Posts

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 14 March 2024

CONTENTS Financial Thresholds Revision Endorsed by Public Accounts CommitteeElection Commission of IndiaIndia Conducts Successful Test of Multi-Warhead Agni MissileUniform Code for Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices (UCPMP) 2024Index of Industrial Production (IIP)Graphics Processing UnitGorsam Kora FestivalKarnataka Government Bans Harmful Colorants in Food Financial Thresholds Revision Endorsed by Public Accounts Committee Context: The Public Accounts Committee of Parliament has recently endorsed the Finance Ministry’s proposal to increase the financial thresholds for expenditure on ‘New Service’ and ‘New Instruments of Service’ by government ministries and departments. This proposed revision, which marks the 4th instance since Independence, comes after the last revision in 2005, which came into effect in 2006. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Public Accounts CommitteeNew Financial Limits Proposed by the Finance MinistryPotential BenefitsPotential Drawbacks Public Accounts Committee The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) is an essential oversight body in the Indian Parliament, tasked with scrutinizing the government’s revenue and expenditure. Here are its key features: Mandate: The PAC is responsible for examining the audit reports issued by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India. Its primary focus is to ensure accountability and transparency in the government’s financial operations.Composition: The PAC comprises members of Parliament, with a maximum of 22 members. Fifteen members are elected by the Lok Sabha (Lower House), and up to seven members are from the Rajya Sabha (Upper House).Selection Process: Members of the PAC are chosen annually through proportional representation using a single transferable vote system. This ensures a fair representation of various political parties in the committee.Chairperson: The chairperson of the PAC is appointed by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. Typically, the chairperson is from the opposition party, ensuring impartiality and effective scrutiny of the government’s actions.Term of Office: Members of the PAC serve a term of one year, after which new members are elected or appointed. This ensures regular turnover and fresh perspectives in the committee’s work.Role of the CAG: The CAG provides assistance to the PAC during its investigations and audits. The reports prepared by the CAG serve as the basis for the PAC’s scrutiny of the government’s financial activities.Ministerial Positions: Members of the PAC are not permitted to hold ministerial positions in the government. This ensures independence and prevents conflicts of interest, allowing members to scrutinize government actions objectively. New Financial Limits Proposed by the Finance Ministry The Finance Ministry has proposed new financial limits for reporting to Parliament and obtaining approval for expenditures, particularly for New Service (NS) and New Instrument of Service (NIS). Here are the key points: New Service and New Instruments of Service: New Service (NS): Expenditure resulting from a new policy decision not previously brought to Parliament’s notice, including new activities or investments.New Instrument of Service (NIS): Significant expenditure arising from a notable expansion of an existing policy. New Limits Proposed: For expenditures ranging between Rs 50 crore and Rs 100 crore, reporting to Parliament is mandatory, but upfront approval is not required.Prior parliamentary approval is necessary only if the spending exceeds Rs 100 crore. Reporting Limit for New Instrument of Service: The reporting limit for New Instrument of Service (NIS) has been set at up to 20% of the original appropriation or up to Rs 100 crore, whichever is higher.Parliament’s approval becomes mandatory for amounts exceeding 20% of the original appropriation or above Rs 100 crore, subject to savings within the same grant section. Potential Benefits: Streamlined Budgetary Process: Increasing the financing limit reduces the need for Supplementary Demands for Grants, streamlining the budgetary process and reducing administrative burden.Efficiency in Decision-Making: Higher limits minimize bureaucratic hurdles, enabling quicker decision-making and implementation within government departments and agencies.Accommodating Economic Growth: With expected GDP growth, larger budgets are anticipated. Raised financial limits ensure budgets can meet the evolving needs of a growing economy. Potential Drawbacks: Risk of Misuse or Misallocation: Higher limits may increase the risk of funds being misused or misallocated without proper oversight, leading to corruption or wasteful spending.Impact on Fiscal Health: Misallocation or overspending could result in budgetary overshooting or deficits, negatively impacting overall fiscal health.Reduced Accountability: Greater financial autonomy for ministries and departments may reduce accountability, making it challenging to track expenditures and ensure alignment with intended purposes.Reduced Parliamentary Scrutiny: Higher limits might decrease the frequency of parliamentary scrutiny, limiting opportunities for meaningful debate and oversight over government expenditures.Weakness in Checks and Balances: Reduced oversight could weaken the checks and balances necessary for transparent governance, potentially undermining public trust in government spending. -Source: Indian Express Election Commission of India Context: Recently, the Election Commissioner of India resigned from his post, just days ahead of the announcement of the Lok Sabha elections. Relevance: GS II- Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: How are the CEC and ECs currently appointed?About Election Commission of IndiaStructure of the Election CommissionIssues with ECISome Powers About Election Commission of India The Election Commission of India is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering Union and State election processes in India.The body administers elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and State Legislative Assemblies in India, and the offices of the President and Vice President in the country.It is the Commission that decides the election schedules for the conduct of elections, whether general elections or by-elections.ECI decides on the location of polling stations, assignment of voters to the polling stations, location of counting centers, arrangements to be made in and around polling stations and counting centres and all allied matters.In the performance of its functions, the Election Commission is insulated from executive interference.Part XV of the Indian constitution deals with elections, and establishes a commission for these matters.The Election Commission was established in accordance with the Constitution on 25th January 1950, hence it is a constitutional body. Article 324 to 329 of the constitution deals with powers, function, tenure, eligibility, etc., of the commission and the member. Litigations against EC The decisions of the Commission can be challenged in the High Court and the Supreme Court of India by appropriate petitions.By long-standing convention and several judicial pronouncements, once the actual process of elections has started, the judiciary does not intervene in the actual conduct of the polls. Structure of the Election Commission Originally the commission had only one election commissioner but after the Election Commissioner Amendment Act 1989, it has been made a multi-member body.The commission consists of one Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners.The secretariat of the commission is located in New Delhi.At the state level election commission is helped by Chief Electoral Officer who is an IAS rank Officer.The President appoints Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners.They have a fixed tenure of six years, or up to the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.They enjoy the same status and receive salary and perks as available to Judges of the Supreme Court of India.The Chief Election Commissioner can be removed from office only through a process of removal similar to that of a Supreme Court judge for by Parliament. Issues with ECI Flaws in the composition: The Constitution doesn’t prescribe qualifications for members of the EC. They are not debarred from future appointments after retiring or resigning.No security of tenure: Election commissioners aren’t constitutionally protected with security of tenure.Partisan role: The EC has come under the scanner like never before, with increasing incidents of breach of the Model Code of Conduct in the 2019 general elections.Political favor: The opposition alleged that the ECI was favoring the ruling party by giving clean chit to the model code of conduct violations made by the PM.Non-competence: Increased violence and electoral malpractices under influence of money have resulted in political criminalization, which ECI is unable to arrest. Some Powers: The Election Commission of India is considered the guardian of free and reasonable elections.It issues the Model Code of Conduct in every election for political parties and candidates so that the decorum of democracy is maintained.It regulates political parties and registers them for being eligible to contest elections.It publishes the allowed limits of campaign expenditure per candidate to all the political parties, and also monitors the same.The political parties must submit their annual reports to the ECI for getting tax benefit on contributions.It guarantees that all the political parties regularly submit their audited financial reports. Other powers handled by the Election Commission of India are as follows: The Commission can repress the results of opinion polls if it deems such an action fit for the cause of democracy.The Commission can recommend for disqualification of members after the elections if it thinks they have violated certain guidelines.In case, a candidate is found guilty of dishonest practices during the elections, the Supreme Court and High Courts consult the Commission.The Commission can postpone candidates who fail to submit their election expense accounts timely. -Source: Indian Express India Conducts Successful Test of Multi-Warhead Agni Missile Context: India has announced the successful testing of an Agni missile capable of carrying multiple warheads meant to hit multiple targets simultaneously. The test, named Mission Divyastra, was carried out from Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Island off the Odisha coast and was confirmed by Prime Minister Modi. This technology enables a single missile to deploy multiple warheads at different locations, enhancing India’s strategic capabilities. The system is equipped with indigenous avionics systems and high-accuracy sensor packages, ensuring that the re-entry vehicles reached the target points with desired precision. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Key Facts About MIRV TechnologyAgni-5 Missile Key Facts About MIRV Technology: Origins and Development: MIRV technology originated in the United States with the deployment of MIRVed Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) in 1970.It allows a single missile to carry multiple independently targetable warheads (3-4), significantly increasing its destructive potential. Enhanced Effectiveness: MIRV technology enhances a missile’s effectiveness by enabling it to engage multiple targets independently in a single launch.This capability increases the overall lethality of the missile system, making it a formidable weapon in strategic operations. Operational Flexibility: MIRVs can be launched from both land-based and sea-based platforms, including submarines.This versatility enhances operational flexibility and extends the range of missile systems, enabling them to engage targets across various geographic locations. Global Adoption and Proliferation: Major nuclear powers, including the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, and India, possess MIRV technology.Pakistan tested MIRV technology with the Ababeel Missile in 2017, marking its entry into the club of nations with MIRV capability. Strategic Significance: Initially designed to enhance offensive capabilities, MIRVs pose significant challenges to ballistic missile defense systems.Their ability to deploy multiple warheads independently makes them difficult to defend against compared to traditional single-warhead missiles. Challenges: Deploying MIRV technology presents complex challenges, including miniaturizing warheads, developing advanced guidance systems, and ensuring the reliability of individual re-entry vehicles.Addressing these challenges is crucial for maintaining the effectiveness and reliability of MIRV systems in strategic operations. Agni-5 Missile: Development and Origin: Agni-5 is an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) developed indigenously by the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) of India. Capabilities: Capable of carrying nuclear warheads, Agni-5 has a target range exceeding 5,000 kilometers.It utilizes a three-stage solid-fueled engine for propulsion, enhancing its reliability and range. Test Successes: Since its first successful test in 2012, Agni-5 has undergone multiple successful tests, demonstrating its reliability and operational readiness.In December 2022, DRDO conducted a successful test of Agni-5 to evaluate its night-time capabilities, further enhancing its versatility. Variants in the Agni Family: Agni-I: A short-range ballistic missile with a range exceeding 700 kilometers.Agni-II: A medium-range ballistic missile capable of targeting distances ranging from 2,000 to 3,500 kilometers.Agni-III: An intermediate-range ballistic missile with a target range surpassing 3,000 kilometers.Agni-IV: Another intermediate-range ballistic missile with a range exceeding 3,500 kilometers.Agni-P (Agni Prime): A nuclear-capable, two-stage canisterized solid propellant ballistic missile designed for ranges between 1,000 to 2,000 kilometers. Future Development: The next iteration of the Agni missile series, Agni-6, is anticipated to be a full-fledged intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) capable of targeting distances well over 7,000 kilometers. -Source: The Hindu Uniform Code for Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices (UCPMP) 2024 Context: The Department of Pharmaceuticals issued the Uniform Code for Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices (UCPMP) 2024. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Need for the UCPMP 2024Highlights of the UCPMP 2024 on Ethical Practices of Pharma CompaniesHighlights of the UCPMP 2024 on DrugsImplementation of the UCPMP 2024 Need for the UCPMP 2024 Preventing Unethical Practices: The UCPMP 2015 was implemented to curb unethical practices by pharmaceutical and medical device companies. However, its voluntary nature meant that compliance was not enforced, leading to concerns about continued unethical behavior.Criticism of Voluntary Nature: The voluntary nature of the UCPMP 2015 attracted criticism, as there was no legal backing to its provisions. This lack of teeth rendered the code ineffective in addressing unethical practices effectively.Demand for Mandatory Implementation: Various health activists and stakeholders have long demanded that the UCPMP be made mandatory to ensure compliance and accountability within the pharmaceutical industry. Even the Department of Pharmaceuticals’ annual report for 2017-18 emphasized the need to make the code mandatory.Removal of Voluntary Status: In response to criticism and demands for accountability, the government has removed the word ‘voluntary’ from the UCPMP 2024. However, it falls short of making compliance mandatory and instead requests pharmaceutical companies’ associations to ensure implementation. Highlights of the UCPMP 2024 on Ethical Practices of Pharma Companies The Uniform Code of Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices (UCPMP) 2024 addresses the need for ethical practices within the pharmaceutical industry and aims to prevent unethical behavior by pharmaceutical companies. Here are the highlights of the UCPMP 2024: Engagement with Healthcare Professionals (HCPs) for Continuing Medical Education (CME):Pharmaceutical industry engagement with HCPs for CME should only occur according to well-defined, transparent, and verifiable guidelines.Conducting such events in foreign locations is prohibited by the uniform code.Prohibition of Incentives and Payments:Medical representatives are prohibited from using any incentives or paying for access to healthcare practitioners.Companies or their representatives are prohibited from offering cash or monetary grants to any healthcare professional or their family members under any pretext.Prohibition of Gifting:Gifting by pharmaceutical companies or their agents to healthcare professionals or their family members is prohibited.No pecuniary advantage or benefit in kind may be offered, supplied, or promised to any person qualified to prescribe or supply drugs by any pharmaceutical company or its agent.Restrictions on Travel and Accommodation:Paid travel and hotel stays should not be extended to healthcare professionals or their family members by pharmaceutical companies or their representatives unless the person is a speaker for a CME or similar event.Research Grants:Pharmaceutical firms are allowed to provide research grants for healthcare professionals, provided these grants are provided in a transparent manner.The guidelines permit the industry to support research studies authorized by bodies such as the Indian Council for Medical Research or the Drug Controller General of India. Highlights of the UCPMP 2024 on Drugs: Consistency with Marketing Approval: The promotion of a drug must align with the terms of its marketing approval, ensuring that claims about the drug’s efficacy and safety are accurate and verified.Evidence-Based Claims: Claims regarding the usefulness of a drug must be supported by up-to-date evaluations of all available evidence, emphasizing the importance of evidence-based medicine in pharmaceutical promotion.Use of Terminology: Certain terms such as ‘safe’ must not be used without qualification, and it is prohibited to categorically state that a medicine has no side effects, toxic hazards, or risk of addiction. This aims to ensure transparency and prevent misleading information.Restriction on ‘New’ Claims: The term ‘new’ cannot be used to describe any drug that has been generally available or any therapeutic intervention that has been promoted in India for more than a year. This prevents misleading marketing tactics regarding the novelty of drugs or interventions. Implementation of the UCPMP 2024: Circulation for Compliance: The UCPMP is to be circulated for strict compliance among pharmaceutical associations. They are required to ensure that all members adhere to the code’s provisions.Establishment of Ethics Committee: Pharmaceutical associations are requested to constitute an Ethics Committee for Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices. This committee will oversee compliance and handle any complaints related to unethical marketing practices.Dedicated UCPMP Portal: Associations are directed to set up a dedicated UCPMP portal on their website, providing information about the code and procedures for lodging complaints. This portal will serve as a centralized platform for monitoring compliance and addressing grievances.Transparency Measures: All Indian pharmaceutical associations must upload the UCPMP on their website, along with detailed procedures for lodging complaints. This information will be linked to the UCPMP portal of the Department of Pharmaceuticals, ensuring transparency and accessibility for stakeholders. -Source: Indian Express Index of Industrial Production (IIP) Context: The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation recently released the Quick Estimates of the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) for January 2024, revealing a growth of 3.8 percent. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: About the Index of Industrial Production (IIP)About Laspeyre’s formula About the Index of Industrial Production (IIP): Definition: The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is a key indicator used to measure trends in industrial production over time, providing insights into the performance of the industrial sector.Purpose: It serves as a crucial short-term indicator for assessing industrial growth until more detailed industrial surveys become available. The IIP helps policymakers, economists, and analysts understand the direction and magnitude of changes in industrial production.Calculation: The IIP is computed and published monthly by the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. It is calculated using Laspeyre’s formula, which involves taking a weighted arithmetic mean of production relatives. Production figures are deflated using Wholesale Price Indices to remove the effect of price changes.Base Year: The base year, typically assigned a value of 100, serves as the reference point for comparing industrial production. In India, the current base year for the IIP series is 2011-12. For example, if the current IIP reads as 116, it indicates a 16% growth compared to the base year. About Laspeyre’s formula: Origin: The formula was proposed by German economist Étienne Laspeyres (1834–1913) for measuring current prices or quantities relative to those of a selected base period.Calculation: A Laspeyres price index is computed by comparing the total cost of purchasing a specified group of commodities at current prices to the cost of the same group at base-period prices, multiplied by 100. The base-period index number is set at 100, with periods having higher price levels reflected in index numbers greater than 100. -Source: The Hindu Graphics Processing Unit Context: As the world rushes to make use of the latest wave of AI technologies, one piece of high-tech hardware has become a surprisingly hot commodity: the graphics processing unit, or GPU. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: About Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)Applications About Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Definition: A Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) is a specialized computer chip designed to render graphics and images by performing rapid mathematical calculations.Usage: GPUs are utilized in both professional and personal computing environments. Originally, they were responsible for rendering 2D and 3D images, animations, and videos.Component: Similar to a central processing unit (CPU), a GPU is a chip component in computing devices. However, it is specifically optimized to handle and accelerate graphics workloads and display graphics content on devices such as PCs or smartphones.Architecture: Modern CPUs typically consist of 8 to 16 cores capable of processing complex tasks sequentially. In contrast, GPUs have thousands of relatively small cores designed to work simultaneously (“in parallel”) to achieve fast overall processing. This architecture is well-suited for tasks requiring a large number of simple operations performed simultaneously. How a GPU works: Parallel Processing: GPUs employ parallel processing, where multiple processors handle separate parts of a single task simultaneously.Dedicated RAM: GPUs have their own RAM specifically designed to store the large amounts of data processed for intensive graphics tasks.Graphics Pipeline: For graphics applications, the CPU sends instructions to the GPU for drawing graphics content on screen. The GPU executes these instructions in parallel and at high speeds to display the content on the device, a process known as the graphics or rendering pipeline. Applications: Creative Content Production: GPUs are used for tasks such as video editing, rendering, and graphic design.High-Performance Computing (HPC): GPUs play a crucial role in accelerating scientific simulations, data analysis, and other computationally intensive tasks.Artificial Intelligence (AI): GPUs are essential for training and deploying machine learning and deep learning models due to their ability to perform parallel computations efficiently.Offloading Tasks: GPUs were initially developed to offload graphics-related tasks from CPUs, allowing for faster and smoother rendering of content on computer screens. -Source: The Hindu Gorsam Kora Festival Context: The Gorsam Kora festival, symbolised the enduring friendship between India and Bhutan commenced on 7th March and concluded on 10th March this year. Relevance: GS I: History Gorsam Kora Festival The Gorsam Kora Festival is a significant cultural event held in Arunachal Pradesh’s Zeminthang Valley along the Nyanmjang Chu River. Here are some key details about the festival: Location: The festival takes place at Gorsam Chorten, a 93 feet tall stupa located in the Zeminthang Valley. The valley is situated along the Nyanmjang Chu River in Arunachal Pradesh.History: The Gorsam Chorten was built during the 13th century AD by a local monk named Lama Pradhar. It holds historical significance as it served as the first resting place for the 14th Dalai Lama after he fled from Tibet in 1959. The festival celebrates the cultural heritage associated with the Gorsam Chorten.Cultural Significance: The festival features cultural performances and Buddhist rituals held at the Gorsam Chorten. It is considered older than the renowned Tawang Monastery. The festival attracts devotees from various regions, including Bhutan, Tawang, and neighbouring areas.Date: The Gorsam Kora Festival typically takes place on the last day of the first month of the Lunar calendar.Attendees: The festival attracts a diverse audience, including pilgrims, lamas, and cultural enthusiasts. Many Bhutanese nationals also participate in the festival, fostering camaraderie and cultural exchange among attendees.Events: The festival includes a variety of events, such as cultural performances by local troupes and Indian army bands. Additionally, martial performances like Mallakhamb (traditional Indian gymnastics) and Zanjh Pathaka (sword dance) are also featured during the festival. -Source: Indian Express Karnataka Government Bans Harmful Colorants in Food Context: The Karnataka Government’s recent announcement regarding the ban on harmful colorants in popular food items such as cotton candy and Gobi Manchurian is a significant step towards ensuring food safety and public health. Relevance: GS II: Health Ban on Harmful Colorants: The ban specifically targets the use of Rhodamine B in cotton candy and imposes restrictions on the usage of Tartrazine in Gobi Manchurian.Rhodamine B is a chemical compound commonly used as a synthetic dye in various industries, including textiles, cosmetics, and plastics.Tartrazine is a bright yellow azo dye often used as a food colorant and is considered a cheaper alternative to natural food dyes. Food Safety Regulations: The ban aligns with the regulations set forth by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI).According to the FSSAI’s regulations, no coloring matter should be added to food unless explicitly permitted in the Food Safety and Standards (Food Products Standards and Food Additives) Regulation of 2011.This regulation aims to ensure that only safe and approved food additives are used in food processing, thereby safeguarding consumer health. Public Health Impact: By prohibiting the use of harmful colorants in popular food items, the Karnataka Government’s initiative aims to protect consumers from potential health risks associated with the ingestion of such chemicals.These colorants may have adverse effects on human health, including allergic reactions and other health complications, particularly when consumed in large quantities over time. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 13 March 2024

CONTENTS National Commission for Scheduled CastesBureau of Indian Standards (BIS)  National Commission for Scheduled Castes Context: Shri Kishor Makwana assumes charge of Chairman National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: National Commission for Scheduled CastesFunctions National Commission for Scheduled Castes The National Commission for Scheduled Castes is an Indian constitutional body established with a view to provide safeguards against the exploitation of Scheduled Castes and Anglo Indian communities to promote and protect their social, educational, economic and cultural interests, special provisions were made in the Constitution. Article 338 of the Indian constitution deals with National Commission for Scheduled Castes. Composition: It consists of:Chairperson.Vice-chairperson.Three other members.They are appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal. Functions: The commission’s responsibilities include monitoring and investigating issues related to safeguards for Scheduled Castes (SCs) under the constitutionEnquiring into complaints regarding the deprivation of rights and safeguards for SCsAdvising and participating in the planning of socio-economic development for SCsRegularly reporting to the President on the implementation of these safeguardsRecommending steps to further the socio-economic development and other welfare activities of the SCsAny other function related to the welfare, protection, development, and advancement of the SC communityThe commission is also responsible for similar functions for the Anglo-Indian communityPreviously, the commission also had similar responsibilities for other backward classes (OBCs) but was relieved of this responsibility in 2018 through the 102nd Amendment Act. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Context: The Government of India recently initiated a scheme through the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for the upgradation and strengthening of the laboratory network in the country. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy About Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS): BIS is the National Standard Body of India established under the BIS Act 2016.It oversees standardization, marking, and quality certification of goods to ensure their safety and reliability.BIS is the successor of the Indian Standards Institution (ISI), established in 1947.It operates under the administrative control of the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution. Functions and Responsibilities: Provides traceability and tangibility benefits to the national economy by ensuring safe, reliable quality goods.Minimizes health hazards to consumers and promotes exports while controlling the proliferation of varieties through standardization, certification, and testing.Operates product certification schemes covering various industrial disciplines.Certification by BIS is mandatory for certain products affecting public health and safety, while voluntary or self-certification may be permitted for others. Certification Process: BIS grants licenses to manufacturers through product certification schemes.It employs engineers, scientists, and statisticians to ensure compliance with standards.Testing is conducted in BIS laboratories as well as in independent facilities following ISO guidelines.BIS headquarters is in New Delhi, with regional and branch offices across India.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 13 March 2024

CONTENTS Enhancing Accessibility for Persons with Disabilities: CPWD’s InitiativeDemocracy Report 2024: V-Dem InstituteCitizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019Central Vigilance CommissionMadhya Pradesh High Court Orders Scientific Survey of Bhojshala Temple-Mosque ComplexAnthropocene EpochInflection 2.5 Enhancing Accessibility for Persons with Disabilities: CPWD’s Initiative Context: The Central Public Works Department (CPWD) has recently taken proactive steps to enhance accessibility for persons with disabilities (PwDs) in public buildings, recognizing persistent challenges despite the enactment of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act in 2016. In response to these challenges, the CPWD has prioritized the implementation of measures aimed at ensuring adherence to accessibility standards, thereby promoting inclusivity and removing barriers for PwDs in accessing public spaces. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwDs) Act, 2016Concerns regarding accessibility in public buildings include:  Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwDs) Act, 2016 The Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwDs) Act, 2016 is a landmark legislation in India aimed at safeguarding the rights and promoting the inclusion of persons with disabilities. Here are its key features: Implementation of UN Convention: The RPwDs Act, 2016 implements the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which India ratified in 2007.Replaced Previous Legislation: It replaced the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunity, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995.Definition of Disability: The Act defines disability based on an evolving and dynamic concept. It expanded the types of disabilities from 7 to 21, with provision for the Central Government to add more.Rights and Benefits:Ensures equal rights for persons with disabilities.Provides additional benefits such as reservation in higher education (minimum 5%), government jobs (minimum 4%), and allocation of land (minimum 5%) for persons with benchmark disabilities and those with high support needs.Guarantees free education for every child with a benchmark disability between 6 and 18 years.Mandates government-funded and recognized educational institutions to provide inclusive education to children with disabilities.Accessibility Mandates:Emphasizes making public infrastructure and facilities accessible to persons with disabilities, enhancing their participation and inclusion.Rule 15 of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Rules, 2017 mandates the establishment of guidelines and standards for public buildings to ensure accessibility for persons with disabilities.Requires compliance with accessibility standards based on harmonized guidelines, with recent amendments necessitating adherence to the 2021 harmonized guidelines.Mandates retrofitting of existing buildings within five years to meet accessibility standards, promoting inclusivity for persons with disabilities. Concerns regarding accessibility in public buildings include: Lack of Implementation of Guidelines: Despite the establishment of accessibility guidelines in 2016 and 2021, they have not been effectively implemented by state governments. No state has yet incorporated the harmonized guidelines into their building by-laws, indicating a failure to address accessibility issues.Lack of Awareness and Accountability: There is a lack of awareness and accountability among engineers of public works departments responsible for implementing accessibility guidelines. This contributes to the neglect of accessibility measures in public buildings.Failure to Prioritize Accessibility Initiatives: While funds for retrofitting projects are available, many states and cities have not submitted applications for them. This suggests a failure to prioritize accessibility initiatives and allocate resources effectively.Clarity Issues in Central Public Works Department’s Memo: The memo issued by the Central Public Works Department lacks clarity and may lead to unnecessary resource wastage. This further hinders the effective implementation of accessibility measures in public buildings. -Source: Indian Express Democracy Report 2024: V-Dem Institute Context: V-Dem Institute has the ‘Democracy Report 2024’ that tracks democratic freedoms worldwide. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Democracy Report 2024V-Dem Institute Democracy Report 2024 The Democracy Report, published by the V-Dem Institute, provides an assessment of the state of democracy worldwide, focusing on democratization and autocratization. Here are the key points regarding the report and its findings: Classification of Regime Types: The report categorizes countries into four regime types based on their score in the Liberal Democratic Index (LDI): Liberal Democracy, Electoral Democracy, Electoral Autocracy, and Closed Autocracy. These classifications consider both liberal and electoral aspects of democracy.Components of the LDI: The LDI is based on 71 indicators, including the Liberal Component Index (LCI) and the Electoral Democracy Index (EDI), which measure aspects such as individual liberties, legislative constraints on the executive, and free and fair elections. Additionally, the LDI considers indices such as the Egalitarian Component Index, Participatory Component Index, and Deliberative Component Index. Key Findings of the Democracy Report 2024: The report involved 4,200 scholars from 180 countries and analyzed 31 million datasets covering 202 countries from 1789 to 2023.It revealed that 42 countries, representing 35% of the world’s population, were undergoing autocratization in 2023.The proportion of the world’s population living in autocracies increased to 71%, up from 48% a decade ago.Democracy levels decreased globally, with the sharpest declines observed in Eastern Europe, South Asia, and Central Asia.Freedom of expression, clean elections, and freedom of association were identified as the three worst-affected components of democracy in autocratizing countries.In 2024, 31 out of 60 countries going to the polls were experiencing democratic decline. Concerns Regarding India: India, classified as an electoral autocracy since 2018, has experienced further decline on multiple metrics, earning it a place among the “worst autocratizers.”The level of liberal democracy enjoyed by the average Indian has regressed to levels last seen in 1975, during the declaration of a state of emergency by then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.An electoral autocracy, the category India falls into, features multiparty elections but lacks sufficient levels of freedom of expression and free and fair elections, among other democratic requisites. V-Dem Institute The V-Dem Institute, short for Varieties of Democracy, is a renowned research institute dedicated to studying the qualities of government. Here are the key points about V-Dem: Founding and Leadership: The V-Dem Institute was established in 2014 by Staffan Lindberg, a distinguished Swedish political scientist. Lindberg’s expertise and leadership have been instrumental in shaping the institute’s research agenda and methodologies.Research Focus: V-Dem Institute focuses on analyzing and understanding the varieties of democracy worldwide. Its research encompasses a broad range of topics related to governance, including democratic processes, institutions, norms, and practices.Location: The headquarters of the V-Dem Institute is located at the Department of Political Science, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. The institute benefits from its affiliation with the university, leveraging its academic resources and expertise.Datasets and Publications: The V-Dem Institute produces and publishes a series of high-profile datasets that provide comprehensive information about the qualities of different governments. These datasets are updated annually and are publicly available for free, making them invaluable resources for researchers, policymakers, and the general public.Popularity Among Scholars: V-Dem datasets are widely used and respected within the academic community, particularly among political scientists. They offer detailed insights into hundreds of indicator variables covering various aspects of government, making them essential tools for comparative analysis and empirical research. -Source: The Hindu Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 Context: The government on Monday implemented the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, notifying the rules to fast-track citizenship for undocumented non-Muslim migrants from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan who came to India before December 31, 2014. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key provisions of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019Criticisms of the CAA Key provisions of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019: Exemption for Certain Religious Minorities: The Amendment Act provides that Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis, and Christians from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, who entered India on or before December 31, 2014, will not be treated as illegal migrants. They must have been exempted from the Foreigners Act, 1946, and the Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920 by the central government to avail of this benefit.Citizenship by Registration or Naturalization: The Act allows individuals to apply for citizenship by registration or naturalization if they meet certain qualifications. The Amendment Act reduces the residency requirement from 11 years to five years for Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis, and Christians from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.Date of Citizenship Acquisition: Individuals covered by the Amendment Act will be deemed citizens of India from the date of their entry into India. Legal proceedings against them in respect of their illegal migration or citizenship will be closed.Exclusion of Tribal Areas and Inner Line Areas: The provisions on citizenship for illegal migrants do not apply to the tribal areas of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura, as well as the “Inner Line” areas notified under the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873. The Inner Line Permit system regulates visits by Indians to these areas.Cancellation of OCI Registration: The Amendment Act allows the central government to cancel the registration of Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cardholders on various grounds, including fraud or violation of the provisions of the Act or any other notified law. The OCI cardholder must be given an opportunity to be heard before cancellation. Criticisms of the CAA It violates the basic tenets of the Constitution. Illegal immigrants are distinguished on the basis of religion.It is perceived to be a demographic threat to indigenous communities.It makes illegal migrants eligible for citizenship on the basis of religion. This may violate Article 14 of the Constitution which guarantees the right to equality.It attempts to naturalise the citizenship of illegal immigrants in the region.It allows cancellation of OCI registration for violation of any law. This is a wide ground that may cover a range of violations, including minor offences. -Source: Indian Express Central Vigilance Commission Context: Shri AS Rajeev appointed as Vigilance Commissioner in the Central Vigilance Commission Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: About Central Vigilance CommissionFunctions of CVCRemoval of members (according to CVC Act)Criticism – Limited Powers of CVC About Central Vigilance Commission Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) is an apex Indian governmental body created in 1964.CVC was set up based on the recommendations of the Committee on Prevention of Corruption, headed by Shri K. Santhanam, to advise and guide Central Government agencies in the field of vigilance.The CVC became a Statutory Body with the enactment of CVC Act, 2003.The CVC is an independent body, free of control from any executive authority, (It is NOT controlled by any ministry or department).The CVC is responsible only to the Parliament.The CVC is NOT an investigating agency.The CVC may have the investigation done through the CBI or Chief Vigilance Officers (CVO) in government offices.President of India appoints CVC members by warrant under his hand and seal.The Oath of office is administered by the President.A three-member committee made of –The Prime Minister, The Home Minister , The Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha – Makes the Recommendation for appointment of Vigilance Commissioners.The Vigilance Commissioners are appointed for a term of Four years OR until they attain 65 years of age (whichever is earlier).On retirement – they are NOT eligible for reappointment in any central or state government agency. Functions of CVC The CVC monitors all vigilance activity under the Central Government It advises various authorities in Central Government organizations in planning, executing, reviewing and reforming their vigilance work.The CVC recommends appropriate action on complaints on corruption or misuse of power.Lokpal, Central Government or Whistle blowers can approach the CVC regarding complaints.The CVC – Under Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 – can inquire into offences reported against certain categories of Public Servants. (However, remember, CVC is NOT an Investigating agency).The Annual Report of the CVC not only gives the details of the work done by it but also brings out the system failures which leads to corruption in various Departments/Organisations, system improvements, various preventive measures and cases in which the Commission’s advises were ignored etc. Composition of Central Vigilance Commission The CVC is comprised of 3 members: A Central Vigilance Commissioner (Chairperson)Up to Two Vigilance Commissioners (Members) Removal of members (according to CVC Act) The Central Vigilance Commissioner or any Vigilance Commissioner can be removed from his office only by order of the President on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity after the Supreme Court reports that the officer ought to be removed after inquiry, on a reference made to it by the President. Also, a member can be removed if the member: Is Adjudged as an insolventIs convicted of an offence that involves moral turpitude according to Central GovernmentEngages in Office of profit outside the duties of his officeIs declared unfit by reason of infirmity of mind or body, by the PresidentParticipates / Concerned / Interested to Participate – in any way in the profit / in any benefit – in any contract or agreement made by or on behalf of the Government of India Criticism – Limited Powers of CVC CVC is treated as an advisory body only as Central Government Departments are free to either accept or reject CVC’s advice in corruption cases.The Commission has no jurisdiction over private individuals and organisations of the State Governments. The CVC is left with no power to register criminal case.The CVC cannot direct the CBI to initiate inquiries against any officer of the level of Joint Secretary and above.Hence, CVC neither has the resources nor the power to take action on complaints of corruption.Appointments to CVC are indirectly under the control of Govt of India.Although, the leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha is a member of the committee that selects the CVC Members – the committee just considers the candidates that are put up before it, and these candidates are decided by the Government.CVC is a very small set up with a sanctioned staff strength of 299, which is supposed to check corruption in more than 1500 central government departments and ministries. -Source: The Hindu Madhya Pradesh High Court Orders Scientific Survey of Bhojshala Temple-Mosque Complex Context: The Indore Bench of the Madhya Pradesh High Court has ordered the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to conduct a scientific survey of the Bhojshala Temple-Kamal Maula Mosque complex in Dhar district to clarify its original nature. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Bhojshala Temple-Kamal Maula Mosque complexMethods for Excavation and InvestigationAbout Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) Bhojshala Temple-Kamal Maula Mosque complex The Bhojshala Temple-Kamal Maula Mosque complex is a historic site in India with a rich and contentious history. Here are its key points: Origins: The complex originally consisted of a temple dedicated to goddess Sarasvati, built by the Parawara King Bhoja in the 11th century AD. It was a significant religious and cultural center during that time.Conversion to Mosque: At some point in history, the temple was converted into the Kamal Maula Mosque. The mosque was constructed using structural elements from the original temple, and some inscribed slabs with Sanskrit and Prakrit writings were retained.Cultural Significance: King Bhoja, known for his patronage of art and literature, established a school in the vicinity of the temple, which is now known as Bhojashala. The site has religious and cultural significance for both Hindus and Muslims.Religious Practices: As part of an agreement with the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Hindus are allowed to perform puja (worship) in the temple every Tuesday, while Muslims offer Namaz (prayer) in the mosque every Friday.Dispute: The controversy surrounding the site revolves around its original status as a temple. Some believe that the temple was demolished to build the mosque, while others dispute this claim.Legal Proceedings: Legal battles have ensued over the years regarding the status of the site. A petitioner cited an ASI report claiming that the original temples were indeed demolished to build the mosque. However, a respondent challenged the maintainability of the suit, citing a previous dismissal of a similar petition by the High Court.High Court’s Order: In response to the ongoing dispute, the High Court ordered the ASI to conduct a comprehensive scientific survey, excavation, and investigation of the site using advanced methods such as Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), GPS, and carbon dating. The goal is to determine the true history and nature of the monument, including its peripheral areas. Methods for Excavation and Investigation The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) employs various methods for excavation and investigation, both invasive and non-invasive: Invasive Methods: Excavation: This involves digging into the ground using stratigraphic principles to uncover and study archaeological remains. It provides valuable information about the past but also destroys the context.Stratigraphy: Archaeologists use this method to carefully peel off layers of soil in reverse order, revealing the chronological sequence of human activity. Non-Invasive Methods: Active Methods:Seismic Techniques: Shock waves are used to study subsurface structures by measuring their response.Electromagnetic Methods: Energy is injected into the ground, and responses such as electromagnetic signals are measured to assess subsurface features.Passive Methods:Magnetometry: Detects magnetic anomalies caused by buried structures.Gravity Surveying: Measures variations in gravitational force caused by subsurface features. Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR):A 3-D model of buried archaeological features is created using radar pulses. GPR operates by emitting radar impulses from a surface antenna and recording the time and magnitude of return signals from the subsoil. It can detect buried structures without excavation.Limitation: Radar beams spread out like a cone, leading to reflections that may not directly correspond to physical dimensions, resulting in false images.Carbon Dating:Determines the age of organic materials by measuring the amount of carbon-14 present. This method helps in dating archaeological finds and establishing chronologies. About Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) The Archaeological Survey of India is an Indian government agency attached to the Ministry of Culture.ASI is responsible for archaeological research and the conservation and preservation of cultural monuments in the country.Maintenance of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance is the prime concern of the ASI.Besides it regulate all archaeological activities in the country as per the provisions of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.It also regulates Antiquities and Art Treasure Act, 1972.For the maintenance of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance the entire country is divided into 24 Circles.The organization has a large work force of trained archaeologists, conservators, epigraphist, architects and scientists for conducting archaeological research projects through its Circles, Museums, Excavation Branches, Prehistory Branch, Epigraphy Branches, Science Branch, Horticulture Branch, Building Survey Project, Temple Survey Projects and Underwater Archaeology Wing.The most important of the society’s achievements was the decipherment of the Brahmi script by James Prinsep in 1837. This successful decipherment inaugurated the study of Indian palaeography. -Source: The Hindu Anthropocene Epoch Context: Scientists have voted against a proposal to declare a new geological epoch called the Anthropocene to reflect how profoundly human activity has altered the planet. Relevance: GS I: Geography Anthropocene Epoch: It is an unofficial unit of geologic time representing the period when human activities significantly impacted Earth’s climate and ecosystems.Coined by biologist Eugene Stormer and chemist Paul Crutzen in 2000, the term “Anthropocene” combines “anthropo” (man) and “cene” (new) from Greek.Human activities during this epoch have led to phenomena such as global warming, sea-level rise, ocean acidification, soil erosion, heat waves, and biosphere degradation. Geological Time Scale: The geologic time scale divides Earth’s history into eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages based on rock layers and fossils.Stratigraphy, the study of rock layers and fossils, correlates certain organisms with specific parts of the geologic record. Current Epoch – Holocene: The current epoch, officially known as the Holocene, began 11,700 years ago after the last major ice age. Debate: Scientists debate whether the Anthropocene differs significantly from the Holocene.The International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), responsible for naming and defining epochs, has not formally adopted the term Anthropocene.A key question for the IUGS is whether human-induced changes to Earth’s system are reflected in the rock strata. -Source: The Hindu Inflection 2.5 Context: Recently, Inflection AI company launched its latest LLM, Inflection 2.5, an upgrade to its model that powers its friendly chatbot Pi personal assistant. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Inflection 2.5: Inflection 2.5 is an upgraded in-house model competitive with leading Large Language Models (LLMs).It features a signature personality and uniquely empathetic fine-tuning.Notable advancements have been made in areas such as coding and mathematics.The upgrade includes real-time web search capabilities, ensuring access to high-quality and up-to-date information.Users can engage with the Pi chatbot on a wider range of topics, from current events to studying for exams or drafting business plans. What is Pi Chatbot? Pi is an AI chatbot designed for deep and meaningful conversations.Users can access Pi by visiting Inflection.AI, clicking on “Meet Pi,” and initiating conversations with the chatbot.Pi is promoted as a chatbot with personality, aiming to be more humane and companion-like to users.It is free to use and offers six distinct voices to choose from, adding life to conversations.Pi has been trained on billions of lines of text from the open web, enabling it to answer a wide variety of questions and engage in diverse conversations. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 12 March 2024

CONTENTS Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala SchemeSashakt Nari – Viksit Bharat programme Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Scheme Context The Union Cabinet extended the subsidy of Rs 300 per 14.2-kg cylinder under the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) for up to 12 refills per year till the end of 2024-25.  Relevance: GS-II: Social Justice and Governance (Welfare Schemes, Government Policies & Interventions) Dimensions of the Article: Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala SchemeChallenges in Implementing the PMUY SchemeUjjwala 2.0 Scheme Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Scheme Launch Date and Slogan: Launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on May 1, 2016, with the slogan “Clean Fuel, Better Life.”Objective: Aimed at safeguarding the health of women and children by providing them with clean cooking fuel, namely LPG, to eliminate the health risks associated with smoky kitchens and the collection of firewood.Implementing Agency: Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas.Budget: Initially allocated Rs 8,000 crore. Key Features: Initially targeted to provide 5 crore LPG connections to Below Poverty Line (BPL) families with Rs 1600 support per connection over three years (2016-19).Subsequently, the target was increased to 8 crore LPG connections in April 2018.Connections are registered in the names of women within households. Eligibility & Identification: Open to all BPL families.Any adult woman from a BPL family can apply for a deposit-free LPG gas connection under the Ujjwala scheme.Expanded in April 2018 to include women beneficiaries from seven additional categories (SC/ST, PMAY, AAY, most backward classes, tea garden, forest dwellers, river islands).Identification of BPL families is based on the Socio Economic Caste Census Data from 2011. Challenges in Implementing the PMUY Scheme The implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Scheme (PMUY) faced several challenges: Data Accuracy: Identifying deserving households for free LPG connections was challenging due to a lack of accurate data. The SECC-2011 data, although used for identification, was not entirely reliable, resulting in some deserving households being excluded during fieldwork. Inaccurate BPL Classification: The SECC-2011 data also revealed cases where relatively affluent households were classified as Below Poverty Line (BPL) households. This posed difficulties in validating the authenticity of the SECC database. Awareness and Documentation: Many beneficiaries came from economically disadvantaged and less-educated backgrounds. They had limited awareness of the safety requirements for using an LPG stove. Additionally, some households lacked essential documents such as ration cards and Aadhaar cards, which were necessary for availing benefits under the scheme. Challenges in Establishing Distributorships: In certain regions, particularly areas affected by law and order issues or designated as forested areas, setting up LPG distributorships proved to be challenging. This hindered the scheme’s reach, leaving households in those areas without access to cleaner cooking fuel. Performance of Ujjwala Scheme (Phase-I): The release of 8 Crore LPG connections under the scheme significantly increased LPG coverage, rising from 62% on May 1, 2016, to an impressive 99.8% by April 1, 2021.Several states have seen substantial benefits from the scheme, including Uttar Pradesh (benefiting over 1.46 crore BPL families), West Bengal (88 lakhs), Bihar (85 lakhs), Madhya Pradesh (71 lakhs), and Rajasthan (63 lakhs). Ujjwala 2.0 Scheme: In the Union budget for FY 21-22, provisions were made for an additional 1 crore LPG connections under Ujjwala 2.0.Special facilities have been introduced for migrant families, simplifying the process by eliminating the need for ration cards or address proof. A self-declaration for both family details and proof of address is sufficient.As of March 1, 2023, the total number of connections released under PMUY reached 9.59 crore.Active domestic LPG consumers have also shown remarkable growth, increasing from 14.52 crore in April 2014 to 31.4 crore as of March 2023. Sashakt Nari – Viksit Bharat Programme Context: The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi today participated in Sashakt Nari – Viksit Bharat programme and witnessed agricultural drone demonstrations conducted by Namo Drone Didis at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: About Sashakt Nari – Viksit Bharat programmeNaMo Drone DidiLakhpati Didi Initiative About Sashakt Nari – Viksit Bharat programme The program involves several key components and initiatives aimed at promoting economic empowerment and financial independence among women, particularly in rural areas. Here are the key elements of the program: Distribution of Drones: The Prime Minister will distribute drones to 1,000 Namo Drone Didis during the program. Namo Drone Didi and Lakhpati Didi Initiatives: These initiatives are crucial for realizing the Prime Minister’s vision of promoting economic empowerment and financial independence among women, especially in rural areas. Honoring Lakhpati Didis: The Prime Minister will honor Lakhpati Didis who have achieved success with the assistance of the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission.These accomplished women actively support and inspire other members of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) for their progress. Bank Loans Disbursement: Prime Minister will disburse approximately eight thousand crore rupees in bank loans to SHGs.The loans will be provided at subsidized interest rates through Bank Linkage Camps established by banks in each district. Capitalization Support Fund: There will be an allocation of around two thousand crore rupees in the Capitalization Support Fund to support SHGs. NaMo Drone Didi The NaMo Drone Didi Initiative is a government scheme aimed at empowering rural women through training in drone piloting for agricultural applications. Here are the key details of the initiative: Program Overview: Launch and Leadership: Launched under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Objective: Empower 15,000 women-led Self-Help Groups (SHGs) with agricultural drones. Tasks and Applications: Trained women can use drones for tasks such as crop monitoring, fertilization, and seed sowing in agriculture. Participant Eligibility and Training: Eligibility: Open to women associated with Self-Help Groups (SHGs).Candidates recommended for training by district authorities and the National Rural Livelihood Mission. Training Program: Comprehensive training covering practical and theoretical aspects of drone operation, maintenance, and safety.Includes a five-day drone training course and a four-day ground training session.Total training cost is approximately Rs 65,000, with an additional Rs 16,000 for ground training.Initial training costs are sponsored by companies, with trainees covering subsequent ground training expenses. Benefits for Participants: Certificates: Successful participants receive a Remote Pilot Certificate (RPC) from the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), allowing legal drone operation. Drone Allocation: Participants receive a drone, with the central government covering 80 percent of its cost. Purpose and Objectives: Empowerment: Empower rural women with a new skill set to actively contribute to agricultural efficiency and productivity. Labor Reduction: Reduce the labor-intensive nature of agriculture, promoting self-sufficiency among rural women. Lakhpati Didi Initiative The Lakhpati Didi Initiative, announced during the Prime Minister’s Independence Day speech on August 15, 2023, aims to encourage women to establish micro-enterprises within their villages. Here are the key details of the initiative: Overview: Launch Date: The initiative was unveiled by the Prime Minister during his Independence Day speech on August 15, 2023. Objective: Encourage women, especially those in self-help groups (SHGs), to establish micro-enterprises and generate a sustainable annual income of at least Rs 1 lakh per household. Implementing Agency: DAY-NRLM (Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission) spearheads this initiative. Features: Training Focus: The initiative involves training two crore women, particularly those in SHGs, to acquire diverse skills. Training includes areas such as plumbing, LED bulb manufacturing, drone operation and repair, tailoring, and weaving. Skill Diversity: Women completing the training will have acquired a variety of skills, providing them with opportunities to earn income through their newly acquired capabilities. Cross-Governmental Strategy: The Ministry of Rural Development is adopting a comprehensive, cross-governmental strategy, fostering convergence to transform the rural economy and empower ‘Lakhpati Didis.’ Implementation: Livelihood Activities: DAY-NRLM focuses on multiple livelihood activities within SHG households to ensure a yearly income of Rs 1 lakh or more. Value Chain Interventions: Value chain interventions are incorporated to enhance the overall income-generating potential of the trained women. Empowerment and Economic Transformation: Empowering Rural Women: The initiative aims to empower rural women by equipping them with skills that enable them to establish and manage micro-enterprises. Rural Economic Transformation: The comprehensive strategy and convergence efforts are geared towards transforming the rural economy through the active participation and economic empowerment of women.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 12 March 2024

CONTENTS Supreme Court Acknowledges Bail System InefficacyStatus Quo Ordered on Shanan Hydropower Project Amid Punjab-Himachal Pradesh DisputeIndia to Resume Penicillin G Manufacturing Under PLI SchemeGig WorkersYaounde DeclarationGolden LangursParrot Fever Supreme Court Acknowledges Bail System Inefficacy Context: The Supreme Court of India, in the case of Satender Kumar Antil vs Central Bureau Of Investigation (2022), has brought attention to the inefficiency of India’s bail system. This acknowledgment underscores the urgent requirement for reforming bail laws to tackle systemic challenges within the criminal justice system and alleviate the crisis of undertrial incarceration. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Concerns Regarding India’s Bail SystemFair Trial Programme (FTP)Way Forward for Bail System Reform Concerns Regarding India’s Bail System: High Undertrial Population: Over 75% of India’s prison population consists of undertrials, revealing a significant issue with the bail system. Undertrial Definition: Undertrial prisoners are accused individuals awaiting trial who haven’t been convicted, leading to judicial custody during court proceedings. Overcrowding in Prisons: Indian prisons exhibit an overcrowding rate of 118%, highlighting systemic problems within the criminal justice system. Discretionary Bail Adjudication: Bail decisions heavily rely on court discretion, guided by Supreme Court guidelines emphasizing the need for bail but allowing denial based on factors like the gravity of the offence and the risk of absconding. Inconsistent Court Practices: Courts often deviate from guidelines, leaning towards bail denial or imposing strict conditions without providing clear reasons for their decisions. Disproportionate Impact on Marginalized: Marginalized individuals face disproportionate consequences, either facing bail denial or stringent conditions, due to broad exceptions in the system. Challenges in Meeting Bail Conditions: Many undertrials remain in prison even after receiving bail due to difficulties in meeting conditions, including financial constraints, lack of local sureties, and navigating the court system. Inadequate Addressal of Challenges: Existing bail laws fail to adequately address challenges, as demonstrated by data from the Fair Trial Programme (FTP) revealing continued imprisonment in 14% of cases and delays in meeting conditions in almost 35% of cases. Lack of Safeguards Against Arbitrary Arrest: While the Supreme Court emphasizes safeguards against arbitrary arrest, these safeguards often exclude individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds, contributing to the high number of undertrials. Exclusion from Arrest Protections: Data from the FTP underscores the unjustifiable exclusion of a significant portion of undertrials, such as migrants, asset-less individuals, those without family contact, and those with a history of previous incarceration. Assumptions in Current Bail System: The current bail system assumes that all arrested individuals can afford bail or have influential social connections, contradicting the principle of “bail not jail.” Need for Evidence-Based Reforms: Reforms in the bail system are necessary, but they should be based on empirical evidence to understand the root problems and implement effective changes. Fair Trial Programme (FTP): The Fair Trial Programme (FTP) is a criminal justice initiative situated at the National Law University in Delhi.The primary goal of the FTP is to ensure fair trials for undertrial prisoners within the Indian criminal justice system.The FTP undertakes the training and mentorship of young professionals, including lawyers and social workers.These trained professionals collaborate with the State Legal Services Authority, working together to enhance the fairness of legal proceedings for undertrial prisoners.The initiative places a specific emphasis on promoting fair trials, addressing systemic issues, and ensuring that legal processes adhere to principles of justice and human rights.Through training and mentorship programs, the FTP aims to build the capacity of young professionals, empowering them to contribute effectively to the improvement of the criminal justice system.The collaboration with the State Legal Services Authority likely involves providing legal assistance, representation, and support to undertrial prisoners who may face challenges in navigating the legal system.By focusing on fair trials and involving young professionals in the legal and social work domains, the FTP plays a crucial role in contributing to broader criminal justice reform in India. Way Forward for Bail System Reform: Bail Law Revision:Revise bail laws to ensure fairness and equity, irrespective of socio-economic status, addressing systemic issues contributing to the high undertrial population.Special Bail Legislation:Consider the enactment of special bail legislation similar to the Bail Act of the UK.Establish a general right to bail and define clear criteria for bail decisions to reduce reliance on monetary bonds and sureties.Legal Aid for Compliance:Provide legal aid and support to undertrial prisoners to facilitate bail compliance and court appearances.Safeguards Against Arbitrary Arrest:Ensure safeguards against arbitrary arrest are inclusive and accessible to individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds.Support Programs for Bail Conditions:Establish support programs to assist undertrials in meeting bail conditions.Provide access to legal aid, financial assistance, and social support services to overcome challenges.Collaboration Among Stakeholders:Foster collaboration among government agencies, legal institutions, civil society organizations, and community groups.Develop holistic approaches to bail reform that address multi-faceted challenges.Ongoing Monitoring and Evaluation:Establish mechanisms for continuous monitoring and evaluation of bail reform initiatives.Assess effectiveness, identify areas for improvement, and adapt strategies based on empirical evidence. -Source: The Hindu Status Quo Ordered on Shanan Hydropower Project Amid Punjab-Himachal Pradesh Dispute Context: The central government has issued orders for maintaining the status quo on the Shanan hydropower project, which has become a subject of contention between Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. The dispute has prompted Punjab to approach the Supreme Court seeking resolution. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: Shanan Project and Claims of Different PartiesMajor Inter-State River Disputes in India Shanan Project and Claims of Different Parties: Historical Context: The Shanan Project, a 110-MW hydropower project in Jogindernagar, Mandi district, Himachal Pradesh, was leased to Punjab in 1925 during the British era. Lease Agreement Details: Lease formalized between Raja Joginder Bahadur of Mandi and Col BC Batty, Chief Engineer of Punjab, representing the British government.Served energy needs of undivided Punjab and Delhi during the British era. Post-Partition Changes: After partition, supply to Lahore ceased, and the transmission line terminated in Amritsar.In 1966, the project was transferred to Punjab during state reorganization, as Himachal Pradesh became a Union Territory. Claims of Himachal Pradesh: Ownership and Operational Rights: Asserts ownership and operational rights over the project before the 1925 lease.Lease Period Only: Contends that the 1925 lease granted operational, not ownership, rights for a specific period.Deterioration Concerns: Raises concerns about the project’s deteriorating condition due to alleged neglect by Punjab. Claims of Punjab: Rightful Owner: Asserts Punjab’s rightful ownership and lawful possession under the central notification of 1967.Control through PSPCL: Exercises control over project assets through Punjab State Power Corporation Ltd (PSPCL).Legal Action: Files a case in the Supreme Court under Article 131, seeking a “permanent Prohibitory Injunction” to prevent Himachal Pradesh’s interference. Centre’s Interim Measure: Status Quo Order: Central government intervenes, issuing an order to maintain the status quo on the Shanan Project a day before the lease conclusion.Legal Basis: Invokes powers under Sections 67 and 96 of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966, and Section 21 of the General Clause Act, 1887. Major Inter-State River Disputes in India River (s)StatesRavi and BeasPunjab, Haryana, RajasthanNarmadaMadhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, RajasthanKrishnaMaharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, TelanganaVamsadharaAndhra Pradesh & OdishaCauveryKerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and PuducherryGodavariMaharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, OdishaMahanadiChhattisgarh, OdishaMahadayiGoa, Maharashtra, KarnatakaPeriyarTamil Nadu, Kerala Active River Water Dispute Tribunals in India Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal II (2004) – Karnataka, Telangana, Andra Pradesh, MaharashtraMahanadi Water Disputes Tribunal (2018) – Odisha & ChattisgarhMahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal (2010) – Goa,Karnataka, MaharashtraRavi & Beas Water Tribunal (1986) – Punjab, Haryana, RajasthanVansadhara Water Disputes Tribunal (2010) – Andra Pradesh & Odisha. Constitutional and legal provisions related to water disputes Article 262(1) provides that Parliament may by law provide for the adjudication of any dispute or complaint with respect to the use, distribution or control of the waters of, or in, any inter State river or river valley.Article 262(2) empowers Parliament with the power to provide by law that neither the Supreme Court nor any other court shall exercise jurisdiction in respect of any such dispute or complaint.Under Article 262, two acts were enacted:River Boards Act 1956: It was enacted with a declaration that centre should take control of regulation and development of Inter-state rivers and river valleys in public interest. However, not a single river board has been constituted so far.The Interstate River Water Disputes Act, 1956 (IRWD Act) confers a power upon union government to constitute tribunals to resolve such disputes. It also excludes jurisdiction of Supreme Court over such disputes.Despite Article 262, the Supreme Court does have jurisdiction to adjudicate water disputes, provided that the parties first go to water tribunal and then if they feel that the order is not satisfactory only then they can approach supreme Court under article 136.The article 136 gives discretion to allow leave to appeal against order, decree, judgment passed by any Court or tribunal in India. Issues with Interstate Water Dispute Tribunals Interstate Water Dispute Tribunals are riddled with Protracted proceedings and extreme delays in dispute resolution.For example, the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal, constituted in 1990, gave its final award in 2007.Interstate Water dispute tribunals also have opacity in the institutional framework and guidelines that define these proceedings and ensure compliance.There is no time limit for adjudication. In fact, delay happens at the stage of constitution of tribunals as well.Though award is final and beyond the jurisdiction of Courts, either States can approach Supreme Court under Article 136 (Special Leave Petition) under Article 32 linking issue with the violation of Article 21 (Right to Life). In the event the Tribunal holding against any Party, that Party is quick to seek redressal in the Supreme Court. Only three out of eight Tribunals have given awards accepted by the States.The composition of the tribunal is not multidisciplinary and it consists of persons only from the judiciary.No provision for an adequate machinery to enforce the award of the Tribunal.Lack of uniform standards- which could be applied in resolving such disputes.Lack of adequate resources- both physical and human, to objectively assess the facts of the case.Lack of retirement or term- mentioned for the chairman of the tribunals.The absence of authoritative water data that is acceptable to all parties currently makes it difficult to even set up a baseline for adjudication.The shift in tribunals’ approach, from deliberative to adversarial, aids extended litigation and politicisation of water-sharing disputes.The growing nexus between water and politics have transformed the disputes into turfs of vote bank politics. -Source: Indian Express India to Resume Penicillin G Manufacturing Under PLI Scheme Context: India is set to resume the manufacturing of Penicillin G in 2024, marking a significant development after three decades since the closure of India’s last plant. This revival comes as a result of the government’s Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme, initiated during the Covid-19 pandemic to bolster domestic manufacturing. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Reasons for the Discontinuation of Penicillin Manufacturing in India:Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme Overview Reasons for the Discontinuation of Penicillin Manufacturing in India: Competition from Chinese Alternatives: Influx of competitively priced Chinese alternatives flooded the market.Lower prices made Indian manufacturers economically nonviable, leading to plant closures. Economic Factors: Significantly lower prices of Chinese alternatives rendered Indian production economically unviable.Multiple manufacturing plants had to be liquidated for scrap. Drug Prices Control Order: Price caps on essential medicines under the Drug Prices Control Order further incentivized the adoption of cheaper imported products.For Example, India initially sold Paracetamol at approximately Rs 800 per kilogram, but the entry of Chinese competitors slashed prices to nearly Rs 400 per kilogram, rendering domestic production economically unviable.. Lack of Urgency for Domestic Revival: Availability of cheaper alternatives globally diminished the urgency to revive Penicillin manufacturing domestically. Disruption in Supply Chain during the Pandemic: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the vulnerability of supply chains, prompting a reevaluation of self-reliance. Government Initiatives: The government initiated the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme to boost domestic manufacturing. High Initial Costs and Capital Investment: Substantial capital investment required, particularly for fermented drugs like Penicillin G.Profitability often takes years to achieve. Chinese Dominance in Manufacturing: China has emerged as a dominant supplier with expanded manufacturing capabilities.Competing with Chinese prices would necessitate substantial investments in larger facilities. PLI Scheme Impact: Significant decrease in API imports, such as Paracetamol, following the implementation of the PLI scheme.Ongoing imports highlight the need for further development in domestic API manufacturing. Incentives Under PLI Scheme: PLI scheme offers incentives for fermentation-based bulk drugs like antibiotics, enzymes, and hormones.Support includes a 20% incentive for the first four years, 15% for the fifth year, and 5% for the sixth year. Need for Further Development: Despite the decline in API imports, a substantial portion, especially for antibiotics, is still imported.The PLI scheme aims to encourage development in domestic API manufacturing. Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme Overview: The PLI Scheme, or Production Linked Incentive Scheme, is a government initiative in India.It operates as a performance-linked incentive, offering companies incentives based on incremental sales from domestically manufactured products.The primary goals include boosting the manufacturing sector and reducing dependence on imports.The scheme has the potential to significantly enhance production, employment, and overall economic growth over the next few years.In 2021, the government announced PLI schemes worth Rs 1.97 lakh crore for 13 key sectors, spanning auto components, electronics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and more.These schemes are at various stages of implementation, with the aim of positively impacting the Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) ecosystem in the country. Performance Evaluation of PLI Schemes: Positive Outcomes: Mobile Handset Exports: India doubled the value of mobile handset exports in FY22 to Rs 45,000 crore compared to FY21. FY23 estimates indicate further growth, with an expected export value of Rs 90,000 crore.Pharma Industry: India is now manufacturing 35 active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) domestically, reducing reliance on imports and showcasing self-sufficiency. Export Achievements: PLI schemes have contributed to exports surpassing Rs 3.2 lakh crore, with notable contributions from electronics, pharma, food processing, and telecom sectors. Challenges and Slow Implementation: Implementation Challenges: The implementation of PLI schemes has been slow, and certain large-ticket industries have been slow to adopt or commence major activities under the scheme.Incentive Payouts: The government spent only Rs 10 crore in incentive payouts in 2021-22 for mobile handsets, white goods, and food processing combined. This increased to Rs 2,874 crore in 2022-23.Job Creation: The slow start has resulted in lower job creation than projected. Out of the projected 6 million new jobs over seven years, only around 300,000 jobs (5% of the total) were created between 2020 and early-2023 through various PLIs. -Source: The Hindu Gig Workers Context: According to a recent study on app-based workers, gig workers work long hours for minimal pay, with 68% of drivers reporting that their expenses surpass their profits. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Highlights of Recent Study on App-Based WorkersMinimum Wage Policy in IndiaWho is a ‘gig worker’? Highlights of Recent Study on App-Based Workers: Long Working Hours: Nearly one-third of app-based cab drivers work over 14 hours daily.More than 83% work more than 10 hours, with 60% working over 12 hours.Social disparities intensify the situation, with over 60% of SCs and STs drivers working over 14 hours a day. Low Earnings: Over 43% of participants earn less than ₹500 a day or ₹15,000 a month after deducting all costs.More than 80% of cab drivers express dissatisfaction with company fares.Over 73% of delivery persons are dissatisfied with their rates.68% of cab drivers’ overall expenses exceed their earnings, potentially leading to debt-like situations. Stress and Health Issues: Demanding work hours result in physical exhaustion, increasing the risk of road traffic accidents.10-minute delivery policies from certain e-commerce platforms contribute to the risk.Lack of social and job security leads to stress and potential health problems. Other Issues: 41% of drivers and 48% of delivery persons are unable to take a single day off in a week.Less than 37% of drivers belong to a union.ID deactivation and customer misbehavior are major concerns raised by workers. Recommendations: Stronger social security measures are recommended for app-based workers.Government oversight on the fairness of algorithms and monitoring mechanisms used by platforms is emphasized.The study aims to address income disparities, social inequalities, and improve the overall working conditions of app-based workers. Minimum Wage Policy in India The Minimum Wage Policy in India is governed by the Code of Wages Act 2019. Here are the key provisions and components of the Minimum Wage Policy in India: Code of Wages Act 2019: The Code of Wages Act 2019 aims to modernize and update the existing labor laws in India, making them more accountable and transparent.It introduces provisions for minimum wages and labor reforms, ensuring uniformity in wage-related matters across sectors and wage ceilings. Universalization of Provisions: The Act universalizes the provisions related to minimum wages and timely payment of wages to all employees, regardless of their sector or income level.This move is intended to guarantee the “Right to Sustenance” for every worker and strengthen the legal protection of minimum wages. Floor Wages: The Central Government is authorized to establish floor wages, considering the living standards of workers. Different floor wages may be set for various geographical areas.It is important to note that the minimum wages fixed by either the central or state governments must be higher than the floor wage. Fixation of Floor Wage: The Code on Wages Rules, 2020 outlines the concept of a floor wage, which provides the central government with the authority to determine floor wages based on the minimum living standards of workers.The floor wage serves as a baseline wage below which state governments cannot set minimum wages. Geographical Variation: The Wage Code permits the fixation of different floor-level wages for different geographical areas.However, this has raised concerns about the potential relocation of capital and industries from areas with higher wages to regions with lower wage standards. Who is a ‘gig worker’? Gig workers are those who work outside the traditional employer-employee relationship.There are two groups of gig workers – platform workers and non-platform workers.Gig workers who use online platforms are called platform workers, while those who work outside of these platforms are non-platform workers.Gig workers have characteristics of both employees and independent contractors and do not fit into any rigid categorization.As a result, gig workers have limited recognition under current employment laws and fall outside the ambit of statutory benefits. Concerns related to gig workers and the proposed labour codes in India: Limited benefits and protections: Gig workers are excluded from the benefits and protections offered by the other proposed labour codes, such as minimum wage and occupational safety.They are also not allowed to create legally recognised unions. Lack of effective remedy: Gig workers are excluded from accessing the specialised redressal mechanism under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947.This denies them an effective remedy for grievances against their employers. No right to collective bargaining: Gig workers do not have the right to collective bargaining, which is a fundamental principle of modern labour law crucial to safeguard the rights of workers. Poor working conditions: A 2022 report by Fairwork India highlighted the deplorable working conditions of digital platform workers in India.There is a need for statutory affirmation of the rights of gig workers. Delay in implementation: The proposed labour codes have received the assent of the President, but are still awaiting implementation three years on.The Centre has cited the delay in framing of rules by the States as the reason for the delay. Measures to address the issues related to gig workers: Evaluating scale of Gig economy: As of now there exists no authoritative estimate on the total number of gig workers in India, though the centralised nature of the platforms, and the larger platform labour market should make the collating of this data relatively straightforward for the Labour Ministry.Making regulations related to Gig economy: A more viable strategy then would involve conditional government partnerships with platforms under some of its flagship schemes. Here, the successful pilot of Swiggy’s Street Food Vendors programme under the PM SVANidhi, or PM Street Vendor’s Atma Nirbhar Nidhi scheme, may prove to be an illustrative example. -Source: The Hindu Yaounde Declaration Context: Ministers of Health from African countries with the highest burden of malaria recently signed the Yaounde Declaration with the objective of ending malaria deaths. Relevance: GS II: International Relations About Yaoundé Declaration: The Yaoundé Declaration was signed by health ministers from 11 African countries with the highest malaria burden.Signed at the Yaoundé conference, co-hosted by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Government of Cameroon. Participating Countries (70% of global malaria burden): Burkina FasoCameroonDemocratic Republic of the CongoGhanaMaliMozambiqueNigerNigeriaSudanUgandaTanzania Objectives: Commitment to accelerated action for ending malaria-related deaths.Sustainable and equitable addressing of the malaria threat in the African region (95% of global malaria deaths). Pledges: Sustainably address malaria threats with strong leadership and increased domestic funding.Invest in data technology, apply latest technical guidance, and enhance efforts at national and sub-national levels.Increase health sector investments for infrastructure, personnel, and program implementation.Foster multi-sectoral collaboration and build partnerships for funding, research, and innovation. Commitments: Unwavering commitment to the accelerated reduction of malaria mortality.Mutual accountability among signatory countries for outlined commitments in the declaration. -Source: The Hindu Golden Langurs Context: According to the comprehensive population estimation by the Primate Research Centre NE India (PRCNE), Assam Forest Department, Bodoland Territorial Council, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON), and Conservation Himalayas there are an estimated 7,396 golden langurs in India. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology About Golden Langurs: Physical Characteristics: Named for the golden color of their fur.Fur changes color with seasons.Young ones are almost pure white. Geographic Range: Limited to Assam, India, and neighboring Bhutan.Inhabits the region surrounded by the foothills of Bhutan (north), Manas river (east), Sankosh river (west), and Brahmaputra river (south). Habitat: Occupies moist evergreen and tropical deciduous forests.Found in riverine areas and savannas in Assam and Bhutan.Primarily tree-dwelling, living in the upper canopy of sub-tropical forests in the south and more temperate forests in the north.Can be found at elevations close to sea level in the south and up to 3000 m at the foothills of Bhutan in the north. Conservation Status: IUCN: EndangeredCITES: Appendix IWildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I -Source: The Hindu Parrot Fever Context In a recent outbreak parrot fever has claimed the lives of five individuals across Europe this year. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Parrot Fever (Psittacosis): Causative Agent: Also known as psittacosis.Caused by the bacterium Chlamydophila psittaci (C. psittaci). Transmission: Primarily affects birds but can be transmitted to humans.Human transmission occurs through inhalation of contaminated particles from feathers or droppings.More common in people with close contact with birds, such as poultry workers, veterinarians, and pet-bird owners. Symptoms: Fever, headache, muscle pains, coughing, difficulty breathing.Symptoms may resemble pneumonia.Severe cases can lead to complications such as myocarditis or other neurological symptoms. Human-to-Human Transmission: Very rare, with only a handful of cases reported. Treatment: Involves antibiotics, such as doxycycline or tetracycline.Administered orally for two to three weeks.Supportive care, including over-the-counter medications for symptomatic relief.Maintaining proper hygiene practices is crucial for recovery. -Source: Times of India

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 11 March 2024

CONTENTS Sangeet Natak Akademi (SNA) Fellowships and Awards School Soil Health Programme Sangeet Natak Akademi (SNA) Fellowships and Awards  Context: Recently, the President of India presented Sangeet Natak Akademi (SNA) Fellowships and Awards for the years 2022 and 2023 in New Delhi. Relevance: GS I: Art and Culture Dimensions of the Article: Sangeet Natak Akademi FellowshipSangeet Natak Akademi AwardsSangeet Natak Akademi Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship: Prestigious Honour: The Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship (Akademi Ratna Sadasyata) stands as the most prestigious honor conferred by the SNA. Eligibility Criteria: Established individuals in the fields of music, dance, and drama are considered, with a stipulation that individuals below 50 years of age are not ordinarily considered for this fellowship. Fellowship Benefits: The Akademi Fellowship includes a purse of Rs. 3.00 lakhs, a Tamrapatra (copper plaque), and an Angavastram (shawl). Recommendation Process: Recommendations for the fellowship are received from current fellows of the Akademi and members of the General Council. Seat Expansion: Initially comprising 30 seats, the General Council amended rules in 2010, adding 10 more seats over five years, with two seats added annually. Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards: Rich History: With a history spanning over 70 years, the SNA Awards honor practitioners, gurus, and scholars in music, dance, and drama, representing the nation’s highest achievements in these art forms. Inception: Awards in Hindustani and Carnatic music were instituted in 1951, pre-dating the establishment of the Akademi and initially known as Presidential Awards. Award Components: Each award includes a purse of Rs. 1.00 lakh, a Tamrapatra (copper plaque), and an Angavastram (shawl). Annual Conferment: Currently, 41 awards are conferred annually, and over 1298 artists have been honored with Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards. Sangeet Natak Akademi: Establishment: Established in 1953, the SNA is the apex body dedicated to preserving and promoting India’s rich intangible heritage expressed through music, dance, and drama. Founding Chairman: Created by a resolution of the Ministry of Education in 1952, Dr. P.V. Rajamannar served as its first Chairman. Management Structure: Oversight is provided by the General Council, with the Chairman appointed by the President of India for a five-year term. Office and Autonomy: The registered office is located at Rabindra Bhavan, New Delhi, operating autonomously under the Ministry of Culture. Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar: Recognizing excellence in artists under 40 in dance, music, and theatre, this award was introduced in 2006. Cultural Heritage Preservation: More than 100 rare art forms facing extinction are revived through training programs under the name ‘Kala Deeksha’ by the Akademi. School Soil Health Programme Context: Recently, the Union Minister for Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare and Union Minister for Rural Development inaugurated School Soil Health Programme, New Delhi. Relevance: GS II: Education Dimensions of the Article: School Soil Health ProgrammeSignificance of School Soil Health Programme School Soil Health Programme: The Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, in collaboration with the Department of School Education and Literacy, has initiated a pilot project focused on the School Soil Health Programme. Key Features: Pilot Project Implementation: Initiated with collaboration from the Department of School Education and Literacy, the pilot project established 20 soil labs in Kendriya and Navodaya Vidyalaya schools in rural areas. Study Modules and Training: Specialized study modules were developed, and training sessions were conducted for both students and teachers. Customized Mobile Application: A mobile application tailored for the school programme was introduced, featuring a dedicated portal segment documenting all student activities. Scaling Up to 1000 Schools: Following the successful pilot, the programme has been expanded to include 1000 schools, encompassing Kendriya Vidyalaya, Navodaya Vidyalaya, and Eklavya Model Schools. Lab Setup by NABARD: The Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, facilitated by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), will establish soil labs in these schools. Student-led Soil Sampling and Testing: Students from the enrolled schools will actively collect soil samples, perform tests in the on-site labs, and generate Soil Health Cards. Farmers’ Education: Following the card generation, students will take the initiative to educate farmers about the recommendations provided in the Soil Health Cards. Significance of School Soil Health Programme: Hands-on Learning Opportunities: The programme offers students the opportunity to conduct experiments, analyze soil samples, and explore the rich biodiversity within the soil. Skill Development: Through practical engagement, students will develop critical thinking skills, problem-solving abilities, and a holistic understanding of the interconnectedness of ecosystems.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 11 March 2024

CONTENTS Election Commission’s Proposal to Amend Voter ID RulesIndia-EFTA Trade Deal Set for ConclusionRevised Terms for PM-Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojna UnveiledGroundbreaking Coal Logistics Plan Unveiled in IndiaState Energy Efficiency Index (SEEI) 2023IRIS AI RobotGold nanoparticles Election Commission’s Proposal to Amend Voter ID Rules Context: The Election Commission of India has urged the Union government to amend the Representation of the People Act, 1950, and modify voter registration forms. The proposed changes aim to eliminate the necessity for voters to provide reasons for not linking their Aadhaar number with their voter ID card. The EC suggests removing the “sufficient cause” requirement in the RP Act, 1950 and amending registration forms to include an option for individuals with Aadhaar who opt not to disclose it. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Representation of People Act: Legal Framework for ElectionsPrevious Attempts to Link Voter Card and Aadhaar Number: A Chronological OverviewBroad Reasons in Support of Aadhaar-Voter ID Linkage Representation of People Act: Legal Framework for Elections Parliamentary Legislation: Two laws enacted to establish the legal framework for election conduct: Representation of the People Act, 1950Representation of the People Act, 1951 1950 Act: Key Provisions: Seat Allocation and Constituency Delimitation: Addresses the allocation of seats and the delineation of constituencies for elections.Voter Qualifications: Defines the qualifications of voters.Electoral Rolls: Governs the preparation of electoral rolls. 1951 Act: Conduct of Elections: Election Procedures: Regulates the actual conduct of elections and by-elections.Offences and Disputes: Addresses offences and disputes related to elections.Political Parties: Deals with the registration of political parties.Membership Qualifications: Specifies qualifications and disqualifications for membership of the Houses. Previous Attempts to Link Voter Card and Aadhaar Number: A Chronological Overview 2015 Initiative: National Electoral Roll Purification and Authentication Programme Objective:Remove bogus or duplicate entries from the electoral roll.Outcome:Approximately 32 crore Aadhaar numbers seeded.Interruption:Supreme Court halted the initiative in August 2015 with a landmark privacy judgment in the Puttaswamy case.The interim order restricted Aadhaar usage, allowing it only for state-facilitated distribution of food grain and cooking fuel. 2019 Proposal: Revisiting Aadhaar-Voter ID Linkage Initiative:Election Commission proposed Aadhaar linking with the electoral roll.Requested government amendment to election laws for Aadhaar collection.Legislative Action:Election Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2021 introduced and passed in December 2021.Resumption:EC restarted Aadhaar collection voluntarily from July 2022.Introduction of Form 6B for existing electors to provide Aadhaar details. Legal Challenge in Supreme Court (2022): Form 6B and Aadhaar Linkage Challenges:Form 6B offered two options—provide Aadhaar number or declare non-possession, leaving no alternative for those unwilling to link.Petition sought amendments allowing individuals to opt out of Aadhaar-Voter ID linkage.Response:EC committed to making clarificatory changes in September 2022.Legal Landscape:Ongoing developments to address concerns raised regarding Aadhaar linkage, providing flexibility for individuals opposed to the connection. Broad Reasons in Support of Aadhaar-Voter ID Linkage Enhancing Electoral Roll Accuracy: Weed out duplication and misrepresentation in electoral rolls.Integration of Aadhaar can serve as a robust identity verification mechanism, minimizing the risk of duplicate or false entries. Implementation of Advanced Voting Mechanisms: Facilitate advanced mechanisms like electronic and internet-based voting.Aadhaar linkage can streamline the authentication process, enabling secure and technologically advanced voting methods. Enabling Voting Rights for Domestic Migrants: Provide remote voting rights to domestic migrants.Aadhaar can serve as a nationally recognized identity document, allowing individuals who have migrated within the country to exercise their voting rights remotely. Facilitating Proxy Voting with Aadhaar Verification: Streamline the proxy voting process.Aadhaar-backed verification can enhance the authenticity of proxy voting, ensuring the legitimacy of the representative voter. -Source: The Hindu India-EFTA Trade Deal Set for Conclusion Context: India is on track to finalize a Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA) with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), consisting of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland. This agreement is part of India’s efforts to conclude three free-trade agreements (FTAs) in March, including deals with Oman and the UK, ahead of the implementation of the Model Code of Conduct. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: European Free Trade Association (EFTA)Economic Ties Between EFTA States and IndiaTrade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA) European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Establishment and Objectives: EFTA is an intergovernmental organization created by the Stockholm Convention in 1960.The main objective of EFTA is to promote free trade and economic integration among its member countries within Europe and globally. Membership and Free Trade Agreements: EFTA currently has four member countries: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland.The EFTA member states have developed one of the largest networks of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) that covers over 60 countries and territories, including the European Union (EU). Customs Union and Governance Structure: Unlike the EU, EFTA is not a customs union, which means that each EFTA member state can set its own customs tariffs and negotiate foreign trade policies independently.The highest governing body of EFTA is the EFTA Council, which meets eight times a year at the ambassadorial level and twice a year at the ministerial level.The EFTA Secretariat is based in Geneva and assists the EFTA Council in managing the relationships between member states and negotiating and operating FTAs.The EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) monitors compliance with European Economic Area (EEA) rules in Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway.The EFTA Court, located in Luxembourg, has the authority to settle internal and external disputes related to the implementation, application, or interpretation of the EEA agreement. Economic Ties Between EFTA States and India: Steady Growth in Two-Decade Trade: Over the last two decades, economic relations between the EFTA States and India have witnessed consistent growth. 2022 Merchandise Trade Surpasses USD 6.1 Billion: In 2022, the total merchandise trade between EFTA States and India exceeded USD 6.1 billion. Key Imports to EFTA States: The primary imports to the EFTA States included organic chemicals (27.5%), machinery (17.5%), and pharmaceutical products (11.4%).Noteworthy FY23 Imports from Switzerland to India:Gold: $12.6 billionMachinery: $409 millionPharmaceuticals: $309 millionCoking and Steam Coal: $380 million Substantial Levels of Services Trade and FDI: Apart from merchandise trade, services trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) between EFTA States and India have also reached significant levels. Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA): Investment Commitment: The India-EFTA TEPA involves a significant commitment from the European bloc, pledging $100 billion in investments over 15 years. Sectors targeted include pharma, food processing, engineering, and chemicals. Source of Investment: The investment, a groundbreaking aspect of this FTA, is anticipated to come largely from provident funds in EFTA countries, including Norway’s $1.6-trillion sovereign wealth fund, the world’s largest pension fund. Nature of Commitment: Despite its substantial size, the investment commitment may not be legally binding and falls under the category of “investment promotion.” Notably, it does not constitute a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) similar to negotiations with the UK and the EU. Benefits of TEPA: For EFTA: Reduction in Indian Tariffs: With historically high average tariffs in India (around 18%), the TEPA is expected to lead to increased imports of machinery, pharmaceuticals, and medical instruments. This reduction in Indian tariffs is particularly advantageous for EFTA countries. Crucial Investment Commitment: The investment commitment becomes crucial for EFTA, given that India-EFTA trade, especially in goods, has been in favor of the European grouping. Elimination of duties could potentially widen India’s trade deficit, particularly with countries like Switzerland. For India: Attracting Investments and Market Access: India seeks to attract investments and gain improved market access for its service sector workforce through the TEPA. Joint Ventures and Diversification: The agreement opens avenues for joint ventures in key sectors such as pharma (especially medical devices), chemicals, food processing, and engineering. India sees the TEPA as a means to diversify imports away from China, especially in critical medical imports where the country currently heavily depends on China. -Source: The Hindu Revised Terms for PM-Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojna Unveiled Context: The Centre has modified the ₹75,000-crore PM-Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojna, originally intending to fully fund 1-3 KW solar system installations in one crore households. The revised plan now covers up to 60% of installation costs, requiring households to contribute the remainder, with a minimum payment of ₹20,000. Eligible houses must have suitable roofs, grid connectivity, and consumers are still responsible for grid power usage payments. Additionally, low-interest, collateral-free loans are available to assist with installation expenses. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Intervention Dimensions of the Article: About Surya Ghar Muft Bijli YojanaIndia’s current solar capacityIndia’s solar policy  About Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana: The scheme provides free electricity to its beneficiaries and further sustainable development and people’s wellbeing.It aims to light up 1 crore households by providing up to 300 units of free electricity every month.It scheme provides substantive subsidies, which will be given directly to people’s bank accounts and heavily concessional bank loans.The Central Government will ensure that there is no cost burden on the people. Urban Local Bodies and Panchayats shall be incentivised to promote rooftop solar systems in their jurisdictions.Hence, the scheme will lead to more income, lesser power bills and employment generation for people. Rooftop Solar Panels: Definition: Rooftop solar panels are photovoltaic panels installed on a building’s roof, integrated into the main power supply system. Benefits Energy Consumption Reduction: Significantly reduces reliance on grid-connected electricity, leading to lower electricity costs for consumers.Surplus Power Export: Excess solar power generated can be exported to the grid, providing monetary benefits to consumers based on prevailing regulations. India’s current solar capacity: Solar power has a major share in the country’s current renewable energy capacity, which stands at around 180 GW.According to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy’s website, solar power installed capacity in India has reached around 73.31 GW as of December 2023.The rooftop solar installed capacity is around 11.08 GW as of December 2023.In terms of total solar capacity, Rajasthan is at the top with 18.7 GW. Gujarat is at the second position with 10.5 GW. When it comes to rooftop solar capacity, Gujarat tops the list with 2.8 GW, followed by Maharashtra by 1.7 GW. Importance for expansion of solar energy in India: According to the latest World Energy Outlook by the International Energy Agency (IEA), India is expected to witness the largest energy demand growth of any country or region in the world over the next 30 years.To meet this demand, the country would need a reliable source of energy and it can’t be just coal plants.Although India has doubled down on its coal production in recent years, it also aims to reach 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030.Therefore, it is essential to expand solar power capacity. India’s solar policy: Since 2011, India’s solar sector has grown at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 59% from 0.5GW in 2011 to 55GW in 2021. National Solar Mission (NSM): The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM), also known as the National Solar Mission (NSM), which commenced in January 2010, marked the first time the government focussed on promoting and developing solar power in India.Under the scheme, the total installed capacity target was set as 20GW by 2022.In 2015, the target was revised to 100GW and in August 2021, the government set a solar target of 300GW by 2030.India currently ranks fifth after China, U.S., Japan and Germany in terms of installed solar power capacity.As of December 2021, the cumulative solar installed capacity of India is 55GW, which is roughly half the renewable energy (RE) capacity (excluding large hydro power) and 14% of the overall power generation capacity of India.Within the 55GW, grid-connected utility-scale projects contribute 77% and the rest comes from grid-connected rooftop and off-grid projects. -Source: The Hindu Groundbreaking Coal Logistics Plan Unveiled in India Context: India has introduced a transformative initiative, the “Coal Logistics Plan and Policy,” signaling a significant step forward in the modernization of coal transportation. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Coal Logistics Plan and Policy in India Coal Logistics Plan and Policy in India: Coal logistics has been a persistent challenge in India, especially during high-demand periods, prompting the development of the Coal Logistics Plan and Policy. Key Points: Seasonal Coal Shortages:Persistent coal shortages during summer months, when electricity demand peaks, have highlighted the need for improved coal logistics.Challenges in Transportation:Frequent challenges in coal transportation have necessitated special measures by railways to prevent disruptions in coal supply.Objective of the Plan:The Coal Logistics Plan and Policy aim to enhance the affordability, efficiency, and environmental friendliness of coal logistics.Scope:Encompassing storage, loading, unloading, and delivery, the plan targets various industries such as power plants, steel mills, cement factories, and washeries.Strategic Shift to Railway-based System:Proposes a strategic shift towards a railway-based system, particularly in First Mile Connectivity (FMC) projects.Cost Reduction Goals:Aims for a 14% reduction in rail logistic costs, with an anticipated annual cost-saving of Rs 21,000 Crore. Expected Outcomes: Environmental Benefits:Anticipated reduction in air pollution, alleviation of traffic congestion, and a decrease in carbon emissions by approximately 100,000 tonnes per annum.Efficiency Improvements:Forecasts a 10% reduction in the average turnaround time of wagons nationwide, contributing to overall logistics efficiency. Status of the Coal Sector in India: Coal, a naturally occurring combustible sedimentary rock, holds significant importance in India’s energy landscape. Geographic Distribution: India’s coal reserves are concentrated in the eastern and central regions, with major coal-producing states being Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and parts of Madhya Pradesh. Types of Coal and Clusters: Anthracite: Carbon content: 80% to 95%Limited quantities, primarily found in Jammu and Kashmir. Bituminous Coal: Carbon content: 60% to 80%Predominantly found in Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh. Lignite: Carbon content: 40% to 55%High moisture levelsFound in Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Jammu & Kashmir. Peat: Carbon content below 40%Represents the earliest stage of the transformation from organic matter into coal. Coal Imports in India: Import Policy:The current import policy allows unrestricted coal imports under an Open General License.Consumer Categories:Steel, power, and cement sectors, along with coal traders, can import coal based on their commercial requirements.Coking Coal in Steel Sector:The steel sector primarily imports coking coal to supplement domestic availability and improve quality.Non-Coking Coal Imports:Other sectors like power and cement, as well as coal traders, import non-coking coal to meet their respective needs. Challenges Related to Coal for India: Environmental Impact: Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions:Coal mining and combustion contribute to air and water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and habitat destruction, necessitating the management of environmental impacts.Addressing Environmental Impacts:Balancing the need for energy security with addressing environmental impacts remains a significant challenge. Health Risks: Community Health Hazards:Exposure to coal dust, particulate matter, and emissions from coal-fired power plants poses health risks to communities, leading to respiratory diseases and other health issues. Social Challenges: Land Acquisition and Displacement:Acquiring land for coal mining often displaces communities, disrupting livelihoods and posing challenges for proper rehabilitation and resettlement.Socio-economic Hardships:Rehabilitation and resettlement efforts encounter challenges, with affected populations facing social and economic hardships. Technology Adoption: Limited Adoption of Clean Coal Technologies:Despite advancements in technologies like carbon capture and storage (CCS), their widespread adoption in India is limited due to high costs and technical challenges. Transition to Renewable Energy: Balancing Energy Security and Renewable Transition:India’s commitment to transitioning to renewable energy sources and reducing greenhouse gas emissions presents challenges for the coal sector. Finding a Balance: Striking a balance between ensuring energy security and meeting climate change mitigation objectives remains a significant hurdle. International Advocacy: COP28 Position: India advocated for a “phase down” of coal power at COP28, signaling a nuanced approach rather than an immediate “phase out,” highlighting the complexities in managing the coal sector amidst global environmental goals. Significance of Coal for India: Energy Source:Accounts for 55% of the country’s energy needs, making it the most important and abundant fossil fuel.Power Generation:70% of India’s power demand is met by thermal power plants, mostly powered by coal.Energy Consumption Trends:Over the past four decades, commercial primary energy consumption in India has increased by approximately 700%.Per Capita Consumption:Current per capita consumption is around 350 kilograms of oil equivalent per year, still lower than developed countries. -Source: The Hindu State Energy Efficiency Index (SEEI) 2023 Context: The Bureau of Energy Efficiency celebrated its 22nd Foundation Day, centering on the theme “Energy Transition through Electrification and Decarbonization in India.” Additionally, the State Energy Efficiency Index 2023 was unveiled during the commemoration. Relevance: GS III: Energy Dimensions of the Article: State Energy Efficiency Index (SEEI) 2023Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) State Energy Efficiency Index (SEEI) 2023: Development and Evaluation: The 5th edition of SEEI is developed by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), in collaboration with the Alliance for an Energy-Efficient Economy (AEEE). Evaluation Criteria: It assesses the performance of 36 states and Union Territories (UTs) across seven demand sectors, employing 65 indicators that include qualitative, quantitative, and outcome-based measures. Classification: States and UTs are categorized as ‘Front runner’ (>=60), ‘Achiever’ (50-59.75), ‘Contender’ (30-49.75), and ‘Aspirant’ (<30) based on their total scores. Peer-to-Peer Comparison: Peer-to-peer performance comparison is facilitated by classifying states and UTs into four groups based on their total final energy consumption (TFEC): Group 1 (>15 million tonnes of oil equivalent (MTOE)), Group 2 (5-15 MTOE), Group 3 (1-5 MTOE), and Group 4 (<1 MTOE). Top-Performing States: The leading states in each group are Karnataka (Group 1), Andhra Pradesh (Group 2), Assam (Group 3), and Chandigarh (Group 4). Key Findings of SEEI 2023: Front Runner (>=60): Seven states classified as ‘Front runner,’ including Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab, and Telangana. Achiever (50-59.75): Two states, Assam and Uttar Pradesh, fall under the ‘Achiever’ category. Contender (30-49.75): Three states, Goa, Jharkhand, and Tamil Nadu, are categorized as ‘Contender.’ Aspirant (<30): Maharashtra and Haryana showcase significant improvement, with score increases of 18.5 and 17 points, respectively.Fifteen states have improved their scores compared to SEEI 2021-22.Rajasthan experiences a substantial decline in score, primarily attributed to a lack of reported data. Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE): Establishment: BEE was established on March 1, 2002, under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001, within the Ministry of Power. Mission: BEE’s mission is to aid in developing policies and strategies for energy efficiency, primarily aiming to reduce the energy intensity of the Indian economy. Functions: Responsible for regulatory and promotional functions outlined in the Energy Conservation Act, 2001. Achievements: BEE has contributed to reducing India’s energy consumption by approximately 3.5%. -Source: The Hindu IRIS AI Robot Context: A groundbreaking development in education has emerged from Kerala’s Thiruvananthapuram, where a school has introduced India’s first AI teacher robot, Iris. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology IRIS AI Robot: Technological Features: Powered by Robotics and Generative AI technologies, IRIS is equipped with a dedicated Intel processor and coprocessor, ensuring seamless performance. User Interface: The Android App interface allows users to control and interact with the robot, providing a personalized learning experience. Dynamic Functionality: IRIS is not merely a passive presence in the classroom but serves as a dynamic voice assistant and interactive learning tool. AI Voice-Controlled Assistant: It acts as an AI voice-controlled assistant, responding to user queries, providing explanations, and delivering educational content. Interactive Learning Experiences: Engages users in interactive learning experiences through personalized content generation, quizzes, and interactive activities. Mobility: Equipped with a 4-wheel chassis, IRIS can move freely within its environment, facilitating interaction with users and navigating through learning spaces. Manipulative Abilities: IRIS’s hands, featuring 5 Degrees of Freedom (DoF) each, enable it to manipulate objects, perform demonstrations, and engage in hands-on learning activities. Educational Scope: Capable of teaching subjects from nursery to Class 12, making it versatile across different educational levels. Multilingual Capabilities: Currently, the robot speaks three languages – English, Hindi, and Malayalam, ensuring accessibility for a diverse user base. Creators: IRIS AI Robot is created by Maker Labs, showcasing advancements in educational technology and interactive learning tools. -Source: Times of India Gold Nanoparticles Context: Experts recently said that Gold nanoparticles used in medicines and beauty products may not only protect the skin from external infestations but can also help arrest the effects of ageing. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs): Gold nanoparticles are small gold particles with diameters ranging from 1 to 100 nm. When dispersed in water, they are known as colloidal gold and are sometimes referred to as ‘gold bhasma.’ Properties: Attributes:Spherical AuNPs possess beneficial attributes such as size- and shape-related optoelectronic properties, a large surface-to-volume ratio, excellent biocompatibility, and low toxicity.Physical Properties:Key physical properties include surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and the ability to quench fluorescence.Color Variations:Spherical AuNPs exhibit various colors (brown, orange, red, purple) in aqueous solutions as the core size increases from 1 to 100 nm.Safety Characteristics:Not toxic, phototoxic, genotoxic, non-irritant, and non-sensitizing. Applications: Electronics:Designed for use as conductors, from printable inks to electronic chips. Nanoscale gold nanoparticles are employed to connect resistors, conductors, and other electronic chip elements.Photodynamic Therapy:Near-IR absorbing gold nanoparticles generate heat when excited by light (700 to 800 nm), enabling the eradication of targeted tumors.Therapeutic Agent Delivery:Coating therapeutic agents onto the surface of gold nanoparticles is possible due to their large surface area-to-volume ratio.Sensors:Utilized in various sensors, such as colorimetric sensors based on gold nanoparticles that can identify the suitability of foods for consumption.Diagnostics:Used in the detection of biomarkers for the diagnosis of heart diseases, cancers, and infectious agents. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 09 March 2024

CONTENTS NITI For States’ PlatformUttar Poorva Transformative Industrialization Scheme (UNNATI) NITI For States’ Platform Context: The Minister of Communications, Railways, and Electronics & Information Technology will launch NITI Aayog’s NITI For States platform and Viksit Bharat Strategy Room’ at Rang Bhawan auditorium, New Delhi. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: About NITI For States’ PlatformAbout ‘Viksit Bharat Strategy Room’ About NITI For States’ Platform Objective: The platform serves as a cross-sectoral knowledge repository, aiming to establish itself as a Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for Policy and Good Governance. Key Features: Comprehensive Repository: Hosts a live repository featuring 7,500 Best Practices, 5,000 Policy documents, 900+ datasets, 1,400 data profiles, and 350 NITI publications.Sectoral Coverage: Encompasses knowledge products across 10 sectors, including Agriculture, Education, Energy, Health, Livelihoods and Skilling, Manufacturing, MSME, Tourism, Urban, and Water resources & WASH. Two cross-cutting themes are Gender and Climate Change.User-Friendly Interface: Offers an intuitive and user-friendly interface for easy navigation, accessible through various devices, including mobile phones.Digital Transformation: Aims to facilitate the digital transformation of governance by providing government officials with robust, contextually relevant, and actionable knowledge and insights.Support for Functionaries: Supports functionaries at various levels, including district collectors and block-level functionaries, by granting access to innovative best practices from different States and Union Territories. About ‘Viksit Bharat Strategy Room’ Interactive Data Visualization: A space designed for interactive visualization of data, trends, best practices, and policies.Enables users to make a holistic assessment of problem statements. Features: Immersive Interaction: Allows users to interact through voice-enabled AI.Video Conferencing: Facilitates connection to multiple stakeholders through video conferencing.Plug-and-Play Model: Designed as a plug-and-play model for easy replication by states, districts, and blocks. Collaborative Initiative: Various government organizations, including iGOT Karmayogi, NITI Aayog’s National Data and Analytics Platform (NDAP), National E-Governance Division (NeGD), Bhashini for multi-lingual support, and PM Gatishakti BISAG-N team with DPIIT support, have collaborated in this initiative. Integration: Integrates iGOT Karmayogi’s online training modules called “SAMARTH.”Incorporates NITI Aayog’s NDAP for access to government datasets.Leverages support from NeGD for developing the unique Viksit Bharat Strategy Room.Utilizes geospatial tools for Area-Based Planning with support from PM Gatishakti BISAG-N team and DPIIT. Uttar Poorva Transformative Industrialization Scheme (UNNATI) Context: The Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister of India approved the proposal of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade for Uttar Poorva Transformative Industrialization Scheme, 2024 (UNNATI – 2024). Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions About Uttar Poorva Transformative Industrialization Scheme (UNNATI) Objective: Develop industries and generate employment in the North East Region.Create productive economic activity in manufacturing and services. Duration and Financial Outlay: Effective from the date of notification until March 31, 2034 (inclusive of 8 years of committed liabilities).Financial outlay of Rs. 10,037 crore for the 10-year scheme period.Central Sector Scheme with Rs. 9,737 crore for incentives (Part A) and Rs. 300 crore for implementation and institutional arrangements (Part B). Salient Features: Application period for registration: From the date of notification to March 31, 2026.Production Commencement: Eligible units to start production or operation within 4 years from registration.District Categorization: Zones A (Industrially Advanced Districts) and B (Industrially Backward Districts).Earmarking of Funds: 60% of Part A outlay allocated to 8 NE states, and 40% on First-In-First-Out (FIFO) basis.Eligibility: New and expanding industrial units. Implementation: Overseen by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) in collaboration with states.National and state-level committees, including the Steering Committee and State Level Committee, will monitor implementation, ensure transparency, and recommend registrations and incentives claims.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 09 March 2024

CONTENTS Surging Copper Demand Spurs Focus on Economic GrowthPradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha AbhiyanGenome India ProjectVery Small Aperture TerminalHaiperTaeniogonalos deepakiOrans Surging Copper Demand Spurs Focus on Economic Growth Context: In FY23, the demand for copper witnessed a substantial 16% year-on-year growth. This surge has prompted policymakers and corporations to recognize the pivotal role of copper in driving economic growth. Relevance: GS I: Mineral and Energy Resources Dimensions of the Article: Key Points on CopperHindustan Copper Limited (HCL)Copper’s Key Importance About Copper: Attributes: Malleable, ductile metal with excellent heat and electricity conductivity, corrosion resistance, and antimicrobial properties.Malleability: Ability to be pressed or rolled into thin sheets without breaking.Ductility: Can be stretched into a thin wire without losing strength. Applications: Widely used in construction, consumer durables, transportation, and industrial manufacturing.Integral to clean energy technologies like solar panels, electric vehicles (EVs), and energy-efficient motors.100% recyclable, promoting a circular economy. Occurrence and Composition: Naturally found in various forms in the Earth’s crust.Occurs in sulphide, carbonate, and silicate deposits, as well as in pure native form.Most commercial copper ore deposits globally have an average grade of 0.8%. Mining Methods: Primary methods: Open-pit (80% global operations) and underground mining. Copper Deposits in India: Mainly in Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Balaghat (Madhya Pradesh), Jhunjhunu, and Alwar (Rajasthan).Minor deposits in Agnigundala (Andhra Pradesh), Chitradurg, Hasan (Karnataka), and South Arcot (Tamil Nadu). India’s Copper Appetite: Rising demand due to infrastructure projects, renewable energy initiatives, and urbanization.Heavy reliance on copper imports, prompting efforts to boost domestic production. Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL): Formed in 1967, a Miniratna Category-I enterprise under the Ministry of Mines, Government of India.Vertically integrated copper producing company, consolidating exploration and exploitation projects. Copper’s Key Importance: Economic Barometer: Reflects global economic conditions, influenced by demand/supply dynamics, monetary markets, and speculation.Energy Efficiency: Vital for energy-efficient buildings, reducing energy consumption in heating, cooling, and lighting.Sustainable Future: Contributes to sustainability by minimizing energy losses throughout a building’s lifespan. -Source: Indian Express Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan Context: The housing component of Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyay Maha Abhiyaan (PM-JANMAN), aimed at providing housing for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), faces significant challenges hindering its smooth implementation. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Challenges Hindering the Implementation of PM-JANMANPradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN): Empowering Tribal Communities Challenges Hindering the Implementation of PM-JANMAN Discrepancies in Data: Disparity between Centre and state-provided data hinders accurate identification of beneficiaries.Reliance on PM Gati Shakti portal led to varying population figures for 75 PVTGs. Rushed Data Collection: Limited timeframe for state surveys resulted in incomplete data collection.Concerns raised by states like Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, and Tripura about beneficiaries being missed. Delays in Housing Component: Simultaneous data collection and project implementation caused delays in housing component.Only 1.59 lakh houses sanctioned out of targeted 5 lakh. Urgency for Election Progress: Rapid implementation pace ahead of General Elections 2024 may compromise planning and execution quality. Logistical Challenges in Remote Areas: Identifying eligible beneficiaries in remote and inaccessible areas poses logistical hurdles.Lack of infrastructure and communication networks hinder data collection and housing scheme implementation. Dynamic Population Movement: Tribal populations, especially PVTGs, exhibit migratory patterns.Population movement complicates accurate beneficiary estimation, requiring adaptive strategies for comprehensive coverage. Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN): Empowering Tribal Communities Comprehensive Scheme: PM JANMAN, comprising Central Sector and Centrally Sponsored Schemes, is a holistic initiative targeting 11 critical interventions through nine ministries, with a particular focus on the Ministry of Tribal Affairs. Key Interventions: Aims to address 11 critical interventions, including permanent housing, road connectivity, piped water supply, mobile medical units, hostel construction, ‘Anganwadi’ facilities, and skill development centers. Additional Ministries’ Involvement: Beyond the 11 critical interventions, other ministries contribute to the mission’s success.Ministry of Ayush:Establishes Ayush Wellness Centres based on existing norms.Extends Ayush facilities to Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) habitations through Mobile Medical Units.Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship:Facilitates skill and vocational training in PVTG habitations, multipurpose centers, and hostels, aligning with the specific skills of these communities. -Source: The Hindu Genome India Project Context: The Genome India Project, a project funded and coordinated by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), announced that it had finished sequencing 10,000 Indian genomes. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: About GenomeGenome India ProjectSignificance of the Genome India ProjectChallenges of the Genome India Project About Genome: It refers to the complete set of genetic instructions or information that an organism possesses.It is made up of DNA, which carries the instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all living organisms.The study of genomics involves the analysis of genomes and has led to many breakthroughs in various fields, including medicine and biotechnology. Genome Sequencing Genome sequencing is figuring out the order of DNA nucleotides, or bases, in a genome—the order of adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G), that make up an organism’s DNA. Genome India Project India’s population consists of over 4,600 diverse population groups, many of which are endogamous.These groups have unique genetic variations and disease-causing mutations that cannot be compared to other populations.The Genome India Project aims to create a database of Indian genomes to learn about these unique genetic variants and use the information to create personalized drugs and therapies.The project was started in 2020 and is inspired by the successful decoding of the entire human genome in the Human Genome Project (HGP).The project seeks to better understand the genetic variations and disease-causing mutations specific to the Indian population, which is one of the most genetically diverse in the world.By sequencing and analyzing these genomes, researchers hope to gain insights into the underlying genetic causes of diseases and develop more effective personalized therapies.The project involves the collaboration of 20 institutions across India and is being led by the Centre for Brain Research at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore.Other countries, such as the United Kingdom, China, and the United States, also have similar programs to sequence their genomes. Significance of the Genome India Project: The Genome India Project (GIP) has significant implications in various fields, including healthcare, agriculture, and global science. Here are the key points of its significance: Personalized Medicine: The GIP aims to develop personalized medicine based on patients’ genomes to anticipate and modulate diseases. By mapping disease propensities to genetic variations, interventions can be targeted more effectively, and diseases can be anticipated before they develop.Understanding Disease Propensities: GIP can help understand the genetic basis of disease propensities in different populations. For example, variations across genomes may explain why cardiovascular disease leads to heart attacks in South Asians but to strokes in most parts of Africa.Agriculture: The GIP can benefit agriculture by understanding the genetic basis of the susceptibility of plants to pests, insects, and other issues hampering productivity. This can reduce dependence on chemicals.Global Science: The project is said to be among the most significant of its kind in the world because of its scale and the diversity it would bring to genetic studies. Global science will also benefit from a mapping project in one of the world’s most diverse gene pools. Challenges of the Genome India Project Potential for scientific racism and reinforcement of stereotypes: There are concerns that genetic mapping could be used to promote ideas of racial purity and justify discrimination. Deepening of social divisions: In a country already divided by identity politics, genetic mapping may further deepen existing social divisions.Data privacy and storage concerns: In the absence of a comprehensive data privacy bill in India, there are concerns about the possible misuse of genetic information collected by the GIP.Ethical questions about gene modification and selective breeding: The project raises ethical questions about the potential for doctors to privately perform gene modification or selective breeding, which have always been controversial.Risk of misuse of genetic information: There is a risk that genetic information collected by the GIP could be misused, either intentionally or unintentionally. The 2018 sentencing of a Chinese scientist who created the world’s first gene-edited babies highlights the seriousness of these concerns. -Source: The Hindu Very Small Aperture Terminal Context: The Ministry of Tribal Affairs is planning to collaborate with ISRO to deploy V-SAT stations on a pilot basis for around 80 tribal villages. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Key HighlightsVery Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT)Advantages/Disadvantages of VSAT Key Highlights: The Union Ministry for Tribal Affairs (MoTA) unveils transformative partnerships for tribal development.Collaborations established with premier institutions including ISRO, IISc Bengaluru, AIIMS Delhi, IIM Calcutta, and IIT Delhi.Focus on addressing connectivity challenges in around 18,000 remote tribal villages through a gap analysis.Limited mobile and internet accessibility in these areas impedes access to basic services.Partnership with ISRO targets the deployment of satellite-based V-SAT solutions.V-SAT stations, whether static or mounted on vehicles, aim to overcome connectivity challenges.MoTA and ISRO collaboratively launch V-SAT stations on a pilot basis in 80 villages across Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, and Maharashtra.The stations will provide Wi-Fi with a capacity of 100 Mbps, expandable to another 100 Mbps with boosters.The initiative seeks to enhance connectivity and provide access to essential services for tribal communities.The success of the pilot project may lead to scaling up in other similar tribal villages, contributing to e-governance in remote areas. Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) A VSAT is a two-way ground station facilitating data transmission to and from satellites.It is compact, standing at less than three meters, and supports both narrow and broadband data in real-time. Functionality: VSAT networks find diverse commercial applications, notably in Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP).Walmart, for instance, uses VSAT to track inventory, enhancing real-time inventory management and reducing delivery costs.The hub system, combined with VSAT, enables precise stocking, minimizing product movements between locations. Applications in Manufacturing: Manufacturers utilize VSAT for relaying orders, monitoring real-time production figures, and other functions usually handled over wired networks. National Stock Exchange (NSE) Connectivity: NSE in India boasts one of the world’s largest VSAT networks, offering connectivity options.VSAT enables access in areas where wired options are limited, expanding the exchange’s reach. Reliability of VSAT Network: Despite occasional sun outages caused by solar radiation, the VSAT network, including the NSE’s extensive network, has demonstrated reliability. Significance: VSAT plays a crucial role in facilitating efficient data communication, especially in sectors such as retail, manufacturing, and financial exchanges. Advantages/Disadvantages of VSAT Advantages: Ease of Deployment:VSAT networks excel in deployment efficiency due to reduced infrastructure requirements for servicing remote locations through satellite communication.Connectivity for Remote Work Sites:Ideal for remote work sites like exploratory drilling locations, facilitating the relay of critical data such as daily drill logs to central headquarters.Independence from Local Telecom Networks:VSAT operates independently of local telecommunications networks, serving as a robust backup system for wired networks and mitigating business recovery risks.Network Redundancy:In case of wired network failures, businesses can seamlessly continue operations using the VSAT network, providing essential network redundancy. Disadvantages: Latency Challenges:VSAT encounters latency issues as information takes time to travel between the ground station and the satellite in geosynchronous orbit, affecting real-time communication.Limitations in Two-Way Communication Protocols:Protocols requiring frequent two-way communication face challenges with VSAT due to latency, which is more pronounced compared to one-way data transfer.Weather-Dependent Signal Quality:The quality of the VSAT signal can be adversely affected by weather conditions, introducing variability and potential disruptions.Obstruction Impact:Obstructions such as buildings can interfere with the VSAT signal, posing challenges to signal integrity and requiring careful consideration of placement. -Source: The Hindu Haiper Context: Recently, former members of Google’s DeepMind team, have introduced Haiper, a cutting-edge AI-powered video generation tool. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Haiper Description: An all-in-one visual foundation model designed for easy generation of high-quality video content.Aims to make cutting-edge machine learning accessible to everyone, regardless of technical training. Founders’ Vision: Believes in making creativity “fun, surprising, and shareable.”Positions Haiper as a powerful perceptual foundation model-driven AI contributing to a new path towards Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). Features: Offers various tools, including text-to-video, animated static images, and video repainting tools.Provides a platform for users to generate videos for free by entering text prompts. Current Limitations: Users can generate HD videos, with a duration of 2 seconds for free.Slightly lower-quality videos can extend up to four seconds. Accessibility: Users can access the platform through the website by logging in with their email addresses. -Source: The Hindu Taeniogonalos deepaki Context: Entomologists of the Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment have discovered a new species of wasp in the Western Ghat region of Karnataka. Relevance: GS III: Species in News About Taeniogonalos deepaki Discovery: Discovered in the Belgaum region of Karnataka.Named after Dr. Deepak Deshpande, a medical doctor and nature enthusiast who collected the specimen. Taxonomy: Belongs to the genus Taeniogonalos.Part of the family Trigonalyidae within the order Hymenoptera. Family Characteristics: Trigonalyidae is known for hyperparasitoids, insects that infiltrate and develop within other parasitoids. Distribution: Genus Taeniogonalos is found in various regions, including Afrotropical, oriental, eastern palaearctic, nearctic, Australian, and neotropical.Six species reported earlier from India and 20 from China. Male Description: Scientists reported the first male description of another species, Taeniogonalos eurysoma. Geographical Presence: Majority of Taeniogonalos species reported from south India. Understanding Parasitoid: Organism with young that develop on or within another organism (host), ultimately leading to the host’s death.Exhibits characteristics of both predators and parasites. -Source: The Hindu Orans Context: Communities, particularly those in western Rajasthan, are concerned about the state’s proposal to classify orans (sacred groves) as deemed forests. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: About Orans in RajasthanUnderstanding Sacred Groves About Orans in Rajasthan Definition: Orans are traditional sacred groves located in Rajasthan.These are community-managed forests preserved through cultural and religious significance. Management and Preservation: Rural communities actively manage Orans.Preserved through institutions and codes, often considered sacred.Local deities are associated with Orans. Characteristics: Rich in biodiversity.Typically include a water body.Serves as a communal space for herding, festivals, social events, and congregations. Connection to Communities: Communities in Rajasthan have conserved Orans for centuries.Lives of these communities are intertwined with these sacred spaces. Wildlife Habitat: Natural habitat for the critically endangered Great Indian Bustard (GIB).GIB is a protected species under the Wildlife Protection Act. Understanding Sacred Groves: Definition: Relic forest patches protected by communities out of reverence for a deity.Essential for biodiversity conservation, providing refuge for diverse plant and animal species. National Presence: India boasts over 13,000 documented Sacred Groves.Found across the country, notably in states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. Regional Names: Known by various regional names such as Kavu/Sarpa Kavu in Kerala, Devarakadu/Devkad in Karnataka, Deorai/Devrai in Maharashtra, Jahera/Thakuramma in Odisha, etc. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 08 March 2024

CONTENTS Golden Jubilee Celebration of GCMMF and Amul’s Success: Prime Minister’s Highlightse-Kisan Upaj Nidhi Golden Jubilee Celebration of GCMMF and Amul’s Success: Prime Minister’s Highlights Context: The Prime Minister participated in the Golden Jubilee celebration of the Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) and emphasized the remarkable success of Anand Milk Union Limited (Amul), which is a product of GCMMF. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Evolution of Amul: Nurturing the White Revolution Founding Years (1946-1950): Established in 1946 as the Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers’ Union Limited in Anand, Gujarat.Founded by Tribhuvandas Patel with crucial support from Morarji Desai and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.In 1950, transitioned into Amul (Anand Milk Union Limited), a brand representing cooperative-produced dairy products. Cooperative Empowerment Model: Pioneered the Anand Pattern, an economic organizational model emphasizing collective action for small producers.The model integrates producers for scale benefits while preserving individual decision-making autonomy. International Recognition: Amul’s success story became a global reference in cooperative economics and rural development.Garnered attention for effectively empowering small producers through a cooperative framework.White Revolution Catalyst (1955 onwards):Integral role in India’s White Revolution, geared towards self-sufficiency in milk production.Initiated the White Revolution with the introduction of milk powder manufacturing in 1955. Global Presence and Impact: Over 50 countries receive Amul products, highlighting its global export footprint.Network encompasses 18,000+ milk cooperative committees and 36,000+ farmers.Daily processing capacity of over 3.5 crore litres of milk and facilitating online payments exceeding Rs 200 crores to livestock breeders. India’s White Revolution – Operation Flood: Transforming Dairy Dynamics Foundations of Change (1965): National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), chaired by Verghese Kurien, established in 1965.Objective: Revolutionize India’s dairy sector through innovative strategies. Launch of Operation Flood (1970): Operation Flood initiated in 1970, also known as the White Revolution.Inspired by the successful “Anand Pattern” to connect rural milk producers with urban consumers through cooperative models. Key Achievements: India became the world’s largest milk producer.Significant enhancement in milk production and management efficiency. Operational Phases: Phase I (1970-1980): Financing through European Union’s milk powder and butter oil.Connected 18 milksheds with major cities.Laid the foundation for village cooperatives. Phase II (1981-1985): Expanded to 136 milksheds and 290 urban markets.Established 43,000 village cooperatives, covering 4.25 million milk producers.Promoted self-reliance in milk powder production. Phase III (1985-1996): Strengthened infrastructure for milk procurement and marketing.Emphasized veterinary healthcare, feed, and artificial insemination.Expanded to 30,000 new cooperatives, peaking at 173 milksheds. Post-Operation Flood (1991 onwards): Liberalization reforms allowed private participation in the dairy sector.Introduction of Milk and Milk Products Order (MMPO) in 1992 for regulation and oversight.MMPO aimed at maintaining and increasing milk supply. Industry Dynamics: Initial phase marked by unregulated dairies and concerns of adulteration.Growth in processing capacity driven by large private players.Sector witnessed significant expansion and modernization. Current State of Indian Milk Production Production Leadership (2021-22): India ranks first globally in milk production, contributing 24% of the world’s output.Over the last decade, milk production has surged by nearly 60%, with a corresponding 40% increase in per capita milk availability. Top Milk-Producing States: Leading states in milk production: Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh.Rajasthan tops the list, emphasizing regional contributions. Sector Growth and Global Comparison: Indian dairy sector experiences a robust 6% annual growth, surpassing the global average of 2%. Dairy Exports (2022-23): India exported 67,572.99 Metric Tons (MT) of dairy products globally, valued at USD 284.65 million during 2022-23. Challenges in the Indian Dairy Sector: Low Milk Yield: Milk yield per animal in India falls below the global average.Attributed to factors like poor-quality feed, traditional cattle breeds, and inadequate veterinary care. Logistical and Handling Challenges: Issues in milk collection, pasteurization, and transportation.Handling concerns in informal dairy setups impact milk safety. Adulteration Concerns: Adulteration of milk remains a persistent challenge due to quality control difficulties. Price Disparities: Milk producers receive lower purchase prices compared to market rates, affecting profit distribution in the value chain. Livestock Health Issues: Frequent outbreaks of diseases like Foot and Mouth Disease, Black Quarter infection, and Influenza impact livestock health and productivity. Crossbreeding Limitations: Limited success in crossbreeding indigenous species with exotic stocks to enhance genetic potential. e-Kisan Upaj Nidhi Context: Recently, the union Minister for Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution, Commerce and Industry and Textiles launched ‘e-Kisan Upaj Nidhi’ (Digital Gateway) in New Delhi. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: e-Kisan Upaj Nidhi Platform: Facilitating Farmers’ Post-Harvest StorageAbout Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA): e-Kisan Upaj Nidhi Platform: Facilitating Farmers’ Post-Harvest Storage Digital Gateway: e-Kisan Upaj Nidhi is a digital platform operated by the Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA).Objective: It simplifies the process for farmers to store their produce at any registered WDRA warehouse for up to 6 months, offering an attractive 7% interest per annum. Key Features: Digital Process:The platform leverages digital technology for a streamlined and simplified process.Aims to alleviate distress sales by providing farmers with viable post-harvest storage options.Interest Rate:Farmers opting for storage through this platform benefit from a competitive 7% interest per annum. About Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA): WDRA was established under the Warehousing (Development and Regulation) Act, 2007.Consists of one Chairperson and two full-time Members. Mission: Establishment of a negotiable warehouse receipt system in the country.Promotion of warehouse receipts as a primary tool of trade and facilitation of finance against it.Improvement of the quality of lending portfolios for banks.Enhancement of interest in lending against goods stored in warehouses. Functions: Issuance of negotiable warehouse receipts to help farmers secure loans from banks.Mitigation of distress sales during peak marketing seasons.Prevention of post-harvest storage losses. Commodity Coverage: WDRA covers 136 agricultural commodities for issuing negotiable warehouse receipts, including cereals, pulses, oilseeds, spices, rubber, tobacco, and coffee.Additionally, 24 horticultural commodities are covered for cold storage, along with 9 non-agricultural commodities.

Facebook Instagram YouTube LinkedIn TelegramGroup Website TelegramChat
Terms and Conditions Privacy Refund Policy Learning Management System by Testpress