministers, MPs, and central government officials, but its applicability to judges is unclear. Judicial Independence vs. Accountability: The examination will weigh the need for judicial independence against transparency and accountability. Separation of Powers: The judiciary is an independent organ under the Constitution. The case will test whether external oversight by Lokpal violates this principle. Supreme Court’s Position A Bench led by Justice B.R. Gavai will conduct a detailed examination of the issue. Justice Gavai acknowledged that the court will “consider the issue of the jurisdiction of the Lokpal.” Lokpal’s Interpretation Lokpal classified High Court judges as public servants under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013. It equated them with Ministers and government officials, asserting that complaints against them fall within its purview. Potential Implications Impact on Judicial Independence If Lokpal gains jurisdiction, judges could be investigated by an external body, potentially affecting their autonomy. This may raise concerns about executive influence over the judiciary. Enhancing Judicial Accountability If upheld, this could set a precedent for greater scrutiny of judicial conduct. It could strengthen anti-corruption mechanisms in higher judiciary. Possible Constitutional Challenge The Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 and Articles 124 & 217 provide specific mechanisms for judicial discipline. Any overlap with Lokpal’s jurisdiction may lead to a constitutional conflict. Way Forward The Supreme Court’s ruling will have far-reaching consequences on judicial oversight. If judges are brought under Lokpal’s jurisdiction, it could necessitate legislative changes. The final decision will likely shape future debates on judicial accountability and the scope of Lokpal’s authority. What factors influence women’s political participation? Context : Increasing Women’s Voter Turnout Women’s political participation in India has improved, but their role beyond voting remains limited. Unlike Western democracies, where the gender gap in political engagement narrowed in the 1990s, India saw this shift only in the 2010s. A significant increase in women’s voter turnout has been observed in recent elections, attributed to targeted welfare policies and efforts by the Election Commission. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues ,Elections ) Role of Welfare Schemes in Shaping Women’s Voting Behavior Political parties view women voters as a distinct constituency, often framing them as passive beneficiaries rather than active political agents. Welfare schemes such as Ujjwala Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana, Ladli Behna Yojana, and Ladli Laxmi Yojana have played a crucial role in influencing voting patterns. However, high voter turnout among women does not necessarily translate into real political empowerment or independent political agency. Women’s Political Participation Beyond Voting Women’s involvement in political activities beyond voting—such as participation in rallies, campaigns, and political discussions—remains lower than that of men. Only 14% of women report seeking advice from their spouses for voting decisions, showing some degree of independence, but this is still significantly higher than men. Social norms and structural barriers continue to limit women’s engagement in political processes. Factors Influencing Women’s Increased Voter Turnout Self-empowerment hypothesis suggests that rising literacy and employment opportunities have encouraged women to vote independently. However, contradictions exist: Female workforce participation remains low, weakening the argument that economic independence is the primary driver. Women’s voter registration still lags behind men’s, despite Election Commission efforts. Male migration (especially in economically weaker states) has resulted in higher female voter turnout, as more women are left to vote independently. Intersectionality: Caste, Class, and Regional Variations Women’s voting behavior is shaped by caste, class, and regional identities, not just gender. State-specific political contexts play a crucial role: In Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and West Bengal, regional political movements shape women’s voting preferences rather than a unified national gender-based trend. Women from marginalized communities may prioritize caste and economic concerns over gender solidarity when voting. Key Takeaways Women’s voter turnout has increased significantly, but deeper political engagement remains limited. Women’s political preferences are not solely based on gender but are shaped by caste, class, and regional identities. The idea of a unified “women’s constituency” in Indian elections remains premature, as their electoral choices are driven by broader socio-political factors. EC sets ball rolling on linking voter ID cards with Aadhaar Background & Decision The Election Commission (EC) has initiated steps to link Aadhaar with the Elector Photo Identity Card (EPIC). The decision was taken during a high-level meeting led by Chief Election Commissioner Gyanesh Kumar. The EC announced plans for technical consultations with the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) to facilitate this linkage. Relevance : GS 2(Election Reforms ) Legal & Constitutional Framework Article 326 of the Constitution: Ensures voting rights only to citizens, clarifying that Aadhaar is an identity proof, not proof of citizenship. Representation of the People Act, 1950: Section 23(4), 23(5), 23(6): Specifies legal provisions regarding voter registration and verification. Supreme Court Judgment (WP Civil No. 177/2023): Forms the basis for linking Aadhaar with EPIC, ensuring that submission remains voluntary. Concerns Raised Voluntariness vs. Coercion: EC maintains that linkage will be voluntary, but past instances (such as welfare scheme enrollments) raise concerns about potential coercion. Data Security & Privacy Risks: Potential for misuse of voter data, linking political choices with personal identity records. Past Aadhaar-related data leaks raise alarms about data security vulnerabilities. Potential Benefits Reducing Electoral Fraud: Aims to eliminate bogus voters, duplicate voter IDs, and impersonation. Strengthens the integrity of electoral rolls by ensuring a single identity per voter. Improved Electoral Process: Streamlining voter registration and verification. Facilitates easier electoral roll maintenance and migration tracking (voters moving across constituencies). Enhancing Electoral Participation: Could help ensure migrant workers and marginalized communities retain their voting rights. Challenges & Criticism Disenfranchisement Risks: Past reports indicate exclusion of genuine voters due to Aadhaar mismatches or unavailability. Rural, elderly, and economically disadvantaged citizens may face difficulties in linking Aadhaar with EPIC. Privacy & Surveillance Concerns: Critics argue this could lead to mass surveillance and profiling of voters. Potential for misuse by political entities in targeted campaigning and electoral manipulation. Implementation Hurdles: Technical challenges in linking Aadhaar to voter ID, ensuring error-free mapping. Ensuring voluntary participation while avoiding indirect coercion. India takes 24th spot in free speech survey Context : Survey Overview & Key Findings Conducted by: Future of Free Speech, a U.S.-based independent think tank. Title of Report: Who in the World Supports Free Speech? Period: October 2024. Countries Surveyed: 33. India’s Rank: 24th out of 33, with a score of 62.6. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations, Democratic Rights) Global Trends in Free Speech Erosion of Commitment: While support for free speech remains strong in principle, its practical application is weakening globally. Decline in Democracies: Since 2021, more countries have seen a decline rather than an improvement in free speech protection. Democratic nations like the U.S., Israel, and Japan witnessed some of the biggest drops. Top Performers: Norway (87.9) and Denmark (87.0) ranked highest in the Future of Free Speech Index. Biggest Improvements: Indonesia (56.8), Malaysia (55.4), and Pakistan (57.0) improved the most but still remained at the lower end of the ranking. Authoritarian-Led Anomalies: Nations like Hungary (85.5) and Venezuela (81.8) ranked high, despite government-imposed restrictions, showing a disconnect between government policies and public sentiment. India’s Performance & Key Insights Score & Rank: India ranked 24th out of 33, with a score of 62.6. Positioned between South Africa (66.9) and Lebanon (61.8). Public Support vs. Government Restrictions: Majority of Indians believe free speech is important, but support for government criticism is below the global average. 37% of Indian respondents supported restricting criticism of government policies, the highest among all surveyed nations. In contrast: U.K.: Only 5% supported government-imposed restrictions. Denmark: Just 3% supported such restrictions. Disconnect Between Public Sentiment & Reality Inconsistent Free Speech Protection: Nations that rank high in support for free speech generally have strong legal protections for free expression. However, India, Hungary, and Venezuela are exceptions, with low free speech protection despite high public support. The report identifies this as a sign of democratic backsliding. Perception vs. Observed Reality: Indians believe free speech has improved, but external observers and rankings indicate a decline. Similar trends observed in South Africa, where public perception differs from ground realities. Implications for India Democratic Backsliding: The survey’s findings align with broader concerns of deteriorating democratic values in India. The high percentage (37%) of Indians favoring government control over speech may indicate a shift towards acceptance of restrictive policies. Legal & Policy Implications: Potential for increased government regulation over digital platforms, press freedom, and political expression. Concerns on laws like sedition, UAPA (Unlawful Activities Prevention Act), and IT Rules . Media & Civil Society Challenges: Affects journalistic independence, whistleblower protections, and freedom of academic discourse. Risks self-censorship among public intellectuals, activists, and media houses. Chandrayaan-3 data says water ice easier to find on moon than believed Chandrayaan-3’s data reveals that water ice on the Moon is more accessible than previously thought, with potential stability even in non-polar regions. Temperature variations at Shiv Shakti Point highlight extreme lunar conditions, influencing water ice distribution and its viability for future human missions. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Temperature Variations: Surface temperature at Shiv Shakti Point recorded at 82°C. Just a meter away, temperature dropped to 58°C, highlighting micro-scale thermal variations. Nighttime temperature plummeted to -181°C, showcasing extreme lunar conditions. Implications for Water Ice Stability: Previously, water ice was thought to be stable only at polar regions. New data suggests higher latitude regions could also support water ice at shallow depths. Slopes facing away from the Sun with an inclination greater than 14° maintain lower temperatures, allowing ice to stabilize beneath the surface. Significance for Lunar Exploration and Human Missions Water as a Crucial Lunar Resource: Essential for drinking and sanitation for astronauts. Potential source of rocket fuel via electrolysis to separate hydrogen and oxygen. Reduces dependence on Earth-based supply missions, making long-term lunar habitation feasible. Advancements in Lunar Thermophysics Understanding: First-ever in-situ temperature measurements in a high-latitude lunar region. Challenges previous remote-sensing estimates from NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). Helps in refining 3D thermophysical models to predict water ice migration and stability. Strategic Importance for India and Global Lunar Missions India’s Lunar Science Leadership: Enhances ISRO’s credibility in space exploration. Positions India as a key contributor to international lunar resource utilization efforts. Support for Future Moon Bases: Identifying water-rich zones eases site selection for permanent lunar habitats. Facilitates fuel depots for deep-space missions (e.g., Mars exploration). Collaborations & Future Missions: Findings can guide Artemis Accords nations (NASA-led coalition) and other global lunar projects. India could leverage this data for Chandrayaan-4 and potential manned lunar missions. Conclusion Chandrayaan-3’s findings expand the scope of lunar water availability, challenging existing assumptions. The discovery of temperature fluctuations and ice stability at non-polar locations enhances lunar resource planning for long-term human presence. Future studies on lunar thermophysics will further refine water ice mapping, aiding sustainable moon colonization efforts.

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