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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 19 March 2024

CONTENTS Predictive AIDenotification of Civil Areas in CantonmentsIndia Bhutan RelationsETHANOL 100Passing off under TrademarkNoctis VolcanoNonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Predictive AI Context: Predictive AI emerges as a transformative force, reshaping how businesses analyse data, make decisions, and stay ahead in their respective industries. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Predictive AI: Unveiling Future InsightsPredictive AI vs. Generative AIUse Cases of Predictive AI Predictive AI: Unveiling Future Insights Predictive artificial intelligence (AI) is a groundbreaking technology leveraging machine learning to uncover patterns from historical data and forecast future events. Unlike traditional AI, which primarily analyzes past data, Predictive AI focuses on visionary capabilities, enabling organizations to anticipate outcomes, market shifts, and make strategic decisions with unprecedented foresight. Here’s how it works: Understanding Predictive AI: Utilizing Vast Data: Predictive AI relies on access to vast datasets, known as “big data,” to perform accurate analysis and identify intricate patterns. Leveraging Machine Learning (ML): Machine learning, a subset of AI, is employed in predictive AI to train computer programs to identify data patterns without human intervention.ML algorithms process large datasets autonomously, enabling predictive AI models to analyze vast amounts of data efficiently. Pattern Recognition: Predictive AI learns to associate specific types of data or occurrences, identifying patterns that indicate future events.By examining hundreds or thousands of factors, Predictive AI can discern patterns and forecast events that may recur in the future. Predictive AI vs. Generative AI Common Ground: Both predictive and generative AI leverage machine learning and access to extensive datasets to produce outputs. Diverging Objectives: Predictive AI employs machine learning to extrapolate future outcomes, while generative AI focuses on creating content.For instance, predictive AI may forecast weather patterns to alert fishermen of upcoming storms, while generative AI could write a novel imagining various interactions between weather and fishing voyages. Methodology: While both types of AI use statistical analysis to predict patterns, their goals, machine learning models, and use cases differ significantly. Use Cases of Predictive AI Analyzing Impact of Extreme Weather Events: Predictive AI can analyze data patterns to predict the impact of events like volcanic eruptions on air travel, enabling real-time monitoring of ash clouds and haze. Oil and Gas Exploration: Predictive AI systems trained on historical geological data can predict potential locations for new oil wells, optimizing drilling plans and providing precise forecasts for companies like Saudi Aramco. Medicine Research: Predictive AI models are instrumental in drug discovery, with initiatives like the MELLODDY Project facilitating collaboration among pharmaceutical companies to pool data and advance research in this promising field. -Source: Indian Express Denotification of Civil Areas in Cantonments Context: Recently, the Centre issued a notification to denotify civil areas of 10 out of 58 cantonments in the country. These areas will be merged with the respective state municipalities or local bodies. The government’s plan involves excluding specific areas from the cantonments and integrating them into the local governance structure of the respective states. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Cantonments OverviewNeed for Merging Cantonments with MunicipalitiesIssues in Merging Cantonments with Municipalities Cantonments Overview: Definition: Cantonments are designated areas primarily for housing military personnel and supporting infrastructure, evolving from temporary military encampments to semi-permanent settlements over time.Historical Background: Originating from the French word “canton,” meaning “corner” or “district,” cantonments have a history dating back to the British East India Company period in India, with the first cantonment established in 1765 at Barrackpore near Calcutta.Purpose: Cantonments serve as accommodations for military troops and their families, providing various facilities such as offices, schools, and logistic services. Mechanism for Cantonment Administrations in India: Classification: Cantonments in India are classified into four categories (class I to class IV) based on size and population, with varying numbers of elected civilians and government/military members on the cantonment board.Board Composition: The cantonment board, responsible for administration, comprises elected civilians, government/military members, with the station commander serving as the ex-officio president, and an officer from the Defence Estates Organisation as the chief executive and member-secretary.Central Administration: Cantonment administration is controlled by an inter-services organization of the Ministry of Defence, with urban self-governance falling under the jurisdiction of the Union of India as per the Constitution. Administrative Structure and Regulation: Central Level: The Ministry of Defence oversees cantonment boards, while the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs and the Ministry of Home Affairs handle urban governance and municipal corporations in Union Territories, respectively.State Level: Urban governance is part of the state list under the Constitution, with the establishment of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) empowered by the Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992. Need for Merging Cantonments with Municipalities: Civilian Complaints: Residents of cantonment areas have long expressed dissatisfaction with different restrictions imposed by cantonment boards, such as limited access to home loans and restricted movement within the premises.Improved Civic Amenities: Integration of civilian areas into municipal governance can lead to enhanced civic amenities and infrastructural development, offering residents a greater say in local governance matters. Issues in Merging Cantonments with Municipalities: Legal and Administrative Challenges: The transition from a cantonment town to a merged municipality may pose various legal and administrative hurdles, including the integration of infrastructure systems like roads, water supply, sewage, and electricity.Resistance from City Representatives: City councillors and political representatives may resist allocating funds to support newly merged areas, exacerbating inequalities within the city and hindering efforts to improve services and infrastructure.Strain on Infrastructure: The sudden inclusion of cantonment areas into Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) may strain existing infrastructure, leading to service disruptions and deteriorating living conditions for residents.Environmental Concerns: Uncontrolled construction and commercialization in merged areas could harm the environment, causing issues like deforestation, soil erosion, and increased vulnerability to natural disasters.Security Challenges: Proximity of civilian areas to military installations raises security concerns, necessitating adherence to security guidelines and regulations to ensure the safety of military personnel and assets. -Source: The Hindu India Bhutan Relations Context: Recently, Bhutan’s Prime Minister visited India, where both countries engaged in extensive discussions and signed multiple agreements. The close and cordial relationship between India and Bhutan, built on trust, goodwill, and shared values, is evident across various levels of engagement. This enduring friendship serves as a cornerstone for mutual prosperity and regional stability in South Asia. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key highlights of the India-Bhutan bilateral talksSignificance of Bhutan for IndiaChallenges in India-Bhutan Relations Key highlights of the India-Bhutan bilateral talks Agreement on Petroleum Products Supply: Both countries signed an agreement to ensure a reliable and sustained supply of petroleum products from India to Bhutan, which will promote economic cooperation and growth in the hydrocarbon sector.Cooperation in Food Safety Measures: The Food and Drug Authority of Bhutan and India’s Food Safety and Standards Authority (FSSAI) signed an agreement to enhance cooperation in food safety measures. This will facilitate trade between the two countries by ensuring compliance with food safety standards and reducing compliance costs.MoU on Energy Efficiency and Conservation: An MoU was signed between India and Bhutan on energy efficiency and conservation, demonstrating a commitment to sustainable development. India aims to assist Bhutan in enhancing energy efficiency in households, promoting the use of energy-efficient appliances, and developing standards and labelling schemes.Border Dispute Discussions: The visit of the Bhutanese Prime Minister coincided with ongoing discussions between China and Bhutan to resolve their border dispute, particularly in the Doklam region. This follows the agreement reached between China and Bhutan in August 2023, four years after a conflict between India and China in Doklam.Gelephu Regional Economic Hub: Bhutan’s plans for a regional economic hub in Gelephu, known as the “Gelephu Mindfulness City” (GMC), were discussed. This project aims to prioritize sustainable development and focus on non-polluting industries such as IT, education, hospitality, and healthcare. Gelephu’s strategic significance lies in fostering economic integration and trade facilitation at the crossroads of India’s “Act East” policy and emerging connectivity initiatives in the Indo-Pacific region. Significance of Bhutan for India: Strategic Buffer State: Bhutan’s location between India and China serves as a strategic buffer state, enhancing India’s security interests.Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity: India’s assistance in defense, infrastructure, and communication has contributed to maintaining Bhutan’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.Border Infrastructure Development: India’s support in building border infrastructure, including roads and bridges, has strengthened Bhutan’s defense capabilities and ensured territorial integrity.Doklam Standoff Support: During the Doklam standoff with China in 2017, Bhutan played a crucial role by allowing Indian troops to enter its territory to resist Chinese incursions.Trading Partner: India is Bhutan’s largest trading partner and primary export destination.Hydropower Development: Bhutan’s hydropower potential is a significant revenue source, with India’s assistance in developing hydropower projects.Financial Assistance: India provides financial assistance for Bhutan’s development projects.Cultural Ties: Strong cultural ties exist due to shared Buddhist traditions, with India helping preserve Bhutan’s cultural heritage, and Bhutanese students studying in India.Environmental Stewardship: Bhutan’s commitment to being carbon-neutral aligns with India’s efforts to promote environmental sustainability. India supports Bhutan in renewable energy, forest conservation, and sustainable tourism, contributing to Bhutan’s carbon-neutral goals. Challenges in India-Bhutan Relations: China’s Increasing Presence: China’s growing economic and military influence in Bhutan, particularly along the disputed border, poses a challenge to India’s strategic interests in Bhutan. Border Incursions: Incidents of border incursions by Chinese forces along the India-Bhutan border have raised concerns.The Doklam standoff in 2017 was a significant flashpoint that could strain India-Bhutan relations if similar disputes escalate. Hydropower Projects Concerns: While India has been a major partner in Bhutan’s hydropower sector, there have been concerns in Bhutan regarding the terms of some hydropower projects, seen as too favorable to India.Public opposition in Bhutan to Indian involvement in the sector has arisen. Trade Imbalance: India is Bhutan’s largest trading partner, but Bhutan faces a trade imbalance, importing more from India than it exports.Bhutan seeks greater access to the Indian market to reduce the trade deficit. -Source: Hindustan Times ETHANOL 100 Context: The Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas launched ‘ETHANOL 100’ at select 183 retail outlets in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, New Delhi, and Tamil Nadu. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: ETHANOL 100Flex-fuel vehicles (FFVs)Ethanol ETHANOL 100: ETHANOL 100 represents a significant advancement in automotive fuel technology, with several key features and benefits: 100% Ethanol Composition: ETHANOL 100 is composed entirely of ethanol, derived from renewable sources such as corn, sugarcane, or other plant materials. This ensures that it is a sustainable and environmentally friendly fuel option.Reduced Dependence on Fossil Fuels: By promoting the use of ETHANOL 100, there is a reduction in dependence on traditional fossil fuels like gasoline. This contributes to energy security and helps in mitigating the negative environmental impacts associated with fossil fuel extraction and consumption.Lower Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Compared to traditional gasoline, ETHANOL 100 has the potential to lower greenhouse gas emissions, thereby contributing to efforts to combat climate change and achieve environmental sustainability goals.Alignment with Ethanol Blending Targets: The initiative to introduce ETHANOL 100 aligns with the government’s vision to achieve a 20% ethanol blending ratio (E20) by 2025-26. This goal aims to reduce import dependency on fossil fuels, promote the agricultural sector by creating demand for ethanol feedstocks, and foster economic growth.Promotion of Sustainable Technologies: The adoption of ETHANOL 100 represents a shift towards sustainable technologies and decarbonization in the automotive sector. By embracing cleaner and renewable fuel options, the initiative supports the transition to a more sustainable and eco-friendly transportation system.Versatility and Compatibility: ETHANOL 100 can be used in various vehicles, including flex-fuel vehicles (FFVs) that are designed to run on gasoline, ethanol, or any blend of the two. This versatility makes it a practical and feasible option for mainstream adoption, provided the necessary infrastructure is in place to support its distribution and use. Flex-fuel vehicles (FFVs) Flex-fuel vehicles (FFVs) are vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines (ICE) that can run on a variety of fuels, typically including gasoline/petrol as well as alternative fuels such as ethanol and methanol. Here are the key characteristics and features of flex-fuel vehicles: Fuel Versatility: Flex-fuel vehicles are designed to operate using different types of fuels, providing consumers with the flexibility to choose their preferred fuel at the point of sale. The most common flex-fuel options include gasoline/petrol, ethanol (usually E85, a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline), and methanol.Internal Combustion Engine (ICE): Flex-fuel vehicles are equipped with internal combustion engines similar to those found in conventional gasoline-powered vehicles. These engines are adapted or modified to accommodate the use of alternative fuels such as ethanol and methanol.Fuel Compatibility: The engine and fuel system components of flex-fuel vehicles are designed to withstand the corrosive effects of ethanol and methanol, which can be more corrosive than gasoline. This includes materials such as fuel lines, seals, gaskets, and engine components.Similarity to Gasoline Vehicles: Apart from the necessary modifications to accommodate alternative fuels, flex-fuel vehicles are similar to conventional gasoline vehicles in terms of design, operation, and performance. They can typically use gasoline/petrol when alternative fuels are unavailable.Availability: Flex-fuel vehicles are becoming increasingly common in many markets, particularly in regions where ethanol production is prevalent. However, the availability of alternative fuels such as ethanol and methanol may vary depending on location and infrastructure.Environmental Benefits: The use of alternative fuels such as ethanol and methanol in flex-fuel vehicles can offer environmental benefits, including reduced greenhouse gas emissions and decreased dependence on fossil fuels. Ethanol: Ethanol, or ethyl alcohol, serves as a biofuel derived from diverse sources like sugarcane, corn, rice, wheat, and biomass. The manufacturing process includes fermenting sugars using yeasts or employing petrochemical methods like ethylene hydration.The resulting ethanol is highly pure, reaching 99.9% alcohol content, and it can be combined with gasoline to generate a more environmentally friendly fuel option.In addition to its role as a fuel enhancer, ethanol production generates valuable byproducts such as Distillers’ Dried Grain with Solubles and Potash from Incineration Boiler Ash, which find applications in various industries.The Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP) is designed to decrease the nation’s reliance on imported crude oil, diminish carbon emissions, and enhance farmers’ earnings.The Indian government has expedited the goal for achieving a 20% ethanol blending in petrol, referred to as E20, moving the target year from 2030 to 2025. -Source: The Hindu Passing off Under Trademark Context: The Delhi High Court recently cancelled a trademark registration titled “Dolma Aunty Momos” in the name of one Mohammed Akram Khan, after Dolma Tsering moved court against him for using her trademark. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy About Passing off under Trademark Passing off is a legal concept under trademark law that aims to protect the goodwill associated with unregistered trademarks. Here are the key points about passing off under trademark rules: Definition: Passing off occurs when one party uses goods, services, or the goodwill attached to another person’s business without authorization, leading to misrepresentation to the public.Legal Basis: While passing off is not explicitly defined in the Indian Trademarks Act, 1999, it is recognized under common law. Section 27 of the Act acknowledges the common law rights of a trademark owner to take legal action against passing off.Distinction from Infringement: Passing off differs from trademark infringement in that it applies to unregistered trademarks. When a registered trademark is infringed, it constitutes a suit for infringement, whereas passing off applies when the trademark is unregistered.Elements of Passing Off: To establish passing off, the claimant must demonstrate that the defendant’s actions have led to public misunderstanding about the origin of the products or services, potentially harming the goodwill and reputation of the legitimate trademark owner.Legal Proceedings: Trademark owners can initiate legal proceedings against individuals or entities engaging in passing off activities. The essential question in passing off cases is whether the defendant’s behavior causes uncertainty and potential harm to the plaintiff’s goodwill.Challenges in Establishing Passing Off: Establishing passing off can be challenging, as claimants must prove the likelihood of public confusion regarding the origin of goods or services. This requires evidence of misrepresentation and potential harm to the plaintiff’s goodwill.Scope of Passing Off: Passing off covers a wide range of commercial activities, including trade, business, and non-business initiatives. It extends to both goods and services, emphasizing the protection of goodwill and reputation in the marketplace. -Source: Indian Express Noctis Volcano Context: Scientists recently discovered a massive volcano on Mars, temporarily designated ‘Noctis volcano’, that has been active until recent times, with the possible remains of a relict glacier at its base. Relevance: GS I: Geography Noctis Volcano The Noctis Volcano is a significant geological feature recently discovered on Mars. Here are the key points about the Noctis Volcano: Location: The Noctis Volcano is situated just south of Mars’ equator, specifically in Eastern Noctis Labyrinthus, which is west of Valles Marineris, the planet’s vast canyon system.Geographical Context: The volcano is positioned on the eastern edge of Tharsis, a broad regional topographic rise on Mars. Tharsis is known for being the location of several other giant volcanoes, including Ascraeus Mons, Pavonis Mons, and Arsia Mons.Size: The Noctis Volcano is a massive structure, with an elevation exceeding 9,022 meters (about 29,593 feet), making it taller than Mount Everest, the highest peak on Earth. It spans over a wide area, with a width of more than 450 kilometers (about 280 miles).Geological Features: The central summit area of the volcano is characterized by several elevated mesas forming an arc. These mesas reach a regional high and slope downhill away from the summit area. The outer slopes of the volcano extend outward for up to 225 kilometers (about 140 miles) in different directions.Caldera Remnant: Near the center of the volcano’s structure, there is a caldera remnant, which is the remains of a collapsed volcanic crater that once hosted a lava lake.Geological Deposits: Various geological features are present within the Noctis Volcano’s perimeter, including lava flows, pyroclastic deposits (comprising volcanic particulate materials such as ash, cinders, pumice, and tephra), and hydrated mineral deposits.Glacier Ice: In the southeastern part of the volcano, there is evidence of a thin, recent volcanic deposit beneath which glacier ice is likely still present. This suggests the presence of ice beneath the surface of Mars, particularly in regions associated with volcanic activity. -Source: Indian Express Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Context: Madrigal Pharmaceuticals Inc.’s drug Rezdiffra gained the first US approval to treat a potentially deadly liver disease called nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, or NASH that affects millions worldwide. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) is a liver condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the liver caused by the accumulation of fat in the liver cells. Here are the key points about NASH: Part of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): NASH is a subtype of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, a group of conditions where fat builds up in the liver without the presence of significant alcohol consumption.Liver Damage: NASH can progress and lead to more severe liver damage, including scarring of the liver (cirrhosis). However, the disease progression varies among individuals, and not everyone with NASH develops cirrhosis.Similarity to Alcoholic Liver Disease: NASH shares similarities with liver diseases caused by long-term, heavy alcohol consumption. However, NASH occurs in individuals who do not abuse alcohol.Symptoms: As NASH advances and liver damage worsens, individuals may experience symptoms such as fatigue (persistent tiredness), unexplained weight loss, general weakness, and discomfort or pain in the upper right part of the abdomen.Risk Factors: Several factors increase the risk of developing NASH and worsening liver damage, including obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol and triglyceride levels, metabolic syndrome, and certain medications.Treatment: Management of NASH focuses on addressing underlying conditions that contribute to liver damage and reducing the risk of disease progression. Treatment strategies may include lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, dietary changes, and regular exercise to achieve a healthy weight and improve metabolic health. Additionally, controlling conditions like diabetes and high cholesterol levels is essential in managing NASH. -Source: Hindustan Times

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 18 March 2024

CONTENTS Credit Assistance Program for Jan Aushadhi KendrasGovernment of India and Asian Development Bank (ADB) Collaboration for Fintech Education at GIFT-City Credit Assistance Program for Jan Aushadhi Kendras Context: The Union Minister for Chemicals & Fertilizers and Health & Family Welfare has inaugurated a credit assistance program for Jan Aushadhi Kendras (JAK), with the objective of improving access to affordable medicines throughout India. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Credit Assistance Program for Jan Aushadhi KendrasAbout Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Kendras Credit Assistance Program for Jan Aushadhi Kendras The Credit Assistance Program for Jan Aushadhi Kendras is a government initiative aimed at supporting operators/entrepreneurs managing Jan Aushadhi Kendras throughout the country. Objective: The program aims to provide credit/loan assistance to individuals operating Jan Aushadhi Kendras, facilitating their establishment and maintenance.Utilization of Resources: It utilizes both Goods and Services Tax (GST) and India’s Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) to offer unsecured working capital loans to small businesses.Benefits for Operators: Through this program, operators can access unsecured working capital loans and infrastructure funding to establish and maintain their Jan Aushadhi Kendras.Overall Goals: The program aims to empower small entrepreneurs, improve the accessibility of affordable medicines, and strengthen the healthcare ecosystem in India. About Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Kendras: Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Kendras are established under the Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana, which was launched by the Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers in November 2008.The objective of these Kendras is to provide quality medicines at affordable prices to all individuals, particularly the economically disadvantaged, in order to reduce healthcare expenses.Jan Aushadhi Kendras offer generic drugs that are equivalent in quality and efficacy to expensive branded drugs but are available at lower prices.In addition to generic medicines, Jan Aushadhi stores also sell allied medical products commonly found in chemist shops, which helps improve the viability of running the Kendra.The Pharmaceutical & Medical Devices Bureau of India (PMBI) has been established under the Department of Pharmaceuticals, Government of India, with the support of all the Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSUs) to coordinate the procurement, supply, and marketing of generic drugs through the Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Kendras.An incentive amount of Rs. 5 lakh is provided to set up a Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Kendra. Who can open a Jan Aushadhi Kendra? State Governments, organizations, reputed NGOs, trusts, private hospitals,charitable institutions, doctors, unemployed pharmacists, and individual entrepreneurs are eligible to apply for opening a new Jan Aushadhi Kendra.Applicants are required to employ a pharmacist holding a degree in B Pharma or D Pharma in their proposed store. Benefits of Jan Aushadhi Kendras (JAKs): Cost Reduction: JAKs have significantly lowered healthcare costs for many individuals, leading to a decrease in out-of-pocket expenditure.Savings for Citizens: Indian citizens have collectively saved over Rs. 28,000 crores over the last decade by purchasing medicines from Jan Aushadhi Kendras.Improved Accessibility: JAKs have enhanced the availability of essential medicines in underserved areas, ensuring better access to healthcare resources.High Footfall: Approximately 10 to 12 lakh people visit JAKs daily, indicating their widespread popularity and accessibility.Information and Counselling: JAKs offer information and counselling on the appropriate use of medicines, contributing to the reduction of misuse and overuse, and promoting responsible medication practices. Government of India and Asian Development Bank (ADB) Collaboration for Fintech Education at GIFT-City Context: The Government of India and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) have signed a USD 23 million loan agreement to enhance access to quality fintech education, research, and innovation at the Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT-City). Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key HighlightsAbout GIFT-CityAbout Asian Development Bank (ADB) Key Highlights: Establishment of International Fintech Institute (IFI): The project will establish an International Fintech Institute (IFI) aimed at strengthening fintech education, boosting startup success rates, and driving fintech research and innovation. Focus Areas: Emphasis will be placed on market-driven fintech skills programs, private sector investment, and collaboration between industry, institutes, and partners for holistic growth.IFI will offer industry-aligned fintech training programs meeting international standards, supporting innovation, and entrepreneurship. Research and Innovation: The ADB program will support research in climate fintech, regulatory technology, social inclusion, and gender equality in finance to develop new solutions and a state fintech readiness index. About GIFT-City: GIFT-City is a business district and the first operational greenfield smart city in India, situated on the banks of the Sabarmati River in Gujarat.It aims to provide a conducive business ecosystem comparable to or surpassing leading global financial hubs.GIFT-City comprises a multi-service Special Economic Zone (SEZ), housing India’s first International Financial Services Centre (IFSC), and an exclusive Domestic Tariff Area (DTA). About Asian Development Bank (ADB): The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank established on 19 December 1966 to promote social and economic development in Asia.It is headquartered in the city of Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines.The ADB was modelled closely on the World Bank and an official United Nations Observer.Japan holds the largest proportion of shares in ADB followed by the USA, and it has a weighted voting system where votes are distributed in proportion with members’ capital subscriptions (just like the World Bank).The bank admits the members of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP, formerly the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East or ECAFE) and non-regional developed countries.ADB defines itself as a social development organization that is dedicated to reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration.ADB aids in reducing poverty through investments in the form of loans, grants and information sharing (in infrastructure, health care services, financial and public administration systems), helping nations prepare for the impact of climate change or better manage their natural resources, as well as other areas.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 March 2024

CONTENTS India Abstains from UN Vote on Islamophobia ResolutionPrevalence of Diabetes in IndiaIndians Trapped in Russia-Ukraine WarModel Code of ConductPandavula GuttaGrievance Redressal Assessment Index India Abstains from UN Vote on Islamophobia Resolution Context: India abstained from voting on a UN General Assembly resolution addressing Islamophobia, citing concerns over the broader issue of “religiophobia” targeting Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and other faiths. The resolution, introduced by Pakistan and co-sponsored by China on the International Day to Combat Islamophobia, prompted India’s abstention from the vote. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)ReligiophobiaUN Resolution on Measures to Combat IslamophobiaIndia’s Stand on the Resolution United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) The UNGA, established in 1945 under the UN Charter, is headquartered in New York City.It is one of the six principal organs of the UN, serving as the primary policy-making body.The UNGA provides a global platform for discussing a wide range of international issues outlined in the UN Charter.All 193 UN Member States possess an equal vote in the UNGA.The UN Charter (Chapter IV, article 20) allows the General Assembly to convene special sessions as needed.These sessions are called by the Secretary-General at the request of either the Security Council or a majority of UN Member States. Emergency Special Sessions of UNGA An emergency special session is an unscheduled UNGA meeting to provide urgent recommendations on a specific issue.The UN Charter allows the UNGA to hold an emergency special session within 24 hours of the request, even if it’s not in regular session.Procedures for calling such sessions are outlined in the General Assembly’s Rules of Procedure.Emergency special sessions are initiated by the Security Council with seven member votes or by a majority of UN Members.Since 1950, there have been only 11 emergency special sessions held.ImplicationsResolutions from these sessions are not legally binding but carry political significance as they represent the collective will of the entire UN membership, reflecting global opinion on crises. Religiophobia Definition: Religiophobia denotes an irrational or obsessive fear or anxiety related to religion, religious faith, religious people, or religious organizations.Recognition by UN Counter-Terrorism Strategy: The global counter-terrorism strategy of the United Nations acknowledges various types of religiophobia, such as Islamophobia, Christianophobia, and anti-Semitism.Emergence of Contemporary Forms: Analysts have begun discussing the necessity of recognizing new phobias, hatred, or bias against major religions worldwide. There’s concern over the emergence of contemporary forms of religiophobia, notably anti-Hindu, anti-Buddhist, and anti-Sikh phobias. International Day to Combat Islamophobia Initiative: In 2022, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution, proposed by Pakistan on behalf of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), to declare March 15 as the International Day to Combat Islamophobia.The resolution, adopted by consensus, was supported by 57 OIC members and eight other countries, including China and Russia.Background: The resolution was prompted by the 2019 attacks on two mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand. UN Resolution on Measures to Combat Islamophobia Adoption: The UN General Assembly, with its 193 member states, adopted the resolution titled ‘Measures to combat Islamophobia’, introduced by Pakistan.115 nations voted in favor, with none against and 44 abstentions, including countries like India, Brazil, France, Germany, Italy, Ukraine, and the UK. Content of Resolution: Criticism of unfair treatment, aggression, or violence towards Muslims, including disrespect towards their holy book, attacks on mosques, sites, shrines, and other acts of religious intolerance, negative labeling, hate, and violence against Muslims.Calls for concerted action to combat ongoing violence against Muslims.Requests the UN Secretary-General to appoint a special envoy to combat Islamophobia. India’s Stand on the Resolution Acknowledgement of Other Forms of Religiophobia India asserted the need to acknowledge other forms of religiophobia targeting Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and other faiths, facing violence and discrimination, rather than singling out just one religion.India emphasized that such phobias extend beyond Abrahamic religions, and it’s crucial to recognize them. Highlighting Incidents of Religiophobia The Indian representative at the UN noted that Hinduism has over 1.2 billion followers, Buddhism over 535 million, and Sikhism over 30 million, all subject to religiophobia.Contemporary forms of religiophobia are evident in increasing attacks on religious places like gurudwaras, monasteries, and temples, along with the spreading of hatred and disinformation against non-Abrahamic religions in various countries.Incidents such as the destruction of the Bamiyan Buddhas, violations of gurudwara premises, massacres of Sikh pilgrims, attacks on temples, and glorification of breaking idols contribute to contemporary forms of religiophobia against non-Abrahamic religions. Concerns about the UN Resolution India emphasized that passing the resolution should not set a precedent leading to multiple resolutions focused on fears linked to specific religions.There’s concern that such a move could divide the United Nations along religious lines.India called on all member states to consider the broader scope of religious discrimination globally.Allocating resources solely to combat Islamophobia, while neglecting similar challenges faced by other faiths, might perpetuate a sense of exclusion and inequality. -Source: The Hindu Prevalence of Diabetes in India Context: A nationwide study published in 2023 estimates that India has approximately 10.13 crore individuals with diabetes, along with an additional 13.6 crore people classified as pre-diabetic. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: About Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) TestWhat is Diabetes? About Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) Test Diagnostic and Management Tool: The HbA1C test is widely used to diagnose pre-diabetes and diabetes (both type 1 and type 2) and to assist in managing diabetes effectively.Alternate Names: Also referred to as the glycated haemoglobin or glycosylated haemoglobin test.Role of Hemoglobin: Hemoglobin, found in red blood cells, is responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues.Importance in Diabetes Management: This blood test offers valuable insight into the level of diabetes control an individual maintains. How Does the Test Work? Sugar and Hemoglobin Interaction: Sugar from the food we consume enters the bloodstream and attaches to the haemoglobin in red blood cells.Haemoglobin, a protein, serves as the carrier of oxygen to all body cells. Measurement of Glycated Haemoglobin: While everyone has some sugar attached to their haemoglobin, individuals with pre-diabetes and diabetes exhibit higher levels.The HbA1C test quantifies the percentage of red blood cells coated with sugar, or glycated haemoglobin. What is Diabetes? Chronic Disease: Diabetes is a chronic condition characterized by elevated blood sugar levels, resulting from the pancreas’s inability to produce insulin or the body’s ineffective use of the insulin it produces.Role of Insulin: Insulin is a hormone responsible for regulating blood glucose levels.Consequences of Insufficient Insulin: Inadequate insulin production or utilization leads to hyperglycemia, or high glucose levels in the blood, which can cause long-term damage to various organs and tissues.Health Complications: Diabetes is associated with severe health complications, including blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke, and lower limb amputation. Different Types of Diabetes: Type 1 Diabetes: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks and destroys cells in the pancreas responsible for insulin production.It affects about 10 percent of people with diabetes, and the exact cause of this autoimmune attack is unclear. Type 2 Diabetes: Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin, leading to the accumulation of sugar in the blood.It is influenced by a combination of genetic predisposition and lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity. Pre-diabetes: Pre-diabetes is a condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.It serves as a warning sign for the development of diabetes if lifestyle changes are not made. Gestational Diabetes: Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar levels that occur during pregnancy.Insulin-blocking hormones produced by the placenta cause this type of diabetes, which usually resolves after childbirth. -Source: The Hindu Indians Trapped in Russia-Ukraine War Context: The deaths of two Indian nationals in the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war shed light on the plight of numerous Indians trapped on the front lines after being deceived into working with the Russian military. Recent raids by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) have uncovered a human trafficking network involved in recruiting Indians for roles such as security helpers and other personnel for the Russian military. These developments have sparked widespread concern about the safety and exploitation of Indian citizens caught in the conflict. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Situation with Indians in RussiaDeception by AgentsStatements from the Indian Government Situation with Indians in Russia Compelled Participation in Fighting: Several reports highlighted that some Indian nationals, initially recruited as army security helpers, were coerced into fighting against their will after their passports and documents were confiscated. Recruitment Process: A resident of Uttar Pradesh shared his experience of going to Russia with the assistance of an agent in November the previous year.They were promised that they wouldn’t be deployed to the battlefield and were offered a monthly salary of ₹1.95 lakh along with an additional ₹50,000 incentive.Despite assurances, they were sent to the frontline in January 2024 after undergoing basic training in handling weapons. Recruitment Numbers: An Indian-origin Russian official associated with the Russian Ministry of Defence revealed that approximately 100 Indians were recruited at the Moscow recruitment center in the past year.However, the actual number could be higher as there are multiple recruitment centers across Russia. Deception by Agents Human Trafficking Network: A multi-state human trafficking network was uncovered by the CBI in a crackdown on visa recruiters in seven cities across India.This network allegedly pushed Indian youths into the war zone by promising better life prospects and livelihood opportunities with the Russian military as security guards, helpers, and through higher education. Modus Operandi: The organized network enticed Indian youths through social media and local agents, offering them well-paid jobs and lucrative employment prospects in Russia.Many students were lured into enrolling in dubious private universities by agents who promised low fees and visa extensions. Forced Recruitment: Upon reaching Russia, the local agents seized the passports of the aspirants and compelled them to join the armed forces, violating their initial agreements and deceiving them about their employment prospects. Statements from the Indian Government Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) Warnings: Last month, the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) issued warnings to Indian citizens regarding the risks associated with being recruited for support roles in the Russian army. Dialogue with Russian Authorities: The Indian government is engaged in discussions with Russian authorities regarding the early release of Indian citizens who were deceived into working with the Russian military. Appeal to Indian Nationals: In light of the findings from the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) raids, the MEA has urged Indian nationals not to be swayed by offers made by agents for support jobs with the Russian Army. -Source: The Hindu Model Code of Conduct Context: Chief Election Commissioner of India asked all political parties to strictly adhere to the Mode Code of Conduct (MCC), which lays down a list of dos and don’ts for leaders and parties ahead of elections. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Model Code of Conduct (MCC)MCC (Model Code of Conduct) for political parties and candidatesCriticisms of the MCC  Model Code of Conduct (MCC) The MCC refers to a set of guidelines created by the Election Commission of India (ECI).It serves as a regulatory tool for political parties and candidates in the run-up to elections.The primary objective of the MCC is to enable the EC to fulfill its constitutional mandate of supervising and conducting free and fair elections to the Parliament and State Legislatures. Duration and applicability: The MCC becomes operational from the date on which the election schedule is announced.It remains in effect until the date of the result announcement. MCC (Model Code of Conduct) for political parties and candidates: Campaign Conduct Political parties can criticize opponents based on policies, programs, past records, and work only.Prohibited activities include using caste or communal feelings, criticizing candidates based on unverified reports, bribing or intimidating voters, etc.Political parties must inform local police authorities of the time and venue of any meetings to allow for adequate security arrangements.Parties should establish contact to avoid clashes between processions of multiple candidates.Carrying and burning effigies representing members of other political parties is not allowed. Polling Booth and Identity Only voters and those with a valid pass from the EC can enter polling booths.Authorized party workers at polling booths should wear suitable badges or identity cards.Identity slips provided to voters by party workers should be on plain paper without symbols, candidate names, or party names. Conduct of Party in Power Ministers cannot combine official visits with election work or use official machinery for the same.The party in power cannot advertise at the cost of the public exchequer or use official mass media for publicity to improve election chances.The party in power cannot announce financial grants, promise construction of roads or provision of drinking water from the time of election announcement until the end of the election process.Public spaces and rest houses cannot be monopolized by the party in power. Election Manifesto Manifestos should not contain anything against the ideals and principles of the Constitution.Political parties should avoid making promises that may influence voters or vitiate the purity of the election process.Manifestos should indicate the rationale and ways to meet financial requirements for promises.Manifestos cannot be released during the prohibitory period prescribed under Section 126 of the Representation of the People Act 1951. Recent Additions to the MCC: Regulation of opinion polls and exit polls during the period notified by the ECI.Prohibition of unapproved print media advertisements on polling day and one day prior to it.Restriction on government advertisements featuring political functionaries during the election period. Legally Enforceable MCC: The MCC does not have statutory backing but is strictly enforced by the EC.Certain MCC provisions can be enforced through corresponding provisions in other statutes such as the IPC 1860, CrPC 1973, and RPA 1951.The Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice recommended making the MCC legally binding in 2013.The ECI is against making the MCC legally binding, citing the short duration of elections and the length of judicial proceedings. Criticisms of the MCC Limitations and Failures of the MCC: The MCC has not been effective in preventing various forms of electoral malpractices such as hate speech, fake news, money power, booth capturing, voter intimidation, and violence. Challenges with New Technologies and Social Media: The ECI faces difficulties in dealing with new technologies and social media platforms, which enable the rapid and extensive spread of misinformation and propaganda during elections. Non-Binding Nature of the MCC: The MCC is not a legally binding document, and its implementation depends on moral persuasion and public opinion, which makes it less effective in preventing electoral malpractices. Implications on Policy Decisions and Public Interest: The MCC places certain limitations on policy decisions, public spending, welfare schemes, transfers, and appointments, which can have implications for development activities and public interest. Criticism of Application Timing: The ECI has been criticized for applying the MCC too early or too late, which affects the timing of development activities and public interest. Lack of Awareness: The MCC is not widely known or understood by voters, candidates, parties, and government officials, which may lead to non-compliance with its provisions. -Source: The Hindu Pandavula Gutta Context: Recently, Pandavula Gutta has been officially recognised as the sole Geo-heritage site in Telangana. Relevance: GS I: Culture Dimensions of the Article: About Pandavula GuttaWhat are geo-relics and geo-heritage sites? About Pandavula Gutta Geological Marvel: Pandavula Gutta is a geological marvel with an age predating the Himalayan hills, making it a significant archaeological site. Location: Situated in the Jayashankar Bhupalpally district of Telangana, Pandavula Gutta is renowned for its numerous prehistoric habitation sites. Discovery: Discovered for the first time in 1990, Pandavula Gutta has since attracted attention for its rich historical and archaeological significance. Richness of the Site: The site boasts a wealth of features, including numerous paintings, rock shelters, and evidence of habitation spanning from the Mesolithic to medieval times. Cave Paintings: The paintings found at Pandavula Gutta showcase intricate geometrical designs and impressions, utilizing colors such as green, red, yellow, and white pigments. Insight into Prehistoric Art: These cave paintings provide a rare glimpse into the rock art of prehistoric humans, adorning the walls, ceilings of caves, rock shelters, and isolated boulders. Depictions: The rock art paintings depict various aspects of wildlife, including Bison, Antelope, Tiger, and Leopard. Additionally, symbols like the swastika, circles, squares, and weapons such as bows, arrows, swords, and lances are also present in the paintings. What are geo-relics and geo-heritage sites? The Geological Survey of India (GSI) designates geo-heritage sites/national geological monuments for protection and maintenance, according to a press release issued by the Ministry of Mines in 2016.To safeguard these locations, the GSI or the relevant state governments take the necessary steps.Geo-heritage Sites: According to the draught legislation, these are “sites containing geo-relics and phenomena, stratigraphic type sections, geological structures and geomorphic landforms, including caves, natural rock-sculptures of national and international interest; and includes such portion of land adjoining the site,” which may be necessary for their preservation or for access to such sites. Geo-relics are referred to as “any relic or material of a geological significance or interest” and include sediments, rocks, minerals, meteorites, and fossils. The ability to purchase georelics “for its preservation and maintenance” will be granted to the GSI.Among the 32 geo-heritage sites spread across 13 states are the Akal Fossil Wood Park in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, and the Volcanogenic bedded Barytes of Mangampeta in the Cuddapah district of Andhra Pradesh -Source: The Hindu Grievance Redressal Assessment Index Context: The Ministry of Home Affairs has consistently ranked amongst the top 10 ministries in 2023-24 in the grievance redressal assessment index (GRAI), performing well in all 15 specified indicators. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Grievance Redressal Assessment Index Conceptualization and Design:The Grievance Redressal Assessment Index was conceptualized and designed by the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG), Government of India.Objective:The primary objective of this index is to offer an organization-wise comparative overview and insights into the strengths and areas requiring improvement regarding the grievance redressal mechanism.Dimensions:The index is structured around a comprehensive set of dimensions, including Efficiency, Feedback, Domain, and Organizational Commitment, to evaluate the effectiveness of grievance redressal mechanisms.Data Source:Data utilized for the index is sourced from the Centralized Public Grievance Redressal and Management System (CPGRAMS), a platform established for efficient handling and management of public grievances. CPGRAMS: Online Grievance Redressal Platform: CPGRAMS is an online platform that allows citizens to lodge their grievances related to service delivery to public authorities. It is available 24×7 for citizens to access.Connectivity: CPGRAMS serves as a single portal that is connected to all Ministries/Departments of the Government of India as well as the State governments. This enables seamless communication and grievance redressal between citizens and the government.Role-Based Access: Each Ministry and State has role-based access to CPGRAMS, allowing them to effectively address and resolve grievances in their respective areas of responsibility.Mobile Application: CPGRAMS is also accessible to citizens through a standalone mobile application, making it convenient for individuals to submit their grievances and track the progress of their complaints. -Source: The Hindu, PIB

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 16 March 2024

CONTENTS Electric Mobility Promotion Scheme 2024Sagar Parikrama Electric Mobility Promotion Scheme 2024 Context: The Electric Mobility Promotion Scheme 2024 (EMPS 2024) is introduced by the Ministry of Heavy Industries to boost the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in India, specifically targeting the electric two-wheeler and three-wheeler segments. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: About Electric Mobility Promotion Scheme 2024Electric Vehicles (EVs)Types of EVsEV Sales in IndiaMajor Schemes/Initiatives for Promoting EVs in India About Electric Mobility Promotion Scheme 2024 The Electric Mobility Promotion Scheme 2024 aims to accelerate the adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in India.It is a fund-limited scheme with a total outlay of Rs. 500 crore for a period of four months, starting from April 1, 2024, to July 31, 2024.The scheme focuses on promoting the adoption of electric two-wheelers (e-2W) and three-wheelers (e-3W) to bolster green mobility and support the development of the EV manufacturing ecosystem.Eligible EV categories under the scheme include electric two-wheelers (e-2W) and three-wheelers (e-3W), including registered e-rickshaws, e-carts, and L5 category vehicles.The scheme primarily targets e-2W and e-3W vehicles registered for commercial purposes, aiming to provide affordable and environmentally friendly public transportation options.Additionally, privately or corporate-owned registered e-2W vehicles will also be eligible for incentives under the scheme.Incentives will be extended to vehicles equipped with advanced battery technology to encourage the adoption of advanced technologies.The nodal ministry responsible for implementing the scheme is the Ministry of Heavy Industries. Electric Vehicles (EVs): An electric vehicle uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion.It can be powered by self-contained batteries, solar panels, or an electric generator. Origin and Increasing Scope in India: The push for EVs is driven by global climate agendas, such as the Paris Agreement, which aims to reduce carbon emissions and limit global warming.The global adoption of EVs has been rapidly increasing.In 2020, around 2.1 million EVs were sold worldwide, and the global EV fleet reached 8.0 million.Falling battery costs and improved performance efficiency are contributing to the growing demand for EVs. Types of EVs: Hybrid EVs (HEVs): These vehicles combine a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) with an electric propulsion system, resulting in lower fuel usage. Example: Toyota Hyryder in India.Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles (PHEVs): PHEVs have a hybrid drivetrain that uses both an ICE and electric power. They can be charged by plugging into a power source. Example: Chevrolet Volt.Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs): BEVs run solely on electric power and do not have an ICE or fuel tank. They are powered by rechargeable batteries. Example: Tata Nexon in India, Nissan Leaf, and Tesla Model S.Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs): FCVs use hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, with water being the only byproduct. Example: Toyota Mirai and Honda Clarity. EV Sales in India: Over the past three years, there has been a remarkable growth of over 2,218% in EV sales in India.Currently, EVs make up around 5% of total vehicle sales in the country.In the 2022-23 fiscal year, cumulative sales of EVs in India exceeded 1 million units for the first time.Two-wheelers account for more than 60% of all EV sales in India.The government has set ambitious targets for EV sales by 2030, aiming for 30% of private cars, 70% of commercial vehicles, and 80% of two and three-wheelers to be electric.The promotion of e-mobility in India aligns with the objectives of reducing emissions and decreasing reliance on costly fuel imports. Major Schemes/Initiatives for Promoting EVs in India: National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMPP) 2020: Launched in 2013 with targets for electric vehicle adoption and reduction of oil imports and CO2 emissions.Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles in India (FAME India) scheme: Launched in 2015 to promote the manufacturing and adoption of electric and hybrid vehicle technology through subsidies.Production-linked incentive (PLI) Scheme – National Programme on Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) Battery Storage: Aims to boost the domestic manufacturing of advanced chemistry cell batteries for electric vehicles.Go Electric Campaign: Launched to raise awareness about the benefits of electric mobility and inform potential EV owners about government incentives. Sagar Parikrama Context: The Union Minister for Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying will release a book and video on “Sagar Parikrama”. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: About Sagar ParikramaKey Facts about India’s Fisheries Sector About Sagar Parikrama Objective: Sagar Parikrama is an outreach program designed to engage with the fishing community along the entire coastal belt of India via a predetermined sea route.Initiative: Launched to comprehend the issues, experiences, and aspirations of fishermen while raising awareness about various government schemes and programs available to coastal fishermen.Nodal Ministry: Overseen by the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying.Yatra Details: Spanning 12 phases within 44 days, Sagar Parikrama covered an impressive coastal length of 7,986 kilometers out of 8,118 kilometers, reaching 3,071 fishing villages across 80 coastal districts of all Coastal States/UTs.Achievements: During the events, certificates and sanctions related to the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) and Kisan Credit Card (KCC) were awarded to progressive fishermen, fish farmers, and young fishery entrepreneurs. Additionally, literature on various schemes, including PMMSY and KCC, was disseminated through print media, electronic media, videos, and digital campaigns to raise awareness among fishers. Key Facts about India’s Fisheries Sector India boasts a coastline stretching 8,118 kilometers, encompassing nine maritime states and four Union Territories, supporting livelihoods for 2.8 million coastal fishermen.The nation accounts for 8% of the global fish production share, ranking as the world’s third-largest fish producer.India’s total fish production stands at 162.48 lakh tonnes (2021-22), with 121.21 lakh tonnes from inland and 41.27 lakh tonnes from marine sources. Notably, exports amounting to over Rs 57,586 crore contribute to approximately 17% of agricultural exports

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 16 March 2024

CONTENTS Human Development IndexGlobal Progress in Child Mortality: UN ReportUSOF Signs MoU to Democratize Digital Services Access in Rural IndiaPM Modi Launches PM-SURAJ Portal and Distributes Health CardsRegulatory SandboxSabarmati Ashram Redevelopment Project Launched on 94th Anniversary of Dandi MarchCuttack Rupa Tarakasi (Silver Filigree) Receives Geographical Indication (GI) Tag Human Development Index Context: India’s ranking on the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI) improved by one position in 2022 to 134 out of 193 countries ranked compared to 135 out of 191 countries in 2021.Switzerland has been ranked number one. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: The Human Development Index (HDI)Key Highlights of the HDR 2023/24 – India specificObservations from the HDR 2023/24 The Human Development Index (HDI) The HDI is a statistical composite index introduced by the UNDP in 1990, measuring a country’s average achievement across three basic dimensions. Background Developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, the HDI is a key component of the United Nations Development Programme’s Human Development Report (HDR).The HDR also includes other indices like the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), Gender Inequality Index (GII), and Gender Development Index (GDI), embodying Amartya Sen’s “capabilities” approach. Key Highlights of the HDR 2023/24 – India specific Theme of the Report The recently released 2023/24 HDR was titled “Breaking the Gridlock: Reimagining Cooperation in a Polarized World.” India’s Ranking India was ranked 135 in 2021 and moved up to 134 in 2022. India in the Medium Human Development Category Between 1990 and 2022, India witnessed a 48.4% increase in its HDI value, rising from 0.434 to 0.644. India’s Performance on Various Indicators Life expectancy at birth in India improved slightly from 67.2 years in 2021 to 67.7 years in 2022.Expected years of schooling (EYS) increased by 5.88% from 11.9 years to 12.6 years, leading to an improvement of 18 places.Gross National Income (GNI) per capita also improved from $6,542 to $6,951. Performance of India’s Neighbourhood Sri Lanka and China are ranked higher at 78 and 75 respectively, falling under the High Human Development category.Bhutan ranks 125, while Bangladesh ranks 129.Nepal (146) and Pakistan (164) are ranked lower than India. India’s Progress in Reducing Gender Inequality India ranks 108 out of 166 countries in the Gender Inequality Index (GII) 2022.The GII measures gender inequalities in reproductive health, empowerment, and the labour market.India’s GII value of 0.437 is better than the global average (0.462) and the South Asian average (0.478).India shows improvement in reproductive health indicators but still has a significant gender gap in the labour force participation rate, with a 47.8 percentage points difference between women (28.3%) and men (76.1%). Observations from the HDR 2023/24 The report highlights a reversal in the two-decade trend of reducing inequalities between wealthy and poor nations.Collective action failure in addressing issues like climate change, digitalization, poverty, and inequality is exacerbating polarization and diminishing trust in institutions globally.While nine in 10 people worldwide support democracy, over half of the respondents also endorse leaders who may undermine democratic processes.Political polarization within countries is leading to protectionist or inward-turning policy approaches. Four Areas for Immediate Action Proposed by the Report To break the current deadlock and recommit to a shared future, the report suggests: Investing in planetary public goods to stabilize climate amidst Anthropocene challenges.Developing digital global public goods for equitable utilization of new technologies in human development.Implementing new and expanded financial mechanisms, including innovative international cooperation tracks alongside traditional aid, especially for low-income countries.Addressing political polarization through new governance approaches focused on amplifying people’s voices in decision-making and combatting misinformation. -Source: The Hindu Global Progress in Child Mortality: UN Report Context: The United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation has unveiled a report titled “Levels and Trends in Child Mortality,” revealing significant strides in reducing global under-five deaths. According to the report, the annual number of under-five deaths worldwide in 2022 dropped by over half from the 2000 estimate, plummeting from 9.9 million to 4.9 million. This marked improvement underscores substantial progress in child health initiatives and underscores ongoing efforts to achieve global development goals. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the ReportStrategies to Curb Child Mortality Key Highlights of the Report: Milestone Achievement: The annual number of deaths among children under the age of five dropped to 4.9 million in 2022, marking a significant milestone in global efforts to reduce child mortality.Decline in Mortality Rate: There has been a decline of more than half in the global under-five mortality rate (U5MR) since 2000, showcasing sustained progress in reducing child deaths worldwide.Consistent Decline: The decline in under-five mortality has been consistent over the years, driven by the committed efforts of governments, organizations, healthcare professionals, communities, and families.Persisting Challenges: Despite progress, the annual death toll among children, adolescents, and youth remains unacceptably high. In 2022, 2.3 million under-five deaths occurred during the first month of life, with an additional 2.6 million deaths between ages 1 and 59 months. Additionally, 2.1 million children, adolescents, and youth aged 5–24 also died that year.Regional Disparities: Children face unequal chances of survival based on factors such as geographical location, socio-economic status, and living in fragile or conflict-affected settings, highlighting persistent inequities among vulnerable populations.Neonatal Deaths: Neonatal deaths accounted for a significant portion of under-five deaths, increasing from 41% in 2000 to 47% in 2022, indicating the need for focused interventions during the neonatal period.Regional Challenges: Sub-Saharan Africa is projected to bear the majority of under-five deaths by 2030, with significant regional disparities in child mortality rates.SDG Targets: Many countries are unlikely to meet the UN-mandated Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets on time. However, strategic investments in maternal, newborn, and child health can yield significant reductions in child mortality rates. Recommendations: Learnings from Success: Low- and lower-middle-income countries that have outperformed the global decline in under-five mortality demonstrate the impact of investments in maternal, newborn, and child health. Sustained action in resource-constrained settings can lead to significant reductions in child mortality rates. Strategies to Curb Child Mortality: Comprehensive Family Planning Services:Providing access to family planning services can help prevent unintended pregnancies, reducing the risk of preterm births and stillbirths.Enhanced Antenatal Care:Offering regular health and nutrition check-ups for pregnant women can contribute to healthier pregnancies and decrease the likelihood of preterm births and stillbirths.Iron Folic Acid Supplementation:Ensuring access to iron folic acid supplementation for pregnant mothers can improve maternal and fetal health outcomes.Screening and Management of Risk Factors:Implementing effective screening programs to identify and manage risk factors associated with preterm births and stillbirths, such as hypertension, diabetes, and infections during pregnancy, can mitigate adverse outcomes.Improved Data Collection Systems:Enhancing data collection systems to accurately record and report preterm births and stillbirths is crucial for understanding the scope of the problem and implementing targeted interventions effectively.Standardized Classification Systems:Adopting standardized classification systems, like the International Classification of Diseases, for reporting perinatal mortality can improve data quality and comparability across regions.Effective Surveillance and Reporting:Ensuring the effective implementation of maternal and perinatal deaths surveillance guidelines can aid in identifying trends, risk factors, and opportunities for intervention. Timely reporting and analysis of maternal and perinatal deaths can inform policy and practice decisions. -Source: Down To Earth USOF Signs MoU to Democratize Digital Services Access in Rural India Context: The Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF), operating under the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), has entered a tripartite Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Prasar Bharati and Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) to enhance digital services accessibility in rural India. This collaboration underscores efforts to bridge the digital divide and promote inclusivity by expanding digital infrastructure and services to remote areas. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Key HighlightsWhat is the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF)? Key Highlights: The tripartite Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) aims to enhance the accessibility and affordability of digital services across the nation, leveraging the BharatNet infrastructure facilitated by the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF).USOF’s primary role in providing high-speed broadband connectivity in Gram Panchayats and villages will complement Prasar Bharati’s Over-The-Top (OTT) platform, which offers a range of services including linear channels, Live TV, and on-demand content.Prasar Bharati will leverage its extensive legacy, consumer reach, and brand recognition to curate content for its OTT platform, ensuring a diverse and engaging experience for users.The Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) will contribute technical expertise and infrastructure to enable digital commerce across various sectors, expanding beyond traditional e-commerce to include education, health, finance, and agriculture, thereby promoting inclusive digital growth. What is the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF)? The Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) was established with the primary objective of providing access to ‘Basic’ telecom services to people in the remote and rural areas at reasonable and affordable prices.USOF ensures that there is universal non-discriminatory access to quality ICT (Information and Communications Technology) services at economically efficient prices to people in rural and remote areas.It was created under the Ministry of Communications in 2002.It is a non-lapsable fund, i.e., the unspent amount under a targeted financial year does not lapse and is accrued for next years’ spending.All credits to this fund require parliamentary approval and it has statutory support under Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Act, 2003.Universal Service stands for universal, interdependent and intercommunicating, affording the opportunity for any subscriber to any exchange to communicate with any other subscriber of any other exchange.Subsequently, the scope was widened to provide subsidy support for enabling access to all types of telegraph services including mobile services, broadband connectivity, and creation of infrastructure like Optical Fiber Cable (OFC) in rural and remote areas.With access to affordable telecom services in remote and rural areas, the USOF is the right step towards stemming urban migration. This would ensure to generate employment opportunities in the rural areas which would help generate more income. The USOF proposes to meet its social, economic, political and constitutional objectives which are as follows: To extend the telecommunication network.To stimulate the uptake of Internet and Communication Technologies (ICT) services.To bring the underserved and unserved areas of the country into the telecom spectrum and narrow down the access gap.To use the pooled USO levy for an equitable distribution through target subsidies. -Source: The Hindu, PIB PM Modi Launches PM-SURAJ Portal and Distributes Health Cards Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the Pradhan Mantri Samajik Utthan evam Rozgar Adharit Jankalyan (PM-SURAJ) portal virtually, aimed at providing credit support to entrepreneurs from disadvantaged sections of society. Additionally, PM Modi distributed Ayushman Health Cards and Personal Protective Equipment to Safai Mitras under the National Action for Mechanised Sanitation Ecosystem (NAMASTE) scheme. These initiatives underscore the government’s commitment to promoting entrepreneurship and ensuring healthcare access for vulnerable communities. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Pradhan Mantri Samajik Utthan evam Rozgar Adharit Jankalyan (PM-SURAJ) PortalNAMASTE Scheme Pradhan Mantri Samajik Utthan evam Rozgar Adharit Jankalyan (PM-SURAJ) Portal The PM-SURAJ portal serves as a centralized platform where individuals from disadvantaged segments of society can apply for and track the progress of various loan and credit schemes available to them.This initiative aims to provide financial assistance directly to beneficiaries, eliminating intermediaries and commissions, with a focus on uplifting the most marginalized sections of society. Implementing Agency: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment and its associated departments are responsible for the implementation of the PM-SURAJ portal. Previous Efforts: In pursuit of the goal of achieving Viksit Bharat by 2047, it’s imperative to ensure that essential facilities, such as gas connections, bank accounts, and toilets, are accessible to Dalits, backward classes, deprived communities, and tribals.The government has intensified efforts to empower Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBC) communities, doubling the assistance provided to them over the last decade.Significant allocations, amounting to almost Rs. 1.6 lakh crore, have been made for the welfare of the SC community in the current fiscal year. Additional measures include: Reservation of 27% seats for OBCs in the all-India quota of medical seats.Enhanced opportunities for OBC students in NEET examinations.Support through the National Overseas Scholarship for underprivileged students pursuing Master’s and PhD degrees abroad.Recognizing the entrepreneurial potential among Dalits, the government has launched the Ambedkar Social Innovation and Incubation Mission to foster innovation and entrepreneurship within this community. NAMASTE Scheme Namaste is a Central Sector Scheme of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE) as a joint initiative of the MoSJE and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA).NAMASTE envisages safety and dignity of sanitation workers in urban India by creating an enabling ecosystem that recognizes sanitation workers as one of the key contributors in operations and maintenance of sanitation infrastructure thereby providing sustainable livelihood and enhancing their occupational safety through capacity building and improved access to safety gear and machines.Ensure safety and dignity of sanitation workers in urban India and providing sustainable livelihood and enhancing their occupational safety through capacity building and improved access to safety gear and machines.NAMASTE would also aim at providing access to alternative livelihoods support  and entitlements to reduce the vulnerabilities of sanitation workers and enable them to access self-employment and skilled wage employment opportunities and break the intergenerationality in sanitation work.In addition, NAMASTE would bring about a behavior change amongst citizens towards sanitation workers and enhance demand for safe sanitation services. Five hundred cities (converging with AMRUT cities) will be taken up under this phase of NAMASTE. The list of cities will be notified at an appropriate time. The category of cities that will be eligible are given below: All Cities and Towns with a population of over one lakh with notified Municipalities, including Cantonment Boards (Civilian areas),All Capital Cities/Towns of States/ Union Territories (UTs), not covered in 4(i),Ten Cities from hill states, islands and tourist destinations (not more than one from each State). NAMASTE aims to achieve the following outcomes: Zero fatalities in sanitation work in IndiaAll sanitation work is performed by skilled workersNo sanitation workers come in direct contact with human faecal matterSanitation workers are collectivized into SHGs and are empowered to run sanitation enterprisesAll Sewer and Septic tank  sanitation workers (SSWs) have access to alternative livelihoodsStrengthened supervisory and monitoring systems at national, state and ULB levels to ensure enforcement and monitoring of safe sanitation workIncreased awareness amongst sanitation services seekers (individuals and institutions) to seek services from registered and skilled sanitation workers -Source: The Hindu, PIB Regulatory Sandbox Context: Recently, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) revised the timeline for the completion of various stages of a Regulatory Sandbox (RS) to nine months from the previous seven months. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Introduction to Regulatory Sandbox (RS)Associated Benefits of Regulatory SandboxChallenges of Regulatory Sandbox Introduction to Regulatory Sandbox (RS) The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) formed an inter-regulatory Working Group in 2016 to investigate and report on the detailed aspects of FinTech and its implications. This was aimed at reviewing the regulatory framework to adapt to the rapidly changing FinTech landscape.The group recommended the introduction of a Regulatory Sandbox (RS) framework to provide a well-defined space and duration for live testing of new products or services under regulatory guidance.Purpose and FunctionalityThe Regulatory Sandbox (RS) entails the live testing of new financial products or services within a controlled regulatory environment, with the possibility of regulatory relaxations for testing purposes.It serves as a crucial tool for creating dynamic regulatory environments that adapt to emerging technologies, allowing regulators, financial service providers, and customers to assess the benefits and risks of new financial innovations. Objectives The primary objective of the Regulatory Sandbox (RS) is to promote responsible innovation in financial services, enhance efficiency, and deliver benefits to consumers.It offers a structured platform for regulators to engage with the ecosystem and develop regulations that facilitate the delivery of relevant and cost-effective financial products. Target Applicants The RS is open to various entities, including fintech firms, banks, and companies collaborating with or supporting financial services businesses.These applicants can leverage the RS to test new financial innovations while adhering to regulatory guidelines and ensuring consumer protection. Associated Benefits of Regulatory Sandbox Regulators gain firsthand empirical evidence on emerging technologies, enabling informed regulatory decisions.Established financial service providers enhance their understanding of new technologies, aiding integration into business plans.Users can assess product viability on a smaller scale, minimizing the need for large-scale rollouts.FinTech solutions have the potential to significantly enhance financial inclusion, particularly in areas like microfinance and digital payments. Challenges of Regulatory Sandbox Innovators may face constraints on flexibility and time during the sandbox process, affecting their ability to adapt quickly.Securing customized authorizations and regulatory relaxations can be a lengthy process, potentially delaying experimentation.The absence of legal exemptions may limit innovators seeking to mitigate legal risks during experimentation.Even after successful sandbox testing, regulatory approvals may still be required, prolonging the time to market for products or services. -Source: Indian Express Sabarmati Ashram Redevelopment Project Launched on 94th Anniversary of Dandi March Context: On the occasion of the 94th anniversary of the Dandi March, the Prime Minister of India inaugurated the Sabarmati Ashram Redevelopment Project in Ahmedabad. Valued at Rs 1,200 crore, this project aims to refurbish, preserve, and reconstruct the historic Sabarmati Ashram, established by Mahatma Gandhi. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Historical Significance of Sabarmati AshramOverview of the Dandi March Historical Significance of Sabarmati Ashram Founded in 1917 by Mahatma Gandhi on the western bank of the Sabarmati River in Ahmedabad.Gandhi established five settlements in his lifetime, including Sabarmati Ashram, which served as a base for his socio-political activities.It was the launching point for seminal movements like the Dandi March in 1930, a significant event in India’s struggle for independence.Other movements initiated from Sabarmati include Champaran Satyagraha (1917), Kheda Satyagraha (1918), and the Non-Cooperation movement (1920).The ashram was managed by the Sabarmati Ashram Preservation and Memorial Trust (SAPMT).Gandhi’s principles of simplicity, self-sufficiency, and communal living were embodied in the design and construction of the ashram.Vinoba Bhave, a prominent disciple of Gandhi, lived in a cottage called “Vinoba Kutir” within the ashram.Constructed with local materials and traditional techniques, the ashram reflects Gandhi’s commitment to sustainability and harmony with nature.It remains a pilgrimage site for admirers of Gandhian philosophy, offering insights into his life, teachings, and principles, and stands as a testament to his enduring legacy and his pivotal role in India’s freedom struggle. Overview of the Dandi March Historical Context: Salt production in India, an ancient tradition, became commercialized under British rule, leading to the imposition of a salt tax, which symbolized colonial exploitation.Gandhi’s Response: Mahatma Gandhi recognized the salt tax as oppressive and utilized it as a focal point for non-violent protest against British rule.Declaration: On March 2, 1930, Gandhi wrote a letter to Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India, informing him of his intention to break the salt law through civil disobedience.Initiation of the Dandi March: Commencing from the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad on March 12, 1930, the Dandi March was led by Gandhi himself.Route: Spanning 24 days, the march traversed four districts and passed through 48 villages, symbolizing the widespread support for the movement.Symbolic Act: On April 6, 1930, at the shores of Dandi, Gandhi symbolically broke the salt law by picking up a handful of salt, inaugurating the civil disobedience movement against the British salt monopoly.Significance of the Date: Gandhi deliberately chose April 6 as the start date to coincide with the beginning of National Week, aligning with the historical context of previous national movements against British laws.Legacy: The Dandi March remains a pivotal moment in India’s struggle for independence, showcasing Gandhi’s strategic use of non-violent resistance and civil disobedience to challenge colonial authority. -Source: Indian Express Cuttack Rupa Tarakasi (Silver Filigree) Receives Geographical Indication (GI) Tag Context: The prestigious Cuttack Rupa Tarakasi, known for its intricate silver filigree work, has been awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) tag, recognizing its unique cultural heritage and skilled craftsmanship. Relevance: GS II: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Cuttack Rupa Tarakasi Receives Geographical Indication (GI) TagGeographical Indications (GI) Tag Cuttack Rupa Tarakasi Receives Geographical Indication (GI) Tag Historical Roots and Cultural Exchange Originating from ancient Mesopotamia around 3500 BCE, filigree adorned jewelry, possibly reaching Cuttack via Persia and Indonesia, highlighting cultural exchange through maritime trade routes. Definition of Filigree Filigree refers to ornamental work, typically using fine wire of gold, silver, or copper, applied mainly to gold and silver surfaces. Diversity of Indian Traditional Crafts Cuttack Rupa Tarakasi joins other crafts like Banglar muslin (West Bengal), Narasapur crochet lace (Andhra Pradesh), and Kutch rogan craft (Gujarat) in attaining GI status, showcasing India’s rich traditional craft heritage. Significance of GI Tag A GI tag is a distinctive label for products associated with a specific geographic area, ensuring only authorized users from that region can use the product’s name.It serves as a safeguard against imitation and remains valid for 10 years post-registration. Regulatory Framework The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) oversees GI registration in India under the Geographical Indications of Goods Act, 1999, aligning with the TRIPS agreement. Geographical Indications (GI) Tag Definition and Importance: Geographical Indications of Goods indicate the country or place of origin of a product.They assure consumers of the product’s quality and distinctiveness derived from its specific geographical locality.GI tags are an essential component of intellectual property rights (IPRs) and are protected under international agreements like the Paris Convention and TRIPS. Administration and Registration: Geographical Indications registration in India is governed by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.The registration and protection are administered by the Geographical Indication Registry under the Department of Industry Promotion and Internal Trade (DIPIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.The registration is valid for 10 years, and it can be renewed for further periods of 10 years each. Significance and Examples: GI tags provide a unique identity and reputation to products based on their geographical origin.The first product in India to receive a GI tag was Darjeeling tea.Karnataka has the highest number of GI tags with 47 registered products, followed by Tamil Nadu with 39. Ownership and Proprietorship: Any association, organization, or authority established by law can be a registered proprietor of a GI tag.The registered proprietor’s name is entered in the Register of Geographical Indication for the applied product.Protection and Enforcement:Geographical Indications protect the interests of producers and prevent unauthorized use of the product’s name or origin.Enforcement of GI rights helps maintain the quality and reputation of the products associated with their specific geographical regions. Location of the Geographical Indications Registry: The Geographical Indications Registry is located in Chennai, India. -Source: The Hindu, PIB

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 15 March 2024

CONTENTS France Enshrines Abortion Rights in ConstitutionOn judges and Bureaucrats Joining PoliticsGujarat’s Dairy Union Converts Dung to BioCNGSupreme Court Considers Tiger Safari in UttarakhandAtmospheric Research TestbedDevin AIPrasar Bharti – Shared Audio Visuals for Broadcast and Dissemination (PB-SHABD) France Enshrines Abortion Rights in Constitution Context: Recently, French lawmakers overwhelmingly approved a bill to enshrine abortion rights in France’s constitution, making it the only country to explicitly guarantee a woman’s right to voluntarily terminate a pregnancy. The approved bill amends Article 34 of the French Constitution, explicitly stating that “the law determines the conditions by which the freedom of women to have recourse to an abortion, which is guaranteed.” This historic decision reflects France’s commitment to women’s reproductive rights and ensures legal protection for the freedom to choose abortion. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Understanding AbortionAbortion law in IndiaConcerns related to abortion include Understanding Abortion Abortion refers to the intentional termination of a pregnancy, usually within the first 28 weeks of gestation. The method used may vary depending on factors such as gestational age and individual preferences.The subject of abortion is highly contentious, often sparking debates involving ethical, moral, religious, and legal considerations. Arguments in Favor of Abortion Proponents of abortion rights advocate for it as a fundamental reproductive right, enabling individuals to make decisions regarding their bodies, health, and future.They stress the importance of ensuring access to safe and legal abortion services to prevent unwanted pregnancies, safeguard women’s health, and uphold reproductive autonomy. Arguments Against Abortion Opponents of abortion, commonly known as “pro-life,” oppose it on moral grounds, contending that it is morally reprehensible and should be either restricted or entirely prohibited.They assert that life begins at conception and view abortion as akin to ending a human life, thus violating the rights of the unborn fetus. Abortion law in India The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, 1971 provides the legal framework for making CAC services available in India.Termination of pregnancy is permitted for a broad range of conditions up to 20 weeks of gestation as detailed below:When continuation of pregnancy is a risk to the life of a pregnant woman or could cause grave injury to her physical or mental health;When there is substantial risk that the child, if born, would be seriously handicapped due to physical or mental abnormalities;When pregnancy is caused due to rape (presumed to cause grave injury to the mental health of the woman);When pregnancy is caused due to failure of contraceptives used by a married woman or her husband (presumed to constitute grave injury to mental health of the woman). The MTP Act specifies who can terminate a pregnancy;till when a pregnancy can be terminated; andwhere can a pregnancy be terminated. Medical Termination of Pregnancy Amendment Act, 2021 The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act allows termination of pregnancy by a medical practitioner in two stages.After a crucial amendment in 2021, for pregnancies up to 20 weeks, termination is allowed under the opinion of one registered medical practitioner.For pregnancies between 20-24 weeks, the Rules attached to the law prescribe certain criteria in terms of who can avail termination. It also requires the opinion of two registered medical practitioners in this case.For pregnancies within 20 weeks, termination can be allowed if:the continuance of the pregnancy would involve a risk to the life of the pregnant woman or of grave injury to her physical or mental health; orthere is a substantial risk that if the child was born, it would suffer from any serious physical or mental abnormality.The explanation to the provision states that termination within 20 weeks is allowed “where any pregnancy occurs as a result of failure of any device or method used by any woman or her partner for the purpose of limiting the number of children or preventing pregnancy, the anguish caused by such pregnancy may be presumed to constitute a grave injury to the mental health of the pregnant woman”.The phrase “any woman or her partner” was also introduced in 2021 in place of the earlier “married woman or her husband”. By eliminating the word “married woman or her husband” from the scheme of the MTP Act, the legislature intended to clarify the scope of Section 3 and bring pregnancies which occur outside the institution of marriage within the protective umbrella of the law.For both stages — within 20 weeks and between 20-24 weeks — termination is allowed “where any pregnancy is alleged by the pregnant woman to have been caused by rape, the anguish caused by the pregnancy shall be presumed to constitute a grave injury to the mental health of the pregnant woman”. Who falls in the category of women allowed to terminate pregnancy between 20-24 weeks? For pregnancies between 20-24 weeks, Section 3B of the Rules under the MTP Act lists seven categories of women:Survivors of sexual assault or rape or incest;Minors;Change of marital status during the ongoing pregnancy (widowhood and divorce);Women with physical disabilities (major disability as per criteria laid down under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016);Mentally ill women including mental retardation;The foetal malformation that has substantial risk of being incompatible with life or if the child is born it may suffer from such physical or mental abnormalities to be seriously handicapped;Women with pregnancy in humanitarian settings or disaster or emergency situations as may be declared by the Government. Concerns related to abortion include: Maternal Mortality: Unsafe abortions contribute significantly to maternal mortality, with it being the third leading cause of maternal deaths in India. Approximately 8 women die each day due to complications related to unsafe abortions, according to the UNFPA’s State of the World Population Report 2022.Access to Safe Abortions: Women, especially those from poor families or unmarried women, may resort to unsafe or illegal methods to terminate unwanted pregnancies due to lack of access to safe abortion services. This poses serious health risks to them.Sex-Selective Abortions: In regions where male children are culturally preferred over female children, sex-selective abortions are a significant concern. This practice, driven by gender bias, contributes to skewed sex ratios and perpetuates gender inequality. Countries like India, China, and Pakistan have been particularly affected by this issue.High Incidence of Abortions: According to a study published in the Lancet, India witnesses approximately 15.6 million abortions annually as of 2015. This high incidence of abortions highlights the need for comprehensive reproductive health services, including access to contraception and safe abortion services.Shortage of Qualified Providers: While the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act mandates that abortions should be performed only by qualified doctors specializing in gynaecology or obstetrics, there is a severe shortage of such healthcare providers in rural areas. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare’s report on Rural Health Statistics indicates a 70% shortage of obstetrician-gynaecologists in rural India, which hampers access to safe abortion services in these areas. -Source: The Hindu On Judges and Bureaucrats Joining Politics Context: The recent resignations of a Calcutta High Court judge and a senior IPS officer in West Bengal, followed by their subsequent entry into political parties, have sparked widespread debate and concern. Questions have arisen regarding the ethical implications of constitutional authorities and government officials joining political parties upon leaving their positions. The issue highlights the delicate balance between the judiciary, law enforcement, and the political sphere, raising concerns about potential conflicts of interest and the integrity of public institutions. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Existing Constitutional RestrictionsRestrictions on Gaining Political PostsVarious Recommendations and Cooling off Period Existing Constitutional Restrictions: Rationale – Principle of Checks and Balances: The Constitution of India is founded on the principle of checks and balances among its various organs.The executive branch is accountable to the legislature, and both are subject to oversight by an independent judiciary.Other independent bodies such as the Election Commission, Public Service Commission, and Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) play vital roles in maintaining democratic integrity and governance.To safeguard the independence of these institutions, the Constitution provides for fixed tenures, financial autonomy, stringent removal procedures, and post-retirement restrictions. Specific Constitutional Restrictions: Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts:Judges of the Supreme Court are prohibited from practicing law before any court or authority in India after retiring from office.Similar restrictions apply to judges of High Courts, except for appearances before the Supreme Court or other High Courts.Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) and Public Service Commission Members:The CAG and members of the Public Service Commission are barred from taking up any employment with the Central or State governments after demitting office. Purpose of Restrictions: These restrictions aim to prevent conflicts of interest and favoritism towards the government during the tenure of these positions, with the intent of securing post-retirement benefits. Restrictions on Gaining Political Posts: There are no explicit restrictions on individuals holding independent constitutional posts from joining political parties, contesting elections, or being nominated to certain political posts.Instances abound where individuals who previously held independent constitutional positions have transitioned into political roles or been nominated to political offices. Examples: Two Supreme Court judges resigned from their posts in 1967 and 1983 to contest presidential and parliamentary elections, respectively, from Assam.Another Supreme Court judge joined a political party in Tamil Nadu and contested elections five years after retiring in 1999.A former Chief Election Commissioner became a member of the Rajya Sabha and a Minister in 2004, three years after retiring.Recently, a retired Chief Justice of India was nominated to the Rajya Sabha in 2020, merely four months after retirement.Retired CAGs and judges have also been appointed as Governors of States.Numerous bureaucrats have joined political parties and contested elections after resigning from service or shortly after retirement. Various Recommendations and Cooling off Period: The Election Commission (EC) proposed in 2012 that the Union government implement a cooling-off period for senior bureaucrats after retirement before they could engage in political activities or contest elections.However, the government rejected this suggestion based on the Attorney General’s opinion, which argued that such a provision might not align with constitutional principles and democratic values.In May 2022, the Supreme Court dismissed a writ petition seeking legislative action to enact a law mandating a cooling-off period for retired bureaucrats before they enter politics. The court emphasized that the decision on this matter lies within the purview of the legislature. Arguments Against the Cooling off Period: Fundamental to democracy is every citizen’s right to participate in elections.The Attorney General highlighted that maintaining independence and neutrality is pertinent during a person’s tenure in service.While there are existing rules preventing senior bureaucrats from taking up private employment immediately after retirement to avoid conflicts of interest, imposing similar restrictions on their participation in elections might not be justifiable under democratic principles. -Source: The Hindu Gujarat’s Dairy Union Converts Dung to BioCNG Context: The Banaskantha District Co-operative Milk Producers’ Union in Gujarat has embarked on a transformative initiative to convert dung into BioCNG (compressed natural gas) and fertilizer, thereby supplementing farmers’ income. This innovative project not only addresses waste management challenges but also creates new revenue streams for dairy farmers. The BioCNG outlet, situated on the Deesa-Tharad highway in Gujarat’s Banaskantha district, stands as a pioneering venture, being India’s first and only gas-filling station operating on dung sourced from cattle and buffaloes. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Harnessing the Value of Dung in FarmingKey Challenges to Address Harnessing the Value of Dung in Farming Dung Production and Composition: An adult bovine animal produces 15-20 kg of fresh dung daily, while calves yield 5-10 kg.Fresh dung, containing 80-85% water, weighs only 200 grams per kg when dried. Biogas Production from Dung: Methane in fresh dung, crucial for biogas production, is obtained through anaerobic digestion.Bacteria-like microbes in the bovine’s rumen produce methane during the fermentation of plant material.The digestion involves four successive stages: hydrolysis (break-down of organic matter into simple molecules), acidogenesis (their conversion into volatile fatty acids), acetogenesis (production of acetic acid, CO2 and hydrogen) and methanogenesis (biogas generation).Biogas digesters reduce methane emissions, aiding in greenhouse gas mitigation. Biogas Purification and Compression: Raw biogas undergoes purification to remove CO2, H2S, and moisture.The purified biogas, compressed to 96-97% methane, is sold as BioCNG at Rs 72/kg. Utilization of Slurry for Fertilizer: After biogas extraction, the slurry is dewatered and separated.The solid residue is decomposed and sold as PROM (phosphate-rich organic manure)  or used for compost production.The liquid portion is reused or sold as liquid-fermented organic manure. Scalability and Replicability: The BioCNG model is scalable and replicable, utilizing dung from district member unions.Gujarat’s Kaira Union’s decentralised model targets 10,000 Flexi Biogas plant installations.Individual farmers can benefit from smaller Flexi plants for personal use and potential income generation. Key Challenges to Address Ensuring Organic Feedstock Supply: Consistent access to high-quality organic feedstock for animals is crucial for sustained biogas production.Effective Waste Segregation and Collection: Implementation of efficient waste segregation and collection systems is necessary to ensure a steady supply of feedstock.Lack of Knowledge and Resources: Individual farmers and smaller cooperatives may lack the expertise and resources for proper maintenance and monitoring of BioCNG plants.Training and Technical Support: Training programs, technical support, and standardized operating procedures are essential for ensuring the efficient operation of BioCNG plants.Access to Financing Options: Financial barriers can hinder the establishment of BioCNG plants, highlighting the need for subsidies, grants, or low-interest loans.Skilled Labour and Infrastructure: Addressing the shortage of skilled labor and infrastructure requires public-private partnerships, technology transfer, and capacity-building initiatives.Efficient Storage and Distribution: Efficient storage systems and distribution networks are necessary to ensure the reliable supply of BioCNG to end-users.Overcoming Misconceptions: Overcoming misconceptions about the safety and hygiene of dung gas is crucial for widespread adoption, necessitating educational outreach and demonstration of the process’s cleanliness and safety. -Source: The Hindu Supreme Court Considers Tiger Safari in Uttarakhand Context: The Supreme Court has shown a favorable inclination towards approving the establishment of a Tiger Safari at Pakhrau, Uttarakhand, situated in the buffer area of Corbett Tiger Reserve (CTR). However, the court stressed that safari parks should only house local tigers that are injured, conflicted, or orphaned, and not those sourced from zoos. Additionally, the court has given the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) a three-month deadline to conclude its investigation into alleged irregularities within CTR. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Tiger SafarisNeeds and Benefits of Building a Tiger SafariConcerns and Challenges Related to Building a Tiger SafariOverview of Corbett Tiger Reserve Tiger Safaris Definition: A tiger safari entails embarking on an expedition to observe tigers in their natural habitat, typically within protected areas like national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. Locations: Tiger safaris are commonly conducted in regions with significant tiger populations, notably in India, which harbors a substantial portion of the world’s wild tiger population. Legal Framework: The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, which governs wildlife conservation efforts in India, does not explicitly define “tiger safari.”The act stipulates regulations regarding construction activities within protected areas, including tourist lodges, hotels, zoos, and safari parks, necessitating prior approval from the National Board for Wild Life. Establishment Guidelines: The concept of tiger safaris was introduced in the 2012 Guidelines for Tourism by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), primarily permitting such ventures in the buffer zones of tiger reserves.Subsequent NTCA guidelines in 2016 allowed for the establishment of “Tiger Safaris” in buffer and fringe areas of tiger reserves, primarily for housing injured, conflicted, or orphaned tigers, with restrictions on sourcing tigers from zoos.However, in 2019, the NTCA revised its stance, permitting the sourcing of animals from zoos for tiger safaris and delegating the selection authority to the Central Zoo Authority (CZA). Needs and Benefits of Building a Tiger Safari: Alleviating Tourism Pressure: Tiger safaris can help reduce the stress on wildlife within tiger reserves by providing alternative tourism avenues as per the 2012 NTCA guidelines.Accommodating Non-Wildlife Suited Animals: Safari parks offer a solution for housing animals like injured, orphaned, or conflict-affected individuals that are not suited for the wild, keeping them within their natural environment.Supporting Local Livelihoods: Designating buffer areas for safari parks allows for activities that support the livelihoods and development needs of local communities, contributing to income generation and fostering local support for tiger conservation efforts. Concerns and Challenges Related to Building a Tiger Safari: Risk of Disease Transmission: Housing zoo tigers or captive animals within tiger habitats poses a risk of disease transmission to wild tigers and other wildlife, compromising their health and survival.Focus on Individual Welfare vs. Species Conservation: Building safari parks for “rescued” tigers within reserves may prioritize the welfare of individual tigers over conserving the species, potentially disrupting natural habitats.Divergence from Conservation Norms: Displaying “rescued” tigers in safari parks diverges from the traditional practice of keeping distressed animals away from public view, raising ethical and conservation concerns.Legal and Policy Contradictions: The interpretation of tiger safaris as zoos within tiger reserves contradicts the conservation objectives, as highlighted by the Supreme Court, leading to legal and policy conflicts.Unintended Consequences: Efforts to reduce tourist crowds around tigers in reserves through safari parks may backfire, with new safari routes attracting even more visitors, exacerbating the tourism pressure. Overview of Corbett Tiger Reserve: Location: Corbett Tiger Reserve is situated in the Nainital district of Uttarakhand, India.History: Established in 1936 as Hailey National Park, it was renamed Corbett National Park in honor of Jim Corbett, a renowned conservationist and hunter. It was one of the first national parks in India. The Project Tiger initiative was launched in 1973, with Corbett National Park being one of the initial reserves under this program.Purpose: The primary objective of establishing the reserve was to protect the endangered Bengal tiger, along with other species of flora and fauna.Composition: The reserve comprises the core area known as Corbett National Park and the surrounding buffer zone, which includes reserve forests and the Sonanadi Wildlife Sanctuary.Geography: The entire area of the reserve is characterized by mountainous terrain, falling within the Shivalik and Outer Himalaya geological provinces.Major Rivers: Several rivers flow through the reserve, including Ramganga, Sonanadi, Mandal, Palain, and Kosi, providing crucial water sources for the diverse ecosystem within the reserve. -Source: The Hindu Atmospheric Research Testbed Context: Recently, Minister of Earth Sciences virtually inaugurated the first phase of the Atmospheric Research Testbed in Central India (ART-CI) in Sehore district in Madhya Pradesh. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Atmospheric Research Testbed (ART) Establishment and Location: The Atmospheric Research Testbed (ART) is established by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), at Silkheda.Its primary focus is to enhance understanding of processes governing monsoon convection. Components and Instruments: ART-CI (Atmospheric Research Testbed-Central India) features a comprehensive array of remote-sensing and in-situ instruments.These instruments provide continuous observations of convection, clouds, precipitation, soil moisture, radiation, and microphysics, capturing major modes of variability. Phases: Phase 1: In the initial phase, ART is established in central India to study convection, land-atmosphere interactions, and precipitation processes.Phase 2: The second phase involves setting up ART in the northeast/eastern part of India, focusing on severe thunderstorm processes. Objectives: Enhance understanding of processes governing monsoon convection and land-atmosphere interactions.Measure relevant meteorological parameters using state-of-the-art observational systems.Organize intense observational campaigns and weather prediction model runs to test hypotheses and improve physical parameterizations related to convection and land surface processes.Conduct outreach, training, and dissemination of ART-CI datasets, making it an international facility for observational campaigns and testing physical parameterization schemes. Instrumentation: ART-CI is equipped with nearly 25 high-end instruments, including:Aethalometer for aerosol studies.Cloud condensation nuclei counter.Laser ceilometer to measure cloud sizes.Micro rain radar to calculate raindrop size and distribution.Additionally, a Ka-band cloud radar and a C-band Doppler weather radar are installed to track the movement of rain-bearing systems over the region. Devin AI Context: A US-based company called Cognition has announced the launch of a new artificial intelligence chatbot called Devin which it claims to be world’s first fully autonomous AI software engineer. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Devin AI: Revolutionizing Software Engineering Devin AI stands as the world’s pioneer AI software engineer, marking a significant leap in software development capabilities. Capabilities: Coding and Debugging: Devin possesses advanced abilities in software development, encompassing coding, debugging, problem-solving, and more.Machine Learning Integration: Utilizing machine learning algorithms, Devin continually learns and enhances its performance, adapting to evolving challenges.End-to-End App Development: Devin can autonomously build and deploy applications from start to finish.AI Model Training: It can also train and fine-tune its own AI models, streamlining the development process.Complex Task Execution: Devin adeptly plans and executes complex engineering tasks, making thousands of decisions seamlessly.Contextual Understanding: With the ability to recall relevant context at each step, Devin self-learns over time and rectifies errors.Proactive Collaboration: This AI software engineer proactively collaborates with users, providing real-time progress updates, accepting feedback, and assisting in design choices. Performance: Benchmark Results: On the SWE-Bench benchmark, Devin demonstrated impressive performance, correctly resolving 13.86% of issues unassisted, surpassing previous models significantly.Efficiency Augmentation: By automating repetitive tasks, generating code instantly, and expediting project timelines, Devin enhances efficiency and reduces development expenses substantially.Error Immunity: Devin’s operation is immune to human errors or inconsistencies, ensuring reliability in software engineering processes. -Source: The Economic Times Prasar Bharti – Shared Audio Visuals for Broadcast and Dissemination (PB-SHABD) Context: Union Minister of Information and Broadcasting launched the Prasar Bharti – Shared Audio Visuals for Broadcast and Dissemination (PB-SHABD), a news-sharing service from Prasar Bharati, aimed at transforming news dissemination in India. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions PB-SHABD: Empowering Small News Organizations PB-SHABD emerges as a centralized news content platform catering to smaller news organizations lacking extensive networks.It aims to bridge the gap by offering diverse news stories in major Indian languages across fifty categories. Key Features: Free Service: SHABD service is initially offered free for the first year, providing access to news content without financial barriers.Multilingual Content: News stories are available in major Indian languages, ensuring inclusivity and accessibility for diverse audiences.Wide Coverage: With content spanning fifty categories, PB-SHABD offers a comprehensive range of news topics, catering to varied interests. Minister’s Emphasis: The minister highlighted the revamped platforms for Doordarshan News and Akashvani News, along with the updated News on the Air mobile app.These platforms play a crucial role in democratizing access to news and fostering collaboration within the media industry, aligning with the government’s vision of inclusive information dissemination. Prasar Bharati: Prasar Bharati is India’s largest public broadcasting agency, operating autonomously under the Prasar Bharati Act, 1997.Its primary objective is to provide autonomy to Doordarshan and Akashvani, aiming to educate and entertain the public through diverse programming. -Source: The Hindu, PIB

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 14 March 2024

CONTENTS Sea Defenders-2024KIRTI Programme Sea Defenders-2024 Context: Recently, the maritime security exercise ‘Sea Defenders-2024’ was held between the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) and the United States Coast Guard (USCG) at Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges About Sea Defenders-2024 The exercise encompassed a range of scenarios aimed at enhancing the capabilities of the participating coast guard units. Here are the key highlights: Pollution Response Demonstration: Indian Coast Guard ships and aircraft demonstrated their proficiency in responding to environmental hazards, particularly oil spills, at sea. This segment of the exercise showcased the preparedness and effectiveness of the coast guard in mitigating pollution incidents and safeguarding marine ecosystems.Visit Board Search and Seizure (VBSS) Operations: The exercise included simulations of VBSS operations, which involve inspecting vessels suspected of engaging in illegal activities such as smuggling or trafficking. This component tested the tactical skills and coordination of personnel from both coast guards in conducting boarding operations and enforcing maritime law.Firefighting and Damage Control: The joint exercise provided a platform for coast guard personnel to enhance their firefighting and damage control skills. Participants had the opportunity to practice response techniques to combat onboard fires and manage damage control situations effectively. This aspect of the exercise aimed to improve readiness and resilience in handling emergencies at sea.Collaboration and Camaraderie: Throughout the exercise, personnel from both coast guards worked closely together, fostering a spirit of collaboration and camaraderie. By sharing expertise, resources, and best practices, participants strengthened their bonds and mutual understanding, paving the way for more effective joint operations in the future. KIRTI Programme Context: Union Minister for Youth Affairs and Sports inaugurated the unique Khelo India Rising Talent Identification (KIRTI) programme amidst much enthusiasm at the Sector 7 sports complex, in Chandigarh Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions About KIRTI Programme The KIRTI Programme is a nationwide initiative aimed at school children between the ages of nine and 18. Here are the key highlights of the programme: Objectives: Identify talent: The primary objective of the KIRTI Programme is to identify sporting talent from all parts of the country.Curbing addiction: Another key objective is to use sports as a means to discourage addiction to drugs and other distractions such as gadgets among school children. Assessments: The programme aims to conduct 20 lakh assessments across the country in a year to identify talented individuals through designated Talent Assessment Centres.It seeks to reach out to every block in the country and connect with children interested in sports but lacking opportunities. Launch and Implementation: The KIRTI Programme was launched across 50 centres in India.In the initial phase, 50,000 applicants are being assessed in 10 sports including athletics, boxing, wrestling, hockey, football, and more. Transparent Selection Process: The programme emphasizes transparency in its selection methodology, utilizing Information Technology for the assessment process.Data analytics based on Artificial Intelligence are employed to predict the athletic potential of aspiring athletes.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 14 March 2024

CONTENTS Financial Thresholds Revision Endorsed by Public Accounts CommitteeElection Commission of IndiaIndia Conducts Successful Test of Multi-Warhead Agni MissileUniform Code for Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices (UCPMP) 2024Index of Industrial Production (IIP)Graphics Processing UnitGorsam Kora FestivalKarnataka Government Bans Harmful Colorants in Food Financial Thresholds Revision Endorsed by Public Accounts Committee Context: The Public Accounts Committee of Parliament has recently endorsed the Finance Ministry’s proposal to increase the financial thresholds for expenditure on ‘New Service’ and ‘New Instruments of Service’ by government ministries and departments. This proposed revision, which marks the 4th instance since Independence, comes after the last revision in 2005, which came into effect in 2006. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Public Accounts CommitteeNew Financial Limits Proposed by the Finance MinistryPotential BenefitsPotential Drawbacks Public Accounts Committee The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) is an essential oversight body in the Indian Parliament, tasked with scrutinizing the government’s revenue and expenditure. Here are its key features: Mandate: The PAC is responsible for examining the audit reports issued by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India. Its primary focus is to ensure accountability and transparency in the government’s financial operations.Composition: The PAC comprises members of Parliament, with a maximum of 22 members. Fifteen members are elected by the Lok Sabha (Lower House), and up to seven members are from the Rajya Sabha (Upper House).Selection Process: Members of the PAC are chosen annually through proportional representation using a single transferable vote system. This ensures a fair representation of various political parties in the committee.Chairperson: The chairperson of the PAC is appointed by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. Typically, the chairperson is from the opposition party, ensuring impartiality and effective scrutiny of the government’s actions.Term of Office: Members of the PAC serve a term of one year, after which new members are elected or appointed. This ensures regular turnover and fresh perspectives in the committee’s work.Role of the CAG: The CAG provides assistance to the PAC during its investigations and audits. The reports prepared by the CAG serve as the basis for the PAC’s scrutiny of the government’s financial activities.Ministerial Positions: Members of the PAC are not permitted to hold ministerial positions in the government. This ensures independence and prevents conflicts of interest, allowing members to scrutinize government actions objectively. New Financial Limits Proposed by the Finance Ministry The Finance Ministry has proposed new financial limits for reporting to Parliament and obtaining approval for expenditures, particularly for New Service (NS) and New Instrument of Service (NIS). Here are the key points: New Service and New Instruments of Service: New Service (NS): Expenditure resulting from a new policy decision not previously brought to Parliament’s notice, including new activities or investments.New Instrument of Service (NIS): Significant expenditure arising from a notable expansion of an existing policy. New Limits Proposed: For expenditures ranging between Rs 50 crore and Rs 100 crore, reporting to Parliament is mandatory, but upfront approval is not required.Prior parliamentary approval is necessary only if the spending exceeds Rs 100 crore. Reporting Limit for New Instrument of Service: The reporting limit for New Instrument of Service (NIS) has been set at up to 20% of the original appropriation or up to Rs 100 crore, whichever is higher.Parliament’s approval becomes mandatory for amounts exceeding 20% of the original appropriation or above Rs 100 crore, subject to savings within the same grant section. Potential Benefits: Streamlined Budgetary Process: Increasing the financing limit reduces the need for Supplementary Demands for Grants, streamlining the budgetary process and reducing administrative burden.Efficiency in Decision-Making: Higher limits minimize bureaucratic hurdles, enabling quicker decision-making and implementation within government departments and agencies.Accommodating Economic Growth: With expected GDP growth, larger budgets are anticipated. Raised financial limits ensure budgets can meet the evolving needs of a growing economy. Potential Drawbacks: Risk of Misuse or Misallocation: Higher limits may increase the risk of funds being misused or misallocated without proper oversight, leading to corruption or wasteful spending.Impact on Fiscal Health: Misallocation or overspending could result in budgetary overshooting or deficits, negatively impacting overall fiscal health.Reduced Accountability: Greater financial autonomy for ministries and departments may reduce accountability, making it challenging to track expenditures and ensure alignment with intended purposes.Reduced Parliamentary Scrutiny: Higher limits might decrease the frequency of parliamentary scrutiny, limiting opportunities for meaningful debate and oversight over government expenditures.Weakness in Checks and Balances: Reduced oversight could weaken the checks and balances necessary for transparent governance, potentially undermining public trust in government spending. -Source: Indian Express Election Commission of India Context: Recently, the Election Commissioner of India resigned from his post, just days ahead of the announcement of the Lok Sabha elections. Relevance: GS II- Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: How are the CEC and ECs currently appointed?About Election Commission of IndiaStructure of the Election CommissionIssues with ECISome Powers About Election Commission of India The Election Commission of India is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering Union and State election processes in India.The body administers elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and State Legislative Assemblies in India, and the offices of the President and Vice President in the country.It is the Commission that decides the election schedules for the conduct of elections, whether general elections or by-elections.ECI decides on the location of polling stations, assignment of voters to the polling stations, location of counting centers, arrangements to be made in and around polling stations and counting centres and all allied matters.In the performance of its functions, the Election Commission is insulated from executive interference.Part XV of the Indian constitution deals with elections, and establishes a commission for these matters.The Election Commission was established in accordance with the Constitution on 25th January 1950, hence it is a constitutional body. Article 324 to 329 of the constitution deals with powers, function, tenure, eligibility, etc., of the commission and the member. Litigations against EC The decisions of the Commission can be challenged in the High Court and the Supreme Court of India by appropriate petitions.By long-standing convention and several judicial pronouncements, once the actual process of elections has started, the judiciary does not intervene in the actual conduct of the polls. Structure of the Election Commission Originally the commission had only one election commissioner but after the Election Commissioner Amendment Act 1989, it has been made a multi-member body.The commission consists of one Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners.The secretariat of the commission is located in New Delhi.At the state level election commission is helped by Chief Electoral Officer who is an IAS rank Officer.The President appoints Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners.They have a fixed tenure of six years, or up to the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.They enjoy the same status and receive salary and perks as available to Judges of the Supreme Court of India.The Chief Election Commissioner can be removed from office only through a process of removal similar to that of a Supreme Court judge for by Parliament. Issues with ECI Flaws in the composition: The Constitution doesn’t prescribe qualifications for members of the EC. They are not debarred from future appointments after retiring or resigning.No security of tenure: Election commissioners aren’t constitutionally protected with security of tenure.Partisan role: The EC has come under the scanner like never before, with increasing incidents of breach of the Model Code of Conduct in the 2019 general elections.Political favor: The opposition alleged that the ECI was favoring the ruling party by giving clean chit to the model code of conduct violations made by the PM.Non-competence: Increased violence and electoral malpractices under influence of money have resulted in political criminalization, which ECI is unable to arrest. Some Powers: The Election Commission of India is considered the guardian of free and reasonable elections.It issues the Model Code of Conduct in every election for political parties and candidates so that the decorum of democracy is maintained.It regulates political parties and registers them for being eligible to contest elections.It publishes the allowed limits of campaign expenditure per candidate to all the political parties, and also monitors the same.The political parties must submit their annual reports to the ECI for getting tax benefit on contributions.It guarantees that all the political parties regularly submit their audited financial reports. Other powers handled by the Election Commission of India are as follows: The Commission can repress the results of opinion polls if it deems such an action fit for the cause of democracy.The Commission can recommend for disqualification of members after the elections if it thinks they have violated certain guidelines.In case, a candidate is found guilty of dishonest practices during the elections, the Supreme Court and High Courts consult the Commission.The Commission can postpone candidates who fail to submit their election expense accounts timely. -Source: Indian Express India Conducts Successful Test of Multi-Warhead Agni Missile Context: India has announced the successful testing of an Agni missile capable of carrying multiple warheads meant to hit multiple targets simultaneously. The test, named Mission Divyastra, was carried out from Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Island off the Odisha coast and was confirmed by Prime Minister Modi. This technology enables a single missile to deploy multiple warheads at different locations, enhancing India’s strategic capabilities. The system is equipped with indigenous avionics systems and high-accuracy sensor packages, ensuring that the re-entry vehicles reached the target points with desired precision. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Key Facts About MIRV TechnologyAgni-5 Missile Key Facts About MIRV Technology: Origins and Development: MIRV technology originated in the United States with the deployment of MIRVed Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) in 1970.It allows a single missile to carry multiple independently targetable warheads (3-4), significantly increasing its destructive potential. Enhanced Effectiveness: MIRV technology enhances a missile’s effectiveness by enabling it to engage multiple targets independently in a single launch.This capability increases the overall lethality of the missile system, making it a formidable weapon in strategic operations. Operational Flexibility: MIRVs can be launched from both land-based and sea-based platforms, including submarines.This versatility enhances operational flexibility and extends the range of missile systems, enabling them to engage targets across various geographic locations. Global Adoption and Proliferation: Major nuclear powers, including the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, and India, possess MIRV technology.Pakistan tested MIRV technology with the Ababeel Missile in 2017, marking its entry into the club of nations with MIRV capability. Strategic Significance: Initially designed to enhance offensive capabilities, MIRVs pose significant challenges to ballistic missile defense systems.Their ability to deploy multiple warheads independently makes them difficult to defend against compared to traditional single-warhead missiles. Challenges: Deploying MIRV technology presents complex challenges, including miniaturizing warheads, developing advanced guidance systems, and ensuring the reliability of individual re-entry vehicles.Addressing these challenges is crucial for maintaining the effectiveness and reliability of MIRV systems in strategic operations. Agni-5 Missile: Development and Origin: Agni-5 is an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) developed indigenously by the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) of India. Capabilities: Capable of carrying nuclear warheads, Agni-5 has a target range exceeding 5,000 kilometers.It utilizes a three-stage solid-fueled engine for propulsion, enhancing its reliability and range. Test Successes: Since its first successful test in 2012, Agni-5 has undergone multiple successful tests, demonstrating its reliability and operational readiness.In December 2022, DRDO conducted a successful test of Agni-5 to evaluate its night-time capabilities, further enhancing its versatility. Variants in the Agni Family: Agni-I: A short-range ballistic missile with a range exceeding 700 kilometers.Agni-II: A medium-range ballistic missile capable of targeting distances ranging from 2,000 to 3,500 kilometers.Agni-III: An intermediate-range ballistic missile with a target range surpassing 3,000 kilometers.Agni-IV: Another intermediate-range ballistic missile with a range exceeding 3,500 kilometers.Agni-P (Agni Prime): A nuclear-capable, two-stage canisterized solid propellant ballistic missile designed for ranges between 1,000 to 2,000 kilometers. Future Development: The next iteration of the Agni missile series, Agni-6, is anticipated to be a full-fledged intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) capable of targeting distances well over 7,000 kilometers. -Source: The Hindu Uniform Code for Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices (UCPMP) 2024 Context: The Department of Pharmaceuticals issued the Uniform Code for Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices (UCPMP) 2024. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Need for the UCPMP 2024Highlights of the UCPMP 2024 on Ethical Practices of Pharma CompaniesHighlights of the UCPMP 2024 on DrugsImplementation of the UCPMP 2024 Need for the UCPMP 2024 Preventing Unethical Practices: The UCPMP 2015 was implemented to curb unethical practices by pharmaceutical and medical device companies. However, its voluntary nature meant that compliance was not enforced, leading to concerns about continued unethical behavior.Criticism of Voluntary Nature: The voluntary nature of the UCPMP 2015 attracted criticism, as there was no legal backing to its provisions. This lack of teeth rendered the code ineffective in addressing unethical practices effectively.Demand for Mandatory Implementation: Various health activists and stakeholders have long demanded that the UCPMP be made mandatory to ensure compliance and accountability within the pharmaceutical industry. Even the Department of Pharmaceuticals’ annual report for 2017-18 emphasized the need to make the code mandatory.Removal of Voluntary Status: In response to criticism and demands for accountability, the government has removed the word ‘voluntary’ from the UCPMP 2024. However, it falls short of making compliance mandatory and instead requests pharmaceutical companies’ associations to ensure implementation. Highlights of the UCPMP 2024 on Ethical Practices of Pharma Companies The Uniform Code of Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices (UCPMP) 2024 addresses the need for ethical practices within the pharmaceutical industry and aims to prevent unethical behavior by pharmaceutical companies. Here are the highlights of the UCPMP 2024: Engagement with Healthcare Professionals (HCPs) for Continuing Medical Education (CME):Pharmaceutical industry engagement with HCPs for CME should only occur according to well-defined, transparent, and verifiable guidelines.Conducting such events in foreign locations is prohibited by the uniform code.Prohibition of Incentives and Payments:Medical representatives are prohibited from using any incentives or paying for access to healthcare practitioners.Companies or their representatives are prohibited from offering cash or monetary grants to any healthcare professional or their family members under any pretext.Prohibition of Gifting:Gifting by pharmaceutical companies or their agents to healthcare professionals or their family members is prohibited.No pecuniary advantage or benefit in kind may be offered, supplied, or promised to any person qualified to prescribe or supply drugs by any pharmaceutical company or its agent.Restrictions on Travel and Accommodation:Paid travel and hotel stays should not be extended to healthcare professionals or their family members by pharmaceutical companies or their representatives unless the person is a speaker for a CME or similar event.Research Grants:Pharmaceutical firms are allowed to provide research grants for healthcare professionals, provided these grants are provided in a transparent manner.The guidelines permit the industry to support research studies authorized by bodies such as the Indian Council for Medical Research or the Drug Controller General of India. Highlights of the UCPMP 2024 on Drugs: Consistency with Marketing Approval: The promotion of a drug must align with the terms of its marketing approval, ensuring that claims about the drug’s efficacy and safety are accurate and verified.Evidence-Based Claims: Claims regarding the usefulness of a drug must be supported by up-to-date evaluations of all available evidence, emphasizing the importance of evidence-based medicine in pharmaceutical promotion.Use of Terminology: Certain terms such as ‘safe’ must not be used without qualification, and it is prohibited to categorically state that a medicine has no side effects, toxic hazards, or risk of addiction. This aims to ensure transparency and prevent misleading information.Restriction on ‘New’ Claims: The term ‘new’ cannot be used to describe any drug that has been generally available or any therapeutic intervention that has been promoted in India for more than a year. This prevents misleading marketing tactics regarding the novelty of drugs or interventions. Implementation of the UCPMP 2024: Circulation for Compliance: The UCPMP is to be circulated for strict compliance among pharmaceutical associations. They are required to ensure that all members adhere to the code’s provisions.Establishment of Ethics Committee: Pharmaceutical associations are requested to constitute an Ethics Committee for Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices. This committee will oversee compliance and handle any complaints related to unethical marketing practices.Dedicated UCPMP Portal: Associations are directed to set up a dedicated UCPMP portal on their website, providing information about the code and procedures for lodging complaints. This portal will serve as a centralized platform for monitoring compliance and addressing grievances.Transparency Measures: All Indian pharmaceutical associations must upload the UCPMP on their website, along with detailed procedures for lodging complaints. This information will be linked to the UCPMP portal of the Department of Pharmaceuticals, ensuring transparency and accessibility for stakeholders. -Source: Indian Express Index of Industrial Production (IIP) Context: The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation recently released the Quick Estimates of the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) for January 2024, revealing a growth of 3.8 percent. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: About the Index of Industrial Production (IIP)About Laspeyre’s formula About the Index of Industrial Production (IIP): Definition: The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is a key indicator used to measure trends in industrial production over time, providing insights into the performance of the industrial sector.Purpose: It serves as a crucial short-term indicator for assessing industrial growth until more detailed industrial surveys become available. The IIP helps policymakers, economists, and analysts understand the direction and magnitude of changes in industrial production.Calculation: The IIP is computed and published monthly by the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. It is calculated using Laspeyre’s formula, which involves taking a weighted arithmetic mean of production relatives. Production figures are deflated using Wholesale Price Indices to remove the effect of price changes.Base Year: The base year, typically assigned a value of 100, serves as the reference point for comparing industrial production. In India, the current base year for the IIP series is 2011-12. For example, if the current IIP reads as 116, it indicates a 16% growth compared to the base year. About Laspeyre’s formula: Origin: The formula was proposed by German economist Étienne Laspeyres (1834–1913) for measuring current prices or quantities relative to those of a selected base period.Calculation: A Laspeyres price index is computed by comparing the total cost of purchasing a specified group of commodities at current prices to the cost of the same group at base-period prices, multiplied by 100. The base-period index number is set at 100, with periods having higher price levels reflected in index numbers greater than 100. -Source: The Hindu Graphics Processing Unit Context: As the world rushes to make use of the latest wave of AI technologies, one piece of high-tech hardware has become a surprisingly hot commodity: the graphics processing unit, or GPU. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: About Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)Applications About Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Definition: A Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) is a specialized computer chip designed to render graphics and images by performing rapid mathematical calculations.Usage: GPUs are utilized in both professional and personal computing environments. Originally, they were responsible for rendering 2D and 3D images, animations, and videos.Component: Similar to a central processing unit (CPU), a GPU is a chip component in computing devices. However, it is specifically optimized to handle and accelerate graphics workloads and display graphics content on devices such as PCs or smartphones.Architecture: Modern CPUs typically consist of 8 to 16 cores capable of processing complex tasks sequentially. In contrast, GPUs have thousands of relatively small cores designed to work simultaneously (“in parallel”) to achieve fast overall processing. This architecture is well-suited for tasks requiring a large number of simple operations performed simultaneously. How a GPU works: Parallel Processing: GPUs employ parallel processing, where multiple processors handle separate parts of a single task simultaneously.Dedicated RAM: GPUs have their own RAM specifically designed to store the large amounts of data processed for intensive graphics tasks.Graphics Pipeline: For graphics applications, the CPU sends instructions to the GPU for drawing graphics content on screen. The GPU executes these instructions in parallel and at high speeds to display the content on the device, a process known as the graphics or rendering pipeline. Applications: Creative Content Production: GPUs are used for tasks such as video editing, rendering, and graphic design.High-Performance Computing (HPC): GPUs play a crucial role in accelerating scientific simulations, data analysis, and other computationally intensive tasks.Artificial Intelligence (AI): GPUs are essential for training and deploying machine learning and deep learning models due to their ability to perform parallel computations efficiently.Offloading Tasks: GPUs were initially developed to offload graphics-related tasks from CPUs, allowing for faster and smoother rendering of content on computer screens. -Source: The Hindu Gorsam Kora Festival Context: The Gorsam Kora festival, symbolised the enduring friendship between India and Bhutan commenced on 7th March and concluded on 10th March this year. Relevance: GS I: History Gorsam Kora Festival The Gorsam Kora Festival is a significant cultural event held in Arunachal Pradesh’s Zeminthang Valley along the Nyanmjang Chu River. Here are some key details about the festival: Location: The festival takes place at Gorsam Chorten, a 93 feet tall stupa located in the Zeminthang Valley. The valley is situated along the Nyanmjang Chu River in Arunachal Pradesh.History: The Gorsam Chorten was built during the 13th century AD by a local monk named Lama Pradhar. It holds historical significance as it served as the first resting place for the 14th Dalai Lama after he fled from Tibet in 1959. The festival celebrates the cultural heritage associated with the Gorsam Chorten.Cultural Significance: The festival features cultural performances and Buddhist rituals held at the Gorsam Chorten. It is considered older than the renowned Tawang Monastery. The festival attracts devotees from various regions, including Bhutan, Tawang, and neighbouring areas.Date: The Gorsam Kora Festival typically takes place on the last day of the first month of the Lunar calendar.Attendees: The festival attracts a diverse audience, including pilgrims, lamas, and cultural enthusiasts. Many Bhutanese nationals also participate in the festival, fostering camaraderie and cultural exchange among attendees.Events: The festival includes a variety of events, such as cultural performances by local troupes and Indian army bands. Additionally, martial performances like Mallakhamb (traditional Indian gymnastics) and Zanjh Pathaka (sword dance) are also featured during the festival. -Source: Indian Express Karnataka Government Bans Harmful Colorants in Food Context: The Karnataka Government’s recent announcement regarding the ban on harmful colorants in popular food items such as cotton candy and Gobi Manchurian is a significant step towards ensuring food safety and public health. Relevance: GS II: Health Ban on Harmful Colorants: The ban specifically targets the use of Rhodamine B in cotton candy and imposes restrictions on the usage of Tartrazine in Gobi Manchurian.Rhodamine B is a chemical compound commonly used as a synthetic dye in various industries, including textiles, cosmetics, and plastics.Tartrazine is a bright yellow azo dye often used as a food colorant and is considered a cheaper alternative to natural food dyes. Food Safety Regulations: The ban aligns with the regulations set forth by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI).According to the FSSAI’s regulations, no coloring matter should be added to food unless explicitly permitted in the Food Safety and Standards (Food Products Standards and Food Additives) Regulation of 2011.This regulation aims to ensure that only safe and approved food additives are used in food processing, thereby safeguarding consumer health. Public Health Impact: By prohibiting the use of harmful colorants in popular food items, the Karnataka Government’s initiative aims to protect consumers from potential health risks associated with the ingestion of such chemicals.These colorants may have adverse effects on human health, including allergic reactions and other health complications, particularly when consumed in large quantities over time. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 13 March 2024

CONTENTS National Commission for Scheduled CastesBureau of Indian Standards (BIS)  National Commission for Scheduled Castes Context: Shri Kishor Makwana assumes charge of Chairman National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: National Commission for Scheduled CastesFunctions National Commission for Scheduled Castes The National Commission for Scheduled Castes is an Indian constitutional body established with a view to provide safeguards against the exploitation of Scheduled Castes and Anglo Indian communities to promote and protect their social, educational, economic and cultural interests, special provisions were made in the Constitution. Article 338 of the Indian constitution deals with National Commission for Scheduled Castes. Composition: It consists of:Chairperson.Vice-chairperson.Three other members.They are appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal. Functions: The commission’s responsibilities include monitoring and investigating issues related to safeguards for Scheduled Castes (SCs) under the constitutionEnquiring into complaints regarding the deprivation of rights and safeguards for SCsAdvising and participating in the planning of socio-economic development for SCsRegularly reporting to the President on the implementation of these safeguardsRecommending steps to further the socio-economic development and other welfare activities of the SCsAny other function related to the welfare, protection, development, and advancement of the SC communityThe commission is also responsible for similar functions for the Anglo-Indian communityPreviously, the commission also had similar responsibilities for other backward classes (OBCs) but was relieved of this responsibility in 2018 through the 102nd Amendment Act. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Context: The Government of India recently initiated a scheme through the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for the upgradation and strengthening of the laboratory network in the country. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy About Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS): BIS is the National Standard Body of India established under the BIS Act 2016.It oversees standardization, marking, and quality certification of goods to ensure their safety and reliability.BIS is the successor of the Indian Standards Institution (ISI), established in 1947.It operates under the administrative control of the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution. Functions and Responsibilities: Provides traceability and tangibility benefits to the national economy by ensuring safe, reliable quality goods.Minimizes health hazards to consumers and promotes exports while controlling the proliferation of varieties through standardization, certification, and testing.Operates product certification schemes covering various industrial disciplines.Certification by BIS is mandatory for certain products affecting public health and safety, while voluntary or self-certification may be permitted for others. Certification Process: BIS grants licenses to manufacturers through product certification schemes.It employs engineers, scientists, and statisticians to ensure compliance with standards.Testing is conducted in BIS laboratories as well as in independent facilities following ISO guidelines.BIS headquarters is in New Delhi, with regional and branch offices across India.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 13 March 2024

CONTENTS Enhancing Accessibility for Persons with Disabilities: CPWD’s InitiativeDemocracy Report 2024: V-Dem InstituteCitizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019Central Vigilance CommissionMadhya Pradesh High Court Orders Scientific Survey of Bhojshala Temple-Mosque ComplexAnthropocene EpochInflection 2.5 Enhancing Accessibility for Persons with Disabilities: CPWD’s Initiative Context: The Central Public Works Department (CPWD) has recently taken proactive steps to enhance accessibility for persons with disabilities (PwDs) in public buildings, recognizing persistent challenges despite the enactment of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act in 2016. In response to these challenges, the CPWD has prioritized the implementation of measures aimed at ensuring adherence to accessibility standards, thereby promoting inclusivity and removing barriers for PwDs in accessing public spaces. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwDs) Act, 2016Concerns regarding accessibility in public buildings include:  Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwDs) Act, 2016 The Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwDs) Act, 2016 is a landmark legislation in India aimed at safeguarding the rights and promoting the inclusion of persons with disabilities. Here are its key features: Implementation of UN Convention: The RPwDs Act, 2016 implements the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which India ratified in 2007.Replaced Previous Legislation: It replaced the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunity, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995.Definition of Disability: The Act defines disability based on an evolving and dynamic concept. It expanded the types of disabilities from 7 to 21, with provision for the Central Government to add more.Rights and Benefits:Ensures equal rights for persons with disabilities.Provides additional benefits such as reservation in higher education (minimum 5%), government jobs (minimum 4%), and allocation of land (minimum 5%) for persons with benchmark disabilities and those with high support needs.Guarantees free education for every child with a benchmark disability between 6 and 18 years.Mandates government-funded and recognized educational institutions to provide inclusive education to children with disabilities.Accessibility Mandates:Emphasizes making public infrastructure and facilities accessible to persons with disabilities, enhancing their participation and inclusion.Rule 15 of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Rules, 2017 mandates the establishment of guidelines and standards for public buildings to ensure accessibility for persons with disabilities.Requires compliance with accessibility standards based on harmonized guidelines, with recent amendments necessitating adherence to the 2021 harmonized guidelines.Mandates retrofitting of existing buildings within five years to meet accessibility standards, promoting inclusivity for persons with disabilities. Concerns regarding accessibility in public buildings include: Lack of Implementation of Guidelines: Despite the establishment of accessibility guidelines in 2016 and 2021, they have not been effectively implemented by state governments. No state has yet incorporated the harmonized guidelines into their building by-laws, indicating a failure to address accessibility issues.Lack of Awareness and Accountability: There is a lack of awareness and accountability among engineers of public works departments responsible for implementing accessibility guidelines. This contributes to the neglect of accessibility measures in public buildings.Failure to Prioritize Accessibility Initiatives: While funds for retrofitting projects are available, many states and cities have not submitted applications for them. This suggests a failure to prioritize accessibility initiatives and allocate resources effectively.Clarity Issues in Central Public Works Department’s Memo: The memo issued by the Central Public Works Department lacks clarity and may lead to unnecessary resource wastage. This further hinders the effective implementation of accessibility measures in public buildings. -Source: Indian Express Democracy Report 2024: V-Dem Institute Context: V-Dem Institute has the ‘Democracy Report 2024’ that tracks democratic freedoms worldwide. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Democracy Report 2024V-Dem Institute Democracy Report 2024 The Democracy Report, published by the V-Dem Institute, provides an assessment of the state of democracy worldwide, focusing on democratization and autocratization. Here are the key points regarding the report and its findings: Classification of Regime Types: The report categorizes countries into four regime types based on their score in the Liberal Democratic Index (LDI): Liberal Democracy, Electoral Democracy, Electoral Autocracy, and Closed Autocracy. These classifications consider both liberal and electoral aspects of democracy.Components of the LDI: The LDI is based on 71 indicators, including the Liberal Component Index (LCI) and the Electoral Democracy Index (EDI), which measure aspects such as individual liberties, legislative constraints on the executive, and free and fair elections. Additionally, the LDI considers indices such as the Egalitarian Component Index, Participatory Component Index, and Deliberative Component Index. Key Findings of the Democracy Report 2024: The report involved 4,200 scholars from 180 countries and analyzed 31 million datasets covering 202 countries from 1789 to 2023.It revealed that 42 countries, representing 35% of the world’s population, were undergoing autocratization in 2023.The proportion of the world’s population living in autocracies increased to 71%, up from 48% a decade ago.Democracy levels decreased globally, with the sharpest declines observed in Eastern Europe, South Asia, and Central Asia.Freedom of expression, clean elections, and freedom of association were identified as the three worst-affected components of democracy in autocratizing countries.In 2024, 31 out of 60 countries going to the polls were experiencing democratic decline. Concerns Regarding India: India, classified as an electoral autocracy since 2018, has experienced further decline on multiple metrics, earning it a place among the “worst autocratizers.”The level of liberal democracy enjoyed by the average Indian has regressed to levels last seen in 1975, during the declaration of a state of emergency by then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.An electoral autocracy, the category India falls into, features multiparty elections but lacks sufficient levels of freedom of expression and free and fair elections, among other democratic requisites. V-Dem Institute The V-Dem Institute, short for Varieties of Democracy, is a renowned research institute dedicated to studying the qualities of government. Here are the key points about V-Dem: Founding and Leadership: The V-Dem Institute was established in 2014 by Staffan Lindberg, a distinguished Swedish political scientist. Lindberg’s expertise and leadership have been instrumental in shaping the institute’s research agenda and methodologies.Research Focus: V-Dem Institute focuses on analyzing and understanding the varieties of democracy worldwide. Its research encompasses a broad range of topics related to governance, including democratic processes, institutions, norms, and practices.Location: The headquarters of the V-Dem Institute is located at the Department of Political Science, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. The institute benefits from its affiliation with the university, leveraging its academic resources and expertise.Datasets and Publications: The V-Dem Institute produces and publishes a series of high-profile datasets that provide comprehensive information about the qualities of different governments. These datasets are updated annually and are publicly available for free, making them invaluable resources for researchers, policymakers, and the general public.Popularity Among Scholars: V-Dem datasets are widely used and respected within the academic community, particularly among political scientists. They offer detailed insights into hundreds of indicator variables covering various aspects of government, making them essential tools for comparative analysis and empirical research. -Source: The Hindu Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 Context: The government on Monday implemented the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, notifying the rules to fast-track citizenship for undocumented non-Muslim migrants from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan who came to India before December 31, 2014. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key provisions of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019Criticisms of the CAA Key provisions of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019: Exemption for Certain Religious Minorities: The Amendment Act provides that Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis, and Christians from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, who entered India on or before December 31, 2014, will not be treated as illegal migrants. They must have been exempted from the Foreigners Act, 1946, and the Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920 by the central government to avail of this benefit.Citizenship by Registration or Naturalization: The Act allows individuals to apply for citizenship by registration or naturalization if they meet certain qualifications. The Amendment Act reduces the residency requirement from 11 years to five years for Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis, and Christians from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.Date of Citizenship Acquisition: Individuals covered by the Amendment Act will be deemed citizens of India from the date of their entry into India. Legal proceedings against them in respect of their illegal migration or citizenship will be closed.Exclusion of Tribal Areas and Inner Line Areas: The provisions on citizenship for illegal migrants do not apply to the tribal areas of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura, as well as the “Inner Line” areas notified under the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873. The Inner Line Permit system regulates visits by Indians to these areas.Cancellation of OCI Registration: The Amendment Act allows the central government to cancel the registration of Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cardholders on various grounds, including fraud or violation of the provisions of the Act or any other notified law. The OCI cardholder must be given an opportunity to be heard before cancellation. Criticisms of the CAA It violates the basic tenets of the Constitution. Illegal immigrants are distinguished on the basis of religion.It is perceived to be a demographic threat to indigenous communities.It makes illegal migrants eligible for citizenship on the basis of religion. This may violate Article 14 of the Constitution which guarantees the right to equality.It attempts to naturalise the citizenship of illegal immigrants in the region.It allows cancellation of OCI registration for violation of any law. This is a wide ground that may cover a range of violations, including minor offences. -Source: Indian Express Central Vigilance Commission Context: Shri AS Rajeev appointed as Vigilance Commissioner in the Central Vigilance Commission Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: About Central Vigilance CommissionFunctions of CVCRemoval of members (according to CVC Act)Criticism – Limited Powers of CVC About Central Vigilance Commission Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) is an apex Indian governmental body created in 1964.CVC was set up based on the recommendations of the Committee on Prevention of Corruption, headed by Shri K. Santhanam, to advise and guide Central Government agencies in the field of vigilance.The CVC became a Statutory Body with the enactment of CVC Act, 2003.The CVC is an independent body, free of control from any executive authority, (It is NOT controlled by any ministry or department).The CVC is responsible only to the Parliament.The CVC is NOT an investigating agency.The CVC may have the investigation done through the CBI or Chief Vigilance Officers (CVO) in government offices.President of India appoints CVC members by warrant under his hand and seal.The Oath of office is administered by the President.A three-member committee made of –The Prime Minister, The Home Minister , The Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha – Makes the Recommendation for appointment of Vigilance Commissioners.The Vigilance Commissioners are appointed for a term of Four years OR until they attain 65 years of age (whichever is earlier).On retirement – they are NOT eligible for reappointment in any central or state government agency. Functions of CVC The CVC monitors all vigilance activity under the Central Government It advises various authorities in Central Government organizations in planning, executing, reviewing and reforming their vigilance work.The CVC recommends appropriate action on complaints on corruption or misuse of power.Lokpal, Central Government or Whistle blowers can approach the CVC regarding complaints.The CVC – Under Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 – can inquire into offences reported against certain categories of Public Servants. (However, remember, CVC is NOT an Investigating agency).The Annual Report of the CVC not only gives the details of the work done by it but also brings out the system failures which leads to corruption in various Departments/Organisations, system improvements, various preventive measures and cases in which the Commission’s advises were ignored etc. Composition of Central Vigilance Commission The CVC is comprised of 3 members: A Central Vigilance Commissioner (Chairperson)Up to Two Vigilance Commissioners (Members) Removal of members (according to CVC Act) The Central Vigilance Commissioner or any Vigilance Commissioner can be removed from his office only by order of the President on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity after the Supreme Court reports that the officer ought to be removed after inquiry, on a reference made to it by the President. Also, a member can be removed if the member: Is Adjudged as an insolventIs convicted of an offence that involves moral turpitude according to Central GovernmentEngages in Office of profit outside the duties of his officeIs declared unfit by reason of infirmity of mind or body, by the PresidentParticipates / Concerned / Interested to Participate – in any way in the profit / in any benefit – in any contract or agreement made by or on behalf of the Government of India Criticism – Limited Powers of CVC CVC is treated as an advisory body only as Central Government Departments are free to either accept or reject CVC’s advice in corruption cases.The Commission has no jurisdiction over private individuals and organisations of the State Governments. The CVC is left with no power to register criminal case.The CVC cannot direct the CBI to initiate inquiries against any officer of the level of Joint Secretary and above.Hence, CVC neither has the resources nor the power to take action on complaints of corruption.Appointments to CVC are indirectly under the control of Govt of India.Although, the leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha is a member of the committee that selects the CVC Members – the committee just considers the candidates that are put up before it, and these candidates are decided by the Government.CVC is a very small set up with a sanctioned staff strength of 299, which is supposed to check corruption in more than 1500 central government departments and ministries. -Source: The Hindu Madhya Pradesh High Court Orders Scientific Survey of Bhojshala Temple-Mosque Complex Context: The Indore Bench of the Madhya Pradesh High Court has ordered the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to conduct a scientific survey of the Bhojshala Temple-Kamal Maula Mosque complex in Dhar district to clarify its original nature. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Bhojshala Temple-Kamal Maula Mosque complexMethods for Excavation and InvestigationAbout Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) Bhojshala Temple-Kamal Maula Mosque complex The Bhojshala Temple-Kamal Maula Mosque complex is a historic site in India with a rich and contentious history. Here are its key points: Origins: The complex originally consisted of a temple dedicated to goddess Sarasvati, built by the Parawara King Bhoja in the 11th century AD. It was a significant religious and cultural center during that time.Conversion to Mosque: At some point in history, the temple was converted into the Kamal Maula Mosque. The mosque was constructed using structural elements from the original temple, and some inscribed slabs with Sanskrit and Prakrit writings were retained.Cultural Significance: King Bhoja, known for his patronage of art and literature, established a school in the vicinity of the temple, which is now known as Bhojashala. The site has religious and cultural significance for both Hindus and Muslims.Religious Practices: As part of an agreement with the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Hindus are allowed to perform puja (worship) in the temple every Tuesday, while Muslims offer Namaz (prayer) in the mosque every Friday.Dispute: The controversy surrounding the site revolves around its original status as a temple. Some believe that the temple was demolished to build the mosque, while others dispute this claim.Legal Proceedings: Legal battles have ensued over the years regarding the status of the site. A petitioner cited an ASI report claiming that the original temples were indeed demolished to build the mosque. However, a respondent challenged the maintainability of the suit, citing a previous dismissal of a similar petition by the High Court.High Court’s Order: In response to the ongoing dispute, the High Court ordered the ASI to conduct a comprehensive scientific survey, excavation, and investigation of the site using advanced methods such as Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), GPS, and carbon dating. The goal is to determine the true history and nature of the monument, including its peripheral areas. Methods for Excavation and Investigation The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) employs various methods for excavation and investigation, both invasive and non-invasive: Invasive Methods: Excavation: This involves digging into the ground using stratigraphic principles to uncover and study archaeological remains. It provides valuable information about the past but also destroys the context.Stratigraphy: Archaeologists use this method to carefully peel off layers of soil in reverse order, revealing the chronological sequence of human activity. Non-Invasive Methods: Active Methods:Seismic Techniques: Shock waves are used to study subsurface structures by measuring their response.Electromagnetic Methods: Energy is injected into the ground, and responses such as electromagnetic signals are measured to assess subsurface features.Passive Methods:Magnetometry: Detects magnetic anomalies caused by buried structures.Gravity Surveying: Measures variations in gravitational force caused by subsurface features. Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR):A 3-D model of buried archaeological features is created using radar pulses. GPR operates by emitting radar impulses from a surface antenna and recording the time and magnitude of return signals from the subsoil. It can detect buried structures without excavation.Limitation: Radar beams spread out like a cone, leading to reflections that may not directly correspond to physical dimensions, resulting in false images.Carbon Dating:Determines the age of organic materials by measuring the amount of carbon-14 present. This method helps in dating archaeological finds and establishing chronologies. About Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) The Archaeological Survey of India is an Indian government agency attached to the Ministry of Culture.ASI is responsible for archaeological research and the conservation and preservation of cultural monuments in the country.Maintenance of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance is the prime concern of the ASI.Besides it regulate all archaeological activities in the country as per the provisions of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.It also regulates Antiquities and Art Treasure Act, 1972.For the maintenance of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance the entire country is divided into 24 Circles.The organization has a large work force of trained archaeologists, conservators, epigraphist, architects and scientists for conducting archaeological research projects through its Circles, Museums, Excavation Branches, Prehistory Branch, Epigraphy Branches, Science Branch, Horticulture Branch, Building Survey Project, Temple Survey Projects and Underwater Archaeology Wing.The most important of the society’s achievements was the decipherment of the Brahmi script by James Prinsep in 1837. This successful decipherment inaugurated the study of Indian palaeography. -Source: The Hindu Anthropocene Epoch Context: Scientists have voted against a proposal to declare a new geological epoch called the Anthropocene to reflect how profoundly human activity has altered the planet. Relevance: GS I: Geography Anthropocene Epoch: It is an unofficial unit of geologic time representing the period when human activities significantly impacted Earth’s climate and ecosystems.Coined by biologist Eugene Stormer and chemist Paul Crutzen in 2000, the term “Anthropocene” combines “anthropo” (man) and “cene” (new) from Greek.Human activities during this epoch have led to phenomena such as global warming, sea-level rise, ocean acidification, soil erosion, heat waves, and biosphere degradation. Geological Time Scale: The geologic time scale divides Earth’s history into eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages based on rock layers and fossils.Stratigraphy, the study of rock layers and fossils, correlates certain organisms with specific parts of the geologic record. Current Epoch – Holocene: The current epoch, officially known as the Holocene, began 11,700 years ago after the last major ice age. Debate: Scientists debate whether the Anthropocene differs significantly from the Holocene.The International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), responsible for naming and defining epochs, has not formally adopted the term Anthropocene.A key question for the IUGS is whether human-induced changes to Earth’s system are reflected in the rock strata. -Source: The Hindu Inflection 2.5 Context: Recently, Inflection AI company launched its latest LLM, Inflection 2.5, an upgrade to its model that powers its friendly chatbot Pi personal assistant. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Inflection 2.5: Inflection 2.5 is an upgraded in-house model competitive with leading Large Language Models (LLMs).It features a signature personality and uniquely empathetic fine-tuning.Notable advancements have been made in areas such as coding and mathematics.The upgrade includes real-time web search capabilities, ensuring access to high-quality and up-to-date information.Users can engage with the Pi chatbot on a wider range of topics, from current events to studying for exams or drafting business plans. What is Pi Chatbot? Pi is an AI chatbot designed for deep and meaningful conversations.Users can access Pi by visiting Inflection.AI, clicking on “Meet Pi,” and initiating conversations with the chatbot.Pi is promoted as a chatbot with personality, aiming to be more humane and companion-like to users.It is free to use and offers six distinct voices to choose from, adding life to conversations.Pi has been trained on billions of lines of text from the open web, enabling it to answer a wide variety of questions and engage in diverse conversations. -Source: Indian Express

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