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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 10 March 2025

Content: Madhav National Park in M.P. becomes India’s 58th Tiger Reserve, to get more big cats soon Closing the gender gap in the higher judiciary As imports of semiconductor chips rise, India eyes local production What does NEP, 2020 state about languages? Are unique electoral ID numbers being duplicated? Having our own foundational AI models is vital as our demography is different’ First rear fuselage for LCA Mk1A manufactured by Indian private sector handed over to HAL Madhav National Park in M.P. becomes India’s 58th Tiger Reserve, to get more big cats soon Context : Madhav National Park in Shivpuri district, Madhya Pradesh, has been declared India’s 58th Tiger Reserve. Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav made the announcement. This is Madhya Pradesh’s 9th Tiger Reserve, further strengthening its status as the “Tiger State of India.” Madhav Tiger Reserve currently has five tigers, including two cubs born recently. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology ) Tiger Reintroduction Efforts In 2023, three tigers, including two females, were introduced to Madhav National Park. Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Mohan Yadav is expected to release two more tigers into the reserve soon. Conservation Significance & Ecological Impact Strengthening Tiger Conservation: Madhya Pradesh already leads with the highest number of tigers in India (~785 as per the 2022 Tiger Census). The addition of Madhav Tiger Reserve further reinforces the State’s commitment to tiger conservation. Biodiversity & Ecological Benefits: Enhances habitat connectivity in the Chambal region. Supports the prey population and promotes natural forest regeneration. Challenges & Future Prospects Habitat Management: Need for adequate prey base, water sources, and territorial space to support the growing tiger population. Human-Wildlife Conflict: Measures needed to mitigate conflicts with nearby human settlements. Ecosystem Restoration: Continuous efforts required to restore grasslands, water bodies, and degraded forests. Tourism & Conservation Balance: Responsible eco-tourism policies to ensure sustainable development without harming wildlife. Closing the gender gap in the higher judiciary Progress of Women in Law Women have made significant strides in the legal profession over the past century. Cornelia Sorabji became the first woman lawyer to practice in India in 1924. The number of women lawyers has increased, with many achieving the rank of Senior Advocate. Women have been appointed as judges in lower courts, but disparities persist in higher judiciary. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues , Judiciary) Inequality at the Top Disproportionate Representation in High Courts Women constitute only 14.27% (109 out of 764) of High Court judges. Eight High Courts have just one woman judge, and three High Courts (Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, Tripura) have none. Allahabad High Court, India’s largest, has only 3 women judges (2% of total strength). Women judges are appointed later than men (average age: men – 51.8 years, women – 53 years). Only one woman Chief Justice (Gujarat High Court) out of 25 High Courts. Severe Underrepresentation in the Supreme Court Only two women judges at present – Justice B.V. Nagarathna and Justice Bela Trivedi. Justice Bela Trivedi’s retirement in 2025 will leave only one woman judge in the apex court. No woman judge appointed to the Supreme Court since 2021. 28 judges appointed since 2021 – all men. Over 75 years, only one woman has been elevated directly from the Bar to the Supreme Court, compared to nine men. Barriers to Women’s Appointment in Higher Judiciary Systemic and Deep-Rooted Gender Inequality Justifications given: lack of eligible women candidates, lack of seniority, lack of interest – all unfounded. Women face heightened scrutiny and must prove merit more than men Opaque Collegium System No transparent criteria for judicial appointments. Collegiums are male-dominated, leading to fewer women being recommended. Even when recommended, women face higher rejection rates from the government. Since 2020, 9 women were recommended for High Courts but not confirmed; 5 were the only ones rejected. Steps Towards Equality Transparent and Merit-Based Appointment Process The collegium must establish clear, transparent criteria for judicial appointments. A process should be in place for lawyers to express interest in judgeship. Merit-based selection with a time-bound recommendation process. Focus on Gender Diversity in Appointments Gender diversity and merit are not contradictory; diversity enhances judicial legitimacy. One-third to half of the higher judiciary should be women. Gender representation should be considered alongside state-wise, caste, and religious representation. The judiciary must explicitly state gender balance as an objective in appointments. As imports of semiconductor chips rise, India eyes local production Background: Rising Imports of Semiconductor Chips Sharp Increase in Imports: Monolithic Integrated Circuits (ICs) imports reached ₹1.05 lakh crore in FY24. 2,000% rise in Monolithic IC imports compared to FY16. 4,500% increase in memory chip imports since FY16. 4,800% rise in amplifier imports since FY16. Relevance : GS 3(Economy ,Import ,Export) Import Dependence on China: China has been the largest supplier of semiconductor chips to India for the past decade (except FY19). Other key suppliers: Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan. Increasing Share in Total Imports: Monolithic ICs now constitute 2.09% of total imports (FY25, April-November), up from 0.19% in FY16. Government’s Push for Domestic Production First India-Made Semiconductor in 2024: Announced by Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw at WEF, January 2024. Aims to reduce import dependency and boost self-sufficiency. Key Semiconductor Manufacturing Facilities: Tata Semiconductor Assembly & Test Facility (Morigaon, Assam). Dholera Semiconductor Fabrication Facility (Tata Electronics + Taiwan’s Powerchip Semiconductor). Total of 5 manufacturing plants under construction. The Semicon India Programme Launched in 2021 to develop semiconductor and display manufacturing ecosystems. Budget Allocation vs. Actual Spending: FY23: ₹13 crore spent vs. ₹200 crore (RE). FY24: ₹681.11 crore spent vs. ₹1,503.36 crore (RE) vs. ₹3,000 crore (BE). FY25: ₹3,816 crore (RE) vs. ₹6,903 crore (BE). Budget cuts indicate implementation challenges, but RE for FY25 has doubled compared to FY24. Challenges in India’s Semiconductor Ecosystem Limited Value Addition: India’s current focus is on assembly, testing, packaging, and fab segments. Missing Capabilities: EDA (Electronic Design Automation): Software used for chip design. Core IP: Semiconductor patents. Wafers & Fab Tools: Raw semiconductor materials and fabrication machinery. Advanced Packaging Tools (ATP). Chip Design Expertise. Strategic Importance & Future Outlook Reducing Dependence on China: Critical for supply chain resilience. Strengthening Domestic Industry: Need for incentives, R&D investment, and infrastructure development. Global Positioning: India aims to integrate into the global semiconductor value chain by expanding fabrication, design, and research capabilities. What does NEP, 2020 state about languages? Background NEP 2020 replaces the National Education Policy of 1986, introducing reforms across school and higher education. The policy emphasizes promoting multilingualism, strengthening Indian languages, and ensuring flexibility in language learning. Tamil Nadu has opposed the three-language formula, rekindling the language debate. Relevance : GS 2(Education ) Medium of Instruction NEP 2020 recommends that the medium of instruction up to at least Grade 5, preferably till Grade 8 and beyond, should be in the home language, mother tongue, local language, or regional language. The policy cites research showing that children grasp concepts better in their mother tongue between the ages of 2 and 8. Bilingualism (mother tongue along with English) is encouraged. Findings of the 8th All India School Education Survey (AISES) Conducted by NCERT, AISES studies the medium of instruction and languages taught in schools. Declining trend in mother tongue as the medium of instruction: Primary stage: 86.62% of schools use the mother tongue (down from 92.07% in the previous survey). Urban-rural divide: 87.56% of rural schools vs. 80.99% of urban schools use the mother tongue. Previously, it was 92.39% (rural) and 90.39% (urban). Three-Language Formula Evolution of the Three-Language Formula: 1968 Policy: Hindi-speaking states: Hindi, English, a modern Indian language (preferably a South Indian language). Non-Hindi-speaking states: Hindi, English, and a regional language. NEP 2020:Greater flexibility—no language will be imposed on any state.Encourages classical languages like Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Pali, Persian, and Prakrit.Pushes for Sanskrit as an option in the three-language formula. Implementation Challenges Poor execution of the three-language policy: Haryana (1969): Tamil was made the second language but removed in 2010 due to lack of Tamil speakers. Himachal Pradesh: Unable to offer Tamil and Telugu due to the unavailability of teachers. State Initiatives: Assam (2023): Introduced bilingual textbooks for Science and Maths in Assamese, Bodo, and Bengali. Andhra Pradesh (2023): Launched Telugu-English bilingual textbooks. NCERT (2024): Released digital books in 104 regional languages, including Bengali, Tulu, Dogri, and Car Nicobarese. Foreign Languages in NEP 2020 Foreign languages like Korean, Japanese, Thai, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, and Russian will be offered at the secondary level. CBSE Plan: Till Class 10 → Students must learn two Indian languages. Class 11 & 12 → Option to choose one Indian language and one foreign language. Are unique electoral ID numbers being duplicated? Background: Allegation: Trinamool Congress (TMC) has claimed that multiple voters have been assigned the same Electors Photo Identity Card (EPIC) numbers across different States. Election Commission’s (EC) Response: The duplication issue arose due to the manual, decentralized system before ERONET. The EC assured that no voter can cast their vote outside their designated polling station despite EPIC duplication. TMC’s Counterargument: The party claims that duplicate EPIC numbers can lead to voter suppression, especially against non-BJP voters, due to mismatched voter photos in electoral rolls. Relevance : GS 2(Election ) What is an EPIC Card? Definition: A 10-digit unique voter ID card number assigned by the EC to prevent impersonation. Introduced: 1993, under the Registration of Electors Rules, 1960 for electoral transparency. Generation Process: Assigned via ERONET, a digital platform ensuring regional uniqueness by linking voter data to the State and constituency level. What is ERONET? Full Form: Electoral Roll Management Network. Function: A web-based platform for election officials to manage electoral roll processes. Purpose: Ensures accurate voter registration, migration, and deletion of names. Automates electoral roll management and prevents duplication. Election Commission’s Response to Allegations Acknowledgement of Issue: Identical EPIC numbers exist due to the old manual mechanism used before ERONET integration. Technical Explanation: Earlier, different State/UT CEO offices used the same EPIC series, leading to unintentional duplication across Assembly Constituencies. Clarifications: Despite duplicate EPIC numbers, demographic details, constituency, and polling booths are different for each voter. A voter can only cast a vote in their designated polling station. Action Plan: EC will assign unique EPIC numbers to all affected voters. ERONET 2.0 will be updated to prevent such errors in the future. Having our own foundational AI models is vital as our demography is different India’s AI Strategy and Need for Foundational Models Government’s AI Mission: India launched an AI Mission in 2019, but COVID-19 delayed its progress. The mission aims to develop India-specific foundational AI models. Computing Infrastructure Development: The government has floated tenders for the private sector to establish compute facilities. Plans are in place for 18,000 GPU worth of computing resources. Seven to eight private players are investing in AI infrastructure. Relevance : GS 3(Technology , Science) Need for Indigenous AI Models: India’s demographic and linguistic diversity necessitates AI models trained on localized datasets. Open-source models may not align with India’s cultural and linguistic complexities. Both approaches—custom models and adaptations of existing open-source ones—are essential. DeepSeek and India’s AI Preparedness DeepSeek’s Breakthrough: Achieved efficiency by processing data sector-wise and linking it in parallel. Claims of development at $5 million are likely underestimated. Assembled 15,000–20,000 GPUs, indicating significant resource investment. India’s Readiness: Government-led initiatives and private-sector collaboration provide foundational AI capabilities. Compute infrastructure expansion is a priority to develop and train AI models domestically. AI’s Role: Supportive, Not Replacing Humans AI as an Enhancer: Should automate routine tasks to allow humans to focus on higher-order cognitive functions. Explainability of AI Models: Essential for trust and accountability. AI outputs should be interpretable, ensuring transparency. Government’s Role: The Ministry of Electronics and IT is addressing AI ethics and explainability in policy frameworks. India’s Approach to Quantum Computing Majorana 1 and Topological Qubits: Microsoft’s breakthrough in quantum computing could enable more stable and scalable qubits. Topological qubits are more resilient to disturbances than superconducting qubits. India’s Position in Quantum Computing: Indian research groups are engaged in quantum computing but need to transition research into practical applications. Long-term commitment is required, similar to Microsoft’s 15-year effort in Majorana-based quantum computing. Future Prospects: Quantum AI and Next-Gen Computing Quantum AI: The intersection of AI and quantum computing could revolutionize machine learning models. Potential for India: Developing quantum computing capabilities will be crucial to staying competitive in future AI advancements. Global Scientific Paradigm Shift: Quantum computing and AI advancements mark the beginning of a transformative era in technology. First rear fuselage for LCA Mk1A manufactured by Indian private sector handed over to HAL Significance of the Event Historic Milestone: First time an Indian private sector company has manufactured and delivered a key structural module (rear fuselage) for LCA Mk1A. Strengthening Defence Manufacturing: Part of India’s push for self-reliance (Aatmanirbhar Bharat) in defence production. Public-Private Partnership (PPP): Enhanced collaboration between HAL (public sector) and private enterprises in aerospace manufacturing. Relevance : GS 3(Technology ,Internal Security) Technical Aspects What is the Rear Fuselage? Supports the tail section and associated components of the aircraft. A critical part of the airframe, impacting aerodynamics, stability, and structural integrity. Integration with LCA Mk1A HAL has already manufactured 12 rear fuselages in-house. New private-sector-produced fuselages will enhance production capacity. Ensures timely delivery of 83 LCA Mk1A aircraft to the Indian Air Force (IAF) from 2025-26. Strategic Importance Boost to Indigenization: Reduces reliance on foreign suppliers for critical aerospace components. Encourages Indian MSMEs to participate in high-tech defence manufacturing. Impact on Defence Procurement: Strengthens India’s Make-in-India initiative in aerospace. Enhances India’s capability to export defence equipment in the future. Operational Readiness of IAF: Timely delivery of LCA Mk1A enhances India’s air combat capability. Provides IAF with a modern, indigenous fighter aircraft with advanced avionics and capabilities. Broader Implications Economic Impact: Encourages private investment in the defence sector. Technological Growth: Enhances India’s capability in complex aerospace manufacturing. Geopolitical Leverage: Strengthens India’s position as a global defence manufacturer

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 08 March 2025

Content: International Women’s Day 2025 Nourishing the Nation International Women’s Day 2025 Historical Legacy of Women in India Trailblazers of the Freedom Struggle: Women like Rani Lakshmibai, Sarojini Naidu, and Captain Lakshmi Sahgal not only fought for independence but also ensured future generations of women had the right to dream. Universal Adult Franchise: India granted voting rights to women from the very beginning (1950), unlike many established democracies that delayed suffrage for women. Women in Constitution-Making: 15 women in the Constituent Assembly played a pivotal role in shaping women’s rights in the Indian Constitution. Relevance : GS 1(Society) ,GS 2(Social Justice) Women in Leadership and Governance Female Head of State: India has had women in top constitutional positions, including President, Prime Minister, Governors, and Chief Ministers. Political Representation: Article 243D mandates reservation for women in Panchayati Raj institutions. 50% reservation for women in Panchayats across 21 states and 2 Union Territories has empowered rural women. The Women’s Reservation Bill (2023) aims to reserve 33% seats in Parliament and state assemblies. Women’s Role in Science & Technology Key Women Scientists at ISRO: Women played a crucial role in Chandrayaan-3, Mangalyaan, and Gaganyaan. Dr Tessy Thomas, known as the Missile Woman of India, leads crucial DRDO projects. NaMo Drone Didi Initiative: Trains women-led Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in drone technology for agriculture. Enhances women’s role in precision farming and rural technology. Economic & Financial Empowerment Jan Dhan Yojana: Over 55% of accounts under this scheme belong to women, ensuring financial independence. Self-Help Groups (SHGs): 10 crore+ women have been mobilized into SHGs, boosting entrepreneurship and rural economy. Stand-Up India & Start-Up India: 75,935 startups (as of Dec 31, 2024) have at least one woman director. Encouraging women-led innovation and business ownership. Women in Higher Education & Workforce Rising Enrollment in Higher Education: Women’s participation has increased by 32%, from 1.57 crore (2014-15) to 2.07 crore (2021-22). Women in Diverse Fields: Women are excelling in Medical Sciences, Social Sciences, Arts, and STEM. Increasing presence in urban planning, engineering, and infrastructure development. Social Welfare & Grassroots Impact Mid-Day Meal Scheme: Thousands of women are employed to ensure nutritious meals for children. Sanitation & Water Conservation: Women-led Panchayats play a key role in rural sanitation and water resource management. Justice & Legal Empowerment: Justice (Retd) S. Vimala was the first woman judge of Chennai Mahila Court. Breaking Barriers in Sports & Adventure Global Sporting Achievements: PV Sindhu, Mary Kom, Vinesh Phogat, Mithali Raj—women dominating international sports. Adventurers & Pioneers: Anita Kundu—first Indian woman to scale Mount Everest from both Indian & Chinese sides. Ishrat Akhter—first international wheelchair basketball player from Kashmir. The Future of Women’s Empowerment Women are no longer exceptions; they are the norm. From governance to space, finance to rural development, sports to technology—women are shaping India’s future. International Women’s Day 2025 is not just a celebration—it is a reminder that the journey continues. Nourishing the Nation Introduction Launched: 8th March 2018, by PM Narendra Modi in Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan. Focus: Improving the nutritional status of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women, and children (0-6 years). Key Approach: Technology-driven solutions Cross-sectoral convergence Community involvement (Jan Andolan) Targeted reduction of malnutrition indicators Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues,Schemes) Objectives of Poshan Abhiyaan Reduce stunting (low height-for-age) in children (0-6 years). Lower under-nutrition (underweight prevalence) in children (0-6 years). Reduce anaemia in: Children (6-59 months). Women and adolescent girls (15-49 years). Reduce low birth weight (LBW) among newborns. Strategic Pillars of Poshan Abhiyaan Access to Quality Services Implemented through ICDS, NHM, PMMVY. Focus on the first 1,000 days (conception to 2 years) for early interventions. Cross-Sectoral Convergence Coordination among multiple ministries (health, sanitation, water supply). Integration with Swachh Bharat Mission & National Drinking Water Mission. Leveraging Technology Poshan Tracker App: Real-time data collection, monitoring, and analysis. ICDS-CAS (Common Application Software): Digitization of Anganwadi services. Jan Andolan (Community Mobilization) Mass awareness campaigns on nutrition and wellness. Encouraging behavioural change for a malnutrition-free India. Key Focus Areas & Priorities 1. The First 1,000 Days – A Critical Window of Opportunity Ensuring optimal nutrition and healthcare for pregnant women and newborns. Prevention of stunting, wasting, and anaemia at an early stage. 2. Ensuring Access to Essential Services Expansion of evidence-based interventions under ICDS, PMMVY, NHM. Strengthening Anganwadi services to improve child nutrition. 3. Jan Andolan for Behavioural Change Mobilization of community, civil society, and stakeholders for awareness. Encouraging breastfeeding, dietary diversity, and hygiene practices. 4. Multi-Sectoral Convergence National Council on India’s Nutrition Challenges under NITI Aayog. Quarterly reviews for policy coordination and effective implementation. 5. Technology-Driven Service Delivery ICDS-CAS Mobile App: Anganwadi workers record real-time child growth data. Dashboard available at state and ministry levels for monitoring. Mission Saksham Anganwadi & Poshan 2.0 Integrated initiative for improving health, nutrition, and immunity. Scale: 14 lakh Anganwadi Centres (AWCs) across 36 States/UTs. 13.3 lakh Anganwadi workers supporting 10 crore beneficiaries. Infrastructure Enhancements: 6.77 lakh AWCs with permanent buildings. 10.07 lakh AWCs with functional toilets. 12.43 lakh AWCs with drinking water access. Challenges & Way Forward Challenges High Prevalence of Malnutrition: India still faces 35.5% stunting and 19.3% wasting (NFHS-5). Anaemia Concern: 57% of women (15-49 years) and 67% of children (6-59 months) remain anaemic. Service Delivery Gaps: Uneven implementation and data discrepancies in rural areas. Way Forward Strengthen last-mile delivery through better Anganwadi monitoring. Expand dietary diversity by promoting millets and fortified foods. Improve anaemia control measures via Iron & Folic Acid supplementation. Leverage AI & Big Data for precise nutritional interventions. Enhance community-led participation to sustain long-term behavioural change.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 08 March 2025

Content: Inclusion in public spaces — from fear to freedom An equitable future for women in science, in India Diversify now Himalayan tragedy Inclusion in public spaces — from fear to freedom Context: India ranked 128 out of 177 countries in the Women, Peace and Security Index 2023. Women’s accessibility to public spaces is a critical but often-ignored issue. Despite academic research, little practical change has occurred. Visibility of women in public spaces remains significantly lower than men. Relevance : GS 1(Society) ,GS 2(Social Issues) Practice Question : Discuss the role of gendered spatial control in restricting women’s mobility in public spaces. How can urban design modifications help create safer and more inclusive public areas? (250 words) Gendered Spatial Control Public spaces are arenas where socio-economic life thrives, shaping identities and participation. Presence of women in public spaces is a key indicator of safety. Women’s mobility is restricted due to deeply ingrained patriarchal norms. NFHS-4 (2015-16) Data: 54% of women could visit markets alone. 50% could access healthcare independently. 48% were allowed to travel outside their village unaccompanied. PLFS 2023-24: Female LFPR is at 35.6%, showing improvement but highlighting restricted economic participation. Public spaces for working women are transitional zones, used for commuting rather than leisure. Reclaiming Public Spaces Key Idea from ‘Why Loiter?’ (Phadke, Ranade, Khan, 2011): Women should use public spaces without purpose or urgency to assert their right to belong. True inclusion means unrestricted access, not just necessity-driven presence. Women’s engagement in public spaces remains purpose-driven and time-bound, reinforcing restrictions. Curated spaces like malls, cafes, and theatres are more welcoming, but everyday spaces (footpaths, streets, parks) remain unwelcoming. The Issue of Safety Violence against women is not confined to public spaces; it also occurs in homes. Public space risks: Gendered violence from multiple strangers is high. Perceived need for protection leads to further mobility restrictions. Social paradox: Public spaces represent freedom, yet families see this as a loss of control over women’s mobility. Risk is inevitable, but exclusion is not the solution. Men face street violence too, but their vulnerability is different. Reclaiming spaces involves women normalizing leisure and unrestricted presence in public places. Policy-Level Interventions Urban design modifications: Better street lighting to enhance safety. Safe and accessible public toilets. Street furniture (benches, rest areas) to encourage casual presence. More recreational spaces for women beyond workplaces and markets. Strengthening legal frameworks: Low conviction rates for gender-based crimes in public spaces must be addressed. Need for stricter enforcement of laws against harassment and assault. End impunity for offenders—many secure bail and repeat offenses. Shift focus from victim-blaming to perpetrator accountability. Social and Cultural Shifts Public space design should challenge patriarchal control rather than reinforce fear. Conversations about women’s freedom in public spaces should be normalized. Women must reclaim spaces with confidence, fostering autonomy over restriction. Encouraging social acceptance of women using public spaces for leisure, not just necessity. An equitable future for women in science, in India Despite progress, women in India face persistent challenges in STEM fields due to societal norms, workplace biases, and structural barriers. Addressing these inequities is crucial for fostering innovation, ensuring diversity, and strengthening India’s scientific progress. Relevance : GS 1(Society), GS 2(Social Issue) Practice Question :Why do women face higher attrition rates in STEM fields despite policy interventions? Suggest measures to improve women’s retention in science and technology careers. (250 words) Persistent Barriers for Women in STEM Early Educational Challenges: Limited access to quality education, particularly in rural areas. Societal norms discouraging girls from pursuing STEM fields. Gender bias in school curricula and classroom dynamics. Workplace Discrimination & Cultural Expectations: Women are expected to prioritize family responsibilities over careers. Bias in hiring, promotions, and access to research funding. Harassment and discrimination in academic and research settings. Higher Attrition Rates: A global study across 38 countries reveals that women drop out of STEM careers at higher rates due to: Non-inclusive work environments. Struggles with work-life balance. Limited access to leadership roles and professional networks. The postdoc-to-faculty transition is particularly challenging for women due to:Lack of female role models.Familial responsibilities and career interruptions.Confidence gaps and imposter syndrome. Why Women’s Retention in STEM Matters Enhancing Innovation & Diversity: Diverse teams bring multiple perspectives, fostering creativity and innovation. Inclusion of women leads to more holistic scientific advancements. Breaking the Cycle of Exclusion: More women in STEM create role models for younger generations. Greater representation challenges deep-seated gender stereotypes. Historical Struggles & Continued Challenges: Matilda Effect: Women’s scientific contributions have historically been overshadowed by male colleagues. Leaky Pipeline Metaphor: Women drop out at various career stages due to biased systems, lack of mentorship, and hostile work environments. Chutes and Ladders Model: Highlights systemic barriers, including lack of access to influential networks and knowledge. Gender Inequities in Indian STEM Data from an Indian Survey (2020-21) Across 98 Institutions: Women faculty members constitute only 17% of all fields. Representation varies by discipline: Biology: 23% Engineering: 8% Lower representation in senior faculty roles and prestigious institutions. Women are underrepresented in conferences and key research collaborations. Conservative Attitudes & Structural Barriers: Societal expectations limit career aspirations and opportunities. Gendered division of labor affects work-life balance. Unconscious biases in hiring, research funding, and leadership roles. Recommendations for Change Institutional Reforms: Flexible work policies (remote work, part-time options). Affordable childcare and maternity leave policies. Equal pay and unbiased hiring/promotion policies. Increased Visibility & Recognition: Public acknowledgment of women’s achievements in science. Showcasing successful women in STEM to inspire future generations. Addressing biases in academia through platforms like BiasWatchIndia. Career Support & Re-Entry Programs: Removing age restrictions on research grants. Strengthening mentorship programs for women in STEM. Supporting women returning to research after career breaks. Promoting women’s leadership roles in decision-making bodies. Government Initiatives for Women in STEM Gender Advancement for Transforming Institutions (GATI) (2020): Aims to create an inclusive research environment. WISE-KIRAN & Women Scientists Scheme (WOS): Supports women’s participation in STEM research. Biotechnology Career Advancement and Re-orientation (BioCARe): Helps women re-enter research careers after breaks. ICMR Initiatives: Focus on training and capacity-building for women scientists. The Road Ahead Scaling Up Reforms: Government initiatives must be expanded to reach more women. Cultural Shifts: Challenging stereotypes and encouraging gender-neutral career aspirations from an early age. Global Leadership: India must set an example by prioritizing gender equity in science as a key driver of its scientific progress. Diversify Now Economic Indicators: Resilience Amidst Global Challenges Services PMI Surge: Jump to 59 in February from 56.5 in January (25-month low), indicating strong expansion. Manufacturing PMI Decline: Fell to 56.3 (14-month low), signaling concerns in the industrial sector. GDP Growth (Q3FY25): 6.2% real GDP growth reported by NSO, showing economic momentum despite global uncertainties. Sensex Performance: Solid net profit growth across major companies highlights robust corporate earnings. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) ,GS 3(Trade , Economy) Practice Question : How does global protectionism impact India’s economic growth and trade policies? Suggest measures to enhance India’s trade competitiveness. (250 words) Key Challenges for Indian Economy Global Protectionism: US Tariffs: Reciprocal tariffs by the U.S. (effective April 2) threaten Indian manufacturing exports. Geopolitical Uncertainties: NASSCOM identifies rising trade restrictions and supply chain disruptions as key risks. Technological Disruptions: AI Transformation: Impacting India’s IT sector, slowing revenue growth and altering hiring patterns. Growth Slowdown: IT sector expected to grow 5.1% in FY25 (up from 3.8% in FY24), a sharp decline from past 16% CAGR. Risk of U.S. Recession: U.S. as Largest Trade Partner: Any slowdown in the U.S. could dampen India’s exports, especially in services and tech. Capital Outflows: Rising U.S. interest rates and global uncertainties leading to fund withdrawals from Indian markets. Strategic Need for Trade Diversification Reducing Overdependence on the U.S.: Expanding trade partnerships with Europe, ASEAN, Africa, and Latin America. Strengthening regional agreements like India-EU FTA and Indo-Pacific trade collaborations. Boosting Domestic Manufacturing & Exports: PLI (Production-Linked Incentive) Schemes to enhance self-reliance in key sectors like electronics, pharma, and defense. Encouraging export-driven MSMEs to penetrate emerging markets. Enhancing Competitiveness in Services & IT: Investing in AI and emerging technologies to remain globally competitive. Skilling workforce to adapt to AI-driven industry shifts. Strengthening Trade Infrastructure: Upgrading port connectivity, logistics, and supply chains to improve export efficiency. Conclusion: India’s economic fundamentals remain strong, but global trade headwinds demand proactive measures. Diversification of trading partners, technological upgradation, and policy support are crucial for long-term resilience. Policymakers must adopt a balanced strategy—protecting domestic industries while expanding global market access. Himalayan tragedy Context : A severe avalanche struck Mana village, Uttarakhand, affecting a Border Roads Organisation (BRO) construction site. Casualties: 8 workers lost their lives; 23 were rescued by Indian Army and ITBP. The rescue operation lasted 60 hours in extreme conditions at 10,500 feet AMSL. Helicopters and drone-based detection were employed due to road blockages from heavy snowfall. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Practice Question :Evaluate the role of technology in improving disaster management in remote and high-altitude regions. How can India enhance its disaster response capabilities? (250 words) Vulnerability of the Himalayan Region Avalanches, landslides, and flash floods are frequent hazards in the Himalayan states. High seismic activity and glacial retreat due to climate change exacerbate risks. Traditional wisdom dictates seasonal migration during winter months to safer regions. Increasing human activity, military presence, infrastructure projects, and tourism, escalates risk. Challenges in Disaster Management Limited predictability: Avalanches are hard to forecast with high precision. Harsh terrain and extreme weather slow down rescue and relief efforts. Inadequate infrastructure: Shelters and worker accommodations may not be designed to withstand disasters. Lack of risk awareness: Migrant workers might not be adequately briefed on local hazards. Rescue Operation: Strengths and Shortcomings Strengths: Quick mobilization: Indian Army, ITBP, IAF, and civilian helicopters coordinated effectively. Use of technology: Drones helped locate buried containers. Efficient evacuation: Patients were airlifted to Joshimath Army Hospital. Shortcomings: Delayed response due to weather constraints. No prior warning systems in place for predicting avalanche risk. Workers’ shelters were not disaster-resistant. Need for a Shift in Disaster Preparedness Infrastructure Planning: Worker shelters must be modeled on bomb shelters or Antarctic research stations to withstand extreme conditions. Early Warning Systems: Deploying AI-based avalanche forecasting and glacier monitoring sensors. Mandatory Training: Migrant laborers should receive disaster preparedness drills before deployment. Resilient Road Networks: Engineering solutions like snow tunnels and climate–adaptive road construction. Permanent Disaster Response Units: Pre-deployed rapid-response teams with air rescue capacity in high-risk zones. Long-Term Strategic Considerations Balancing Development and Ecology: Unregulated construction and deforestation worsen the impact of disasters. Integrating Indigenous Knowledge: Local communities have historical wisdom about migration patterns and safe zones. Strengthening Inter-agency Coordination: Army, BRO, NDRF, and meteorological agencies must work proactively rather than reactively. Conclusion: Rethinking ‘Inevitable’ Disasters Natural disasters may not be fully predictable, but their impact can be minimized. Proactive planning, technological intervention, and policy reforms are essential to prevent tragedies like Mana from recurring. A worker-first approach in disaster-prone areas is not just humane but also strategically vital for India’s border security and infrastructure development.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 08 March 2025

Content: EC to fix duplicate voter ID numbers issue in 3 months Centre puts focus on bilateral trade talks, not reciprocal tariffs by U.S. India, China made positive strides after Modi-Xi meet: Wang Plight of prisoners with disabilities needs attention: SC Empower women by strictly implementing the law, says SC judge EC to fix duplicate voter ID numbers issue in 3 months Context : The Election Commission has acknowledged the issue of duplicate voter ID numbers and pledged to resolve it within three months by assigning unique national EPIC numbers. Opposition parties, including TMC and Congress, have criticized the delay, questioning why the issue remained unaddressed for decades. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Elections) Key Developments Election Commission’s Commitment: The EC has pledged to resolve the issue of duplicate voter ID numbers within three months. EC’s Explanation: Some Electoral Registration Officers (EROs) misused EPIC series allotted in 2000. Electoral roll databases were independently managed by States/UTs, leading to undetected duplications. A unique national EPIC number will be assigned to all voters to eliminate future duplications. Legal Recourse for Electors Affected individuals can file an appeal under Section 24(a) of the Representation of the People Act, 1950. First appeal: District Magistrate/Collector/Executive Magistrate. Second appeal: Chief Electoral Officer of the respective State/UT. Implications & Next Steps Political Ramifications: The issue has sparked political controversy ahead of elections. EC’s Course of Action: Technical discussions with Chief Electoral Officers. Implementation of a unique national EPIC number to prevent future duplications. EPIC Number : The EPIC (Electors Photo Identification Card) number is a 10-digit unique identification number issued by the Election Commission of India to every registered voter. It serves as proof of identity during elections and is used for maintaining electoral rolls. Centre puts focus on bilateral trade talks, not reciprocal tariffs by U.S. Context : India is prioritizing bilateral trade agreement talks with the U.S. amid Trump’s reciprocal tariff threats, while also coordinating on the extradition of 26/11 accused Tahawwur Rana. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Key Highlights: India’s Focus on Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA): Indian officials are emphasizing progress in the BTA rather than responding directly to U.S. President Donald Trump’s tariff threats. Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal visited Washington to discuss trade issues with U.S. officials, including Secretary of Commerce Howard Lutnick. The BTA, agreed upon by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Trump on February 13, aims to boost trade in goods and services, enhance market access, and integrate supply chains. The first tranche of the agreement, including tariff waivers, is expected by September 2025. Trump’s Stance on “Reciprocal Tariffs”: Trump reiterated that India would face higher tariffs from April 2 in response to its duties on U.S. goods. He criticized India as a “high tariff nation,” implying that U.S. policy would impose equivalent duties on Indian exports. The U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) has placed India on a “Priority Watch List” over trade and intellectual property issues. India’s average tariff rate on U.S. imports stands at 7.7%, compared to the 2.8% the U.S. charges on Indian exports. Potential Impact on Trade Relations: Uncertainty over whether the U.S. will delay the tariff hike while BTA negotiations continue. The U.S. push for tariff parity may affect sectors like pharmaceuticals, IT services, and agriculture, where India enjoys a trade surplus. India is likely to focus on long-term trade liberalization through BTA rather than immediate tariff disputes. Extradition of 26/11 Accused Tahawwur Rana: Trump reaffirmed his commitment to extradite Rana to India. A U.S. Supreme Court judge rejected Rana’s emergency plea to stay extradition, but he has now approached Chief Justice John Roberts for another review. India is coordinating with U.S. authorities to complete the extradition process. Geopolitical and Economic Implications: The upcoming U.S. elections may influence trade policies, with Trump adopting a protectionist stance. India’s strategy of focusing on long-term trade agreements aligns with its broader economic diplomacy. The extradition case reflects ongoing Indo-U.S. counterterrorism cooperation. India, China made positive strides after Modi-Xi meet: Wang India and China signal cautious diplomatic recalibration post-Ladakh standoff, balancing cooperation with strategic competition. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Wang Yi’s Statement Acknowledgment of Positive Developments: China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi recognized that India and China have made “positive strides” in bilateral ties after resolving the military stand-off in eastern Ladakh. Strategic Guidance from Leaders: The Modi-Xi meeting in Kazan (October 2023) set the tone for improving relations, leading to strengthened exchanges and practical cooperation. Call for Mutual Support: Wang emphasized that both nations should support rather than undermine each other in the global order. Border Dispute and Strategic Narratives India’s Stance: New Delhi maintains that peace at borders is crucial for normalizing ties and ensuring mutual trust. China’s Response: Wang Yi reiterated China’s stand that border issues should not affect overall bilateral relations, signaling Beijing’s attempt to compartmentalize disputes. Pragmatic Engagement: Both countries appear to be focusing on economic and geopolitical cooperation despite unresolved border tensions. Global Geopolitical Context China-India and the Global South: Wang positioned both nations as leaders of the Global South, advocating for a multipolar world. Stressed the importance of opposing hegemonism and power politics, indirectly referencing the U.S. Strategic Autonomy: India’s emphasis on strategic autonomy aligns with China’s push for reducing Western dominance in global affairs. However, India’s growing ties with the Quad (U.S., Japan, Australia) contrast with this narrative. Areas of Cooperation and Challenges Potential Avenues for Cooperation: Trade and investment remain strong despite border disputes, with China being one of India’s largest trading partners. Climate change, multilateral platforms (BRICS, SCO), and regional connectivity could be potential areas of collaboration. Lingering Challenges: Trust Deficit: Previous border skirmishes have created deep-seated mistrust, making long-term reconciliation difficult. Strategic Rivalry: India’s Indo-Pacific engagements and infrastructure push in border areas contrast with China’s regional ambitions. Conclusion: The Road Ahead Cautious Optimism: The shift in tone from both sides indicates a willingness to stabilize ties, but structural challenges remain. Diplomatic Balancing: India will likely engage with China selectively, balancing cooperation with competition. Plight of prisoners with disabilities needs attention: SC The Supreme Court has raised concerns over the lack of legal provisions and humane conditions for prisoners with disabilities, highlighting systemic neglect and urging government intervention. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Key Issue Highlighted by SC Lack of Legal Framework: The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 does not provide a specific legal mechanism to protect prisoners with disabilities. Inhumane Conditions: The case of G.N. Saibaba and Stan Swamy illustrates the systemic neglect of disabled prisoners in Indian jails. Supreme Court’s Intervention: A Bench of Justices Vikram Nath and Sandeep Mehta deemed the issue “serious” and issued a notice to the Union government. Case Studies Highlighting the Crisis G.N. Saibaba (Professor & Human Rights Activist) Suffered severe disabilities and faced deteriorating health in prison. Lack of medical care and reasonable accommodation exacerbated his condition. His death was linked to inhumane detention conditions. Stan Swamy (Jesuit Priest & Activist) Suffered from Parkinson’s disease. Denied medical treatment and essential support in jail. Died in custody, raising concerns about India’s treatment of elderly disabled prisoners. Systemic Issues in Prison Infrastructure No Special Provisions: Disabled prisoners are housed in the same facilities as non-disabled inmates, leading to insufficient care. Prison Manual Deficiencies: No ramps, mobility aids, or special facilities in most Indian prisons. Lack of mandatory accessibility measures despite statutory requirements. Violation of Rights: The situation contradicts the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, which mandates reasonable accommodation for persons with disabilities. Legal and Human Rights Implications Need for Judicial Oversight: SC acknowledges that the issue has not been adjudicated previously and requires serious legal intervention. Constitutional Obligations: Article 21 (Right to Life & Dignity): Inhumane prison conditions violate fundamental rights. International Commitments: India is a signatory to the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), which mandates humane treatment of disabled individuals. Way Forward Comprehensive Legal Framework: Amendments in the Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 to include prisoners explicitly. Prison Reform: Mandatory accessibility standards (ramps, wheelchairs, assistive devices). Separate wards for disabled prisoners. Specialized medical facilities and care provisions. Judicial & Administrative Action: Court-monitored implementation of accessibility reforms. Training for prison staff to handle disabled inmates with sensitivity. Regular medical check-ups and rehabilitation programs. Empower women by strictly implementing the law, says SC judge The Supreme Court emphasized that women need empowerment through strict law enforcement, not mere sympathy, in gender-related crimes. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues ,Judiciary) Supreme Court’s Stand: Justice Bela Trivedi emphasized that women require empowerment, not sympathy, and strict implementation of laws to protect their rights. Context: The statement was made during a hearing of a sexual harassment case, just a day before International Women’s Day. Significance of the Judge’s Remarks: Justice Trivedi’s comments highlight the need for systemic enforcement of laws rather than mere symbolic gestures. The judiciary plays a crucial role in ensuring that justice is served effectively in gender-related crimes. Judicial and Social Perspectives: Women’s Rights and Law Enforcement: The case underscores the necessity of strict legal implementation to ensure women’s safety and justice. Gender-sensitive judicial interventions can shape societal perspectives on gender-based violence. Larger Legal Precedents: The Supreme Court’s stance could influence future interpretations of sexual harassment and assault cases. It reiterates the need for victim-centric approaches in legal proceedings, preventing dilution of serious crimes. Way Forward: Strengthening Judicial Implementation: Ensuring faster trials and consistent sentencing in gender-related crimes. Enhancing police and judicial accountability in cases of sexual harassment and assault. Social Awareness & Legal Literacy: Public awareness campaigns on women’s legal rights and support mechanisms. Training law enforcement agencies to handle gender-sensitive cases with empathy and rigor.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 07 March 2025

Content: Jan Aushadhi Diwas 2025 International Women’s Day 2025 Jan Aushadhi Diwas 2025 Introduction Jan Aushadhi Diwas (March 7th): Raises awareness about affordable generic medicines. Week-long celebration (March 1st – 7th): Organized nationwide to promote Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP). PMBJP (2008): By the Department of Pharmaceuticals to provide quality medicines at lower costs through Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Kendras (PMBJKs). Relevance : GS 2(Health ,Schemes ) Objectives of PMBJP Affordable Healthcare: Ensures availability of quality medicines at reduced prices. Awareness Generation: Educates people on the benefits of generic medicines. Encouraging Generic Prescriptions: Motivates doctors in government hospitals to prescribe generic medicines. Enhanced Accessibility: Provides essential medicines, particularly for marginalized sections. Bridging the Affordability Gap: Despite India being a major generic medicine exporter, local affordability remains a challenge. Major Initiatives under PMBJP Jan Aushadhi Suvidha Sanitary Napkins: Launched on August 27, 2019. Priced at ₹1 per pad. Over 72 crore pads sold as of January 31, 2025. Available across 15,000+ PMBJP Kendras. Jan Aushadhi SUGAM App (August 2019): Helps locate nearby Janaushadhi Kendras. Enables price comparison between branded and generic medicines. Features of PMBJP Government-Private Collaboration: Operated by both government agencies and private entrepreneurs. Lower Prices: Generic medicines are 50%-80% cheaper than branded alternatives. Strict Quality Control: Procured from WHO-GMP certified manufacturers. Batch testing done at NABL-accredited labs. Financial Incentives: Up to ₹20,000/month incentive (20% of monthly purchases). ₹2 lakh one-time grant for new Kendras in remote/hilly areas and for entrepreneurs from marginalized groups (women, SC/ST, ex-servicemen, Divyang). Growth & Expansion Rapid Increase in Kendras: Over 15,000 operational across all districts. Wider Medicine & Surgical Equipment Range: Expanding product portfolio to cover diverse medical needs. Conclusion PMBJP’s Impact: Making healthcare affordable and accessible. Creating employment opportunities through self-sustainable Kendras. Future Outlook: Continued government push for generic medicine adoption. Strengthening public health and boosting entrepreneurship in India. International Women’s Day 2025 Introduction International Women’s Day (March 8) celebrates women’s achievements globally. Theme for 2025: “For ALL Women and Girls: Rights. Equality. Empowerment.” – Focuses on inclusion and equal opportunities. 30th Anniversary of the Beijing Declaration (1995) – Landmark document advancing women’s rights. India’s Approach: Shift from women’s development to women-led development—ensuring active participation in socio-economic growth. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) ,GS 2(Social Justice) Constitutional & Legal Framework for Gender Equality Key Constitutional Provisions: Article 14: Equality before the law. Article 15: Prohibits gender-based discrimination. Article 39 & 42: Equal pay, maternity relief. Article 51(a)(e): Promotes dignity for women. International Commitments: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW, 1979). Beijing Declaration & Platform for Action (1995). Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development. Government Schemes for Women’s Upliftment A. Education Right to Free & Compulsory Education Act (2009) – Ensures access to schooling. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) – Improves child sex ratio, promotes girls’ education. Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan – Enhances infrastructure, girl-friendly facilities. National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 – Focus on gender inclusion. Eklavya Model Residential Schools – Supports tribal girls’ education. Key Statistics: Female Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) surpasses male GER since 2017-18. Female enrolment in higher education (2021-22): 2.07 crore (50% of total). Women in STEM: 42.57% (41.9 lakh) of total enrolment. STEM Initiatives: Vigyan Jyoti (2020) – Promotes STEM for girls in underrepresented areas. Overseas Fellowship Scheme – Supports women scientists. SWAYAM, SWAYAM PRABHA – Ensures online learning. B. Health & Nutrition Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) – ₹17,362 crore disbursed to 3.81 crore women (Jan 2025). Maternal & Child Health Improvements: MMR reduced from 130 (2014-16) to 97 (2018-20). U5MR dropped from 43 (2015) to 32 (2020). Women’s life expectancy increased to 71.4 years (2016-20), projected 74.7 (2031-36). Sanitation & Nutrition Initiatives: Jal Jeevan Mission: 15.4 crore households receive potable water. Swachh Bharat Mission: 11.8 crore toilets built. Poshan Abhiyaan: Strengthens maternal-child nutrition. Ujjwala Yojana: 10.3 crore clean cooking gas connections. C. Economic Empowerment & Financial Inclusion Women’s participation in household decisions increased from 84% (2015) to 88.7% (2020). Financial Inclusion: PM Jan Dhan Yojana: 30.46 crore accounts (55% women-owned). MUDRA Scheme: 69% of microloans sanctioned to women entrepreneurs. Self-Help Groups (SHGs): 10 crore women in 9 million SHGs. Bank Sakhis Model: 6,094 women processed $40 million in transactions (2020). Employment & Leadership: Women in Armed Forces: Entry into NDA, combat roles, and Sainik Schools. Civil Aviation: 15% women pilots (global avg: 5%). Working Women’s Hostels: 523 hostels benefiting 26,306 women. Startups & Entrepreneurship: 10% of SIDBI funds reserved for women-led startups. D. Digital & Technological Empowerment Digital India Initiatives: PMGDISHA: 60 million rural citizens trained in digital literacy. Common Service Centres (CSCs): 67,000 women entrepreneurs running digital service centers. Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) – Digital healthcare inclusion. SANKALP Hubs: Operating in 742 districts across 35 States/UTs. Fintech & E-commerce: Aadhaar-linked banking for financial security. Women entrepreneurs supported on government e-marketplaces. E. Safety & Protection Key Legal Provisions: Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2018: Stronger penalties for crimes against women. Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005. Sexual Harassment at Workplace Act, 2013. POCSO Act, 2012: Strengthened child safety laws. Ban on Triple Talaq (2019). Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961. Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006. Nirbhaya Fund (₹11,298 crore allocated): One Stop Centres (OSCs): 802 centers assisting 1 million women. Emergency Response Support System (ERSS – 112): 38.34 crore calls handled. Fast Track Special Courts (FTSCs): 750 courts, 408 for POCSO cases. Cyber Crime Helpline (1930) for online harassment cases. Safe City Projects: Implemented in 8 cities. Women Help Desks: 14,658 across police stations (13,743 led by women officers). Institutional & Legislative Reforms: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023: Strengthens gender justice provisions. 33% reservation for women in CAPFs. Nari Adalat: Women-led dispute resolution in Assam & J&K, now expanding. Conclusion India has witnessed significant progress in women’s empowerment across education, health, economy, digital access, and safety. Government schemes and legal frameworks have reduced gender disparities and improved women’s participation in nation-building. On International Women’s Day 2025, it is crucial to continue efforts for an inclusive, gender-equal society where women lead in all spheres of life.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 07 March 2025

Content: Tyranny of numbers Women in corporate leadership, the lived reality Beyond ‘Beijing’, unlocking a feminist future in India Tyranny of numbers Background and Context Delimitation refers to the process of redrawing the boundaries of constituencies based on population changes, ensuring equitable representation in legislatures. The Constitution mandates periodic delimitation, with the last nationwide exercise conducted in 2002 based on the 1971 Census. The 42nd Constitutional Amendment (1976) froze the total number of Lok Sabha and State Assembly seats until 2001, later extended to 2026 by the 84th Amendment (2002). With 2026 approaching, the debate over delimitation has resurfaced, particularly concerning the north-south divide in parliamentary representation. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Governance) Practice Question : Delimitation in India is a double-edged sword, balancing democratic representation with federal principles. Discuss the challenges of the upcoming delimitation exercise and suggest measures to ensure fairness in seat allocation. (250 words) The “Tyranny of Numbers” Dilemma The phrase “tyranny of numbers” captures the conflict between population-based representation and federal equity in a diverse country like India. Northern States (Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan) have seen high population growth, which could increase their Lok Sabha seats post-delimitation. Southern States (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana) have achieved low fertility rates and population stabilization, leading to a potential loss of representation in a future delimitation exercise. Key Issues in the Delimitation Debate Conflict Between Federalism and Democratic Representation Federalism ensures equitable representationofallStates, regardless of population. Democracy suggests that representation should be proportional to population. Delimitation threatens to tilt power towards highly populated States, reducing political influence for States that controlled their population growth. Malapportionment in Representation Growing population disparity among constituencies leads to vote value distortions. Example: Bangalore North (Karnataka) has 3.2 million voters, while Udupi Chikmagalur has only 1.6 million. Such inconsistencies violate the principle of equal representation for equal votes. Risk of Penalizing Progressive States Southern States argue that lowpopulationgrowth should not lead to lower representation. Penalizing States for effective population control contradicts progressive governance efforts. Tamil Nadu, for example, has expressed concerns that a seat reduction would be “indelible injustice”. Alternative Models for Delimitation State-level Delimitation: Adjust seats within each State, but not across the country. Weighted Representation: Assign seats based on factors beyond just population (e.g., economic contribution, literacy rates). Upper House Empowerment: Strengthen Rajya Sabha to balance the political influence of States. Innovative Representation Mechanisms: Create dual representation mechanisms to ensure fairness. Way Forward: Balancing Democracy and Federalism Consensus Building: The Union government should engage in extensive discussions with States to address concerns. Transparent Terms of Reference: The next Delimitation Commission must ensure fair criteria for seat allocation. Constitutional Safeguards: Provisions must be explored to prevent penalization of States that controlled population growth. Institutional Mechanisms: Strengthening the Inter-State Council to negotiate a balanced approach. Women in corporate leadership, the lived reality Current Landscape of Women in Corporate Leadership Women’s participation in the workforce remains significantly lower than men’s across the world. While women constitute 48% of the workforce in corporate America, their representation in leadership positions remains marginal. In India, women form 35.9% of the workforce, but their leadership presence is far lower (only 12.7% in senior and middle management roles). Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice ,Corporate Governance) Practice Question : Despite legal mandates and corporate policies, women continue to be underrepresented in leadership roles in India’s corporate sector. Examine the reasons for this disparity and suggest measures to improve women’s leadership participation. (250 words) Challenges to Women’s Inclusion in Corporate Leadership Global Policy Reversals: The rollback of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) policies in the U.S. may have ripple effects worldwide. Tokenism vs. Meritocracy: Women appointed through DEI mandates often face skepticism about their competence. Limited Entry Mechanisms: While DEI provides entry points, women struggle to advance to top leadership positions. Societal Barriers: Patriarchal structures, bias in promotions, and lack of mentorship hinder progress. Unequal Pay: Women in leadership still face pay disparities compared to their male counterparts. Role of Legal Mandates in India Companies Act, 2013: Mandates at least one woman director on boards of certain public companies. SEBI Regulations (2015): Requires one independent woman director for the top 1,000 listed firms. Impact: Women’s representation on NSE 500 boards increased from 5% (2011) to 18% (2023). Benefits of Women in Leadership Better Corporate Governance: Women leaders contribute to ethical decision-making and transparency. Improved Risk Management: Their diverse perspectives reduce corporate risks. Higher Stakeholder Engagement: Women excel in relationship-building and strategy formulation. Stronger Financial Performance: Companies with diverse leadership show improved profitability. Enhanced Corporate Reputation: Organizations with women leaders rank higher in ethical and best-workplace lists. Real Change vs. Symbolic Representation Appointing women without actual power and decision-making authority is ineffective. More women are needed in C-suite positions, key managerial roles, and board committees. Equal pay and fair remuneration are critical indicators of genuine inclusion. Companies must go beyond optics and embrace gender diversity as a strategic asset rather than a compliance requirement. Beyond ‘Beijing’, unlocking a feminist future in India Introduction The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995) remains a global blueprint for advancing women’s rights. India has made significant progress in gender equality through policy initiatives, grassroots movements, and women’s resilience. Focus areas include health, education, economic empowerment, decision-making, and violence against women. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice) Practice Question : Despite remarkable progress, gender equality in India faces persistent challenges. Critically examine the impact of policy initiatives in advancing women’s empowerment while addressing the gaps that remain. (250 words) Health and Well-being of Women  Maternal Health Progress: Institutional deliveries increased to 95% due to schemes like: Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) reduced from 130 (2014) to 97 (2020) per 1,00,000 births (SRS data). Contraceptive use: 56.5% of married women use modern contraceptives, improving reproductive autonomy. Access to Healthcare: Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana offers free critical medical treatment to millions of women. Education and Skill Development  Girls’ Education Initiatives: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) improved the child sex ratio and increased school enrollment for girls. National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 promotes STEM participation among girls. Menstrual health initiatives by UNICEF improved school retention rates.  Economic and Digital Inclusion: Financial empowerment through Self-Help Groups (SHGs) National Rural and Urban Livelihood Missions linked 100 million women to financial networks. Digital inclusion: Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan trained 35 million rural women in digital literacy. Women increasingly use UPI and digital transactions for financial independence. Gender-Responsive Budgeting (GRB): Gender Budget share increased from 6.8% (2024-25) to 8.8% (2025-26). $55.2 billion allocated for gender-specific programs. Persistent Challenges: Gender-Based Violence  Prevalence of Gender Violence: Despite progress, violence against women remains a challenge. 770 One Stop Centres provide medical, legal, and psychological support.  Legal and Institutional Reforms: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 strengthens legal protections. Innovative responses: Odisha’s blockchain-based system ensures swift and confidential support for survivors. UNFPA-Rajasthan Police collaboration promotes gender-responsive policing. Women’s Leadership and Representation  Political Representation Gains: Women’s Reservation Bill (2023) guarantees 33% reservation in legislatures. 1.5 million women leaders in local governance, making India the largest cohort of women political leaders globally. Young Women as Change-Makers: Gender Advancement for Transforming Institutions (GATI) boosts women in STEM. G20 TechEquity Platform trains young women in emerging technologies. Key Focus Areas for the Future: Strengthening collaborations between government and private sectors. Investing in young women’s leadership for long-term social transformation. Addressing systemic barriers like patriarchy, digital divide, and workplace discrimination. Enhancing safety measures to ensure unhindered participation in public life.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 07 March 2025

Content: Is Artificial Intelligence Affecting Critical Thinking Skills? The Academic Link Between Nepal and India Govt. Launches AI Kosha, Repository of Data to Build Models and Tools ₹1 Lakh Crore Fund to Stimulate Private Sector Research and Development Close to Approval Harnessing Gut Microbiome to Halt Vitiligo Is Artificial Intelligence affecting critical thinking skills? Context : Impact of AI on Critical Thinking Skills AI Usage in Education: A Growing Trend AI tools are increasingly integrated into classrooms worldwide. 61% of Indian educators already use AI tools in teaching. Concerns arise over students passively accepting AI-generated content without critical analysis. Relevance : GS 3(Science , Technology) Should AI Be Allowed in Classrooms? Yes, AI should be permitted as it is now an integral part of education. Contextual usage is key – AI’s role differs across disciplines (e.g., coding vs. humanities). Institutions should set ethical and responsible usage guidelines. AI should not replace cognitive skill development but complement learning. AI as a Critical Part of Educational Infrastructure AI is becoming essential for learning, research, and administrative tasks. The Future of Jobs Report 2025 highlights AI skills as a key requirement. Secure integration is crucial to prevent misuse and data privacy concerns. The need for safety audits and regulation in AI adoption, especially in schools.  Regulating AI: The Need for a Balanced Approach AI regulation should evolve alongside its technological advancements. While global universities have AI usage policies, Indian institutions are still in discussions. Institutions must develop ethical AI guidelines tailored to specific courses. The European Union has taken proactive steps, whereas India is still in the discussion phase. Does AI Hinder Critical Thinking? Diverging views: Some believe AI can complement critical thinking by assisting in analysis. Others fear over-dependence on AI may reduce deep engagement with topics. Education must focus on balancing AI usage with critical thinking development. Responsible AI usage education is needed to ensure students and faculty understand its limitations. The academic link between Nepal and India Historical Academic Ties Nepal’s formal education system has deep connections with India, dating back to the Rana regime. Many Nepalese elites pursued education in Indian cities like Banaras, Patna, Darjeeling, Dehradun, and Gorakhpur. The first college in Nepal, Tri-Chandra College (1918), was initially affiliated with Calcutta University and later Patna University. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ,Education) Influence of Colonial Legacy Nepal was never colonized, yet its education system was shaped by British India. Colonial influence was established through: Affiliation of Nepalese institutions with Indian universities – limiting local academic autonomy. Nepali instructors trained in Indian universities – reinforcing the colonial curriculum. Until 1959 (when Tribhuvan University was established), Nepal lacked postgraduate education. Shift Towards Independent Education National Educational Planning Commission (NEPC) – 1954: Aimed to make education more relevant to Nepal’s national needs. New Education System Plan (NESP) – 1971: Revamped the education system for greater autonomy. Despite these efforts, Indian universities remain a key academic destination for Nepalese students. Nepalese Students in Indian Institutions Nepal consistently contributes the highest number of foreign students in India. 2021-22 AISHE Data: 46,878 foreign students enrolled in India, 28% from Nepal. Preference for engineering, technology, and social sciences at IITs, IISc, and private institutes like KIIT. Presence in universities across India – from Kashmir to Kerala, NEHU to Gujarat Ayurveda University. Challenges Faced by Nepalese Students in India Instances of discrimination, harassment, and lack of institutional support. KIIT incident (2024): A Nepalese student died by suicide due to harassment, leading to protests. University initially expelled Nepalese students but later withdrew the order after backlash. Raised concerns over student safety and Indo-Nepal diplomatic ties. Indo-Nepal Peace Treaty & Bilateral Concerns Article 6: Ensures national treatment for each other’s citizens. Article 7: Grants reciprocal privileges for residence, trade, movement, etc. Incidents like KIIT contradict the treaty and risk straining bilateral relations. Higher Education as a Cultural Bridge Education fosters cross-border cultural capital and South Asian unity. Institutions must ensure equal treatment to foreign students to prevent alienation and discrimination. Differential treatment weakens the educational ethos, turning academia into a pedagogy of the oppressed. Govt. launches AI Kosha, repository of data to build models and tools AI Kosha Initiative: A government-backed platform for non-personal datasets aimed at fostering AI model and tool development. Initial Dataset Count: Launched with 316 datasets, mainly supporting Indian language translation tools. IndiaAI Mission Alignment: AI Kosha is part of the ₹10,370 crore IndiaAI Mission, focusing on AI advancement. Relevance : GS 3(Science ,Technology) Compute Capacity & Infrastructure GPU Access Expansion: 14,000 GPUs commissioned for shared access, an increase from 10,000 earlier this year. More GPUs to be added quarterly to support AI model training. Government’s AI Development Strategy Homegrown AI Model: Government accelerating efforts to develop an indigenous foundational AI model. Inspired by China’s DeepSeek, which achieved success at lower costs than U.S. firms (OpenAI, Google). High interest from startups in leveraging India-specific AI solutions. Dataset Categories in AI Kosha Translation & Linguistic Tools: Majority of datasets aimed at improving Indian language AI models. Other Data Sources: Telangana Open Data Initiative (health-related data). 2011 Census Data. Satellite Imagery from Indian satellites. Meteorological and Pollution Data. Past Government Data Initiatives Open Governance Data Platform: 12,000+ datasets hosted by data.gov.in from multiple government agencies. Ministries and departments have designated Chief Data Officers to facilitate dataset contributions. 2018 Non-Personal Data Committee: Explored making private sector data (e.g., ride-sharing traffic data) accessible for startups & policy use. Faced pushback from tech industry over data-sharing concerns. Debate on non-personal data preceded the LLM (Large Language Model) boom, such as ChatGPT. Significance & Challenges Significance: Encourages AI innovation using publicly available data. Supports startups, academia, and government in developing AI tools. Strengthens AI ecosystem with better compute power and data access. Challenges: Private sector resistance to data sharing remains unresolved. Data quality and availability across diverse domains need continuous enhancement. Evaluation frameworks for foundational AI models still evolving. ₹1 lakh crore fund to stimulate private sector research and development close to approval Objective: Stimulate private sector investment in core research and development (R&D). Fund Size: ₹1 lakh crore, primarily in the form of low-interest, long-term loans. Administering Body: Likely to be handled by the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF). Relevance : GS 3(Research and Development) Eligibility: Private sector companies (not universities or academic institutes). Focus on commercial product development, not fundamental or blue-sky research. Consortiums with academia may participate if led by private entities. Loan Structure: Nearly zero per cent interest. Tenure of 5-7 years. Evaluated by a professional body, not DST. Comparative R&D Investment Trends India’s R&D investment: <1% of GDP (0.65%) – significantly lower than scientifically advanced nations (1.5%-3%). Private sector contribution: 30%-36% of total R&D expenditure. Global benchmarks: USA: Private sector contributes 75% of R&D spending. China: Private sector contributes 77%. Strategic Focus Areas Sector agnostic, but likely to prioritize: Space technology Pharmaceuticals Automobile sector Energy Exclusion: Service industries (e.g., IT sector) will not be eligible. Government’s Role & Financial Allocation Initial allocation: ₹20,000 crore to the Department of Science and Technology (DST). ANRF’s long-term goal: ₹50,000-crore corpus with ₹36,000 crore from non-government sources. Comparison to PLI scheme: Functions similarly to Production Linked Incentive (PLI) but focused on R&D. Significance of the Initiative Encourages industry-led R&D by reducing financial risks. Boosts innovation and intellectual property creation in India. Bridges India’s R&D investment gap compared to leading economies. Strengthens India’s position in high-tech industries like pharmaceuticals, space, and energy. Harnessing gut microbiome to halt vitiligo Understanding Vitiligo Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks melanocytes, leading to depigmented white patches on the skin. While primarily cosmetic, it can lead to psychological distress due to social stigma. It has been linked to cardiovascular diseases, endocrine disorders, and mental health issues. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Prevalence of Vitiligo Affects 0.5% to 2% of the global population. In India, reported between 0.25% and 4% among dermatology outpatients. Higher prevalence in Gujarat and Rajasthan (up to 8.8%). Role of Gut Microbiome in Vitiligo Research from Northwestern University suggests that a microbial compound derived from gut-friendly bacteria may slow vitiligo progression. Pre-clinical trials on vitiligo-prone mice showed that a weekly administered microbial compound: Reduced pigment loss by 74%. Suppressed harmful killer T cells that attack pigment cells. Increased regulatory T cells, which are typically deficient in vitiligo patients. Potential Implications of the Study Could be a breakthrough treatment if validated through double-blind, randomized clinical trials. The microbial compound may work alone or in combination with existing therapies. Early intervention is crucial; effects may not be as strong in advanced vitiligo cases. Challenges and Future Prospects Human clinical trials are needed to confirm safety, effectiveness, and long-term outcomes. Understanding the mechanism of gut-skin interaction in vitiligo treatment. Potential for developing new microbiome-based therapies for other autoimmune disorders. Conclusion The study highlights the gut-skin connection and offers hope for vitiligo treatment. If successful, microbiome-based interventions could become a non-invasive and effective therapy for millions affected by vitiligo

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 06 March 2025

Content: Second Gene Bank One Model Gram Panchayat to be developed in each District Second Gene Bank Introduction & Announcement Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the establishment of a second National Gene Bank during a post-budget webinar (March 2025). The initiative aligns with India’s goal of Viksit Bharat 2047, focusing on food security, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable agriculture. The decision was made in response to growing challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, and food security concerns. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture ,Environment and Ecology) What is a Gene Bank? A gene bank is a repository of genetic material, including seeds, pollen, and tissue samples, to prevent extinction and ensure future availability. These banks play a key role in crop breeding, research, and conservation. Functions of a Gene Bank: Preserves genetic diversity of plants and crops. Supports agricultural resilience against climate change. Helps in developing high-yield, disease-resistant, and climate-resilient crop varieties. Contributes to global food security and biodiversity conservation efforts. India’s Existing National Gene Bank First National Gene Bank was established in 1996 under ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi. The facility has 12 regional stations for germplasm collection and storage. As of January 2025, it holds 0.47 million (4.7 lakh) accessions of plant material, categorized as: Cereals: 0.17 million Millets: 60,600+ Legumes: 69,200+ Oilseeds: 63,500+ Vegetables: 30,000+  Need for a Second National Gene Bank Increasing genetic resource requirements: The existing gene bank is near capacity, and a larger facility is needed. Rising threats: Climate change, deforestation, habitat loss, and geopolitical risks endanger genetic diversity. Ensuring food security: Preserving a diverse range of crops can enhance productivity and nutrition in future agriculture. Technological advancements: New gene preservation techniques require a modernized infrastructure. Global leadership in biodiversity conservation: Strengthens India’s position in SAARC and BRICS regions as a biodiversity hub. Key Features of the Second National Gene Bank Announced in the Union Budget 2025-26 under the Ministry of Finance. Will have 1 million (10 lakh) germplasm lines, more than double the current capacity. Functions as a safety duplicate to the existing National Gene Bank, reducing risks of loss. Facilitates public and private sector collaboration in genetic resource management. Aims to support international biodiversity conservation through partnerships. Strategic Significance for India & Global Impact Enhancing agricultural resilience: Helps in breeding drought-resistant, pest-resistant, and high-yield crops. Strengthening India’s global role: Positions India as a key player in genetic conservation and food security diplomacy. Contributing to global food security: Supports UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG-2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG-15 (Life on Land). Regional support: Assists SAARC and BRICS countries lacking robust genetic conservation infrastructure.  One Model Gram Panchayat to be developed in each District Overview of the Initiative Launched by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj as part of International Women’s Day 2025 celebrations. Objective: To establish one Model Gram Panchayat per district that is women and girl-friendly. Focus on leadership development, health, education, sanitation, and economic empowerment of women at the grassroots level. Supported by international organizations such as the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Relevance : GS 2(Local Government ,Polity) Key Features of the Initiative Virtual Training Programs for elected representatives in 770 Model Gram Panchayats. Real-Time Monitoring Dashboard to track progress, ensure accountability, and provide data-driven policy interventions. Specialized leadership training for women sarpanchs to facilitate effective implementation of government schemes. Focus on best practices from states like Kerala, Odisha, and Rajasthan. Role of Gram Panchayats in Women’s Health and Welfare Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) play a crucial role in ensuring the implementation of health programs. Health initiatives discussed: Ayushman Aarogya Mandir – Providing 12 types of medical services, including geriatric care, dental care, cancer screening, and telemedicine. Janani Suraksha Yojana & Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram – Focus on maternal and child health and institutional deliveries. Village Health, Sanitation, and Nutrition Committees (VHSNCs) – Established in every Gram Panchayat to enhance community healthcare participation. Women pradhans encouraged to spread awareness of these schemes at the local level. Women’s Leadership in Gram Panchayats Union MoS for Panchayati Raj, Prof. S.P. Singh Baghel, called on women sarpanchs to take charge of implementing: Financial inclusion programs (Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana). Pension schemes for widows and differently-abled individuals. Ayushman Bharat Health Scheme. Awareness drives for organ donation and social welfare programs. Technological Interventions & Monitoring Real-Time Dashboard launched to measure progress of women-friendly Gram Panchayats. Aimed at ensuring transparency, tracking women’s participation in governance, and strengthening grassroots leadership. Case Studies from States Kerala: Jagratha Samithi – Community vigilance system for women and child safety. Odisha: Prevention of Social Evils – Programs addressing child marriage, gender discrimination. Rajasthan-UNFPA Collaboration – Development of women-friendly and child-friendly Gram Panchayats. Women’s Reservation and Policy Framework Women’s Reservation Bill (Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam) ensures greater representation of women in policy-making. Panchayat-level interventions in sanitation, menstrual hygiene, clean cooking fuel, and education. Shift from “women-centric” development to “women-led” development. Future Roadmap Mahila Gram Sabha on 8th March 2025 – Nationwide platform for women’s issues and rural development strategies. Focus on gender-responsive governance, capacity-building of women leaders, and sustainable rural development. Significance & Impact Strengthening women’s leadership at the grassroots level. Improving access to government welfare schemes for marginalized women. Enhancing livelihood opportunities through Panchayat-led initiatives. Contributing to gender equality and rural empowerment, aligning with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 06 March 2025

Content: Over-centralisation threatens federal health policy Humour, perversity, and the legal debate on free speech Warriors of hope: The role of ASHAs in public health DeepSeek’s market disruption must awaken India’s AI strategy Over-centralisation threatens federal health policy Context : Supreme Court Judgment (Dr. Tanvi Behl vs Shrey Goyal, 2025): Struck down domicile-based reservations in post-graduate medical admissions. Held that such quotas violate Article 14 (Right to Equality). Weakens a mechanism States used to ensure a stable medical workforce. Relevance : GS 2 (Polity , Governance, Judiciary) Practice Question:The recent Supreme Court judgment striking down domicile-based reservations in post-graduate medical admissions raises concerns about excessive centralisation in health policy. Critically examine the impact of this ruling on State autonomy, public health governance, and medical education policy. (250 words) Impact on State Health Planning: Domicile quotas ensured:Retention of medical graduates trained in State-funded institutions.Predictable supply of specialists in underserved areas. Court’s reasoning overlooked:Difference between undergraduate (MBBS) and post-graduate (MD/MS) education.MBBS provides foundational knowledge, whereas PG education is the main source of specialist doctors. Possible consequences:States may reduce investment in medical education.Increased reliance on external recruitment, which is unpredictable. Challenges to Competitive Federalism: Competitivefederalism should incentivize States to develop medical institutions. Without domicile reservations, States may deprioritise medical college funding. State-run medical colleges vs. Central institutions (AIIMS, PGIMER, JIPMER): Central institutions enjoy selection autonomy. State medical colleges, which serve public health needs, lack this flexibility. Health as a Constitutional Right & State Subject: Article 21: Right to life includes access to healthcare. State List: Public health is a State subject, requiring policy autonomy. Medical colleges = Health Infrastructure: Not just academic institutions but vital to State healthcare planning. Meritocracy vs. Structural Realities: Court’s rigid meritocratic approach ignores systemic disparities. Issues with NEET-PG merit assessment: Percentile-based cutoffs: Candidates with negative scores qualify. 2023 case: Qualifying percentile reduced to zero to fill vacant seats. Contradiction: UG admissions consider regional & socio-economic factors, but PG does not. Domicile quotas align with: Public health needs (ensuring doctors serve their home States). Equitable healthcare access (reducing regional disparities). Need for Reconsideration: Court’s reasoning stems from Pradeep Jain (1984), but healthcare landscape has changed. Retaining specialists within State health systems is more crucial post-pandemic. Alternative approach: Tamil Nadu model: Links quotas to public service mandates. Ensures State investment leads to tangible public health benefits. Excessive centralisation weakens: State autonomy in medical education. Regional healthcare planning & competitive federalism. Humour, perversity Context : SC’s Observations – The Supreme Court has called for stakeholder discussions on regulating humour-related obscenity without infringing on free speech. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary ,Fundamental Rights) Practice Question: In light of recent debates on obscenity and humour in digital media, critically analyze the adequacy of existing laws in balancing free speech with societal decency. (250 words) Existing Legal Framework: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS): Deems electronic content obscene if it is “lascivious or appeals to prurient interest.” IT Act: Contains similar provisions for digital content. Cable TV Rules: Prohibit content that offends decency and morality. IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021: Establish age-based classifications and a grievance redress system. Regulation vs. Overreach: The case of India’s Got Latent suggests that existing laws might be adequate. FIRs and arrests indicate a pattern of criminalizing speech that offends public sentiment. The internet’s global reach should not justify universal jurisdiction over content complaints. The Public Morality Debate: The distinction between ‘clean’ and ‘dirty’ humour is subjective but well understood. Outrage is often triggered when restricted content leaks to a broader audience. Overzealous law enforcement could lead to unnecessary criminalization of speech. Need for Balance: While explicit content warrants regulation, should verbal offences lead to imprisonment? The tendency to lodge FIRs over subjective grievances risks excessive judicial intervention. The legal system should avoid an overreaction that fuels a moral panic. Warriors of hope Background Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) were introduced under the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in 2005 to bridge the gap between the community and public healthcare delivery. Over one million ASHAs serve in rural India, performing critical public health functions. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ,Health ,Social Justice) Practice Question :Discuss the role of ASHAs in public health and suggest measures to improve their working conditions and remuneration.(250 Words) Roles and Responsibilities Maternal & Child Health: Encouraging institutional deliveries, providing antenatal & postnatal care. Disease Control: Assisting in interventions for communicable & non-communicable diseases. Community Health: Monitoring hygiene, sanitation, nutrition, and vaccination campaigns. Data Collection: Recording births and deaths in their designated areas. COVID-19 Contribution: Played a crucial role in pandemic response, awareness, and vaccination drives. Global Recognition: Received the WHO Director-General’s Global Health Leaders Award (2022). Challenges Faced by ASHAs Low Wages & Unstable Income: Designated as volunteers, not permanent employees. Receive ₹5,000 to ₹15,000 per month, a mix of fixed salary & incentive-based earnings. Poor Work Conditions: Long working hours, extensive travel, and lack of proper infrastructure. Irregular income due to incentive-based payment. Often skip meals, neglect their own health while serving others. Limited Social Security: 2018 ASHA benefit package provides insurance for accidents, disability, and death. No pension or job security despite years of service. Protests for Fair Compensation: Demand permanent employment status with regular salaries and benefits. Way Forward Recognizing ASHAs as permanent government employees with stable salaries and social security. Enhancing financial support through fixed monthly remuneration and incentives. Providing better working conditions, including travel allowances, health benefits, and training. Strengthening ASHA’s role in the healthcare system through structured career progression. DeepSeek’s market disruption must awaken India Context :DeepSeek’s Breakthrough – A Chinese firm, originally focused on financialtrading, has developed a low-cost AI model rivaling OpenAI’s ChatGPT. Its innovation significantly reduces computational costs, disrupting global tech and stock markets. The development has caught the attention of business leaders, including Mark Zuckerberg. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) Practice Question:Explain What is Generative AI models like DeepSeek ? Discuss how India can adapt to retain its global competitiveness .(250 Words) Threat to India’s IT Sector: India’s IT dominance has been based on cost-effective, English-speaking skilled labor. AI-driven automation, as demonstrated by DeepSeek, can eliminate the need for low-cost human labor in IT services. Generative AI threatens India’s outsourcing model, which relies on repetitive, low-value tasks. Indian IT firms risk falling behind Chinese counterparts in AI-driven service models. Lessons for Indian IT Companies: Investment in R&D is crucial: DeepSeek’s success stemmed from treating AI as a secondary initiative but still investing in it. Companies must foster innovation, risk-taking, and long-term R&D rather than just optimizing workforce efficiency. A culture of experimentation and tolerance for failure is necessary for breakthroughs. India’s R&D Deficit: India’s GERD (Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D) is below 1% of GDP, much lower than China’s 2.43% (2021, UNESCO data). Low investment in advanced research and hiring top talent hinders innovation. The manufacturing vs. services debate is misleading—both sectors need to be strengthened together. Future Priorities for India: AI Integration in Workforce: Instead of resisting automation, India must focus on upskilling to leverage AI effectively. Quantum Technology: India must prioritize investments in quantum computing, the next technological frontier. Government and private sector collaboration is essential to fund R&D and attract top researchers.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 06 March 2025

Content : U.S. will impose reciprocal tariffs from April 2: Trump Little progress in centralising administration of Eklavya schools Who will apologise to the ‘Himalayans’? A brief history of the Russia-Ukraine war CAG, Finance Commission hold consultation on public finances, fiscal challenges When debris from space crashes to the earth, who is responsible? U.S. will impose reciprocal tariffs from April 2 Context and Background U.S. President Donald Trump announced reciprocal tariffs from April 2, targeting countries imposing high tariffs on American goods. This move aligns with his long-standing economic nationalism and “America First” policy. Focus on key trading partners like India, China, the European Union, Canada, Mexico, and Brazil. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Rationale Behind the Tariffs Perceived Unfair Tariff Structure: Trump highlighted that countries like India impose excessively high tariffs, citing India’s auto tariffs exceeding 100%. China and South Korea’s tariffs on U.S. products are allegedly much higher than what the U.S. imposes. Economic Protectionism: U.S. aims to reduce trade deficits and promote domestic manufacturing. Reciprocal tariffs aim to counter non-monetary trade barriers that restrict U.S. market access. Geopolitical Considerations: Trump emphasized that even U.S. allies (South Korea, Canada, Mexico) impose higher tariffs while benefiting from U.S. military and economic support. This policy could be a pressure tactic to negotiate better trade terms. Impact on India and Other Countries India: Will face retaliatory tariffs on U.S. imports, affecting auto, pharmaceutical, and IT sectors. Could escalate trade tensions, impacting bilateral relations and India-U.S. trade balance. China: Faces additional 10% tariffs on exports to the U.S. while imposing retaliatory 15% tariffs on American farm products. May intensify the ongoing U.S.-China trade war. Canada & Mexico: Both countries are imposing 25% retaliatory tariffs on U.S. goods. Potential impact on NAFTA/USMCA framework and supply chains.  Economic and Political Implications For the U.S.: Short-term gains in revenue from import tariffs but risk of inflation due to higher import costs. Potential job creation in some domestic sectors but negative impact on industries dependent on imported raw materials. Possible WTO disputes and diplomatic strain with allies. For Global Trade: Rising protectionism could lead to a trade war affecting global supply chains. Emerging economies (like India and Brazil) may diversify trade partners to reduce dependence on the U.S. market. Potential impact on WTO norms and global tariff negotiations.  Future Outlook Countries may enter negotiations to lower tariffs and avoid prolonged trade disputes. U.S. businesses relying on imports may seek exemptions or supply chain adjustments. Potential shifts in global trade alliances, with affected nations deepening economic cooperation with China, EU, or regional blocs. Little progress in centralising administration of Eklavya schools Background of EMRS Centralisation Efforts Objective: Elevate EMRS to the standards of Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas (JNVs). Key Announcements: Finance Minister’s 2023-24 Budget speech emphasized centralised recruitment of 38,000 staff over three years. NESTS (National Education Society for Tribal Students) was set up to oversee EMRS administration. Relevance : GS 2(Education ,Schemes , Social Issues) Current Status and Challenges Slow Progress on Centralisation: Second phase of recruitment (6,000 staff) stalled for over three months. Proposal for regional offices under NESTS still awaiting approval since December 2024. Proposal to raise per-child recurring cost pending with the Department of Expenditure since November 2024. Weak Administrative Authority of NESTS: Lacks mandated control over State societies running schools. Unable to enforce inspections and oversight. State societies operate autonomously, often bypassing NESTS directives. Staffing and Recruitment Issues: Severe manpower shortage: NESTS operates with only 34 sanctioned staff, while JNV administration has 491 personnel. Hindi competency requirement led to difficulties in teacher placements, especially in non-Hindi-speaking states. Recruitment for NESTS posts remains unfulfilled due to low pay and no promotion opportunities. Financial and Operational Concerns Budgetary Issues: Financial irregularities found in State societies. Schools not purchasing essential items (e.g., uniforms, books) but transferring funds to parents instead. Governance Gaps: NESTS issued circulars reinforcing its authority, but lacks enforcement mechanisms. December 2024 circular warned new recruits against challenging NESTS authority. Comparison with Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas (JNVs) JNVs’ Stronger Administrative Structure: Managed by Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti under a centralised system. 661 JNVs with structured administration through eight regional offices. Sufficient staffing (491 personnel at HQ and regional levels). EMRS Lags Behind in Infrastructure and Funding: 728 EMRS sanctioned, but only 477 functional. Funding disparity: Per-student expenditure ₹1.09 lakh (EMRS) vs ₹1.70 lakh (JNVs). Way Forward Fast-track Centralised Recruitment: Expedite the approval of the second phase of 6,000 staff hiring. Structural Empowerment of NESTS: Grant statutory powers for direct oversight and inspections. Increase Financial Allocation: Approve the proposed hike in recurring per-student expenditure. Address Recruitment Barriers: Improve pay scales and career prospects for NESTS officials. Resolve Governance Gaps: Strengthen accountability of State societies under NESTS control. Who will apologise to the ‘Himalayans’? Context : Norway’s Apology and Recognition of Historical Wrongs Norway’s Parliament issued a formal apology for past assimilation policies targeting indigenous groups like the Sami, Kven, and Forest Finns. Norwegianisation (1850s–1960s) aimed to suppress indigenous languages and cultures, leading to systemic discrimination. The Norwegian government has taken measures such as indigenous language protection and inclusion monitoring (starting 2027). Despite progress, Sami languages remain endangered, and indigenous communities still face inequities in healthcare, education, and land rights. Relevance :GS 1(Society),GS 3(Environment) Parallels Between Nordic and Himalayan Indigenous Communities The Himalayas, spanning 2,500 km from Afghanistan to Northeast India, hold the world’s largest ice reserves outside the poles. Like the Nordics, Himalayan communities face climate change, resource exploitation, and cultural erosion. Home to 52 million people from diverse ethnicities (e.g., Gaddis, Kinnauras, Lepchas, Bhutiyas, Apatanis, and Khas communities). These groups have experienced assimilation through colonialism, post-independence policies, and neoliberal economic frameworks. Colonial Policies and Their Impact on Himalayan Communities British trade laws disrupted traditional economies (e.g., coerced participation in tea, gold, silk, and opium trade). Trade blockades in the Northeast caused economic crises, halting agricultural production and even marriages due to silk shortages. Forest laws in Himachal and Uttarakhand led to massive deforestation (e.g., 80,000 km of railway track construction destroyed forests). Sal forests in Garhwal and Kumaon were devastated for timber extraction. Post-Independence Policies and the Shift Towards Exploitation Nehru’s humanistic approach (initial 15 years post-independence) promoted respect for tribal autonomy and culture. By the 5th and 6th Five-Year Plans, state-led development prioritized resource extraction over indigenous rights. The 1990s marked a shift towards economic self-sufficiency, forcing Himalayan states to rely on tourism and hydropower. Unlike other Indian states with an industrial base, Himalayan states were pressured to generate revenue via environmental exploitation. Hydropower Projects: A Case of Economic Exploitation Hydropower became a key revenue source (e.g., Arunachal Pradesh projected₹445 crore annually from three projects). Despite economic promises, projects often bypass local laws and undermine tribal land ownership. Customary land rights and traditional governance structures are frequently ignored. “Hydro-criminality” – a term used by civil society groups – describes the corrupt nexus of bureaucrats, politicians, and corporations facilitating large-scale land acquisition. The result: cultural displacement, environmental degradation, and the marginalization of traditional livelihoods. Lessons from Norway: The Need for Accountability Norway’s recognition of historical injustices sets a precedent for state accountability. The Himalayan region has yet to receive an acknowledgment or apology for centuries of systemic exploitation. Sustainable, inclusive development models are needed to protect both environmental resources and cultural heritage. A brief history of the Russia-Ukraine war Background of the Conflict Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, expecting a quick victory. Initial Russian advances met stiff Ukrainian resistance, supported by U.S. and NATO military aid. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) The Biden administration’s approach: Economic sanctions to cripple Russia’s war effort. Heavy military aid to Ukraine, ensuring prolonged resistance. Key events in the initial war phase: September 2022: Russia lost Kharkiv Oblast. November 2022: Russia retreated from Kherson. October 2022: Putin annexed Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson, signaling a long war strategy. Current War Status (2023-2025) Russia reversed its battlefield setbacks: Captured Soledar (January 2023), Bakhmut (May 2023), Avdiivka (February 2024), Vuhledar (October 2024). Ukraine’s counteroffensive (June 2023) failed due to Russian defensive fortifications. 2024 developments: Ukraine’s surprise attack (August 2024) in Kursk Region. Russia captured 4,168 sq. km of Ukrainian territory. January 2025: Russia seized Velyka Novosilka and Toretsk, pressing towards Pokrovsk. Ukraine’s battlefield challenges: Manpower shortage (as admitted by U.S. officials). Dependence on Western arms and aid. Increasing attacks inside Russia to offset battlefield losses. U.S. Policy Shift Under Trump Trump administration’s shift (2025): Direct talks with Russia, sidelining Ukraine and Europe. Ukraine will not become a NATO member (announced by U.S. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth). No American security guarantees to Ukraine. Rationale behind Trump’s approach: Strategic realignment: Views China as the primary threat, not Russia. Geopolitical realism: Believes Ukraine cannot win the war even with U.S. aid. Pre-World War I offshore balancing: The U.S. prefers not to entangle itself in European conflicts. European Response Europe caught off guard by Trump’s abrupt policy shift. Historical reluctance: Germany and France opposed Ukraine’s NATO membership in 2008. Minsk agreements (2014-15) failed due to lack of commitment from all sides. Economic impact on Europe: Energy crisis after the destruction of Nord Stream pipeline. Recession in Germany (third consecutive year). Rise of far-right political forces due to economic hardships. Limited strategic options: Europe lacks the military capability to support Ukraine without U.S. backing. NATO’s future uncertain as Trump questions its relevance. Ukraine’s Dilemma Severe losses: Over 20% of its territory under Russian control. Millions displaced, economic collapse, and infrastructure devastation. Weapons and manpower shortage limiting further resistance. Uncertain future: Continued war = further territorial losses. Negotiations = unfavorable peace dictated by Russia and the U.S.. Geopolitical reality: Ukraine has been a pawn in great power politics. The U.S.-Russia reset could force Ukraine into an unfavorable settlement. CAG, Finance Commission hold consultation on public finances, fiscal challenges Context and Significance The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) met with the 16th Finance Commission in Bhopal, marking a crucial phase in assessing India’s financial landscape. The consultation was aimed at addressing fiscal challenges and enhancing financial transparency across Union, State, and local government levels. Relevance : GS 2(Polity) Key Focus Areas of Deliberation Union and State Finances: Examined expenditure trends, non-debt receipts, and fiscal stress points. Local Bodies: Emphasis on harmonization of accounting practices and fund transfers. Public Sector Enterprises (PSEs): Addressed financial viability and performance challenges. Major Fiscal Challenges Identified Revenue Gaps: A significant mismatch between expenditure and non-debt receipts at both Union and State levels. State Own Tax Revenue (SOTR) Decline: Varying levels of SOTR across States and reduced revenue buoyancy impacting fiscal stability. Off-Budget Borrowings: Need for greater transparency and regular reporting to prevent fiscal mismanagement. FRBM Act Compliance: Ensuring adherence to fiscal deficit targets and addressing post-audit liabilities. Technology-Driven Revenue Optimization Enhancing Stamp Duty & Excise Collections: Regular updates to market value guidelines. Improved classification of property types. Adoption of sensor-based systems and QR codes to minimize leakages. GST Administration Reforms: Expanding the tax base by integrating unregistered goods and service providers into the formal economy. Automated data collection and real-time monitoring to enhance transparency. Strengthening taxpayer verification mechanisms to curb tax evasion. Strengthening Financial Management at the Local Level Harmonization of Local Body Accounts: Standardizing accounting practices across Central, State, and local governments. Immediate implementation in the top 100 cities to streamline financial reporting. Use of Integrated Financial Management System (IFSM): Onboarding local bodies to ensure efficient fund transfers. Enhanced accountability and financial discipline in urban and rural governance. Strategic Implications and Way Forward Improved Fiscal Prudence: Strengthening reporting mechanisms and compliance frameworks. Increased Revenue Mobilization: Leveraging technology for better tax collection and reducing leakages. Local Governance Strengthening: Enhancing financial autonomy and transparency in local body operations. Aligning with Long-Term Fiscal Goals: Ensuring that revenue growth aligns with developmental priorities without exacerbating fiscal deficits. When debris from space crashes to the earth, who is responsible? Defining Space Debris and Legal Ambiguities Lack of universal legal definition: Space debris remains undefined in binding international treaties. Common working definitions: Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) and UN COPUOS define space debris as non-functional man-made objects in orbit or re-entering Earth’s atmosphere. Legal classification challenge: Disputes hinge on whether debris qualifies as a “space object” under the 1972 Liability Convention. Relevance : GS 3(Science) International Legal Framework Governing Space Debris Outer Space Treaty (1967) – Article VI: States bear responsibility for all national space activities, including those conducted by private entities. 1972 Liability Convention: Absolute liability applies to damage caused by space objects on Earth (no proof of negligence required). Challenge: When debris is no longer under a state’s jurisdiction, enforcement becomes difficult. Challenges in Enforcing Liability Diplomatic settlements are slow and inadequate: Example: Canada recovered only $3 million of the $6 million spent cleaning up after the Soviet Cosmos 954 satellite crash in 1978. Attribution difficulties: Advanced tracking helps identify some debris, but older and highly fragmented objects are difficult to trace. Timeframe limitations: Can a launching state still be liable decades later if a defunct satellite fragment causes damage? Growing Risks of Uncontrolled Reentries Increased space activity → Higher frequency of falling debris. Major incidents: Dec 2024, Kenya: 500 kg separation ring crashed. July 2024, China: Long March 5B rocket stage uncontrolled reentry into the Pacific. 2022, Australia: SpaceX Crew Dragon capsule debris crash. Case of SpaceX Falcon 9 in Poland (2024): The FAA disclaimed responsibility once SpaceX lost control of the rocket. Lack of binding rules: No penalties for uncontrolled reentries unless damage occurs. Gaps in Governance and Accountability No clear international enforcement mechanism for post-launch debris. Most countries have voluntary compliance: UN’s 25-year deorbit rule sees only 30% compliance. Mega-constellations (Starlink, Kuiper, OneWeb) worsening the problem: 100,000+ satellites projected by 2030 → More debris accumulation & reentry risks. What Needs to Change? Mandatory international regulations for controlled reentries. COPUOS must push for legally binding global agreements. National-level policies: Enforce debris mitigation as a condition for launch licenses. Stronger tracking systems: Expand systems like U.S. Space Fence to improve monitoring and debris attribution. Sustainable space practices: Incentivize reusable rockets and debris-neutral technologies. Modernizing the 1972 Liability Convention: Create an independent international tribunal with binding enforcement powers.

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